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s beautiful voices twist and soar around Drake 's supple and soulful vocals " . Although she commented that Drake 's voice was " almost unrecognizable " on the track , Becky Bain of Idolator noted " how sweetly he comes off in this sensitive track " . Bain also complimented Drake 's part in the song , stating , " Drizzy kills it in his mellow verse in the middle , his raspy monotone fitting in quite well with the melancholy vibe of the song . " A writer for Birthplace Magazine said the song was mixed with " a combination of slick production , strong vocals from Dirty Money songstresses Dawn and Kaleena , a guest appearance by Drake , and hype as only Diddy can deliver " , and called the song and video " mainstream guilty pleasures we can enjoy " = = = Chart performance = = = Upon digital release , " Loving You No More " debuted on multiple Billboard charts . While debuting at numbers twenty @-@ eight and twenty @-@ one on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs and Rap Songs charts , respectively , it therefore appeared at ninety @-@ one on the Billboard Hot 100 . It fell off the Hot 100 the next week , but would go on in the following weeks to peak at number twenty on the R & B chart and seventeen on the rap chart . After the release of Last Train to Paris , the song re @-@ entered the Hot 100 at its original peak , ninety @-@ one . = = Music video = = The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Gil Green . In an interview with MTV News , Diddy explained the video , stating , " [ The video ] is really about me being in a relationship with a young lady and you 're constantly loving this person , and hoping that this day comes where they change and they love you back . " Additionally , Green said that the video shows " moments of him and his love but you can tell there 's an emotional distance " . The video was premiered on BET 's 106 & Park on October 27 , 2010 . = = = Synopsis and reception = = = The video opens with a still image of a woman in her bikini ( Manuela Arbeláez ) while various scenery backdrops are superimposed in the background . The first scenes of the video flicker between Diddy ’ s life with his femme fatale and Diddy singing with the rest of Dirty Money in the bedroom of a mansion . Some of the possessions in the house such as picture frames shatter as the chorus builds up . However , during Dawn Richard and Kalenna Harper ’ s verses , the camera focus on Richard and Harper singing directly into the camera lens . As Drake ’ s verse begins , Diddy falls backwards into a swimming pool in slow motion , while the camera image slowly fades into a club scene . There is a brief shot of a bottle of coconut @-@ flavored Cîroc vodka before Diddy is scene mingling in the club . The camera mainly focus on Drake , who is observing what is happening and rapping his verse . During the bridge , Richard and Harper appear in the club and Diddy ’ s femme fatale is seen in the background . Ed Easton , Jr. of WNOW @-@ FM gave the song six and a half out of ten stars , calling it " average " . Easton said , " This is a rare situation , where the song was more of a draw than the actual video . " Becky Bain of Idolator said " We have to applaud Diddy for only throwing one shot to Ciroq vodka during his club scene with Drizzy , as opposed to using the entire video as a three @-@ minute commercial to promote his brand . " Bain was referring to Combs ' February 2010 video for " Ciroc Star " , which did not appear on the final track listing of Last Train to Paris . = = Credits = = Recording locations Recorded at Circle House Recording Studios in Miami , Florida Daddy 's House Studios in New York City . Personnel = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = Central African Republic at the 2008 Summer Olympics = The Central African Republic sent three competitors to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . Béranger Bosse and Mireille Derebona represented the nation in track events , while Bruno Bongongo participated on the Central African Republic 's behalf in boxing . Of those athletes , none progressed past the first rounds of their events . The appearance of the Central African delegation at the Beijing Olympics marked its eighth appearance since the nation 's debut at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and its seventh consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics . At the ceremonies , Derebona was the nation 's flag bearer . = = Background = = The Central African Republic is a former French colony of approximately 5 million people situated in the heart of Africa . The nation borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo for most of its southern border , the coastal nation of Cameroon to its west , South Sudan to its east , and Chad to its north . The nation declared its independence from France in 1960 . Some eight years after its independence at the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics , the first Central African delegation debuted in the Olympic games . It sent a single male athlete to participate at those games , and did not send another delegation again for another three Olympics . The nation returned at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , and sent its largest delegations ( 15 athletes ) at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , and sent its first female athletes to the Barcelona games . In total , the Central African Republic competed at eight games between its 1968 debut and its appearance at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . In its history up to Beijing , the Central African Republic has not sent an athlete that has won a medal . Three athletes represented the Central African Republic . Two men and one woman participated across two different sports ( boxing and track and field ) and three distinct events . Mireille Derebona @-@ Ngaisset was the nation 's flag bearer at the ceremonies . = = Athletics = = Béranger Aymard Bosse represented the Central African Republic at the Beijing Olympics as one of its sprinters . Bosse participated in the men 's 100 meters dash , the only Central African both in that event and in any men 's event in Beijing . Bosse had not previously competed in any known Olympic games . During the qualification round , which occurred on 14 August , Bosse participated in the eight @-@ person second heat . He finished the event with a time of 10 @.@ 51 seconds , placing sixth ahead of Tonga 's Aisea Tohi ( 11 @.@ 17 seconds ) and behind Poland 's Dariusz Kuc ( 10 @.@ 44 seconds ) . The leaders of Bosse 's heat included first place finalist Asafa Powell of Jamaica ( 10 @.@ 16 seconds ) and second place finalist Kim Collins of Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 10 @.@ 17 seconds ) . Of the 80 athletes who finished the event , Bosse placed 45th . He did not advance to later rounds . Mireille Derebona @-@ Ngaisset participated on the Central African Republic 's behalf as a sprinter . She took part in the women 's 800 meters for the country , and was the only female Central African athlete at Beijing 's Olympic games . Born in 1990 , Derebona @-@ Ngaisset was 18 years old at the time of her participation in the Beijing Olympics . The qualification round for the event took place on 14 August , where Derebona @-@ Ngaisset took place in the sixth heat against six other athletes . She was , however , disqualified , and did not rank in the event . The leaders of Derebona @-@ Ngaisset 's heat included Kenya 's Janeth Jepkosgei Busienei ( 1 : 59 @.@ 72 ) and the Ukraine 's Tetiana Petliuk ( 2 : 00 @.@ 00 ) . Of the 42 athletes participating in the event 's qualification round , Mireille Derebona @-@ Ngaisset was one of two athletes who did not finish ( the other was the United States ' Nicole Teter ) and the only one in the event to be disqualified that year . Key Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record N / A = Round not applicable for the event Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round DSQ = Disqualified = = Boxing = = Bruno Bongongo participated in boxing in the men 's welterweight class ( 69 kilograms in weight and below ) , and was the only Central African participated in any event outside track and field that year . Born in 1985 , Bongongo was 23 at the time he participated in Beijing . He had not previously participated in any Olympic games . Bongongo participated in the preliminary round of the event on 10 August , facing Cameroon 's Joseph Mulema in the fifth bout . Bruno Bongongo was defeated when Mulema scored 17 punches on him , while Bongongo only scored two in return . Of those two punches , Bongongo scored one in the third round , and another in the fourth . He did not advance to later rounds . = Holden Commodore = The Holden Commodore is a car manufactured since 1978 by Holden in Australia and , formerly , in New Zealand . For the original model , Holden replaced the long @-@ serving Kingswood and Premier large cars developed in Australia , with another rear wheel drive ( RWD ) platform that was , however , based on a smaller European design by Opel , re @-@ engineered for Australian conditions . Subsequent series became larger , culminating with the fourth generation Commodore , fully developed in Australia and based on the GM Zeta platform . Initially introduced as a single sedan body style , the range expanded in 1979 to include a station wagon . From 1984 , Holden began branding the flagship Commodore model as Holden Calais , with the Commodore Berlina introduced in 1984 gaining independent Holden Berlina nomenclature in 1988 . Long @-@ wheelbase Statesman / Caprice derivatives and Commodore utility body variants followed in 1990 . The third generation architecture spawned the most body styles , with a new Holden utility launched in 2000 ( now officially as the Holden Ute ) , reborn Monaro coupé in 2001 , four @-@ door Holden Crewman utility and all @-@ wheel drive ( AWD ) Holden Adventra crossover in 2003 . Holden Special Vehicles ( HSV ) in 1987 began official modification of high performance variants of the Commodore and its derivatives , under its own nameplate . Rivalry came predominantly from the Ford Falcon — also locally built . Prior to the second generation Commodore of 1988 , the Holden was positioned a full class below the full @-@ size Falcon . To varying degrees , competition also came from mid @-@ size offerings from Toyota Australia as well as Chrysler Australia , which morphed into Mitsubishi Motors Australia . Moreover , between 1989 and 1997 , Australian federal government policy saw the launch of the Toyota Lexcen , which was a rebadged version of the second generation Commodore . With the introduction of the third generation in 1997 , Holden implemented its largest export programs involving Commodore and its derivatives . In the Middle East , South Africa and Brazil , the Commodore sold as a Chevrolet . High @-@ performance export versions followed in North America , sold as Pontiac and later Chevrolet . HSV also exported to the United Kingdom as Vauxhall , in the Middle East as Chevrolet Special Vehicles ( CSV ) and in New Zealand and Singapore as HSV . In December 2013 , Holden announced that it would cease its local production by 2017 committing , however , to use long @-@ standing Commodore nameplate on its fifth @-@ generation fully imported replacement , moving to a front @-@ wheel drive ( FWD ) platform . = = First generation = = = = = VB ( 1978 – 1980 ) = = = Introduced in October 1978 , the VB Commodore development covered a period with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis still being felt . Hence , when Holden decided to replace the successful full @-@ size HZ Kingswood with a new model line , they wanted the new car to be smaller and more fuel efficient . Originally , Holden looked at developing a new WA Kingswood , however , this project was later dismissed . With no replacement in development , Holden looked towards Opel for providing the foundations of the VB , basing it loosely on the four @-@ cylinder Rekord E bodyshell with the front grafted on from the Opel Senator A , both constructed using GM 's V @-@ body platform . This change was necessitated to accommodate the larger Holden six- and eight @-@ cylinder engines . Holden also adopted the name " Commodore " from Opel , which had been using the name since 1967 . Opel went on to use Holden 's Rekord @-@ Senator hybrid as a foundation for its new generation Commodore C , slotting in between the two donor models . The VB series retained 96 percent of the preceding HZ Kingswood 's interior space , despite being 14 percent smaller in overall dimensions , although five percent larger than the Torana . With the Commodore dropping a full class below the Kingswood and its Ford Falcon competitor , the smaller Commodore was predictably more fuel @-@ efficient . This downsizing was first seen as a major disadvantage for Holden , as they had effectively relinquished the potential of selling Commodores to the fleet and taxi industries . These sales losses were thought to be unrecoverable ; however , the 1979 energy crisis saw Australian oil prices rise by 140 percent , putting substantial strain on the automotive industry to collectively downsize , a change that Holden had already done . During the VB 's development , Holden realised that when driven at speed over harsh Australian roads , the Rekord would effectively break in half at the firewall . This forced Holden to rework the entire car for local conditions , resulting in only 35 percent commonality with the Opel . The Rekord 's MacPherson strut front suspension was accordingly modified , and the recirculating ball steering was replaced with a rack and pinion type . These modifications blew development costs beyond expectations to a reported A $ 110 million — a figure close to the cost of developing a new model independently . With such a large sum consumed by the VB development programme , Holden was left with insufficient finances to resource the development of a wagon variant . Added that the Commodore architecture was considered an unsuitable base for utility and long @-@ wheelbase models , Holden was left with only a sedan , albeit one in three levels of luxury : a base , SL , and SL / E. Desperate measures forced Holden to shape the Commodore front @-@ end to the rear of the Rekord wagon . As the wagon @-@ specific sheet metal had to be imported from Germany , the wagon , introduced in July 1979 , suffered from inevitable component differences from the sedan . Although infrequently criticised in the early years , quality problems were evident , with poor trim and panel fit problematic for all first generation Commodores . This coupled with mechanical dilemmas such as water pump failure and steering rack rattle ensured warranty claims were high in the first year . In face of these issues , VB was praised for its value for money and sophistication , especially in regards to the steering , ride quality , handling and brakes , thus securing the Wheels Car of the Year award for 1978 . = = = VC ( 1980 – 1981 ) = = = The most significant change to the VC Commodore of March 1980 was the engine upgrading to " XT5 " specification . Now painted blue and thus known as the Blue straight @-@ sixes and Holden V8s , these replaced the Red units fitted to the VB and earlier cars . Changes included a new twelve @-@ port cylinder head , re @-@ designed combustion chambers , inlet and exhaust manifolds , a new two @-@ barrel carburettor and a Bosch electronic ignition system for the inline sixes . Tweaks and changes to the V8s surrounded the implementation of electronic ignition , revised cylinder head and inlet manifold design and the fitment of a four @-@ barrel carburettor on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ litre variant . These changes brought improved efficiency , increased outputs and aided driveability . In response to increasing oil prices , a four @-@ cylinder variant was spawned in June 1980 . Displacing 1 @.@ 9 @-@ litres , this powerplant known as Starfire was effectively Holden 's existing straight @-@ six with two cylinders removed . The four 's peak power output of 58 kilowatts ( 78 hp ) and torque rated at 140 newton metres ( 100 ft · lbf ) meant its performance was compromised . Reports indicate that the need to push the engine hard to extract performance led to real @-@ world fuel consumption similar to the straight @-@ sixes . Holden 's emphasis on fuel economy extended beyond powertrains , with a fuel consumption vacuum gauge replacing the tachometer throughout the range , although this could be optioned back with the sports instrumentation package . Visual changes were limited : the relocation of the corporate crest to the centre of the redesigned grille , black @-@ coloured trim applied to the tail lamp surrounds on sedans , and the embossment of model badging into the side rubbing strips . The previously undesignated base car , was now the Commodore L , opening up the range for a new unbadged sub @-@ level car . This delete option model , was de @-@ specified and available only to fleet customers . On the premium Commodore SL / E , a resurrected " Shadowtone " exterior paint option became available in a limited range of dark @-@ over @-@ light colour combinations . According to contemporary reviews , changes made to the VC 's steering produced a heavier feel and inclined understeer , while the revised suspension gave a softer ride and addressed concerns raised while riding fully laden . = = = VH ( 1981 – 1984 ) = = = The VH series Commodore introduced in September 1981 brought moderately updated frontal bodywork , with a new bonnet and front guards to facilitate the reshaped headlamps and a horizontally slatted grille . These front @-@ end design changes worked to produce a longer , yet wider look . At the rear , sedans featured redesigned tail light clusters , the design of which borrowed from Mercedes @-@ Benz models of the day , using a louvered design . At the same time , the nomenclature of the range was rationalised . The SL superseded the L as the base model , with the old SL level becoming the mid @-@ range SL / X , and the SL / E remaining as the top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line variant . Wagons were restricted to the SL and SL / X trims . Redesigned pentagonal alloy wheels — replacing the original SL / E type used since 1978 — along with a black painted B @-@ pillar , wrap @-@ around chrome rear bumper extensions to the wheel arches , and extended tail lamps that converged with the license plate alcove — distinguished the range @-@ topping SL / E from other variants . The new pentagonal wheels were initially in short supply , such that only Shadowtone option SL / E sedans received them during 1981 production . Mechanical specifications carried over , except for a new five @-@ speed manual transmission , optional on the 1 @.@ 9 @-@ litre four @-@ cylinder and 2 @.@ 85 @-@ litre six @-@ cylinder versions . In an attempt to improve sales figures of the inline @-@ four engine , Holden spent considerable time improving its performance and efficiency . Modifications were also made to the 2 @.@ 85 @-@ litre six to lift economy , and the powerplants managed to reduce fuel consumption by as much as 12 @.@ 5 and 14 percent , correspondingly . Holden released the sports @-@ oriented Commodore SS sedan in September 1982 — reintroducing a nameplate used briefly ten years prior with the HQ series . Provisioned with a choice of 4.2- or optional 5 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 engines , both versions of the VH SS were teamed with a four @-@ speed manual transmission . Racing driver Peter Brock 's Holden Dealer Team ( HDT ) high performance outfit produced three upgraded versions , known as Group One , Group Two and Group Three , the latter version available in either 4 @.@ 2 @-@ litre or more commonly 5 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 configuration . By the time of the VH series , Commodore sales were beginning to decline . Holden 's six @-@ cylinder engine , which was carried over from the Kingswood , could trace its roots back to 1963 and was no longer competitive . Continual improvements made to Commodore 's Ford Falcon rival meant the VH was not significantly more fuel @-@ efficient or better performing despite the smaller size . This was curtailed by the absence of any major powertrain revisions by the time of the VH and the lack of visual departure from the original VB . Holden also had to deal with the influx of their own mid @-@ size Camira from 1982 , which presented comparable interior volume with lower fuel consumption , and for less than the Commodore pricing point . Camira sales were strong initially , but as fuel prices had stabilised , buyers gravitated away from Camira and Commodore towards the larger Falcon , which overtook the Commodore as Australia 's bestselling car for the first time in 1982 . = = = VK ( 1984 – 1986 ) = = = Representing the first major change since the VB original , the VK model of 1984 introduced a six @-@ window glasshouse , as opposed to the previous four @-@ window design , to make the Commodore appear larger . The revised design helped stimulate sales , which totalled 135 @,@ 000 in two years . This did not put an end to Holden 's monetary woes . Sales of the initially popular Camira slumped due to unforeseen quality issues , while the Holden WB series commercial vehicle range and the Statesman WB luxury models were starting to show their age ; their 1971 origins compared unfavourably with Ford 's more modern Falcon and Fairlane models . New names for the trim levels were also introduced , such as Commodore Executive ( an SL with air conditioning and automatic transmission ) , Commodore Berlina ( replacing SL / X ) and Calais ( replacing SL / E ) . The 3 @.@ 3 @-@ litre Blue straight @-@ six engine was replaced by the Black specification , gaining computer @-@ controlled ignition system on the carburettor versions and optional electronic fuel injection boosting power output to 106 kilowatts ( 142 hp ) . The 5 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 engine continued to power high specification variants , but was shrunk from 5044 cc to 4987 cc in 1985 due to new Group A racing homologation rules . The new unit cut its predecessor 's weight by 75 kilograms ( 165 lb ) and models were fitted with an upgraded braking system . As high oil prices became a thing of the past , Holden decided to drop the 2.85- six and 4 @.@ 2 @-@ litre V8 , while the 1 @.@ 9 @-@ litre four @-@ cylinder was limited to New Zealand . = = = VL ( 1986 – 1988 ) = = = Marking a high point in terms of sales , the last @-@ of @-@ the @-@ series VL Commodore sold in record numbers , finally managing to outsell the Ford Falcon in the private sector . The 1986 VL represented a substantial makeover of the VK and would be the last of the mid @-@ size Commodores . Designers distanced the Commodore further away from its Opel origins , by smoothing the lines of the outer body and incorporating a subtle tail spoiler . A thorough redesign of the nose saw the Commodore gain sleek , narrow headlamps and a shallower grille , while the Calais specification employed unique partially concealed headlamps . By this stage , Holden 's 24 ‑ year ‑ old six @-@ cylinder was thoroughly outmoded and would have been difficult to re @-@ engineer to comply with pending emission standards and the introduction of unleaded fuel . This led Holden to sign a deal with Nissan of Japan to import their RB30E engine . This seemed a good idea in 1983 when the Australian dollar was strong ; however by 1986 the once viable prospect became rather expensive . The public quickly accepted what was at first a controversial move , as reports emerged of the improvements in refinement , 33 percent gain in power and 15 percent better economy over the carburettor version of the VK 's Black straight @-@ six . An optional turbocharger appeared six months later and lifted power output to 150 kilowatts ( 200 hp ) . In October 1986 , an unleaded edition of Holden ’ s carburettored V8 engine was publicised . Holden had originally planned to discontinue the V8 to spare the engineering expense of converting to unleaded . However , public outcry persuaded them to relent . VLs in New Zealand were also available with the 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre six @-@ cylinder RB20E engine . The VL suffered from some common build quality problems , such as poor windshield sealing , that can lead to water leakages and corrosion . Awkward packaging under the low bonnet coupled with Holden 's decision to utilise a cross @-@ flow radiator ( as opposed to the up @-@ down flow radiator installed to the equivalent Nissan Skyline ) meant the six @-@ cylinder engine was especially susceptible to cracked cylinder heads , a problem not displayed on the Nissan Skyline with which it shares the RB30E engine . The Used Car Safety Ratings , published in 2008 by the Monash University Accident Research Centre , found that first generation Commodores ( VB – VL ) provide a " worse than average " level of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident . = = Second generation = = = = = VN ( 1988 – 1991 ) = = = The VN Commodore of 1988 and subsequent second generation models took their bodywork from the larger Opel Senator B and new Opel Omega A. However , this time , the floor plan was widened and stretched ; now matching the rival Ford Falcon for size . Continuing financial woes at Holden meant the wider VN body was underpinned by narrow , carry @-@ over VL chassis components in a bid to save development costs . In the VN and succeeding models , the Commodore Berlina became known simply as the Berlina . The range expanded in 1990 to include a utility variant , given the model designation VG . This was built on a longer @-@ wheelbase platform that it shared with the station wagon and luxury VQ Statesman sedans released earlier in the year . During this time , the rival Ford EA Falcon was plagued with initial quality issues which tarnished its reputation . Buyers embraced the VN Commodore , helping Holden to recover and post an operating profit of A $ 157 @.@ 3 million for 1989 . The team at Wheels magazine awarded the VN Car of the Year in 1988 : the second Commodore model to receive this award . Changes in the relative values of the Australian dollar and Japanese yen made it financially impractical to continue with the well @-@ regarded Nissan engine of the VL . Instead , Holden manufactured their own 3 @.@ 8 @-@ litre V6 engine based on a Buick design , adapted from FWD to RWD . The 5 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 remained optional and received a power boost to 165 kilowatts ( 221 hp ) courtesy of multi @-@ point fuel injection . Although not known for its refinement , the new V6 was nevertheless praised for its performance and fuel efficiency at the time . A 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre Family II engine was also offered for some export markets including New Zealand and Singapore where it was sold as the Holden Berlina . Accompanying the changes to engines , the VL 's four @-@ speed automatic transmission was replaced by the Turbo @-@ Hydramatic and a Borg @-@ Warner five @-@ speed manual . A Series II update of the VN appeared in September 1989 , featuring a revised V6 engine known internally as the EV6 . With the update came a power hike of rising to 127 kilowatts ( 170 hp ) from 125 kilowatts ( 168 hp ) . Under an unsuccessful model sharing arrangement that was part of the Hawke Labor government reforms in 1989 , which saw the formation of the United Australian Automobile Industries alliance between Holden and Toyota Australia , the latter began selling badge engineered versions of the VN Commodore manufactured by Holden . The rebadged Commodores were sold as the Toyota Lexcen , named after Ben Lexcen who was the designer of Australia II yacht that won the 1983 America 's Cup . The original T1 Lexcen offered sedan and station wagon body forms in three levels of trim : base , GL and GLX . Moreover , they were only available with 3 @.@ 8 @-@ litre V6 engine and automatic transmission combination . = = = VP ( 1991 – 1993 ) = = = The VP update of 1991 featured cosmetic changes and mechanical however most were not visible unless you were to pull the motor down ; and a very similar revised 3 @.@ 8 @-@ litre V6 and 5 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 engines from the VN were carried over . The 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre straight @-@ four engine previously available in New Zealand was discontinued . Exterior cosmetic changes included a translucent acrylic grille on the base level Executive and Berlina , with a colour @-@ coded grille for the S and SS , and a chrome grille for Calais . Updated tail lights and boot garnishes were also a part of the changes , which were different for each model , with the Berlina having grey stripes and the Calais chrome stripes . Semi @-@ trailing arm independent rear suspension became standard on the Calais and SS , but was made an option on lower @-@ end models in lieu of the live rear axle , improving ride and handling . A new wider front track was introduced to address issues with the previous carried @-@ over VL chassis components . In August 1992 , anti @-@ lock brakes were introduced as an option on the Calais and SS trim levels , later becoming optional on all Series II variants . This January 1993 update also included a colour @-@ coded grille for the Executive and alloy wheels for the Commodore S. Toyota 's pattern of updating their Lexcen model tended to follow Commodore 's model cycle . The T2 ( VP ) Lexcen from 1991 pioneered new specification designations : CSi , VXi and Newport . All future updates ( T3 ( VR ) , T4 ( VS ) and T5 ( VS II ) Lexcens ) made use of the new naming system until 1997 , when the badge engineering scheme ceased . To give further differentiation to the Lexcen from the Commodore , the Lexcens from the VP model onwards had unique front @-@ end styling treatments . = = = VR ( 1993 – 1995 ) = = = The 1993 VR Commodore represented a major facelift of the second generation architecture leaving only the doors and roof untouched . Approximately 80 percent of car was new in comparison to the preceding model . Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body , semicircular wheel arches and the " twin @-@ kidney " grille — a Commodore styling trait which remained until the VY model of 2002 and remains a permanent staple on the HSV variants to this day . The rear @-@ end treatment saw raised tail lights , implemented for safety reasons , and a driver 's side airbag was introduced as an option : a first for an Australian @-@ built car . Other safety features such as anti @-@ lock brakes and independent rear suspension were only available with the new electronic GM 4L60 @-@ E automatic transmission . Along with a driver 's airbag and cruise control , these features were packaged into a new Acclaim specification level : a family @-@ oriented safety spec above the entry @-@ level Executive . Holden 's strong focus on safety can be seen in the Used Car Safety Ratings . The findings show that in an accident , VN / VP Commodores provide a " worse than average " level of occupant protection . However , the updated VR / VS models were found to provide a " better than average " level of safety protection . Holden issued a Series II revision in September 1994 bringing audible warning chimes for the handbrake and fuel level among other changes . The latest revision of the Buick 3 @.@ 8 @-@ litre V6 engine was fitted to the VR Commodore , featuring rolling @-@ element bearings in the valve rocker arms and increased compression ratios . These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kilowatts ( 170 hp ) and further improvement in noise , vibration , and harshness levels . Wheels magazine awarded the VR Commodore Car of the Year in 1993 . = = = VS ( 1995 – 1997 ) = = = The 1995 VS Commodore served as a mechanical update of the VR , destined to maintain sales momentum before the arrival of an all @-@ new VT model . The extent of exterior changes amounted to little more than a redesigned Holden logo and wheel trims . An overhauled Ecotec ( Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology ) version of the Buick V6 engine coincided with changes to the engine in the United States . The Ecotec engine packed 13 percent more power for a total of 147 kilowatts ( 197 hp ) , cut fuel consumption by 5 percent , increased the compression ratio from 9 @.@ 0 : 1 to 9 @.@ 4 : 1 and improved on the engine 's previous rough characteristics . Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of the GM 4L60 @-@ E automatic transmission , improving throttle response and smoothing gear changes . The Series II update of June 1996 included elliptical side turn signals , interior tweaks and the introduction of a supercharged V6 engine for selected trim levels , and the introduction of a new Getrag manual transmission . The new supercharged engine slotted between the existing V6 and V8 engines in the lineup and was officially rated at 165 kilowatts ( 221 hp ) , just 3 kilowatts ( 4 @.@ 0 hp ) below the V8 . The VS Commodore was the last of which to be sold as Toyota Lexcens , as Holden and Toyota ended their model @-@ sharing scheme . The last Lexcens were built during 1997 . This model was also sold as the VS Commodore Royale in New Zealand . Similar in specification to the Calais also sold in New Zealand , the Royale featured a standard VS Commodore body with the front end from the VS Caprice and an Opel 2 @.@ 6 @-@ litre 54 @-@ Degree V6 engine . The Royale was also sold between 1995 and 1997 in small numbers to Malaysia and Singapore as the Opel Calais . = = Third generation = = = = = VT ( 1997 – 2000 ) = = = With the VT Commodore of 1997 , Holden looked again to Opel in Germany for a donor platform . The proposal was to take the Opel Omega B and broaden the vehicle 's width and mechanical setup for local conditions . In the early days , Holden considered adopting the Omega as is , save for the engines and transmissions , and even investigated reskinning the existing VR / VS architecture . Later on , the VT bodywork spawned a new generation of Statesman and Caprice ( again based on the long @-@ wheelbase wagons ) , and even went as far as resurrecting the iconic Monaro coupé of the 1960s and 1970s via a prototype presented at the 1998 Sydney Motor Show . The VT heralded the fitment of semi @-@ trailing arm independent rear suspension as standard across the range , a significant selling point over the rival Falcon , along with increased electronics such as Traction Control . However , in terms of suspension , the original Opel design was simplified by removing the toe control links that was standard equipment on the European Omega since 1987 . Consequently , this afflicted the VT with excessive tyre wear due to distortions to the suspension camber angle and toe under heavy load , such as heavy towing or when travelling over undulated surfaces . Notably , Holden 's performance arm HSV re @-@ added the toe control link on the flagship GTS 300 model . The 1999 Series II update replaced the venerable Holden 5 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 engine with a new 5 @.@ 7 @-@ litre Generation III V8 sourced from the United States . The V8 was detuned to 220 kilowatts ( 300 hp ) from the original US version , but would receive incremental power upgrades to 250 kilowatts ( 340 hp ) throughout its time in the Commodore , before finally being replaced by the related Generation 4 in the VZ . The supercharged V6 was uprated to 171 kilowatts ( 229 hp ) from the VS . Safety wise , side airbags became an option for the Acclaim and higher models , a first for Holden . From the onset , parent company General Motors was interested in incorporating a left @-@ hand drive Commodore in its Buick lineup , as manifested by the unveiling of the Buick XP2000 concept car in 1996 . Although this idea was ultimately abandoned ( due to pressures by the North American automotive trade unions to retain local production ) , the GM @-@ funded project allowed Holden to enter into a range of left @-@ hand export markets . Thus began the Commodore 's rapid expansion into parts of Indochina , the Middle East and South Africa badged as the Chevrolet Lumina and Brazil as the Chevrolet Omega 3 @.@ 8 V6 . In its home market , the VT series was awarded the 1997 Wheels Car of the Year award , the fourth such award in Commodore 's history . It found ready acceptance in the market as many buyers steered away from the slow selling Ford AU Falcon , becoming the best selling Commodore to date and cementing its place as number one in Australian sales . The sedan and wagon range comprised : Commodore Executive ( base and fleet package ) ; Commodore Acclaim ( family and safety package ) ; Berlina ( luxury package ) and Calais ( sedan @-@ only sport luxury package ) . Limited editions included a " Sydney 2000 " Olympic version and Holden 50th Anniversary based on better equipped Executive models ( e.g. Berlina alloy wheels on the former but no climate control ) . = = = VX ( 2000 – 2002 ) = = = The VX update from 2000 featured a revised headlamp design . The VT 's rear tail lamp panel was replaced by two separate light assemblies . Conversely , the luxury @-@ oriented Berlina and Calais sedans continued using a full @-@ width boot @-@ lid panel incorporating the registration plate and tail lamps . The VX series also formed the basis for a new Holden Ute , designated the VU @-@ series . Earlier utility models were instead entitled " Commodore utility " . An updated Series II was launched in early 2002 , featuring revised rear suspension system now equipped with toe control links to address the VT 's issues . The VX series also spawned the production version of the re @-@ launched Holden Monaro ( allowing Holden to commence exports to the United States , with this coupé sold as the Pontiac GTO ) . Safety played a substantial role in the development of the VX model . Bosch 5 @.@ 3 anti @-@ lock brakes were made standard on all variants , a first for an Australian manufactured car ; and traction control was made available on vehicles equipped with manual transmission . Extensive research was undertaken to reduce the effects from a side @-@ impact collision through modification of the B @-@ pillars . The risk presented by a side @-@ impact collision in a VX fitted without side airbags is reduced by 50 percent when compared to a similarly specified VT model . = = = VY ( 2002 – 2004 ) = = = The A $ 250 million VY mid @-@ cycle update of 2002 represented the first major styling shift since the 1997 VT . Designers discarded the rounded front and rear styling of the VT and VX models , adopting more aggressive , angular lines . The same approach was applied to the interior , whereby the curvaceous dashboard design was orphaned in favour of an angular , symmetrical design . Satin chrome plastic now dominated the façade of the centre console stack , and high @-@ end models received fold @-@ out cup holders borrowed from fellow GM subsidiary Saab . Leaving Eurovox behind , Holden turned towards German electronics manufacturer Blaupunkt to source audio systems — an arrangement that remains in place today . Engineering wise , Holden kept the changes low key . A revised steering system and tweaked suspension tuning were among some of the changes to sharpen handling precision . Further improvements were made to the Generation III V8 engine to produce peak power of 235 kilowatts ( 315 hp ) for sports variants . In a bid to recapture the market for low @-@ cost , high @-@ performance cars , Holden created a new SV8 specification level . Based on the entry @-@ level Executive , the SV8 inherited the V8 mechanical package from the SS but made do without the luxury appointments and was sold at a correspondingly lower price . Holden also experimented by releasing a limited edition wagon version of its high @-@ performance SS variant , of which only 850 were built . The Series II update added a front strut bar as standard to the SS , which was claimed to increase rigidity and hence handling . As became the trend , the update raised V8 power , now up 10 kilowatts ( 13 hp ) . Amendments in the remaining models were confined to new wheels , trims and decals , however , the Calais has taken on a sports @-@ luxury persona as opposed to the discrete luxury character seen in previous models . This repositioning in turn affected the Berlina 's standing . The once second @-@ tier model now became the sole luxury model , only overshadowed by the more expensive Calais . Coinciding with the VY II models was the first four @-@ door utility model dubbed the Holden Crewman . Crewman 's underpinnings and body structure while somewhat unique , shared a fair amount in common with the Statesman / Caprice , One tonner and the two @-@ door Ute . In 2003 , Holden launched an AWD system that it developed for the VY platform dubbed Cross Trac , at a cost of A $ 125 million . Unveiled after the Series II updates , the first application of this electronically controlled system was the Holden Adventra , a raised VY wagon crossover . The system was only available in combination with the V8 and automatic transmission . Holden chose not to spend extra engineering resources on adapting the AWD system to the 3 @.@ 8 @-@ litre V6 , due to be replaced in the upcoming VZ model . Unfortunately for Holden , the Adventra fell well short of expected sales , despite modest targets . = = = VZ ( 2004 – 2006 ) = = = The final chapter of the third generation series was the VZ Commodore . Debuting in 2004 with a new series of V6 engines known as the Alloytec V6 , both 175 kilowatts ( 235 hp ) and 190 kilowatts ( 250 hp ) versions of the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre engine were offered . These were later upgraded to 180 and 195 kilowatts ( 241 and 261 hp ) respectively in the VE model . When compared to the previous Ecotec engines , the Alloytec benefits from increased power output , responsiveness and fuel efficiency . The new engines were mated to a new five @-@ speed 5L40E automatic transmission on the luxury V6 variants , and a new six @-@ speed Aisin AY6 manual transmission on the six @-@ cylinder SV6 sports variant . However , the long serving four @-@ speed automatic carried on in other variants , albeit with further tweaks in an attempt to address complaints about refinement . A new 6 @.@ 0 @-@ litre Generation 4 V8 engine was added to the range in January 2006 to comply with Euro III emission standards . Compared to the American version , both Active Fuel Management and variable valve timing were removed . The Alloytec V6 was also affected by the new standards , which saw the peak output reduced to 172 kilowatts ( 231 hp ) . Along with the new powertrain , Holden also introduced new safety features such as electronic stability control and brake assist . The Used Car Safety Ratings evaluation found that VT / VX Commodores provide a " better than average " level of occupant protection in the event of an accident , with VY / VZ models uprated to " significantly better than average " . Interestingly , ANCAP crash test results rate the fourth generation VE lower in the offset frontal impact test than the third generation VY / VZ Commodore . The overall crash score was marginally higher than the outgoing model due to improved side impact protection . = = Fourth generation = = = = = VE ( 2006 – 2013 ) = = = Launched in 2006 after GM 's 2003 abandonment of their last European rear @-@ drive sedan , the Opel Omega , the VE is the first Commodore model designed entirely in Australia , as opposed to being based on an adapted Opel @-@ sourced platform . Given this and high public expectations of quality , the budget in developing the car reportedly exceeded A $ 1 billion . Underpinned by the new Holden developed GM Zeta platform , the VE features more sophisticated independent suspension all round and near @-@ even 50 : 50 weight distribution , leading to improved handling . Engines and transmissions are largely carried over from the previous VZ model . However , a new six @-@ speed GM 6L80 @-@ E automatic transmission was introduced for V8 variants , replacing the old four @-@ speed automatic now relegated to base models . The design of this new model included innovative features to help minimise export costs , such as a symmetrical centre console that houses a flush @-@ fitting hand brake lever to facilitate its conversion to left @-@ hand drive . Internationally , the Commodore is again badge engineered as the Chevrolet Lumina and Chevrolet Omega , along with its new export market in the United States as the Pontiac G8 ( discontinued as of 2010 along with the Pontiac brand ) . Variants by Holden 's performance arm , HSV , were released soon after the sedan 's debut , followed by the long @-@ wheelbase WM Statesman / Caprice models . The VE Ute did not enter production until 2007 whilst the Sportwagon began production in July 2008 . Since its release , the VE has been awarded Wheels Car of the Year , being the fifth Commodore model to do so . In late 2008 Holden made changes to the VE Commodore , including the addition of a passenger seatbelt @-@ reminder system . The rollout of such modifications allowed the VE range to be upgraded in stages ( dependent on model ) to the five @-@ star ANCAP safety rating during 2008 and 2009 . The September 2009 MY10 update to the VE Commodore platform introduces a new standard engine – a 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre Spark Ignition Direct Injection ( SIDI ) V6 on the Omega and Berlina , with a 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre version of the same reserved for all other V6 variants . The standard transmission is now a six @-@ speed GM 6L50 automatic , replacing the four @-@ speed in Omega and Berlina models and the five @-@ speed in higher luxury levels . A six @-@ speed manual is still available in sport models . Holden claims the new powertrains will provide better fuel economy than some smaller four @-@ cylinder cars ; the 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre version is rated at 9 @.@ 3 L / 100 km ( 25 mpg @-@ US ; 30 mpg @-@ imp ) . However , economy tests performed by various motoring organisations have yielded varying results . In mid @-@ 2010 Holden released the VE Series 2 ( VEII ) . The major difference saw the introduction of the Holden iQ system , a centre @-@ mounted LCD display that provides navigation , bluetooth , and controls to the stereo . There were also small alterations to the styling and other minor changes . = = = VF ( 2013 – present ) = = = The VF Commodore , a major overhaul of the VE , was officially revealed on 10 February 2013 in Melbourne . The body shell , suspension and electrics of the GM Zeta platform have been thoroughly reworked to reduce weight , improving handling and fuel efficiency . Changes to the model line @-@ up see the deletion of the Berlina nameplate ( which was merged with the standard Calais variant , represented the smallest share of sales in Commodore 's line @-@ up ) and the base model renamed from Omega to Evoke . Standard features across the Commodore range includes front and rear parking sensors , reverse camera and auto park assist , whereas high specifications models such as the Calais @-@ V and SS @-@ V redline models also feature , as standard , forward and reverse collision alert system and a colour heads @-@ up display - all possible thanks to the VF 's electronics now being compatible with those of more developed GM cars , resulting in the new Commodore being cheaper to manufacture . Indeed , recommended retail pricing have been reduced across the range , from A $ 5 @,@ 000 for the base model and up to A $ 10 @,@ 000 for the Calais V V8 and SS V Redline . A day after the Australian range reveal and in the lead up to the Daytona 500 weekend , a more powerful and better equipped export version of the VF Commodore SS also made its debut in Daytona , Florida , as the MY14 Chevrolet SS . To maximise the SS 's profile in the United States , GM also replaced in NASCAR the silhouette of the Chevrolet Impala with that of the SS . A Series II update ( VF II ) was launched in late 2015 , introducing minor styling revisions at the front , while the biggest change was the arrival of a 304 kW ( 408 hp ) LS3 across the entire V8 range . In addition , the SS Redline V 's gear ratios and the Redline 's suspension tune were also revised . = = Fifth generation = = Initial speculation in 2013 — which followed Holden 's announcement of its intention to cease local Australian production — suggested that Commodore 's fully imported FWD replacement would be based on a GM vehicle designed by Holden and built in China for the Chinese market . In January 2015 , however , automotive journalists claimed the Commodore replacement would be a local adaptation of the next generation Opel Insignia imported from Europe . Also in January 2015 , Holden confirmed that the Commodore badge will be inherited by the fully imported replacement . This decision was made on the basis of a survey revealing that a majority of customers were in favour of retaining the long @-@ standing Australian badge introduced in 1978 . By November 2015 , the fifth @-@ generation Commodore was now believed to be a rebadged version of the third @-@ generation Buick LaCrosse , which was presented at that month 's Los Angeles motorshow . = = Australian export models = = Since the late 1990s , Commodores have been sent abroad as the Chevrolet Lumina in the Middle East until 2011 and South Africa until 2012 , and as the Chevrolet Omega in Brazil until 2008 and , then again , in 2010 . Vauxhall VXR8 sales began in 2007 . Versions have also been previously exported in the mid @-@ 1990s to Southeast Asia as the Opel Calais and to North America from 2007 to 2009 as the Pontiac G8 . As of June 2014 , the VF Commodore is sold in North America as the Chevrolet SS . = = = Chevrolet Lumina = = = Since 1998 , the Holden Commodore has been sold as the Chevrolet Lumina in the Middle East and South Africa , and previously in South East Asia . A coupe version based on the Holden Monaro was also sold in the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina Coupe . In Arabia , the Lumina was offered in four different trims : LS ( Omega ) , LTZ ( Berlina ) , S ( SV6 ) and SS ( SS ) . The LTZ and S comes standard with a 3.6L Alloytec V6 and a 6 @-@ speed automatic transmission for the S and 4 @-@ speed for the LTZ , while the SS comes standard with 6.0L Alloytec V8 with the option of Active Fuel management . A 6 @-@ speed manual is standard with the option of a 6 @-@ speed Automatic on SS . The LTZ was the luxury model , while the S and SS models focused on sportiness . Exports to the Middle East ceased in 2011 . Lumina models sold in South Africa received updates for the 2011 model year . These changes were introduced to coincide with the release of the VE Series II Commodore . Changes include revised bumpers , there is a chrome moulding above the number plate on the boot lid , refreshed alloy wheel designs and the Holden IQ system . Also the SSV model was introduced . The Holden Ute is sold as the Lumina Ute in South Africa . = = Australian production = = Australian production of the first Commodore launched in 1978 was initially spread between Holden 's Pagewood ( NSW ) and Dandenong ( Vic ) plants . In August 1978 , Holden announced a $ 6 @.@ 7 million program to enable assembly of the Commodore range at the Elizabeth ( SA ) plant , which resulted in the closure of the Pagewood plant a year later . The Australian production of the Commodore was consolidated at Elizabeth in 1988 , coinciding with the launch of the then new VN Commodore . The Commodore and its derivatives have been the basis of modified variants by companies separate to Holden . Officially , Holden 's performance partner is HSV , although other prominent high performance brands include HDT Special Vehicles , Corsa Specialized Vehicles ( CSV ) and Walkinshaw Performance ( WP ) , since the first , third and fourth generation Commodore , respectively . In December 2013 , Holden announced that it will cease production of the Commodore in Australia in 2017 . This was followed , in December 2015 , by " Project Erich " involving Belgian entrepreneur Guido Dumarey . His plans involve buying the Holden production facilities , with a view to continue producing in Australia a rebadged range of RWD and AWD premium vehicles based on the GM Zeta platform , for local and export sales . Dumarey 's company , Punch Powerglide , already supplies automatic transmissions for Holden 's V6 @-@ powered models made in Australia . = = Sales = = = Queen Anne 's War = Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 – 1713 ) , as the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession was known in the British colonies , was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought between France and England , later Great Britain , in North America for control of the continent . The War of the Spanish Succession was primarily fought in Europe . In addition to the two main combatants , the war also involved numerous Native American tribes allied with each nation , and Spain , which was allied with France . It was also known as the Third Indian War or in French as the Second Intercontinental War . The war was fought on three fronts : Spanish Florida and the English Province of Carolina were each subjected to attacks from the other , and the English engaged the French based at Mobile in what was essentially a proxy war involving primarily allied Native Americans on both sides . The southern war , although it did not result in significant territorial changes , had the effect of nearly wiping out the Native population of Spanish Florida , including parts of present @-@ day southern Georgia , and destroying Spain 's network of missions in the area . The English colonies of New England fought with French and Native American forces based in Acadia and Canada . Quebec City was repeatedly targeted ( but never successfully reached ) by British expeditions , and the Acadian capital Port Royal was taken in 1710 . The French and Wabanaki Confederacy sought to thwart New England expansion into Acadia , whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . Toward this end , they executed raids against targets in Massachusetts ( including present @-@ day Maine ) , most famously raiding Deerfield in 1704 . On Newfoundland , English colonists based at St. John 's disputed control of the island with the French based at Plaisance . Most of the conflict consisted of economically destructive raids against the other side 's settlements . The French successfully captured St. John 's in 1709 , but the British quickly reoccupied it after the French abandoned it . Following a preliminary peace in 1712 , the Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713 . It resulted in the French cession of claims to the territories of Hudson Bay , Acadia , and Newfoundland to Britain , while retaining Cape Breton and other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence . Some of its terms were ambiguous , and concerns of various Native American tribes were not included in the treaty , setting the stage for future conflicts . = = Background = = In 1701 , following the death in late 1700 of King Charles II , war broke out over who should succeed him to the Spanish throne . Although the war was at first restricted to a few powers in Europe , in May 1702 it widened when England declared war on Spain and France . The hostilities in North America were further encouraged by existing frictions along the frontier areas separating the colonies of these powers . This dis @-@ harmony was most pronounced along the northern and southwestern frontiers of the English colonies , which then stretched from the Province of Carolina in the south to the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the north , with additional colonial settlements or trading outposts on Newfoundland and at Hudson Bay . The total population of the English colonies at the time has been estimated at 250 @,@ 000 , with Virginia and New England dominating . The population centers of these colonies were concentrated along the coast , with small settlements inland , sometimes reaching as far as the Appalachian Mountains . Most European colonists knew very little of the interior of the continent , to the west of the Appalachians and south of the Great Lakes . This area was dominated by native tribes , although French and English traders had penetrated the area . Spanish missionaries in La Florida had established a network of missions to convert the indigenous inhabitants to Roman Catholicism . The Spanish population was relatively small ( about 1 @,@ 500 ) , and the native population they ministered to has been estimated to number 20 @,@ 000 . French explorers had located the mouth of the Mississippi River , near which they established a small colonial presence in 1699 at Fort Maurepas ( near present @-@ day Biloxi , Mississippi ) . From there they began to establish trade routes into the interior , establishing friendly relations with the Choctaw , a large tribe whose natural enemies included the British @-@ allied Chickasaw . All of these populations had suffered to some degree from the introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases like smallpox by early explorers and traders . The arrival of the French in the South threatened existing trade links that Carolina colonists had established into the interior , and Spanish territorial claims , creating tension among all three powers . France and Spain , allies in this conflict , had been on opposite sides of the recently ended Nine Years ' War . Conflicting territorial claims between Carolina and Florida south of the Savannah River were overlaid by animosity over religious divisions between the Roman Catholic Spanish and the Protestant English along the coast . To the north , the conflict held a strong economic component in addition to territorial disputes . Newfoundland was the site of a British colony based at St. John 's , and the French colonial base was at Plaisance , with both sides also holding a number of smaller permanent settlements . The island also had many seasonal settlements used by fishermen from Europe . These colonists , numbering fewer than 2 @,@ 000 English and 1 @,@ 000 French permanent settlers ( and many more seasonal visitors ) , competed with one another for the fisheries of the Grand Banks , which were also used by fishermen from Acadia ( then encompassing all of present @-@ day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ) and Massachusetts . The border area between Acadia and New England remained uncertain despite battles along the border throughout King William 's War . New France defined the border of Acadia as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . There were Catholic missions at Norridgewock and Penobscot and a French settlement in Penobscot Bay near the site of modern Castine , Maine , which had all been bases for attacks on New England settlers migrating toward Acadia during King William 's War . The frontier areas between the Saint Lawrence River and the primarily coastal settlements of Massachusetts and New York were still dominated by natives ( primarily Abenaki and Iroquois ) , and the Hudson River – Lake Champlain corridor had also been used for raiding expeditions in both directions in earlier conflicts . Although the threat of natives had receded somewhat because of reductions in the population as a result of disease and the last war , they were still seen to pose a potent threat to outlying settlements . The Hudson Bay territories ( known to the English as Prince Rupert 's Land ) were not significantly fought over in this war . Although they had been a scene of much dispute by competing French and English companies starting in the 1680s , the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick left France in control of all but one outpost on the bay . The only incident of note was a French attack on that outpost , Fort Albany , in 1709 . The Hudson 's Bay Company , unhappy that Ryswick had not returned its territories , successfully lobbied for the return of its territories in the negotiations that ended this war . = = Technology and organization = = Military technology used in North America was not as developed as it was in Europe . Only a few colonial settlements had stone fortifications ( among them St. Augustine , Boston , Quebec , and St. John 's ) at the start of the war , although Port Royal 's fortifications were completed early in the war . Some frontier villages were protected by wooden palisades , but many had little more than fortified wooden houses with gun ports through which defenders could fire , and overhanging second floors from which they might fire down on attackers trying to break in below . Europeans were typically armed with smooth @-@ bore muskets that had a maximum range of about 100 yards ( 91 m ) , but were inaccurate at ranges beyond half that distance . Some colonists also carried pikes , while tribal warriors were either supplied with European arms , or were armed with more primitive weapons like tomahawks and bows and arrows . A small number of colonists had training in the operation of cannon and other types of artillery ; these were the only effective weapons for attacking significant stone or wooden defenses . English colonists were generally organized into militia companies , and their colonies had no regular military presence beyond a small number in some of the communities of Newfoundland . The French colonists were also organized into militias , but they also had a standing defense force called the troupes de la marine . This force consisted of some experienced officers , and was manned by recruits sent over from France . Numbering between 500 and 1 @,@ 200 , they were spread throughout the territories of New France , with concentrations in the major population centers . Spanish Florida was defended by a few hundred regular troops ; Spanish policy was to pacify the natives in their territory and not to provide them with weapons . This policy had devastating consequences : before the war , Florida held an estimated 8 @,@ 000 natives , but this was reduced to 200 after English raids made early in the war . = = Course of the war = = = = = Florida and Carolina = = = Prominent French and English colonists understood at the turn of the 18th century that control of the Mississippi River would have a significant role in future development and trade , and each developed visionary plans to thwart the other 's activities . The French Canadian explorer Pierre Le Moyne d 'Iberville had , in the aftermath of the last war , developed a " Project sur la Caroline " that called for establishing relationships with natives in the Mississippi watershed and then leveraging those relationships to push the English off the continent , or at least limit them to coastal areas . In pursuit of this grand strategy he rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi ( which had first been found by La Salle in 1670 ) , and established Fort Maurepas in 1699 . From this base , and Fort Louis de la Mobile ( founded in 1702 ) , he began to establish relationships with the local Choctaw , Chickasaw , Natchez , and other tribes . English traders and explorers from Carolina had , since its founding in 1670 , already established a substantial trading network across the southeastern part of the continent that extended all the way to the Mississippi . Its leaders , who had little respect for the Spanish in Florida , understood the threat posed by the French arrival on the coast . Both Joseph Blake , Carolina 's governor until his death in 1700 , and James Moore , who succeeded Blake in 1702 , articulated visions of expansion to the south and west at the expense of French and Spanish interests . In January 1702 , before the war broke out in Europe , Iberville had approached the Spanish with the recommendation that the Apalachee warriors be armed and sent against the English and their allies . The Spanish organized an expedition under Francisco Romo de Uriza that left Pensacola in August for the trading centers of the Carolina backcountry . The English , with advance warning of the expedition , organized a defense at the head of the Flint River and routed the Spanish @-@ led force , with upwards of 500 Spanish @-@ led natives killed or captured . When formal notification of hostilities arrived , Governor Moore organized and led a force against Spanish Florida . In the 1702 Siege of St. Augustine , 500 English soldiers and militia along with 300 Indians captured and burned the town of St. Augustine . The English were unable to take the main fortress , and withdrew when a Spanish fleet arrived from Havana . In 1706 Carolina successfully repulsed an attack on Charles Town by a combined Spanish and French amphibious force sent from Havana . The Apalachee and Timucua of Spanish Florida were virtually wiped out in a raiding expedition by Moore that became known as the Apalachee Massacre of 1704 . Many of the survivors of these raids were relocated to the Savannah River , where they were confined to reservations . Raids consisting of large native forces , sometimes including a small number of white men , continued in the following years , including major expeditions directed at Pensacola in 1707 and Mobile in 1709 . The Muscogee ( Creek ) , Yamasee , and Chickasaw , armed and led by Englishmen , dominated these conflicts at the expense of the Choctaw , Timucua , and Apalachee , the latter being somewhat more pacific in nature than the Creek and Chickasaw . = = = New England and Acadia = = = Throughout the war , New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia , whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . In 1703 , Michel Leneuf de la Vallière de Beaubassin , who commanded a few French Canadians and 500 of the natives in the Wabanaki Confederacy , led attacks against New England settlements from Wells to Falmouth ( present @-@ day Portland , Maine ) in the Northeast Coast Campaign . They killed or took prisoner more than 300 settlers . In February 1704 , Jean @-@ Baptiste Hertel de Rouville led 250 Abenaki and Caughnawaga Indians and 50 French Canadians in a raid on Deerfield in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , and destroyed the settlement , killing and capturing many colonists . More than 100 captives were taken on an overland journey hundreds of miles north to the Caughnawaga mission village near Montreal , where most of the children who survived were adopted by the Mohawk people . Several adults were later redeemed or released in negotiated prisoner exchanges , including the minister , who tried for years without success to ransom his daughter . She became fully assimilated , marrying a Mohawk man . There was an active market in colonists during these years , and communities raised funds to ransom their citizens from Native American captivity . Unable to effectively combat these raids , New England colonists retaliated by launching an expedition against Acadia . Led by the famous Native American fighter Benjamin Church , the expedition raided Grand Pré , Chignecto , and other settlements . Although French accounts claim that Church attempted an attack on Acadia 's capital , Port Royal , Church 's account of the expedition describes a war council in which the expedition decided against making an attack . Father Sébastien Rale was widely suspected of inciting the Norridgewock tribe against the New Englanders . Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley put a price on his head . In the winter of 1705 , 275 British soldiers under the command of Colonel Winthrop Hilton were dispatched to seize Rale and sack the village . Warned in time , the priest escaped into the woods with his papers , but the militia burned the village and church . French and Wabanaki Confederacy raiding activity continued in northern Massachusetts in 1705 , against which the English colonists were unable to mount an effective defense . The raids happened too quickly for defensive forces to organize , and reprisal raids usually found tribal camps and settlements empty . There was a lull in the raiding while the French and English leaders negotiated — with only limited success — the exchange of prisoners . Raids by Indians , sometimes with French participation , persisted until the end of the war . In May 1707 , Governor Dudley organized an expedition to take Port Royal . Led by John March , 1 @,@ 600 men failed to take the fort by siege ; a follow @-@ up expedition in August was also repulsed . In response , the French developed an ambitious plan to raid most of the New Hampshire settlements on the Piscataqua River . However , much of the Native American support needed never materialized , and the Massachusetts town of Haverhill was raided instead . In 1709 , Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil , governor of New France , reported that two @-@ thirds of the fields north of Boston were untended because of French and Native American raids . French @-@ Native American war parties were returning without prisoners because the New England colonists stayed in their forts and would not come out . In September 1710 , 3 @,@ 600 British and colonial forces led by Francis Nicholson finally captured Port Royal after a siege of one week . This ended official French control of the peninsular portion of Acadia ( present @-@ day mainland Nova Scotia ) , although resistance continued until the end of the war . Resistance by the Wabanaki Confederation continued in the Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1711 ) and raids along the Maine frontier . The remainder of Acadia , present @-@ day eastern Maine and New Brunswick , remained disputed territory between New England and New France . = = = Expeditions against New France = = = The French in New France 's heartland , Canada , opposed attacking the Province of New York . They were reluctant to arouse the Iroquois , who they feared more than they did the British , and with whom they had made the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701 . New York merchants were opposed to attacking New France , because it would interrupt the lucrative Native American fur trade , much of which came through New France . Despite the efforts of Peter Schuyler , the Albany commissioner of Indians , to interest them in the war , the Iroquois maintained their neutrality throughout the conflict . Francis Nicholson and Samuel Vetch , with some financial and logistical support from the queen , organized an ambitious assault against New France in 1709 . The plan involved an overland assault on Montreal via Lake Champlain and a sea @-@ based assault by naval forces against Quebec . The land expedition reached the southern end of Lake Champlain , but was called off when the promised naval support for the attack on Quebec never materialized . ( Those forces were diverted to support Portugal . ) The Iroquois had made vague promises of support for this effort , but successfully delayed sending support until it seemed clear the expedition was going to fail . After this failure , Nicholson and Schuyler traveled to London accompanied by King Hendrick and other sachems to arouse interest in the North American frontier war . The Indian delegation caused a sensation in London , and Queen Anne granted them an audience . Nicholson and Schuyler were successful in their endeavour — the queen gave support for Nicholson 's successful capture of Port Royal in 1710 . With that success under his belt , Nicholson again returned to England , and gained support for a renewed attempt on Quebec in 1711 . The plan for 1711 again called for land and sea @-@ based attacks ; its execution was a disaster . A fleet of 15 ships of the line and transports carrying 5 @,@ 000 troops led by Admiral Hovenden Walker arrived at Boston in June , doubling the town 's population and greatly straining the colony 's ability to provide necessary provisions . Sailing for Quebec at the end of July , the expedition entered the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , and a number of its ships foundered on the rocky shores near the mouth of the Saint Lawrence in the fog . More than 700 troops were lost , and Walker called the expedition off . In the meantime , Nicholson had departed for Montreal overland , but had only reached Lake George when word of Walker 's disaster reached him ; he also turned back . In this expedition , the Iroquois provided several hundred warriors to fight with the English , but they also sent warnings of the expedition to the French . = = = Newfoundland = = = Newfoundland 's coast was dotted with small French and English communities , with some fishing stations occupied seasonally by fishermen from Europe . Both sides had fortified their principal towns , the French at Plaisance on the western side of the Avalon Peninsula , the English at St. John 's on Conception Bay . During King William 's War , d 'Iberville had destroyed most of the English communities in 1696 – 7 ; the island again became a battleground in 1702 . In August of that year , an English fleet under the command of Commodore John Leake descended on the outlying French communities but made no attempts on Plaisance . During the winter of 1705 Daniel d 'Auger de Subercase , the French governor at Plaisance , retaliated , leading a combined French and Mi 'kmaq expedition that destroyed several English settlements and unsuccessfully besieged Fort William at St. John 's . The French and their Native American allies continued to harry the English throughout the summer , and did damages claimed at £ 188 @,@ 000 to the English establishments . The English sent a fleet in 1706 that destroyed French fishing outposts on the island 's northern coasts . In December 1708 a combined force of French , Canadian , and Mi 'kmaq volunteers captured St. John 's and destroyed the fortifications . Lacking the resources to hold the prize , they abandoned it , and St. John 's was reoccupied and refortified by the English in 1709 . ( The same French expedition also tried to take Ferryland , but it successfully resisted . ) English fleet commanders contemplated , but did not make , attacks on Plaisance in 1703 and 1711 ( the latter by Admiral Walker in the aftermath of the disaster at the mouth of the St. Lawrence ) . = = = Peace = = = In 1712 , Britain and France declared an armistice , and a final peace agreement was signed the following year . Under terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , Britain gained Acadia ( which they renamed Nova Scotia ) , sovereignty over Newfoundland , the Hudson Bay region , and the Caribbean island of St. Kitts . France recognized British suzerainty over the Iroquois , and agreed that commerce with Native Americans further inland would be open to all nations . It retained all of the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , including Cape Breton Island , and retained fishing rights in the area , including rights to dry fish on the northern shore of Newfoundland . By the later years of the war many Abenakis had tired of the conflict despite French pressures to continue raids against New England targets . The peace of Utrecht , however , had ignored Native American interests , and some Abenaki expressed willingness to negotiate a peace with the New Englanders . Governor Dudley organized a major peace conference at Portsmouth , New Hampshire ( of which he was also governor ) . In negotiations there and at Casco Bay , the Abenakis orally objected to British assertions that the French had ceded their territory ( present @-@ day eastern Maine and New Brunswick ) to Britain , and agreed to a confirmation of boundaries at the Kennebec River and the establishment of government @-@ run trading posts in their territory . The Treaty of Portsmouth , ratified on July 13 , 1713 , by eight representatives of some of the tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy , however , included language asserting British sovereignty over their territory . Over the next year other Abenaki tribal leaders also signed the treaty , but no Mi 'kmaq ever signed it or any other treaty until 1726 . = = Consequences = = = = = Southern colonies = = = Spanish Florida never really recovered its economy or population from the effects of the war , and was ceded to Britain following the Seven Years ' War in the 1763 Treaty of Paris . Native Americans that had been resettled along the Atlantic coast chafed under British rule , as did those allied to the British in this war . This discontent flared into the 1715 Yamasee War that posed a major threat to South Carolina 's viability . The loss of population in the Spanish territories contributed to the 1732 founding of the Province of Georgia , which was , like Carolina , granted on territory Spain had originally claimed . Following military action by James Moore against the Tuscaroras of North Carolina ( part of the Tuscarora War begun in 1711 ) , many of them fled north as refugees to join their linguistic cousins , the Iroquois . The economic costs of the war were high in some of the southern English colonies , including those that saw little military activity . Virginia , Maryland , and Pennsylvania to a lesser extent , were hit hard by the cost of shipping their export products ( primarily tobacco ) to European markets , and also suffered because of several particularly bad harvests . South Carolina accumulated a significant debt burden to finance military operations . = = = New England = = = Although Massachusetts and New Hampshire were on the front line of the war , the New England colonies suffered less economic damage than other areas . The importance of Boston as a center of shipbuilding and trade , combined with a financial windfall caused by the crown 's military spending on the 1711 Quebec expedition , offset some of the costs of waging the war . = = = Newfoundland and Acadia = = = The loss of Newfoundland and Acadia restricted the French presence on the Atlantic to Cape Breton Island . French settlers from Newfoundland were resettled there , creating the colony of Île @-@ Royale , and France constructed the Fortress of Louisbourg in the following years . This presence , combined with the rights to use the Newfoundland shore , resulted in continued friction between French and British fishing interests , which was not fully resolved until late in the 18th century . The economic effects of the war were severe in Newfoundland , with the fishing fleets plying its waters significantly reduced . The British fishing fleet began to recover immediately after the peace was finalized . The British attempted to prevent Spanish ships from fishing in Newfoundland waters , as they previously had . However , many Spanish ships were simply reflagged with English straw owners to evade British controls . The British capture of Acadia had long @-@ term consequences for the Acadians and Mi 'kmaq living there . Britain 's hold on Nova Scotia was initially quite tenuous , a situation that French and Mi 'kmaq resistance leaders capitalized on . British relations with the Mi 'kmaq after the war developed in the context of British expansion not just in Nova Scotia , but also along the Maine coast , where New Englanders began moving into Abenaki lands , often in violation of previous treaties . Since neither the Abenakis nor the Mi 'kmaq were recognized in the Treaty of Utrecht and the 1713 Portsmouth treaty was interpreted differently by them than by the New England signatories , the Mi 'kmaq and Abenakis resisted these incursions into their lands . This conflict , abetted by French intriguers like Sébastien Rale , developed into Father Rale 's War ( 1722 – 1727 ) . British relations with the nominally conquered Acadians were also difficult . Repeated British demands that Acadians swear oaths to the British crown were resisted , and eventually sparked an exodus by the Acadians to Île @-@ Royale and Île @-@ Saint @-@ Jean ( present @-@ day Prince Edward Island ) . By the 1740s French leaders like Father Jean @-@ Louis Le Loutre orchestrated a guerrilla war with their Mi 'kmaq allies against British attempts to expand Protestant settlements in peninsular Nova Scotia . Friction also persisted between France and Britain over Acadia 's borders . The boundaries laid out by the treaty were unclear , which even the French had never really formally described . France insisted that only the Acadian peninsula ( modern Nova Scotia except Cape Breton Island ) was included in the treaty , and that they retained the rights to modern New Brunswick . The disputes over Acadia , which flared into open conflict during King George 's War in the 1740s , would not be resolved until the British conquest of all French North American territories in the area in the Seven Years ' War . = = = Trade = = = The French did not fully comply with the commerce provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht . They attempted to prevent English trade with remote Native American tribes , and erected Fort Niagara in Iroquois territory . French settlements on the Gulf Coast continued to grow , with the settlement of New Orleans in 1718 , and other attempts , ultimately unsuccessful , to expand into Spanish @-@ controlled Texas and Florida . French trading networks penetrated the continent along the waterways feeding the Gulf of Mexico , renewing conflicts with both the British and the Spanish . Trading networks established in the Mississippi River watershed , including the Ohio River valley , also brought the French into more contact with British trading networks and colonial settlements that crossed the Appalachian Mountains . Conflicting claims over that territory eventually led to war in 1754 , when the French and Indian War broke out . = World 's littlest skyscraper = The Newby @-@ McMahon Building , commonly referred to as the world 's littlest skyscraper , is located at 701 La Salle ( on the corner of Seventh and La Salle streets ) in downtown Wichita Falls , Texas . This late Neoclassical style red brick and cast stone structure is 40 ft ( 12 m ) tall , and its exterior dimensions are 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) deep and 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) wide . Its interior dimensions are approximately 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) by 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) , or approximately 108 sq ft ( 10 @.@ 0 m2 ) . Steep , narrow , internal stairways leading to the upper floors occupy roughly 25 percent of the interior area . Reportedly the result of a fraudulent investment scheme by a confidence man , the Newby @-@ McMahon Building was a source of great embarrassment to the city and its residents after its completion in 1919 . During the 1920s , the Newby @-@ McMahon Building was featured in Robert Ripley 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! syndicated column as " the world 's littlest skyscraper " , a nickname that has stuck with it ever since . The Newby @-@ McMahon Building is now part of the Depot Square Historic District of Wichita Falls , a Texas Historic Landmark . = = Background = = A large petroleum reservoir was discovered just west of the city of Burkburnett , a small town in Wichita County , Texas in 1912 . Burkburnett and its surrounding communities became boomtowns , experiencing explosive growth of their populations and economies . By 1918 , an estimated 20 @,@ 000 new settlers had taken up residence around the lucrative oil field , and many Wichita County residents became wealthy virtually overnight . As people streamed into the local communities in search of high @-@ paying jobs , the nearby city of Wichita Falls began to grow in importance . Though it initially lacked the necessary infrastructure for this sudden increase in economic and industrial activity , Wichita Falls was a natural choice to serve as the local logistical hub , being the seat of Wichita County . Because office space was lacking , major stock transactions and mineral rights deals were conducted on street corners and in tents that served as makeshift headquarters for the new oil companies . = = Proposal and blueprints = = The Newby @-@ McMahon Building is a four @-@ story brick building located near the railroad depot in downtown Wichita Falls , built in 1906 by Augustus Newby ( 1855 – 1909 ) , a director of the Wichita Falls and Oklahoma City Railway Company . The oil @-@ rig construction firm of J.D. McMahon , a petroleum landman and structural engineer from Philadelphia , was one of seven tenants whose offices were based in the original Newby Building . According to local legend , when McMahon announced in 1919 that he would build a highrise annex to the Newby Building as a solution to the newly wealthy city 's urgent need for office space , investors were eager to invest in the project . McMahon collected $ 200 @,@ 000 ( US $ 2 @,@ 730 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) in investment capital from this group of naive investors , promising to construct a highrise office building across the street from the St. James Hotel . The key to McMahon 's swindle , and his successful defense in the ensuing lawsuit , was that he never verbally stated that the actual height of the building would be 480 feet ( 150 m ) . The proposed skyscraper depicted in the blueprints that he distributed ( and which were approved by the investors ) was clearly labeled as consisting of four floors and 480 inches ( 12 m ) . = = Construction and ensuing legal battle = = McMahon used his own construction crews to build the McMahon Building on the small , unused piece of property next to the Newby Building , without obtaining prior consent from the owner of the property , who lived in Oklahoma . As the building began to take shape , the investors realized they had been swindled into purchasing a four @-@ story edifice that was only 40 ft ( 12 m ) tall , rather than the 480 ft ( 150 m ) structure they were expecting . They brought a lawsuit against McMahon but , to their dismay , the real estate and construction deal was declared legally binding by a local judge – as McMahon had built exactly according to the blueprints they had approved , there was to be no legal remedy for the deceived investors . They did recover a small portion of their investment from the elevator company , which refused to honor the contract after they learned of the confidence trick . There was no stairway installed in the building upon its initial completion , as none was included in the original blueprints . Rather , a ladder was employed to gain access to the upper three floors . By the time construction was complete , McMahon had left Wichita Falls and perhaps even Texas , taking with him the balance of the investors ' money . = = Early occupancy and subsequent abandonment = = Upon its completion and opening in 1919 , the Newby @-@ McMahon Building was an immediate source of great embarrassment to the city and its residents . The ground floor had six desks representing the six different companies that occupied the building as its original tenants . Throughout most of the 1920s , the building housed only two firms . During the 1920s , the Newby @-@ McMahon Building was featured in Robert Ripley 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! syndicated column as " the world 's littlest skyscraper " , which is a name that has stuck with it ever since . The oil industry would ultimately prove to be a resource curse to Wichita Falls , and the Texas Oil Boom ended only a few years later . The building was vacated , boarded up , and virtually forgotten in 1929 as the Great Depression struck North Texas and office space became relatively inexpensive to lease or purchase . A fire gutted the building in 1931 , rendering it unusable for a number of years . After the Great Depression , the building housed a succession of tenants , including barber shops and cafés . The building changed hands many times and was scheduled for demolition on several occasions , but escaped this fate apparently because a sufficient number of local residents came to its defense . It was eventually deeded to the city of Wichita Falls . As the building continued to deteriorate , in 1986 the city gave the building to the Wichita County Heritage Society ( WCHS ) , with the hope that it would eventually be restored , making it a viable part of the Depot Square Historic District . = = Purchase and renovation = = By 1999 , the Newby @-@ McMahon Building had proved to be an excessive burden on the limited capital reserves of the WCHS . The following year , the city council hired the local architectural firm of Bundy , Young , Sims & Potter to stabilize the crumbling structure , amid steadily growing talk of demolishing the building . Dick Bundy and his partners became fascinated with the history and legacy of the building ; they arranged a partnership with Marvin Groves Electric , another local business , to purchase the building . In December 2000 , the city council voted to allow the WCHS to sell the building to Marvin Groves for $ 3 @,@ 748 . On June 11 , 2003 , a storm swept through Wichita Falls , bringing gusts of wind as strong as 97 mph ( 156 km / h ) . A 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 @-@ metre ) section of brick wall from the McMahon Building complex was knocked down . The damage from this storm was repaired , but full restoration of the building and the adjacent Newby Building was delayed until late 2005 . In June of that year , the City Council granted $ 25 @,@ 000 in funds from the city 's Tax Increment Financing Fund , to be invested in the restoration of the McMahon Building . Restoration of the building is estimated to have cost more than $ 254 @,@ 000 , the remainder of which was paid by the owners ( Bundy , Young , Sims & Potter , Inc. and Marvin Groves Electric ) . = = Current status = = With the passage of time , the Newby @-@ McMahon Building has become a monument to a long @-@ gone era . It has survived tornadoes , a fire , and decades of neglect to stand as a monument to the greed , genius , graft , and gullibility of the oil boom days of North Texas . The building is currently part of the Depot Square Historic District of Wichita Falls , which has been declared a Texas Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The building has never met the criteria for the definition of a skyscraper , nor even that of a " highrise " building . Aside from serving as a local tourist attraction , the building is home to an antiques dealership , The Antique Wood , which opened in 2006 on the ground floor . The third floor has been converted into an artist 's studio . The Newby @-@ McMahon Building is among several historic buildings featured in the documentary film Wichita Falls : The Future of Our Past , a retrospective analysis of the city 's architectural past produced in 2006 by Barry Levy , a public information officer with the city of Wichita Falls . = Speed 2 : Cruise Control ( soundtrack ) = Speed 2 : Cruise Control is the soundtrack album for the 1997 film of the same name . It was released by Virgin Records in May 1997 , nearly a month before the film 's release . Because of the film 's Caribbean setting , the soundtrack features a variety of reggae music from artists including Common Sense , Jimmy Cliff , Maxi Priest and Shaggy . UB40 , Carlinhos Brown and Tamia also have songs on the soundtrack , and appear in the film as entertainers	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Scott had just been appointed commander , rather than on a venture which was considered British only in name . In spite of the Southern Cross Expedition 's achievements there was still resentment in geographical circles — harboured especially by Sir Clements Markham — about Borchgrevink 's acceptance of Newnes 's gift . Also , Bruce complained that Borchgrevink had appropriated plans that he had developed but been forced to abandon . Borchgrevink 's credibility was not helped by the boastful tone sounded in various articles which were published in Newnes 's magazines , nor by the journalistic style of his rapidly written expedition account , First on the Antarctic Continent , the English edition of which appeared in 1901 . In hailing his expedition as a great success , Borchgrevink spoke of " another Klondyke " , an abundance of fish , seals and birds , and of " quartz , in which metals are to be seen " . In his book he listed the expedition 's main achievements : proof that an expedition could live on Victoria Land over winter ; a year 's continuous magnetic and meteorological observations ; an estimate of the current position of the South Magnetic Pole ; discoveries of new species of insects and shallow @-@ water fauna ; coastal mapping and the discovery of new islands ; the first landing on Ross Island and , finally , the scaling of the Great Ice Barrier and the sledging to 78 ° 50'S , " the furthest south ever reached by man " . Other commentators have observed that the choice of the winter site at Cape Adare had ruled out any serious geographical exploration of the Antarctic interior . The scientific results of the expedition were less than had been anticipated , due in part to the loss of some of Nicolai Hanson 's natural history notes ; Borchgrevink may have been responsible for this loss ; He would later be involved in a dispute with Hanson 's former employers , London 's Natural History Museum , over these missing notes and other specimens collected by Hanson . During the years following his return Borchgrevink was honoured by the American Geographical Society , and was made a Knight of St Olaf by King Oscar II of Norway and Sweden . Later he received honours from Denmark and Austria , but in England his work was for many years largely disregarded , despite Mill 's acknowledgement of " a dashing piece of pioneer work , useful in training men for later service " . The historian David Crane suggests that if Borchgrevink had been a British naval officer , England would have taken his achievements more seriously . = = Post @-@ expedition life = = = = = Mount Pelée disaster = = = In summer 1902 Borchgrevink was one of three geographers invited by the National Geographic Society ( NGS ) to report on the after @-@ effects of the catastrophic eruptions of Mount Pelée , on the French @-@ Caribbean island of Martinique . These eruptions , in May 1902 , had destroyed the town of Saint @-@ Pierre , with enormous loss of life . Borchgrevink visited the island in June , when the main volcanic activity had subsided , and found the mountain " perfectly quiet " , and the islanders recovered from their panic . However , he did not think that Saint @-@ Pierre would ever be inhabited again . He reported a narrow escape when , at the foot of the mountain , a jet of steam came out of the ground over which he and his party had just passed : " If it had struck any one of us we would have been scalded to death " . He later presented his report to the NGS in Washington . = = = Retirement = = = On his return from Washington , Borchgrevink virtually retired into private life . On 7 September 1896 , he had married an English bride , Constance Prior Standen , with whom he settled in Slemdal , in Oslo , where two sons and two daughters were born . Borchgrevink devoted himself mainly to sporting and literary activities , producing a book entitled The Game of Norway . On two occasions he apparently considered returning to the Antarctic ; in August 1902 he stated his intention to lead a new Antarctic expedition for the NGS , but nothing came of this , and a later venture , announced in Berlin in 1909 , was likewise stillborn . Although he remained out of the limelight , Borchgrevink retained his interest in Antarctic matters , visiting Captain Scott shortly before the Terra Nova sailed on Scott 's last Antarctic expedition in June 1910 . When news of Scott 's fate reached the outside world , Borchgrevink paid tribute : " He was the first in the field with a finely organised expedition and the first who did systematic work on the great south polar continent " . In a letter of condolence to John Scott Keltie , the Royal Geographical Society 's secretary , Borchgrevink said of Scott : " He was a man ! " In Norway differing assessments of Borchgrevink were made by the country 's polar elite : Roald Amundsen was a long @-@ time friend and supporter , whereas Fridtjof Nansen , according to Scott , spoke of him as a " tremendous fraud " . When Amundsen returned from his South Pole conquest in 1912 he paid full tribute to Borchgrevink 's pioneering work : " We must acknowledge that in ascending the Barrier , Borchgrevink opened the way to the south and threw aside the greatest obstacle to the expeditions that followed " . During his later years Borchgrevink lived quietly . In 1929 , the Parliament of Norway awarded him a pension of 3 @,@ 000 Norwegian kroner . In 1930 came belated recognition from London — the Royal Geographical Society awarded him its Patron 's Medal , proclaiming that the magnitude of the difficulties overcome by Borchgrevink had initially been underestimated : " It was only after the work of Scott 's Northern Party ... that we were able to realise the improbability that any explorer could do more in the Cape Adare district than Mr Borchgrevink had accomplished . It appeared , then , that justice had not been done at the time to the pioneer work of the Southern Cross expedition , which had been carried out under the British flag and at the expense of a British benefactor . " = = Death and commemoration = = Carsten Borchgrevink died in Oslo on 21 April 1934 . Despite what one biographer describes as his obsessive desire to be first , and his limited formal scientific training , he has been acknowledged as a pioneer in Antarctic work and as a forerunner of later , more elaborate expeditions . A number of geographical features in Antarctica commemorate his name , including the Borchgrevink Coast of Victoria Land , between Cape Adare and Cape Washington , the Borchgrevink Glacier in Victoria Land , and the Borchgrevinkisen glacier in Queen Maud Land . His name is also carried by the small Antarctic fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki . His expedition 's accommodation hut remains at Cape Adare , under the care of The New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust which acts as guardian to this hut and to those of Scott and Shackleton elsewhere on the continent . The Borchgrevink hut was designated by the Trust as Antarctic Specially Protected Area ( ASPA ) No. 159 in 2002 . In June 2005 the Trust adopted a management plan for its future maintenance and accessibility . = Reginald Miles = Brigadier Reginald Miles , CBE , DSO & Bar , MC ( 10 December 1892 – 20 October 1943 ) was a professional soldier who served in the New Zealand Military Forces during the First and Second World Wars . Miles was a New Zealand entrant into the Australian Royal Military College , Duntroon , from which he graduated in 1914 . He served as an artillery officer in the First World War and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his actions during the Spring Offensive . He remained in the military after the war , holding artillery commands for the next several years . When the Second World War broke out , Miles was the Quartermaster General of the New Zealand Military Forces . In 1940 , he was seconded to the 2nd New Zealand Division as its commander of artillery . He saw action during the Battle of Greece and later during Operation Crusader in North Africa . Captured during fighting near Tobruk in late 1941 , he was held in a prisoner of war camp in Italy but escaped in April 1943 with five other officers , including fellow New Zealander James Hargest . By October , Miles had made his way to Spain where , overcome with depression , he committed suicide . = = Early life = = Reginald Miles was born in Springston , near Christchurch , on 10 December 1892 to William and Mary Miles , who were farmers . Educated at Rangiora High School , he was commissioned in the school cadets in 1910 . He was one of the limited number of officer cadets from New Zealand who , in 1911 , enrolled in the Royal Military College in Duntroon , Australia , as part of the college 's first intake following its establishment . = = First World War = = A highly rated student , Miles was in the final year of his cadetship at Duntroon when the First World War broke out . He immediately volunteered for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) and was posted to the Canterbury Infantry Battalion . He took ill before the NZEF left New Zealand for the Middle East and was discharged . On recovery , he re @-@ enlisted in the NZEF and this time was posted to a howitzer battery in the New Zealand Field Artillery . He embarked for Egypt in December 1914 with a draft of reinforcements for the NZEF . He held the rank of captain during the Gallipoli Campaign and was badly wounded in July 1915 . After he recovered , he returned to the front shortly before the evacuation from Gallipoli in December 1915 . He was briefly the adjutant of 1st Field Artillery Brigade but later transferred to 15th Battery . He served on the Western Front with this unit and participated in the Battle of the Somme . As a result of his gallantry in action he was awarded the Military Cross in December 1916 . In May 1917 he was promoted to major and appointed commander of a howitzer battery . In July 1918 , Miles was awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) , having originally been recommended for the Victoria Cross , for his actions during the German Spring Offensive . His battery had come under threat from an advance by the enemy . He rounded up nearby infantry to reinforce his position , which had nearly exhausted its ammunition , and manned a fire trench . He then undertook a reconnaissance ahead of his position but was wounded by sniper fire . The citation for the DSO read : For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . He fought his battery until the enemy were within 500 yards , and his ammunition exhausted , at the same time rallying infantry stragglers and manning a fire trench , then made a reconnaissance into a wood sending back valuable information . He was finally wounded by rifle fire at close range . After recuperating from his wounds , Miles returned to active service in July as brigade major of the Field Artillery of the New Zealand Division . He was mentioned in despatches in November 1918 . = = Interwar period = = After his return to New Zealand , Miles served as commander of Wellington Harbour 's defences . In 1924 he was posted to England to attend Staff College , Camberley , after which he undertook specialist artillery courses . He returned to New Zealand in 1926 and , after serving at Army Headquarters in Wellington , was posted to Auckland to command artillery units . While in Auckland , he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal . In 1937 , he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Northern Military District . The following year he was sent to England to attend the Imperial Defence College . He was then attached to the War Office for three months before returning to New Zealand in 1939 . In September 1939 , he was appointed Quartermaster General of the New Zealand Military Forces . = = Second World War = = In January 1940 , Miles was promoted to brigadier and seconded to the newly raised 2nd New Zealand Division as its Commander , Royal Artillery . His command consisted of three field regiments , one for each brigade of the division , as well as an anti @-@ tank regiment . In March 1940 , he was dispatched to Egypt , where the first elements of the division had arrived , but was then sent to England , where he would spend the rest of the year . Here he commanded a portion of the division that had been diverted there while in transit . An initial attempt to join the main part of the division in the Middle East in October 1940 was foiled when the ship he was travelling on was bombed and forced to return to England . = = = Greece = = = Miles served throughout the Greece campaign and played a key role in the organisation of the withdrawal of the division as it retreated ahead of the advancing Germans . His artillery allowed the New Zealand infantry to defend against attacks in daylight and then withdraw at night . The artillery was particularly vital in covering the undefended high ground on the flanks of 6th Infantry Brigade as it manned a holding position at Thermopylae . Miles was mentioned in despatches for his work during this period. and was also awarded the Greek Cross of Valour . He briefly took command of all New Zealand forces on Crete , to where the bulk of the division had been evacuated from Greece , but after a few days went on to Egypt and missed the subsequent Battle of Crete . Some of his artillery units had also left Crete , albeit without much of their equipment , prior to the fighting . = = = North Africa = = = After convalescing , Miles re @-@ joined the 2nd New Zealand Division in North Africa , where it was reforming after the losses incurred in Greece and on Crete . He then participated in Operation Crusader . During this campaign , aimed at lifting the besieged port of Tobruk , the 2nd New Zealand Division was involved in heavy fighting around Sidi Rezegh , where Miles deployed artillery in support of the 6th Infantry Brigade . Having established a corridor to Tobruk , the commander of the division , Major General Bernard Freyberg , was becoming concerned that they would be unable to hold it open . On 30 November , he entrusted Miles with getting permission from Lieutenant General Alfred Godwin @-@ Austen , the corps commander , to withdraw into or alongside Tobruk . Tentative permission was granted but only if Sidi Rezegh could not be held . However , the same day the 6th Brigade was overrun by elements of the 15th Panzer Division . Miles advised Freyberg , still unaware of the fate of 6th Brigade due to poor communications , of Godwin @-@ Austen 's instructions on his return to the 2nd New Zealand Division 's headquarters early on 1 December . Later that day , the 6th Field Regiment was overrun by German forces advancing to Belhamed . Miles , concerned about his artillery given the uncertainty surrounding the status of the 6th Brigade , was present on an inspection of the battle zone and he moved about , rifle in hand , encouraging his men , and directing them to fire their guns over open sights . Eventually , he was wounded and taken prisoner . This action was the most costly day of the war for the divisional artillery , with 275 casualties , including 96 prisoners of war , Miles among them . = = = Prisoner of War = = = Together with Brigadier James Hargest , the commander of the New Zealand 5th Infantry Brigade and captured around the same time , Miles arrived in the Italian prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp Vincigliata PG 12 in 1942 . The camp was a medieval castle near Florence , where he found himself amongst other captured high @-@ ranking personnel such as Lieutenant General Sir Philip Neame , General Sir Richard O 'Connor and Air Marshal Owen Tudor Boyd . Miles settled into camp routine and became a gardener , and was actively involved in escape attempts . Together with Hargest , he escaped through a tunnel that he helped to build and made his way to Switzerland in April 1943 . Neame received a coded letter announcing their success a fortnight later . Miles was one of only three men ( Hargest was one of the others ) known to British Military Intelligence to have escaped from an Italian prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp and make their way to another country prior to the armistice with Italy . In Switzerland , Miles and Hargest split up and travelled independently . As Hargest wrote in his book Farewell Campo 12 , " I was over in Lucerne when Miles rang up to say he was off , and to suggest I should follow him later " . Having travelled as far as the Spanish frontier on 20 October 1943 , exhausted and depressed , Miles shot himself . He was buried with military honours , and escorted to his final resting place in the Figueras Municipal Cemetery by members of the British Consulate and a party of Spanish officers . Shortly before his death , his appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire was confirmed . Miles was posthumously awarded a bar to his DSO for his efforts in escaping from Italy . The citation for the bar , published in the New Zealand Gazette on 21 September 1944 , read : " Escape from Camp 12 , P.M. 3200 , Italy ( General 's Camp ) . This camp was extremely well guarded and in consequence it was decided that the only possible method of escape would be by way of a tunnel . On the 18th September , 1942 , tunnelling began . All officers and other ranks worked , with the exception of one officer who was awaiting repatriation . The entrance to the tunnel was through a sealed up chapel which all soil was placed . The work , which consisted of a 3 foot by 3 foot tunnel , 40 feet long with a 10 foot shaft at the entrance and a 7 foot shaft at the exit , was completed by the end of February 1943 . At 2100 hours on the 29th March , 1943 , Brigadiers Miles and Hargest , in company with four other officers , escaped through the tunnel . The four other officers were subsequently recaptured . Brigadiers Miles and Hargest dressed as workmen and having walked to Florence station , caught a train to Milan where they went to the North station . They caught a train to Como and walked towards Chiasso . 2 kilometres from Chiasso they left the main road and proceeded across country until they reached a knoll south of Chiasso where the frontier lay along the opposite slope of a valley below them . The frontier consisted of heavy cyclone netting 12 foot high interlaced with brambles and with small bells near the top . They cut the wire with pliers at ground level without making much noise and came on to Swiss territory at 220 hours on the 30th March , 1943 . They gave themselves up to the police at Mendrisio and were released in Berne on the 2nd April , 1943 . = = Legacy = = Miles was survived by his four daughters from his marriage to Aimée Zita Donnelly , who he had married in Egypt in 1916 , and his second wife , Rosalind Georgette Bisset @-@ Smith , who he had wed in 1940 following the death of his first wife a few years previously . His second marriage did not result in any children . His only son was a lieutenant in the Fleet Air Arm ; he also served in the Second World War and was killed travelling aboard HMS Glorious when the ship was attacked and sunk by the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau off Norway on 8 June 1940 . = = = Medals = = = Miles ' medals were held by the family , which had managed to collect them after some had been lost . On 13 August 2009 , they were donated to the National Army Museum at Waiouru , New Zealand , in a presentation ceremony attended by the New Zealand Chief of Army , Major General Rhys Jones . = George T. Reynolds = George Thomas Reynolds ( May 27 , 1917 – April 19 , 2005 ) was an American physicist best known for his accomplishments in particle physics , biophysics and environmental science . Reynolds received his PhD in physics from Princeton in 1943 , writing a thesis of the propagation of shock waves . During World War II , he joined the United States Navy , and served with the Manhattan Project . He worked with George Kistiakowsky on the design of the explosive lenses required by the implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon . He was involved in the investigation of the Port Chicago disaster , served with Project Alberta on Tinian , and was part of the Manhattan Project team sent to Hiroshima and Nagasaki to inspect the bomb damage . After the war , Reynolds began a long academic career at Princeton University . He was director of the Princeton 's High Energy Physics Program from 1948 until 1970 , when he became the first director of Princeton 's new Center for Environmental Studies . He combined his interest in the sea and science by working during the summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts , where he studied marine bioluminescence . He also worked at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . = = Early life = = George Thomas Reynolds was born in Trenton , New Jersey on May 27 , 1917 , the son of George W. Reynolds , a trainmaster for the Pennsylvania Railroad , and his wife Laura , a secretary with the New Jersey Department of Geology . He attended Franklin Junior High School in Highland Park , New Jersey , until year 10 , and then New Brunswick High School . He received a bachelor 's degree in physics from Rutgers University in 1939 . He then entered Princeton University , where was awarded a master of science degree in 1942 . He earned his PhD in 1943 under the supervision of Walker Bleakney , writing his thesis " Studies in the production , propagation , and interactions of shock waves " . = = Manhattan Project = = World War II was raging at this time , and someone with a doctorate in such a topic area was highly sought after by the wartime Manhattan Project , but Reynolds turned down an offer to join it . An avid surf fisherman and sailor , he aspired to join the United States Navy . He attempted to enlist , but was turned down because he wore glasses . He then lobbied the Navy , which waived this requirement . He was then commissioned as an ensign in 1943 , and married Virginia Rendall , a librarian , while he waited for his first assignment . Instead of the seafaring assignment he hoped for , Reynolds was sent to the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory to assist George Kistiakowsky in the design of the explosive lenses required by the implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon . In April 1944 , Kistiakowsky named Reynolds as one of eleven men that he would like to have working for him at Los Alamos . Reynolds was one of the naval officers who was sent to investigate the Port Chicago disaster , in which an ammunition ship had blown up in the harbor . He was tasked with estimating the size of the explosion , based upon observations of the damage . His estimate was 1 @,@ 550 tons of TNT ( 6 @,@ 500 GJ ) ± 50 tons of TNT ( 210 GJ ) tons . A bill of lading was subsequently found for 1 @,@ 540 tons , confirming his estimate . Reynolds was one of several researchers who determined that an atomic bomb would do maximum damage if detonated in the air rather than at ground level . He later served with Project Alberta , the part of the Manhattan Project for operations in the field . He served on Tinian , where the worked with the X @-@ Unit Section , which was responsible for the Fat Man bomb 's firing unit . He flew a number of practice missions , but not the bombing of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . After the fighting ended , he was part of the Manhattan Project team sent to Hiroshima and Nagasaki to inspect the bomb damage . = = Princeton = = After the war , Reynolds accepted an offer of an assistant professorship at Princeton University . He would spend the rest of his career there , being promoted to associate professor in 1951 , and then to professor in 1959 . John Archibald Wheeler interested him in cosmic rays . Reybolds was director of the Princeton 's High Energy Physics Program from 1948 to 1970 . He initially recruited Ronald Rau from Caltech and Joseph Ballam from the University of California . Ballam eventually became a professor and division head at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , while Rau went on to become Chairman of the Physics Department at the Brookhaven National Laboratory . Reynolds later hired Sam Treiman , Giorgio Salvini , Riccardo Giacconi , Val Fitch and Jim Cronin . His reputation for spotting and hiring talent was assured when Giacconi , Fitch and Cronin won Nobel Prizes . For his cosmic ray research , Reynolds attempted to grow large organic crystal scintillators to use as ionized particle detectors . Scintillators are luminescent materials that , when struck by an incoming particle , absorb its energy and scintillate – emit light . They are used in many areas of scientific research . He was frustrated by cracks in the crystals , and attempted to get around the problem by dissolving them in liquid . To the surprise of many , the liquid was just as effective as crystal scintillators . Today , liquid scintillators are in widespread use in nuclear , biological and medical research . He also developed automated X @-@ ray detectors for collecting data on protein structures . Interest in environmental issues increased in the late 1960s , and in 1970 , Princeton established Princeton 's Center for Environmental Studies . Reynolds was appointed as its first director . Under his leadership , it investigated a number of unusual inter @-@ disciplinary topics , such as energy conservation in buildings , indoor air quality , the relationship between nuclear power and nuclear weapons , and the decision @-@ making process in environmental issues Although most of his career was at Princeton , he spent some time in England , where was a Churchill Fellow at Cambridge University in 1973 and 1974 . He was later a visiting Senior Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Oxford University , and a visiting professor at Oxford Research Unit of the Open University , from 1981 to 1982 , and a Royal Society Guest Research Fellow at Oxford University in 1985 . Reynolds became the Class of 1909 Professor of Physics in 1978 , and Professor Emeritus 1987 . For 31 years he combined his interest in the sea and science by working during the summer at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts , where he studied marine bioluminescence . He also worked at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Reynolds died from cancer at his home in Skillman , New Jersey on April 19 , 2005 . He was survived by his wife , Virginia , and his four sons , G. Thomas , Richard , Robert and David . = Battles of Lexington and Concord = The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War . The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 , in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present @-@ day Arlington ) , and Cambridge , near Boston . The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen of its colonies on the mainland of British America . In late 1774 the Suffolk Resolves were adopted to resist the enforcement of the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming an illegal Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The rebel government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British @-@ controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy rebel military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot colonials had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . They also received details about British plans on the night before the battle and were able to rapidly notify the area militias of the British expedition . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns . Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland known as Earl Percy . The combined force , now of about 1 @,@ 700 men , marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . Ralph Waldo Emerson , in his " Concord Hymn " , described the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge as the " shot heard round the world " . = = Background = = The British Army 's infantry , nicknamed " redcoats " and sometimes " devils " by the colonists , had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance . General Thomas Gage , the military governor of Massachusetts and commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the roughly 3 @,@ 000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston , had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro @-@ British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several rebel successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as Governor of the colony and as General of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , " An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . " The colonists had been forming militias since the 17th century , initially for local defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under provincial law , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to assure that the members were properly armed . The militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but New England militia companies elected their own officers . When Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain . = = = British government preparations = = = A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow @-@ subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions .... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18 @,@ 000 colonial soldiers . On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback . This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past , staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock . This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness . The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening , hours before receiving any word from Boston . A well @-@ known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer , Josiah Nelson , mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them , " Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out ? " upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword . However , the story of this incident was not published until over a century later , which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth . Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway . He was to proceed from Boston " with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord , where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property . " Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders , as he feared doing so might spark an uprising . = = = American preparations = = = On March 30 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage , or any part thereof to the number of five hundred , shall march out of the town of Boston , with artillery and baggage , it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament , the attempting of which , by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress , ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled , and an army of observation immediately formed , to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self @-@ preservation . The rebellion 's leaders — with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren — had all left Boston by April 8 . They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself . Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington , where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest . The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , " It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there .... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . " On April 8 , Paul Revere rode to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby . The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition , despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission . There is reasonable speculation , although not proven , that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage , General Gage 's New Jersey @-@ born wife , who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren . Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18 , 1775 , Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord . Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock . They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord , since the supplies at Concord were safe , but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night . Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns . = = = Militia forces assemble = = = Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington . Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church . He then traveled the northern water route , crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat , slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor . Crossings were banned at that hour , but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington , warning almost every house along the route . Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown . After they arrived in Lexington , Revere , Dawes , Hancock , and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there . They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target . The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns , and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott . In Lincoln , they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell . Revere was captured , Dawes was thrown from his horse , and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord . Additional riders were sent out from Concord . The ride of Revere , Dawes , and Prescott triggered a flexible system of " alarm and muster " that had been carefully developed months before , in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm . This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency . The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony , before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War . In addition to other express riders delivering messages , bells , drums , alarm guns , bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town , notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston . This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge . These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day . Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety , first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica . = = = British forces advance = = = Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House . He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , " Well , the regulars will miss their aim . " " What aim ? " asked Percy . " Why , the cannon at Concord " was the reply . Upon hearing this , Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage . Stunned , Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston , but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving . The British regulars , around 700 infantry , were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments . Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies , and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies , under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith . Of the troops assigned to the expedition , 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ) , 5th , 10th , 18th ( Royal Irish ) , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot , and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces . Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th , 5th , 10th , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd , and 59th Regiments , and the 1st Battalion of the Marines . Each company had its own lieutenant , but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute , drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston . This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle . The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm . Colonel Smith was late in arriving , and there was no organized boat @-@ loading operation , resulting in confusion at the staging area . The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down . When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge , it was into waist @-@ deep water at midnight . After a lengthy halt to unload their gear , the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am . During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition , cold salt pork , and hard sea biscuits . They did not carry knapsacks , since they would not be encamped . They carried their haversacks ( food bags ) , canteens , muskets , and accoutrements , and marched off in wet , muddy shoes and soggy uniforms . As they marched through Menotomy , sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise . At about 3 am , Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord . At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements . = = The Battles = = = = = Lexington = = = Though often styled a battle , in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish . As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19 , 1775 , about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them , and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road . Their leader was Captain John Parker , a veteran of the French and Indian War , who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear . Of the militiamen who lined up , nine had the surname Harrington , seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant , William Munroe ) , four Parker , three Tidd , three Locke , and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way . This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's " training band " , a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans , and not what was styled a minuteman company . After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ) , at about 4 : 15 AM , Parker got his confirmation . Thaddeus Bowman , the last scout that Parker had sent out , rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming , but coming in force and they were close . Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose . He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden . No war had been declared . ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future ) . He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts , found nothing , and marched back to Boston . Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again . The Regulars would march to Concord , find nothing , and return to Boston , tired but empty @-@ handed . He positioned his company carefully . He placed them in parade @-@ ground formation , on Lexington Common . They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ) , but not blocking the road to Concord . They made a show of political and military determination , but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars . Many years later , one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : " Stand your ground ; don 't fire unless fired upon , but if they mean to have a war , let it begin here . " According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : " I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do , and concluded not to be discovered , nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and , upon their sudden Approach , I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse , and not to fire : — Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously , fired upon , and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us . " Rather than turn left towards Concord , Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair , at the head of the advance guard , decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself , in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia . Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them . The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston . = = = = First shot = = = = A British officer ( probably Pitcairn , but accounts are uncertain , as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward , waving his sword , and called out for the assembled militia to disperse , and may also have ordered them to " lay down your arms , you damned rebels ! " Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home , but , because of the confusion , the yelling all around , and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice , some did not hear him , some left very slowly , and none laid down their arms . Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire , but a shot was fired from an unknown source . " [ A ] t 5 o ’ clock we arrived [ in Lexington ] , and saw a number of people , I believe between 200 and 300 , formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing , keeping prepared against an attack through without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots , upon which our men without any orders , rushed upon them , fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed , we could not tell how many , because they were behind walls and into the woods . We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded , nobody else was hurt . We then formed on the Common , but with some difficulty , the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there , and at length proceeded our way to Concord . " According to one member of Parker 's militia , none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops . The British did suffer one casualty , a slight wound , the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe . Munroe stated that : " After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces . " Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern . Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first . Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other . Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall , but this has been discredited . Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however , many more witnesses claimed to not know . Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British , that killed Asahel Porter , their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go , though he panicked and began to run ) . Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near @-@ simultaneous shots . Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way , provoking a few scattered shots from the militia . In response the British troops , without orders , fired a devastating volley . This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence . Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives . " We Nathaniel Mulliken , Philip Russell , [ and 32 other men ... ] do testify and declare , that on the nineteenth in the morning , being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o ’ clock in the morning , hearing our drum beat , we proceeded towards the parade , and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us , some of our company were coming to the parade , and others had reached it , at which time , the company began to disperse , whilst our backs were turned on the troops , we were fired on by them , and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded , not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us , and continued firing until we had all made our escape . " The regulars then charged forward with bayonets . Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through . Eight Lexington men were killed , and ten were wounded ; only one British soldier of the 10th Regiment of Foot was wounded . The eight colonists killed were John Brown , Samuel Hadley , Caleb Harrington , Jonathon Harrington , Robert Munroe , Isaac Muzzey , Asahel Porter , and Jonas Parker . Jonathon Harrington , fatally wounded by a British musket ball , managed to crawl back to his home , and died on his own doorstep . One wounded man , Prince Estabrook , was a black slave who was serving in the militia . The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission . They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes . Colonel Smith , who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars , heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action . He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly . The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter , and once order was restored among the soldiers , the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley , after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord . = = = Concord = = = In response to the raised alarm , the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord . They received reports of firing at Lexington , and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby , or to stay and defend the town , or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain . A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British , traveling about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars . As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250 , the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord , preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ) . The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town , and their officers discussed what to do next . Caution prevailed , and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town , where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town . This step proved fortuitous , as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there . = = = = The search for militia supplies = = = = When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord , Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders . The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole , while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons , numbering about 100 , secured the North Bridge , where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies . Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th , 23rd , 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm , where intelligence indicated supplies would be found . Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route , and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself . These companies , which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie , were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 @-@ plus militiamen . The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements . Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 @-@ pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building . Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies . Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before , but few weapons remained now , and according to family legend , these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted . The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence . = = = = The North Bridge = = = = Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men . Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton , Concord , Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in , totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies , a force totaling 90 – 95 men . Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge , and then he called for another consultation . While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill , Barrett , Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action . Captain Isaac Davis of Acton , whose troops had arrived late , declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying , " I 'm not afraid to go , and I haven 't a man that 's afraid to go . " Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon , and then ordered them to advance . Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it . One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance , but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge . The Minutemen and militia from Concord , Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen , advanced in column formation , two by two , led by Major Buttrick , Lt. Col. Robinson , then Capt. Davis , on the light infantry , keeping to the road , since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River . Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for " street firing " behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street @-@ firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer . A shot rang out . It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked , exhausted British soldier from the 43rd , according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight . Two other regulars then fired immediately after that , shots splashing in the river , and then the narrow group up front , possibly thinking the order to fire had been given , fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them . Two of the Acton Minutemen , Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis , who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge , were hit and killed instantly . Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file … In a minute or two , the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge , a single gun was fired by a British soldier , which marked the way , passing under Col. Robinson ’ s arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard , a fifer , in the Acton Company . Four more men were wounded . Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia , " Fire , for God 's sake , fellow soldiers , fire ! " At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge , and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart . The few front rows of colonists , bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire , managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge . Four of the eight British officers and sergeants , who were leading from the front of their troops , were wounded by the volley of musket fire . At least three privates ( Thomas Smith , Patrick Gray , and James Hall , all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded , and nine were wounded . In 1824 , Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts . The people of Westford and Acton , some few of Concord , were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge . The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington , we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson , of Westford , together with Major Buttrick , took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire , unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun , a second , a third , and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis , of Acton , and a Mr. Hosmer . Our people then fired over one another ’ s heads , being in a long column , two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven . Lieutenant Hawkstone , said to be the greatest beauty of the British army , had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much , of which he bitterly complained . On this , the British fled , and assembled on the hill , the north side of Concord , and dressed their wounded , and then began their retreat . As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge , with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford , came up , and killed several men . The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered . Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy , with their spirit broken , and likely not having experienced combat before , they abandoned their wounded , and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center , isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm . = = = = After the fight = = = = The colonists were stunned by their success . No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other . Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families . Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control . He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall . Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look . One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , " If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there wasn 't a gun fired . " During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider . At this point , the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area . They passed through the now mostly @-@ deserted battlefield , and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge . There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped , which angered and shocked the British soldiers . They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 AM , under the watchful eyes of the colonists , who continued to maintain defensive positions . The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town , ate lunch , reassembled for marching , and left Concord after noon . This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston . = = = Return march = = = = = = = Concord to Lexington = = = = Lieutenant Colonel Smith , concerned about the safety of his men , sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1 @,@ 000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord . This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner , a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord , where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream . To cross the narrow bridge , the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast . Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point , and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars . The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston . As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge , the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen , who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range . The colonists returned fire , this time with deadly effect . Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded , with no colonial casualties . Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge . On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner , nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road , awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below . Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off , but the colonists did not withdraw , inflicting significant casualties on the attackers . Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill , and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln , at Brooks Tavern , where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road . The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the " Bloody Angle " where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly @-@ wooded area . At this place , the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky , lightly @-@ wooded field . Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road , catching the British in a crossfire , while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack . Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along , the road took another sharp curve , this time to the right , and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides . In passing through these two sharp curves , the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded , and four colonial militia were also killed , including Captain Jonathan Wilson Bedford , Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica , Lt. John Bacon of Natick , and Daniel Thompson of Woburn . The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot , a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain . Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear . As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2 @,@ 000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long @-@ range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition . When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington , it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road , set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen , including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day . At this point , Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse . Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces . The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east — " The Bluff " and " Fiske Hill " — and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle . In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers , Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright , throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm . Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed , and their men were tired , thirsty , and exhausting their ammunition . A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington . In the words of one British officer , " we began to run rather than retreat in order . ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep , but to no purpose , the confusion increased rather than lessened . ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets , and told the men if they advanced they should die . Upon this , they began to form up under heavy fire . " Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center . He understood the column 's perilous situation : " There were very few men had any ammunition left , and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out , so that we must soon have laid down our arms , or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure — nearer to — and we were not able to keep them off . " He then heard cheering further ahead . A full brigade , about 1 @,@ 000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy , had arrived to rescue them . It was about 2 : 30 PM , and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o 'clock in the morning . Westford Minuteman , Rev. Joseph Thaxter , wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington , they were so close pursued and fatigued , that they must have soon surrendered , had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field @-@ pieces . They fired them , but the balls went high over our heads . But no cannon ever did more execution , such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops , that from this time more wont back than pursed . We pursued to Charlestown Common , and then retired to Cambridge . When the army collected at Cambridge , Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men , and John Robinson , his Lieutenant Colonel , were prompt at being at their post . In their accounts afterward , British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls , rather than confronting them in large , linear formations in the style of European warfare . This image of the individual colonial farmer , musket in hand and fighting under his own command , has also been fostered in American myth : " Chasing the red @-@ coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road , / And only pausing to fire and load . " To the contrary , beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat , the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies , even when dispersed to take advantage of cover . Reflecting on the British experience that day , Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance & resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself much mistaken . They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about , having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians , & this country being much covered with wood , and hilly , is very advantageous for their method of fighting . = = = = Percy 's rescue = = = = General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement , so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 AM . But in his obsession for secrecy , Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade , whose servant then left the envelope on a table . Also at about 4 AM , the British column was within three miles of Lexington , and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside . So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements . At about 5 AM , the rider reached Boston , and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th , 23rd , and 47th Regiments , and a battalion of Royal Marines , under the command of Earl Percy . Unfortunately for the British , once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander , and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn , who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour . After these delays , Percy 's brigade , about 1 @,@ 000 strong , left Boston at about 8 : 45 AM , headed toward Lexington . Along the way , the story is told , they marched to the tune of " Yankee Doodle " to taunt the inhabitants of the area . By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later , the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces . Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick @-@ thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent @-@ minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 PM . They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen . Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines . Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance , Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them , thinking the extra wagons would slow him down . Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds , and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side @-@ boxes . After Percy had left the city , Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow . This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older , veteran militiamen still on the " alarm list , " who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age . These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons , but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on . The old men opened fire , shot the lead horses , killed two sergeants , and wounded the officer . The British survivors ran , and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered . = = = = Lexington to Menotomy = = = = Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1 @,@ 700 men and let them rest , eat , drink , and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march . They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 PM , in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column . Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia . Percy 's men were often surrounded , but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines . Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed , while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation . Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column , while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard . Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking , Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so , to allow some of his troops to rest briefly . Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road , and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead . During the respite at Lexington , Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia . Earlier in the day , he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren , who had left Boston that morning , and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety . Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire . Instead , they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk . A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount , fire muskets at the approaching regulars , then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic . Unmounted militia would often fire from long range , in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving , since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ) . Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column . When it moved out of range , those units would move around and forward to re @-@ engage the column further down the road . Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units , directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars . Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia . Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves , but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics . Percy wrote of the colonial tactics , " The rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance and resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself very much mistaken . " The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy . Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance , and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property . Some homes were also used as sniper positions , turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house @-@ to @-@ house fighting . Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying , " An Englishman 's home is his castle . " He stayed and was killed in his doorway . His friends , depending on which account is to be believed , either hid in the cellar , or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in . The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight . A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers , and eleven men were killed , some allegedly after they had surrendered . Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy . Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places . Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted , enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings . For example , two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events . Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ) , it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops , who in some cases became drunk themselves . One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston . Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead . ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98 . ) All told , far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day . The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there , and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded , with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties . Each was about half the day 's fatalities . = = = = Menotomy to Charlestown = = = = The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge , and the fight grew more intense . Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation , and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them . Earlier in the day , Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled . Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken @-@ down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street , near present @-@ day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown . The militia ( now numbering about 4 @,@ 000 ) were unprepared for this movement , and the circle of fire was broken . An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern @-@ day Somerville ) , which dominated the road , but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition . A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead . They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown , but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape . Some accused the commander of this force , Colonel Timothy Pickering , of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars . Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders , but Heath denied this . It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown . The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown . Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours , eight hours of which had been spent under fire . But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset . Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments — the 10th and 64th — to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications . Although they were begun , the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill . General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge . = = Aftermath = = In the morning , Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army , numbering over 15 @,@ 000 , which had marched from throughout New England . Unlike the Powder Alarm , the rumors of spilled blood were true , and the Revolutionary War had begun . Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward , who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath , they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides . In the days immediately following , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army . Even now , after open warfare had started , Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston . He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town . The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties . However , in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms , the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent , and because few weapons were actually seized . The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion . Within four days of the battle , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners . When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London , the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions , signed by over 100 participants in the events , on a faster ship . The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived . Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion . George Germain , no friend of the colonists , wrote , " the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory . " Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions . The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord . The day after the battle , John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields . He became convinced that " the Die was cast , the Rubicon crossed . " Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as " a kind of law @-@ suit " , but after news of the battle reached him , he " rejected the hardened , sullen @-@ tempered Pharaoh of England forever . " George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend , " the once @-@ happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves . Sad alternative ! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice ? " A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June . It eventually became the city of Lexington , Kentucky . = = Legacy = = It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war . The history of Patriot preparations , intelligence , warning signals , and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades . The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge , hors de combat , struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet , the purported " scalping " , was strongly suppressed . Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ) . Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter . The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century . For example , older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775 . All now said the British fired first at Lexington , whereas fifty or so years before , they weren 't sure . All now said they fired back , but in 1775 , they said few were able to . The " Battle " took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness . Legend became more important than truth . A complete shift occurred , and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause , rather than as suffering innocents . Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance . Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 " Concord Hymn " . The " Concord Hymn " became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation . After 1860 , several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem " Paul Revere 's Ride " . Historically it is inaccurate ( for example , Paul Revere never made it to Concord ) , but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history . In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti @-@ war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain . During the Cold War , Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol , but also as a capitalist one . In 1961 , novelist Howard Fast published April Morning , an account of the battle from a fictional 15 @-@ year @-@ old 's perspective , and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools . A film version was produced for television in 1987 , starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones . In the 1990s , parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord . The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is a National Historic Landmark . Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there . The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord , as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park . There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road , and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day . A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick , designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915 , is in the park , along with French 's Minute Man statue . Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry , 182nd Infantry , 101st Engineer Battalion , and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . Several ships of the United States Navy , including two World War II aircraft carriers , were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington . = = Commemorations = = Patriots ' Day is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts , Maine , and by the Wisconsin public schools , on the third Monday in April . Re @-@ enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged , as are the battle on the Lexington Green , and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge . = = = Centennial commemoration = = = On April 19 , 1875 , President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50 @,@ 000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles . The sculpture by Daniel Chester French , The Minute Man , located at the North Bridge , was unveiled on that day . A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord . = = = Sesquicentennial commemoration = = = In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord . The Lexington — Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence . The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington , D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington , Concord , Boston , Cambridge , and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ) . This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles . = = = Bicentennial commemoration = = = The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110 @,@ 000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation . Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land . These principles , when enunciated 200 years ago , were a dream , not a reality . Today , they are real . Equality has matured in America . Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred . There is no government in our land without consent of the governed . Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics . It is these principles , freely taken and freely shared , that have revolutionized the world . The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago , ' the shot heard round the world ' , still echoes today on this anniversary . President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . = Acacia pycnantha = Acacia pycnantha , commonly known as the golden wattle , is a tree of the family Fabaceae native to southeastern Australia . It grows to a height of 8 m ( 26 ft ) and has phyllodes ( flattened leaf stalks ) instead of true leaves . Sickle @-@ shaped , these are between 9 and 15 cm ( 3 1 ⁄ 2 and 6 in ) long , and 1 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 1 ⁄ 2 in ) wide . The profuse fragrant , golden flowers appear in late winter and spring , followed by long seed pods . Plants are cross @-@ pollinated by several species of honeyeater and thornbill , which visit nectaries on the phyllodes and brush against flowers , transferring pollen between them . An understorey plant in eucalyptus forest , it is found from southern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory , through Victoria and into southeastern South Australia . Explorer Thomas Mitchell collected the type specimen , from which George Bentham wrote the species description in 1842 . No subspecies are recognised . The bark of A. pycnantha produces more tannin than any other wattle species , resulting in its commercial cultivation for production of this compound . It has been widely grown as an ornamental garden plant and for cut flower production , but has become a weed in South Africa , Tanzania , Italy , Portugal , Sardinia , India , Indonesia , New Zealand , as well as Western Australia , Tasmania and New South Wales . Acacia pycnantha was made the official floral emblem of Australia in 1988 , and has been featured on the country 's postal stamps . = = Description = = Acacia pycnantha generally grows as a small tree to between 3 and 8 m ( 10 and 30 ft ) in height , though trees of up to 12 m ( 40 ft ) high have been reported in Morocco . The bark is generally dark brown to grey — smooth in younger plants though it can be furrowed and rough in older plants . Branchlets may be bare and smooth or covered with a white bloom . The mature trees do not have true leaves but have phyllodes — flat and widened leaf stems — that hang down from the branches . Shiny and dark green , these are between 9 and 15 cm ( 3 1 ⁄ 2 and 6 in ) long , 1 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 1 ⁄ 2 in ) wide and falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) to oblanceolate in shape . New growth has a bronze coloration . Field observations at Hale Conservation Park show the bulk of new growth to take place over spring and summer from October to January . Floral buds are produced year @-@ round on the tips of new growth , but only those initiated between November and May go on to flower several months later . Flowering usually takes place from July to November ( late winter to early summer ) in the golden wattle 's native range ; because the later buds develop faster , flowering peaks over July and August . The bright yellow inflorescences occur in groups of 40 to 80 on 2 @.@ 5 – 9 cm ( 1 – 3 1 ⁄ 2 in ) -long racemes that arise from axillary buds . Each inflorescence is a ball @-@ like structure that is covered by 40 to 100 small flowers that have five tiny petals ( pentamerous ) and long erect stamens , which give the flower head a fluffy appearance . Developing after flowering has finished , the seed pods are flattish , straight or slightly curved , 5 – 14 cm ( 2 – 5 1 ⁄ 2 in ) long and 5 – 8 mm wide . They are initially bright green , maturing to dark brown and have slight constrictions between the seeds , which are arranged in a line in the pod . The oblong seeds themselves are 5 @.@ 5 to 6 mm long , black and shiny , with a clavate ( club @-@ shaped ) aril . They are released in December and January , when the pods are fully ripe . Species similar in appearance include mountain hickory wattle ( A. obliquinervia ) , coast golden wattle ( A. leiophylla ) and golden wreath wattle ( A. saligna ) . Acacia obliquinervia has grey @-@ green phyllodes , fewer flowers in its flower heads , and broader ( 1 @.@ 25 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 in ) -wide ) seed pods . A. leiophylla has paler phyllodes . A. saligna has longer , narrower phyllodes . = = Taxonomy = = Acacia pycnantha was first formally described by botanist George Bentham in the London Journal of Botany in 1842 . The type specimen was collected by the explorer Thomas Mitchell in present @-@ day northern Victoria between Pyramid Hill and the Loddon River . Bentham thought it was related to A. leiophylla , which he described in the same paper . The specific epithet pycnantha is derived from the Greek words pyknos ( dense ) and anthos ( flowers ) , a reference to the dense cluster of flowers that make up the globular inflorescences . Queensland botanist Les Pedley reclassified the species as Racosperma pycnanthum in 2003 , when he proposed placing almost all Australian members of the genus into the new genus Racosperma . However , this name is treated as a synonym of its original name . Johann Georg Christian Lehmann described Acacia petiolaris in 1851 from a plant grown at Hamburg Botanic Gardens from seed said to be from the Swan River Colony ( Perth ) . Carl Meissner described A. falcinella from material from Port Lincoln in 1855 . Bentham classified both as A. pycnantha in his 1864 Flora Australiensis , though he did categorise a possible subspecies angustifolia based on material from Spencer Gulf with narrower phyllodes and fewer inflorescences . However , no subspecies are currently recognised , though an informal classification distinguishes wetland and dryland forms , the latter with narrower phyllodes . In 1921 Joseph Maiden described Acacia westonii from the northern and western slopes of Mount Jerrabomberra near Queanbeyan in New South Wales . He felt it was similar to , but distinct from , A. pycnantha and was uncertain whether it warranted species rank . His colleague Richard Hind Cambage grew seedlings and reported they had much longer internodes than those of A. pycnantha , and that the phyllodes appeared to have three nectaries rather than the single one of the latter species . It is now regarded as a synonym of A. pycnantha . Common names recorded include golden wattle , green wattle , black wattle , and broad @-@ leaved wattle . At Ebenezer Mission in the Wergaia country of north @-@ western Victoria the aborigines referred to it as witch . Hybrids of the species are known in nature and cultivation . In the Whipstick forest near Bendigo in Victoria , putative hybrids with Whirrakee wattle ( Acacia williamsonii ) have been identified ; these resemble hakea wattle ( Acacia hakeoides ) . Garden hybrids with Queensland silver wattle ( Acacia podalyriifolia ) raised in Europe have been given the names Acacia x siebertiana and Acacia x deneufvillei . = = Distribution and habitat = = Golden wattle occurs in south @-@ eastern Australia from South Australia 's southern Eyre Peninsula and Flinders Ranges across Victoria and northwards into inland areas of southern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory . It is found in the understorey of open eucalypt forests on dry , shallow soils . The species has become naturalised beyond its original range in Australia . In New South Wales it is especially prevalent around Sydney and the Central Coast region . In Tasmania it has spread in the east of the state and become weedy in bushland near Hobart . In Western Australia , it is found in the Darling Range and western wheatbelt as well as Esperance and Kalgoorlie . Outside Australia it has become naturalised in South Africa , Tanzania , Italy , Portugal , Sardinia , India , Indonesia and New Zealand . It is present in California as a garden escapee , but is not considered to be naturalised there . In South Africa , where it had been introduced between 1858 and 1865 for dune stabilization and tannin production , it had spread along waterways into forest , mountain and lowland fynbos , and borderline areas between fynbos and karoo . The gall @-@ forming wasp Trichilogaster signiventris has been introduced in South Africa for biological control and has reduced the capacity of trees to reproduce throughout their range . The eggs are laid by adult wasps into buds of flower heads in the summer , before hatching in May and June when the larvae induce the formation of the grape @-@ like galls and prevent flower development . The galls can be so heavy that branches break under their weight . In addition , the introduction in 2001 of the acacia seed weevil Melanterius compactus has also proved effective . = = Ecology = = Though plants are usually killed by a severe fire , mature specimens are able to resprout . Seeds are able to persist in the soil for more than five years , germinating after fire . Like other wattles , Acacia pycnantha fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere . It hosts bacteria known as rhizobia that form root nodules , where they make nitrogen available in organic form and thus help the plant grow in poor soils . A field study across Australia and South Africa found that the microbes are genetically diverse , belonging to various strains of the species Bradyrhizobium japonicum and genus Burkholderia in both countries . It is unclear whether the golden wattle was accompanied by the bacteria to the African continent or encountered new populations there . Self @-@ incompatible , Acacia pycnantha cannot fertilise itself and requires cross @-@ pollination between plants to set seed . Birds facilitate this and field experiments keeping birds away from flowers greatly reduces seed production . Nectaries are located on phyllodes ; those near open flowers become active , producing nectar that birds feed upon just before or during flowering . While feeding , birds brush against the flower heads and dislodge pollen and often visit multiple trees . Several species of honeyeater , including the white @-@ naped , yellow @-@ faced , New Holland , and occasionally white @-@ plumed and crescent honeyeaters , and Eastern spinebills have been observed foraging . Other bird species include the silvereye , striated , buff @-@ rumped and brown thornbills . As well as eating nectar , birds often pick off insects on the foliage . Honeybees , native bees , ants and flies also visit nectaries , but generally do not come into contact with the flowers during this activity . The presence of Acacia pycnantha is positively correlated with numbers of swift parrots overwintering in box – ironbark forest in central Victoria , though it is not clear whether the parrots are feeding on them or some other factor is at play . The wood serves as food for larvae of the jewel beetle species Agrilus assimilis , A. australasiae and A. hypoleucus . The larvae of a number of butterfly species feed on the foliage including the fiery jewel , icilius blue , lithocroa blue and wattle blue . Trichilogaster wasps form galls in the flowerheads , disrupting seed set and Acizzia acaciaepycnanthae , a psyllid , sucks sap from the leaves . Acacia pycnantha is a host to rust fungus species in the genus Uromycladium that affect the phyllodes and branches . These include Uromycladium simplex that forms pustules and U. tepperianum that causes large swollen brown to black galls that eventually lead to the death of the host plant . Two fungal species have been isolated from leaf spots on Acacia pycnantha : Seimatosporium arbuti , which is found on a wide range of plant hosts , and Monochaetia lutea . = = Uses = = Golden wattle has been grown in temperate regions around the world for the tannin in its bark , as it provides the highest yield of all wattles . Trees can be harvested for tannin from seven to ten years of age . Commercial use of its timber is limited by the small size of trees , but it has high value as a fuel wood . The scented flowers have been used for perfume making , and honey production in humid areas . However , the pollen is too dry to be collected by bees in dry climates . In southern Europe , it is one of several species grown for the cut @-@ flower trade and sold as " mimosa " . Like many other species of wattle , Acacia pycnantha exudes gum when stressed . Eaten by indigenous Australians , the gum has been investigated as a possible alternative to gum arabic , commonly used in the food industry . = = Cultivation = = Golden wattle is cultivated in Australia and was introduced to the northern hemisphere in the mid @-@ 1800s . Although it has a relatively short lifespan of 15 to 30 years , it is widely grown for its bright yellow , fragrant flowers . As well as being an ornamental plant , it has been used as a windbreak or in controlling erosion . Trees are sometimes planted with the taller sugar gum ( Eucalyptus cladocalyx ) to make a two @-@ layered windbreak . One form widely cultivated was originally collected on Mount Arapiles in western Victoria . It is floriferous , with fragrant flowers appearing from April to July . The species has a degree of frost tolerance and is adaptable to a wide range of soil conditions , but it prefers good drainage . It tolerates heavy soils in dry climates , as well as mild soil salinity . It can suffer yellowing ( chlorosis ) in limestone @-@ based ( alkaline ) soils . Highly drought @-@ tolerant , it needs 370 – 550 mm ( 10 – 20 in ) winter rainfall for cultivation . It is vulnerable to gall attack in cultivation . Propagation is from seed which has been pre @-@ soaked in hot water to soften the hard seed coating . = = Symbolic and cultural references = = Although wattles , and in particular the golden wattle , have been the informal floral emblem of Australia for many years , it was not until Australia 's bicentenary in 1988 that the golden wattle was formally adopted as the floral emblem of Australia . This was proclaimed by Governor @-@ General Sir Ninian Stephen in the Government gazette published on 1 September . The day was marked by a ceremony at the Australian National Botanic Gardens which included the planting of a golden wattle by Hazel Hawke , the Prime Minister 's wife . In 1992 , 1 September was formally declared " National Wattle Day " . The Australian Coat of Arms includes a wreath of wattle ; this does not , however , accurately represent a golden wattle . Similarly , the green and gold colours used by Australian international sporting teams were inspired by the colours of wattles in general , rather than the golden wattle specifically . The species was depicted on a stamp captioned " wattle " as part of a 1959 – 60 Australian stamp set featuring Australian native flowers . In 1970 , a 5c stamp labelled " Golden Wattle " was issued to complement an earlier set depicting the floral emblems of Australia . To mark Australia Day in 1990 , a 41c stamp labelled " Acacia pycnantha " was issued . Another stamp labelled " Golden Wattle " , with a value of 70c , was issued in 2014 . = Secret Santa ( 30 Rock ) = " Secret Santa " is the eighth episode of the fourth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 66th overall episode of the series . The episode was written by series ' creator Tina Fey and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller . It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on December 10 , 2009 . The episode featured appearances by actors Cheyenne Jackson as Danny Baker , Julianne Moore as Nancy Donovan , and Larry Wilcox playing himself . The episode centered on a gift @-@ giving contest between Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) and Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) , Jenna Maroney 's ( Jane Krakowski ) jealousy over new TGS with Tracy Jordan cast member Danny Baker 's ( Jackson ) singing skills , and the writers — Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) , and J. D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) — coming up with a fake religion to get out of NBC page Kenneth Parcell 's ( Jack McBrayer ) " Secret Santa " scheme . Critical reception of the episode was generally less than favorable . According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Secret Santa " was watched by 7 @.@ 54 million households during its original broadcast . The night the episode premiered , it was immediately preceded by an episode of The Office with the same title . = = Plot = = Jack and Liz decide to exchange gifts for Christmas . Meanwhile , Jack reconnects with a friend from high school , Nancy Donovan ( Julianne Moore ) , and ponders the possibility of romance as Nancy 's marriage is falling apart . When Liz ends up buying an expensive necktie that Jack already owns , they agree to spend zero dollars on their gifts . Jack gets Liz a program from her performance of The Crucible framed in wood from her high school stage — and does not reimburse his office assistant , Jonathan ( Maulik Pancholy ) for fuel costs . In return , Liz calls in a bomb threat to Penn Station , keeping Nancy in New York , and finally Jack arranges for Liz to fulfill her dream of meeting Larry Wilcox as Officer Jon Baker from the show CHiPs . TGS producer Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) learns that the new actor on the show , Danny , is a talented singer . Despite Danny 's lack of interest in singing on the show , Pete gives him the Christmas solo as revenge for Jenna not chipping in to tip the cleaning ladies , which is a yearly source of frustration for Pete . Jenna is outraged when she hears Danny was assigned the solo , and tries to get Subhas the janitor to punch Danny in the throat . But when the agreeable Danny learns of Jenna 's hurt feelings , he arranges for them to perform a duet , in which he sings off @-@ key to make Jenna look good . Meanwhile , Kenneth is throwing his rule @-@ filled " Secret Santa Fun Swap " , much to the writers ' chagrin . Frank , Toofer , and Lutz proclaim they are strict adherents of " Verdukianism , " a religion they make up on the spot , and have Kenneth give them things they claim to need for " Merlinpeen , " the Verdukian Holiday of Mouth Pleasures ( such as meat @-@ lover 's pizza and having their teeth flossed by a blonde virgin ) . Their famous holiday song is , " Oh , Meatbowl of Verduke , you bring me such pizza . Meatbowl . " When Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) tells Kenneth that they made up their religion , he goes into shock at the idea that all religions are made up by man . His faith is restored when the three are arrested for the bomb threat Liz called in , using their phone . = = Production = = " Secret Santa " was written by series ' creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey . The director of this episode was Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , a long @-@ time television director who worked with Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . This was Fey 's nineteenth writing credit , and McCarthy @-@ Miller 's ninth directed episode . " Secret Santa " originally aired on NBC as the eighth episode of the show 's fourth season , and the 66th overall episode of the series , in the United States on December 10 , 2009 . It was filmed on November 5 and November 20 , 2009 . In November 2009 , it was announced that actress Julianne Moore would guest star on 30 Rock as a love interest for Alec Baldwin 's character , Jack Donaghy . Moore would later guest star in the episodes " Winter Madness " , " Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter " , " Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " , and " I Do Do " . In an interview with USA Today in October 2009 , Fey said that Jack would find more enduring love in the upcoming season . " As we move into the back half of the season , we 'd like to get [ Jack ] into a real adult relationship with some hurdles . " In the same interview , Baldwin noted , " Fifty @-@ year @-@ old Jack running around still using women like a drug is not where I 'd like him to end up . " Actor Larry Wilcox made a cameo in this episode , though , he was in character playing Officer Jon Baker from his old days in the drama show CHiPs , as Liz Lemon had a teen crush on Wilcox . In one scene of this episode , Liz says " shark farts " , and when asked about it in an April 2010 interview , Fey revealed that the term " was one that we ad @-@ libbed that we ended up leaving in . The studio asked us not to leave it in , but we left it in . " This was actor Cheyenne Jackson 's second appearance as Danny on 30 Rock . He made his debut in the November 12 , 2009 , episode " The Problem Solvers " . Fey had seen Jackson in the Broadway musicals Xanadu and Damn Yankees , the latter that starred Jane Krakowski , who plays Jenna Maroney on the show . According to Jackson in a November 2009 interview , Fey set up a meeting to interest him in a role on the program . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , it was revealed that it was Krakowski who brought Jackson to the attention of the 30 Rock producers . In the episode , Danny sang off @-@ key during a duet with Jenna , in order to keep her happy . In regards of his off @-@ pitch performance , Jackson said in an interview , " It 's actually harder than you might think . I worked on it a lot to make it sound real and to make it sound believable . But I got some good , funny feedback from it , so I 'm glad it worked out . " One filmed scene from " Secret Santa " was cut out from the airing . Instead , the scene was featured on 30 Rock 's season four DVD as part of the deleted scenes in the Bonus feature . In the scene , Liz goes to Vattene , a men 's dress apparel retailer . She is there to buy a gift for Jack for Christmas but is shocked at the prices . She then sees a red neck tie and purchases it . = = Cultural references = = Jack tells Liz about YouFace , " an up @-@ and @-@ coming social @-@ networking site " , similar to that of MySpace and Facebook . Jack promises actor Larry Wilcox an appearance on the reality show Dancing with the Stars , if he visits Liz , until she tells him that the show airs on ABC . Liz revealed that she played John Proctor " in a gender @-@ blind " high school production of The Crucible . In one scene of " Secret Santa " , Kenneth has multiple arrangements of multicultural holiday decorations in his desk page , which includes a portrait of U.S. President Barack Obama " for the Muslims . " = = Reception = = According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Secret Santa " was watched by 7 @.@ 54 million households in its original American broadcast . It earned a 3 @.@ 5 rating / 9 share in the 18 – 49 demographic , the season high in the 18 – 49 rating . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 5 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . ABC had an all @-@ repeat evening on December 10 , 2009 , which helped increase numbers for the other networks . The night this episode broadcast , it was immediately preceded by an episode of The Office — another NBC program — with the same title . Critical reception of the episode was not entirely favorable . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club noted a general decline in the show 's quality in the fourth season , and after a return to form in its previous episode , " Dealbreakers Talk Show # 0001 " , he found " Secret Santa " disappointing , and gave it a grade B − . " It was cute and nicely plotted " , he wrote " but it felt a little rote and familiar . " IGN contributor Robert Canning was more positively inclined . He appreciated Julianne Moore 's appearance , but he found that some of the story lines , " though sprinkled with funny moments , were more successful as sweet tales made for the holiday . " Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad was glad to see Cheyenne Jackson 's Danny back on 30 Rock , and noted that the plots concerning Jack and Nancy and Kenneth and the TGS writers , respectively , were " home runs " . He liked that Tina Fey 's character Liz " was more of a supporting player " in " Secret Santa " . Sassone also enjoyed Moore 's appearance on the show , commenting that she was " wicked good " as Jack 's new love interest . Entertainment Weekly 's Margaret Lyons wrote that this episode " had some awesome Liz / Jack moments , a nice little storyline for Pete and Danny , and the invention of a whole new pizza @-@ loving religion . " Meredith Blake , writing for the Los Angeles Times , found that television Christmas episodes generally tended to bring " an awkward shift in tone : All of a sudden , everyone 's being nice to each other . " She also complained about the invented holiday , which she found to be an overused cliché of Christmas programming : " See also : ' Chrismukkah ' or ' Festivus . ' " Also , television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star @-@ Ledger found that the episode compared unfavorably with the preceding one , but still enjoyed the showcasing of several minor characters , and the " tender holiday spirit " . What he appreciated most of all , however , was the Alec Baldwin – Julianne Moore angle . Mark Graham of New York magazine opined that the three plots in " Secret Santa " could not be considered as " A @-@ material " for 30 Rock . Michael Anthony for TV Guide worried about the kiss between Jack and Nancy , as Nancy is married , and experiencing marital troubles . " The Nancy kiss kind of troubles me ; is Jack going to become the ' other woman ? ' " = Russian gay propaganda law = The Russian federal law " for the Purpose of Protecting Children from Information Advocating for a Denial of Traditional Family Values " , also known in English @-@ language media as the gay propaganda law and the anti @-@ gay law , is a bill that was unanimously approved by the State Duma on 11 June 2013 ( with just one MP abstaining — Ilya Ponomarev ) , and was signed into law by President Vladimir Putin on 30 June 2013 . The Russian government 's stated purpose for the law is to protect children from being exposed to content recognizing homosexuality as being a norm in society , under the argument that it contradicts traditional family values . The statute amended the country 's child protection law and the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses , to make the distribution of " propaganda of non @-@ traditional sexual relationships " among minors , an offense punishable by fines . This definition includes materials that " raises interest in " such relationships , cause minors to " form non @-@ traditional sexual predispositions " , or " [ present ] distorted ideas about the equal social value of traditional and non @-@ traditional sexual relationships . " Businesses and organizations can also be forced to temporarily cease operations if convicted under the law , and foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported , or fined up to 5 @,@ 000 rubles and deported . Supported by a number of far right @-@ wing groups and a majority of Russians surveyed , the passing of the law was met with criticism , primarily from the democratic world , the international community and global media . The statute was criticized for its broad and ambiguous wording ( including the aforementioned " raises interest in " and " among minors " ) , which many critics characterized as being an effective ban on publicly promoting the rights and culture of the LGBT community . The law was also criticized for leading to an increase and justification of homophobic violence , while the implications of the laws in relation to the then @-@ upcoming Winter Olympics being hosted by Sochi were also cause for concern , as the Olympic Charter contains language explicitly barring various forms of discrimination . However , some felt that critics had overreacted to the law , noting that unlike some countries with stricter anti @-@ LGBT legislation , it did not criminalize same @-@ sex relationships , sexual activity , or being associated with pro @-@ LGBT organizations . = = Background = = Despite the fact that the cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg have been well known for their thriving LGBT communities , there has been growing opposition towards gay rights among politicians since 2006 . The city of Moscow has actively refused to authorize gay pride parades , and former Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov supported the city 's refusal to authorize the first two Moscow Pride events , describing them as " satanic " and blaming western groups for spreading " this kind of enlightenment " in the country . Fair Russia member of parliament Alexander Chuev was also opposed to gay rights and attempted to introduce a similar " propaganda " law in 2007 . In response , prominent LGBT rights activist and Moscow Pride founder Nikolay Alexeyev disclosed on the television talk show К барьеру ! that Chuev had been publicly involved in same @-@ sex relationships prior to his time in office . In 2010 , Russia was fined by the European Court of Human Rights under allegations by Alexeyev that cities were discriminating against gays by refusing to approve pride parades . Although claiming a risk of violence , the court interpreted the decisions as being in support of groups which oppose such demonstrations . In March 2012 , a Russian judge blocked the establishment of a Pride House in Sochi for the 2014 Winter Olympics , ruling that it would " undermine the security of Russian society " , and that it contradicted with public morality and policies " in the area of family motherhood and childhood protection . " In August 2012 , Moscow upheld a ruling blocking Nikolay Alexeyev 's requests for 100 years ' worth of permission to hold Moscow Pride annually , citing the possibility of public disorder . The bill " On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development " introduced laws which prohibited the distribution of " harmful " material among minors . This includes content which " may elicit fear , horror , or panic in children " among minors , pornography , along with materials which glorify violence , unlawful activities , substance abuse , or self @-@ harm . An amendment to the law passed in 2012 instituted a mandatory content rating system for material distributed through an " information and telecommunication network " ( covering television and the internet ) , and established a blacklist for censoring websites which contain child pornography or content glorifying drug abuse and suicide . The 2013 amendment , which added " propaganda of non @-@ traditional sexual relationships " as a class of harmful content under the law was , according to the Government of Russia , intended to protect children from being exposed to content that portrays homosexuality as being a " behavioural norm " . Emphasis was placed upon a goal to protect " traditional " family values ; bill author Yelena Mizulina ( the chair of the Duma 's Committee on Family , Women , and Children , who has been described by some as a " moral crusader " ) , argued that " traditional " relations between a man and a woman required special protection under Russian law . The amendment also expanded upon similar laws enacted by several Russian regions , including Ryazan , Arkhangelsk ( who repealed its law shortly after the passing of the federal version ) , and Saint Petersburg . = = Contents = = Article 1 of the bill amended On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development with a provision classifying " propaganda of non @-@ traditional sexual relationships " as a class of materials that must not be distributed among minors . The term is defined as materials that are " [ aimed ] at causing minors to form non @-@ traditional sexual predispositions , notions of attractiveness of non @-@ traditional sexual relationships , distorted ideas about the equal social value of traditional and non @-@ traditional sexual relationships , or imposing information about non @-@ traditional sexual relationships which raises interest in such relationships insofar as these acts do not amount to a criminal offence . " Article 2 makes similar amendments to " On basic guarantees for the rights of the child in the Russian Federation " , commanding the government to protect children from such material . Article 3 of the bill amended the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses with Article 6 @.@ 21 , which prescribes penalties for violations of the propaganda ban : Russian citizens found guilty can receive fines of up to 5 @,@ 000 rubles , and public officials can receive fines of up to 50 @,@ 000 rubles . Organizations or businesses can be fined up to 1 million rubles and be forced to cease operations for up to 90 days . Foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported , or fined up to 5 @,@ 000 rubles and deported . The fines for individuals are much higher if the offense was committed using mass media or internet . = = Reaction = = According to a survey conducted in June 2013 by the All @-@ Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( also known as VTsIOM ) , at least 90 percent of Russians surveyed were in favour of the law . Over 100 conservative groups worldwide signed a petition in support for the law , with Larry Jacobs , manager of the World Congress of Families , supporting its aim to " prohibit advocacy aimed at involving minors in a lifestyle that would imperil their physical and moral health . " President of Russia Vladimir Putin answered to early objections to the then @-@ proposed bill in April 2013 by stating that " I want everyone to understand that in Russia there are no infringements on sexual minorities ' rights . They 're people , just like everyone else , and they enjoy full rights and freedoms " . He went on to say that he fully intended to sign the bill because the Russian people demanded it . As he put it , " Can you imagine an organization promoting pedophilia in Russia ? I think people in many Russian regions would have started to take up arms .... The same is true for sexual minorities : I can hardly imagine same @-@ sex marriages being allowed in Chechnya . Can you imagine it ? It would have resulted in human casualties . " Putin also mentioned that he was concerned about Russia 's low birth rate , as same @-@ sex relationships do not produce children . In August 2013 , Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko also defended the law , equating it to protecting children from content that glorifies alcohol abuse or drug addiction . He also argued that the controversy over the law and its effects was " invented " by the Western media . = = = Criticism = = = The passing of the law was met with major international backlash , especially from the Western world , as critics considered it an attempt to effectively ban the promotion of LGBT rights and culture in the country . Article 19 disputed the claimed intent of the law , and felt that many of the terms used within were too ambiguous , such as the aforementioned " non @-@ traditional sexual relationships " , and " raises interest in " . The organization argued that it " feasibly could apply to any information regarding sexual orientation or gender identity that does not fit with what the State considers as in @-@ line with ' tradition ' . " The use of the term " among minors " was also criticized , as it was unclear whether it refers to being in the presence of minors , or any place where minors could be present , arguing that " predicting the presence of children in any space , on @-@ line or off @-@ line , is quite impossible and is a variable that the proponent of any expression will rarely be in absolute control of . " LGBT rights activists , human rights activists , and other critics stated that the broad and vague wording of the law , which was characterized as a ban on " gay propaganda " by the media , made it a crime to publicly make statements or distribute materials in support of LGBT rights , hold pride parades or similar demonstrations , state that gay relationships are equal to heterosexual relationships , or according to Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) president Chad Griffin , even display LGBT symbols such as the rainbow flag or kiss a same @-@ sex partner in public . The first arrest made under the law involved a person who publicly protested with a sign containing a pro @-@ LGBT message . The legislation was also alleged to lead to an increase in homophobic violence in Russia by groups opposed to the LGBT rights movement ; Russian LGBT Network chairman Igor Kochetkov argued that the law " [ has ] essentially legalised violence against LGBT people , because these groups of hooligans justify their actions with these laws , " supported by their belief that gays and lesbians are " not valued as a social group " by the federal government . Reports surfaced of activity by groups such as ' Occupy Paedophilia ' and ' Parents of Russia ' , who lured alleged " paedophiles " into " dates " where they were tortured and humiliated . In August 2013 , it was reported that a gay teenager was kidnapped , tortured , and killed by a group of Russian Neo @-@ Nazis . Violence also increased during pro @-@ gay demonstrations ; on 29 July 2013 , a gay pride demonstration at Saint Petersburg 's Field of Mars resulted in a violent clash between activists , protesters , and police . In January 2014 , a letter , co @-@ written by chemist Sir Harry Kroto and actor Sir Ian McKellen and co @-@ signed by 27 Nobel laureates from the fields of science and the arts , was sent to Vladamir Putin urging him to repeal the propaganda law as it " inhibits the freedom of local and foreign LGBT communities . " In February 2014 , the activist group Queer Nation announced a planned protest in New York City outside the Russian consulate on 6 February 2014 , timed to coincide with the opening ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . The same day , gay rights group All Out similarly coordinated worldwide protests in London , New York City , Paris , and Rio de Janeiro . On 8 February 2014 , a flash mob was held in Cambridge , England featuring same @-@ sex couples embracing and hugging , as part of a video project known as " From Russia With Love " . Writing for The Guardian , Marc Bennetts argued that criticism of the law by foreign outlets had ties to anti @-@ Russian sentiment ; describing their response as being " both hysterical and hypocritical " , he acknowledged that countries had been inconsistent on their treatment of other countries for their stances on LGBT rights . He noted that Russia 's laws did not ban LGBT relationships as a whole , and did not go as far as those in other countries , such as India — which had recently reinstated a ban on same @-@ sex sexual activity , and Nigeria , which criminalized same @-@ sex marriage with sentences of up to 14 years ' imprisonment , and membership in pro @-@ gay groups with up to 10 years ' imprisonment . In conclusion , he stated that " in reality , there is little the west can do to influence Russia , on gay rights or anything else . But to stand even a chance , criticism needs to be measured , accurate and , above all , consistent . There are enough reasons to disapprove of Putin 's authoritarian regime without resorting to hyperbole and falsehoods . " = = = Protests = = = A number of protests were held against the law , both locally and internationally . Activists demonstrated outside New York City 's Lincoln Center at the opening night of the Metropolitan Opera on 23 September 2013 , which was set to feature Tchaikovsky 's opera Eugene Onegin . The protests targeted Tchaikovsky 's own homosexuality , and the involvement of two Russians in the production ; soprano Anna Netrebko and conductor Valery Gergiev , as they were identified as vocal supporters of Putin 's government . On 12 October 2013 , the day following National Coming Out Day , a protest organized by at least	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
jevsky had their death sentences commuted to life sentences . = = Background = = Late in the afternoon of Sunday , July 22 , 2007 , 48 @-@ year @-@ old Jennifer Hawke @-@ Petit and her 11 @-@ year @-@ old daughter Michaela Petit went to a local grocery store in Cheshire , Connecticut . They picked up food for Jennifer 's pre @-@ birthday meal that Michaela planned to prepare for her . During their trip to the grocery store , they attracted the attention of Joshua Komisarjevsky , who followed them home . Steven Hayes messaged Komisarjevsky : " I 'm chomping at the bit to get started . Need a margarita soon . " Hayes then texted , " We still on ? " Komisarjevsky replied , " Yes . " Hayes ' next text asked , " Soon ? " , to which Komisarjevsky replied : " I 'm putting the kid to bed hold your horses " . Hayes then wrote : " Dude , the horses want to get loose . LOL . " = = Home invasion = = According to Hayes ' confession , the two men had planned to rob the Petit house under cover of darkness leaving the family bound , but unharmed . Hayes attributed the outcome to a change of plan . Upon their arrival in the early hours of July 23 , they found William Petit sleeping on a couch on the porch . Komisarjevsky struck William on the head with a baseball bat found in the yard and then tied him up at gunpoint in the basement . The children and their mother were then bound and locked in their respective rooms . Hayes said that he and Komisarjevsky were not satisfied with their haul , and that a bankbook was found which showed an available balance . A gas station 's video surveillance shows Hayes purchasing $ 10 worth of gasoline in two cans he had taken from the Petit home . After returning to the house , and unloading the gas , he took Jennifer to the bank . The prosecution later claimed that this was evidence of premeditated murder . Hayes convinced Jennifer to withdraw $ 15 @,@ 000 from her line of credit when the bank opened . Bank surveillance cameras captured the transaction which shows Jennifer Hawke @-@ Petit , on the morning of July 23 , as she informed the teller of her situation . The bank manager then called 911 and reported the details to police while Jennifer was still with the teller . The manager reported to the 911 dispatcher , in real time , as Jennifer left the bank and was picked up by Hayes , describing his clothing as he drove away with her . The manager stated that Jennifer had indicated the assailants were " being nice " , and she believed they only wanted money . The Cheshire police response to the bank 's " urgent bid " began with assessing the situation and setting up a vehicle perimeter . The police used up more than half an hour taking these preliminary measures while the assailants were raping and murdering the women inside the house . The police made no effort to make the assailants aware of their presence . During this time , Hayes and Komisarjevsky escalated the aggravated nature of their crimes : Komisarjevsky raped the 11 @-@ year @-@ old Michaela . Komisarjevsky , who had photographed the sexual assault of the girl on his cell phone , then provoked Hayes into raping Jennifer . While Hayes was raping her on the floor of the living room , Komisarjevsky entered the room and announced that William Petit had escaped . Hayes then strangled Jennifer , doused her lifeless body and parts of the house , including the daughters ' rooms , with gasoline . While tied to their beds , both daughters had been doused with gasoline ; each had her head covered with a pillowcase . A fire was started , and Hayes and Komisarjevsky fled the scene . Hayley and Michaela both died of smoke inhalation . William Petit had been able to free himself , escape his confines , and call to a neighbor for help . The neighbor indicated that he did not recognize him due to the severity of Petit 's injuries . In court testimony , William Petit stated that he felt a " jolt of adrenaline " coupled with a need to escape upon hearing one of the perpetrators state : " Don 't worry , it 's going to be all over in a couple of minutes . " Petit then told the jury , " I thought , it 's now or never because in my mind at that moment , I thought they were going to shoot all of us . " Hayes and Komisarjevsky fled the scene using the Petit family car . They were immediately spotted by police surveillance , pursued , and arrested one block away . The whole invasion lasted seven hours . The scenario was revealed in a confession by Hayes just hours after the killings . Detectives testified that Hayes smelled strongly of gasoline throughout the interrogation . Each perpetrator blamed or implicated the other as the mastermind and driving force behind the spree . There were even attempts to blame William Petit as an accomplice . Komisarjevsky later kept a diary , entered into evidence , in which he chose to call Petit a " coward " and claimed that he could have stopped the murders had he wanted to . = = Victims = = Jennifer Hawke @-@ Petit ( born September 26 , 1958 ) was a nurse and co @-@ director of the health center at Cheshire Academy , a private boarding school . She met her husband , William Petit , in 1985 on a pediatric rotation at Children 's Hospital when he was a third @-@ year medical student at the University of Pittsburgh and she was a new nurse . Their eldest daughter Hayley ( born October 15 , 1989 ) had just graduated from Miss Porter 's School and was scheduled to attend Dartmouth College . Hayley had been an active fundraiser for multiple sclerosis research , following Jennifer 's diagnosis with that disease . Daughter Michaela ( born November 17 , 1995 ) attended the Chase Collegiate School before her death . William Petit , the sole survivor of the home invasion , is an endocrinologist in Cheshire . He survived when he escaped via a direct external exit from the basement despite his injuries . He has not returned to his medical practice since the murders , stating his desire to be active in the foundations set up to honor the memory of his deceased family . He contemplated running for Congress as a Republican , but later decided against it . = = Perpetrators = = Steven J. Hayes ( born May 30 , 1963 , in Homestead , Florida ) was found guilty on 16 of 17 counts related to the home invasion murders on October 5 , 2010 . On November 8 , 2010 , the jury returned with a recommendation for him to be executed . He was formally sentenced to death by Superior Court Judge Jon C. Blue on December 2 , 2010 . Hayes is an inmate of the Connecticut Department of Correction . His criminal history shows him sentenced for his first offense at the age of 16 . He is incarcerated in the Northern Correctional Institution , which houses the state 's death row for men , in Somers , Connecticut . The method of execution employed by Connecticut was lethal injection , and the state execution chamber was located in the Osborn Correctional Institution in Somers . This sentence became an automatic life sentence when Connecticut abolished the death penalty in 2015 . Joshua A. Komisarjevsky ( born August 10 , 1980 ) was Hayes ' co @-@ conspirator in the home invasion and murders . He was born in 1980 to a 16 @-@ year @-@ old girl impregnated by a 20 @-@ year @-@ old mechanic and was adopted by Benedict Komisarjevsky , the son of theatrical director Theodore Komisarjevsky and dancer Ernestine Stodelle , and his wife Jude ( née Motkya ) . Komisarjevsky remained incarcerated at the Walker Reception Center in lieu of a $ 15 million bond until his conviction . His trial began on September 19 , 2011 , and on October 13 , 2011 , he was convicted on all 17 counts . On December 9 , 2011 , the jury recommended the death penalty . On January 27 , 2012 Judge Jon Blue sentenced Komisarjevsky to death by lethal injection . His sentence also became an automatic life sentence when Connecticut abolished the death penalty in 2015 . = = Trials = = = = = Hayes ' trial = = = The jury in Hayes ' case was composed of seven women and five men . Following the completion of the trial , the jury deliberated for about four hours to reach its guilty verdicts . The second phase of the trial began on October 18 , 2010 , during which the jurors had to decide if Hayes should be executed or imprisoned for life . The second day of these deliberations began on November 6 , 2010 . Attorney Thomas Ullman told the jury that a sentence of life in prison would be the harshest possible punishment for his client Hayes , because he was so tormented by his crimes and would be isolated in prison . " Life in prison without the possibility of release is the harshest penalty , " Ullman said . " It is a fate worse than death . If you want to end his misery , put him to death , " he added . " If you want him to suffer and carry that burden forever , the guilt , shame , and humiliation , sentence him to life without the possibility of release . " On November 8 , 2010 , the jury returned with a recommendation that Hayes be executed . The jury recommended a death sentence on each of the six capital felony counts for which Hayes was convicted . In the sentencing phase , the jury had deliberated for about 17 hours , over the course of three and a half days , before reaching a decision . Hayes had attempted to negotiate a life sentence in a plea bargain . After the verdict , his defense attorney stated : " Hayes smiled upon hearing the jury 's recommendation of a death sentence . " He then added : " He is thrilled . He 's very happy with the verdict . That 's what he 's wanted all along . " For the first time in state history , the Connecticut state judicial branch offered post @-@ traumatic stress assistance to jurors , who served for two months on the triple @-@ murder trial , because they had been required to look at disturbing images and hear grisly testimony . On December 2 , 2010 , Hayes apologized for the pain and suffering he had caused the Petit family and added that : " Death for me will be a welcome relief and I hope it will bring some peace and comfort to those who I have hurt so much . " Judge Jon Blue formally imposed six death sentences , one for each of the capital charges ; Blue then added a sentence of 106 years for other crimes Hayes committed during the home invasion , including kidnapping , burglary , and assault , before finishing with , " This is a terrible sentence , but is , in truth , a sentence you wrote for yourself in flames . May God have mercy on your soul . " The judge also gave Hayes an official execution date of May 27 , 2011 ; Blue said that this date was a formality , because if Hayes appealed his case , his execution could be delayed for decades . His death sentence became a life sentence in August 2015 when the state abolished the death penalty . = = = Komisarjevsky 's trial = = = Komisarjevsky was found guilty on October 13 , 2011 . On December 9 , 2011 , the jury recommended the death penalty . On January 27 , 2012 , Komisarjevsky was sentenced to death by lethal injection . During the hearing , Komisarjevsky insisted that he did not intend to kill anyone and spoke about the shame , hurt and disappointment he had caused : " I will never find peace within . My life will be a continuation of the hurt I caused . The clock is now ticking and I owe a debt I cannot repay . " He said that forgiveness was not his to have , " and he needs to forgive his worst enemy – himself . " Blue set July 20 , 2012 as Komisarjevsky 's execution date . Like Hayes , Komisarjevsky 's death sentence was turned into a life sentence in August 2015 . = = Subsequent developments in Connecticut capital punishment law = = In 2009 , the Connecticut General Assembly sent legislation to abolish the state 's death penalty to Governor M. Jodi Rell ostensibly to be signed into law . However , on June 5 , 2009 , Rell vetoed the bill instead and cited the Cheshire murders as an exemplary reason for doing so . On November 8 , 2010 , Rell issued the following statement regarding the jury 's recommendation of a sentence of death for Hayes : The crimes that were committed on that brutal July night were so far out of the range of normal understanding that now , more than three years later , we still find it difficult to accept that they happened in one of our communities . I have long believed that there are certain crimes so heinous , so depraved , that society is best served by imposing the ultimate sanction on the criminal . Steven Hayes stands convicted of such crimes – and today the jury has recommended that he should be subjected to the death penalty . I agree . On April 11 , 2012 , the Connecticut House of Representatives voted to repeal capital punishment for future cases ( leaving past death sentences in place ) . The Connecticut Senate had already voted for the bill , and on April 25 Governor Dan Malloy signed the bill into law . In August 2015 , the Connecticut Supreme Court declared all capital punishment inconsistent with the state constitution , effectively commuting the killers ' sentences to life imprisonment . = = Aftermath = = In 2007 , John Carpenter , an employee of the Chase Collegiate School , ran the New York City Marathon , raising $ 8 @,@ 554 for the " Miles for Michaela " campaign - a scholarship benefit . The same year , William Petit established the Michaela Rose Petit ' 14 Scholarship Fund of the Chase Collegiate School . He also established the Hayley 's Hope & Michaela 's Miracle MS Memorial Fund . On January 6 , 2008 , over 130 @,@ 000 luminaria candles were lit in front of thousands of homes across Cheshire in " Cheshire Lights of Hope " , a fundraiser for multiple sclerosis and a tribute to the Petit family . Founded by a local couple , Don and Jenifer Walsh , the event raised over $ 100 @,@ 000 for Hayley 's Hope and Michaela 's Miracle Memorial funds . The murder , and its aftermath , were featured on the news magazine show Dateline NBC , in a segment entitled " The Family on Sorghum Mill Drive " , and on December 9 , 2010 , William Petit appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in a full @-@ hour episode about the murders of his family and the work of the Petit Family Foundation . On August 5 , 2012 , Petit married Christine Paluf , and moved to Farmington , Connecticut . He met her when she was volunteering with the Petit Family Foundation . HBO broadcast a documentary by filmmaker David Heilbroner called The Cheshire Murders about the murders on July 22 , 2013 . On August 1 , 2013 , Petit told station WFSB that he and Paluf were expecting a child together . The baby who was revealed to be a boy and named William Petit III was born on November 23 , 2013 . In October 2013 , Petit announced that he was considering running for Congress for the Republican Party after being approached by the National Republican Congressional Committee , who had asked him if he would be interested in running . Petit ultimately decided not to be a candidate . Petit condemned the state 's decision to abolish the death penalty in August 2015 , saying he believed the court had overstepped its powers and urging it to give greater consideration to the " emotional impact , particularly on victims and their loved ones " that death penalty cases generate . = The Landlady ( Fyodor Dostoyevsky ) = The Landlady ( Russian : Хозяйка , Khozayka ) is a novella by Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky , written in 1847 . Set in Saint Petersburg , it tells of an abstracted young man , Vasily Mikhailovich Ordynov , and his obsessive love for Katerina , the wife of a dismal husband whom Ordynkov perceives as a malignant fortune @-@ teller or mystic . The story has echoes of Russian folklore and may contain autobiographical references . In its time The Landlady had a mixed reception , more recently being seen as perhaps unique in Dostoyevsky 's oeuvre . The first part of the novella was published in October 1847 in Notes of the Fatherland , the second part in November that year . = = Plot = = After the reclusive and bookish scholar Vasily Ordynov is compelled to leave his apartment he wanders aimlessly through Saint Petersburg , contemplating his despair over a loveless life , his childhood and his future . Through this distraction he finds himself within a church , where he notices an old man , Ilia Murin , with his young wife , Katerina . His fascination for the couple , particularly Katerina , causes him to contrive further encounters , with the intention of securing a lodging at their home . He becomes their house guest . The gloomy Murin is a perceived Old Believer , with powers of clairvoyance that have perturbed his neighbours and the local police , and which appear to control his wife . Katerina implies that Murin was her mother 's lover , that she might be Murin 's biological daughter , and that the pair ran @-@ off together after he killed her father . There is an unresolved suggestion that Murin caused the death of Katerina 's fiancé during their escape . Ordynov develops a passion for Katerina , which she reciprocates after nursing him through delirium . While in delirium Ordynov , in dream or reality , spies on Murin who has taken to his bed through illness and is recounting tales to Katerina – he rushes into Murin 's room ; Murin 's attempt to shoot Ordynov with a gun , misses . Ordynov tries to convince Katerina of her need to detach herself from Murin physically and psychologically , and believes he has overcome her reluctance to do so when he hears her sing a song of love and freedom . Katerina offers wine to Ordynov and Murin as she considers her choice . Murin uses the language of prediction and psychology to show any choice as futile , as Katerina is predestined by her sex to be a captive of a master and her own grief . Ordynov now fully believes that Murin is a sorcerer and that Katerina is his slave , as she herself believes . Using Murin 's argument , he offers to buy Katerina , to effect her liberation . Murin indicates a veiled threat that the price would be bloodshed for both buyer and goods . Fearing a lost cause , Ordynov intends to kill Murin , but fails as a knife falls from his hand and as Katerina falls at her husband 's feet . Murin afterwards explains to the police that both Katerina and Ordynov are weak and would hand back freedom if it were given ; that she needs the control of a master , and he couldn 't kill a stronger man even with the means to do so . = = Background = = In October 1846 Dostoyevsky wrote to his brother Mikhail that his short story Mr. Prokharchin was well @-@ received , and that he was continuing to work on Saved Sidewhiskers for Vissarion Belinsky . The idea for The Landlady already existed at that point , and three days later he again wrote to Mikhail saying that the proposed Saved Sidewhiskers would be shelved as he wanted to introduce a new style , and that " more original , lively and bright thoughts were asking to be put on paper " . He later pointed out the favourable similarities between the progress of the The Landlady and that of his first novel , Poor Folk . On 26 November 1846 Dostoyevsky announced that he had ended his affiliation with Nekrasov and Panaev 's journal The Contemporary , to join Andrey Krayevsky 's Notes of the Fatherland . He also ended his association with Belinsky 's literary circle after a dispute in early 1846 – subsequently Belinsky left Notes of the Fatherland to write for The Contemporary . Krayevsky published most of Dostoyevsky 's pre @-@ prison stories in 1846 , except A Novel in Nine Letters , issued in The Contemporary , and Polzunkov , printed in The Illustrated Almanach . In early 1847 Dostoyevsky noted in a letter to his brother that work on The Landlady had begun – on 9 September 1847 it was finalized . According to Dostoyevsky 's wishes the first part was published in October – second part was issued the following month . = = Themes and style = = The Landlady in its length lies between a long short story and a short novel . According to Neuhäuser , the story incorporates themes found in artistic fairy tales , which , unlike typical folk tales , are written by a particular person , and not collected from hearsay . According to Professor S. Gibian , The Landlady is a " recreation of folktale diction and imagery " and " its plot is based on the three folklore motifs , man – woman dominance , the incestuous father – daughter relationship , and Volga outlaw tales . " The abstracted chief protagonist , Ordynov , is a prototype of future characters that would appear in " White Nights " and Netochka Nezvanova . C. E. Passage felt that the work was influenced by Gogol 's Taras Bulba and A Terrible Vengeance , Odoevsky 's Improvizator , Hoffmann 's Die Elixiere des Teufels , Der Magnetiseur , Der unheimliche Gast , Der Sandmann and Der Artushof . In Dostoevsky : The Adapter , Passage argues that the " truth of the matter is that Dostoevsky was again compounding story elements as in the case of The Double . " Alfred Bem postulates in Dramatizatsiia breda that The Landlady incorporates autobiographical elements . Influenced by Freud 's psychoanalysis , he argued that Ordynov 's familial relationship with Katerina and Murin was similar to Dostoyevsky 's own , and found reflections of the writer 's affair with Avdotya Panayeva , whom he met within her husband 's political circle . Bem states that tiring quarrels between circle members Nikolay Nekrasov and Ivan Turgenev worsened Dostoyevsky 's health , although he had stress problems prior to working on The Landlady . Elements of Gothic literature were also detected in the story 's dark atmosphere , and the strange character of the relationship between Katerina and Ordynov . Valery Kirpotin believes that the novella discusses good and evil . The critic Stanisław Mackiewicz stated that he found " the key to understand its symbolic content and Belinsky 's fierce rejection . I am of the belief that the young person represents the Russian intelligence , and the woman with the expressive name ' The Landlady ' the Russian folk , while the haunted fortuneteller echoes the religious beliefs of that folk and especially the schismatic Old Believers . " Sophie Ollivier says that the novella tries to " penetrate into the essence of the historical consciousness of the Russian people , of the Russian faith " . Robert Mann believes that Murin is based on the Prophet Elijah , and that Ordynov has a similar religiosity to several literary characters in the 1860s and 1870s . Murin could also be a precursor of The Grand Inquisitor from The Brothers Karamazov . = = Reception = = The Landlady received mixed reception . Dostoyevsky was criticized for plagiarizing other works , specifically E.T.A. Hoffmann 's Erscheinungen . Vissarion Belinksy called the novella " terrible rubbish " and further commented that he " had tried to reconcile Marlinsky to Hoffmann , adding a bit of humour after the latest fashion , and covering the whole with a thick veneer of " narodnost " [ Russian cultural tradition ] . " Belinksy saw the work as resembling the stories of Tit Kosmokratov ( Vladimir Titov ) and that the book has " not a single simple and lively word or phrase " and that " everything is affected , strained , on stilts , artificial and false . " Recent reception has been more positive than the contemporary . Kenneth A. Lantz stated that it is " unique among Dostoyevsky 's works in its extreme melodrama , eeriness and general obscurity . " = Christ Illusion = Christ Illusion is the tenth studio album by the American thrash metal band Slayer . Released on August 8 , 2006 , the album received generally favorable critical reviews , and it entered the Billboard 200 at number 5 — the band 's second highest U.S. chart position as of 2015 . Christ Illusion includes the Grammy Award @-@ winning songs " Eyes of the Insane " and " Final Six " , and is the band 's first studio album to feature original drummer Dave Lombardo since 1990 's Seasons in the Abyss . It is also the first time since Divine Intervention that they recorded songs in D # tuning . The songs " Jihad " , " Flesh Storm " , " Catalyst " and " Consfearacy " were recorded in D # tuning , while the songs " Catatonic " , " Eyes of the Insane " , " Skeleton Christ " and " Supremist " were recorded in Drop B tuning . The remaining songs were recorded in C # tuning . Depicting a mutilated Christ painted by longtime collaborator Larry Carroll , the album 's graphic artwork courted controversy . An alternative cover was issued to conservative retailers who felt uncomfortable with the original . The band also put out a censored cover which censored out the offensive artwork . Lyrics , particularly in the song " Jihad " , describe the September 11 attacks from the perspective of a terrorist . Following protests , all Indian stocks of the album were recalled and destroyed by EMI India . = = Recording = = Christ Illusion was recorded via computer between two studios : NRG Studios , North Hollywood , with assistant engineer Dave Colvin ; and Westlake Studios , Los Angeles , where Brian Warwick assisted . Guitarist Kerry King recalls nine of the eleven songs originally slated for Christ Illusion were demoed in 2004 , with Dave Lombardo at the drum kit . However , Lombardo recalls recording with King as far back as early 2003 , when two demos were completed at Lombardo 's home . In a July 2004 interview , guitarist Jeff Hanneman reported " Me and Kerry have a bunch of songs , " and expressed the band 's intent to finish the record that year . Slayer 's label American Recordings was at the time negotiating a switch of record distributors from Columbia Records to Warner Bros. Records , meaning the recording would have been temporarily shelved until the issue became resolved . For this reason the group did not finish a record at that time , as the distribution deal with Warner Records was not finalized until late July 2005 . Slayer wished for Reign in Blood producer Rick Rubin to produce the album , and expected him to do so after Rubin expressed an initial interest . Rubin was busy , however , which caused a further delay to recording . While Christ Illusion 's recording was finally underway Rubin lent production to Metallica 's Death Magnetic , an action later described by King as a " slap in the fucking face . " Josh Abraham produced the album instead , and was praised by Blabbermouth 's Don Kaye " for capturing much more of the spark than has been apparent on the last few records . " Despite missing an opportunity to produce Christ Illusion , Rubin contributed in an " executive production " capacity . King was critical of his involvement , and said he cannot recall Rubin 's presence in the studio during the recording , and that Rubin 's main contribution was in providing suggestions during the final mix . Jamie Thomson of UK 's The Guardian newspaper was scornful of Rubin 's contribution , and observed Slayer " seem unwilling to ditch the nu @-@ metal tendencies that have made much of their recent output so resistible , which suggests Rubin 's involvement was considerably less hands @-@ on than in his remarkable redemptions of Johnny Cash and Neil Diamond . " As with Slayer 's previous two albums , all rhythm guitar tracks on Christ Illusion were laid down by King . Using a Marshall JCM 800 as the main guitar sound throughout the album , King wrote roughly 80 % of his guitar solo parts prior to the sessions . The song " Catalyst , " meanwhile , almost saw inclusion on Slayer 's 2001 album God Hates Us All , existing in an alternative version which features former drummer Paul Bostaph on drums . Lombardo 's involvement marked the first time he , King , Araya and Hanneman had appeared together on record since the release of Seasons in the Abyss in 1990 , a reason cited by guitarist Jeff Hanneman for an alleged clearer punk vibe throughout the songs on the album . Lombardo personally described the album as " a matured Reign in Blood " , while King described it as " a mix between God Hates [ Us All ] and Seasons [ in the Abyss ] . " Although eleven songs were originally slated for the album , only ten made the final track listing . A song penned by Hanneman , entitled " Final Six , " was meant for inclusion , with the song name originally declared as the album 's title by vocalist Tom Araya to George Stroumboulopoulos of CBC 's The Hour . Questioned about the album 's title by Kevin and Bean of Los Angeles KROQ @-@ FM , King replied " I 'm not positive it 's been nailed yet . I think last week was the deadline and I 'm not sure where it ended up , so I 'm gonna have to take the fifth on that one . The way it was going , my vote was overlooked , so … That 's why I 'm not real thrilled about it . " However , Araya took one weekend off for vacation during the recording of the album and required a two @-@ hour gall bladder operation the following Monday on May 5 , 2006 . Thus , he was unable to finish the vocals for the song in time for the album 's release . King hinted " Final Six " might appear on a special digipack release of Christ Illusion , a release which eventually surfaced in July 2007 . = = Marketing and promotion = = Being Slayer 's ninth studio album , Christ Illusion was originally scheduled for release on June 6 , 2006 , the sixth day of the sixth month of the sixth year of the 2000s decade . This connotation with the Book of Revelation 's Number of the Beast was being used as a marketing ploy to hype a number of media releases at the time , most notably the remake of the horror film The Omen . King said the idea was scrapped because of the number of other bands that had the same idea , but USA Today reported that the release date was thwarted because the band had failed to secure sufficient studio recording time . Having missed the " Satanic " date , the release was pushed back to July 25 ; however , this date was not met either . Despite this , an exclusive T @-@ shirt , limited to 666 units and only available via the band 's store , was released in commemoration of " the sixth day of the sixth month of the sixth year " . Five thousand copies of the limited edition EP " Eternal Pyre " were also released on this date , and made available via Hot Topic stores in the US . The EP previewed the song " Cult " , and the track was made available for streaming on the band 's official website the same day . Issued in Europe on June 23 , the EP landed at number 48 on the Swedish charts and number 2 on the Finnish charts , while on June 30 , Nuclear Blast Records released a 7 " vinyl picture disc version limited to a thousand copies . Not all media attention surrounding the group on June 6 was favorable . National Day of Slayer , LLC , which describes itself as " a non @-@ profit corporation in the State of Wyoming " , requested on their website that Slayer fanatics participate in " The National Day of Slayer " by coming together and listening to the group 's tracks . However , vandals attacked St. Joseph 's Seminary in Yonkers , New York , by spray @-@ painting a large pentagram in front of the doors , black inverted crosses in two columns in front of the main entrance , and the number six on three steps leading into the Seminary . The words " Reign in Blood " were scrawled on the seminary landing , while the phrase " Better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven " , taken from Book 1 of John Milton 's poem Paradise Lost , was found inscribed on two inside columns . The National Day of Slayer website took credit for inspiring the perpetrator ( s ) , and a media investigation discovered that the site had left instructions that fans " spray paint Slayer logos on churches , synagogues , or cemeteries " . Fans were given an exclusive preview of further tracks culled from the upcoming album before its release . In addition to " Cult " , the tracks " Jihad " and " Eyes of the Insane " were made available for streaming on the Spanish website Rafabasa.com in late June . A listening party event for the album took place on July 22 at Duff 's Brooklyn in New York City 's Williamsburg neighborhood . Filmed on the set of The Henry Rollins Show , a live rendition of " Disciple " ( taken from Slayer 's 2001 album God Hates Us All ) was posted online , followed by " Cult " ' s live performance which aired on the Independent Film Channel a few days later . BBC Radio 1 's " Mike Davis Rock Show " gave " Skeleton Christ " a premier airing on August 1 , and by August 4 the full album was available for streaming via Slayer 's official MySpace profile . AOL Radio complimented this by launching an " All Slayer " station in anticipation of Christ Illusion 's release , playing all of Slayer 's previously released songs and tracks from the upcoming record . In late July 2006 , bus benches in several Californian cities were decorated with promotional artwork for Christ Illusion . City officials in Fullerton , California , demanded the artwork be immediately removed from seventeen bus benches located throughout the city , and contacted the hired company which had originally put the adverts in place to assume the task . The officials disliked the band 's name , which they felt referred to a murderer . They also took offense to the antichrist and skull logo adorning the bench artwork . Eventually , the artwork was removed . However , various Orange County , California areas surrounding the city of Fullerton still had benches sporting the cover artwork . = = Commercial performance = = Christ Illusion was released on August 8 , 2006 by American Recordings / Warner Bros. Records . In its first week of release , the album sold 62 @,@ 000 copies in the United States and debuted at number 5 on the Billboard 200 Chart . Though this ranked as the band 's highest chart position as of 2015 , and was their first top 10 charting since 1994 's Divine Intervention , the album dropped to number 44 the following week . Christ Illusion reached number 9 in Australia , number 3 in Canada , number 6 in Austria , number 8 in the Netherlands , number 10 in Norway , number 9 in Poland and debuted at number 2 in Finland and Germany . The single " Eyes of the Insane " won the " Best Metal Performance " category at the 49th Grammy Awards . The song " Final Six " also won in the same category at the 50th Grammy Awards . = = Critical reception = = The album was met with mostly favorable reviews . On Metacritic , it was given a score of 72 out of 100 based on 21 reviews . Thom Jurek of AllMusic hailed the album as " raging , forward @-@ thinking heavy metal melding with hardcore thrash " , and wrote that Christ Illusion marked a return to " what made them such a breath of fresh air in the first place . " Ben Ratliff of The New York Times described the album as possessing " a kind of demented gravity , and the music bears it out : it is the most concentrated , focused Slayer record in 20 years . " PopMatters critic Adrien Begrand called it " Slayer 's best album in sixteen years and their most thought @-@ provoking work to date " , and the album was placed at number 15 on PopMatters ' list of The Best Metal Albums of 2006 . Drummer Lombardo came in for particular praise ; though Rolling Stone panned the album , the reviewer acknowledged that " at least their awesome drummer Dave Lombardo shows off some chops . " Blabbermouth 's Don Kaye thought that " while flawed " , Christ Illusion " proves that the band still has a few tricks up its sleeve and one very potent weapon behind the kit . " Peter Atkinson of KNAC.com felt similarly , and reported Lombardo 's " performance is top notch throughout and does give the album a looser feel than Paul Bostaph 's technical precision offered . " In 2011 , Complex Media Network 's music website , Consequence of Sound , honored Christ Illusion on a List ' Em Carefully installment dedicated to writer David Buchanan 's top thirteen metal records released between 2000 and 2010 , citing foreign controversy and overall sonic brutality during drummer Dave Lombardo 's powerful return . Decibel Magazine gave it a favorable review , stating , " Their hatred for religion in general , Christianity in particular , unwitting Americans , and anyone on the other side of a soldier 's gun has inspired Slayer to record their most vital album in years . " Chris Campion of The Observer stated that the album is " their most rigorously conceived and focused for years . " Not all critics were positive . Chris Steffen of Rolling Stone magazine dismissed the album , noting that it " mines much of the same territory as its predecessor , God Hates Us All , just without the memorable riffs . " Jamie Thomson of The Guardian described the album as " wholly disappointing , " and thought the band sounded " unwilling to ditch the nu @-@ metal tendencies that have made much of their recent output so resistible . " KNAC.com contributor Peter Atkinson felt that the album " demands OUTRAGE — more calculatingly so than any other album the band has done , " and that " that , in a nutshell , is Christ Illusion 's glaring weakness . " = = Album artwork = = Several aspects of Christ Illusion 's content and promotion generated adverse attention and publicity . In particular the cover art , painted by Larry Carroll and depicting a mutilated , stoned Jesus . Carroll , who had painted the cover artwork to previous Slayer albums such as Reign in Blood , South of Heaven and Seasons in the Abyss , resumed duties on Christ Illusion . Working solely from track names and formative lyrics , Carroll produced the original on a 4 @-@ by @-@ 4 @-@ foot slab of wood using a combination of media . Having requested an image of Christ in " a sea of despair " , King commented that an early version seemed as though Christ was " chilling out in the water " . The final image portrays Christ with a missing eye and amputated hands , and standing amidst a sea of blood and severed heads . Araya deemed this version " much better because he looked like a drug addict ! " , while King admired the artwork enough to purchase the original . Certain album pre @-@ orders gave fans the chance to win one of ten autographed lithographs of the artwork , while an alternative , non @-@ graphic cover was made to appease retailers who had refused to stock the original version . World Entertainment News Network reported Slayer were attracting controversy through issuing the artwork . Joseph Dias , general secretary of the Mumbai Christian group Catholic Secular Forum , ( CSF ) took " strong exception " to the original album artwork , and issued a memorandum to Mumbai 's police commissioner in protest . Chris Steffen of Rolling Stone magazine commented that " The album art takes it all over the top with an image axeman Kerry King dubs ' Christ in a Sea of Despair ' " , while KNAC.com 's Peter Atkinson deemed the artwork " defiantly sacrilegious " . = = Lyrical themes = = Lyrical themes explored on Christ Illusion deal with terrorism , warfare and religion , drew criticism from conservative groups . It includes a depiction of the September 11 attacks from the viewpoint of one of the terrorists ( " Jihad " ) , and a portrayal of a soldier 's experience of post @-@ traumatic stress ( " Eyes of the Insane " ) . The song " Cult " revolves around King 's perception of flaws in American religion , while " Consfearacy " has been described as a " government hating song " . Critical reaction to the album 's lyrical content was mixed . Thom Jurek of Allmusic felt the " dark , unrelentingly twisted @-@ as @-@ fuck lyrics reflect a singular intensity , " and praised the band for connecting their anti @-@ religion stance with a belief that religion has underscored many wars throughout history . However , Rolling Stone 's Chris Steffen mourned that it had become " downright painful to hear Tom Araya — at 45 years old ! — continue to belt out the band 's increasingly self @-@ parodying , anti @-@ religious lyrics , " and singled out lyrics such as " Religion 's a whore " and " I 've made my choice : six six six ! " as over the top . Jamie Thomson of The Guardian wrote that the album left " no blasphemy ... unuttered " , while Peter Atkinson of KNAC.com observed that " when not fixating on religion , the band revisit their other favorite subject — war — in surprisingly familiar terms , " and remarked that Slayer had sunk " to the level of God @-@ repelling dunderheads Deicide . " He concluded the review with the opinion that " It 's déjà vu all over again from God Hates Us All — and once you 've titled something God Hates Us All , haven 't you made your point enough already ? " The Catholic Secular Forum condemned the album 's lyrical content . Joseph Dias issued a statement in which he deemed the lyrics to " Skeleton Christ " to be an " insult to Christianity . " The memorandum was sent to Mumbai 's police commissioner , and further expressed concern that the track " Jihad " would offend " the sensibilities of the Muslims ... and secular Indians who have respect for all faiths . " EMI India met with the CSF , apologizing for Christ Illusion 's release and recalling the album with no plans of a reissue . On October 11 , 2006 it was announced all stocks had been destroyed . Though Araya had expected " Jihad " ' s treatment of the events of 9 / 11 to create an American backlash , it failed to materialise , in part , he believes , due to peoples ' view that the song is merely " just Slayer being Slayer " . = = Track listing = = = = Credits = = Writing , performance and production credits are adapted from the album liner notes . = = = Personnel = = = Slayer Tom Araya – bass , vocals Jeff Hanneman – guitar Kerry King – guitar Dave Lombardo – drums Production Rick Rubin – executive production Josh Abraham – production , mixing John Ewing Jr . – engineering Ryan Williams – mixing engineer Dave Colvin – assistant engineer ( at NRG ) Brian Warwick – assistant engineer ( at Westlake Studios ) Armand B. Crump – guitar tech , bass tech Norm Costa – drum tech Vlado Meller – mastering Artwork and design t42design – art direction , design Josh Victor Rothstein – photography Larry Carroll – cover art Krucified Kittens – art direction , cover design ( special edition only ) = = = Studios = = = NRG , Los Angeles , CA , USA – recording Westlake Studios , Los Angeles , CA , USA – recording Pulse Recording , Los Angeles , CA , USA – mixing Sony Music Studios , New York City , NY , USA – mastering = = = DVD credits = = = Slayer on Tour ' 07 Matt Weston – direction Dave Wither – direction Brett Jordan – direction Andrew Deerin – production Kevin Flynn – editing " Eyes of the Insane " Tony Petrossian – direction , production , editing Amanda Fox – production " South of Heaven " Adam Rothlein – direction , editing Jen Rothlein – production = = Charts = = = Statute of Uses = The Statute of Uses ( 27 Hen 8 c 10 ) was an Act of the Parliament of England that restricted the application of uses in English property law . The Statute was originally conceived by Henry VIII of England as a way to rectify his financial problems by simplifying the law of uses , which moved land outside the royal tax revenue , traditionally gathered through seisin . His initial efforts , which would remove uses almost completely , were stymied at the 1529 Parliament by members of the House of Commons , many of whom were landowners ( who would lose money ) and lawyers ( who benefited in fees from the confusing law on uses ) . Academics disagree on how the Commons were brought around , but an eventual set of bills introduced in 1535 was passed by both the Lords and Commons in 1536 . The eventual bills invalidated all uses that did not impose an active duty on trustees , with the beneficiaries of the use being held as the legal owners of the land , meaning they had to pay tax . The Statute partially led to the Pilgrimage of Grace , and more importantly the development of trusts , but academics disagree as to its effectiveness . While most agree that it was important , with Eric Ives writing that " the effect which its provisions had upon the development of English land law was revolutionary " , some say that by allowing uses and devises in certain areas it not only failed to remove the fraudulent element from land law but actively encouraged it . = = Background = = The common law of England did not provide for a way to dispose of land held by feudal tenure through wills , only urban land , and instead uses were applied , which allowed a landowner to give his land to one or more feoffees , to dispose of it or treat it as the original landowner provided . It was viewed with distrust due to the possibility of abuse ; Edward Coke wrote that " there were two Inventors of Uses , Fear and Fraud ; Fear in Times of Troubles and civil Wars to save their Inheritances from being forfeited ; and Fraud to defeat due Debts , lawful Actions , Wards , Escheats , Mortmains etc " . With as many as 13 of such feoffees , there was much confusion over the title to land following a lord 's death , as evidenced by the case of Sir John Fastolf , which lasted from 1459 to 1476 . While this was a problem that needed correcting , the actual motivation of the Statute was not to do so , but instead to bolster the finances of Henry VIII . For several years prior to the Statute , Henry had been struggling with the need to raise revenue ; his royal lands did not provide enough , loans and benevolences would have destroyed his personal popularity ; as a result , simply increasing the size of his royal lands was the best option . He turned his attention to land law , arguably the most well developed and complex parts of the common law , and sought to reform it to further his aims . This was well @-@ aimed , since it was uses that were destroying his income ; the royal revenue was traditionally gathered through seisin , which uses completely ignored . Two bills were drawn up to be submitted to Parliament in 1529 . The first , which took note of " grate trobull , vexacion , and unquietness amonges the kynges suggettes for tytyll of londes , tenements , and other heriditamentes as well by intayle as by uses and forgyng of false evidence " , was a radical and " drastic " act bill that would have removed uses completely ( unless registered at the Court of King 's Bench or Court of Common Pleas ) and abolished entails " so that all manner of possessions be in state of fee simple from this day forward for ever " , although barons and above were allowed entails ; in addition , nobody was allowed to buy such land without the king 's license . These measures were to obtain the support of the nobility for the second bill , which gave the King wardship over all the land held by noble orphans . When the orphan came of age and asked for the return of the lands , the king was to have a year 's revenue from a third of those lands . While this plan was acceptable to barons and other senior nobles , it required passing by the House of Commons . The large landowners in the Commons felt that it prohibited them from making secure wills , while the lawyers saw it as stripping valuable business away from them by simplifying such cases ; with these groups making up the majority of Parliament , these plans came to nothing . The Parliament of 1532 saw another attempt by Henry to push the bill through , but it again met resistance ; while the support of the nobility was valuable , it was useless in the Commons . Henry instead sought to appeal to one of the two opposition groups , and picked the lawyers . Many lawyers admitted that the uses made fraud easy and open , and in addition the lawyers of the common law were jealous of the Court of Chancery 's equitable jurisdiction , and sought to strip it away . As a result , Henry decided to bring them over to his side by frightening them , listening to a petition against court procedure and lawyers ' fees , and openly musing about putting a clause in the draft bills that would fix the amount they could charge ; Holdsworth argues that this was the reason the lawyers chose to ally with Henry , and the reason for the Statute 's passage . John Bean disagrees , arguing first that many lawyers were landowners , and would have lost more personally than any reduction in fees could have produced , and second that even if they had been convinced , it is unlikely that lawyers made up a majority of the Commons and could have pushed a bill through alone . = = Passage and text of the Statute = = In 1535 , three draft bills were presented to Parliament concerning uses and wills , along with one concerning Enrolments . It is from these bills that the Statute of Uses and the succeeding Statute of Enrolments came . The three bills on uses suggested two different ways to deal with the problem . The first proposed severely limiting the situation in which uses could arise , with uses having no legal effect apart from that expressed when they were created . No contract or bargain over land could change the use of that land ; anyone who suffered from the breach of such a contract had limited remedies in the courts . While this scheme would have prevented most of the evils of uses , it would also have submitted property law to the common law and limited other , beneficial developments ; it would also not stop the practice of getting rid of land through a devise , doing nothing to alleviate the King 's financial concerns . The second , and more complex suggestion , was contained in the other two bills on uses . This simply removed the idea of an equitable interest in land , leaving only the idea of a legal interest , and left uses , maintaining the elastic and variable nature of property law rather than submitting it to the more @-@ rigid standards of the common law . Parliament eventually accepted the second idea , and the bill was passed in April 1536 as the Statute of Uses ( 27 Hen.8 c.10 ) . As such , all uses were invalid except for those that imposed an active duty on a trustee , and the beneficiaries of the use were held to be the legal owners , paying tax as a result . The Statute of Uses also provided that that a widow was not have both jointure and dower as was made possible by the Statute . = = Impact and aftermath = = Most immediately , the Statute partially led to the Pilgrimage of Grace , where rebels demanded not only an end to Henry 's religious changes but an abandonment of the Statute . More importantly , the Statute led to the development of the trust as a replacement . While the Statute is believed to have led to the abolition of devises ( and this was certainly the King 's intent ) , Robert Megarry argues that it failed in doing so . A feoffment " to the use of such person and persons , and of such estate and estates as I shall appoint by my will " produced a use without formally creating a legal estate ; the land was held on a lease , rather than freehold . As a result , it was unaffected by the Statute of Uses , which banned all other methods . Because of this , Megarry argues that not only did it keep devises intact , it gave it power in the common law as well as under equity . The precise aims of the Statute ( that the law of property be made more open ) was reversed by its impact , which made it far easier to convey property secretly . Academic assessment of the Statute was initially disparaging , with some saying that it added at most " three words to a conveyance " , but it was understood to be important by lawyers of the time and in the modern era . Decades later , both Francis Bacon and Edward Coke gave readings on it , while William Holdsworth called it " perhaps the most important addition that the legislature has ever made to our private law " , with Eric Ives writing that " the importance of the Statute of Uses is beyond doubt . The effect its provisions had on English land law development was revolutionary , and from it have grown the crucial doctrines of the trust " . = = Repeal = = The whole Act was declared , by section 1 of , and Schedule 1 to , the Law of Property ( Amendment ) Act 1924 , to have been repealed by the Law of Property Act 1922 . The whole Act was repealed by section 207 of , and Schedule 7 to , the Law of Property Act 1925 . The repeal of the Statutes of Uses did not affect the operation thereof in regard to dealings taking effect before the commencment of the Law of Property Act 1925 . = = External Links = = Statute of Uses as enacted in Ontario = Fort Tanjong Katong = Fort Tanjong Katong , which stood from 1879 to 1901 , was one of the oldest military forts built by the former British colonial government of Singapore . The fort gave its name to today 's Fort Road , and it used to stand on the grounds of the present Katong Park . Fort Tanjong Katong , the only one of its kind on the eastern side of the island , was part of a series of defensive batteries and fortifications along the southern coast of Singapore , that defended the eastern approaches to the Singapore Harbour and Singapore Town against seaborne attacks . Due to its poor structural design and remoteness , the fort was subsequently abandoned and buried until its rediscovery in 2001 . Found with traces of a moat and near intact perimeter wall , the fort was considered by local archaeological experts as one of Singapore 's most important archaeological finds of a " true 19 @-@ century fort " to date . As a result , an archaeology group has been lobbying for the site to be gazetted as a National Monument . As of May 2010 , the National Heritage Board has stated that it has no plans to gazette the fort for the time being . = = History = = Fort Tanjong Katong was designed and built in 1879 by Henry Edward McCallum , who was the Colonial Engineer and Architect of the Singapore History Museum on Stamford Road . The fort reflected the British concerns that other European powers such as the Netherlands and Russia , might attack the strategically located colony founded by Sir Stamford Raffles of the British East India Company in 1819 . On the island of Sentosa , Fort Siloso , Fort Connaught and Fort Serapong were built around the same time as Fort Tanjong Katong , to guard the western and eastern entrances to the New Harbour ( now Keppel Harbour ) . The fort was sitting atop a wet , low @-@ lying coconut plantation and occupied an area of approximately two hectares , and had a small elevated battery of three 7 @-@ inch ( 180 mm ) rifled muzzle @-@ loading guns facing the sea , along with bombproof shelters . The battery was surrounded by a ditch measuring 100 feet wide on the flanks . A local team of contractors constructed the fort in less than 12 months . The fort 's garrison included members of the Singapore Volunteer Artillery ( SVA ) that held regular gun drills and their annual training camps at the fort . In 1885 , works began on upgrading the existing gun batteries in Singapore , and the three @-@ gun battery at Tanjong Katong was replaced with a pair of more powerful and longer range Mark VII 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) breech @-@ loading guns . = = = " Wash @-@ out Fort " = = = Beset by problems from the start , the Fort Tanjong Katong was nicknamed the " Wash @-@ out Fort " . Due to the soft ground , each time the guns were fired , the range finding equipment would shake , and would need to be recalibrated . To make matters worse , it was difficult to find the ammunition for the new 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) guns as it was not common in Singapore . The remoteness of the site , which hindered supply and reinforcement , reduced the effectiveness of Fort Tanjong Katong as a defensive position . Barely five years after upgrades were completed in 1888 , it was suggested the fort be demolished . Debates over the fort lingered on between the Colonial Defence Committee in London , and the Local Defence Committee in Singapore for nearly a decade . The fort was finally rendered obsolete and abandoned in 1901 when the guns were removed . Instead of destroying the fort , the British thought it simpler to bury it , which was done sometime after World War I. A portion of a bastion was still visible above ground well into the 1960s , when a public park was built atop the fort for the fast @-@ growing Katong suburbs . In the late 1960s , the bastion was finally buried when land reclamation in the East Coast took place , and its memory was soon forgotten in the ensuing decades . = = = Rediscovery = = = In 2001 , the outline of the top of the bastion wall became visible during a dry spell ; this prompted a Katong resident , Jack Sim , to seek out the relevant authorities to investigate its origins . Despite much public discussion and interest generated by the discovery , it was not until in 2004 that the Singapore government finally approached a team of archaeologists to excavate the forgotten fort . The excavation was made possible by a community @-@ based project named " Raising History , Planting Roots " , that was initiated by the Mountbatten Citizens ' Consultative Committee with local residents and schools as a community involvement program to encourage ownership of local heritage . In just four weeks , an amount of S $ 200 @,@ 000 ( US $ 120 @,@ 000 ) was raised from corporate sponsors and a fund @-@ raising dinner , held at Suntec City Mall on 27 September 2004 . Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong , a Member of Parliament for Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency , was the guest of honour at the event . The long @-@ awaited excavation began on 29 September 2004 , led by a handful of archaeologists and dedicated archaeology volunteers called Southeast Asian Archaeology . Nearly 2 metres down , the volunteers uncovered significant remains of the fort still in situ — a pair of infantry bastions that did not appear in the original plans , the perimeter of the moat 's inner escarpment and what appears to be the drawbridge superstructure . Experts call it Singapore 's only ' true fort ' — one with protection all around — and it was considered one of Singapore 's most important archaeological finds . The archaeological dig at the former Fort Tanjong Katong site , provided a unique opportunity for many like @-@ minded Singaporeans to participate actively in uncovering the remains of the old fort . For nearly 10 months , more than 1 @,@ 000 volunteers ranging from school students to housewives , retirees , working professionals on their off @-@ days assisted the archaeologists on site and discovering first hand on the 125 @-@ year @-@ old military fort . The Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research , a natural history research unit of the National University of Singapore , assisted with the analysis of marine artefacts and corals that were uncovered at the site , and some 36 bags of samples have been deposited with the museum for further analysis . A Preliminary Site Report ( dated 7 May 2006 ) was later compiled and submitted to the relevant authorities which outlined the research process , preliminary findings , variety of volunteers , and a list of the archaeology research team involved . = = = Reburied again = = = To date , the excavation project at Fort Tanjong Katong has ended and only the south @-@ eastern bastion , which was nearly fully excavated , has been cordoned off indefinitely ( the south @-@ western bastion was left untouched ) . Except for the cordoned off bastion , other exposed fort remains were reburied again in December 2005 by the National Parks Board , which runs the park , to protect them against the elements for future archaeologists to discover . It was also done because the dug @-@ out pits could well breed mosquitoes ; there were also fears that someone might fall into one of the 2 m @-@ deep holes . The remaining funds , about S $ 150 @,@ 000 , were ploughed back into bursaries and scholarships for the constituency 's students . The archaeology group is lobbying for the site to be gazetted as a National Monument , and to incorporate the fort remains to be featured as part of the park in future . To date , its status is still pending while waiting for the final decision by the Preservation of Monuments Board and the Urban Redevelopment Authority . = Halfway Gone = " Halfway Gone " is a song by American band Lifehouse . It is the first single released from their fifth studio album , Smoke & Mirrors ( 2010 ) . It was first released via digital download in the United States and Canada on October 26 , 2009 . It was then solicited to mainstream radio on January 12 , 2010 . Several remixes of the song were later released on iTunes on April 6 , 2010 in an album called Halfway Gone Remixes . The song was a commercial success , charting in Canada , the United States , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Germany , the Netherlands , and New Zealand . The accompanying music video portrays Lifehouse lead singer Jason Wade singing most of the lyrics in a local park , and also features several anonymous people singing the lyrics as well . The band has performed the song live on several occasions . = = Background and release = = The song was written by Lifehouse 's lead singer , Jason Wade , and American singer @-@ songwriter Kevin Rudolf . In an interview with Billboard , Rudolf said , " I chose [ to work on ] ' Halfway Gone ' because Jason Wade is such a great writer , great singer , and great artist . " The song was produced by Lifehouse and record producer , Jude Cole , at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach , VA . " Halfway Gone " was released via digital download in the United States and Canada on October 26 , 2009 . A few months later , it was solicited to mainstream radio on January 12 , 2010 . = = Composition and critical reception = = " Halfway Gone " was described as a " fun rock @-@ pop [ song ] that would brighten most people 's day " by Alex Lai of Contactmusic.com. Nathaniel Schexnayder of Jesus Freak Hideout called the song an " effective rock song " , noting that the song is " an easy album highlight as well as a hit single " . Billboard 's Michael Menachem gave a positive review of the song saying that " the song opens up with blurred ' wooh @-@ ooh @-@ oohs ' that establish an uptempo pace , and its lively , danceable rhythm works well with frontman Jason Wade 's vocals , which waver between intimate and explosive . " He also said that working with Kevin Rudolf and Jacob Kasher resulted in " a fresh sound for Lifehouse as the band aims to extend its run on the hot AC and Billboard Hot 100 charts . " Ultimate Guitar described the song as " laid @-@ back in its approach " , but commended its " hooks and infectious backing ' whoas ' in the chorus . " = = Chart performance = = " Halfway Gone " debuted at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It moved up and down the chart for several months and eventually peaked at number 50 . It debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 78 . It stayed on the chart for 13 weeks , until peaking at number 67 on the chart . The song debuted and peaked on the Billboard Pop Songs chart at number 25 . On the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart , the song debuted at 43 . It has since peaked at number 16 , after being on the chart for 11 consecutive weeks . It debuted on Billboard 's Radio Songs chart at number 67 , and eventually peaked at number 47 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , the song peaked at number 12 after being on the chart for 17 non @-@ consecutive weeks . The song also charted on the Billboard Digital Songs chart and peaked at number 56 . The song also achieved international success . It debuted on Belgium 's Ultratip chart at number 27 for the week of March 20 , 2010 and stayed on the chart for seven consecutive weeks before peaking at number two on the chart . The song debuted on the Media Control Charts in Germany at number 35 , which became its peak position on the chart . In Australia , the song debuted at number 47 on the ARIA Charts . It has since peaked at number 30 , after being on the chart for eight weeks . The song debuted at number 63 in Austria , and later peaked at number 40 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 . It also charted in New Zealand , and debuted at number 34 on the New Zealand Singles Chart , which became its peak . = = Live performances = = Lifehouse debuted their first live performance of " Halfway Gone " on The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien on January 19 , 2010 . They also performed the song on Live with Regis and Kelly on March 2 , 2010 , and two days later on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 4 , 2010 . = = Music video = = The music video , directed by Frank Borin , was first released on Lifehouse 's official website on November 24 , 2009 . Later that day , it was also released on iTunes . It features all Lifehouse members singing lead vocals , and also features miscellaneous people , including actresses Lola Blanc and Aurelia Scheppers , singing lead vocals throughout the music video . In the music video , it begins with an out @-@ of @-@ focus view of Wade , seemingly alone , coming up a hill towards the camera . When he stops and starts singing , the camera comes into focus and the other band members come out from behind him and start lip @-@ synching his vocals . A group of people ( In which one of them is YouTube star , Wendy McColm ) pull up in cars and they also lip @-@ synch the song , in addition to performing other activities throughout the video . The video 's effects allow people to seemingly appear out of nowhere throughout the video . The video was shot in the Anthony C. Beilenson Park ( formerly Balboa Park ) in the Lake Balboa district of Los Angeles ' San Fernando Valley . = = Remixes = = Three remixes of " Halfway Gone " were released on April 6 , 2010 into an extended play on iTunes , entitled Halfway Gone Remixes . The names of the remixes are the " Morgan Page Remix " , the " Jody Den Broeder Club Remix " , and the " Fred Falke Remix " . The remixes were mixed by the progressive house producers Morgan Page and Jody Den Broeder , and house music producer Fred Falke . Hayley Beck of CWG Magazine gave a positive review of the EP , saying " Honestly I could hear these songs being played in a nightclub , and I definitely never would 've imagined myself dancing around to a Lifehouse track ! " She continues to describe the album , and describes the vocals as " coarse vocals laid over a dancingly , mellow beat . " = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting - Jason Wade , Kevin Rudolf , Jacob Kasher , Jude Cole Production - Jude Cole , Lifehouse Mixing - Serban Ghenea Engineering - John Hanes Source : Smoke & Mirrors ( Deluxe Version ) - iTunes LP = = Charts = = = M @-@ 64 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 64 is a north – south state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . It runs for 63 @.@ 765 miles ( 102 @.@ 620 km ) through the western part of the state in land that is part of the Ottawa National Forest . The highway connects with County Trunk Highway B ( CTH B ) at the state line near Presque Isle , Wisconsin . As it passes through dense forests , M @-@ 64 runs along lakes Gogebic and Superior . The northern end is at a junction with US Highway 45 ( US 45 ) in Ontonagon . The M @-@ 64 designation was used on two other separate highways before it was used for the current highway . The first was at the other end of the state near the Ohio state line , and the second was on the Keweenaw Peninsula near Eagle Harbor . The current highway has carried the M @-@ 64 moniker since 1930 , when it was assigned along two disconnected highways . These two parts were joined into a single corridor soon after . M @-@ 64 was one of the last highways in the state of Michigan to be paved in 1961 . In the early part of the 21st century , the state replaced the bridge over the Ontonagon River and shifted the highway 's northern terminus . = = Route description = = M @-@ 64 starts at the Wisconsin state line north of Presque Isle , Wisconsin , where it runs north as the continuation of CTH B into the state of Michigan . The trunkline runs through dense forests along the Presque Isle River in a rural area of Gogebic County ; this region is a part of the Ottawa National Forest . As the highway enters the community of Marenisco , it follows Pine and Fair avenues through town . On the north side of Marenisco , M @-@ 64 turns easterly and runs concurrently with US 2 for about two miles ( 3 km ) including a crossing of the Presque Isle River . East of town , M @-@ 64 separates from US 2 and turns northeasterly toward the southern end of Lake Gogebic . The road turns north along the western shore of the lake and provides access to Lake Gogebic State Park . About halfway along the lakeshore , the highway crosses into Ontonagon County and from the Central to the Eastern time zone . At Merriweather , M @-@ 64 turns easterly again , this time merging with M @-@ 28 and becoming a part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour . The two highways run together along the northern end of Lake Gogebic to Bergland . Turning north once again , M @-@ 64 crosses a branch line of the Canadian National Railway . The highway runs through more dense forests parallel to the Big Iron River on this north – south leg . The trunkline leaves the national forest as it passes into the community of White Pine , and the road runs near a former copper mine in the area . M @-@ 64 approaches the shores of Lake Superior at Silver City . There , it meets the eastern terminus of the former M @-@ 107 , a highway designation that ran west into the Porcupine Mountains along the current 107th Engineers Memorial Highway . M @-@ 64 turns east along Lake Superior following the shoreline to the outskirts of Ontonagon . The highway crosses the Ontonagon River and terminates on the eastern shore . The current intersection with US 45 that marks the end of M @-@ 64 on the south side of downtown is also the western terminus of M @-@ 38 . M @-@ 64 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like all other state trunkline highways . As a part of these responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the highway . These traffic counts are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) . This number is an expression of the traffic that uses a segment of roadway for any average day of the year . In 2009 , MDOT 's surveys showed that the highest AADT along M @-@ 64 was 3 @,@ 333 vehicles daily on the Ontonagon River Bridge ; the lowest traffic was between US 2 and the Gogebic – Ontonagon county line at 418 vehicles per day . The only segments of the trunkline that have been included on the National Highway System ( NHS ) are the US 2 and M @-@ 28 concurrencies . The NHS is a network of roads important to the country 's defense , economy and mobility . = = History = = = = = Previous designations = = = By July 1 , 1919 , the first roads to carry the M @-@ 64 designation were signed in the southern Lower Peninsula . This highway ran from the Ohio state line north to Hillsdale , ending in rural southeastern Calhoun County . This trunkline was extended northerly in 1926 through Homer to end at the contemporary US 12 in Albion . In the latter half of 1929 , this highway was redesignated M @-@ 9 ( now M @-@ 99 ) . At the same time , the original M @-@ 9 in Keweenaw County between US 41 and Eagle Harbor was renumbered M @-@ 64 . The net effect was to swap the numbers between roads on opposing ends of the state . The next year , the M @-@ 64 number was swapped with another highway , the original M @-@ 129 that ran along the west side of Lake Gogebic and south to the Wisconsin state line . = = = Current highway = = = By 1927 , a few roadways that are now part of M @-@ 64 were built and open to traffic . The road south of Marenisco was a county road at the time , and the highway between Silver City and Ontonagon was a part of the western segment of M @-@ 35 . By the beginning of 1930 , a highway called M @-@ 129 was designated south of US 2 to the Wisconsin state line and north along Lake Gogebic . By the end of the year , this road was renumbered as the southern section of M @-@ 64 ; the northern section of M @-@ 64 was the highway previously designated as the westernmost segment of M @-@ 35 . The gap between the two sections was filled in by 1932 . Some curves in the roadway south of Marenisco were realigned , smoothing out the routing of the highway in late 1961 . As this project was completed , the last segments of M @-@ 64 were fully paved , making the highway one of the last in the state to be fully hard @-@ surfaced . = = = Ontonagon River Bridge = = = The first bridge across the Ontonagon River was built in 1891 . It was heavily damaged after a fire in the village a few years later . This bridge was deemed inadequate for the needs of traffic in Ontonagon in the 1930s . The Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) contracted for a replacement span in 1939 . A temporary crossing was used while the original span was demolished and replaced with a swing bridge . This style of bridge was popular with the department in the first half of the 20th century , but fell out of favor as the MSHD transitioned to bascule bridges . Because of this change , the Ontonagon River Bridge was the last of its type built in the state when it was completed in 1940 . MDOT determined in the early part of the 21st century that the swing bridge had " operational problems " . Construction in 2006 replaced the span with a new structure and realigned both M @-@ 64 and M @-@ 38 in the village . That October , the new bridge was opened upstream of the former crossing . As a result , the northern terminus of M @-@ 64 is now at a junction with US 45 and M @-@ 38 . = = Major intersections = = = Redrum ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Redrum " is the sixth episode of the eighth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on December 10 , 2000 . The story for the episode was developed by Steven Maeda and Daniel Arkin , the teleplay was written by Maeda , and the episode was directed by Peter Markle . " Redrum " is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode received a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 1 and was viewed by 13 @.@ 2 million households . Overall , the episode received moderately positive reviews from critics . The series centers on FBI special agents Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and her new partner John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) — following the alien abduction of her former partner , Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) — who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , a lawyer friend of Doggett 's named Martin Wells tries to clear his name of the crime after his wife is murdered . Unfortunately for him , his perception of time regresses backwards , day by day . This leads to confusion , but ultimately an answer as to who killed Wells ' wife . " Redrum " , described as a " Twilight Zone @-@ type thriller " by critics , heavily featured the actor Joe Morton , who had previously played a role in the 1991 sci @-@ fi film Terminator 2 : Judgment Day alongside series co @-@ star Robert Patrick . The title of the episode was purposely picked by episode writer Steven Maeda to be " murder " spelled backwards . The episode 's main character , Martin Wells , was named after famed 19th century author H.G. Wells . = = Plot = = Martin Wells , a renowned Baltimore prosecutor , wakes up in a prison cell and notices a stitched up wound on his right cheek . A guard enters and takes him for his transfer . Wells ' long @-@ time friend , John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , and his partner , Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , await him and warn of reporters outside . As he exits the building , a man Wells recognizes draws a pistol and shoots him . Wells stares at Scully ’ s watch as he dies . The hands stop and then begin to turn backwards . Upon waking up again , Wells is surprised to find no bullet wounds on his body . Scully and Doggett arrive to interrogate Wells , but he is confused about what is going on . A furious Doggett claims that he has been accused of murdering his wife , Vicky , and initially believes that Wells is faking his confusion in order to build an insanity defense . However , Doggett shows signs of doubt when he notices Wells ' genuine anguish over Vicky 's death . Wells is brought into court and he recognizes his father @-@ in @-@ law , Al Cawdry , as the man who shot him . When Wells ' next court date is announced to be Thursday , he realizes that he has somehow travelled back to the day before his shooting . When the judge decides to transfer Wells to a different cell , he makes a scene in the court and accuses Cawdry of planning to kill him during the transfer . In his second meeting of the day with Scully and Doggett , Wells explains that he cannot remember the last few days . Scully suggests that maybe he did do it . Wells begins having flashes of the murder but they are unclear . Waiting in his cell , he kills a spider . Later , a nanny cam from his house reveals that the only person to arrive between the police ’ s arrival and the last time his wife is on camera is Martin Wells . Eventually , Wells meets his lawyers and tells them about the nanny cam . However , it turns out that it is Wednesday : Wells is somehow “ living the week backwards ” . While going to meet Doggett and Scully , Wells gets shoved into a dominos game and while picking them up gets slashed on his right cheek from a man with the spider web tattoo on his hand . Wells tells Doggett and Scully that he is moving backwards in time and cannot recall the past few days . Doggett is skeptical , but Scully hears him out . Wells says there must be a reason for it and Scully suggests that the answer may already be within him . Studying the evidence of the case , Wells has a flash of the murder that reveals the knife in a hand with a spider web tattoo . Martin next awakes in Doggett 's home . Wells tells Doggett the description of the killer but the man isn ’ t in lock @-@ up yet because that won ’ t happen until Wednesday . Doggett and Wells arrive at the apartment and retrieve the nanny cam , but discover that someone disabled the cam and used its remote control , a device no one knew about except Mr. and Mrs. Wells and their nanny , Trina Galvez . At Trina Galvez ’ s home , Wells and Doggett discover the killer , a man named Cesar Ocampo , who threatened to kill Galvez 's family if she refused him entrance . At the station house , Doggett informs Wells that Ocumpo only wants to talk to him . Ocampo reveals that his brother , Hector , was sentenced to time in prison for a false conviction . Wells bargains with Cesar Ocampo , saying that if Cesar confesses to Vicky ’ s murder , he will take a look at his brother ’ s case . Cesar tells him that Hector hung himself in a jail cell a few weeks ago . Doggett calls Martin Wells out into the hall and the police arrest Martin because they have a case against him . Evidence against Ocampo isn ’ t strong enough yet . Martin wakes up , having moved back to the day before . He rushes home to try and save his wife . Martin admits to evidence suppression and that Hector Ocumpo ’ s brother is out for revenge . Wells and his wife hide . Suddenly , they hear someone else at the door . Ocampo appears and accosts Wells . Vicky Wells comes out of hiding but is thrown through the coffee table . As Ocampo prepares to slit her throat , he is shot dead by timely arriving Doggett . Wells eventually goes to prison for his evidence suppression , a punishment he feels he deserves . = = Production = = " Redrum " , described as a " Twilight Zone @-@ type thriller " in The Complete X @-@ Files , was developed by Steven Maeda and Daniel Arkin , while the teleplay was written solely by Maeda . Maeda purposely picked the title to be the backwards spelling of " murder " ; notably , the same plot device was used by novelist — and one @-@ time X @-@ Files writer — Stephen King in his book The Shining . Furthermore , Maeda used the spider and its web to symbolize Martin Wells ' confusion at being trapped in his situation . Wells was played by noted actor Joe Morton who had previously played a role in the 1991 sci @-@ fi film Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . Robert Patrick later noted that " Joe Morton is a fantastic actor . We never worked together in [ Terminator 2 ] , but we 're in that movie together . And Joe was The Brother from Another Planet . " The scene of Martin Wells ' assassination was filmed at the " legendary " Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . This location , which has been the shooting location for over 200 productions , including Forrest Gump and Pretty Woman , is perhaps more infamous as the site of Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy 's assassination by Sirhan Sirhan in 1968 . Several of the names in the episode were allusions to historical figures or acquaintances of the writer . Most notably , Martin Wells is named after famed 19th century author H.G. Wells , noted for his contributions to science fiction with The Time Machine in 1896 and The War of the Worlds in 1898 . Furthermore , the character of Janet Wilson , the lawyer of Wells , was named after Maeda 's wife . = = Reception = = " Redrum " first aired on Fox on December 10 , 2000 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 1 , meaning that it was seen by 8 @.@ 1 % of the nation 's estimated households . The episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 16 million households , and 13 @.@ 2 million viewers . The episode ranked as the 40th most @-@ watched episode for the week ending December 10 . The episode subsequently aired in the United Kingdom on the BBC Two on April 14 , 2002 . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " How do you stop a murder that 's already happened ? " Critical reception to the episode was moderately positive , although several reviewers criticized the episode 's monologues . Television Without Pity writer Jessica Morgan rated the episode a " B + " . Morgan criticized the episode 's narrative , sardonically noting that Martin Wells was a " man who may get a second chance . At life . At truth . At pretentious , overlong monologues . " Juliette Harrisson of Den of Geek wrote positively of the episode , calling it " an excellent backwards episode , in which the audience is left satisfied that the horrific event that sparked it off has been prevented , but the guest protagonist has to pay a high price for the happy outcome . " However , she was slightly critical that the episode " barely features the regular characters at all " . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it three stars out of four . She called the episode " a double mystery : on one hand Martin 's investigation of his wife 's murder ; and on the other , an investigation into the workings of his own soul . " Vitaris , too , was critical of the ending monologue , noting that " the voiceover ruins the mood of the final shot . " Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B + " , writing that it was an " example of an episode that starts off strong , only to fumble when it comes to the follow through " . He was particularly praiseworthy towards Morton 's performance , noting that his presence " more than makes up for " the lack of Doggett and Scully . He concluded that the episode is " a smart that the script makes Wells in some way culpable for what happened , and tries to establish him as a merciless hard @-@ ass " but that the " reveal is never really satisfying . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , gave the episode a moderately positive review and rated it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The two noted that the episode was " constructed with great skill by Steven Maeda and Daniel Arkin . " Despite this , Shearman and Pearson noted that " with the series in flux , this is an especially unhelpful time to attempt an episode which so abandons the house style ; The X @-@ Files urgently needs to assert what it is , not what it isn 't . " = On the Brink ( Spooks ) = " On the Brink " is the fifth episode of series seven of the British espionage television series Spooks , and the 60th episode overall . It was originally broadcast on digital channel BBC Three on 10 November 2008 , and repeated on frontline channel BBC One on 17 November . The episode was written by Christian Spurrier , his first writing credit for the series , and directed by Edward Hall . Set during the credit crunch , in this episode , Section D chief Ros Myers ( Hermione Norris ) works undercover to stop Alexis Meynell ( Paul Rhys ) , a banker who is attempting to bankrupt the country . Later , Ros discovers Meynell 's motive . The idea behind the episode came from the financial crisis of Northern Rock in late 2007 ; the producers wanted to set up a story about a bank collapse so severe it could result in an economic collapse . The episode was filmed in May 2008 , with a lot taking place in London 's Blue Fin building . About six million viewers saw the episode from both BBC One and Three broadcasts ; the BBC One ratings were steady despite heavy competition from I 'm a Celebrity , Get Me Out of Here ! on ITV1 . Critical reactions towards the episode were positive for including a change in plot . = = Plot = = Section D believes banker Alexis Meynell is trying to bankrupt the country . Sir Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) asks the Chancellor of the Exchequer Gillian Calderwood ( Selina Cadell ) to freeze Meynell 's assets , but is turned down due to lack of evidence . To get the evidence they need , Ros is sent undercover to the London Stock Exchange , where Meynell is targeting the bank Highland Life . After starting a rumour about the bank , he starts betting against it . When the chairman of Highland Life , Francis Debham ( Simon Williams ) , attempts to keep the bank afloat , Meynell doubles his position , bankrupting Highland Life . Ros uses the opportunity to swipe a memory card from Meynell 's mobile phone , containing his secure email account that could prove his guilt . However , they find nothing relevant . Lucas North ( Richard Armitage ) relays this to Ros and tells her to get closer to Meynell . Ben Kaplan ( Alex Lanipekun ) breaks into Meynell 's office to learn of deals between Highland Life and Salma , a Russian bank that according to Elizabeta Starkova ( Paloma Baeza ) , has connections with the Russian mafia . It is also revealed Highland Life owes Salma £ 65 billion . It was this reason that earlier in the episode , Denham committed suicide . In order to get Meynell to trust her to become part of his plan , Ros sleeps with him . Later , Calderwood receives a call from Asa Darlek ( Stephen Noonan ) , Meynell 's associate from Salma , and threatens to either have the £ 65 billion paid back , or he will go public to inform the country the true extent of its debts . Ros presents a third option ; have Calderwood announce she will back Highland Life , while at the same time she will convince Meynell to bet against it . Such a plan would financially ruin Meynell . The next morning however , Darlek realises she is MI5 and threatens to kill her if Calderwood does not back down . Ros fights the gun off and Calderwood goes ahead with her statement . Later , Lucas releases Elizabeta as an asset . Meanwhile , Jo Portman ( Miranda Raison ) believes Boscard ( Gus Gallagher ) , her captor from the end of series six , is still alive after seeing several hallucinations of him . Later , Ros puts her mind at rest when she shows Jo photographic evidence Boscard is indeed dead , and it was Jo who killed him . Running on a tip that Connie James ( Gemma Jones ) may have leaked the top secret Sugarhorse to the Russians due to her affair with Hugo Prince , one of only five people to know about the operation , Harry has officers search her home . Harry later finds a tape left by Prince in a Big Ben souvenir . Prince left a message that there is a leak in Sugarhorse , but Connie is not responsible . Later , Harry admits to Lucas that in " The Tip @-@ Off " he was lying about not knowing what Sugarhorse and asks him to recall anything during his interrogations . Lucas eventually recalls the word " Pilgrim " uttered several times . He did a background check and informs Harry that " Pilgrim " is the codename for Bernard Qualtrough , the same man apparently helping Harry find the mole . = = Production = = The episode was written by Christian Spurrier , his first writing credit for the series . He joined the Spooks writing staff in January 2008 . Producer Katie Swinden wanted to base an episode on the economy , which at the time was facing a recession following the financial crisis of the British bank Northern Rock just months before . After trying a few different stories , the producers settled on a story about a bank collapse that is so severe it could result in an economic collapse . Spurrier did research on banking climate in the City of London in March 2008 , and realised the economy was going down , but also wanted to exaggerate the numbers for the episode . Ros was chosen to lead because the character had a background in business . In some of the original drafts of the episode , John Castle would return as Jocelyn Myers , Ros ' father , but later on the producers realised they did not need him . The producers also wanted to include some jeopardy in the climax , namely adding a gun to a head or a bomb , which created the scenes where Darlek threatened to kill Ros . Spurrier felt he had a " lot of juggling " in writing three separate storylines ; the main plot , the Sugarhorse subplot and Jo ; but did a lot of learning how to write a Spooks script as he wrote it . The character of Alexis Meynell was inspired by Howard Brenton 's writing for " The Russian " in the fourth series . Spurrier wanted him to always suspect Ros , but at the same time be intrigued by her . The producers enjoyed casting Paul Rhys for the role as his performance was " fantastically scary . " In playing Asa Darlek , Stephen Noonan had to abandon his Liverpudlian accent and sport a Russian one , which Noonan worked hard on . Director Edward Hall provided the voice for Hugo Prince . The episode was filmed throughout May 2008 . The helicopter shots of the city were filmed before principal photography of the seventh series started . Almost all scenes where shot during the day , including the scenes set during the night . The second day of the shoot for the episode took place at a house not belonging to the crew , used as the home of Connie James . The Blue Fin building in London provided several locations for the episode , mostly the stock exchange room . Real life traders were used to film scenes set in the floor . Swinden noted that the traders were " interesting guys " to work with , and told the producers the story was " very close to home . " The producers borrowed two expensive cars , more prominently an Aston Martin DB9 convertible , which were driven by Armitage and Norris . Armitage was asked to drive the car for only 10 yards , but the actor ended up getting carried away by wheel @-@ spinning and driving the car around a city block . Another car was a Bentley used for Denham 's suicide . Because it was on loan , Firth 's options on acting as if he was trying to save Denham was very limited without having to damage the car . = = Broadcast and reception = = The episode was originally broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three from 10 : 30 pm on Monday , 10 November 2008 , after the broadcast of the fourth episode on BBC One . The episode would later be repeated on BBC One the next week on 17 November 2008 during the 9 pm to 10 pm time slot , except in Northern Ireland , where it was withheld until 10 : 35 pm . According to overnight figures , the first look on BBC Three was seen by 691 @,@ 500 , a 6 @.@ 1 per cent share on its timeslot . The BBC One repeat was viewed by 4 @.@ 95 million , with a 20 @.@ 3 % audience share . Though it went against I 'm a Celebrity , Get Me Out of Here ! on ITV1 , which attracted over eight million viewers , Spooks ratings remained steady from the previous week . According to the final numbers from the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board , the episode was viewed by 0 @.@ 79 million from BBC Three , and later 5 @.@ 21 million from BBC One , together adding up to 6 million . The episode received positive reactions from television critics . Gerard O 'Donovan of The Daily Telegraph called it " another pertinent , brilliantly written episode " and reacted positively towards the episode 's " new kind of threat : the economic terrorist . " O 'Donovan also praised Paul Rhys ' acting for " giving his villainous all . " Mof Gimmers of TV Scoop praised the episode for having " a refreshing change from the usual theme of this series " , with Rhys ' performance and the sub plot of the Sugarhorse story arc adding " definitely one of the best stories so far in what has been an impressive series , if a little heavy on the Islamic terrorist side at times . With three episodes to go the Sugarhorse story is building nicely to a crescendo . " = Titanium ( song ) = " Titanium " is a song by French DJ and music producer David Guetta , featuring vocals by Australian recording artist Sia . Taken from Guetta 's fifth studio album , Nothing but the Beat , the song was written by Sia , Guetta , Giorgio Tuinfort and Afrojack . Production was also handled by Guetta , Tuinfort and Afrojack . " Titanium " was initially released for digital download on August 8 , 2011 , as the first of four promotional singles from the album . It was later released as the album 's fourth single in December 2011 . The song	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
sanitized retake on the story of Elvis " . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide rated Loving You with 2 ½ stars out of 4 , the review declared : " Elvis ' second movie is highlighted by his performance of ' Teddy Bear ' and the title tune " . Meanwhile , Steven H. Scheuer 's Movies on TV lowered the rating to 2 stars out of 4 . Scheuer opined that the film was " tailor @-@ made for Presley and his tunes , the story matters little — too little , if one doesn 't dig Elvis " . Videohound 's Golden Movie Retriever rated it with 2 bones out of 4 . Michael Weldon , in Psychotronic Encyclopedia of Film , gave a positive review : " Elvis at his best , top @-@ billed for the first time " . Leslie Halliwell , in his Film and Video Guide , felt the opposite , giving zero stars out of 4 , and dismissed it as an " empty @-@ headed , glossy star vehicle " . Mick Martin 's & Marsha Porter 's DVD & Video Guide rated it with 3 stars out of 5 . It described it as a " better @-@ than @-@ average Elvis Presley vehicle " and concluded that " the main attraction is Elvis singing his rock ' n ' roll songs , including the title tune . " Also assigning 3 stars ( out of 5 ) , The Motion Picture Guide opined " Loving You is one of Presley 's better films . He gives a fine performance , both in the great concert scenes and in the dramatic ones ; Hal Kanter directs with vigor " . = White @-@ winged fairywren = The white @-@ winged fairywren ( Malurus leucopterus ) is a species of passerine bird in the fairywren family Maluridae . It lives in the drier parts of central Australia ; from central Queensland and South Australia across to Western Australia . Like other fairywrens , this species displays marked sexual dimorphism and one or more males of a social group grow brightly coloured plumage during the breeding season . The female is sandy @-@ brown with light @-@ blue tail feathers ; it is smaller than the male , which , in breeding plumage , has a bright @-@ blue body , black bill , and white wings . Younger sexually mature males are almost indistinguishable from females and are often the breeding males . A troop of white @-@ winged fairywrens in spring and summer has a brightly coloured older male accompanied by small , inconspicuous brown birds , many of which are also male . Three subspecies are recognised . Apart from the mainland subspecies , one is found on Dirk Hartog Island , and another on Barrow Island off the coast of Western Australia . Males from these islands have black rather than blue breeding plumage . The white @-@ winged fairywren mainly eats insects , supplementing this with small fruits and leaf buds . It occurs in heathland and arid scrubland , where low shrubs provide cover . Like other fairywrens , it is a cooperative breeding species , and small groups of birds maintain and defend territories year @-@ round . Groups consist of a socially monogamous pair with several helper birds who assist in raising the young . These helpers are progeny that have attained sexual maturity but remain with the family group for one or more years after fledging . Although not yet confirmed genetically , the white @-@ winged fairywren may be promiscuous and assist in raising the young from other pairings . As part of a courtship display , the male wren plucks petals from flowers and displays them to female birds . = = Taxonomy = = A specimen of the white @-@ winged fairywren was first collected by French naturalists Jean René Constant Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard in September 1818 , on Louis de Freycinet 's voyage around the Southern Hemisphere . The specimen was lost in a shipwreck , but a painting entitled Mérion leucoptère by Jacques Arago survived and led to the bird 's description in 1824 by French ornithologist Charles Dumont de Sainte @-@ Croix . The name for the species was derived from the Ancient Greek leuko- ' white ' and pteron ' wing ' . Ironically , the original specimen was of the black @-@ plumaged subspecies from Dirk Hartog Island , which was not recorded again for 80 years . Meanwhile , the widespread blue @-@ plumaged subspecies was discovered and described as two separate species by John Gould in 1865 . He called one specimen collected from inland New South Wales the white @-@ winged superb warbler , M. cyanotus , while another , which appeared to have a white back and wings , was described as M. leuconotus , the white @-@ backed superb warbler . It was not until the early 20th century that both of these blue @-@ plumaged mainland forms were found to be of a single species . George Mack , ornithologist of the National Museum of Victoria , considered the specific name leuconotus to take precedence in his 1934 revision of the genus , and more recent studies have followed suit . The back region between the shoulders is in fact bare , with feathers that arise from the shoulder ( scapular ) region and sweep inwards in different patterns . This variation confused the early naturalists who described the white @-@ backed and blue @-@ backed species . The white @-@ winged fairywren was often referred to as the blue @-@ and @-@ white wren , and early observers , such as Norman Favaloro of Victoria , refer to them by this name . However , like other fairywrens , the white @-@ winged fairywren is unrelated to the true wren ( family Troglodytidae ) . It was previously classified as a member of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae , and later as a member of the warbler family Sylviidae , before they were placed in the newly recognised Maluridae in 1975 . More recently , DNA analysis has shown the Maluridae family to be related to the Meliphagidae ( honeyeaters ) , and the Pardalotidae ( pardalotes , scrubwrens , thornbills , gerygones and allies ) in the large superfamily Meliphagoidea . Within the Maluridae , it is one of 12 species in the genus , Malurus . It is most closely related to the Australian red @-@ backed fairywren , with which it makes up a phylogenetic clade with the white @-@ shouldered fairywren of New Guinea as the next closest relative . Termed the bicoloured wrens by ornithologist Richard Schodde , these three species are notable for their lack of head patterns and ear tufts and their uniform black or blue plumage with contrasting shoulder or wing colour ; they replace each other geographically across northern Australia and New Guinea . = = = Subspecies = = = There are three recognised subspecies of Malurus leucopterus . Both black @-@ plumaged forms have been called black @-@ and @-@ white fairywren . M. l. leuconotus is endemic to mainland Australia and distinct in that it is the only subspecies to have nuptial males that show prominent blue @-@ and @-@ white plumage . The name of this species is derived from the Ancient Greek leukos ' white ' and notos ' back ' . Birds in the southern parts of its range tend to be smaller than those in the north . M. l. leucopterus is restricted to Dirk Hartog Island , off the western coast of Australia , and nuptial males display black @-@ and @-@ white plumage . This subspecies is the smallest of the three and bears a proportionally longer tail . It was collected again in 1916 by Tom Carter , 98 years after de Freycinet 's expedition collected the type specimen . M. l. edouardi , like M. l. leucopterus , have black @-@ and @-@ white coloured males , and are found only on Barrow Island , also off the western coast of Australia . Birds of this subspecies are larger than those of M. l. leucopterus but have a shorter tail . The female has a more cinnamon tinge to her plumage than the grey @-@ brown of the other two subspecies . It was described by A.J. Campbell in 1901 . M. l. leucopterus and M. l. edouardi are both generally smaller than their mainland relatives , and both subspecies tend to have smaller family groups that consist of only one male and one female , with an occasional helper bird . While the island subspecies and mainland species have been found to have similar social structure , breeding pairs on both islands have , on average , smaller clutches , longer incubation times , and fewer live fledglings . Additionally , while M. l. leuconotus is considered of least concern by the IUCN due to its widespread occurrence , both island subspecies are considered vulnerable by the Australian government due to their delicate nesting sites that are easily disturbed by human construction and habitation . = = = Evolutionary history = = = Both island subspecies are nearer in genetic distance to mainland populations of leuconotus than to each other ; Dirk Hartog Island is 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the mainland while Barrow Island is 56 kilometres ( 35 mi ) from the mainland . Gene flow between the populations existed at the beginning of the present interglacial period , some 8 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 years ago , at a time when sea levels were lower and both islands connected with the mainland . There are three theories as to how the three races of white @-@ winged fairywren could have evolved . The first suggests that black @-@ and @-@ white plumage is an ancestral condition and , following separation of the three populations , blue @-@ and @-@ white plumage evolved in the mainland species . The second hypothesis suggests that black @-@ and @-@ white plumage evolved convergently on the two separate islands . The third suggests that black @-@ and @-@ white plumage evolved once from the blue @-@ and @-@ white ancestral condition , and later the mainland species re @-@ evolved blue plumage . The distribution of the three bi @-@ coloured fairywren species indicates their ancestors lived across New Guinea and northern Australia in a period when sea levels were lower and the two regions were joined by a land bridge . Populations became separated as sea levels rose , and New Guinea birds evolved into the white @-@ shouldered fairywren , and Australian forms into the red @-@ backed fairywren and the arid @-@ adapted white @-@ winged fairywren . = = Description = = Measuring 11 to 13 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 3 to 5 @.@ 3 in ) in length , white @-@ winged fairywrens are one of the two smallest species of Malurus . Males typically weigh between 7 @.@ 2 and 10 @.@ 9 grams ( 0 @.@ 25 and 0 @.@ 38 oz ) while females weigh between 6 @.@ 8 and 11 grams ( 0 @.@ 24 and 0 @.@ 39 oz ) . Averaging 8 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) in males and 8 @.@ 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) in females , the bill is relatively long , narrow and pointed and wider at the base . Wider than it is deep , the bill is similar in shape to those of other birds that feed by probing for or picking insects off their environs . It is finer and more pointed in this species than in other fairywrens . Fully mature adults are sexually dimorphic , with the male being larger and differing in colour from the female . The adult female is sandy @-@ brown with a very light blue tail , and a pinkish buff bill . The male in breeding plumage has a black bill , white wings and shoulders , and a wholly cobalt blue or black body ( depending on subspecies ) . These contrasting white feathers are especially highlighted in flight and ground displays in breeding season . The male in eclipse plumage resembles the female , though it may be distinguished by its darker bill . Both sexes have long , slender , distinct tails held at an upward angle from their bodies . Measuring around 6 @.@ 25 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 46 in ) , the tail feathers have a white fringe , which disappears with wear . Nestlings , fledglings , and juveniles have brown plumage and pink @-@ brown bills with shorter tails than adults . Young males develop blue tail feathers and darker bills by late summer or autumn ( following a spring or summer breeding season ) , while young females develop light blue tails . By the subsequent spring , all males are fertile and have developed cloacal protuberances , which store sperm . In contrast , during the breeding season , fertile females develop oedematous brood patches , which are bare areas on their bellies . Males entering their second or third year may develop spotty blue and white plumage during the breeding season . By their fourth year , males have assumed their nuptial plumage , where the scapulars , secondary wing coverts , and secondary flight feathers are white while the rest of their bodies are a vibrant cobalt blue . All sexually mature males moult twice a year , once before the breeding season in winter or spring , and again afterwards in autumn ; rarely , a male may moult directly from nuptial to nuptial plumage . The breeding males ' blue plumage , particularly the ear @-@ coverts , is highly iridescent due to the flattened and twisted surface of the barbules . The blue plumage also reflects ultraviolet light strongly , and so may be even more prominent to other fairywrens , whose colour vision extends into this part of the spectrum . = = = Vocalisations = = = In 1980 , Tideman characterised five different patterns of calls among Malurus leucopterus leuconotus ; these were recognised by Pruett and Jones among the island subspecies M. l. edouardi . The main call is a reel made by both sexes in order to establish territory and unify the group . It is a long song of " rising and falling notes " that is first signaled by 3 – 5 chip notes . Although seemingly weak in sound , the reel carries a long way above the stunted shrubland . A harsh trit call is often used to establish contact ( especially between mothers and their young ) and to raise alarm ; it is characterised by a series of " loud and abrupt " calls that vary in frequency and intensity . Adults will use a high @-@ pitched peep that may be made intermittently with reels as a contact call to birds that are more distant . Nestlings , fledglings , and females around the nest will use high pips — quiet , high @-@ pitched , and short calls . When used by a mature female , they are mixed with harsh calls . Nestlings may also make " gurgling " noises when they are being fed . The subordinate helpers and feeders may also make this sound . = = Distribution and habitat = = The white @-@ winged fairywren is well adapted to dry environments , and M.l. leuconotus is found throughout arid and semi @-@ arid environments between latitudes 19 and 32oS in mainland Australia . It occupies coastal Western Australia from around Port Hedland south to Perth , and stretches eastwards over to Mount Isa in Queensland , and along the western parts of the Great Dividing Range through central Queensland and central western New South Wales , into the northwestern corner of Victoria and the Eyre Peninsula and across the Nullarbor . It commonly cohabits with other species of fairywren , including the purple @-@ backed fairy @-@ wren ( M. lamberti assimilis ) . White @-@ winged fairywrens often inhabit heathlands or treeless shrublands dominated by saltbush ( Atriplex ) and small shrubs of the genus Maireana , or grasses such as tussock grass ( Triodia ) and cane @-@ grass ( Zygochloa ) , as well as floodplain areas vegetated with lignum ( Muehlenbeckia florulenta ) . M. l. leucopterus inhabits similar habitats on Dirk Hartog Island and M. l. edouardi does the same on Barrow Island . The white @-@ winged fairywren is replaced to the north of its range on mainland Australia by the red @-@ backed fairywren . = = Behaviour = = The usual form of locomotion is hopping , with both feet leaving the ground and landing simultaneously . However , birds may run when performing the rodent @-@ run display . Its balance is assisted by a proportionally large tail , which is usually held upright and rarely still . The short , rounded wings provide good initial lift and are useful for short flights , though not for extended jaunts . White @-@ winged fairywrens live in complex social groups . Clans consist of 2 – 4 birds , typically one brown or partially blue male and a breeding female . Nest helpers are birds raised in previous years which remain with the family group after fledging and assist in raising young ; they may be male that have retained their brown plumage , or female . Birds in a group roost side @-@ by @-@ side in dense cover and engage in mutual preening . Several subgroups live within one territory and make up a clan , which is presided over by one blue ( or black ) male who assumes breeding plumage . While the blue male is dominant to the rest of the brown and partially blue males within his clan , he nests with only one female and contributes to the raising of only her young . It is unclear whether or not he fathers young in any of the other nests within his territory . Each clan has a specified area of land that all members contribute to foraging from and defending . Frequently , territory sizes , normally 4 to 6 hectares ( 10 to 15 acres ) , are correlated with the abundance of rain and resources in a region ; smaller territories occur where insects and resources are plentiful . Additionally , the feeding territories are larger during the winter months when these birds spend much of their time foraging with the entire clan . White @-@ winged fairywrens occupy much larger territories than other fairywren species . Observed in this species , the wing @-@ fluttering display is seen in several situations : females responding , and presumably acquiescing , to male courtship displays , juveniles begging for food , by helpers to older birds , and immature males to senior ones . The fairywren lowers its head and tail , outstretches and quivers its wings and holds its beak open silently . Both the male and female adult white @-@ winged fairywren may utilise a rodent @-@ run display to distract predators from nests with young birds . The head , neck and tail are lowered , the wings are held out and the feathers are fluffed as the bird runs rapidly and voices a continuous alarm call . = = = Feeding = = = The white @-@ winged fairywren is primarily insectivorous ; its diet includes small beetles , bugs , moths , praying mantises , caterpillars , and smaller insects , including spiders . The larger insects are typically fed to nestlings by the breeding female and her helpers , including the breeding male . Adults and juveniles forage by hopping along the shrubland floor , and may supplement their diets with seeds and fruits of saltbush ( Rhagodia ) , goosefoot ( Chenopodium ) and new shoots of samphire . During spring and summer , birds are active in bursts through the day and accompany their foraging with song . Insects are numerous and easy to catch , which allows the birds to rest between forays . The group often shelters and rests together during the heat of the day . Food is harder to find during winter and they are required to spend the day foraging continuously . = = = Courtship and breeding = = = Fairywrens exhibit one of the highest incidences of extra @-@ pair mating , and many broods are brought up a by male who is not the natural father . However , courtship methods among white @-@ winged fairywrens remain unclear . Blue @-@ plumaged males have been seen outside of their territory and in some cases , carrying pink or purple petals , which among other species advertise the male to neighboring females . In contrast , black @-@ plumaged males on Barrow and Dirk Hartog islands often carry blue petals . While petal @-@ carrying outside of clan territories strongly suggests mating with other females is occurring , further genetic analysis is necessary . During another courtship display the male bows deeply forward facing the female , reaching the ground with his bill and spreading and flattening his plumage in a near @-@ horizontal plane for up to 20 seconds . In this pose , the white plumage forms a striking white band across his darker plumage . Breeding females begin to build their nests in the spring and construct domed structures composed of spiderwebs , fine grasses , thistle @-@ down , and vegetable @-@ down , typically 6 to 14 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 4 to 5 @.@ 5 in ) tall and 3 to 9 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 12 to 0 @.@ 35 in ) thick . Each nest has a small entrance on one side and they are normally placed in thick shrubs close to the ground . A clutch of 3 – 4 eggs is generally laid anywhere from September to January , with incubation lasting around 14 days . The white @-@ winged fairywren generally breeds in the spring in the southwest of Western Australia , but is more opportunistic in arid regions of central and northern Australia , with breeding recorded almost any month after a period of rainfall . Incubation is by the breeding female alone , while the breeding male ( a brown or blue male ) and nest helpers aid in feeding the nestlings and removing their fecal sacs . The newly hatched nestlings are altricial , gaping immediately for food , and developing downy feather tracts and opening their eyes by the third or fourth day . Nestlings remain in the nest for 10 – 11 days , and fledglings continue to be fed for 3 – 4 weeks following their departure from the nest . Fledglings then either stay on to help raise the next brood or move to a nearby territory . It is not unusual for a pair bond to hatch and raise two broods in one breeding season , and helpers tend to lessen the stress on the breeding female rather than increase the overall number of feedings . Like other fairywrens , the white @-@ winged fairywren is particularly prone to parasitic nesting by the Horsfield 's bronze cuckoo ( Chalcites basalis ) . Parasitism by the shining bronze cuckoo ( C. lucidus ) and black @-@ eared cuckoo ( C. osculans ) is rarely recorded . = = Predators and threats = = Adults and their young may be preyed upon by mammalian predators , such as the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) or the feral cat ( Felis catus ) , and native predatory birds , such as the Australian magpie ( Gymnorhina tibicen ) , butcherbird species ( Cracticus spp . ) , laughing kookaburra ( Dacelo novaeguineae ) , currawongs ( Strepera spp . ) , crows and ravens ( Corvus spp . ) , shrike @-@ thrushes ( Colluricincla spp . ) and reptiles such as goannas . Another threat to the birds is from humans ; many nests are trampled on ( even by the occasional bird watcher ) during breeding season because the nests are hidden close to the ground and therefore difficult for passers @-@ by to spot . = Battle of Samakh = The Battle of Samakh was fought on 25 September 1918 , during the Battle of Sharon which together with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought from 19 to 25 September 1918 , in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War . During the cavalry phase of the Battle of Sharon the Desert Mounted Corps commanded by the Australian Lieutenant General Harry Chauvel , captured the Esdraelon Plain ( also known as the Jezreel Valley and the Plain of Armageddon ) 40 – 50 miles ( 64 – 80 km ) behind the front line in the Judean Hills on 20 September , when the 3rd Light Horse Brigade captured Jenin . The 4th Light Horse Brigade , Australian Mounted Division was deployed guarding supply columns , and prisoners , before being ordered to attack and capture Samakh on the shore of the Sea of Gallilee . Here the Ottoman and German garrison had been ordered by the commander of the Yildirim Army Group to fight to the last man . Samakh , in the centre of a rearguard line stretching from Tiberias through Samakh and on to Deraa was intended to cover the retreat of three Ottoman armies . The rearguard was set up to delay the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) cavalry in the Desert Mounted Corps after the British Empire infantry victories in the Judean Hills at the Battle of Tulkarm , and the Battle of Tabsor during the Battle of Sharon . These and other battles fought during the Battle of Nablus including the Third Transjordan attack , also part of the Battle of Megiddo , forced the retreat of the Ottoman Fourth , the Seventh and the Eighth Armies north towards Damascus . On 20 September , German General Otto Liman von Sanders , the commander of the Yildirim Army Group , ordered Samakh 's German and Ottoman garrison to prepare a strong rearguard defence of the town . By dawn on 25 September , when a regiment and two squadrons of the Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade attacked Samakh , the rearguard was strongly entrenched . The assault , which began with a mounted cavalry charge , ended two hours later after close quarter fighting in the village and the railway station . After fierce fighting with bayonets and swords , from room to room in the railway buildings , the town was captured . This victory , which captured the centre of the rearguard line , concluded the Battle of Sharon section of the Battle of Megiddo and opened the way for the cavalry pursuit to Damascus , which was captured on 1 October . By the time the Armistice of Mudros between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire was signed at the end of October , Aleppo had been captured and fighting was in progress further north . = = Background = = Following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attacks in March – April and April – May 1918 , by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) , which had been responsible for the Sinai and Palestine Campaign since March 1916 , its commander General Edmund Allenby ordered the occupation of the Jordan Valley . He also ordered the front line be extended across the Judean Hills to the Mediterranean Sea . Most of the British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry regiments were redeployed to the Western Front to counter Ludendorff 's Spring Offensive and were replaced by British India Army infantry and cavalry . As part of re @-@ organisation and training , these newly arrived soldiers carried out a series of attacks on sections of the Ottoman front line during the summer months . These attacks were aimed at pushing the front line to more advantageous positions in preparation for a major attack , and to acclimatise the newly arrived infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the consolidated force was ready for large @-@ scale operations . On 19 September , the XXI Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Edward Bulfin had , with the support of a creeping barrage , broken through the Ottoman front line during the Battle of Sharon . In the afternoon the XX Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode was then ordered to begin its own attack , supported by an artillery barrage . These attacks by both the XX and XXI Corps continued until midday on 21 September , when a successful flanking attack by the XXI Corps , combined with the XX Corps assault , forced the Seventh and Eighth Armies to disengage . The Seventh Army commanded by the Ottoman Army Ferik or Birinci Ferik , Mustafa Kemal retreated from the Nablus area towards the Jordan River , crossing at the Jisr ed Damieh bridge before the rearguard at Nablus was captured . The Desert Mounted Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Harry Chauvel advanced through the gap created by the XXI Corps infantry during the morning of 19 September to almost encircle the Ottoman forces fighting in the Judean Hills , capturing Nazareth , Haifa , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin and Samakh before advancing to Tiberias . During this time , Chaytor 's Force commanded by Major General Edward Chaytor captured part of the retreating Ottoman and German column at the Jisr ed Damieh bridge to cut off this line of retreat across the Jordan River . To the east of the river , as the Fourth Army began its retreat , Chaytor 's Force advanced to capture Es Salt on 23 September . Amman was captured on 25 September during the Second Battle of Amman where a strong Fourth Army rearguard was defeated on 25 September . Samakh was regarded by both Allenby , the British commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , and the German General Otto Liman von Sanders , commander of the Yildirim Army Group , as a key strategic point . The town controlled the most direct road to Damascus on the Ottoman lines of communication and the Palestine Railways which ran across a series of bridges across the Jordan River from Deraa . It was clear , that only one course remained open to me . The Tiberias sector from Lake Hule to Samakh must be held with all the means at our disposal to prevent the pursuit overtaking us , whilst the formations retiring along the River Jordan and east of Jordan to the Yarmuk Valley sector , from Samakh to Der 'a , must form [ a ] front for at least the time being . During the unsuccessful attack of the 5th Cavalry Division on Nazareth in the early morning of 20 September , Liman von Sanders accompanied by General Kiazim , Major Prigge and Rittmeister Hecker , had escaped on their way to Damascus . They arrived at Tiberias during the afternoon of 20 September , before continuing on to Samakh and Deraa . He alerted the garrisons he passed to the advance of the EEF and ordered the establishment of a rearguard line . The line was to run from Deraa down the Yarmuk River Valley , across the Jordan River and west to Samakh , around the shore of the Sea of Galilee to Tiberias and northwards to Lake Huleh . Two main roads and the railway lines to Damascus , would be protected and time gained for the development of the defence of Damascus , if the garrisons were not defeated . Liman von Sanders described Samakh " as the essential link between the two main sectors of the line " but also " the weak link between the two @-@ halves . " He reinforced the garrison at Samakh with German machine gunners and ordered the commander , a German officer to hold the town to the last man . = = Prelude = = = = = Asia Corps retreat = = = By the morning of 21 September , German Colonel Gustav von Oppen 's Asia Korps remained intact . It consisted of the 16th and 19th Divisions , the 701st Battalion was still complete with a troop and a squadron of cavalry , six machine guns and 18 light Bergmann machine guns , an additional machine gun company of six guns an infantry @-@ artillery platoon with two mountain guns / howitzers , a trench mortar section with four mortars . The 701st Artillery Detachment consisted of two four @-@ gun 77 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) , one four @-@ gun 105 @-@ millimetre ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) howitzer batteries and the " Hentig " Machine Gun Detachment . The remnants of the 702nd and the 703rd Battalions were formed into a battalion to which a rifle company , a machine gun company and a trench mortar detachment were attached . With about 700 German and 1 @,@ 300 Ottoman soldiers of the 16th and 19th Divisions , von Oppen succeeded in retreating towards Beisan via Mount Ebal during 21 September but was forced to leave behind all guns or baggage . They suffered some casualties when fired on by artillery , before bivouacking that night at Tammun with the 16th and 19th Divisions at Tubas , unaware that Desert Mounted Corps had already occupied Beisan . They were moving northwards from Tubas towards Beisan when von Oppen learned it had already been captured . He decided to advance during the night of 22 September to Samakh where he correctly guessed Liman von Sanders would order a strong rearguard action . However , Jevad , the commander of the Eighth Army ordered him to cross the Jordan instead ; he successfully got all the Germans and some of the Ottoman soldiers across before the 11th Cavalry Brigade attacked and captured the remainder , to finalise the capture of Afulah and Beisan . Liman von Sanders was very critical of Jevad 's intervention which considerably weakened the Samakh position , but von Oppen would have had to break through a whole cavalry division to get there . = = = Reconnaissance by 4th Cavalry Division unit = = = While the Central India Horse ( 10th Cavalry Brigade ) or the 19th Lancers ( 12th Cavalry Brigade ) , 4th Cavalry Division , continued to hold the bridge at Jisr el Mejamie , captured at 05 : 00 on 21 September , during the Capture of Afulah and Beisan , one of their squadrons made a reconnaissance to Samakh to blow up the railway east of the town . The 10th Brigade relieved the 19th Lancers at Jisr el Mejamie on 23 September , so it was probably the 10th Brigade which carried out the reconnaissance . However , the patrol was forced to retire when heavily fired on by two 10 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 1 inches ) guns ( also described as " two 4 @.@ 2 guns , " ) from north east of the town , but they reported a train had arrived at Samakh which was still there at 11 : 00 on 24 September . = = = Australian Mounted Division advance to Jisr el Mejamie = = = Chauvel , commander of the Desert Mounted Corps , ordered the capture of the towns of Samakh and Tiberias to complete the strategic and tactical line held by his cavalry across the Esdraelon Plain from Acre north of Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea to Nazareth . On 24 September the Australian Mounted Division commanded by Major General Henry West Hodgson , was ordered to capture Samakh and the railway bridges over the Yarmuk gorge , four days after Liman von Sanders had alerted the rearguard garrison , which " led to the most fiercely – fought action of the whole pursuit " in preparation for a further advance towards Damascus . However Hodgson 's reserve , the 11th Light Horse Regiment and one squadron of the 12th Light Horse Regiment , with the 4th Light Horse Brigade 's headquarters and Machine Gun Squadron , were the only troops available . The 5th Light Horse Brigade was ordered at 15 : 10 on 24 September , while they were at Jenin , to send a regiment to reinforce the attacking force during its approach to Samakh . They sent the 15th Light Horse Regiment which reported at Samakh at 07 : 00 half an hour after the town was captured . Meanwhile , the remainder of the 5th Light Horse Brigade stayed at Jenin until the evening of 25 September when they rode to the railway near Zerin , with Mount Gilboa " on their right , " to water for a couple of days . The 4th Light Horse Brigade ( less the 4th Light Horse Regiment and two squadrons or five troops of 12th Light Horse Regiment ) arrived at Beisan at 13 : 45 on 24 September . Here they received Order No. 31 from the Australian Mounted Division to attack Samakh . After leaving Beisan for Jisr el Mejamie , at 16 : 35 they received a message dropped from an aircraft , which reported that Samakh was defended by 50 rifles and machine guns . They arrived at Jisr el Mejamie at 21 : 00 and made contact with the regiment of the 4th Cavalry Division , holding the bridge . A further order to capture Samakh was received at 22 : 10 , which included the additional objective of reconnoitring towards Tiberias , where they were to cooperate with the 3rd Light Horse Brigade in capturing the town . The orders gave the brigade commander , Brigadier General William Grant , the choice of attacking immediately , or waiting for the 4th Light Horse Regiment and the squadrons of the 12th Light Horse Regiment . He decided not to delay attacking the apparently weak rearguard , as he expected to be reinforced by the 15th Light Horse Regiment , 5th Light Horse Brigade , on the way to Samakh . If Grant had waited for reinforcements , the attack would have been during in daylight , in full view of the defenders in the railway station building , which may have resulted in at least as many casualties , and perhaps many more , during a potentially more protracted fight . = = Battle = = = = = Cavalry charge = = = The 4th Light Horse Brigade crossed the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers at Jisr el Mejamie at 02 : 30 on 25 September in order to arrive at Samakh before dawn , advancing along the railway line . Grant ordered the 11th Light Horse Regiment to attack mounted from the southeast at dawn , supported by machine guns which were to be deployed due south , on the railway . The attack began before dawn , when the two leading light horse squadrons were heavily fired on by rifles and machine guns from several outposts at 04 : 25 , causing nearly 100 horse casualties . No reconnaissance by the light horse had been possible , but the 19th Lancers reported that the village and station buildings lay at the end of a flat plain 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) wide , without any cover and no apparent obstacles to a cavalry charge . This unexpected fire revealed the garrison was deployed covering the open plain for some 700 yards ( 640 m ) south of Samakh , extending on either side to the mountains . The 11th Light Horse Regiment , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J. W. Parsons , had planned to attack the garrison 's flank , but as no flank attack was possible , he swung the regiment around to attack straight on . A and B squadrons galloped on either side of the railway line , with all 12 machine guns of the 4th Machine Gun Squadron providing covering fire for the charging squadrons . They fired at the flashes created by the Ottoman rifles and machine guns . Both squadrons succeeded in entering the village , while one squadron of 12th Light Horse Regiment moved forward towards the town from the west , in support . The 11th Light Horse Regiment 's reserve ' C ' squadron moved forward to occupy Hill 377 on the eastern flank , watching the railway from Deraa and the road on the eastern side of the Sea of Galilee . Meanwhile , the 4th Light Horse Brigade Headquarters and the 12th Light Horse Regimental Headquarters , forming the attacking units ' reserve , were deployed on the plain south of the town and east of the railway . Here they were heavily fired on by artillery , on the right flank near the Sea of Galilee , and forced to move to cover . Preston claims it was the 4th Light Horse Regiment which " was sent in mounted on the west . " This cavalry charge was unique during the whole of the First World War , being the only one carried out in the dark and across country , which had not been previously reconnoitred . The ground was found to be scattered with clumps of long spiked thistles , and a number of pitfalls causing nine men to be injured from falls during the charge . = = = Dismounted attack = = = As soon as A and B Squadrons of the 11th Light Horse Regiment reached the town and dismounted , the 4th Machine Gun Squadron stopped their covering fire , to target the German or Ottoman machine guns on the right , which they silenced . Then the 4th Machine Gun Squadron galloped forward to take up a position at the western end of the town , while the two attacking squadrons dismounted , to approach the railway station buildings on foot . The substantial two storied station building , solidly build of stone , made an effective strong redoubt for the garrison , with the windows used by the defenders to fire their automatic rifles and throw their grenades from . At this time several white flags were reported at the station , but when the light horsemen approached they were fired on , and it was in this way that most of the light horsemen who died during the battle were killed . Once they succeeded in entering the station buildings , hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting from room @-@ to @-@ room with rifles , bayonets , and swords , followed . Other groups of defenders deployed in the locomotives , tenders and carriages standing in the railway sidings , were also attacked . The savage hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting in the railway buildings and sidings lasted for more than an hour before the light horsemen captured the area . Over 20 Ottoman and German soldiers were killed in the station buildings alone during the fighting . At the same time , ' C ' Squadron , of the 11th Light Horse Regiment , and / or one squadron of the 12th Light Horse Regiment , moved up into the village of Samakh and captured the town during less severe fighting . There were 28 German and Ottoman soldiers killed and 33 wounded while 331 unwounded prisoners were captured . Other captures included one 77mm field gun , seven heavy machine guns , three automatic rifles , a large dump of rifles , bayonets , automatic pistols and ammunition , which was subsequently burnt . A motor boat escaped but another was destroyed by fire and its occupants were captured . Two locomotives , eight carriages , 12 goods wagons along with an aircraft and a wireless were also captured . The light horsemen suffered 17 killed and 60 wounded with one man missing and 77 horses killed , the 11th Light Horse Regiment lost two captains , one lieutenant and 11 other ranks killed , while four officers and 25 other ranks were wounded . = = Aftermath = = While the 4th Light Horse Brigade buried their dead and the field ambulance treated the wounded , a squadron of the 12th Light Horse Regiment advanced along the western shore of the Sea of Galilee , to meet with the 3rd Light Horse Brigade which had captured Jenin , which had advanced direct over the hills from Nazareth at 15 : 00 on 25 September , to capture Tiberias . Strong patrols also advanced up the Yarmuk River valley east of Samakh , but every bridge across the Jordan River was found to be strongly guarded , 30 at one and 60 Germans in a redoubt with an engine and tender , at another . The rugged Jebel Ain en Nimr mountain , 1 @,@ 800 feet ( 550 m ) above the Sea of Galilee and less than two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from its southern shore was occupied by 500 Ottoman infantry and one gun . The capture of Samakh and operations around the Sea of Galilee concluded the Battles of Megiddo . Chauvel 's Desert Mounted Corps had captured Haifa , Nazareth and Tiberias , two Ottoman armies had been eliminated from the Judean Hills and the Fourth Army east of the Jordan was in full retreat to Deraa and Damascus . Allenby acknowledged in a cable to the Australian Government that " the completeness of our victory is due to the action of the Desert Mounted Corps under General Chauvel . " " The battle had been as brilliant in execution as it had been in conception ; it had no parallel in France or on any other front , but rather looked forward in principle and even in detail to the Blitzkrieg of 1939 . " I have your HW wire and that from Troopers proposing a Cavalry raid to Aleppo . I don 't think Aleppo possible ; but am sending 3 Divisions of Cavalry , as soon as I can , to Damascus . Chaytor 's Division of Anzac Light Horse is about Amman now , and will deal with enemy coming from the South . Prisoners number well over 40 @,@ 000 and are still coming in . I have Australian mounted troops at the S. end of Lake Tiberias , and they are pushing to Tiberias . If I get Damascus , Beirut falls to us certainly ; and I hope to push troops , Northwards , thither , by the coast – road from Haifa , feeding from the sea , stage by stage . On 27 September , the 4th Light Horse Brigade left Samakh at 06 : 00 and arrived at Tiberias at 08 : 00 , where they received two days supplies and one day 's iron ration , to last until after breakfast on 29 September . They rode out towards Damascus at 10 : 00 , leaving the 15th Light Horse Regiment ( 5th Light Horse Brigade ) to guard Samakh until they were relieved by the 7th ( Meerut ) Division , XXI Corps . = Gene Robinson = Vicky Gene Robinson ( born May 29 , 1947 in Fayette County , Kentucky ) is an American retired bishop of the Diocese of New Hampshire in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America . Robinson was elected bishop coadjutor in 2003 and succeeded as diocesan bishop in March 2004 . Before becoming bishop , he served as Canon to the Ordinary to the VIII Bishop of New Hampshire . Robinson is widely known for being the first priest in an openly gay relationship to be consecrated a bishop in a major Christian denomination believing in the historic episcopate . His sexual orientation was privately acknowledged in the 1970s , when he studied in seminary , was ordained , married , and started a family . He went public with his sexual identity and divorced in 1986 . He entered a formal relationship with his second spouse , Mark Andrew , in 1988 . When delegates to the Episcopal convention were voting on the ratification of his election , it became an issue of controversy . His election was ratified 62 to 45 . After his election , many theologically conservative Episcopalians in the United States abandoned the Episcopal Church , formed the Anglican Church in North America ( ACNA ) and aligned themselves with bishops outside the Episcopal Church in the United States , a process called the Anglican realignment . His story has appeared in print and film . In 2009 he was given the Stephen F. Kolzak Media Award . In 2010 he announced his intention to retire in 2013 , at 65 . His successor is A. Robert Hirschfeld , who was elected bishop coadjutor on May 19 , 2012 , and consecrated bishop in Concord , New Hampshire , on August 4 , 2012 . Hirschfeld served with Robinson until Robinson 's formal retirement on January 5 , 2013 . In 2014 , Robinson announced his plans to divorce Mark Andrew . = = Early life = = Robinson 's parents were poor tenant farmers who worked in the tobacco fields as sharecroppers . The family used an outhouse , drew water from a cistern , and did laundry in a cast @-@ iron tub over an open flame . Their house did not have running water until Robinson was ten years old . When Robinson was born , he was so seriously ill that the doctor was certain he would not survive . He was temporarily paralyzed from birth and his head was misshapen . So likely was Robinson 's death that the physician asked Robinson 's father Charles for a name for the baby 's birth and death certificates . Robinson 's parents were young ( his mother Imogene was twenty ) and they were hoping for a girl . They named the baby " Vicky Gene Robinson " for Charles ' father Victor and the baby 's mother Imogene . For a long time , Robinson 's parents believed the boy would die soon . Much later in life , Robinson 's father would tell him he couldn 't take any joy in the boy 's development because he always thought each step was going to be the last thing . Robinson 's parents were and still are members of a small Disciples of Christ congregation . Robinson describes his childhood as very religious . Robinson had perfect Sunday School attendance for thirteen years . = = Education and marriage = = Robinson chose The University of the South in Sewanee , Tennessee , in 1965 because they offered him a full scholarship . Robinson intended to study towards a medical degree but decided to major in American Studies . During his college days , Robinson began to seriously consider the ordained ministry and said it almost immediately felt right . During high school and then college , Robinson had been exploring philosophical and theological questions and has said , " The Episcopal Church got a hold on me . " He graduated from Sewanee cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in American studies in 1969 and attended seminary that fall . Robinson studied for a Master of Divinity degree from the Episcopal General Theological Seminary in New York City . While doing an intern year as a chaplain at the University of Vermont , he began dating his future wife , Isabella " Boo " McDaniel . Robinson says that about " a month into their relationship , [ he ] explained his background and his fears about his sexuality . " They continued dating and , as Robinson puts it , " about a month before the marriage , [ he ] became frightened that ... this thing would raise its ugly head some day , and cause her and me great pain . " Robinson and McDaniel discussed it and decided to go ahead with the marriage in 1972 . = = Early career and children = = Robinson received his degree in 1973 and was ordained a deacon in June 1973 at the cathedral of the diocese of Newark , New Jersey . He served as curate at Christ Church in Ridgewood , New Jersey , and was ordained a priest six months later . He and his wife remained at the Ridgewood parish for two years until June 1975 . They then moved to New Hampshire , where Boo had grown up . Their goal was to start a business and ministry : in the winter it was called " The Sign of the Dove Retreat Center " and in the summer it became " Pony Farm " . Boo still runs " Pony Farm " as a horse camp for children . In 1977 , Robinson began working with a committee in the Diocese of New Hampshire to study human sexuality and co @-@ authored a small manual on the subject . Robinson and Boo 's first daughter , Jamee , was born in 1977 , followed by a second daughter , Ella , in 1981 . Robinson treasures his marriage stating , " [ T ] hat is inextricably tied up with having children . And since I cannot imagine my life without Jamee and Ella , it 's just a completely irrelevant question for me . And I don 't regret having been married to Boo , either , even if there had not been children . It 's just a part of my journey , and why would I possibly regret that ? " = = Coming out and career = = Robinson came out to his and Boo 's friends in 1985 / 1986 and he sold out his part of the business to Boo . They remain friends . In November 1987 , Robinson met his partner , Mark Andrew , while on vacation in St. Croix . Andrew was on vacation and worked in Washington , D.C. , at the national office of the Peace Corps . On July 2 , 1988 , Robinson and Andrew moved into a new house and had it blessed by Bishop Douglas Theuner , an event which they considered to be the formal recognition of their life together . Andrew currently works in the New Hampshire state government . He was legally joined to Robinson in June 2008 in a private civil union ceremony , followed by a religious ceremony , both in St Paul 's Church , Concord . Earlier , Robinson had said , " I always wanted to be a June bride . " Robinson and Andrew ended their union in 2014 . Robinson became Canon to the Ordinary in 1988 , the executive assistant to the then bishop of New Hampshire , Douglas Theuner . Robinson remained in this job for the next seventeen years until he was elected bishop . Robinson and his daughters are very close . Ella actively helped her father with public relations at the General Convention in 2003 . Just a week before the General Convention , Robinson had been with his daughter Jamee and held his four @-@ hour @-@ old first granddaughter . He now has two granddaughters . = = Election as bishop = = Robinson was elected bishop by the New Hampshire diocese on June 7 , 2003 , at St. Paul 's Church in Concord . Thirty @-@ nine clergy votes and 83 lay votes were the threshold necessary to elect a bishop in the Diocese of New Hampshire at that time . The clergy voted 58 votes for Robinson and the laity voted 96 for Robinson on the second ballot . The Episcopal Church requires in its Canon 16 that the election procedure and the candidate who is elected be subjected to review and must be consented to by the national church . No objections were raised to the procedure of the election . If diocesan election occurred within 120 days ( 3 months ) of a General Convention , canon law requires consent by the House of Deputies and then the House of Bishops at the General Convention itself . Consent to the election of Robinson was given in August at the 2003 General Convention . The General Convention of 2003 became the center for debate over Robinson 's election , as conservatives and liberals within the Church argued over whether Robinson should be allowed to become bishop . Some conservative factions threatened a schism within both the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion should Robinson be elected . Before the House of Deputies can vote on a resolution , a legislative committee must examine the piece of legislation first . The Committee on the Consecration of Bishops held a two @-@ hour hearing on Robinson 's election and supporters and opponents were allowed to speak . One of the speakers was Robinson 's daughter , Ella , who read a letter from his ex @-@ wife Boo in strong support of Robinson . The House of Deputies , which consists of laypersons and priests , voted in the affirmative : the laity voted 63 in favor , 32 opposed , and 13 divided ; the clergy voted 65 in favor , 31 opposed , and 12 divided . Robinson won the first two of three votes required for his election to be ratified , but allegations suddenly arose in August 2003 that Robinson had inappropriately touched a male parishioner and had connections with OutRight.org , which at the time carried a link to AllThingsBi.com , a resource site for bisexual people that included links to pornography sites . The final vote was postponed to address these last @-@ minute charges . David W. Virtue , a critic of gay ordination , brought up the pornography allegation , claiming that : " Gene Robinson 's website is linked by one click to 5 @,@ 000 pornographic websites . " When no such link was found on the Diocese of New Hampshire web page profiling the bishop @-@ elect , Virtue stated that the link was on the website of an organization Robinson supported . Robinson was already known to be associated with Outright , a secular organization for the support of young LGBT people . Fred Barnes , a Fox News commentator , repeated the allegations on the website of The Weekly Standard . On the day the allegations arose , the website issued a press release stating that it had removed the offending link , that it had been unaware of the pornographic links on allthingsbi.com , and that Robinson had no involvement with that particular chapter of Outright . The male parishioner of Manchester , Vermont ( in a diocese neighboring Robinson 's ) who had alleged the " touching " , was then reported to have said , during the investigating committee 's telephone call with him , that the acts in question were two separate occasions of what felt to him like intentionally seductive arm @-@ squeezing and back @-@ stroking , although in a public setting . The man acknowledged that others might have regarded the two incidents as " natural , " yet the incidents were disturbing to him nonetheless . The investigating committee 's report also stated that man regretted having used the word " harassment " in his e @-@ mail , and that man declined an invitation to bring formal charges . After a two @-@ day investigation , neither allegation proved of merit . The House of Bishops voted for Robinson in the affirmative , with 62 in favor , 43 opposed , and 2 abstaining . = = Consecration as bishop = = The election in New Hampshire , like all elections of bishops in the Episcopal Church , was done by a synodical election process , unlike many other parts of the Anglican Communion where bishops are appointed . This detail would be misunderstood when the international commentary following Robinson 's election suggested he should voluntarily step down or be asked to do so . The Jeffrey John case in the Church of England is the best example to contrast the election of bishops with the appointment of bishops . Jeffrey John is an openly gay priest living in a long @-@ standing celibate relationship ( he self @-@ identifies as celibate ) and was appointed as a bishop . One person alone , Richard Harries , Bishop of Oxford , had the authority to appoint the Bishop of Reading ( an area bishop in Oxford diocese ) ; though new bishops are customarily consecrated by the archbishop . Rowan Williams , Archbishop of Canterbury , however , allegedly persuaded him to not proceed with the appointment . This precedent would be used by the wider Anglican Communion to pressure Robinson . Robinson said that " there was not a single bishop involved in the choosing of me to be Bishop of New Hampshire . " The Elections and Transitions Committee arranged for the Whittemore Center to be used for the consecration , a large hockey rink on the campus of the University of New Hampshire in Durham . The numbers expected were about 3 @,@ 000 people , 300 press , a 200 strong choir , and 48 bishops . The security was strong : just as Barbara Harris had to wear a bullet @-@ proof vest at her consecration , Robinson was showing his bullet @-@ proof vest to Harris herself . Robinson 's parents , sister , daughter and their families and his ex @-@ wife Boo were all at the consecration . Robinson was consecrated on November 2 , 2003 , in the presence of Frank Griswold , Presiding Bishop , and six co @-@ consecrating bishops : 48 bishops in all . Robinson 's election and consecration prompted a group of 19 bishops , led by Robert Duncan , Bishop of the Diocese of Pittsburgh , to make a statement warning the church of a possible schism between the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion . Rowan Williams , Archbishop of Canterbury , stated that " [ it ] will inevitably have a significant impact on the Anglican Communion throughout the world and it is too early to say what the result of that will be . " He added : " [ I ] t is my hope that the church in America and the rest of the Anglican Communion will have the opportunity to consider this development before significant and irrevocable decisions are made in response . " Desmond Tutu , Archbishop emeritus of Cape Town , stated that he did not see what " all the fuss " was about , saying the election would not roil the Church of the Province of Southern Africa . Other senior bishops of the church , like Peter Akinola , Archbishop of the Church of Nigeria and head of the Global South , have made Robinson a figurehead in their dispute with the Episcopal Church . Some disaffected Episcopalians have disaffiliated from the Episcopal Church and formed the Convocation of Anglicans in North America with the support of the Nigerian church . = = After consecration = = Reports from Britain describe how Robinson has received death threats , had to wear bulletproof vests , and needed protection since his election and consecration . In February 2006 , Robinson was treated at an inpatient rehabilitation facility to deal with his " increasing dependence on alcohol " . Diocesan officials were surprised by the news and asserted that they did not notice his alcoholism affect his ministry in any way . The Episcopal Church , through its General Convention , has long recognized alcoholism as a treatable human disease , not a failure of character or will . The members of the Standing Committee issued a statement fully supporting Robinson . He returned to work in March 2006 . Robinson was featured prominently in a documentary film entitled For the Bible Tells Me So , which screened at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival . He has opposed the Roman Catholic ban on homosexual seminarians , stating : " I find it so vile that they think they are going to end the child abuse scandal by throwing out homosexuals from seminaries . " Due to the controversy surrounding his consecration , Bishop Robinson was not invited to the 2008 Lambeth Conferences by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Rowan Williams . A group of conservative bishops ( including Akinola and Duncan ) who opposed Robinson 's consecration gathered in Jerusalem one month prior to Lambeth 2008 , at the Global Anglican Future Conference , an event which is perceived by some as schismatic . Robinson did however visit the United Kingdom privately in July 2008 , during which he participated in a film screening and question and answer session with Sir Ian McKellan at the Royal Festival Hall , and was invited to preach at St Mary 's Putney , events which attracted much media attention . The sermon was interrupted by a heckler who was then escorted out of the service . Robinson asked the rest of the congregation , most of whom greeted the interruption with slow @-@ clapping , to " pray for that man " , before completing his sermon . The Primate of the Episcopal Church of the Sudan , Archbishop Daniel Deng Bul , on July 22 at a public press conference during the 2008 Lambeth Conference called for Robinson to resign , and for all those who had participated in his consecration to confess their sin to the conference . In 2009 Robinson was selected to deliver the invocation at the kickoff event of President Barack Obama 's inaugural weekend . Despite his extended involvement with Obama during the campaign , his selection was widely discussed as an effort to counterbalance the role of the choice of evangelical pastor Rick Warren . Media outlets noted Warren compared the legitimization of same @-@ sex marriage to the legalization of " incest , polygamy or ' an older guy marrying a child ' " . Warren also supported California Proposition 8 , which banned same @-@ sex marriage in the state . However , Warren took a conciliatory tone towards Obama : " I applaud his desire to be the president of every citizen . " The kickoff event was held at the Lincoln Memorial two days before Obama 's swearing @-@ in . It asked " the God of our many understandings " for seven blessings , and to help Obama , as President , in seven ways . Neither HBO 's exclusive live broadcast , nor the Presidential Inauguration Committee 's blog of the event included the invocation , but the prepared text was posted in full on the website of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire , and video shot informally by attendees was posted on YouTube . National Public Radio , which relied on the HBO feed that omitted it , broadcast a recording the following day with an interview of Robinson about its limited exposure ; in that venue , Robinson described it as conforming to the four @-@ fold Franciscan prayer model . According to the Washington Blade , it was the Presidential Inaugural Committee that made the decision for the prayer to be a part of the pre @-@ show and not the show , itself , with a spokesman from that committee maintaining the prayer was dropped through an unspecified " error . " Some gay activists maintain that this was a slight on the part of the Obama administration . In April 2009 , Robinson made the Out magazine Third Annual Power 50 list of the most influential gay men and women in the USA , landing at number 7 . In August 2009 , Gene Robinson was a key speaker at the 2009 Greenbelt Festival , held at Cheltenham Racecourse , Gloucestershire , England . Here he delivered three talks , each garnering an attendance in the thousands , based not only on his views of Christianity and homosexuality , but also on human sexuality in general and the rights of LGBT members of society . The three talks were entitled " Homosexuality : What the Bible says & why it matters " , " Keeping your cool in the eye of the storm " and " Sexuality and spirituality : keeping them together " . As well as these three talks , Gene Robinson made a big impact on some gay and lesbian festival @-@ goers by leading them collectively in prayer on the second night of the festival as part of a small group . = Mysida = Mysida is an order of small , shrimp @-@ like crustaceans in the malacostracan superorder Peracarida . Their common name opossum shrimps stems from the presence of a brood pouch or " marsupium " in females . The fact that the larvae are reared in this pouch and are not free @-@ swimming characterises the order . The mysid 's head bears a pair of stalked eyes and two pairs of antennae . The thorax consists of eight segments each bearing branching limbs , the whole concealed beneath a protective carapace and the abdomen has six segments and usually further small limbs . Mysids are found throughout the world in both shallow and deep marine waters where they can be benthic or pelagic , but they are also important in some fresh water and brackish ecosystems . Many benthic species make daily vertical migrations into higher parts of the water column . Mysids are filter feeders , omnivores that feed on algae , detritus and zooplankton . Some mysids are cultured in the laboratory for experimental purposes and are used as a food source for other cultured marine organisms . They are sensitive to water pollution , so are sometimes used as bioindicators to monitor water quality . = = Description = = The head of a mysid bears two pairs of antennae and a pair of large , stalked eyes . The head and first segment ( or sometimes the first three segments ) of the thorax are fused to form the cephalothorax . The eight thoracic segments are covered by the carapace which is attached only to the first three . The first two thoracic segments bear maxillipeds which are used to filter plankton and organic particulate from the water . The other six pairs of thoracic appendages are biramous ( branching ) limbs known as pereopods , and are used for swimming , as well as for wafting water towards the maxillipeds for feeding . Unlike true shrimps ( Caridea ) , females have a marsupium beneath the thorax . This brood pouch is enclosed by the large , flexible oostegites , bristly flaps which extend from the basal segments of the pereopods and which form the floor of a chamber roofed by the animal 's sternum . This chamber is where the eggs are brooded , development being direct in most cases . The abdomen has six segments , the first five of which bear pleopods , although these may be absent or vestigial in females . The fourth pleopod is longer than the others in males and has a specialized reproductory function . The majority of species are 5 – 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 0 in ) long , and vary in colour from pale and transparent , through to bright orange or brown . They differ from other species within the superorder Peracarida by featuring statocysts on their uropods ( located on the last abdominal segment ) . These help the animal orient itself in the water and are clearly seen as circular vesicles : together with the pouch the statocysts are often used as features that distinguish mysids from other shrimp @-@ like organisms . = = Distribution = = Mysids have a cosmopolitan distribution and are found in both marine and freshwater environments , the deep sea , estuaries , shallow coastal waters , lakes , rivers and underground waters . They are primarily marine and fewer than ten percent are found in freshwater . There are about 72 freshwater species in total , being predominantly found in the palearctic and neoptropical zones . These non @-@ marine mysids occur in four distinct types of habitats ; some are estuarine species ; some were isolated in the Ponto @-@ Caspian Basin where Paramysis has since radiated enormously ( 23 species ) ; some are glacial relicts and some are subterranean Tethyan relicts . = = Behaviour = = Some species are benthic ( living on the seabed ) and others pelagic ( living in mid @-@ water ) , but most are found close to , crawling on or burrowing into the mud or sand . Most marine species are benthic by day but leave the seabed at night to become planktonic . Locomotion is mostly by swimming , the pleopods being used for this purpose . Some mysids live among algae and seagrasses , some are solitary while many form dense swarms . Mysids form an important part of the diet of such fish as shad and flounder . In general , they are free @-@ living , but a few species , mostly in the subfamily Heteromysinae , are commensal and are associated with sea anemones and hermit crabs . Several taxa have also been described from different freshwater habitats and caves . Mysis relicta and its close relatives inhabit cold , deep lakes and have a diurnal cycle of vertical migrations . The majority of Mysida are omnivores , feeding on algae , detritus , and zooplankton . Scavenging and cannibalism are also common , with the adults sometimes preying on their young once they emerge from the marsupium . The pelagic and most other species are filter feeders , creating a feeding current with the exopods of their pereopods . This wafts food particles into a ventral food groove along which they are passed before being filtered by setae ( bristles ) on the second maxillae . Larger planktonic prey can be caught in a trap composed of the endopods of the thoracic appendages . Some benthic species , especially members of the subfamily Erythropinae , have been observed feeding on small particles which they collected by grooming the surfaces of their bodies and legs . Individual mysids are either male or female , and fertilisation is external . The gonads are in the thorax and are tubular in shape . Males have two gonopores in the eighth thoracic segment and a pair of long penises . The female gonopores are in the sixth thoracic segment and the oostegites are attached to the first to seventh pereopods to form a brood pouch . Mating usually takes place at night and lasts only a few minutes . During the process , the male inserts his penises into the marsupium and releases sperm . This stimulates the female and the eggs are usually released into the marsupium within an hour . Here they are fertilised and retained , development of the embryos in the brood pouch being direct with the young hatching from the eggs as miniature adults . The size of a mysid brood generally correlates with body length and environmental factors such as density and food availability . The age at which mysids reach sexual maturity depends on water temperature and food availability . For the species Mysidopsis bahia , this is normally at 12 to 20 days . The young are released soon afterwards , and although their numbers are usually low , the short reproductive cycle of mysid adults means a new brood can be produced every four to seven days . = = Culturing mysids = = Some species of mysids are easy to culture on a large scale in the laboratory as they are highly adaptive , and can tolerate a wide range of conditions . Despite low fecundity , these species have a short reproductive cycle which means they can quickly reproduce in vast numbers . They can be cultured in static or flow @-@ through systems , the latter having been shown to be able to maintain a higher stocking density than a static system . In flow @-@ through systems , juvenile mysids are continuously separated from the adult brood stock in order to reduce mortality due to cannibalism . Artemia ( brine shrimp ) juveniles ( incubated for 24 hours ) are the most common food in mysid cultures , sometimes enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids to increase their nutritional value . Cultured mysids are thought to provide an ideal food source for many marine organisms . They are often fed to cephalopods , fish larvae , and commercial farmed shrimp due to their small size and low cost . Their high protein and fat content also makes them a good alternative to live enriched Artemia when feeding juveniles ( especially those that are difficult to maintain such as young seahorses ) and other small fauna . Their sensitivity to water quality also makes them suitable for bioassays . Americamysis bahia and Americamysis almyra are frequently used to test for pesticides and other toxic substances , with A. bahia found to be more sensitive during the periods when it is moulting . = = Systematics = = The Mysida belong to the superorder Peracarida , which means “ near to shrimps ” . Although in many respects mysids appear similar to some shrimps , the main characteristic separating them from the superorder Eucarida is their lack of free @-@ swimming larvae . The order Mysida is extensive and currently includes approximately 160 genera , containing more than 1000 species . Traditionally , Mysida were united with another , externally similar group of pelagic crustaceans , the Lophogastrida , into a broader order Mysidacea , but that classification is generally abandoned at present . While the previous grouping had good morphological support , molecular studies do not corroborate the monophyly of this group . Previously Mysida included two other families , Lepidomysidae and Stygiomysidae , but these have now been placed in a separate order , Stygiomysida . = = Classification = = = Seung @-@ Hui Cho = Seung @-@ Hui Cho ( in Korean , properly " Cho Seung @-@ Hui " ) ( / sʌŋ hiː tʃoʊ / ; January 18 , 1984 – April 16 , 2007 ) was a South Korean @-@ born mass murderer who killed 32 people and wounded 17 others on April 16 , 2007 , at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg , Virginia . An additional six people were injured jumping from windows to escape . He was a senior @-@ level undergraduate student at the university . The shooting rampage came to be known as the Virginia Tech shooting . Cho committed suicide after police breached the doors of the building where the majority of the shooting had taken place . His body is buried in Fairfax , Virginia . Born in South Korea , Cho arrived in the United States at the age of eight with his family . He became a U.S. permanent resident as a South Korean national . In middle school , he was diagnosed with a severe anxiety disorder with selective mutism , as well as major depressive disorder . After his diagnosis , he began receiving treatment and continued to receive therapy and special education support until his junior year of high school . During Cho 's last two years at Virginia Tech , several instances of his abnormal behavior , as well as plays and other writings he submitted containing references to violence , caused concern among teachers and classmates . In the aftermath of the shootings , Virginian governor Tim Kaine convened a panel consisting of various officials and experts to investigate and examine the response and handling of issues related to the shootings . The panel released its final report in August 2007 , devoting more than 30 pages to detailing Cho 's troubled history . In the report , the panel criticized the failure of the educators and mental health professionals who came into contact with Cho during his college years to notice his deteriorating condition and help him . The panel also criticized misinterpretations of privacy laws and gaps in Virginia 's mental health system and gun laws . In addition , the panel faulted Virginia Tech administrators in particular for failing to take immediate action after the first shootings . Nevertheless , the report did acknowledge that Cho was still primarily responsible for not seeking assistance and for his murderous rampage . = = Early life and education = = Cho was born on 18 January 1984 in the city of Asan , in South Korea 's South Chungcheong Province . Cho and his family lived in a basement apartment in the South Korean capital of Seoul for a couple of years before immigrating to the United States . Cho 's father was self @-@ employed as a bookstore owner , but made minimum wages from the venture . Seeking better education and opportunities for his children , Cho 's father immigrated to the United States in September 1992 with his wife and three children . Cho was eight years old at the time . The family first lived in Detroit , then moved to the Washington metropolitan area after learning that it had one of the largest South Korean expatriate communities in the U.S. , particularly in Northern Virginia . Cho 's family settled in Centreville , an unincorporated community in western Fairfax County , Virginia about 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of Washington , D.C. Cho 's father and mother opened a dry @-@ cleaning business in Centreville . After the family moved to Centreville , Cho and his family became permanent residents of the United States as South Korean nationals . His parents became members of a local Christian church , and Cho himself was raised as a member of the religion , although he " hated his parents ' strong Christian faith . " According to one report , Cho had left a note in his dormitory which contained a rant referencing Christianity and denigrating " rich kids " . In a video that Cho mailed to the NBC headquarters in New York he stated , " Thanks to you I die like Jesus Christ , to inspire generations of the weak and defenseless people . " = = = Family concerns about Cho 's behavior during childhood = = = A few members of Cho 's family , those who remained in South Korea , had concerns about his behavior during his early childhood . Cho 's relatives thought that he was selectively mute or mentally ill . According to Cho 's uncle , Cho " didn 't say much and did not mix with other children . " Cho 's maternal great @-@ aunt described Cho as " cold " and a cause of family concern from as young as eight years old . According to his great @-@ aunt , who met him twice , Cho was extremely shy and " just would not talk at all . " He was otherwise considered " well @-@ behaved , " readily obeying verbal commands and cues . The great @-@ aunt said she knew something was wrong after the family 's departure for the United States because she heard frequent updates about Cho 's older sister but little news about Cho . During an ABC News Nightline interview on August 30 , 2007 , Cho 's grandfather reported his concerns about Cho 's behavior during childhood . According to Cho 's grandfather , Cho never looked up to him to make eye contact , never called him grandfather , and never moved to embrace him . = = = Behavior in school = = = Cho attended the Poplar Tree Elementary School in Chantilly , an unincorporated , small community in Virginia 's Fairfax County . According to Kim Gyeong @-@ won , who met Cho in the fifth grade and took classes with him , Cho finished the three @-@ year program at Poplar Tree Elementary School in one and a half years . Cho was noted for being good at mathematics and English , and teachers pointed to him as an example for other students . At that time , according to Kim , nobody disliked Cho and he " was recognized by friends as a boy of knowledge ; ... a good dresser who was popular with the girls . " Kim added that " I only have good memories about him . " An acquaintance noted that " Every time he came home from school he would cry and throw tantrums saying he never wanted to return to school " when Cho first came to the U.S. in about the second grade . In 1999 , during the spring of Cho 's eighth grade year , the Columbine High School massacre made international news . Cho was transfixed by it . " I remember sitting in Spanish class with him , right next to him , and there being something written on his binder to the effect of , you know , ' ' F ' you all , I hope you all burn in hell , ' which I would assume meant us , the students , " said Ben Baldwin , a classmate of Cho . Also , Cho wrote in a school assignment about wanting to " repeat Columbine " . The school contacted Cho 's sister , who reported the incident to their parents . Cho was sent to a psychiatrist . Cho attended secondary schools in Fairfax County , including Ormond Stone Middle School in Centreville and Westfield High School in Chantilly , and by eighth grade had been diagnosed with selective mutism , a social anxiety disorder which inhibited him from speaking . Through high school , he was bullied for his shyness and unusual speech patterns . According to Chris Davids , a high school classmate in Cho 's English class at Westfield High School , Cho looked down and refused to speak when called upon . Davids added that , after one teacher threatened to give Cho a failing grade for not participating in class , he began reading in a strange , deep voice that sounded " like he had something in his mouth . [ ... ] " While several students recalled instances of Cho being bullied and mocked at Westfield , most left him alone and later said they were not aware of his anger . Cho graduated from Westfield High School in 2003 . = = = Selective @-@ mutism diagnosis = = = Immediately after the incident , reports carried speculation by Cho 's family members in South Korea that he was autistic . However , no known record exists of Cho ever being diagnosed with autism , nor could an autism diagnosis be verified with Cho 's parents . The Virginia Tech Review Panel report dismissed an autism diagnosis and experts later doubted the autism claim . More than four months after the attack , The Wall Street Journal reported on August 20 , 2007 that Cho had been diagnosed with selective mutism . The Virginia Tech Review Panel report , also released in August 2007 , placed this diagnosis in the spring of Cho 's eighth @-@ grade year , and his parents sought treatment for him through medication and therapy . In high school , Cho was placed in special education under the ' emotional disturbance ' classification . He was excused from oral presentations and participation in class conversation and received 50 minutes a month of speech therapy . He continued receiving mental health therapy as well until his junior year , when Cho rejected further therapy . To address his problems , Cho 's parents also took him to church . According to a pastor at the Centreville Korean Presbyterian Church , Cho was a smart student who understood the Bible , but he was concerned about Cho 's difficulty in speaking to people . The pastor added that , until he saw the video that Cho sent to NBC News , he never heard him say a complete sentence . The pastor also recalled that he told Cho 's mother that he speculated Cho was autistic and he asked her to take him to a hospital , but she declined . Forbidden by federal law to disclose ( without Cho 's permission ) any record of disability or treatment , Westfield officials disclosed none of Cho 's speech and anxiety @-@ related problems to Virginia Tech . = = Demeanor at Virginia Tech = = In his freshman year at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ( Virginia Tech ) , Cho enrolled as an undergraduate major in business information technology , a program that included " a combination of computer science and management coursework offered by the Pamplin College of Business . " By his senior year , Cho was majoring in English . Virginia Tech declined to divulge details about Cho 's academic record and why he changed his major , citing privacy laws . At the time of the attacks , Cho lived with five roommates in Suite 2121 , a three @-@ room suite in Harper Hall , a dormitory that houses 249 co @-@ ed students , located just west of Cochrane Hall on the Virginia Tech campus . = = = Relationship with faculty = = = Professor Nikki Giovanni , who taught Cho in a poetry class in the fall of 2005 , had him removed from her class because she found his behavior " menacing . " She recalled that Cho had a " mean streak " and described his writing as " intimidating . " Cho had intimidated female students by photographing their legs under their desks and by writing obscene , violent poetry . Giovanni offered that " [ she ] was willing to resign before [ she ] would continue with him . " About six weeks after the semester began , Giovanni wrote a letter to then @-@ department head Lucinda Roy , who removed Cho from the class . Roy alerted the student affairs office , the dean 's office , and the campus police , but each office responded that there was nothing they could do if Cho made no overt threats against himself or others . After Giovanni was informed of the massacre , she remarked that " [ I ] knew when it happened that that 's probably who it was , " and " would have been shocked if it wasn 't . " Roy , who had taught Cho in Introduction to Poetry the previous year , described him as " an intelligent man , " and that he seemed to be an awkward , lonely and insecure student who never took off his sunglasses , even indoors . She described Cho 's behavior as " arrogant " and " obnoxious " at times , and that she tried several different ways to help him . Roy declined to comment on Cho 's writings , saying only in general that they " seemed very angry . " She added that Cho , when called on in class , would take 20 seconds to answer questions , and whispered his response . He also took cell phone pictures of her in class . After Roy became concerned with Cho 's behavior and the themes in his writings , she started meeting with Cho to work with him one @-@ on @-@ one . However , she soon became concerned for her safety , and told her assistant that she would use the name of a dead professor as a duress code , in order to alert the assistant to call security . After Roy notified authorities of Cho 's behavior , she urged Cho to seek counseling , but to her knowledge , Cho never followed through with the request , in spite of his insistence to the contrary When creative writing professor Lisa Norris , who taught Cho in both Advanced Fiction Writing and Contemporary Fiction , was asked about him by Mary Ann Lewis , associate dean for Liberal Arts and Human Sciences , she was not told that he was suffering from mental health problems or about prior police reports concerning his harassment of female students . According to Norris , " my guess is that either the information was not accessible to her [ Lewis ] or it was privileged and could not be released to me . " Lewis told Norris to recommend that Cho seek counseling at the on @-@ campus Cook Counseling Center , as Lewis had already done . = = = Relationship with students = = = Fellow students described Cho as a " quiet " person who " would not respond if someone greeted him . " Student Julie Poole recalled the first day of a literature class the previous year when the students introduced themselves one by one . When it was Cho 's turn to introduce himself , he did not speak . According to Poole , the professor looked at the sign @-@ in sheet and found that , whereas all the others had written out their names , Cho had written only a question mark . Poole added that " we just really knew him as the question mark kid " . Karan Grewal , who shared a suite with Cho at Harper Hall , reported that Cho " would sit in a wood rocker by the window [ in his room at the dormitory ] ; and stare at the lawn below " . According to Grewal , " Cho appeared to never go to class or read a book during his senior year , " adding that Cho just typed on his laptop , went to the dining hall and clipped his hair in the bathroom , cleaning up the hair afterwards . Grewal also reported that he witnessed Cho riding his bicycle in circles in the parking lot of the dormitory . Andy Koch and John Eide , who once shared a room with Cho at Cochrane Hall during 2005 and 2006 , stated that Cho demonstrated other repetitive behaviors , such as listening repeatedly to " Shine " by the alternative rock band Collective Soul . Cho wrote the song 's lyrics " Teach me how to speak ; Teach me how to share ; Teach me where to go " on the wall of his dormitory room . Koch described two further unusual incidents , including one where Cho stood in the doorway of his room late at night taking photographs of him ( Koch ) and a second incident where Cho repeatedly placed harassing cell phone calls to Koch as " Cho 's brother , ' Question Mark ' , " a name Cho also used when introducing himself to girls . Koch and Eide searched Cho 's belongings and found a pocket knife , but they did not find any items that they deemed seriously threatening to them . Koch also described a telephone call that he received from Cho during the Thanksgiving holiday break from school . During that call , Koch said that Cho claimed to be " vacationing with Vladimir Putin , " with Cho adding " Yeah , we 're in North Carolina . " In response , Koch told him " I 'm pretty sure that 's not possible , Seung . " Because of Cho 's behavior , Koch and Eide , who had earlier tried to befriend him , gradually stopped talking to him and told their friends , especially female classmates , not to visit their room . Koch and Eide claimed Cho was involved in at least three stalking incidents , two of which resulted in verbal warnings by the Virginia Tech campus police . The first alleged stalking incident occurred on November 27 , 2005 . After the incident , according to Koch , Cho claimed to have sent an instant message online to the female student by AOL Instant Messenger and found out where she lived on the campus . Eide stated that Cho then visited her room to see if she was " cool " , adding that Cho remarked that he only found " promiscuity in her eyes " . Eide added that , when Cho visited the female student , Cho said , " Hi , I 'm Question Mark " to her , " which really freaked her out . " The female student called the campus police , complaining that Cho had sent her annoying messages and made an unannounced visit to her room . Two uniformed members of the campus police visited Cho 's room at the dormitory later that evening and warned him not to contact the female student again . Cho made no further contact with the student . The final alleged stalking incident came to light on December 13 , 2005 . In the preceding days , Cho had contacted a female friend of Koch via AIM and wrote on her door board a line from Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , Act 2 , scene II , in which Romeo laments to Juliet : " By a name , I know not how to tell who I am . My name , dear saint , is hateful to myself , because it is an enemy to thee . Had I it written , I would tear the word . " The young woman was initially unconcerned by Cho 's AIM messages and the Shakespearean message he left on her door board , until she was contacted by Andy Koch via AIM . Koch told her that Cho was involved in an earlier stalking incident and that , " i think he is schizophrenic " [ sic ] . After Koch 's encouragement , the young woman contacted the campus police , who again warned Cho against further unwanted contact . After that warning , Cho made no further contact with the second female student . Later the same day , Cho sent a text message to Koch with the words , " I might as well kill myself now . " Worried that Cho was suicidal , Koch contacted his father for advice , and both of them contacted campus authorities . The campus police returned to the dormitory and escorted Cho to New River Valley Community Services Board , the Virginia mental health agency serving Blacksburg . = = Psychiatric evaluation = = = = = Court @-@ ordered psychiatric assessment = = = On December 13 , 2005 , Cho was found " mentally ill and in need of hospitalization " by New River Valley Community Services Board . The physician who examined Cho noted that he had a flat affect and depressed mood , even though Cho " denied suicidal thoughts and did not acknowledge symptoms of a thought disorder . " Cho , suspected of being " an imminent danger to himself or others , " was detained temporarily at Carilion St. Albans Behavioral Health Center in Radford , Virginia , pending a commitment hearing before the Montgomery County , Virginia district court . Virginia Special Justice Paul Barnett certified in an order that Cho " presented an imminent danger to himself as a result of mental illness , " but instead recommended treatment for Cho as an outpatient . On December 14 , 2005 , Cho was released from the mental health facility after Judge Barnett ordered Cho to undergo mental health treatment on an outpatient basis , with a directive for the " court @-@ ordered [ outpatient ] to follow all recommended treatments . " Since Cho underwent only a minimal psychiatric assessment , the true diagnosis for Cho 's mental health status remains unknown . Because Cho was not involuntarily committed to a mental health facility as an inpatient , he was still legally eligible to buy guns under Virginia law . However , according to Virginia law , " [ a ] magistrate has the authority to issue a detention order upon a finding that a person is mentally ill and in need of hospitalization or treatment . " The magistrate also must find that the person is an imminent danger to himself or others . Virginia officials and other law experts have argued that , under United States federal law , Barnett 's order meant that Cho had been " adjudicated as a mental defective " and was thus ineligible to purchase firearms under federal law ; and that the state of Virginia erred in not enforcing the requirements of the federal law . = = = Family efforts = = = The Virginia Tech Review Panel report shed light on numerous efforts by Cho 's family to secure help for him as early as adolescence . However , when Cho reached 18 and left for college , the family lost its legal authority over him , and their influence on him waned . Cho 's mother , increasingly concerned about his inattention to classwork , his classroom absences and his asocial behavior , sought help for him during summer 2006 from various churches in Northern Virginia . According to Dong Cheol Lee , minister of One Mind Presbyterian Church of Washington ( located in Woodbridge ) Cho 's mother sought help from the church for Cho 's problems . Lee added that " [ Cho 's ] problem needed to be solved by spiritual power ... that 's why she came to our church – because we were helping several people like him . " Members of Lee 's church even told Cho 's mother that he was afflicted by " demonic power " and needed " deliverance . " Before the church could meet with the family , however , Cho returned to school to start his senior year at Virginia Tech . = = Virginia Tech shooting = = Around 7 : 15 a.m. EDT ( 11 : 15 UTC ) on April 16 , 2007 , Cho killed two students , Emily J. Hilscher and Ryan C. " Stack " Clark , on the fourth floor of West Ambler Johnston Hall , a high @-@ rise co @-@ educational dormitory . Investigators later determined that Cho 's shoes matched a blood @-@ stained print found in the hallway outside Hilscher 's room . The shoes and bloody jeans were found in Cho 's dormitory room where he had stashed them after the attack . Within the next two and a half hours , Cho returned to his room to rearm himself ; he mailed a package to NBC News that contained pictures , digital video files and documents . At approximately 9 : 45 a.m. EDT ( 13 : 45 UTC ) , he then crossed the campus to Norris Hall , a classroom building on the campus where , in a span of nine minutes , Cho shot dozens of people , killing 30 of them . As police breached the area of the building where Cho attacked the faculty and students , Cho committed suicide in Norris 211 with a gunshot to his temple . Cho 's gunshot wound destroyed his face , obscuring identification of his body for several hours . The police identified Cho by matching the fingerprints on the guns used in the shootings with immigration records . Before the shootings , Cho 's only known connection to Norris Hall was as a student in the sociology class , which met in a classroom on the second floor of the building . Although police had not stated positively at the time of the initial investigation that Cho was the perpetrator of the Norris Hall shootings and the earlier one at West Ambler Johnston Hall , forensic evidence confirmed that the same gun was used in both shooting incidents . = = = Preparation = = = = = = = Weapons = = = = During February and March 2007 , Cho began purchasing the weapons that he later used during the killings . On February 9 , 2007 , Cho purchased his first handgun , a .22 caliber Walther P22 semi @-@ automatic pistol , from TGSCOM Inc . , a federally licensed firearms dealer based in Green Bay , Wisconsin and the operator of the website through which Cho ordered the gun . TGSCOM Inc. shipped the Walther P22 to JND Pawnbrokers in Blacksburg , Virginia , where Cho completed the legally required background check for the purchase transaction and took possession of the handgun . Cho bought a second handgun , a 9mm Glock 19 semi @-@ automatic pistol , on March 13 , 2007 from Roanoke Firearms , a licensed gun dealer located in Roanoke , Virginia . Cho was able to pass both background checks and successfully complete both handgun purchases after he presented to the gun dealers his U.S. permanent residency card , his Virginia driver 's permit to prove legal age and length of Virginia residence and a checkbook showing his Virginia address , in addition to waiting the required 30 @-@ day period between each gun purchase . He was successful at completing both handgun purchases because he did not disclose on the background questionnaire that a Virginia court had ordered him to undergo outpatient treatment at a mental health facility . On March 22 , 2007 , Cho purchased two 10 @-@ round magazines for the Walther P22 pistol through eBay from Elk Ridge Shooting Supplies in Idaho . Based on a preliminary computer forensics examination of Cho 's eBay purchase records , investigators suspected that Cho may have purchased an additional 10 @-@ round magazine on March 23 , 2007 from another eBay seller who sold gun accessories . Cho also bought jacketed hollow @-@ point bullets , which result in more tissue damage than full metal jacket bullets against unarmored targets by expanding upon entering soft tissue . Along with a manifesto , Cho later sent a photograph of the hollow point bullets to NBC News with the caption " All the [ shit ] you 've given me , right back at you with hollow points . " = = = = Motive = = = = During the investigation , the police found a note in Cho 's room in which he criticized " rich kids " , " debauchery " and " deceitful charlatans " . In the note , Cho continued by saying that " you caused me to do this . " Early media reports also speculated that he was obsessed with fellow student Emily Hilscher and became enraged after she rejected his romantic overtures . Law enforcement investigators could not find evidence that Hilscher knew Cho . Cho and one of his victims , Ross Alameddine , attended the same English class during Autumn 2006 . Also in one video , he mentions " martyrs like Eric and Dylan " , almost certainly referring to Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold , the perpetrators of Columbine High School massacre . = = = Aftermath = = = = = = = Crime investigation = = = = Through ballistics examination , law enforcement investigators determined that Cho used the Glock 19 pistol during the attacks at the West Ambler Johnston dormitory and at Norris Hall on the Virginia Tech campus . Police investigators found that Cho fired more than 170 shots during the killing spree , evidence technicians finding at least 17 empty magazines at the scene . During the investigation , federal law enforcement investigators found that the serial numbers were illegally filed off on both the Walther P22 and the Glock 19 handguns used by Cho during the rampage . " Investigators also say Cho practiced shooting at a firing range in Roanoke , about 40 miles from the campus , in mid @-@ March . " According to a former FBI agent and ABC consultant , " This was no spur @-@ of @-@ the @-@ moment crime . He 's been thinking about this for several months prior to the shooting . " = = = = Review of Cho 's medical records = = = = During the investigation , the matter of Cho 's court @-@ ordered mental health treatment was also examined to determine its outcome . Virginia investigators learned after a review of Cho 's medical records that he never complied with the order for the mandated mental health treatment as an outpatient . The investigators also found that neither the court nor New River Valley Community Services exercised oversight of his case to determine his compliance with the order . In response to questions about Cho 's case , New River Valley Community Services maintained that its facility was never named in the court order as the provider for his mental health treatment , and its responsibility ended once he was discharged from its care after the court order . In addition , Christopher Flynn , director of the Cook Counseling Center at Virginia Tech , mentioned that the court did not notify his office that Cho was required to seek outpatient mental health treatment . Flynn added that , " When a court gives a mandatory order that someone get outpatient treatment , that order is to the individual , not an agency ... The one responsible for ensuring that the mentally ill person receives help in these sort of cases ... is the mentally ill person . " As a result , Cho escaped compliance with the court order for mandatory mental health treatment as an outpatient , even though Virginia law required community services boards to " recommend a specific course of treatment and programs " for mental health patients and " monitor the person 's compliance . " As for the court , Virginia law also mandated that , if a person fails to comply with a court order to seek mental health treatment as an outpatient , that person can be brought back before the court " and if found still in crisis , can be committed to a psychiatric institution for up to 180 days . " Cho was never summoned to court to explain why he had not complied with the December 14 , 2005 order for mandatory mental health treatment as an outpatient . The investigation panel had sought Cho 's medical records for several weeks , but due to privacy laws , Virginia Tech was prohibited from releasing them without permission from Cho 's family , even after his death . The panel had considered using subpoenas to obtain his records . On June 12 , 2007 , Cho 's family released his medical records to the panel , although the panel said that the records were not enough . The panel obtained additional information by court order . Like the perpetrators of both the Columbine and Jokela school massacres , Cho was prescribed the antidepressant drug Prozac prior to his rampage , a substance suspected by Peter Breggin and David Healy of leading to suicidal behaviors . It is not known if Cho ever complied in filling or taking this prescription ; or if he had taken and then discontinued the prescribed medication . The toxicology test from the official autopsy later showed that neither psychiatric nor any kind of illegal drugs were in his system during the time of the shooting . In August 2009 , Cho 's family allowed Virginia Tech to release the records , along with those found in July 2009 , to the public . Previously , they were only given to the panel . = = = = Investigative panel report = = = = In the aftermath of the killing spree , Virginia Governor Timothy Kaine ( D ) appointed a panel to investigate the campus shootings , with plans for the panel to submit a report of its findings in approximately two to three months . Kaine also invited former Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge to join the panel to " review Cho 's mental health history and how police responded to the tragedy . " To help investigate and analyze the emergency response surrounding the Virginia Tech shootings , Kaine hired the same company that investigated the Columbine High School massacre . The panel 's final report devoted more than 30 pages to detailing Cho 's mental health history . The report criticized Virginia Tech educators , administrators and mental health staff in failing to " connect the dots " from numerous incidents that were warning signs of Cho 's mental instability beginning in his junior year . The report concluded that the school 's mental health systems " failed for lack of resources , incorrect interpretation of privacy laws , and passivity . " The report called Virginia 's mental health laws " flawed " and its mental health services " inadequate " . The report also confirmed that Cho was able to purchase two guns in violation of federal law because of Virginia 's inadequate background check requirements . = = = = Reaction of Cho 's family = = = = Cho 's older sister prepared a statement on her family 's behalf to apologize publicly for her brother 's actions , in addition to lending prayers to the victims and the families of the wounded and killed victims . " This is someone that I grew up with and loved . Now I feel like I didn 't know this person , " she said in the statement issued through a North Carolinian attorney . " We never could have envisioned that he was capable of so much violence . " Cho 's grandfather stated , " My grandson Seung @-@ Hui was very shy . I can 't believe he did such a thing . " In a 2008 article acknowledging the anniversary of the massacre , the Washington Post did a follow @-@ up on the family , reporting that they had gone into hiding for months following the massacre and , after eventually returning home , had " virtually cut themselves off from the world . " Several windows in their home have been papered over and drawn blinds cover the rest . The only real outside contact they have maintained is with an FBI agent assigned to their care and their lawyer , refusing even to contact their own relatives in South Korea . = = Media package sent to NBC News = = During the time period between the two shooting events on April 16 , Cho visited a local post office near the Virginia Tech campus where he mailed a parcel with a DVD inside to the New York headquarters of NBC News , which contained video clips , photographs and a manifesto explaining the reasons for his actions . The package , addressed from " A. Ishmael " as seen on an image of the USPS Express Mail envelope ( incorrectly printed as " Ismail " by The New York Times ) and apparently intended to be received on April 17 , was delayed because of an incorrect ZIP code and street address . The words " Ismail Ax " were scrawled in red ink on Cho 's arm . = = = Release of material = = = Upon receiving the package on April 18 , 2007 , NBC contacted authorities and made the controversial decision to publicize Cho 's communications by releasing a small fraction of what it received . After pictures and images from the videos were broadcast in numerous news reports , students and faculty from Virginia Tech , along with relatives of victims of the campus shooting , expressed concerns that glorifying Cho 's rampage could lead to copycat killings . The airing of the manifesto and its video images and pictures was upsetting to many who were more closely affected by the shootings : Peter Read , the father of Mary Read , one of the students who was killed by Cho during the rampage , asked the media to stop airing Cho 's manifesto . Police officials , who reviewed the video ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
pictures and manifesto , concluded that the contents of the media package had marginal value in helping them learn and understand why Cho committed the killings . Dr. Michael Welner , who also reviewed the materials , believed that Cho 's rantings offer little insight into the mental illness that may have triggered his rampage . Dr. Welner stated that " These videos do not help us understand Cho . They distort him . He was meek . He was quiet . This is a PR tape of him trying to turn himself into a Quentin Tarantino character . " During the April 24 , 2007 edition of The Oprah Winfrey Show , NBC News President Steve Capus stated NBC decided to show 2 minutes of 25 minutes of video , 7 of 43 photographs , and 37 sentences of 23 pages of written material or 5 of the 23 PDF files that were last modified at 7 : 24 a.m. , after the first shooting . He also stated that the content not shown included " over the top profanity " and " incredibly violent images " . He expressed hope that the unreleased material would never be made public . = = = Contents = = = In his manifesto , Cho mentioned the Columbine killers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold and made frequent references to hedonism and Christianity while expressing anger about unspecified wrongs that were done to him . In one of the videos , Cho said : I didn 't have to do this . I could have left . I could have fled . But no , I will no longer run . If not for me , for my children , for my brothers and sisters that you fucked ; I did it for them ... When the time came , I did it . I had to ... You had a hundred billion chances and ways to have avoided today , but you decided to spill my blood . You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option . The decision was yours . Now you have blood on your hands that will never wash off . You sadistic snobs . I may be nothing but a piece of dogshit . You have vandalized my heart , raped my soul , and torched my conscience . You thought it was one pathetic boy 's life you were extinguishing . Thanks to you , I die like Jesus Christ , to inspire generations of the weak and defenseless people . Do you know what it feels to be spit on your face and have trash shoved down your throat ? Do you know what it feels like to dig your own grave ? Do you know what it feels like to have your throat slashed from ear to ear ? Do you know what it feels like to be torched alive ? Do you know what it feels like to be humiliated and be impaled upon on a cross ? And left to bleed to death for your amusement ? You have never felt a single ounce of pain your whole life . Did you want to inject as much misery in our lives as you can just because you can ? You had everything you wanted . Your Mercedes wasn 't enough , you brats . Your golden necklaces weren 't enough , you snobs . Your trust fund wasn 't enough . Your Vodka and Cognac weren 't enough . All your debaucheries weren 't enough . Those weren 't enough to fulfill your hedonistic needs . You had everything . ( unclear ) crucified me . You loved inducing cancer in my head , terrorizing my heart , and raping my soul all this time . When the time came , I did it ... I had to . Pete Williams , a MSNBC justice correspondent , said that Cho lacked logical governance , suggesting that Cho was under severe emotional distress . In the video , Cho also railed against deceitful charlatans on campus , rich kids , materialism , and hedonism while , in another video , he compared himself to Jesus Christ , explaining that his death will influence generations of " defenseless people " . = = Writings = = = = = Plays = = = = = = = Richard McBeef = = = = In 2006 , pursuant to a class assignment , Cho wrote a short one @-@ act play entitled Richard McBeef . The play focused on John , a 13 @-@ year @-@ old boy whose father had died in a boating accident , and John 's stepfather , ex @-@ football player Richard McBeef ( whom John constantly refers to as " Dick " ) . When Richard touches John 's lap during an attempt at a ' father @-@ to @-@ son ' talk , the boy abruptly claims that his stepfather is molesting him . John then accuses his stepfather of having murdered his biological father and repeatedly says that he will kill Richard . John , Richard and Sue ( John 's mother ) are suddenly embroiled in a major argument . Richard then retreats to his car to escape the conflict , but John , despite claiming repeatedly that Richard was abusing him , joins his stepfather in the car and harasses him . The play ends with John trying to shove a banana @-@ flavored cereal bar into his stepfather 's throat ; Richard , hitherto a passive character , reacts " out of sheer desecrated hurt and anger " by " swinging a deadly blow " at the boy . = = = = Mr. Brownstone = = = = In a second play , Mr. Brownstone , written for another class assignment , Cho depicted three 17 @-@ year @-@ olds ( John , Jane , and Joe ) , who sit in a casino while discussing their deep hatred for Mr. Brownstone , their 45 @-@ year @-@ old mathematics teacher . The three characters claim — using the phrase " ass @-@ rape " — that Mr. Brownstone mistreats them . John wins a multimillion @-@ dollar jackpot from one of the slot machines , and Mr. Brownstone , amid volleys of profanity from the students , reports to casino officials that the three characters were underage and had illegally picked up the winning ticket . Mr. Brownstone tells the casino officials that it was he who had really won the jackpot , and that the minors had taken the ticket from him . " Mr. Brownstone " was also the name of a Guns N ' Roses song about heroin , and one page from Cho 's play consisted of lyrics from the song . = = = Short fiction paper = = = Approximately one year before the incident at Virginia Tech , Cho also wrote a paper for an assignment in the " Intro to Short Fiction " class that he took during the spring 2006 semester . In that paper , Cho wrote about a mass school murder that was planned by the protagonist of the story but , according to the story , the protagonist did not follow through with the killings . During the proceedings of the Virginia Tech panel , the panel was unaware of the existence of the paper written by Cho for his fiction writing class . When information surfaced about the paper , the Virginia Tech panel learned at that time that only the Virginia State Police and Virginia Tech had copies of the unreleased paper in their possession . The Virginia State Police reported that , although it had a copy of the paper , Virginia law prevented them from releasing the paper to the panel because it was part of the investigative file in an ongoing investigation . Virginia Tech , on the other hand , had known about the paper , and officials at the school discussed the contents of the paper among themselves in the aftermath of the shootings . According to Governor Kaine , " [ Virginia Tech ] was expected to turn over all of Cho 's writings to the panel " during the proceedings of the Virginia Tech panel . After some members of the Virginia Tech panel complained about the missing paper , Virginia Tech decided to release a copy of the paper to the panel during the latter part of the week of August 25 , 2007 . Although the Virginia Tech panel has since received the paper written by Cho for the fiction writing class , the precise contents of that paper have not been released to the public . = = = Reactions to writings = = = Edward Falco , a playwriting professor at Virginia Tech , has acknowledged that Cho wrote both plays in his class . The plays are fewer than 12 pages long and have several grammatical and typographical errors . Falco believed that Cho was drawn to writing because of his speech difficulties . Falco said of the plays , " They 're not good writing , but at least they are a form of communication . " Another professor who taught Cho characterized his work as " very adolescent " and " silly " , with attempts at " slapstick comedy " and " elements of violence " . Classmates believed " the plays were really morbid and grotesque . " Ian MacFarlane , Cho 's former classmate , stated that , " when we read Cho 's plays , it was like something out of a nightmare . The plays had really twisted , macabre violence that used weapons I wouldn 't have even thought of . " When Stephen Davis , a senior who was also in Cho 's class , read " Richard McBeef , " he turned to his roommate and said , " This is the kind of guy who is going to walk into a classroom and start shooting people . " Anna Brown , another student in the class , sometimes joked with her friends that Cho was " the kind of guy who might go on a rampage killing . " According to CBS News , " Cho Seung @-@ Hui 's violent writing [ and ] loner status fit the Secret Service shooter profile , " referring to a 2002 U.S. Secret Service study that was conducted after the Columbine massacre , with violent writing cited as one of the most typical behavioral attributes of school shooters . The U.S. Secret Service concluded the study by saying that " [ t ] he largest group of [ school shooters ] exhibited an interest in violence in their own writings , such as poems , essays or journal entries , " while school shooters ' interest in other violent media was generally low . Users of YouTube created filmed adaptations of " Richard McBeef " . Something Awful created a parody " CliffsNotes " entry describing Richard McBeef . = James Gwyn = James Gwyn ( November 24 , 1828 - July 17 , 1906 ) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He immigrated at a young age from Ireland in 1846 , initially working as a storekeeper in Philadelphia and later as a clerk in New York City . At the onset of the war , in 1861 , he enlisted and was commissioned as a captain with the 23rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry . He assumed command of the 118th Pennsylvania Regiment in the course of the war . Gwyn led that regiment through many of its 39 recorded battles , including engagements at Seven Pines , Fredericksburg , Shepherdstown , Five Forks , and Gettysburg . Gwyn was wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864 , but returned to service after recuperating to take command of the Third , and eventually the First and Second Brigades of the First Division of the Union Army 's V Corps . Gwyn was brevetted as a brigadier general President Abraham Lincoln and then as a major general by President Andrew Johnson for his service . His men described him as " a handsome and accomplished officer , and a bold and aggressive leader " . After the war , Gwyn returned to Philadelphia , although later moving to New York , and resumed his business dealings . He died on July 17 , 1906 , and was honored with a military funeral and buried in Woodlands Cemetery , Philadelphia . = = Early life = = Gwyn was born in Derry , Ireland on November 24 , 1828 . He was one of ten children raised in the Protestant household of Alexander Gwyn and Catherine Garvin . His brother , Hugh Garvin Gwyn , would later serve in the Confederate States Army as a major with the 23rd Tennessee Infantry Regiment , as well as an adjutant to General John Hunt Morgan . He lived in the rural Irish city until he enrolled in Foyle College . Like many Irish in the 1840s , Gwyn left Ireland for the United States during the Great Famine . He boarded the John R. Skiddy , a packet ship from Liverpool , bound for New York City . On November 4 , 1846 , Gwyn arrived in America via the Port of New York , 22 days before his 18th birthday , although his immigration papers list him as 20 . Upon arriving in the United States , Gwyn and many other Derry immigrants made their way to Philadelphia as was noted by an Emigration Officer Edward Smith at Derry that , " Nevertheless , the money that recent arrivals in America remitted for the passage of others was central to the whole link between Derry and Philadelphia " . In August 30 , 1850 , Gwyn took up residence in the North Mulberry Ward where he owned a house . He married Pennsylvania native Margaretta E. Young in February . Although he worked as a clerk throughout the 1850s , he later formed a dried goods business with George H. Stewart , called " Gwyn & Stewart Dry Goods " . Gwyn purchased a 141 square feet ( 13 m2 ) plot in the Woodlands Cemetery on October 12 , 1853 . Records show that on April 28 , 1857 ' James Gwyn & Lady ' from Philadelphia visited the Imperial Hotel Belfast until at least July 2 . Gwyn 's wife gave birth to his first child , Elizabeth Gailey Gwyn , on December 7 , 1858 , and their second daughter , Matilda Geddes , on January 2 , 1861 . = = Military service = = = = = Enlistment with the 23rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry = = = Gwyn enlisted in Company G of the 23rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry on April 21 , 1861 , one week after the American Civil War began . He served in that company without interruption until July 31 , 1861 , when he transferred to Company F. He resumed duty with the new company on August 2 , 1861 . Gwyn served with the 23rd Volunteers for over one year ; in that time , he took part in the Battle of Seven Pines , where , on May 31 , 1862 , Gwyn led the 23rd in aiding other Union companies in collecting escaped fugitives . Gwyn resigned from the 23rd Volunteers on July 22 , 1862 where he accepted a promotion to lieutenant colonel in a new regiment . = = = Lieutenant colonel , 118th Pennsylvania Infantry = = = Gywn joined the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry , on July 25 , 1862 . The 118th , which was commissioned by the United States Department of War for three years of service , gathered recruits from the Philadelphia area during August 15 to 30th , 1862 . Gwyn was officially mustered into service on August 16 , 1862 . During this time , the 118th became known as the " Corn Regiment " , because the funds for raising the regiment were furnished by the Corn Exchange Association of Philadelphia . Having gathered 1 @,@ 296 volunteers during the two @-@ week period , the " Corn Regiment " left for Washington , D.C. , to be assigned a position in the Union Army on September 1 , 1862 . The regiment was embedded with the First Brigade , First Division , Fifth Army Corps under the regiment command of Colonel Charles Prevost , and brigade commander Colonel James Barnes . The 118th Regiment moved out with the rest of the Fifth Army Corps marching towards Maryland . Upon reaching Maryland , the 118th along with the rest of the Fifth Army Corps , became involved in the Battle of Antietam . While that battle would become to be known as " the bloodiest day in American history " with over 22 @,@ 000 casualties , the 118th was not involved on the front lines . They instead assisted in artillery stocking . The 118th Regiment returned to battle three days afterwards , taking part in the Battle of Shepherdstown . The regiment took heavy casualties during the battle , suffering 71 deaths , 75 wounded , and 67 captured . The Confederates also suffered heavy losses with approximately 262 casualties in the battle . Among the Union wounded was Prevost , colonel of the 118th Regiment , who was shot through the shoulder on the last day of the battle . Prevost resigned from active duty , and Gwyn , as second @-@ in @-@ command , took over the regiment as acting commander . Gwyn 's " courage and coolness " during that battle were praised by Colonel Barnes , the brigade commander , in a letter written five days after the battle ended . On September 28 , 1862 , Gwyn sent a letter to Colonel Barnes stating that the 118th Regiment did not provide the Philadelphia Inquirer with information that the paper used to publish a map and a report of the incident . Two days later , Gwyn issued a report on the Battle of Shepherdstown , noting the efforts he made to rally troops to fight back against the Confederate troops , though his efforts were in vain , as Colonel Barnes ordered to regiment to fall back . The 118th Regiment returned to the front lines on December 11 , 1862 , in the Battle of Fredericksburg . Barnes formed the First Brigade , First Division from the 118th Pennsylvania ( Gwyn ) , 22nd Massachusetts , 25th New York , 13th New York , 1st Michigan , and 2nd Maine Regiments . In a recorded incident during the battle , a house was discovered with hidden tobacco crates which the soldiers raided . Gwyn sharply criticized the men for breaking rank but " inwardly smiled at their enthusiasm " . Following the unsuccessful Mud March of January 1863 , the regiment went into ' winter quarters ' until June . The Fifth Army Corps resumed activity on June 10 , 1863 , as it began to travel northward through enemy territory , with skirmishes frequently occurring . These travels ultimately led the Fifth Army Corps to Pennsylvania , where , on July 2 , 1863 , they arrived to aid the Union Army during the Battle of Gettysburg . Gwyn , still as acting commander of the regiment , was given the orders to position the 118th Regiment on Cemetery Hill and to hold the position . In the afternoon , the regiment was ordered to assist Major General Daniel Sickles on the left flank that same day . On July 3 , the second day of the battle , Gwyn led the 118th to Little Round Top where they held their position for two days until Union forces had achieved albeit a costly victory . Following Gettysburg , the 118th Regiment moved around the state to various positions . On August 6 , the regiment stationed at Warrenton , Virginia , received 109 new recruits , and on September 5 , another 185 . On September 30 , 1863 , Prevost officially retired , and Gwyn was promoted to colonel and the commanding officer of the 118th . During this time , Prevost had been stationed as commandant of a military prison in Elmira , New York . = = = Colonel , 118th Pennsylvania Regiment = = = During the autumn of 1863 and through the winter , the regiment engaged in " desultory fighting " . Gwyn served perfunctorily while in command of the 118th Regiment for the ensuing five months with no notable confrontations until the Battle of the Wilderness in May 1864 . On the first day of battle , May 5 , Gwyn was shot in the thigh , and put out of commission for at least one month . Gwyn would receive his promotion to colonel at Beverly Ford for his actions at Wilderness . Due to his injury , he was unable to lead the 118th Regiment into the multiple conflicts , including the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House , the Battle of North Anna , the Battle of Totopotomoy Creek , the Battle of Bethesda Church , and the Battle of Cold Harbor . Gwyn , having returned to active duty by this time , led the 118th in the Siege of Petersburg and Richmond campaign that lasted from June 9 , 1864 , to March 25 , 1865 . The exact date and orders where Gwyn received his commission as commander of the Third Brigade is unknown , although subsequent documents show Gwyn reporting to headquarters as the brigade commander . On August 18 , 1864 , Gwyn led the Third Brigade to the Weldon Railroad , where he met with the First and Second Brigade . The First Brigade was ordered to New York City , and by Special Order No. 32 , he was ordered to also take command of Second Brigade and in the absence of Col. A. H. Grimshaw . The next day , the combined Union troops moved forward along the railroad until they joined the Second Division , led by General Romeyn Ayres . The Third Brigade remained at that station for the next eight days without incidence , with Gwyn submitting a report to the Headquarters of First Division concerning what transpired during those three days . It was recorded in this time the regiment suffered heavy losses and according to Frank H. Taylor , " Grant was remoselessly wearing out the besieged enemy . Regiments were used unsparingly , and the " 118th " was accorded its full share of the work . " In particular , on the morning September 30 , 1864 in the Battle of Pegram 's Farm , and later the Battle of Peebles 's Farm , to capture Fort McRae , 118th along with 16th Michigan were in direct line of four artillery guns from a church and fired upon with " special severity " . At a two road junction in the afternoon , near Fort McRae , Gwyn 's leg was severely wounded when his horse fell upon him , though , did not permanently cripple him or lead to amputation . Captain Wilson , the 118th second @-@ in @-@ command assumed command and pressed on with Ayres offensive that eventually led to a Union victory late in that evening . = = = Brevet Brigadier general , Third Brigade and 118th Pennsylvania Regiment = = = Gwyn 's service during the Siege of Petersburg was noted by the commanding officer of the First Division , V Corps , General Charles Griffin as examples of Gwyn 's " gallantry " , " bravery " and " valor " . Charles Griffin informed the Department of War that Gwyn should receive the rank of brigadier general , and if that was not possible then he should be brevetted the rank . The Federal Government approved of the idea and issued Special Order 347 on October 14 , 1864 in which James Gwyn was awarded the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers , to rank from September 30 , 1864 , by President Abraham Lincoln . Gwyn was formally nominated by President Lincoln on December 12 , 1864 and his appointment was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 14 , 1865 . The First Division received word of Gwyn 's promotion on October 14 , and passed down to Gywn on the 17th . In a letter , Griffin wrote that Gwyn 's promotion was " evidence that the gallantry of our little command has been appreciated " . Gwyn continued his military duties with service around the James River near City Point , Virginia . Feeling ill , he returned to Philadelphia on October 31 , 1864 . He was diagnosed with malaria fever and prescribed a seven @-@ day break to rest and recover . His leave was approved on November 4 , and he was permitted to recover for a week , resuming duty of November 7 , 1864 . At his return , Gwyn , by Special Orders No. 301 was assigned to the First Division , First Brigade under Brigadier General Griffin by Major General Fred T. Locke . On November 19 , 1864 , he was transferred from the First Division to the Second Division , which was under the command of General Romeyn Ayres . Ayres ordered Gwyn to take command of the Third Brigade on November 21 . Two days later , Gwyn was notified that General Ayres would be absent for three days and would be fulfilling his role as acting commander of the Second Division . On December 14 , General Ayres sent a report praising Gwyn 's ' prompt ' and ' efficient ' service during the Battle of Globe Tavern , August 18 – 21 , 1864 , to the Fifth Army Corps . Gwyn led the Third Brigade without problems until December 21 , when he was informed that General Ayres would be on a leave of absence for the twenty days , and that he would lead the Second Division until Ayres ' return . Gwyn took control of the Second Division , but soon went on a leave of absence from January 8 , 18 days into his 20 @-@ day service assignment , to January 21 , 1865 . On February 5 , he led the Third Brigade into the Battle of Hatcher 's Run . On February 6 , the Confederates engaged the Union army at 1 : 30PM . The Third Brigade engaged the Rebels and were eventually overwhelmed and were forced to retreat . The Assistant Adjutant , Major General Locke , ordered Gwyn to reform the Third Brigade and to take on stragglers from assorted Maryland regiments . The fighting continued into the next day ; by February 8 , the Union forces near Hatcher 's Run had retreated . On February 14 , Major General Ayres highlighted Gwyn 's leadership during the Battle of Hatcher 's Run by stating that Gwyn had " seconded me with zeal and energy " . Three days later , Gwyn wrote his own letter with names of soldiers whom he thought were deserving of merit for their exceptional service during the Battle of Hatcher 's Run . = = = End of the Civil War = = = The Third Brigade fell back for over a month engaging in skirmishes around Hatcher 's Run , Halifax road , and Rowanty Creek as part of the Richmond Campaign . Major operations resumed on March 31 , 1865 , when Gwyn led the Third Brigade in the Battle of White Oak Road , and eventually on to Five Forks , Dinwiddie County , Virginia . The Third Brigade took part in the Battle of Five Forks on April 1 , 1865 . A charge led by Gwyn resulted in the capture of two strategic positions and a large number prisoners . Gwyn was later appointed brevet major general for his efforts during the battle . On January 13 , 1869 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Gwyn for appointment to the grade of brevet major general of volunteers , to rank from April 1 , 1865 , and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on February 16 , 1869 . Gwyn and the 118th pushed onwards , pressing the retreating Confederate troops during the Battle of Appomattox Court House , one of the last major battles of the Civil War . At the Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 , Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant , thus ending the Civil War . The 118th was present to witness the surrender , and escorted the Confederate soldier that carried the flag of truce . With the hostilities subsided , Gwyn filed a report concerning the skirmish at White Oak Road on April 14 , 1865 . A few weeks later on April 27 , 1865 , Brevet Major General Ayres advocated that Gwyn receive a promotion on account of his " zeal and good conduct " from March 29 to April 9 of that year . Gwyn led the Third Brigade to Washington , D.C. for the Grand Review , which took place on May 23 , 1865 . They arrived in Washington early by May 21 to attend roll @-@ call with the rest of the Fifth Army Corps . According to the New York Times , Gwyn was listed at the Headquarters Army of the Potomac as " Third Brigade , Brevet Brig.-Gen. James Gwyn , commanding — 190th Pennsylvania , Col. W.R. Hartshorne ; 210th Pennsylvania , Major J.H. Graves ; 4th Delaware , Brevet Lieut @-@ Col. M.B. Gist ; 3d Delaware , Capt. D.D. Joseph ; 8th Delaware , Capt. John Richards ; 191st Pennsylvania , Col. James Carle . " On June 5 , 1865 , the 118th Regiment was officially mustered out of service by the U.S. Department of War . On June 9 , a large banquet was prepared in their honor by the Corn Exchange , the same bank that had offered the initial payments for recruits to join years before , at Sansom Street Hall for the members of the former 118th Regiment who had returned to Philadelphia . According to his obituary , Gwyn was offered a position as a lieutenant in the regular army by President Andrew Johnson , but instead chose to return to civilian life . = = Post Civil War = = Following the conclusion of the Civil War , Gwyn resumed the life he had left behind in 1861 . He returned home to his wife Margaret and daughters Elizabeth and Matilda , now five years older than the last time he saw them . He applied for his military pension on October 6 , 1866 . Though Gwyn served in positions with a difficulty as high as major general , because he was only brevet , the payment he received would be reduced to the level of his highest non @-@ brevet rank ; which would be colonel , the position he effectively gave up on October 14 , 1864 . His wife gave birth to a third daughter , Margaret , on December 7 , 1869 . Gwyn and his family later moved from Philadelphia to a home in New York City . Gwyn had become connected with the mercantile house , Stuart Bros and returned to that business . Later on he would take a new job as a clerk in New York . His daughter Margaret married Frank L. Rehn where they moved out of the Brooklyn area to No. 9 Grove Street Yonkers , New York . Gwyn 's middle daughter Matilda married in 1891 to a stockbroker , Andrew S. Brownell . They also moved away from the Brooklyn area to Matilda 's house in Yonkers . = = Death = = Gwyn died in the late evening of July 17 , 1906 while visited his daughter , Mrs. Frank L. Rehn ( Margaret ) , at her home in Yonkers , New York . News of his death was reported in The New York Times and The Washington Post as far away as Salt Lake City in the Deseret News . His body was taken back to Philadelphia , where he was interred in the Woodlands Cemetery following a military funeral on July 19 , 1906 . He was buried in the cemetery plot section E , Lot 33 that he bought over fifty years earlier . = Hamilton Fish = Hamilton Fish ( August 3 , 1808 – September 7 , 1893 ) , was an American statesman and politician who served as the 16th Governor of New York , a United States Senator and United States Secretary of State . Fish is recognized as the " pillar " of the Grant Administration and considered one of the best U.S. Secretaries of State by scholars , known for his judiciousness and efforts towards reform and diplomatic moderation . Fish settled the controversial Alabama Claims with Great Britain through his development of the concept of international arbitration . Fish kept the United States out of war with Spain over Cuban independence by coolly handling the volatile Virginius Incident . In 1875 , Fish initiated the process that would ultimately lead to Hawaiian statehood , by having negotiated a reciprocal trade treaty for the island nation 's sugar production . He also organized a peace conference and treaty in Washington D.C. between South American countries and Spain . Fish worked with James Milton Turner , America 's first African American consul , to settle the Liberian @-@ Grebo war . President Grant said he trusted Fish the most for political advice . Fish came from a prominent wealthy New York family and attended Columbia College of Columbia University . Upon graduation , Fish passed the bar , worked as New York 's commissioner of deeds , and ran unsuccessfully for New York State Assembly as a Whig candidate in 1834 . After his marriage , Fish returned to New York politics in 1843 and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives . Fish ran for New York 's Lieutenant Governor in 1846 , however , he was defeated by a Democratic Anti @-@ Rent Party contender . When the office was vacated in 1847 , Fish ran and was elected Lieutenant Governor . In 1848 Fish ran and was elected Governor of New York having served only one term . In 1851 , Fish was elected U.S. Senator for the state of New York and served only one term . Fish gained valuable experience serving on the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations . During the 1850s Fish became a Republican after the Whig party dissolved . In terms of the slavery issue , Fish was a moderate , having disapproved of the Kansas – Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery . After traveling to Europe , Fish returned to America and supported Abraham Lincoln as the Republican candidate for President in 1860 . During the American Civil War , Fish raised money for the Union war effort and served on Lincoln 's presidential commission that made successful arrangements for Union and Confederate troop prisoner exchanges . Fish returned to his law practice after the Civil War , and was thought to have retired from political life . When Ulysses S. Grant was elected President in 1868 , he appointed Fish as U.S. Secretary of State in 1869 . Fish took on the State Department with vigor , reorganized the office , and established civil service reform . During his 8 @-@ year tenure , Fish had to contend with Cuban belligerency , the settlement of the Alabama claims , Canadian border disputes , and the Virginius incident . Fish implemented the new concept of international arbitration , where disputes between countries were settled by negotiations , rather than military conflicts . Fish was involved in a political feud between Senator Charles Sumner and President Grant in the latter 's unsuccessful efforts to annex the Dominican Republic . Fish organized a naval expedition in an unsuccessful attempt to open trade with Korea in 1871 . Leaving office and politics in 1877 , Fish returned to private life and continued to serve on various historical associations . Fish 's male descendants would later serve in the U.S. House of Representatives for three generations . Fish died of old age in his luxurious New York State home in 1893 . = = Early life , education , and career = = Hamilton Fish was born on August 3 , 1808 at what is now known as the Stuyvesant – Fish House in Greenwich Village , New York City , to Nicholas Fish and Elizabeth Stuyvesant ( a great @-@ great @-@ granddaughter of New Amsterdam 's Peter Stuyvesant ) , and his parents named him after their friend Alexander Hamilton . Nicholas Fish ( 1758 – 1833 ) was a leading Federalist politician and notable figure of the American Revolutionary War . Col. Fish was active in the Yorktown Campaign that resulted in the surrender of Lord Cornwallis . Peter Stuyvesant was a prominent founder of New York , then a Dutch Colony , and his family owned much property in Manhattan . Fish received his primary education at the private school of M. Bancel . In 1827 , Fish graduated from Columbia College of Columbia University , having obtained high honors . At Columbia , Fish became fluent in French , a language that would later help him as U.S. Secretary of State . After his graduation , Fish studied law for three years in the law office of Peter A. Jay , served as president of the Philolexian Society , and was admitted to the New York bar in 1830 , practicing briefly with William Beach Lawrence . Influenced politically by his father , Fish aligned himself to the Whig Party . He served as commissioner of deeds for the city and county of New York from 1832 through 1833 , and was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for New York State Assembly in 1834 . = = Marriage and family = = On December 15 , 1836 Hamilton Fish married Julia Kean ( a descendant of a New Yorker who was a New Jersey governor , William Livingston ) . The couple 's lengthy married life was described as happy and Mrs. Fish was known for her " sagacity and judgement " . The couple had three sons and five daughters . Hamilton Fish had multiple notable descendants and relatives . = = New York political career = = = = = U.S. Representative = = = For eight years after his defeat as a Representative in the New York State Assembly , Fish was reluctant to run for office . However , Whig party leaders in 1842 convinced him to run for the House of Representatives . In November , Fish was elected to the House of Representatives ; having defeated Democrat John McKeon and serving in the 28th Congress from New York 's 6th District between 1843 and 1845 . The Whigs at this time were in the minority in the House ; however , Fish gained valued national experience serving on the Committee of Military Affairs . Fish failed to win a re @-@ election bid for a second term in the House . = = = Lieutenant Governor = = = Fish was the Whig candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1846 , but was defeated by Democrat Addison Gardiner who had been endorsed by the Anti @-@ Rent Party . Leasing farmers in New York refused to pay rent to large land tract owners and sometimes resorted to violence and intimidation . Fish had opposed the Anti @-@ Rent Party for the use of illegal tactics not to pay rent . Gardiner was elected in May 1847 a judge of the New York Court of Appeals and vacated the office of lieutenant governor . Fish was then in November 1847 elected to fill the vacancy , and was Lieutenant Governor in 1848 . Lieut . Gov. Fish had a favorable reputation for being " conciliatory " and for his " firmness " over the New York Senate . = = = Governor = = = In November 1848 , he was elected Governor of New York , defeating John A. Dix and Reuben H. Walworth , and served from January 1 , 1849 , to December 31 , 1850 . At 40 years of age , Fish was one of the youngest governors to be elected in New York history . Fish advocated and signed into law free public education facilities throughout New York state . He also advocated and signed into law the building of an asylum and school for the intellectually disabled . During his tenor the canal system in the state of New York was increased . In 1850 , Fish recommended that the state legislature form a committee to collect and publish the Colonial Laws of New York . None of the bills that Governor Fish vetoed were overturned by the New York legislature . In his annual messages Fish spoke out against the extension of slavery from land acquired from the Mexican American War , including California and New Mexico . His anti @-@ slavery messages gave Fish national attention and President Zachary Taylor , also a Whig , was going to nominate Fish to the Treasury Department in a cabinet shakeup . However Taylor died in office before he could nominate Fish . Despite his national popularity Fish was not renominated for Governor . = = = U.S. Senator = = = After Gov. Fish had retired from office he did not openly seek the nomination to be elected U.S. Senator . However , Fish 's supporters , the William H. Seward @-@ Thurlow Weed Whigs , in January 1851 nominated him as a candidate for U.S. Senator . A deadlock ensued over his nomination because one New York legislature Whig Senator was upset about Fish not publicly supporting the Compromise of 1850 . Before the election Fish had only stated government should enforce the laws . Although Fish did not favor the spread of slavery he was hesitant to support the free soil movement . Finally , when two Democratic Senators who were against Fish 's nomination were conspicuously absent , the Senate took action and voted . On March 19 , 1851 , Fish was elected a U.S. Senator from New York and he took his seat on December 1 , serving alongside future Secretary of State William H. Seward . In the United States Senate , he was a member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations until the end of his term on March 4 , 1857 . Fish became friends with President Franklin Pierce 's Secretary of State William L. Marcy and Attorney General Caleb Cushing . He was a Republican for the latter part of his term and was part of a moderately anti @-@ slavery faction . During the 1850s the Republican Party replaced the Whig Party as the central party against the Democratic Party . By 1856 , Fish privately considered himself a Whig although he knew that the Whig Party was no longer viable politically . Fish was a quiet Senator , rather than an orator , who liked to keep to himself . Fish often was in disagreement with Senator Sumner , who was firmly opposed to slavery and advocated equality for blacks . His policy was to vote for legislation on the side of " justice , economy , and public virtue . " He strongly opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise . Fish often voted with the Free Soil faction and was strongly against the Kansas @-@ Nebraska Bill . In February 1855 , merchants represented by Moses H. Grinnell , criticized Fish 's bill on immigration and maritime commerce . Fish 's bill was designed to protect Irish and German immigrants who were dying on merchant ships during oceanic passage to America . The merchants believed that Fish 's bill was oppressive to commercial interests over human interests . During his tenure , the nation and Congress were in tremendous political upheaval over slavery , that included violence , disorder , and disturbances of the peace . In 1856 , pro slavery advocates invaded Kansas and used violent tactics against those who were anti @-@ slavery . In May 1856 , Senator Charles Sumner was viciously attacked by Preston Brooks in the Senate Chamber . At the expiration of his term , he traveled with his family to Europe and remained there until shortly before the opening of the American Civil War , when he returned to begin actively campaigning for the election of Abraham Lincoln . While in France , Fish studied foreign policy with diplomats and distinguished Americans ; having gained valuable experience that would eventually benefit his tenure as Secretary of State . = = American Civil War = = After Abraham Lincoln had been elected President in 1860 , Fish spent time with Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield Scott , commander of the Federal Army . Fish 's private secretary had aided the efforts of the Star of the West , an American merchant ship sent by President James Buchanan to bring relief supplies to Major Robert Anderson at Fort Sumter . While Fish was dining with General Scott in New York a telegram was received that announced the Confederates had attacked the Star of the West in Charleston Bay . When Fish stated that this meant war , Scott replied " Don 't utter that word , my friend . You don 't know what a horrid thing war is . " In 1861 and 1862 Fish joined and participated on the Union Defense Committee of the State of New York , that from April 22 , 1861 , to April 30 , 1862 co @-@ operated with the New York City government in the raising and equipping troops , and disbursed more than $ 1 million for the relief of New York volunteers and their families . The committee included chairman John A. Dix , William M. Evarts , William E. Dodge , A.T. Stewart , John Jacob Astor and other New York men . Fish was appointed chairman of the committee after Dix joined the Union Army . In 1862 Fish was appointed by President Lincoln on a commission to serve with Bishop Edward R. Ames to visit the Union Army prisoners being held in the Confederate States of America capital in Richmond , Virginia . The Confederate government , however , refused to allow the commission to enter the city . Instead , Fish and Rev. Ames were able to start a system of prisoner exchange that remained virtually unchanged throughout the American Civil War . After the war ended Fish went back to private practice as a lawyer in New York . = = U.S. Secretary of State = = Hamilton Fish was appointed Secretary of State by President Ulysses S. Grant and served between March 17 , 1869 and March 12 , 1877 . He was President Grant 's longest @-@ serving Cabinet officer . Upon assuming office in 1869 , Fish was initially underrated by some statesmen including former Secretaries of State William H. Seward and John Bigelow . Fish , however , immediately took on the responsibilities of his office with diligence , zeal , and intelligence . Fish 's tenure as Secretary of State was lengthy , almost eight years , and he had to contend with many foreign policy issues including the Cuban insurrection , the Alabama Claims , and the Franco @-@ Prussian War . = = = Reformed U.S. State Department 1869 = = = When Fish assumed office he immediately began a series of reforms in the Department of State . After appropriations were given to his office by Congress , Fish cataloged and organized 700 volumes of miscellaneous State Department documents and created the Bureau of Indexes and Archives . Fish introduced indexing of State Department files so subordinates could easily find documents . Fish implemented civil service reform by having State Department applicants be required to pass an entry examination before being appointed consultant . This policy was sometimes hampered , since President Grant could appoint any person to office without the person having to take an examination . However , the policy of testing overall improved the staff at the State Department . Fish 's methods of organization included disciplined staff and prompt copying of dispatches . The method of record keeping , however , was cumbersome , having remained the same since John Quincy Adams . Rather than world regions , countries were listed in alphabetical order ; the correspondence was embedded in bound diplomatic and consular category archives , rather than by subject matter . Added to countries ' information was a miscellaneous category filed chronologically . This resulted in a tedious and time @-@ consuming process to make briefings for Congress . Diplomatic ministers , only 23 in 1877 , were not kept informed of current world events that took place in other parts of the world . = = = Cuban belligerency and insurrection 1869 – 1870 = = = By 1869 , Cuban nationals were in open rebellion against their mother country Spain , due to the unpopularity of Spanish rule . American sentiment favored the Cuban rebels and President Grant appeared to be on the verge of acknowledging Cuban belligerency . Fish , who desired settlement over the Alabama Claims , did not approve of recognizing the Cuban rebels , since Queen Victoria and her government had recognized Confederate belligerency in 1861 . Recognizing Cuban belligerency would have jeopardized settlement and arbitration with Great Britain . In February 1870 , Senator John Sherman authored a Senate resolution that would have recognized Cuban belligerency . Working behind the scenes Fish counseled Sherman that Cuban recognition would ultimately lead to war with Spain . The resolution went to the House of Representatives and was ready to pass , however , Fish , worked out an agreement with President Grant to send a special message to Congress that urged not to acknowledge the Cuban rebels . On June 13 , 1870 the message written by Fish was sent to Congress by the President and Congress , after much debate , decided not to recognize Cuban belligerency . President Grant continued the policy of Cuban belligerent non recognition for the rest of his two administrations . This policy , however , was tested in 1873 with the Virginius Affair . = = = Dominican Republic annexation treaty 1869 – 1870 = = = After President Grant assumed office on March 4 , 1869 one of his immediate foreign policy interests was the annexation of the Caribbean island nation of the Dominican Republic , at that time referred to as Santo Domingo , to the United States . President Grant believed the annexation of Santo Domingo would increase the United States ' mineral resources and alleviate the effects of racism against African Americans in the South . Hamilton Fish , though loyal to President Grant , did not desire annexation ; the divided island nation , run by mulatto leader President Buenaventura Báez , had been troubled with civil strife . Báez had imprisoned an American citizen , Davis Hatch , for speaking out against the Báez government . Fish told Grant that the Senate would not be ready to pass a Santo Domingo annexation treaty . In April 1869 Fish gave Grant 's private secretary Orville Babcock " special agent " status to search the island . In September 1869 , Babcock made a preliminary treaty that would annex Santo Domingo to the United States and give it the opportunity to apply for statehood . In October 1869 , Fish drew up a formal treaty that included : a $ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 payment of the Dominican national debt ; Samaná Bay would be leased to the United States for $ 150 @,@ 000 yearly payment ; Santo Domingo would eventually be given statehood . In a private conference with President Grant , Fish agreed to support the Santo Domingo annexation if President Grant sent Congress a non @-@ belligerency statement not to get involved with the Cuban rebellion against Spain . Charles Sumner , chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , was against the treaty , believing that Santo Domingo needed to remain independent , and that racism against U.S. black citizens in the South needed to be dealt with in the continental United States . Sumner believed that blacks on Santo Domingo did not share Anglo @-@ American values . On January 10 , 1870 Grant submitted the Santo Domingo treaty to the United States Senate . Fish believed Senators would vote for annexation only if statehood was withdrawn ; however , President Grant refused this option . The Senate took its time deliberating , and finally rejected the treaty on June 30 , 1870 . Eighteen Senators led by Charles Sumner defeated the treaty . Pres . Grant , angered at Sumner 's refusal to support the treaty , fired Sumner 's friend J. Lothrop Motley , Grant 's ambassador to England , for disregarding Fish 's instructions regarding the Alabama Claims . Grant believed that Sumner had in January 1870 stated his support for the Santo Domingo treaty . Sumner was then deprived of his chairmanship of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1871 by Grant 's allies in the Senate . = = = Colombian inter @-@ oceanic canal treaty 1870 = = = President Grant and Secretary Fish were interested in establishing an inter @-@ oceanic canal through Panama . Secretary Fish organized a treaty signing on January 26 , 1870 in Bogota between the United States and Colombia that established a Panama route for the inter @-@ oceanic canal . The Colombian Senate , however , amended the treaty so much that the strategic value of the inter @-@ oceanic canal construction became ineffective . As a result , the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty . = = = Treaty of Washington 1871 = = = During the previous administration of President Andrew Johnson , Secretary of State Seward attempted to resolve the Alabama Claims with the Johnson @-@ Clarendon convention and treaty . The Alabama Claims had arisen out of the American Civil War , when Confederate raiding ships built in British ports ( most notably the C.S.S. Alabama ) had sunk a significant number of Union merchant ships . The Johnson @-@ Clarendon treaty , presented to Congress by President Ulysses S. Grant , was overwhelmingly defeated by the Senate and the claims remained unresolved . Anglophobia led by Charles Sumner was at an all @-@ time high when Fish became Secretary of State . Sumner had demanded Britain cede Canada to the United States as payment for the Alabama Claims . In late 1870 , an opportunity arrived to settle the Alabama Claims under Prime Minister William E. Gladstone . Fish , who was determined to improve relations with Britain , along with President Grant and Senate supporters , had Charles Sumner removed by vote from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , and the door was open for renewed negotiations with Britain . On January 9 , 1871 , Fish met with British representative Sir John Rose in Washington and an agreement was made , under much negotiations , to establish a Joint Commission to settle the Alabama Claims to be held in Washington under the direction of Hamilton Fish . At stake was the financing of America 's debt with British bankers during the Civil War , and peace with Britain was required . On February 14 , 1871 both distinguished High Commissioners representing Britain , led by the Earl of Ripon , George Robinson , and the United States , led by Fish , met in Washington D.C. and negotiations over settlement went remarkably well . Also representing Britain was Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald . After 37 meetings , on May 8 , 1871 the Treaty of Washington was signed at the State Department and became a " landmark of international conciliation " . The Senate ratified the treaty on May 24 , 1871 . On August 25 , 1872 , the settlement for the Alabama claims was made by an international arbitration committee meeting in Geneva and the United States was awarded $ 15 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 in gold for damaged done by the Confederate warships . Under the treaty settlement over disputed Atlantic fisheries and the San Juan Boundary ( concerning the Oregon boundary line ) was made . The treaty was considered an " unprecedented accomplishment " , having solved border disputes , reciprocal trade , and navigation issues . A friendly perpetual relationship between Great Britain and America was established , with Britain having expressed regret over the Alabama damages . = = = South American détente and armistice 1871 = = = On April 11 , 1871 a peace conference , presided over by Hamilton Fish , was held in Washington D.C. between Spain and the South American republics of Peru , Chile , Ecuador , and Bolivia , which resulted in an armistice between the countries . These countries had been in a " technical " state of war since 1866 , and the United States in 1871 served as mediator under the direction of Hamilton Fish . Representing Spain was Mauricio Lopez Roberts ; Manuel Freyer represented both Peru and Bolivia ; Joaquín Godoy represented Chile ; and Antonio Flores represented Ecuador . President Grant gave Fish full powers to control negotiations at the détente meeting between the five countries . The signed armistice treaty consisted of seven articles ; hostilities were to cease for a minimum of three years and the countries would allow commercial trade with neutral countries . = = = Korean expedition and conflict 1871 = = = In 1871 , Korea was known as the " Hermit Kingdom " , a country determined to remain isolated from other nations , specifically from commerce and trade from Western nations , including the United States . In 1866 , U.S. relations with Korea were troubled when Christian missionaries were beheaded by the Korean tacwongun , regent to King Kojong , and the crew of the General Sherman , a U.S. trading ship , were massacred . Secretary William H. Seward , under President Andrew Johnson , demanded redress for what was perceived as the outrageous actions of the Korean government . U.S. Naval warships were ordered to the Orient , however , when Seward 's term ended in 1869 , he was unable to organize a naval expedition . When Fish took office he organized the Korean naval expedition and broadened the purposes . In April 1871 , Fish ordered Frederick F. Low , minister to China , to take the Asiatic Fleet and voyage to Seoul . The purpose of the expedition was to seek retribution for the assaulted sailors and to open up a commercial treaty with the King of Korea . Fish had told the fleet not to use force unless the honor of the U.S. Flag was infringed by the Koreans . On May 8 , 1871 , Low and Rear Admiral John Rodgers , commander of the Asiatic Squadron , voyaged to Korea with five warships , eighty @-@ five guns , and 1 @,@ 230 sailors and marines . On May 16 , the naval squadron reached Nagasaki Bay and a week later lowered anchor near the mouth of the Han . The Koreans sent unofficial representatives to stall for time and hope the American squadron would leave . In June , the American fleet while doing nautical survey was fired upon by the Korean forts on the Han River leading to Seoul . The American fleet fired back , damaging the forts . The Americans demanded an apology on the grounds that the honor of the American flag had been violated . On June 10 , a U.S. military expedition was launched after the Koreans failed to apologize for the attack ; the objective was to destroy the Korean forts on Kanghoa Island . The U.S.S. Monocacy pounded the forts with 9 inch guns while 546 sailors and 105 marines landed on the island and captured and destroyed the Korean forts . The " Citadel " fortress , on a steep 115 @-@ foot hillside , put up the stiffest resistance to the American troops , who fought in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat with the Korean Tiger Hunters . All of the Korean forts taken , were destroyed and leveled on June 11 . Three hundred fifty Korean Tiger Hunters were killed , compared with only one American officer and two American sailors . Lieut . Hugh W. McKee was the first U. S. Navy officer to die in battle in Korea . The Asiatic Squadron remained on the Han River for three weeks , but the Koreans would not open negotiations for a commercial treaty . As the American squadron left , the Koreans believed that they had won a great victory over the Americans . The attempt to open Korea up to trade was similar to how Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854 had approached the opening of Japan . Korea , however , proved to be more isolated than Japan . In 1881 , Commodore Robert W. Shufeldt , without using a naval fleet , went to a more conciliatory Korean government and made a commercial treaty . The U.S. was the first Western nation to establish formal trade with Korea . = = = Virginius affair 1873 = = = During the 1870s Cuba was in a state of rebellion against Spain . In the United States , Americans were divided on whether to militarily aid the rebel Cubans . Many jingoists believed the United States needed to fight for the Cuban rebels and pressured the Grant Administration to take action . A privately owned ship , the Virginius , was used to run guns , ammunition , and vital supplies to the Cuban rebels . The captain of the Virginius was Joseph Fry , former officer of the Confederate and Federal Navies . On October 31 , 1873 , the Virginius was run down in neutral waters by the Spanish warship , the Tornado , off of Morant Bay , Jamaica . After being hit , the Virginius took on water and was forced to surrender to the Spanish authorities . The 103 crew members consisted of Cuban rebel recruits and 52 American and British citizens . The Spanish hauled down and trampled the American flag , and brought the prisoners to Santiago . A total of 53 Virginius crew members were executed by the Spanish authorities . The Spanish finally stopped the carnage as a British warship appeared with guns ready to fire on Santiago . The American Navy , at this time , although formidable worldwide , was in decline after the American Civil War . When news reached the United States of the executions , President Grant and Secretary Fish were forced to make an immediate response . Many Americans demanded a full @-@ scale war with Spain . Fish found out that the registration was falsified under American ownership , however , the executions of Americans demanded action . Fish , coolly handled the situation , called upon Spanish minister , Admiral José Polo de Bernabé in Washington D.C. and held a conference . A settlement was made where Spain relinquished the severely damaged Virginius to the U.S. Navy , while survivors were released that included 13 Americans . The Spanish Captain who ordered the executions was censured , and Spain paid $ 80 @,@ 000 reparations to American families whose family members were executed in Santiago . The national honor of both Spain and the United States was preserved and it was chiefly due to the restraint and moderation of Fish and Bernabé that a satisfactory settlement of the Virginius ' Affair was reached by the United States and Spain . = = = Hawaiian reciprocal trade treaty 1875 = = = Fish also negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 with the Kingdom of Hawaii under the reign of King Kalākaua . Hawaiian sugar was made duty @-@ free , while the importation of manufactured goods and clothing was allowed into the island kingdom . By opening Hawaii to free trade the process for annexation and eventual statehood into the United States had begun . = = = Liberian @-@ Grebo war 1876 = = = The U.S. settled the Liberian @-@ Grebo war in 1876 when Hamilton Fish dispatched the USS Alaska , under President Grant 's authority , to Liberia . Liberia was in practice an American colony . U.S. envoy James Milton Turner , the first African American ambassador , requested a warship to protect American property in Liberia . Turner , bolstered by U.S. naval presence in harbor and support of the USS Alaska captain , negotiated the incorporation of Grebo people into Liberian society and the ousting of foreign traders from Liberia . = = = Republican convention 1876 = = = As the 1876 Republican convention approached during the U.S. Presidential Election , President Grant , unknown to Fish , had written a letter to Republican leaders to nominate Fish for the Presidential ticket . The letter was never read at the convention and Fish was never nominated . President Grant believed that Fish was a good compromise choice between the rival factions of James G. Blaine and Roscoe Conkling . Cartoonist Thomas Nast drew a caricature of Fish and Rutherford B. Hayes as the Republican Party ticket . Fish , who was ready to retire to private life , did not desire to run for President and was content at returning to private life . Fish found out later President Grant had written the letter to the convention . = = = Nicaragua inter @-@ oceanic canal negotiations 1877 = = = President Grant at the close of his second term , and Secretary Fish , remained interested in establishing an inter @-@ oceanic canal treaty . Fish and the State Department negotiated with a special envoy from Nicaragua in February , 1877 for an inter @-@ oceanic treaty . Negotiations , however , failed as the status of the neutral zone could not be established . = = Later life and health = = After leaving the Grant Cabinet in 1877 and briefly serving under President Hayes , Fish retired from public office and returned to private life practicing law and managing his real estate in New York City . Fish was revered in the New York community and enjoyed spending time with his family . Fish resided in Glen Clyffe , his estate near Garrison , New York , in Putnam County , New York , in the Hudson River Valley . His health remained good until around 1884 , having suffered from neuralgia . = = Death , funeral , and burial = = On September 6 , 1893 Fish had retired from the evening having played cards with his daughter . The following morning on September 7 , Fish , at the age of 85 , suddenly died . His death was attributed to advanced age . On September 11 , 1893 Fish was buried in Garrison at St. Philip 's Church @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Highlands Cemetery under waving trees along on the hills by the Hudson River shoreline . He was buried next to his wife and oldest daughter . Fish was buried near the grave of Edwards Pierrepont , President Grant 's U.S. Attorney General . Many notable persons attended Fish 's funeral , while Bishop Potter conducted services . Julia Grant , widowed wife of Ulysses S. Grant , attended Fish 's funeral . = = Historical reputation = = Charles Francis Adams described Fish as " a quiet and easy @-@ going man ; but , when aroused , by being , as he thought , ' put upon ' , he became very formidable . Neither was it possible to placate him . " Fish 's 20th Century biographer , A. Elwood Corning , stated that Fish was free from " petty jealousies and prejudices which so often drag the reputation of statesmen down to the level of politicians " and that Fish " used the language and practiced the manners of a gentleman . " As an invaluable member of the Grant Administration , Fish commanded " men 's confidence , and respect by his firmness , candor , and justice . " A survey of scholars in the December 1981 American Heritage Magazine ranked Fish number 3 on a list of top ten Secretary of States noting his settling of the Alabama Claims in 1871 , for his peaceful settlement of the Virginius Incident obtaining Spanish reparations , and for his Hawaiian treaty , ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1875 , starting the annexation process leading to the eventual statehood of Hawaii . There is a memorial to Fish at the Cathedral of All Saints ( Albany , New York ) . The Hamilton Fish Newburgh @-@ Beacon Bridge , which spans the Hudson River 50 miles north of New York City between Dutchess and Orange Counties , is named after Fish . = = Society of Cincinnati = = Fish was a long time member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati by right of his father 's service as an officer in the Continental Army . Fish succeeded to his father 's " seat " in the Society upon his father 's death in 1833 . In 1848 , Fish became the Vice President General of the national Society and , in 1854 , he became its President General . In 1855 Fish was elected President of the New York Society . Fish served as both President General of the national Society and President of the New York Society until his death in 1893 . His 39 @-@ year tenure in office as President General is by far the longest in the Society 's history . = = Notable descendants = = Three of Fish 's direct descendants , all named Hamilton , served in the U.S. House of Representatives for the state of New York . Hamilton Fish II , Fish 's son , served one term as U.S. Representative from 1909 to 1911 . Fish II also served as assistant to Secretary of State Hamilton Fish . Hamilton Fish III , Fish 's grandson , served as U.S. Representative from 1920 to 1945 . Hamilton Fish IV , Fish 's great @-@ grandson , served as U.S. Representative from 1969 to 1995 . Another son Stuyvesant Fish was an important railroad executive . Another son , Nicholas Fish II , was a U.S. diplomat , who was appointed second secretary of legation at Berlin in 1871 , became secretary in 1874 , and was chargé d 'affaires at Berne in 1877 – 1881 , and minister to Belgium in 1882 – 1886 , after which he engaged in banking in New York City . Hamilton Fish , Fish 's grandson by Nicholas , was an 1895 graduate of Columbia College of Columbia University , saw service in the Spanish – American War as one of the storied Rough Riders . He was the first member of that regiment to be killed in action , at the Battle of Las Guasimas , Cuba . = = = Books = = = Corning , A. Elwood ( October 1918 ) . Hamilton Fish . New York , New York : The Lanmere Publishing Company . Doenecke , Justus D. ( 1981 ) . The Presidencies of James A. Garfield & Chester A. Arthur . Lawrence , Kansas : The Regents Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 @-@ 7006 @-@ 0208 @-@ 9 . Fuller , Joseph V. ( 1931 ) . Dictionary of American Biography Fish , Hamilton . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons. pp. 397 – 400 . Hoogenboom , Ari ( 1988 ) . The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 @-@ 7006 @-@ 0338 @-@ 7 . Kremer , Gary R. ( 1991 ) . James Milton Turner and the Promise of America : the Public Life of a Post- Civil War Black Leader . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8262 @-@ 0780 @-@ 4 . McFeely , William S. ( 1981 ) . Grant A Biography . New York , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 32394 @-@ 3 . Nevins , Allan ( 1957 ) . Hamilton Fish : The Inner History of the Grant Administration . Volume : 1 . New York , New York : F. Ungar Pub . Co . Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Rockefeller Center New York , New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 0 @-@ 684 @-@ 84927 @-@ 5 . United States Department of State ( December 4 , 1871 ) . Foreign Relations of the United States . Washington D.C. : Washington : Government Printing Office . = = = Journals and newspapers = = = = = = = American Heritage = = = = American Heritage Editors ( December 1981 ) . " The Ten Best Secretaries Of State … " . American Heritage 33 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 08 @-@ 22 . Nahne , Andrew C. ( April 1968 ) . " our Little War With The Heathen " . American Heritage 19 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 08 @-@ 30 . Schartz , Frederick D. ( October 1998 ) . " 1873 One Hundred And Twenty @-@ five Years Ago " . American Heritage 49 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 08 @-@ 22 . = = = = New York Times = = = = " Hamilton Fish 3d Joins Race for House " . New York , New York : New York Times . April 3 , 1988 . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 13 . " The Merchants Denouncing Hamilton Fish " ( PDF ) . New York Times ( New York , New York ) . February 19 , 1855 . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 08 @-@ 24 . = = = Internet = = = Bardsley , Marilyn ( 2011 ) . " Albert Fish " . Tru TV . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 18 . Benz , Stephen ( June 26 , 1998 ) . " The Bull Pulpit " . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 17 . Reitwiesner , William Addams . " Ancestry of Albert Fish " . WARGS . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 19 . " Fischetti to Fishelson " . Political Graveyard . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 17 . " Fish , Hamilton , ( 1849 – 1936 ) " . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 17 . " Fish , Hamilton , ( 1888 – 1991 ) " . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 17 . " Fish , Hamilton , Jr . , ( 1926 – 1996 ) " . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 17 . " Governor Thomas H. Kean Biography " . Rutgers . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 15 . " Kean , Hamilton Fish , ( 1862 – 1941 ) " . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 2011 @-@ 09 @-@ 18 . = = = Purdue University = = = Stover , John F. , The management of the Illinois Central Railroad in the 20th century . ( PDF ) , Purdue University = I Am Tour ( Leona Lewis ) = The I Am Tour was the third headlining concert tour by the British singer and songwriter Leona Lewis . It was launched in support of her fifth studio album , I Am ( 2015 ) . The tour was announced on 11 September 2015 with a run of fourteen dates across Great Britain . It began on 21 February 2016 at the Liverpool Empire Theatre and concluded on 11 March 2016 at the Plymouth Pavilions . The leg also included two nights at the London Palladium . The English singer @-@ songwriter Philippa Hanna served as the support act , and the English singer @-@ songwriter Joss Stone joined Lewis on stage as a special guest for the final show of the tour to perform a cover of " Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves " by Eurythmics and Aretha Franklin . Lewis performed a nineteen @-@ song set list with a four @-@ piece band and two backup vocalists . Her vocals , stage presence and interaction with the crowds was lauded by the critics in attendance . Many singled out her performance of " Ave Maria " as the set 's highlight , while others also praised renditions of " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " , " A Moment Like This " and " Run " . Several noted that nearly a third of the set list consisted of both official covers recorded by Lewis previously included on her albums , as well as cover songs intended just for the tour . Some were complimentary of the unofficial covers , most notably Lewis ' version of " Time After Time " by Cyndi Lauper , whereas others felt that there were too many and that they were too forgettable . = = Background = = To promote her fifth studio album , I Am ( 2015 ) , on 11 September 2015 Leona Lewis announced her third headlining concert tour , titled the I Am Tour , was to take place in February and March 2016 . It was her first concert tour since the Glassheart Tour in 2013 . Spanning fourteen shows visiting various concert halls and theatres in England , Scotland and Wales , the tour began at the Liverpool Empire Theatre on 21 February and concluded at the Plymouth Pavilions on 11 March ; it also included two dates at the London Palladium . Lewis announced the tour on 11 September 2015 and tickets went on sale a week later on 18 September . Speaking about touring again , Lewis said that she was " So so excited to announce a 2016 UK Tour ! I cannot wait to get out and perform all the new songs for you and some old favourites too ! " In an interview for What 's On magazine in December 2015 , Lewis revealed that she had originally planned for the tour to be longer , but decided to shorten it in order to spend time with family and friends and start writing songs for her sixth studio album sooner . = = Critical reception = = Katie Fitzpatrick of the Manchester Evening News reported that fans in attendance at the Manchester Bridgewater Hall show were impressed with Lewis ' performance , writing that many took to social media following the concert to describe her as " the best singer in the world " . Reporting on the show at The Sage Gateshead , the Chronicle Live critic Gordon Barr praised Lewis ' confidence and her band . He noted that the production was relatively simple compared to the big @-@ budget production values of her first concert tour in 2010 , The Labyrinth . With the tour featuring just two background vocalists and a four @-@ piece band , Barr wrote that it was " so refreshing to see an artist on stage just loving the music " . He singled out performances of " Ave Maria " , " Run " , and a cover of " Time After Time " by Cyndi Lauper as the show 's highlights . Barr described the performance of " Time After Time " as " stripped back to the core " which enabled the crowd to " really [ hear ] that incredible voice at its best " . Allan Jones of the Bournemouth Echo was also complimentary of Lewis ' performance during the show at the Bournemouth International Centre . Although he disapproved of the performance of " Ave Maria " ( but noted that it garnered a standing ovation from the crowd ) , he thought that standout performances included " Run " , " Bleeding Love " , and Lewis ' cover of " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " by Roberta Flack . He concluded his review by writing that Lewis has " that really big soul / pop voice that should see her continuing to pack venues for the next ten years " . Adrian Caffery of the Birmingham Mail gave a mixed review of the show at the city 's Symphony Hall . While he was complimentary of Lewis ' vocals performances on most of the original tracks , most notably on " Ave Maria " , which he described as demonstrating " an amazing transformation to opera diva " , he was critical of Lewis ' decision to include seven cover songs on the set list . Although Caffery wrote that " Run " , " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " , " Ave Maria " , and " A Moment Like This " – the last of which he described as " cheesy " – were to be expected , as Lewis had recorded them for previous albums . However , he disapproved of " Time After Time " , labelling it " ok " , and called the Sam Smith covers " instantly forgettable " . He concluded by writing : " There was enough evidence to suggest Leona is capable of staging an utterly mesmerising show from start to finish – just not this time " . A critic from The Bristol Post wrote that Lewis " dazzled " the audience who " [ enjoyed ] Leona 's impressive vocals and stunning songs " , placing emphasis on her rendition of " Time After Time " . In a review of Lewis ' performance at the London Palladium on 5 March , William J Connolly of Gay Times praised the singer 's openness regarding her personal and private life throughout the show , which gave the audience an insight as to " why she 's remained quiet in previous months and why , as we all love , each album is full of emotion and honesty " . He singled out " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " , " Bleeding Love " , and " Thunder " as the show 's highlights , and described " Run " as " perfect " . Emma Noye of the Ipswich Star wrote that despite there being some Americanisms in the show , such as " horse @-@ riding , beach @-@ walking backing visuals with a voiceover talking about the ' journey ' she 's been on " , Lewis ' voice was " indisputably fantastic " . Noye went on to write that the singer " made everyone feel included and engaged " and praised her performance of " Ave Maria " as " stunning " . In her review of the concert at the Plymouth Pavilions , Caroline Abbott of the Torquay Herald Express praised Lewis for her interaction with the crowd and her " down @-@ to @-@ earth " persona , as well as her performances of " Ave Maria " , " Thank You " , and " Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves " , a duet with the special guest Joss Stone . Noting that a third of the set @-@ list was made up of covers , she expressed dislike for Lewis ' interpretation of " Time After Time " . Abbott wrote that her " only real criticism " of the performance was for the stage production , which she described as " five strips of giant toilet paper hanging at the back , occasionally changing colour , and spaced a little too far apart to make for easy viewing of the video footage of Leona explaining why her music is so important to her " . Abbott did , however , note that the backdrop did not detract from the " high quality music " or her " incredible , effortless voice " . = = Set list = = The following set list is representative of the show in Liverpool at the Liverpool Empire Theatre on 21 February 2016 . It may not represent the setlist from all of the shows . For the final show at the Plymouth Pavilions on 11 March , Lewis bought out the English singer @-@ songwriter Joss Stone as a special guest to perform a cover of " Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves " by Eurythmics and Aretha Franklin . = = Shows = = = Erez Lieberman Aiden = Erez Lieberman Aiden ( born 1980 ) , formerly known as Erez Lieberman , is an American research scientist active in multiple fields related to applied mathematics . He is an assistant professor at the Baylor College of Medicine , and formerly a fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows and visiting faculty member at Google . Using mathematical and computational approaches , he has studied evolution in a range of contexts , including that of networks through evolutionary graph theory and languages in the field of culturomics . He has published scientific articles in a variety of disciplines . Lieberman Aiden has won awards including the Lemelson – MIT Student Prize and the American Physical Society 's Award for Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Research in Biological Physics . In 2009 , Lieberman Aiden was named as one of 35 top innovators under 35 by Technology Review and in 2011 he was one of the recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers . = = Early life and education = = Erez Lieberman Aiden grew up in Brooklyn with three siblings . He began computer programming at the age of seven . His father , Aharon Lieberman , was a technology entrepreneur and owned a factory in New Jersey . As a child Lieberman Aiden spoke Hebrew and Hungarian , making English his third language . Lieberman Aiden studied mathematics , physics , and philosophy at Princeton , and earned a master 's degree in History at Yeshiva University . He proceeded to complete a joint PhD in mathematics and bioengineering at the Harvard – MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , where he was advised by Eric Lander and Martin Nowak . = = Research = = Lieberman Aiden contributed to the founding of evolutionary graph theory along with his PhD supervisor Martin Nowak . He has since been involved in researching the three dimensional structure of the human genome and the field of culturomics . = = = Three @-@ dimensional genome structure = = = Lieberman Aiden was part of a team of scientists from the University of Massachusetts Medical School and MIT that first suggested human DNA folds into a fractal globule rather than an equilibrium globule . This finding explains how each cell 's genome is able to be heavily compacted without forming a knot . Lieberman Aiden and coworkers invented a variant of chromosome conformation capture called " Hi @-@ C " which produces a genome @-@ wide measure of contact probabilities that point to a 3 @-@ dimensional genome structure . This technique combines existing chromosome capture methodology with next @-@ generation sequencing , enabling an all @-@ versus @-@ all measure of chromatin contacts . In 2009 this work was published in the journal Science and was featured as a cover illustration . Following the publication , Lieberman Aiden was quoted as saying : We ’ ve long known that on a small scale , DNA is a double helix … But if the double helix didn ’ t fold further , the genome in each cell would be two meters long . Scientists have not really understood how the double helix folds to fit into the nucleus of a human cell , which is only about a hundredth of a millimeter in diameter . This new approach enabled us to probe exactly that question . In 2014 , he served as a senior author on an article in Cell which described a refined method of Hi @-@ C which his team used to describe the fundamental organization of DNA . = = = Culturomics = = = Lieberman Aiden was involved in the analysis of a corpus of around 5 million digitised books , applying data mining techniques to advance the new field of culturomics . Leiberman Aiden was involved in a project to digitise Anglo @-@ Saxon texts in 2004 , the analysis of which led to the discovery of verb regularisation , a process whereby irregular verbs become increasingly regular over time . After the announcement of Google Books , Lieberman Aiden approached Google 's Director of Research Peter Norvig and was permitted to statistically analyse their data . His work contributed to the Google Ngram Viewer , released in December 2010 , which makes use of culturomics ideas to produce normalized historical trends for any sequence of letters . This project published a number of findings in the journal Science , including the changing dynamic of fame and instances of literary censorship during the Second World War . = = Awards = = In 2008 Lieberman Aiden was awarded the Lemelson @-@ MIT Student Prize for his work on the iShoe , meant to assist elderly people with balance problems and prevent falls that could cause injury . The following year , the iShoe was listed as one of " 20 New Biotech Breakthroughs that Will Change Medicine " by Popular Mechanics . A year later Lieberman Aiden was named as one of 35 top innovators under 35 ( TR35 ) by MIT 's Technology Review magazine . In 2010 , the American Physical Society presented Lieberman Aiden with the Award for Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Research in Biological Physics for his thesis titled " Evolution and the emergence of structure " . His doctoral dissertation was also awarded the Hertz Thesis Prize . Lieberman Aiden is also the recipient of an NIH Director 's New Innovator Award and was named , along with 95 other American researchers , as a recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2011 . = = Personal life = = Erez Lieberman married Aviva Presser in 2005 ; following the marriage both husband and wife appended to their surnames " Aiden " , which means Eden in Hebrew and , in Gaelic , little fire . They have a son named Gabriel Galileo and a daughter . Outside of scientific interests , Lieberman Aiden participated in a modern art collaboration with Nicholas Kahn and Richard Selesnick which was exhibited in galleries in the United States and Europe . Lieberman Aiden and his wife founded Bears Without Borders , a nonprofit organisation which distributes stuffed toys to the developing world . = Avitomyrmex = Avitomyrmex is an extinct genus of bulldog ants in the subfamily Myrmeciinae which contains three described species . The genus was described in 2006 from Ypresian stage ( Early Eocene ) deposits of British Columbia , Canada . Almost all the specimens collected are queens , with an exception of a single fossilised worker . These ants are large , and the eyes are also large and well developed ; a sting is present in one species . The behaviour of these ants may have been similar to extant Myrmeciinae ants , such as foraging solitarily for arthropod prey and never leaving pheromone trails to food sources . Avitomyrmex has not been assigned to any tribe , instead generally being regarded as incertae sedis within Myrmeciinae . However , its identity as an ant has been challenged , although it is undoubtedly a hymenopteran insect . = = History and classification = = Avitomyrmex is an extinct genus of ants with three described species . Fossils of Avitomyrmex , along with other extinct Myrmeciinae ants were first studied and described by Bruce Archibald , Stefan Cover and Corrie Moreau of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge , Massachusetts . They published their 2006 description of the genus and species in an Annals of the Entomological Society of America journal article . The genus name is a combination of the Latin " avitus " meaning " ancient " or " grandfatherly " and the Greek myrmex , meaning " ant " . Included with the genus description , the paper contained the description of Avitomyrmex mastax , Avitomyrmex systenus , and the type species Avitomyrmex elongatus . These fossil species date back to the Middle Ypresian . Archibald and colleagues originally classified Avitomyrmex as incertae sedis ( Latin for " of uncertain placement " ) within the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae , as the specimens are unable to be properly identified . In 2008 , however , Cesare Baroni Urbani of the University of Basel , Switzerland , noted that no specimen in this genus allows a proper examination of the apomorphy ( key diagnostic traits ) of the subfamilial or familial characters . While Baroni Urbani excludes Avitomyrmex from Myrmeciinae and classifies it as incertae sedis in Hymenoptera , the morphological characters and wings show the specimens are undoubtedly a hymenopteran insect . A 2012 report by Russian palaeoentomologist Gennady M. Dlussky of the Moscow State University describing new myrmecines accepted the classification of Archibald and colleagues without mentioning the comments of Baroni Urbani . The following cladograms generated by Archibald and colleagues show two possible phylogenetic positions of Avitomyrmex among some ants of the subfamily Myrmeciinae ; the cladogram on the right included three additional extinct genera compared to that on the left . It is suggested that Avitomyrmex may be closely related to other extinct Myrmeciinae ants such as Macabeemyrma and Ypresiomyrma , as well as the extant Nothomyrmecia macrops . = = Description = = There are several characters which separate Avitomyrmex from other ant genera . The most notable feature is the distinctly slender nature of the queens and workers morphology . This is shown clearly in the shape of the petiole connecting the thorax and the abdomen . While similar to the modern myrmeciine genus Nothomyrmecia of Southern Australia , the two genera are distinguishable by the structure of the petiole , with Avitomyrmex lacking the peduncle seen in Nothomyrmecia . The eyes are large and well developed , the mandibles are subtriangular but poorly preserved , and a sting is present on examined A. systenus fossils . As for A. elongatus and A. mastax , it is unknown if the two ants have a sting , due to either poor preservation or the sting has not been preserved at all . = = = A. elongatus = = = A. elongatus was described from a single side of a compression fossil found from the Middle Ypresian McAbee Fossil Beds , Kamloops Group , near Cache Creek , British Columbia . The incomplete specimen of a queen , numbered 2003.2.8CDM032 , is currently preserved in the paleontology collections housed at the Courtenay and District Museum , Courtenay , British Columbia . Archibald , Cover , and Moreau coined the specific epithet from the Latin " elongatus " meaning " prolonged " in reference to the elongated morphology of the type specimen . The species is discernible from the other two species of Avitomyrmex by its notably larger size , the preserved portion of the ant being over 20 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 8 inches ) . The forewings are almost as large as the specimen , measuring around 18 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 7 inches ) while the hindwings are too poorly preserved to be studied . The holotype is preserved with a partly disarticulated gaster and is missing her head . = = = A. mastax = = = The second species described from the McAbee Fossil Beds is A. mastax which , unlike A. elongatus , is known from two specimens . The holotype and paratype are both included in the Thompson Rivers University , Kamloops collections as UCCIPRL @-@ 18 F @-@ 850 and UCCIPRL @-@ 18 F @-@ 929 respectively . The holotype specimen is a partial queen which is incomplete , with one forewing and the head fairly preserved , and the other isolated body portions indistinct . The paratype is a mostly complete queen missing parts of her gaster , legs and hind wings . Overall the species is estimated to have been 15 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 6 inches ) long and has a forewing length of 13 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 5 inches ) . A. mastax is distinguishable from the other species in Avitomyrmex by its smaller mandible size , being less than half the length of the head with eight teeth , and additionally the shape of the head capsule . The specimen also has large compound eyes . The specific epithet mastax is from the Greek " mastax " meaning " jaw " or " mandible " , a reference to the small size of the mandibles compared to the other species of Avitomyrmex . = = = A. systenus = = = Of the three described species of Avitomyrmex found at the McAbee Fossil Beds , only A. systenus is known from worker caste specimens . The holotype is currently deposited in the Courtenay and District Museum paleontology collections as 2003 @.@ 2 @.@ 11 CDM 035 while the paratype , UCCIPR L @-@ 18 F @-@ 989 , and an additional hypotype worker , UCCIPR L @-@ 18 F @-@ 825 , which is tentatively assigned to the species are both deposited in Thompson Rivers University collections . Based on the mostly complete workers , mature specimens are estimated to have been 15 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 6 inches ) . Due to the size of adult workers they cannot be attributed to A. elongatus while the overall petiole , head capsule and mandible structure distinguish it from A. mastax . The eyes are large and one @-@ third the length of the head , and the legs are indistinctly preserved but long . The pronotum is almost flat , and the gaster is narrow . The shape of the head was the basis for Archibald , Cover and Moreau choosing the specific epithet systenus , which is from the Greek word systenos meaning " tapering to a point " . = = Ecology = = Archibald and colleagues suggested that the life habits of Avitomyrmex species may have been similar to that of extant Myrmeciinae ants . These ants may have nested in the soil or in trees , possibly being an arboreal nesting genus . This may be the case as one Myrmecia species is known to inhabit trees exclusively . Workers most likely preyed on arthropods , killing them with their sting and fed on nectar ; workers would have been found foraging onto trees or low vegetation without leaving any pheromone trails to food sources or recruit nestmates , as they were solitary foragers . Avitomyrmex ants most likely used their large eyes to locate prey and for navigational purposes . = Hurricane Nora ( 2003 ) = Hurricane Nora was the final of five tropical cyclones to make landfall in the 2003 Pacific hurricane season . The fourteenth named storm and fifth hurricane of the season , Nora developed on October 1 from a tropical wave . It slowly intensified as it moved northwestward , intensifying into a hurricane on October 4 . That day , Nora rapidly intensified to its peak of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , but the larger Hurricane Olaf to its east prevented further strengthening . An approaching trough turned the rapidly weakening system to the east toward Mexico . By October 7 , it was downgraded to a tropical depression . Although it no longer met the criteria for being a tropical cyclone , the National Hurricane Center continued issuing advisories due to the cyclone 's proximity with land . Nora unexpectedly redeveloped an area of thunderstorms and moved ashore near Mazatlán , Sinaloa on October 9 before dissipating . The depression dropped locally heavy rainfall in western Mexico , but there were no reports of damage . Later , the remnants combined with Olaf and an upper @-@ level low to produce flooding and a tornado in central Texas . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Nora were from a tropical wave that exited the west coast of Africa on September 13 . It moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea without developing . The wave axis crossed Central America on September 25 , with its convection tracking westward along the southern Mexican coastline . On September 29 , the system became better organized when it reached a position about 100 mi ( 160 km ) south of Acapulco . Although upper @-@ level wind shear was only marginally favorable , the National Hurricane Center first noted the potential for tropical cyclogenesis on September 30 over the subsequent few days . This verified on October 1 after the thunderstorms organized enough for the system to be classified as Tropical Depression Fourteen @-@ E. At the time , it was located about 600 mi ( 975 km ) south of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula . Upon developing , the depression had a well @-@ defined low @-@ level circulation , and with a ridge to the north , it moved south of due west . Conditions favored further development , including low wind shear and warm water temperatures . The convection gradually organized , and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Nora early on October 2 . Its motion briefly became nearly stationary as Nora rounded the furthest extent of the ridge , although a steady motion to the northwest began on October 3 . That day , an eye feature developed in the center of the deep convection , and Nora attained hurricane status early on October 4 . Steady intensification continued to winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) by later that day , and favorable conditions were expected to allow the hurricane to reach major hurricane status , or winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . However , Nora did not intensify further , due to unfavorable increased wind shear from the developing Tropical Storm Olaf to its east . By October 5 , the eye of Nora was no longer evident on satellite imagery , which indicated the beginning of a weakening trend . However , a Special Sensor Microwave / Imager observed a small eye that was open to the northwest . The convection became ragged , and on October 6 the winds decreased below hurricane @-@ force . Around the same time , a strong approaching mid @-@ level trough caused Nora to slow and turn to the east . Continued wind shear and the presence of dry air stripped the thunderstorms away from the center , and by October 7 all of the deep convection had dissipated . As a result , it was downgraded to a tropical depression , and Nora weakened to the extent that it barely met the criteria for being a tropical cyclone . The NHC maintained advisories due to the circulation 's proximity to western Mexico , as well as the unlikely potential for redeveloping thunderstorms due to its movement over warmer waters . Nora accelerated to the east @-@ northeast and later to the northeast due to the advancing trough . As it approached western Mexico , an area of curved convection unexpectedly developed over the center . Without additional redevelopment , the poorly defined circulation of Nora made landfall near Mazatlán , Sinaloa early on October 9 . It dissipated shortly thereafter over the high terrain of western Mexico . = = Preparations and impact = = As Nora was expected to move ashore as a tropical depression , the National Hurricane Center did not issue any tropical storm warnings or watches . However , the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional , or Mexico 's National Weather Service , issued 46 advisories and 16 caution bulletins on the storm . As the storm moved parallel to the Mexican coastline , it produced high waves . Later , when Nora moved ashore in Sinaloa , it dropped locally heavy rainfall . The peak 24 ‑ hour total was 3 @.@ 75 in ( 95 @.@ 3 mm ) in Mazatlán , Sinaloa , recorded on October 8 . The rainfall maximum for the previous day was 3 @.@ 43 in ( 87 @.@ 0 mm ) in Gaviotas , Nayarit . Rainfall from Nora extended was also reported along the Baja California peninsula , and also extended from the coastline northward to near Texas . Its impact was minimal in western Mexico , and there were no reports of damage , deaths , or injuries . Moisture from the remnants of Nora and Olaf interacted with an upper @-@ level low to produce heavy rainfall across Texas , producing flooding near Waco that forced a family to evacuate in McGregor . The floodwaters closed portions of Interstate 35 , U.S. Route 84 , and Texas State Highway 36 . The system also spawned a tornado in Sugar Land that damaged four buildings , including a school . Nora was the final Pacific storm of the season to strike Mexico . The others were hurricanes Ignacio and Marty , and tropical storms Carlos and Olaf . = Clan MacAulay = Clan MacAulay , also spelt Macaulay or Macauley is a Scottish clan . The clan was historically centred on the lands of Ardincaple , which are today consumed by the little village of Rhu and burgh of Helensburgh in Argyll and Bute . The MacAulays of Ardincaple were located mainly in the traditional county of Dunbartonshire , which straddles the " Highland Line " between the Scottish Highlands and Lowlands . Clan MacAulay has been considered a " Highland clan " by writers and has been linked by various historians to the original Earls of Lennox and in later times to Clan Gregor . The MacAulays of Ardincaple , like Clan Gregor and several other clans , have traditionally been considered one of the seven clans which make up Siol Alpin . This group of clans were said to have claimed descent from Cináed mac Ailpín , King of the Picts , from whom later kings of Scotland traced their descent . The chiefs of Clan MacAulay were styled Laird of Ardincaple . Clan MacAulay dates , with certainty , to the 16th century . The clan was engaged in several feuds with neighbouring clans . However , the clan 's fortunes declined in the 17th and 18th centuries . After the decline and fall of Clan MacAulay , which ended with the death of Aulay MacAulay in the mid @-@ 18th century , the clan became dormant . With the revival of interest in Scottish clans in the 20th century a movement was organised to revive Clan MacAulay . The modern organisation strove to unite the three unrelated groups of MacAulays , and all who bore the surname MacAulay , under one clan and chief . In 2002 , the clan appointed a potential chief of Clan MacAulay , but his petition for formal recognition was denied by the Lord Lyon King of Arms . The Lord Lyon ruled that the petitioner did not meet two criteria : anyone without a blood link to a past chief must be Clan Commander for ten years before being considered for recognition , and that the chiefship in question was of the MacAulays of Ardincaple and not of all MacAulays . To date , Clan MacAulay does not have a chief recognised by the Lord Lyon King of Arms , and therefore can be considered an Armigerous clan . There are many different families of MacAulays from both Ireland and Scotland which are not related and are considered to have no historical connection with Clan MacAulay . These include the Scottish Macaulays from the Western Isles ( the Macaulays of Lewis and possibly the MacAulays of Uist ) . Irish families of MacAulays with no connection with Clan MacAulay are the McAuleys of Co Offaly and Co Westmeath , the McAuleys in Ulster ( Co Fermanagh ) , and the ' MacAuleys of the Glens ' ( Co Antrim ) . The ' MacAuleys of the Glens ' ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
A record in The Treasurer 's Books , dated November 1602 , record one such instance : " Item , to Patrik M 'Omeis , messinger , passand of Edinburghe , with Lettres to charge Ard Earle of Argyle to compeir personallie befoir the Counsall , the xvj day of December nixt , to ansuer to sic things as salbe inquirit at him , tuiching his lying at await for the Laird of Ardincapill , vpone set purpois to have slain him , xvj li " . = = = After 1600 = = = After the episode at Glen Fruin between clans Gregor and Colquhoun in 1603 , western Dumbartonshire slowly became more " settled " or peaceful . The MacGregors ceased to exist as a clan and the resident clans of MacAulay , MacFarlane , and Buchanan became less powerful as their lands slowly passed into the hands of strangers . In 1614 , Angus Og MacDonald of Dunyvaig seized Dunyvaig Castle , which had been held by the Bishop of the Isles . Sir Aulay MacAulay of Ardincaple , with twenty of his men , accompanied the Bishop to Islay to demand the surrender of the castle . On 26 March 1639 , Covenanters captured Dumbarton Castle to prevent it from being used as a Royalist base in the event of an invasion from Ireland . Once secured , the Earl of Argyll placed Walter MacAulay , Laird of Ardincaple , as keeper of the castle with a garrison of forty men . In 1648 , the parish of Row ( modern Rhu ) was created at the instigation of Aulay MacAulay , Laird of Ardincaple , who wanted to separate from the parish of Rosneath on the opposite side of the Gare Loch . He built the first parish kirk a year later and provided land for the kirk , minster 's manse , and garden . The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the overthrow of the Roman Catholic , James II of England , in favour of the Protestant , William III of Orange . Though most of the English accepted William , Jacobites within Ireland and Scotland opposed him in favour of the deposed James . In 1689 , the Earl of Argyll 's offer to raise a regiment of 600 men in aid of William was accepted . Argyll 's regiment was to consist of 10 companies of about 60 men each . That same year , Archibald MacAulay of Ardincaple raised a company of fencibles in aid of William . William and his wife Mary were crowned King and Queen of Scotland as William II and Mary II on 5 November 1689 . In 1690 , " Ardencaple 's Company " within the Earl of Argyll 's Regiment was commanded by Captain Archibald MacAulay of Ardencaple , Lieutenant John Lindsay , and Ensign Robert MacAulay " Anshent " ( ancient ) . Later in 1694 , Archibald 's younger brother , Robert , is listed as Captain Robert MacAulay in the Earl of Argyll 's Regiment of Foot . Even after the revolution had succeeded there was still a fear of invasion in Dumbartonshire by adherents to the expelled Jacobite king . Local parishes were required to muster their men . An example of the size of one particular muster around 1693 is as follows : in Kilmaronock , fifty men and ten guns ; in Gleneagles , seventy @-@ four men and three @-@ score swords ; in Luss , seventy men " with arms conforme " ; in Cardross , one hundred men and thirty stand of arms ; and in Rhu , there were eighty @-@ men and fifty @-@ six firelocks . At first the individual parishes selected their own officers , but at general musters they were divided into two companies — one containing those above Leven , and those living below in the other . At a shire mustering at Kilpatrick in 1696 , MacAulay of Ardincaple was selected as Captain of the company above Leven , with Noble of Ferme , Lieutenant , and Dugald MacFarlane of Tullibintall , Ensign . At the beginning of the 18th century , a group of MacAulays migrated to the former counties of Caithness and Sutherland . William Buchanan of Auchmar 's 18th @-@ century account of the surname MacAulay stated that a group of MacAulays in Caithness claimed to descend from the MacAulays of Ardincaple . = = = = In Ireland = = = = During the early 17th century , Clan MacAulay was involved in the Plantation of Ulster , as James VI began colonising regions of Ireland with English and Scottish settlers . Several MacAulays were transplanted from Scotland to Ulster during this era . One such region was the precinct of Portlough ( within the barony of Raphoe , in Co Donegal ) which comprised 12 @,@ 000 acres ( 49 km2 ; 19 sq mi ) . In 1610 , Ludovic Stewart , 2nd Duke of Lennox was allotted 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 12 km2 ; 4 @.@ 7 sq mi ) of land within the precinct . There were eight other allotments ; one of which was of 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 km2 ; 1 @.@ 6 sq mi ) to Alexander MacAulay of Durling , gentleman . The king appointed various commissioners to visit the landlords to whom the allotments were made in order to take account of their progress . In July 1611 , on such inspection was made in the precinct of Portlough . The report stated of the duke 's allotment : " Duke of Lennox , chief undertaker of 2000 acres . Sir Aulant Aula , Knight , his agent , resident , with some British families ; no preparation for building , save some timber trees felled and squared " . For the allotment to Alexander MacAulay of Durling , the report stated : " Alexander McAula of Durlinge ; 1000 acres ; appeared not , nothing done " . In 1619 , Nicholas Pynnar surveyed the undertakers and recorded of the Duke of Lennox 's portion : " 3000 acres , Duke of Lennox : a very strong castle , built of lime and stone , but no freeholders . The well inhabited and full of people " . For the MacAulay portion the report stated : " 1000 acres , Alexander McAula : stone house and bawn ; 2 freeholders , 9 lessees ; able to produce 30 men with arms " . Later , Alexander MacAulay of Durling , also known as ' Alexander MacAulay , alias Stewart ' , sold his allotment to Alexander Stewart . According to Hill , Alexander Stewart was the ancestor of the Stewart Marquesses of Londonderry . Alexander MacAulay of Durling also succeeded Sir Aulay Macaulay as Laird of Ardincaple and chief of Clan MacAulay . A branch of the MacAulays of Ardincaple settled in Co Antrim , with the leading member of the family owning the Glenarm estate for some time until it passed to the MacDougalls in 1758 . = = = Fall of the clan and loss of Ardincaple = = = The power of Clan MacAulay and the fortune of the Lairds of Ardincaple diminished from the 17th century into the 18th century . Successive lairds were forced to divide and sell , piece by piece , the lands once governed by the clan . As the laird 's resources dried up , their lands fell into decay , and the once expansive lands of Ardincaple shrank to only a few farms . The last Macaulays seem to have been a perfect type of the true old Celtic school of men who thought much of their Chiefery , of their old connection with Clan Gregor , and of the retainers whom they could send out to fight or reive in alliance with them , but who thought nothing of the acres under their own power which could be made to bear the fruits of industry and of peace . By the early 1750s , even the roof of Ardincaple Castle , seat of the clan chief , had fallen in . The overall condition of the castle had deteriorated to such an extent that the next laird was forced to abandon it and live in nearby Laggarie . The bulk of the Ardincaple estate ultimately passed into the hands of John Campbell , 4th Duke of Argyll . The last chief of the MacAulays , Aulay MacAulay , died at High Laggarie ( now encompassed by the tiny village of Rhu ) landless and without an heir to succeed as chief in about 1767 . In 1794 , Lord Frederick Campbell ( brother of John , 5th Duke of Argyll ) supervised the draining of the marsh and bog @-@ ridden former lands of the Lairds of Ardincaple . The poor state of the lands of Ardincaple before that year is illustrated in the statement by George Campbell , 8th Duke of Argyll : that much of the land could not bear the weight of a cow , and local men of the time remembered when horses would be lost in the bogholes prevalent in the area . = = = Modern era : clan associations = = = Since the death of the last chief , in the 18th century , the MacAulays of Ardincaple have ceased to exist as a clan . There is currently no clan chief , and no member of the clan has been granted the undifferenced arms of the MacAulays of Ardincaple . However , with a revival of Scottish interest in the 20th century several MacAulays unsuccessfully attempted to prove a genealogical link to the last chief , and a movement was organised to revive the clan . In 1997 Iain McMillian MacAulay was made interim leader , or clan commander . Later in 1998 , during its first assembly , the organisation 's objectives were determined : to unite three unrelated groups of MacAulays under one chief – Clan MacAulay ( the MacAulays of Ardincaple ) , the Macaulays of Lewis , and the Macaulays of Wester Ross ; this new chief would then , in effect , be chief of all MacAulays . In 1999 MacAulay intended to petition the Lord Lyon King of Arms to be recognised as chief but was challenged by Iain Davidson MacAulay , originally a native of Helensburgh who claimed a direct bloodline to the chiefs of the clan . In 2001 , an ad hoc derbhfine took place at Tulloch Castle , Dingwall in Easter Ross with the intention of nominating a person to petition Lyon Court to become a recognised clan chief . Prior to the derbhfine Ross Herald wrote to six armigers and ten landowners supplied by the Clan MacAulay Association , who would be involved in the voting . The derbhfine , which was supervised by Ross Herald , took place in front of 50 clan members , and the voting was carried out by only 11 members . The derbhfine ruled that Iain McMillan MacAulay , then an 80 @-@ year @-@ old armiger , should lead the clan . After being nominated as leader , MacAulay then petitioned the Lord Lyon King of Arms for the right to receive the undifferenced arms of the last chief of Clan MacAulay , legally making him clan chief . Later in 2002 , the Robin Blair , the Lord Lyon King of Arms rejected MacAulay 's petition . He ruled that a petitioner without a genealogical link to a past chief would have to rule as Commander of the Clan for ten years before being considered for recognition as a chief . Following this , The Scotsman reported that the reasoning behind his ruling was that recognising MacAulay as chief would discourage any further research into finding a blood link to the chiefs of the clan . And that such research was unnecessary . The Lord Lyon also stated , that with no historical evidence linking the Macaulays of Lewis and Clan MacAulay ( the MacAulays of Ardincaple ) , " there does not seem to be any firm basis for considering the present Petition other than in the context of the Ardincaple MacAulays alone . " Later in 2002 , clan members then decided on a democratic process to select a clan chief . It was decided that a potential chief would have to be elected by all clan members for a duration of five years at a time , before being re @-@ elected again . At the time it was also debated over whether a potential chief should have to be a resident in Scotland , however a decision on this could not be agreed upon . Following Iain McMillan MacAulay 's death in 2003 his son , Diarmid Iain MacAulay , was elected by members as chief . According to the website of the " Clan MacAulay Association in Scotland " , there was a " clan gathering " held in Edinburgh during the Homecoming Scotland 2009 festivities , which took place from 25 – 26 July 2009 . On 7 August 2011 , the Clan MacAulay Association elected Hector MacAulay as " Chief of the Clan MacAulay Association " , at the association 's AGM . A " Clan MacAulay International Gathering " took place in August 2011 , in Carnlough , County Antrim , Northern Ireland . The event was the first such gathering outwith Scotland . The Clan Gathering in Crieff was held in 2013 . The next International Clan Gathering of the Clan MacAulay will be in Oban in August 2015 . It expected that there will be around a hundred MacAulays descending in Oban for the weekend of 14 and 15 August . = = Unrelated Irish MacAuleys = = Today some of the McAuleys ( and other various spellings of the name ) living in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland descend from Clan MacAulay ( of Ardincaple ) . However , there are several different clans or septs of native Irish which bear exactly the same and similar names that are unrelated and have no connection at all with Clan MacAulay ( of Ardincaple ) . The Mac Amhalghaidh sept originating from lands in Co Offaly and Co Westmeath derive its name from the Old Irish name Amhalgaidh ( just as Clan MacAulay ) . The sept is considered to be of native Irish origin , descending from Niall of the Nine Hostages . The chiefs of the sept are recorded in the Irish annals as ' chiefs of Calry ' ; their lands were known in Elizabethan times as " MacGawleys Country " . The Mac Amhlaoibh sept from Co Fermanagh in Ulster derive its name from Amhlaoibh , a Gaelic personal name derived from the Old Norse names Áleifr and Óláfr. he sept traces its descent from Amlaíb ( d.1306 ) , younger son of the first Maguire king of Fermanagh — Donn Óc ( c.1286 – 1302 ) . The family was one of the junior septs that dispossessed other non Maguire families in the area of the Maguire lordship . In consequence of their military actions the family left its mark on the area in the name of the barony of Clanawley in Co Fermanagh . The Mac Amhlaoibh sept of Co Cork are a branch of the MacCarthys . Today many members of the sept bear names like MacAuliffe which is usually found within Co Cork and hardly ever found outside of Munster . The chiefs of the sept resided at Castle MacAuliffe which was located near Newmarket , Co Cork . The territory of the sept was described in 1612 as " Clan Auliffe " . The ' MacAuleys of the Glens ' are thought to be of Scottish descent . Located in the Glens of Antrim , the MacAuleys were allies of the MacDonnells in the 16th century . The MacDonnells held parts of Clannaboy while the MacAuleys , MacGills , and MacAllisters occupied the northeast coast of Antrim . On the plain of Bun @-@ na @-@ mairgie , near Ballycastle , the MacDonnells ( led by Sorley Boy MacDonnell ) fought the MacQuillans . Before the battle , the MacQuillans appealed to the O 'Neills of Lower Claneboy and to the MacAuleys and MacPhoils of the middle Glens of Antrim for assistance against the MacDonnells . The two small clans ( the MacAuleys and MacPhoils ) were two days late to the battle ; when they arrived , they were only spectators to a battle which was near its climax . Sorley Boy MacDonnell then rode out to the chief of the MacAuleys and persuaded him to join his ranks , as did the MacPhoils . Their combined force then drove the MacQuillans to the banks of the river Aura , where they were finally defeated and the chief of the MacQuillans slain in what is known as the Battle of Aura . Festivities lasted for several days after the battle and a cairn , called " Coslin Sorley Boy " , was raised on the mountain Trostan . = = Clan profile = = Etymology of the name : The clan has been thought by some people to descend from the family of the earls of Lennox . Within the family , the personal name Amhlaibh was given to several individuals . In the mid 20th century , George Fraser Black stated that the clan 's surname MacAulay ( and its numerous variations ) originated from the Gaelic patronymic name Mac Amhalghaidh ( meaning " son of Amalghaidh / Amhalghadh " ) . The Old Gaelic personal name Amalghaidh / Amhalghadh , pronounced almost like " Aulay " or " Owley " , is of uncertain meaning . Clan member 's crest badge : In most cases , crest badges are made up of a clan chief 's heraldic crest and heraldic motto . However , in the case of Clan MacAulay , no coat of arms of a chief of the clan has ever been matriculated by the Lord Lyon King of Arms , the head of the heraldic authority in Scotland . The crest badge appropriate for a clan member contains the crest : a boot couped at the ankle and theron a spur proper ; and the motto : dulce periculum ( translation from Latin : " danger is sweet " ) . In 1608 , Sir Aulay MacAulay of Ardincaple was a Shire Commissioner for Dumbartonshire ( prior to the Acts of Union 1707 , a Shire Commissioner was the equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament ) . Sir Aulay was one of two commissioners who were tasked with regulating the price of boots and shoes . Clan badge : There have been two clan badges ( or plant badges ) attributed to Clan MacAulay : cranberry and scots pine . Both clans MacAulay and MacFarlane have been attributed with a badge of cranberry . Clan MacFarlane , also a west @-@ Dumbartonshire clan , claims a descent from Alwyn II , Earl of Lennox . The badge of scots pine has been attributed to all seven clans of Siol Alpin : Clan Grant , Clan Gregor , Clan MacAulay , Clan Macfie , Clan Mackinnon , Clan Macnab , and Clan MacQuarrie . = = = Heraldry = = = No coat of arms of a chief of the clan has ever been matriculated by the Lord Lyon King of Arms . Even so , in the 19th century , several heraldists listed different arms for the MacAulays of Ardincaple . The 19th century Ulster King of Arms , Sir John Bernard Burke listed the ( undated ) arms of " Macaulay ( Ardincaple , co . Argyll ) " , blazoned : gules two arrows in saltire argent surmounted of a fess chequy of the second and first between three buckles Or . The 19th century heraldist Robert Riddle Stodart published an undated facsimile of a different coat of arms of " Mc : aula of Arncapelle " ( which is also pictured above within the article ) . The seal of Aulay Macaulay of Ardincaple , in 1593 bore : a fess chequy and in chief a buckle . An early grant of arms , to a member of the clan and descendant of the MacAulays of Ardincaple , was that of George M 'Alla , merchant of Edinburgh . His coat of arms was registered by Lyon Court in 1672 and is blazoned : gules , two arrows in saltire argent surmounted of a fess checquy of the second and first between three buckles or , a bordure indented of the last ; crest : a boot couped at the ankle thereon a spur all proper ; motto : dulce periculum . The celebrated 19th @-@ century historian Thomas Babington Macaulay , 1st Baron Macaulay was granted ( English ) arms that alluded to those of the MacAulays of Ardincaple . This was despite his having no connection at all with Clan MacAulay ; he was descended from the unrelated Macaulays of Lewis . MacAulay heraldry According to Stodart , the fess checquy and buckles , prominent in ' MacAulay heraldry ' , are derived from the arms of the Stewarts . The basic Stewart coat of arms is blazoned : Or , a fess chequy azure and argent . The buckles utilised in ' Stewart heraldry ' are ultimately derived from the canting arms of Alexander Boncle ( d. by 1300 ) , blazoned : gules , three buckles Or . Boncle 's daughter ( who in time became his heiress ) married Sir John Stewart ( d . 1298 ) , younger son of Alexander Stewart , 4th High Steward of Scotland . Together the couple founded the ' Bonkyl ' Stewart branch of the clan , and their descendants tended to utilise the ' Bonkyl ' buckles as their heraldic differencing . One of the couple 's sons , Sir Allan Stewart of Dreghorn ( d . 1333 ) , founded the Stewart of Darnley branch of the clan , which in time became the earls and dukes of Lennox . Non @-@ MacAulay heraldry = = = Tartan = = = There have been several published tartans associated with the surname MacAulay . = = = Associated families = = = One of the ' official ' Clan Campbell septs is MacPhedran — a name derived from MacPheaderain , meaning " son of little Peader " . The Gaelic Peadar is a cognate of the English Peter ; and both are forms of the Greek Petros , meaning " stone " , " rock " . William Buchanan of Auchmar 's 18th @-@ century account of the surname MacAulay states that the original member of this sept was a MacAulay . This sept dwelt in the lands of Sonachan , on Loch Awe , in what is largely Clan Campbell territory . The earliest account of the sept is in 1439 , when Domenicus M 'Federan was granted confirmation for the lands of Sonachan by Sir Duncan Campbell of Lochawe . According to David Sellar , the MacArthurs of Darleith descend from the MacAulays of Ardincaple . Darleith is located quite close to the old MacAulay seat at Ardincaple , about 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) . = = = In popular culture = = = A fictional " M 'Aulay " clan appeared in Walter Scott 's 1819 novel , A Legend of Montrose , which was set during the James Graham , 5th Earl of Montrose 's Highland campaign against the Covenanters in 1644 . One of the main characters within the novel is Allan M 'Aulay , a member of Montrose 's army , and the younger brother to Angus , the clan 's chief . Within the novel , Allan M 'Aulay feuds with the MacEaghs , who are also known as the " children of the mist " . Historically , the term " children of the mist " referred to the line of MacGregors who were disinherited in the 16th century . The character of Allan M 'Aulay was based upon the historical James Stewart of Ardvorlich , sometimes called the " Mad Major " . = The Diamond Smugglers = The Diamond Smugglers is a non @-@ fiction work by Ian Fleming that was first published in 1957 in the United Kingdom and in 1958 in the United States . The book is based on two weeks of interviews Fleming undertook with John Collard , a member of the International Diamond Security Organisation ( IDSO ) , which was headed by Sir Percy Sillitoe , the ex @-@ chief of MI5 who worked exclusively for the diamond company De Beers . The IDSO was formed by Sillitoe to combat the smuggling of diamonds from Africa , where , it was estimated , £ 10 million ( £ 217 @,@ 431 @,@ 365 in 2016 pounds ) worth of gems were being smuggled out of South Africa alone every year . The book expands upon articles Fleming wrote for The Sunday Times in 1957 . Fleming was better known as the author of a series of books about his super @-@ spy creation , James Bond ; The Diamond Smugglers is one of two non @-@ fiction books he wrote . It was broadly well @-@ received , although some reviewers commented on the stories not being new . = = Synopsis = = The Diamond Smugglers is the account of Ian Fleming 's meeting with John Collard , a member of the International Diamond Security Organisation ( IDSO ) . The book takes the form of background narrative by Fleming of where the two men met , interspersed with the interview between Fleming and Collard , who is introduced under the pseudonym of " John Blaize " . Collard relates how he was recruited into the IDSO by Sir Percy Sillitoe , the ex @-@ head of MI5 , under whom Collard had worked . The book goes on to look at the activities of the IDSO from the end of 1954 until the operation was closed down in April 1957 , when its job was complete . Collard explained that the IDSO was set up at the instigation of the Chairman of De Beers , Sir Philip Oppenheimer , after an Interpol report stated that £ 10 million of diamonds were being smuggled out of South Africa each year , as well as additional amounts from Sierra Leone , Portuguese West Africa , the Gold Coast and Tanganyika . As well as providing a history of the IDSO 's operations , Collard relates a number of illustrative vignettes concerning the diamond smuggling cases he and the organisation dealt with . = = Background = = Fleming became interested in diamond smuggling after reading an article in The Sunday Times in 1954 concerning the Sierra Leone diamond industry . Philip Brownrigg , an old friend from Eton and a senior exec of De Beers , arranged for Fleming to visit the London Diamond Club to see diamonds being sorted and polished . In 1955 Brownrigg also introduced Fleming to Sir Percy Sillitoe , former head of MI5 , who was working for De Beers and investigating the illicit diamond trade through the International Diamond Security Organisation . Fleming met Sillitoe and used much of the research as background material for his fictional Bond novel , Diamonds Are Forever . Fleming retained an interest in the subject and when Sillitoe suggested to the editor of The Sunday Times , Denis Hamilton , that the paper may want to write a story on the International Diamond Security Organisation , Hamilton offered the story to Fleming . Sillitoe also offered his deputy , retired MI5 officer John Collard , as liaison for Fleming to interview . During World War II , Collard had assisted in the planning of Operation Overlord as part of MI11 and had joined MI5 under Sillitoe at the war 's end . Whilst in MI5 he played a major role in the capture and conviction of the atomic spy Klaus Fuchs , before Sillitoe had approached him in 1954 to work for the International Diamond Security Organisation . Fleming and Collard met in Tangiers on 13 April 1957 ; Fleming considered Collard to be a " reluctant hero , like all Britain 's best secret agents " . The pair spent two weeks discussing the issue of diamond smuggling , with Collard explaining what happened in South Africa and Sierra Leone . Fleming would then dictate an average of 5 @,@ 000 words a day to a secretary . When the drafts of the books were shown to De Beers they objected to a number of areas and threatened an injunction against Fleming and The Sunday Times , which resulted in much material being removed . The Sunday Times serialised the book over six weeks , starting on 15 September 1957 and finishing on 20 October 1957 . = = Release and reception = = The Diamond Smugglers was published in the UK in November 1957 , by Jonathan Cape , was 160 pages long and cost 12 shillings 6d . The book was published in the US on 13 May 1958 , by Macmillan and cost $ 3 @.@ 50 . = = = Reviews = = = The book received largely positive reviews . Michael Crampton , writing for The Sunday Times considered it an " exciting and richly fascinating account " and thought Fleming authored a book that " ringing true as fact , is at the same time as highly entertaining as any fiction . " The Times Literary Supplement obtained the services of the Earl of Cardigan to review the book . He noted that " the book is put together with a skill one would expect from Mr. Fleming " , which leads to something that is " very entertaining reading " . Reviewing for The Observer , Anthony Sampson thought the book had " sparkle " , adding that " it is often difficult to remember that we are not listening to his old hero Mr. James Bond . " Sampson noted that the book included " several yarns which are worthy of the best spy @-@ stories " . The reviewer for The Economist enjoyed the book , but considered that while many of the stories " make good reading ... they are not new " . For The New York Times , John Barkham thought that Fleming 's foray into non @-@ fiction produced " mixed results " . Although he found the subject interesting , the basis in interview resulted in a " choppy book " that was " no more than an interim report " . = = Attempted film adaptation = = Shortly after publication , The Rank Group offered £ 13 @,@ 500 ( £ 293 @,@ 532 in 2016 pounds ) for the film rights to the book , which Fleming accepted , telling them he would write a full story outline for an extra £ 1 @,@ 000 . Several contemporary newspaper reports referred to the project as " The Diamond Spy " . British producer George Willoughby subsequently obtained the rights for the book from Rank and tried to make a film with the actor Richard Todd , eventually commissioning a screenplay from Australian writer Jon Cleary , who finished a script in October 1964 that remained faithful in spirit to Fleming 's book while also featuring elements familiar from the James Bond films . Kingsley Amis was also hired as a story consultant ; in a letter to author Theo Richmond on 20 December 1965 Amis wrote he was having ' a horrible time ' of writing an outline for Willoughby . W.H. " Bill " Canaway , co @-@ author of the screenplay for The Ipcress File , was also hired to work on the script . At one point , film director John Boorman was involved . Despite interest from Anglo @-@ Amalgamated Film Distributors and Anglo Embassy Productions in early 1966 , the project was shelved later that year . = The Boat Race 1951 = The 97th Boat Race took place on 24 and 26 March 1951 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . After Oxford sank in the first race held on 24 March , a re @-@ row was ordered by the umpire and took place two days later . It was the first time one of the crews had sunk during the race since the 1925 race . In a race umpired by former Oxford rower Gerald Ellison , Cambridge won the re @-@ row by twelve lengths in a time of 20 minutes 50 seconds , taking the overall record in the event to 53 – 43 in their favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1950 race by a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 52 victories to Oxford 's 43 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by W. T. Arthur ( who rowed for the Light Blues in the 1950 race ) , Roy Meldrum ( a coach for Lady Margaret Boat Club ) , James Owen and H. R. N. Rickett ( who rowed three times between 1930 and 1932 ) . Oxford 's coaches were T. A. Brocklebank ( who had rowed for Cambridge three times between 1929 and 1931 and who had also coached the Light Blues in the 1934 race ) , J. L. Garton ( who had rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1938 and 1939 races ) and J. A. MacNabb ( who rowed for Cambridge in the 1924 race ) . The race was umpired for the first time by former Oxford rower and Bishop of Willesden Gerald Ellison who had competed in the 1932 and 1933 races . The Light Blues were considered to be firm favourites , yet the rowing correspondent for The Times suggested that " the outcome is anything but certain " . The rowing correspondent writing in The Manchester Guardian stated that " if Oxford to @-@ day can make the most of their superiority in weight and good fighting spirit the race is by no means lost to them " . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 13 st 0 @.@ 5 lb ( 82 @.@ 6 kg ) , 9 pounds ( 4 @.@ 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw four rowers return with Boat Race experience , including their number six Charles Lloyd and stroke David Jennens . Oxford 's crew contained three rowers who had taken part in the previous year 's race . Five of Cambridge rowers were studying at St John 's College , thus rowed for Lady Margaret Boat Club under the supervision of Meldrum . Three participants in the race were registered as non @-@ British . Oxford 's number two A. J. Smith was Australian while their cox G. Carver was American ; Cambridge 's Lloyd was also Australian . = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . Umpire Ellison started the race at 1 : 45 p.m , with a strong wind blowing against the tide , creating " sizeable waves " . Oxford had already taken onboard a considerable amount of water from their row to the stakeboats and had opted for less physical protection against the inclement conditions than their opponents . Both crews started at a relatively low stroke rate to cater for the conditions , with Cambridge moderately out @-@ rating their opponents . The Light Blues took an early lead and appeared to be coping with the conditions better than Oxford , and were over a length ahead by the time they passed the London Rowing Club boathouse . The Dark Blues shipped more water until they became entirely submerged , and were rescued by spectators on the Oxford launch Niceia . Cambridge continued , and headed for the relative protection of the Surrey shore but were caught by the umpire 's boat and informed that the race was void . It was the first sinking in the Boat Race since the 1925 race in which Oxford went down . Since the umpire declared a " no row " and because the reason for the sinking was deemed to be " equipment failure before the end of the Fulham Wall " , it was agreed between the umpire , the boat club presidents and the Port of London Authority that a re @-@ row be arranged which would take place on Easter Monday , 26 March 1951 . After the two @-@ day delay , Oxford once again won the toss and once again elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . Ellison started the re @-@ row at 2 : 30 p.m , in light rain and a " dead smooth " river . Cambridge made the better start and although Oxford quickly drew level , the Light Blues were clear by the end of Fulham Wall . Poor steering from cox Carver allowed Cambridge to pull further ahead , passing the Mile Post more than two lengths clear , and Harrods Furniture Depository three lengths up . Jennens pushed on and by the time Cambridge passed below Hammersmith Bridge , they were four and a half lengths clear and seven ahead by Chiswick Steps . By Barnes Bridge , the lead was 11 lengths . Cambridge won by a margin of 12 lengths in a time of 20 minutes 50 seconds , securing their fifth consecutive victory . It was the largest winning margin since the 1900 race and the slowest winning time since the 1947 race . Crowden later noted that while he believed the initially sinking to be more down to " inferior oarsmanship rather than an accident " , he was certain that his crew would have failed to finish the course had they been allowed to continue . The rowing correspondent of The Manchester Guardian suggested that " the 1951 race , with anti @-@ climax following disaster , is best forgotten as quickly as may be . " The victory took the overall record in the event to 53 – 43 in Cambridge 's favour . = Bill O 'Reilly ( cricketer ) = William Joseph " Bill " O 'Reilly ( 20 December 1905 – 6 October 1992 ) , often known as Tiger O 'Reilly , was an Australian cricketer , rated as one of the greatest bowlers in the history of the game . Following his retirement from playing , he became a well @-@ respected cricket writer and broadcaster . O 'Reilly was one of the best spin bowlers to ever play cricket . He delivered the ball from a two @-@ fingered grip at close to medium pace with great accuracy , and could produce leg breaks , googlies , and top spinners , with no discernible change in his action . A tall man for a spinner ( around 188 cm , 6 ft 2 in ) , he whirled his arms to an unusual extent and had a low point of delivery that meant it was very difficult for the batsman to read the flight of the ball out of his hand . When O 'Reilly died , Sir Donald Bradman said that he was the greatest bowler he had ever faced or watched . In 1935 , Wisden wrote of him : " O 'Reilly was one of the best examples in modern cricket of what could be described as a ' hostile ' bowler . " In 1939 , Wisden reflected on Bill O 'Reilly 's successful 1938 Ashes tour of England : " He is emphatically one of the greatest bowlers of all time . " As a batsman , O 'Reilly was a competent left @-@ hander , usually batting well down the order . O 'Reilly 's citation as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1935 said : " He had no pretensions to grace of style or any particular merit , but he could hit tremendously hard and was always a menace to tired bowlers . " As well as his skill , O 'Reilly was also known for his competitiveness , and bowled with the aggression of a paceman . In a short biographical essay on O 'Reilly for the Barclays World of Cricket book , his contemporary , the England cricketer Ian Peebles , wrote that " any scoring @-@ stroke was greeted by a testy demand for the immediate return of the ball rather than a congratulatory word . Full well did he deserve his sobriquet of ' Tiger ' . " = = Youth and early career = = Of Irish descent , O 'Reilly 's paternal grandfather Peter emigrated from Co Cavan , Ulster in 1865 . Arriving in Sydney , he had been a policeman for four years in Ireland and continued in this line of work in New South Wales . After a period , he was sent to Deniliquin in the Riverina , where he settled and married another Irish immigrant Bridget O 'Donoghue from Ballinasloe , Co . Galway . O 'Reilly 's father , Ernest , was a schoolteacher and moved around the areas surrounding the Murray River to study and teach . O 'Reilly 's mother Mina was of mixed Irish and Welsh descent , of a third generation family from Adelaide . O 'Reilly was born in the opal mining town of White Cliffs , New South Wales . Ernest had been appointed to open the first school in the town , and had helped to build the school and its furniture himself . Bill was the fourth child in the family , with two elder brothers and a sister . O 'Reilly 's cricket skills were largely self @-@ taught ; his family moved from town to town whenever his father was posted to a different school , he had little opportunity to attend coaching . He learned to play with his brothers , playing with a " gum @-@ wood bat and a piece of banksia root chiselled down to make a ball . " He learned to bowl because his older brothers dominated the batting rights . His bowling action was far from the classic leg spin bowler 's run @-@ up and delivery , indeed , according to Wisden , " he was asked to make up the numbers in a Sydney junior match and , with a method that at first made everyone giggle , whipped out the opposition " . From a young age , O 'Reilly was a tall and gangly player . In January 1908 , a month after Bill had turned two , the family moved to Murringo , after Ernest was appointed the headmaster . O 'Reilly said in his autobiography Tiger that the move played no vital part in his cricket education . The area had much more vegetation than the desolate White Cliffs , and an Irish Australian majority . O 'Reilly later described the period as the happiest of his life . There the children played tennis on a court on their property and took up cricket . During this time , O 'Reilly 's mother gave birth to another son and two more daughters . In 1917 , at the age of twelve , the family moved to the town of Wingello . Ernest made the decision because there were no high schools near Murringo and his older children were about to finish primary school . Nevertheless , there was no high school in Wingello where Ernest had been appointed headmaster , so O 'Reilly had to catch a train to Goulburn — 50 km away — to study at the local public secondary school , where his elder brother Tom had been awarded a scholarship . Wingello was a cricket town and " everyone was a cricket crank " according to O 'Reilly . It was here that he developed a passion for the game . O 'Reilly played in the town 's team and also won the regional tennis championships . O 'Reilly bowled with an action reminiscent of the windmill that his family erected in the town . However , school life was difficult , especially in the winter , as the Southern Tablelands were harsh and cold . The O 'Reilly children had to leave Wingello at 7 @.@ 45 am by rail and caught a slow goods train that delivered them home at 7 pm ; these vehicles did not provide protection against the weather , and the boys did not participate in any school sport as the only train home left after the end of classes . In the early 1920s , O 'Reilly 's eldest brother Jack moved to Sydney . One afternoon , Jack watched spin bowler Arthur Mailey in the North Sydney practice nets and managed to describe the famous bowler 's ' Bosie ' action in a letter to Bill . O 'Reilly claims to have perfected the action of changing the spin from anticlockwise to clockwise without any discernible hand movement within a couple of days . O 'Reilly said that " The bosie became my most prized possession . I practised day in , day out " . Ernest decided that the train journeys and frozen limbs were too much for his son , so he sent Bill to St Patrick 's College , Goulburn as a boarder in 1921 , where he quickly showed his athletic flair by becoming a member of the school 's rugby league , tennis , athletics and cricket teams . He held a state record for the triple jump . At the same time , he also represented the town team . During his time at St Patrick 's , O 'Reilly developed his ruthless and parsimonious attitude towards bowling . After three years at the Irish Catholic school , funded by a scholarship , O 'Reilly completed his Leaving Certificate . = = Sydney Teachers College = = O 'Reilly won a scholarship to the Sydney Teachers College at Sydney University , to train as a schoolmaster . However , the financial assistance was only for two years and merely sufficient for O 'Reilly 's rent at Glebe Point . When he was in Sydney , O 'Reilly received an invitation to join an athletics club based on his performances in Goulburn , but was only able to join after the secretary Dick Corish waived his membership fee . Jumping 47 feet , he came second in a triple jump competition behind Nick Winter , who went on to win gold in the event at the 1924 Summer Olympics with a world record of 50 ft . O 'Reilly also placed second in a high jumping competition , clearing six feet . Corish was also a cricket administrator and invited O 'Reilly to play in a David Jones Second XI . Not knowing anything of his new recruit 's abilities , Corish did not allow O 'Reilly to bowl until he explicitly complained of only being allowed to field . O 'Reilly promptly finished off the opposition 's innings by removing the middle and lower order . After an encounter with journalist Johnny Moyes , who wrote glowingly about O 'Reilly 's skills . While training as a teacher , O 'Reilly joined the Sydney University Regiment , a unit of the Militia Forces ( Army Reserve ) . He did not enjoy his time in the military , and along with most of his peers , regarded the commanding officer as inept . O 'Reilly was a non @-@ conformist who did not enjoy taking orders , and was unimpressed with the firearm drills , because the recruits were armed only with wooden sticks . However , he signed up for a second year to raise money for his education . Fed up with military routines he considered to be pointless , O 'Reilly volunteered to be a kitchen hand . During a vacation , O 'Reilly caught the train from Sydney back to Wingello , which stopped at Bowral mid @-@ journey . There , Wingello were playing the host town in a cricket match , and O 'Reilly was persuaded to interrupt his journey to help his teammates . This match marked his first meeting with Bowral 's 17 @-@ year @-@ old Don Bradman , later to become his Test captain . O 'Reilly himself later described thus : How was I to know that I was about to cross swords with the greatest cricketer that ever set foot on a cricket field ? ... by the close of play , 17 @-@ year @-@ old Don Bradman was 234 not out . The match resumed a week later , according to the local custom ... I bowled him first ball with a leg @-@ break which came from the leg stump to hit the off bail . Suddenly cricket was the best game in the whole wide world . The wicket ended a period of suffering for O 'Reilly at the hands of Bradman , who had hit many fours and sixes from him . Bradman 's counter @-@ attack came after he had been dropped twice from O 'Reilly 's bowling before reaching 30 by Wingello 's captain Selby Jeffery . On the first occasion , the ball hit Jeffery in the chest while he was lighting his pipe ; soon after the skipper failed to see the ball " in a dense cloud of bluish smoke " as he puffed on his tobacco . The match was the start of a long on @-@ field relationship between the pair , who were to regard one another as the best in the world in their fields . O 'Reilly recalled that Bradman " knew what the game was all about " . O 'Reilly did not enjoy his time at the overcrowded Sydney Teachers College ( STC ) , decrying the lack of practical training and the predominance of pedagogical theory . Regarding it as a waste of time , he happily accepted an offer of work experience from Major Cook @-@ Russell , the head of physical education at STC , to help at Naremburn College instead of attending lectures . This angered Professor Alexander Mackie , the head of STC , whom both Cook @-@ Russell and O 'Reilly regarded as incompetent . O 'Reilly 's initial posting after abandoning his training was to a government school in Erskineville , a inner @-@ city suburb in Sydney . At the time , the suburb was slum @-@ like and impoverished , with many unruly students . Many of the pupils were barely clothed and tested O 'Reilly 's ability to discipline . He said that he learned more in three months there under Principal Jeremiah Walsh than he would have in ten years at STC . Major Cook @-@ Russell then started a military cadet program in New South Wales schools ; O 'Reilly started such a program at Erskineville and his students won the statewide competition " in a canter " . O 'Reilly 's time at Erskineville also marked the start of work @-@ sport conflicts that hampered his cricket career . He joined North Sydney Cricket Club in 1926 – 27 and was selected at short notice to play in an invitational match under retired Australian captain Monty Noble at the Sydney Cricket Ground . As the education department required a week 's notice for leave requests , O 'Reilly declined , but was then ordered by the Chief Inspector of Schools to play after turning up at school on the morning of the match . Having taken six wickets , the match was then washed out , and O 'Reilly then had his pay deducted , much to his chagrin . = = First @-@ class career = = = = = Debut = = = O 'Reilly was selected for the New South Wales practice squad based on his performance in a single match for North Sydney against Gordon in 1927 – 28 . In this game , he bowled Moyes — a state selector — with a medium paced leg break . At state training , O 'Reilly 's new teammate and Test leg spinner Arthur Mailey advised him to adopt a more conventional grip , but the 19th century Test bowler Charles Turner , known as " Terror Turner " and famous for his unorthodox ways , told O 'Reilly to back his self @-@ styled technique . O 'Reilly decided to listen to Turner . After taking a total of 3 / 88 in a Second XI match against Victoria , O 'Reilly made his first @-@ class debut in the 1927 – 28 season , playing in three matches and taking seven wickets . In his first match , against New Zealand , O 'Reilly took 2 / 37 and 1 / 53 . He then played in what would be his only Sheffield Shield match for several years , going wicketless against Queensland , before returning figures of 4 / 35 against Tasmania . = = = Rural teaching post and absence from cricket = = = In 1928 , O 'Reilly was transferred by the New South Wales Education Department to Griffith , New South Wales , an outback town in the south @-@ west of the state , and he was unable to play first @-@ class cricket . Over the next three years he moved around the country , including postings to Rylstone and Kandos . Teaching duties may have cost O 'Reilly an early entry into Test cricket , as many young players were introduced in the 1928 – 29 home series against England following a large number of retirements of older players . In the meantime , O 'Reilly taught English to primary school children in Griffith , as well as singing — most of the pieces were Irish . At Rylstone he taught book @-@ keeping and business , and he was promoted to the high school at Kandos . During this time he supplemented his income by travelling from town to town , playing in one @-@ off cricket matches at the expense of the host 's club . He worked on his bosie during the period and regularly dismissed outclassed opposition batsmen . O 'Reilly regarded his cricketing isolation as highly beneficial as he regarded coaches to be ill @-@ advised and detrimental to development . = = = Return to Sydney = = = In late @-@ 1930 , O 'Reilly was posted to Kogarah Intermediate High School in the southern Sydney suburb of Kogarah , where he taught English , history , geography and business . O 'Reilly resumed playing for North Sydney , confident that with an improved bosie , he was much more potent than before his rural teaching stint . As he only arrived back in Sydney in the second half of the 1930 – 31 season , O 'Reilly was not considered for first @-@ class selection , but he took 29 wickets at 14 @.@ 72 for North Sydney . In the 1931 – 32 season he emerged as the successor to Mailey in the New South Wales side . Within half a dozen games , he was one of several young players introduced to the Australian cricket team for the Fourth Test in a badly one @-@ sided series against South Africa . However , matters could have been rather different . O 'Reilly had broken into the team for New South Wales ' away matches against South Australia and Victoria while the Test players were on international duty . He totaled only 2 / 81 in the first match and was then informed that he would be dropped after the second fixture . O 'Reilly responded by bowling with a more attacking strategy , taking 5 / 22 and 2 / 112 . At the end of the match , New South Wales ' stand @-@ in captain , the leg spinning all rounder Reginald Bettington , declared O 'Reilly " the greatest bowler in the world " , and although few agreed with this claim , Bettington made himself unavailable for selection so that O 'Reilly would not be dropped . The reprieved leg spinner took a total of 8 / 204 in his next two matches , and while the figures were not overwhelming , they were enough to ensure a Test berth ; with an unassailable 3 – 0 lead , the selectors wanted to blood new players . O 'Reilly took four wickets on his debut at the Adelaide Oval , two in each innings , supporting the senior leg @-@ spinner , Clarrie Grimmett , who took 14 wickets in the match and with Bradman scoring 299 not out , Australia won the match . O 'Reilly retained his place when the selectors kept the winning side for the final match of the Test series at the MCG . On a pitch made treacherous by rain , he did not bowl at all when South Africa were bowled out for just 36 in the first innings , and came on only towards the end of the second innings , when he took three wickets as the touring side subsided to 45 all out . He ended his first Test series with seven wickets at 24 @.@ 85 . In Sheffield Shield cricket in the 1931 – 32 season , O 'Reilly took 25 wickets at an average of 21 runs per wicket , highlighted by his maiden ten @-@ wicket haul , 5 / 68 and 5 / 59 in a home match against South Australia after the Tests were over as New South Wales took out the title . The following year he was more successful , taking 31 wickets at just 14 runs each . New South Wales won the competition in both seasons . = = = Test regular = = = O 'Reilly became a regular member of the Australian Test side in the 1932 – 33 season and he played in all five Tests against England in the infamous Bodyline series . The Australian selectors perceived that O 'Reilly would be their key bowler , and as he had never played against the English , omitted him from the early tour matches so that the tourists would not be able to decode his variations . As a result , he missed the Australian XI match against the Englishmen in Melbourne . In two Shield matches ahead of the Tests , he took 14 wickets , including a total of 9 / 66 in an innings win over Queensland . Although the national selectors had hidden him from the Englishmen , New South Wales declined to do so , and he played for his state a week ahead of the Tests . The hosts were bombarded with short @-@ pitched bowling and heavily beaten by an innings ; O 'Reilly took 4 / 86 as the visitors amassed 530 , dismissing leading English batsman Wally Hammond in the first of many battles between the pair . The Tests started at the SCG and O 'Reilly was the team 's leading wicket @-@ taker for the series with 27 wickets . O 'Reilly not only took most wickets but he also bowled by some distance the most overs on either side , and he achieved a bowling economy of less than two runs from each of his 383 eight @-@ ball overs . In the first match , he took 3 / 117 from 67 overs as England amassed 530 and took a ten @-@ wicket victory . While his figures suggested that he bowled poorly — none of his wickets were those of batsmen — he beat the batsmen repeatedly . Between Tests , O 'Reilly took 11 wickets in two Shield matches . In the Second Test in Melbourne , O 'Reilly opened the bowling as Australia opted to use only one pace bowler on a turning pitch . After Australia had made only 228 , O 'Reilly trapped Bob Wyatt leg before wicket ( lbw ) before bowling both the Nawab of Pataudi and Maurice Leyland to leave England at 4 / 98 . He later took two tail @-@ end wickets to end with 5 / 63 and secure Australia a first innings lead . Defending a target of 251 , O 'Reilly bowled the leading English opener Herbert Sutcliffe for 33 with a textbook perfect leg break that pitched on leg stump and clipped the top of the off stump . According to English team manager Plum Warner , Sutcliffe had never been defeated so comprehensively . O 'Reilly also removed Hammond on the way to ending with 5 / 66 and securing a 111 @-@ run win . The ten @-@ wicket haul was O 'Reilly 's first at Test level and the start of his strong career record over the English . However , Australia were not to taste further success . The controversial " fast leg theory " bowling used by England under newly appointed captain Douglas Jardine brought the touring team victories in the last three matches : Australia were handicapped not only by the tactics , but also by a lack of quality fast bowlers ; O 'Reilly also opened the bowling in both the Third and Fourth Tests in Adelaide and Brisbane respectively due to the selection of only one paceman . He was hindered by a decline in the form of Grimmett , who was dropped after the Third Test . O 'Reilly took 2 / 83 and 4 / 79 in Adelaide , collecting the wicket of Sutcliffe for single figures in the first innings of a match overshadowed by near @-@ riots after captain Bill Woodfull was struck in the heart . Australia were crushed by 338 runs , and lost the series in Brisbane . After O 'Reilly had taken 4 / 101 — including Sutcliffe and Jardine — in the first innings to keep Australia 's first innings deficit to 16 , the hosts collapsed to be 175 all out . O 'Reilly took one wicket in the second innings of a six @-@ wicket loss . The final Test in Sydney took a similar course ; O 'Reilly took 4 / 111 in the first innings including Sutcliffe and Jardine again , as the tourists took a 14 @-@ run lead before completing an eight @-@ wicket win after another Australian collapse . O 'Reilly was wicketless in the second innings and bowled 72 overs in total in the match . Reflecting on the performance of O 'Reilly in the series , R Mason said " here we saw the first flexing of that most menacing genius " . In the 1933 – 34 season , with no Test series in Australia , O 'Reilly finished top of the Sheffield Shield bowling averages , taking 33 wickets at an average of 18 @.@ 30 , but he had an inconsistent run . He started the season with 6 / 58 and 7 / 53 in an innings win over Queensland . After managing only three wickets across two consecutive testimonial matches , O 'Reilly went wicketless against South Australia . He was angered by the subsequent comments in newspapers that he had already passed his zenith , and returned to form against Victoria at the MCG . After claiming 3 / 92 in the first innings , he took 9 / 50 in the second innings . The nine wickets included six Test players , including leading batsmen Woodfull and Bill Ponsford . Given his heavy workload in the previous season , it was decided to keep O 'Reilly fresh for the subsequent tour of England , so he played in only two of the last three matches , with a reduced bowling load , taking eight wickets . During the season , Bradman moved to North Sydney from St George Cricket Club to captain the team , and it was the only summer in which O 'Reilly played alongside Bradman at grade level . The following year , O 'Reilly moved to St George , which was near Kogarah , as they were obliged to play for a team in their area of residence . O 'Reilly was selected for the tour of England in 1934 , where he and Grimmett were the bowling stars as Australia regained the Ashes . They began by taking 19 of the 20 England wickets to fall in a comfortable victory in the First Test at Trent Bridge . O 'Reilly 's match figures were 11 wickets for 129 runs , and taking seven for 54 in his second innings was to produce his best Test figures . England then won the Second Test at Lord 's , aided by the weather and Australia 's inability to force the issue by avoiding the follow on . The hosts batted first and made 440 , O 'Reilly removing Walters . In reply , Australia were 2 / 192 when rain struck on the second evening and the sun turned the pitch into a sticky wicket the next day . When O 'Reilly came in at 8 / 273 , only 17 runs were needed to avoid the follow on , but he misjudged the flight of a Hedley Verity delivery and was bowled , thinking the ball to be fuller than it was and missing a lofted drive . Australia fell six runs short and were forced to bat again when the pitch was at its worst . They were bowled out again on the same afternoon as Verity took 14 wickets in a day . O 'Reilly always regretted his dismissal , as he believed that if he had helped to avoid the follow on , he would have taken " six wickets without removing his waistcoat " and that Australia could have then chased the target in better conditions on the fourth day . O 'Reilly shook English confidence in the Third Test , played on a placid surface at Old Trafford , by taking three wickets in four balls . Cyril Walters , who up to that point had been untroubled , failed to pick the bosie and thus inside edged the ball to short leg . Bob Wyatt came in and was clean bowled for a golden duck , bringing Hammond in to face the hat @-@ trick ball . The new batsman inside edged the ball past the stumps and through the legs of wicket @-@ keeper Bert Oldfield , but the next delivery clean bowled him . This left England at 3 / 72 , and O 'Reilly removed Sutcliffe soon after , but the batsmen settled down and the next wicket did not come until Hendren fell just before the end of the first day 's play . England were 5 / 355 and O 'Reilly had taken each wicket . The next day , the hosts ended on 9 / 627 , despite a relentless 59 overs from O 'Reilly , who ended with 7 / 189 and was the only bowler to challenge the batsmen . The high @-@ scoring match never looked likely to produce a result , except when Australia were in danger of being forced to follow on . They were 55 runs away from the follow on mark of 478 at the end of the third day with two wickets in hand , and O 'Reilly was on one . The next day Arthur Chipperfield fell with 24 runs still needed and O 'Reilly and Wall saw them to 491 before the latter fell . O 'Reilly ended with 30 not out after an innings in which he was lucky not to be caught off an edge multiple times . A further draw at Headingley , with England saved by rain after a Bradman triple century , set up a match to decide the series at The Oval . As the series was still alive , the match was timeless , rather than the customary five @-@ day contest . After Australia made 701 , O 'Reilly took 2 / 93 to help dismiss the hosts for 321 . The visitors then made 327 to set a target of 708 for victory . O 'Reilly claimed 2 / 58 , including Hammond , while Grimmett , with a total of eight wickets , proved the decisive bowler as Australia regained The Ashes with victory by 562 runs , which , more than 70 years on , is still the second largest margin of victory in terms of runs in any Test match . O 'Reilly was the leading Australian bowler of the tour , taking 28 Test wickets at an average of less than 25 , while Grimmett took 25 wickets at just under 27 runs apiece . Australia 's other Test bowlers took only 18 wickets between them . On the tour as a whole , O 'Reilly headed the tourists ' averages , with 109 wickets at 17 @.@ 04 , which meant that he also topped the averages for the whole English cricket season . In the matches against the English counties , he took 11 wickets in each of the games against Leicestershire and Glamorgan , and in the match against Somerset , after Hans Ebeling took the first wicket , he took the remaining nine for 38 runs , and that proved to be the best innings figures of his career . He was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1935 for his deeds on tour . The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches in Scotland against the hosts , and O 'Reilly top @-@ scored in a match for Australia for the only time , in the first of the two games . Having been allowed to open the innings after complaining about his lack of opportunities , he top @-@ scored with 47 ahead of McCabe 's 16 . He found the tour to be a happy and healing experience after the acrimony of the Bodyline series . O 'Reilly played little state cricket for New South Wales in 1934 – 35 ; at the time , his first child was born and he took time off to ponder his future employment . He played in only one Shield match , against arch @-@ rivals Victoria , and in the testimonial match for the retiring Woodfull and Ponsford . He took a total of eight wickets at 31 @.@ 37 in these matches . O 'Reilly played no Shield cricket the following season , when he was selected for the Australian tour to South Africa . Although Bradman had been vice @-@ captain under Woodfull in 1934 , he did not travel to South Africa on grounds of ill health , but played a full domestic season despite this . The team was captained by Victor Richardson , and O 'Reilly publicly described it as the happiest tour he had been on — he was one of several players who did not get along with Bradman . The tour was another triumph for the leg @-@ spin attack of O 'Reilly and Grimmett , but O 'Reilly was slightly overshadowed by his team @-@ mate in the Tests . With 44 wickets , Grimmett set a new record for the number of wickets by an Australian in a Test series , and he raised his Test career total to 216 wickets , beating the then world record of 189 by Englishman Sydney Barnes . O 'Reilly took 27 Test wickets at an average of just over 17 runs each : the other bowlers in the Australian team took 27 wickets between them . On the tour as a whole , O 'Reilly came out ahead of Grimmett , with 95 wickets against Grimmett 's 92 , and an average of 13 @.@ 56 against 14 @.@ 80 . O 'Reilly also revealed hitherto undiscovered batting talents , making an undefeated 56 in the Fourth Test in Johannesburg , and putting on 69 for the last wicket with Ernie McCormick . It was the only time in his first @-@ class cricket career that he passed 50 . During the tour , O 'Reilly developed his leg trap ; the opening batsmen Jack Fingleton and Bill Brown were used in these positions . = = = Senior bowler = = = With Bradman 's appointment as captain of the Australian team after the South African tour , Clarrie Grimmett was dropped , leaving O 'Reilly as the hub of the Australian bowling attack for the MCC Ashes tour in 1936 – 37 . O 'Reilly was strongly aggrieved by the removal of his long @-@ time bowling partner , and maintained that it was an " unpardonable " error that heavily weakened Australia 's bowling attack . However , he remained vague about why he thought Grimmett had been removed , even though suspicion dogged Bradman . Grimmett continued to dominate the wicket @-@ taking on domestic cricket , while his replacements struggled in the international arena . O 'Reilly responded by becoming the leading Australian wicket @-@ taker in the series taking 25 , with Bill Voce taking 26 for England . However , he almost failed to take to the field ; O 'Reilly and several players had threatened to withdraw after vice @-@ captain Stan McCabe 's wife was forbidden from sitting in the Members ' Stand in the First Test . The Australian Board of Control backed down , but it was the start of a tumultuous season . O 'Reilly 's wickets were at increased cost — his average increased to 22 runs per wicket — and he took five wickets in an innings only once , in the First Test at the ' Gabba in Brisbane , which England won convincingly . The circumstances of the series determined O 'Reilly 's role : after England won the first two Tests , O 'Reilly appeared to have been given the job not just of bowling the opposition out , but also of containing them , and he was criticised in Wisden for defensive bowling . Wisden even went as far as to describe it as " leg theory " . If the intention was to stifle England batsman Wally Hammond in particular , then it appears to have worked , but O 'Reilly 's figures for the series suggest he was consistent but not always penetrative . Morris Sievers , from fewer matches , outperformed his average ; Leslie Fleetwood @-@ Smith , a slow left @-@ arm spinner , got more eye @-@ catching individual figures , including 10 wickets in the victory at Adelaide . Whatever the methods , they were successful : having lost the first two Tests , Australia proceeded to win the final three to retain The Ashes they had regained in England in 1934 , and O 'Reilly 's five for 51 and three for 58 were the best figures in the decisive Fifth Test in Melbourne . In the 1937 – 38 season , O 'Reilly returned to more regular state cricket , and New South Wales duly won the Sheffield Shield for the first time in five seasons . He took 33 wickets at an average of just over 14 runs each , and against South Australia at Adelaide he repeated his feat against Somerset in 1934 , taking the last nine wickets of the first innings at a cost of 41 runs . This time , he followed up with five for 57 in the second innings . = = = 1938 : Final tour of England = = = O 'Reilly 's second and final Ashes tour to England as a player in 1938 again saw him as the most effective bowler in the team . His final record of 22 wickets at an average of 27 @.@ 72 in the four Tests — the Third Test was rained off without a ball being bowled — was marginally less than 1934 , and in all matches he took 104 wickets at 16 @.@ 59 . In its report of the tour , however , Wisden 's 1939 edition noted that " it was nothing short of remarkable that despite the moderate support accorded to him he bowled so consistently well and so effectively . " Again , O 'Reilly was often used defensively where there was no help from the wicket , but , Wisden added , " when ... the wicket gave him the least encouragement he robbed the greatest batsmen of initiative , and was most destructive " . O 'Reilly took 3 / 164 on a batting paradise in the First Test at Trent Bridge as England scored 8 / 658 and forced Australia to follow on and hold on for a draw . In the Second Test at Lord 's O 'Reilly took 4 / 93 in the first innings and trapped Eddie Paynter for 99 to end a 222 @-@ run partnership with Hammond . In reply to England 's 494 , Australia were in danger of being forced to follow on ; O 'Reilly came in and made 42 , featuring in a partnership of 85 in only 46 minutes with Bill Brown that enabled Australia to save the match : having been dropped by Paynter , he hit Hedley Verity for consecutive sixes to take Australia past the follow @-@ on mark . Brown recalled " It was a nice day , and a nice wicket . O 'Reilly came in , and I told him I 'd take the quicks — Wellard and Farnes — and Tiger [ O 'Reilly ] took Verity . " Australia reached 422 and O 'Reilly took 2 / 53 in the second innings as the match petered into a draw . In an otherwise high @-@ scoring series , O 'Reilly 's greatest triumph was in the low @-@ scoring Fourth Test at Headingley , where he exploited a difficult pitch to take five wickets in each innings as Australia secured the victory that enabled them to retain the Ashes . With the series level at 0 – 0 , England captain Hammond elected to bat first ; O 'Reilly 's 5 / 66 was largely responsible for ending England 's innings at 223 . He removed Hammond , who had top @-@ scored with 76 , Bill Edrich and Denis Compton , all bowled in quick succession . England were 1 / 73 on the third day , an overall lead of 54 , when O 'Reilly began a new spell after Bradman had switched his ends . Joe Hardstaff junior hooked him for four and the next ball was no @-@ balled by the umpire . O 'Reilly was reported to have become visibly enraged ; he bowled Hardstaff next ball and then removed Hammond for a golden duck . This precipitated an English collapse to 123 all out , and O 'Reilly ended with 5 / 56 and a total of 10 / 122 . O 'Reilly effort proved to be crucial as Australia scraped home by five wickets just 30 minutes before black clouds brought heavy rain , which would have made batting treacherous . The victory ensured the retention of the Ashes , and O 'Reilly ranked it as his finest performance , alongside his ten wickets in the Second Bodyline Test of 1932 – 33 . Australia had retained the Ashes , but England struck back at The Oval , where they posted the then @-@ record Test score of 7 / 903 . Early on , O 'Reilly trapped Edrich lbw for 12 , to secure his 100th Test wicket against England . In a timeless match , Len Hutton made a world record Test score of 364 in a fastidious and watchful innings of 13 hours , surpassing Bradman 's 334 . When he was on 333 , O 'Reilly deliberately bowled two no @-@ balls in an attempt to break Hutton 's concentration by tempting him to hit out , but the Englishman blocked them with a straight bat . O 'Reilly eventually removed Hutton and ended with 3 / 178 off 85 overs . Nevertheless , these compared favourably with Fleetwood @-@ Smith 's 1 / 298 off 87 overs . O 'Reilly was the only Australia to take more than a solitary wicket , and rated Hutton 's knock as the finest innings played against him . Australia collapsed to lose by an innings and 579 runs , the heaviest defeat in Test history . O 'Reilly 's lack of success went with The Oval Test in 1934 , when he took a total of 4 / 151 . O 'Reilly scaled back his participation in Sheffield Shield cricket in the 1938 – 39 season , making himself unavailable for most of the campaign to spend time with his newborn son after half a year in England ; he played in only two matches , against South Australia and arch @-@ rivals Victoria . He took a ten @-@ wicket haul in the latter match , but his figures of 6 / 152 and 4 / 60 were not enough to prevent defeat . Both teams were at full strength and eight of O 'Reilly 's victims were Test players , including batsman Lindsay Hassett twice . O 'Reilly 's only other match was for Bradman 's XI against Rigg 's XI in a match to commemorate the centenary of the Melbourne Cricket Club , in which he took a total of 7 / 129 , to end the season with 19 wickets at 23 @.@ 16 . He resumed regular service for New South Wales in the next season , taking 55 wickets at 15 @.@ 12 in seven matches . He took 8 / 23 and 6 / 22 to set up an innings win over Queensland and 6 / 77 and 4 / 62 in another victory over South Australia . The two matches against Victoria were shared as O 'Reilly took 17 wickets . In the second of the matches , in Sydney , Hassett became the only person to score centuries in both innings of match involving O 'Reilly . Despite Hassett 's feat , New South Wales won the match ; O 'Reilly took a total of 8 / 157 . O 'Reilly continued his strong run in 1940 – 41 , taking 55 wickets at 12 @.@ 43 in eight matches . He took nine wickets in three consecutive matches , once for McCabe 's XI in a match against Bradman 's XI , which his team won by an innings , and in both matches against Victoria , which were split between the two states . First @-@ class cricket was ended after one match in 1941 – 42 ; O 'Reilly took a total of 9 / 124 in a loss to Queensland before the attack on Pearl Harbor signalled the start of the Second World War in the Pacific . In the meantime , O 'Reilly continued to play for St George and topped the grade competition 's bowling averages for years from 1941 – 42 onwards . He averaged between 8 and 9 in all these seasons , and took more than 100 wickets in three consecutive summers , peaking with 147 in 1943 – 44 . O 'Reilly had tried to enlist in the military in 1941 , but after presenting himself for the medical , was informed that his employer was deemed a " protected undertaking " , so their workers were not allowed to enlist . First @-@ class cricket resumed in Australia in 1945 – 46 after the end of the war , although the Shield competition was not held that season . O 'Reilly captained New South Wales at the age of 40 , and although the emergence of Ray Lindwall and Ernie Toshack in the state side indicated a shift in emphasis away from spin and towards faster bowling , O 'Reilly maintained his pre @-@ war standards . He took 33 wickets at 14 @.@ 36 in six matches and New South Wales were undefeated ; they won four matches and drew both fixtures against Victoria . He took at least two wickets in every innings and claimed his innings best of 6 / 43 against Queensland . O 'Reilly also took a match total of 7 / 94 in an innings win over the Australian Services team , which had drawn a series against a full @-@ strength England team . O 'Reilly 's final first @-@ class cricket came on a four @-@ match tour by an Australian team to New Zealand in early 1946 . O 'Reilly was the vice @-@ captain of the team , which was led by Bill Brown . The main fixture during the tour was a four @-@ day match against a representative New Zealand side in Wellington , retrospectively designated as the first Test between the two countries in 1948 . The uncertain nature of the tour saw the Australians wear blazers labelled ABC for Australian Board of Control , rather than the usual coat of arms . New Zealand were outclassed ; after winning the toss and electing to bat on a rain @-@ affected pitch , they made 42 in their first innings and 54 in their second to lose by an innings and 103 runs . O 'Reilly took 5 / 14 in the first innings , and 3 / 19 in the second , dominating with Toshack . It was his last Test and his last first @-@ class game . O 'Reilly dominated in the other tour games as well ; he took match totals of 9 / 103 and 8 / 128 against Auckland and Otago respectively , and ended with 28 wickets at 10 @.@ 60 for the tour . Having only decided to tour New Zealand after much consideration , O 'Reilly retired at the end of the Test , throwing his boots out of the dressing room window . = = Conflict with Bradman = = Despite the mutual admiration between Bradman and O 'Reilly for their cricket skills , personal relations between the pair were strained . In Australian society at the time , sectarian tension existed between Catholics , mostly of Irish descent , of whom O 'Reilly was one , and Protestants , like Bradman . Bradman was a non @-@ drinker and a reserved character , often preferring to read quietly , rather than socialise or drink with his team @-@ mates . Coupled with his on @-@ field dominance , this led to perceptions that Bradman was cocky and distant from his team @-@ mates . In the late 1930s , the Australian Board of Control summoned O 'Reilly , Stan McCabe , Leo O 'Brien and Chuck Fleetwood @-@ Smith , all Catholics of Irish descent to a meeting to discuss the apparent schism in the team . Jack Fingleton , a trained journalist , was not invited to the meeting , but after the deaths of both Fingleton and O 'Reilly , Bradman penned a letter in which he accused the former of being the ringleader . O 'Reilly 's eventual departure also raised speculation that a purge had occurred . In 1995 , after both Fingleton and O 'Reilly had died , Bradman wrote : " With these fellows out of the way , the loyalty of my 1948 side was a big joy and made a big contribution to the outstanding success of that tour " ; the Australians went through the 1948 English summer undefeated . O 'Reilly became a journalist , and together with Fingleton , he often criticised Bradman . They were in the press box when Bradman was bowled for a duck in his final Test innings , when they were reported to have become hysterical with laughter . Nevertheless , O 'Reilly kept most of his strongest feelings about Bradman to himself and suppressed them from his autobiography ; he would say of Bradman that " You don 't piss on statues " . Before his death , O 'Reilly gave a series of interviews to the National Library of Australia , in which he accused Bradman of purging Grimmett from the team because Grimmett had joked that Bradman had ensured his own dismissal in a match against Victoria , to avoid facing the express pace of Ernie McCormick . According to cricket historian Gideon Haigh , " O 'Reilly was a man of embedded prejudices " . In retirement , O 'Reilly complained to a board member that " You have to play under a Protestant to know what it 's like " . The Test umpire Col Egar recalled that O 'Reilly never talked to him in their decades in cricket until a third party informed the bowler that Egar was a Catholic . Despite their conflicts , a few years before his death O 'Reilly wrote that , compared with Bradman , batsmen like Greg Chappell and Allan Border were mere " child 's play " . = = Off @-@ field career , mentoring and legacy = = In 1933 , O 'Reilly married Mary Agnes " Molly " Herbert , after less than six months of courtship . Of Irish stock , Molly had been introduced to O 'Reilly through one of his teaching colleagues at Kogarah , who married Molly 's elder sister the following year . The couple then moved to the southern Sydney suburb of Hurstville . The couple had two children , a girl followed by a boy . O 'Reilly continued to work as a schoolteacher after he broke into international cricket , but at the end of 1934 , after missing more than six months of the year in England , he resigned from his government post , reasoning that his career could not progress if he was going to be overseas so often . However , he had not made any plans for his future employment . Soon after , O 'Reilly received an offer to work as a sportsgoods salesman for the department store David Jones with sporting leave entitlements . The Premier of New South Wales , Bertram Stevens , tried to coax O 'Reilly into staying in the government education system , offering him a post at Sydney Boys High School if he returned to STC to complete the Bachelor of Arts that he had abandoned a decade before . In 1935 , O 'Reilly took up an appointment at Sydney Grammar School , one of the leading private schools in the state , having been offered 50 % paid leave for his cricket commitments . There he taught English , history and business . In 1939 he took a job in the sports store of close friend , teammate and fellow Irish Catholic Stan McCabe , which was located on George Street , the city centre 's main thoroughfare . O 'Reilly was a financial partner in the business , but following the outbreak of World War II , the sales revenue began to suffer and O 'Reilly left as the store would not be able to support two stakeholders . O 'Reilly then accepted a position as a manager of the Lion Tile Company at Auburn , in Sydney 's western suburbs . He remained in the position until 1976 . O 'Reilly was responsible for the financial and accounting affairs of the firm , which expanded to employ more than 200 workers . He was held in high regard and granted full paid leave when he thrice went overseas for six months to cover tours of England as a journalist . Doc Evatt , a leading Australian Labor Party politician attempted to recruit O 'Reilly into politics , but was unsuccessful . During the late @-@ 1930s , O 'Reilly mentored the then @-@ teenaged Arthur Morris and Ray Lindwall at St. George . He converted Morris from a left arm unorthodox spinner into an opening batsman , and exhorted Lindwall to become a specialist express paceman . Both had long Test careers and captained their country and are regarded as all @-@ time Australian greats in the fields that O 'Reilly chose for them — both were chosen with O 'Reilly in the ACB Team of the Century . The pair credited O 'Reilly as being the main influence in their careers , and Lindwall made his Test debut in O 'Reilly 's last Test in 1946 . In 1956 – 57 , McCabe and O 'Reilly were given a testimonial match by the New South Wales Cricket Association . The match was between Harvey 's XI and Lindwall 's XI and acted as a trial for the non @-@ Test tour of New Zealand . It raised 7 @,@ 500 pounds , which was split between McCabe and O 'Reilly and would have bought two average @-@ sized homes in Sydney at the time . On retirement as a player , O 'Reilly became a cricket columnist for The Sydney Morning Herald , remaining in that position until his health declined in 1988 . His first engagement was England 's tour of Australia in 1946 – 47 , and during this season he began a partnership with the Daily Express of London , going on to cover several Ashes series for them . O 'Reilly 's articles for The Sydney Morning Herald were reproduced in its sister publication , The Age of Melbourne . Later , his writing was syndicated to newspapers in India , South Africa and New Zealand . His style was described by Wisden as " muscular , very Australian ... flavoured with wit and imagery ( ' You can smell the gum @-@ leaves off him ' , he wrote of one country boy just starting with Queensland ) . " Jack McHarg said that " The clarity , wit and pungency of his writing , together with almost infallible judgment , never deserted him " , even as his health began to restrict him . He was a highly respected and forthright pundit , who hated one @-@ day cricket , describing it as " hit and giggle " . He condemned the omission of Keith Miller in 1949 – 50 and said that to call it " a complete surprise would be a cowardly way of describing a botch " . Reacting to the selection of the dour batting all rounder Ken Mackay , he wrote " words fail ... to express adequately my contempt for this howler " . In 1952 he had a falling @-@ out with Lindwall after condemning his protégé for bowling five consecutive bouncers at Everton Weekes in a Test . In comparison with his illustrious contemporary on @-@ field and on paper , " while Sir Donald walked the corridors of cricketing power O 'Reilly was the rumbustious backbencher . " In 1956 , O 'Reilly strongly criticised Australian captain Ian	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Johnson , a Melburnian , for his leadership during the 1956 Ashes tour . The Age took exception to this and asked their sister publication to rein in their pundit . O 'Reilly refused to shy away from his opinions and was dropped by the Melbourne publication . In the 1980s , when Bob Simpson became the first coach of Australia , O 'Reilly , himself self @-@ taught , spoke out against the creation of such posts . He was a strong critic of the breakaway World Series Cricket , the commercialisation of the sport and the erosion of the social norms that were followed during his playing career . Aside from his autobiography , O 'Reilly wrote two books ; Cricket Conquest : The Story of the 1948 Test Tour , published in 1949 , and Cricket Task Force , published in 1951 . They were accounts of the Invincibles tour of England in 1948 and England 's Ashes tour to Australia in 1950 – 51 . Upon retiring from The Sydney Morning Herald , O 'Reilly wrote in a column As a writer on the game it has always been my one consuming resolve to tell my readers … exactly what my personal reactions were to the events of the day . Not once did I ever spend time racking my brain on what was the nice thing to say or the thoughts I should not let come through on paper . In my opinion that would have been cheating . O 'Reilly was honoured with several accolades late in his life . In 1980 , he was awarded an Order of the British Empire for his services to cricket as a player and writer . In 1985 , the oval in Wingello was renamed in his honour , and in 1988 , a grandstand at the SCG was named the Bill O 'Reilly Stand . In the same year , the oval in White Cliffs was renamed , and The Sydney Morning Herald renamed the medal they awarded to the best player in grade cricket in O 'Reilly 's honour . During the celebrations for the Australian Bicentenary , O 'Reilly was named among the 200 people , and only 21 living , who had contributed the most to the country since European settlement . O 'Reilly 's later years were troubled with poor health , including the loss of a leg . In late 1988 , he suffered a major heart attack and was hospitalised for two months . He died in hospital in Sutherland in 1992 , aged 86 . O 'Reilly lamented the decline of spin during his twilight years , and in the 1980s he was often derided by younger people who felt that his advocacy of spin bowling — which they deemed to be obsolete — was misplaced . He died just months before Shane Warne revived the art of leg spin on the international stage . In 1996 , O 'Reilly was posthumously inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame as one of the ten inaugural members . In 2000 , O 'Reilly was named in the Australian Cricket Board Team of the Century , and in 2009 he was named among the 55 inaugural inductees of the International Cricket Council 's Hall of Fame , being formally inducted in January 2010 . = = Statistical summary = = In his 18 @-@ season first @-@ class career , O 'Reilly took 774 wickets at an average of 16 @.@ 60 . In his 27 Test matches , O 'Reilly took 144 wickets at 22 @.@ 59 , 102 of them in his 19 Ashes Tests against England . = = = Test match performance = = = = = = Career rankings and ratings = = = It has been retrospectively calculated by the International Cricket Council 's LG Ratings that he was the best bowler in the world for much of his career . = Arnos Grove tube station = Arnos Grove is a London Underground station located in Arnos Grove in the London Borough of Enfield , London . It is on the Piccadilly line between Bounds Green and Southgate stations and is in Travelcard Zone 4 . The station opened on 19 September 1932 as the most northerly station on the first section of the Piccadilly line extension from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters . It was the terminus of the line until services were further extended to Oakwood on 13 March 1933 . When travelling from east of Barons Court and through Central London , Arnos Grove is the first surface station after the long tunnel section of the Piccadilly line . The station has four platforms which face three tracks . The station was designed by architect Charles Holden , and has been described as a significant work of modern architecture . On 19 February 1971 , the station was Grade II listed . In 2005 , the station was refurbished with the heritage features also maintained . In July 2011 Arnos Grove 's listed status was upgraded to Grade II * . The station was awarded with the Best Newcomer and the Best Overall Garden in the Underground in Bloom 2011 competition and also in the London in Bloom competition . = = Location = = The station is located in Arnos Grove , near Arnos Park on Bowes Road . It is the first surface station after the long tunnel section which starts east of Barons Court and passes through Central London . The station and surrounding neighbourhood of Arnos Grove take their names from the Arnos Grove estate , which was to the north of the station . The station is part of the Arnos Grove group of stations , comprising all seven stations from Cockfosters to Turnpike Lane , and the management office for the group is in Arnos Grove station . Linked to the station by a lineside passageway is Ash House , which is a drivers ' depot . = = History = = The Great Northern railway ( GNR ) and its successor , the London and North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) , for many years refused consent for any extension into the suburbs of Haringey and Enfield . Eventually , public opinion became strong enough to force the matter and in the 1930s the line was rapidly extended from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters via Arnos Grove . The station was opened on 19 September 1932 as the most northerly station on the first section of the Piccadilly line extension . It was the terminus of the line until services were further extended to Oakwood on 13 March 1933 . Its name was chosen after public deliberation : alternatives were " Arnos Park " , " Bowes Road " and " Southgate " . On the night of 13 October 1940 , during the Blitz , a lone German aircraft dropped a single bomb on houses to the north of Bounds Green station . The destruction of the houses caused the north end of the westbound platform tunnel to collapse . As a result , train services between Wood Green and Cockfosters were disrupted for two months . On 11 August 1948 , a passenger train was derailed when the front and rear bogies of a carriage took different routes at a set of points at the station . On 7 July 2005 , a bomb was exploded on a train travelling between King 's Cross St. Pancras and Russell Square . As a result , train services between Hyde Park Corner and Arnos Grove were disrupted until 4 August of the same year . = = Station building = = Like the other stations Charles Holden designed for the extension , Arnos Grove was built in a modern European style using brick , glass and reinforced concrete and basic geometric shapes . A circular drum @-@ like ticket hall of brick and glass panels rises from a low single @-@ storey structure and is capped by a flat concrete slab roof . The design was inspired by the Stockholm City Library and Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund . The centre of the ticket hall is occupied by a disused ticket office ( a passimeter in London Underground parlance ) which houses an exhibition on the station and the line . = = The station today = = Three parallel train tracks pass through the station , with two double @-@ sided platforms between the central track and the outer tracks . The edges of the platforms are labelled platform 1 and 2 , and platform 3 and 4 , in such a way that the two outer tracks are accessible from platforms 1 and 4 , and the central track , usually used by trains that terminate and reverse at Arnos Grove station , is accessible from platforms 2 and 3 . Platforms 1 and 2 are designated for trains to Cockfosters while platforms 3 and 4 are for trains to Central London . In July 2011 Arnos Grove became a Grade II * listed building . The building is one of the 12 " Great Modern Buildings " profiled in The Guardian during October 2007 . Arnos Grove Drivers ' Depot won Best Newcomer and Best Overall Garden in the Underground in Bloom 2011 competition for their new project which also got them an award in the London in Bloom competition . Their website tells the whole story with photographs of the garden and the awards ceremonies . = = = Station improvements = = = In 2005 the station underwent a refurbishment programme including improvements to signage , security and train information systems . General repairs and redecoration were carried out , flooring was renewed , and better lighting , an improved CCTV security system and Help Points were installed , with the latter being suitable for people with limited hearing . Some of the original signs are in a ' petit @-@ serif ' adaptation of the London Underground typeface , Johnston Delf Smith Sans . This typeface was designed by Charles Holden and Percy Delf Smith , a former pupil of Edward Johnston . During the refurbishment programme , all these heritage features were maintained as well : The circular ' Sudbury box ' red brick building with overhanging crenellated concrete roof and vestibule to front and left @-@ hand elevations Dark red brick walls extending to either side of building and also on bridge parapet wall and also on the other side of Bowes Road Bronze @-@ framed silhouette roundels with reinstated 1930s graphics on concrete backing panels on brick walls at either end of bus slip road Flag pole mounted silhouette roundel with reinstated 1930s graphics on vestibule roof Full height windows = = Services and connections = = = = = Services = = = A journey between Arnos Grove and Southgate typically takes slightly more than four minutes . Train frequencies vary throughout the day , but generally operate every 3 @-@ 9 minutes between 07 : 07 and 01 : 07 eastbound , and every 2 @-@ 6 minutes between 05 : 19 and 00 : 06 westbound . When operational problems occur on the line , Arnos Grove station may act as a temporary terminus of a reduced service – either a shuttle service between Arnos Grove and Cockfosters or a truncated service from Central London . The station has a set of seven sidings to its south for stabling trains . = = = Connections = = = London Bus routes 34 , 184 , 232 , 251 , 298 and 382 and night route N91 serve the station . New Southgate railway station is a ten @-@ minute walk from Arnos Grove . = = Nearby places = = Bounds Green Muswell Hill New Southgate Palmers Green Southgate = = In popular culture = = The station building appears as " Marble Hill " tube station in the episode " Wasps ' Nest " of the Agatha Christie 's Poirot TV series with David Suchet as Hercule Poirot . Arnos Grove is often noted for its station cat ( a rarity on the London Underground network ) , called Spooky , who now ( as of 2014 ) occupies the station car park after being evicted due to the introduction of UTS gates . = James Hargest = Brigadier James Hargest , CBE , DSO & Two Bars , MC , ED ( 4 September 1891 – 12 August 1944 ) was an officer of the New Zealand Military Forces , serving in both the First and Second World Wars . He was a Member of New Zealand 's Parliament from 1931 to 1944 , representing firstly the Invercargill and then the Awarua electorates . Born in Gore in 1891 , Hargest was a farmer when he volunteered for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force following the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 . Commissioned as an officer , he served in the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915 and was seriously wounded . Following his recovery from his wounds , he returned to active duty on the Western Front . He commanded an infantry battalion during the later stages of the war and received several awards for his leadership . After the war , he returned to New Zealand to resume farming . In 1931 Hargest entered the Parliament of New Zealand as the member for Invercargill . Initially an independent , he was one of the strongest supporters of the National Party that was formed in 1936 , and held an executive role in the party hierarchy . From 1938 , he represented the Awarua electorate and had been considered for the party leadership , but he was no longer available once he volunteered for active service . Upon the commencement of the Second World War in September 1939 , Hargest attempted to join the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force being raised for service . His application was initially declined for health reasons , but after intervention by Peter Fraser , the acting Prime Minister of New Zealand , he was accepted and appointed commander of the 5th Infantry Brigade , part of the 2nd New Zealand Division . He led his brigade during the Battle of Greece in April 1941 after an initial period performing garrison duty in England . During the Battle of Crete he displayed poor judgement in the positioning his forces around the vital Maleme airfield and in controlling their movements once the battle commenced . The loss of the airfield allowed the Germans to gain a foothold on the island and the Allied forces eventually were evacuated from Crete . Despite his own performance during the battle , he received a bar to the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) that he had been awarded in the First World War . The fighting now shifting to North Africa , Hargest led his brigade during Operation Crusader in November 1941 but was captured by German forces . Held in a prisoner of war camp in Italy , he eventually escaped and was able to make his return to England in late 1943 . He earned a second bar to his DSO for his efforts . He served as an observer with the British 50th Infantry Division for the Normandy landings in June 1944 and was killed by artillery just over two months later . = = Early life = = James Hargest was born on 4 September 1891 in Gore , a small town in Southland , New Zealand . His parents , James and Mary Hargest , were from Wales . His father was a labourer who later took up farming in Mandeville . Hargest was the fourth of nine children , and attended schools in Gore and Mandeville and after completing his education worked alongside his father . He joined the Territorial Force in 1911 and by 1914 had reached the rank of sergeant . = = First World War = = Following the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 Hargest volunteered to serve in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Otago Mounted Rifles . He served in the Gallipoli Campaign and was severely wounded during the August Offensive . After several months of convalescence , he returned to active service in July 1916 with the New Zealand Division . Assigned to the 1st Battalion of the Otago Infantry Regiment , he commanded a company during the Battle of the Somme in September 1916 . His actions in restoring order in his battalion , when he assumed command of four companies that had suffered heavy casualties following a failed attack on 27 September , saw him rewarded with the Military Cross . By the end of the year he had been promoted to major . Appointed to second @-@ in @-@ command of the battalion , Hargest was involved in the preliminary planning for the Battle of Messines in June 1917 . He carried out vital reconnaissance of the German front lines , penetrating the enemy communication trenches in the lead up to the battle . During the German Spring Offensive , launched in March 1918 , he was made acting battalion commander . In September 1918 , he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and given command of the 2nd Battalion , Otago Infantry Regiment . He participated in the last offensive action of the war involving the New Zealand Division when on 4 November 1918 , his battalion attacked Germans positioned in a fortified house in the Mormal Forest . Having captured the house , it was made his temporary headquarters . It later received a direct hit from artillery fire and Hargest was fortunate to escape unhurt . His leadership of his battalion during the last few months of the war was recognised with an appointment to the Distinguished Service Order , a mention in despatches and the French Legion of Honour . In the immediate postwar period , he remained in command of his battalion while it performed occupation duties in Cologne until his departure to England on 4 February 1919 . = = Interwar period = = Hargest returned to New Zealand in May 1919 with his wife , Marie Henrietta Wilkie . The couple had been married since 1917 , the ceremony taking place in England where Marie was serving as a nurse in the New Zealand military hospital at Brockenhurst . Hargest returned to farming , buying land near Invercargill . He retained an interest in the military and resumed his career with the Territorials in which he commanded firstly a regiment and then an infantry brigade . An interest in local affairs soon developed and Hargest became involved with several local authorities including the Southland Education Board . In the 1925 election , he contested the Invercargill electorate standing for the Reform Party and came very close to beating Sir Joseph Ward . The former Prime Minister had a majority of 159 votes , which represented a 1 @.@ 5 % margin . The death of Sir Joseph triggered the August 1930 by @-@ election , which was contested by Hargest and Ward 's second son , Vincent Ward . Hargest was beaten in by Ward Jr . , who had a majority of 571 votes ( 5 @.@ 82 % ) , and Hargest had thus been beaten by both father and son . Ward Jr. retired at the end of the term , and this allowed Hargest to enter the New Zealand Parliament in the 1931 general election on his third attempt , becoming the MP for the Invercargill electorate . In parliament , Hargest was an advocate for the interests of Southland but was also interested in defence and educational matters . He held this electorate until 1935 before successfully switching to the Awarua electorate for the 1935 election . Initially an Independent Reform MP , he was a supporter of the coalition between the United Party and the Reform Party . When the coalition combined to become the National Party , Hargest formally joined the new party and was " possibly the Reform MP most committed from the first to the formation of the National Party " . In its early period of the National Party , there was a lengthy discussion about its leadership , as the previous leaders of the constituent parties were not acceptable to the other . At the time , many South Island MPs would meet at the home of Christchurch property developer Henry G. Livingstone after arriving on Saturday mornings on the overnight ferry from Wellington ; Hargest , Adam Hamilton , and Sidney Holland belonged to that group . At the first official meeting of the party 's Dominion Council in October 1936 in Wellington , Hargest joined the executive committee . Following that meeting , the leadership question resulted in a contest between Hamilton and Charles Wilkinson . Former Reform Party leader Gordon Coates and other MPs sided with Hamilton and issued a press statement that bordered on blackmail , and Hargest wrote to Coates , rebuking him for his stance and pleading for unity , as the new party was still fragile . In the event , Hamilton won the election by one vote and became National 's first leader . For much of the period that he was in charge of the National Party , Hamilton was regarded a conscientious but lack @-@ lustre leader . Although National 's performance had improved in the 1938 election election by winning an additional six electorates , Labour was still in government and there were discussions about replacing Hamilton . Hargest , who had retained his Awarua seat for National in the election , was one of two contenders for the party leadership ( the other was Keith Holyoake , but he had lost his Motueka electorate ) . With the outbreak of the Second World War , Hargest immediately volunteered for active service . The National Party leadership eventually went to Sidney Holland in November 1940 ; there was a view that this was a temporary situation that could be reassessed once Holyoake or Hargest returned to Parliament . Hargest remained a member of parliament during his time on active service and in the 1943 election , he was the sole candidate in the Awarua electorate whilst an internee in Switzerland ; he was thus returned unopposed . = = Second World War = = On volunteering for service in the war , Hargest sought to serve abroad in command of one of the infantry brigades of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( 2NZEF ) . However , the newly appointed commander of the 2NZEF , Major General Bernard Freyberg was concerned about the age and command experience of some potential senior officers of the 2NZEF such as Hargest . A subsequent medical assessment deemed Hargest fit only for service on the Home Front as he was still prone to bouts of shell shock from his service during the First World War . Disappointed with this decision , he approached Peter Fraser , the acting Prime Minister of New Zealand , with a request for a brigade command in 2NZEF . Fraser disregarded official advice and arranged for Hargest to be appointed commander of the 5th Infantry Brigade . At the time , the Chief of the General Staff of the New Zealand Military Forces , Major @-@ General John Duigan , wrote to Freyberg , disassociating himself from the decision . Hargest , with the rank of brigadier , left New Zealand with the Second Echelon , in which his brigade ( which comprised the 21st , 22nd and 23rd Battalions ) was the largest formation , in May 1940 . Originally intended to join the First Echelon of 2NZEF then in Egypt , it was diverted en route to England following the threat of a German invasion . The brigade carried out training and guard duties in the area around Dover before being shipped to Egypt in early 1941 . = = = Greece and Crete = = = Within a matter of weeks , the brigade , as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division , was in Greece and manning defences on the Aliakmon Line in preparation for the anticipated invasion of the country by the Germans . Following the invasion , Hargest 's brigade mounted a spirited defence of its positions at Olympus Pass from 14 to 16 April before it had to withdraw to provide cover neighbouring New Zealand brigades conducting their own retreat . The brigade was eventually evacuated on the night of 24 April to Crete . Hargest and his brigade took part in the subsequent Battle of Crete in May . The 2nd New Zealand Division was under the command of Brigadier Edward Puttick due to Freyberg taking command of Creforce , which consisted of all the Allied troops on Crete . Puttick gave Hargest 's brigade the task of defending the airfield at Maleme and its easterly approaches . The 21st Battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Andrew , guarded the airfield itself and a neighbouring hill , Point 107 , with the other two battalions of the brigade positioned further east while Hargest situated his headquarters at some distance from the airfield . Within days of arriving on Crete , the Allied positions began to be the subject of strafing and bombing attacks by German planes as a precursor to an airborne invasion mounted by German paratroopers of the 1st Parachute Division . The bombing triggered in Hargest an occurrence of his shell shock , rendering him lethargic and confused . When gliders containing paratroopers began landing around and to the west of the airfield on 20 May , Andrew became cut off from several of his platoons and companies with some being overrun by the German forces . Unable to gauge how the situation was unfolding , his communications with Hargest back at brigade headquarters also became disjointed . Andrew stressed the seriousness of the situation to Hargest and requested reinforcements from the other battalions , which were more than holding their own . Hargest incorrectly advised that there were no available troops . This left Andrew with his own small platoon @-@ size reserve , which was used in a failed counter @-@ attack . Eventually , Andrew sought permission to withdraw from Point 107 ; Hargest replied " Well , if you must , you must . " Although well aware of the importance of Maleme Airfield to the defence of Crete , Hargest made no effort to dissuade Andrew or see the situation for himself . Despite the belated arrival of a reinforcing company of infantry sent by Hargest that evening , Andrew decided his position was not defensible in daylight and withdrew his units to join the other battalions of the brigade . The Germans took both the airfield and Point 107 early on the morning of 21 May . The capture of the airfield allowed German reinforcements to be landed directly on Crete and establish a strong foothold on their otherwise tenuous positions . A counterattack to take back the airfield and Point 107 was organised for the following day at Hargest 's headquarters . He was exhausted and had to take a quick nap before a conference to work out detailed plans for the counter @-@ attack , much to the disgust of some of the other participants . Afterwards , he became pessimistic of the chances of success and unsuccessfully sought to have the attack called off . The attack did fail but Hargest , still well behind the frontlines , mistakenly believed it to be going well until he found that his brigade had returned to their starting positions . His pessimism began to affect Puttick , who asked Freyberg to allow the 5th Infantry Brigade to withdraw , which it duly did . This began an eventual retreat and evacuation from Crete on 31 May , with Hargest flying out for Egypt by seaplane , his brigade following by sea . Once he was back in Egypt , Hargest was critical of Freyberg 's conduct of the fighting on Crete in a meeting with General Archibald Wavell , commander of the Allied forces in the Middle East . He expressed similar views in a meeting with the New Zealand Prime Minister , Peter Fraser , who was in Egypt at the time on a visit to the New Zealand forces . He also voiced concern over what he considered to be a lack of consultation by Freyberg with his senior commanders . He was able to resolve his differences with Freyberg and in later correspondence with Fraser expressed his satisfaction with the way Freyberg dealt with his subordinates . Hargest 's own performance on Crete escaped official scrutiny and he was awarded a bar to his DSO . He was also awarded the Greek War Cross for his services in the military campaigns in Greece and Crete . = = = North Africa = = = After the loss of Crete , the 2nd New Zealand Division underwent a period of refit and training before it was assigned to the British Eighth Army , which was then engaged in the North African Campaign . It took part in Operation Crusader in November 1941 where the Eighth Army attempted to break through to Tobruk . Hargest 's brigade was used to cover the movements of the other two brigades of the division , which were attempting to advance through to Tobruk . In the meantime , Generalleutnant ( lieutenant general ) Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps had outflanked the Allies and were approaching Hargest 's position , which was clustered with transport that made defending an attack difficult . He and 700 men of his brigade were captured on 27 November 1941 when his headquarters , situated on the edge of an airfield near Sidi Aziz , was overrun by German tanks . He had resisted moving his headquarters to a nearby escarpment and incorrectly insisted his orders did not allow him this latitude . After his capture he was taken to Rommel who , despite being irritated at Hargest 's refusal to salute him , was complimentary of the fighting performance of the New Zealanders . = = = Prisoner of war = = = Hargest was transported to Italy where he was initially held in a villa near Sulmona but was transferred , along with a fellow New Zealander , Brigadier Reginald Miles , who had been captured in December 1941 , to Castle Vincigliata , known as Campo 12 , near Florence . Campo 12 was a prison camp for officers of general and brigadier rank and the prisoners were held under more comfortable conditions than soldiers of lesser rank . In late March 1943 , a group of officers , including Hargest and Miles , managed to escape using a tunnel dug from a disused chapel within the castle walls . Of the six escapees , Hargest and Miles were the only two to reach safety in neutral Switzerland , where they split up to independently try to make their way to England . As Hargest later related " I was over in Lucerne when Miles rang up to say he was off , and to suggest I should follow him later " . Miles made it to Figueras , close to the Spanish frontier , but , overcome with depression , killed himself on 20 October . With the help of the French Resistance , Hargest travelled through France to Spain , where he reached the British Consulate in Barcelona . He flew to England in December 1943 . Hargest was one of only three men ( Miles was one of the others ) known to British Military Intelligence to have escaped from an Italian prisoner of war camp and make their way to another country prior to the armistice with Italy . For his escape to Switzerland , Hargest was awarded a second bar to his DSO . He was later appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire . He also wrote an account of his escape which was published as the book Farewell Campo 12 . = = Death and legacy = = By early 1944 , the 2nd New Zealand Division was fighting in the Italian Campaign and with his former brigade commanded by Brigadier Howard Kippenberger , Hargest sought a new role . He was appointed New Zealand 's observer of the D @-@ Day landings in Normandy . He was attached to the British 50th Infantry Division , an infantry unit of the 21st Army Group , with which he landed in Normandy on 6 June . He was wounded later that month . After D @-@ Day , a new role was found for Hargest . Now that the Allies were on mainland Europe , thought was turning to the issue of dealing with the expected arrival of newly released New Zealanders from liberated prisoner of war camps . The 2NZEF Reception Group was set up to help repatriate them . Hargest was appointed the commander of the group but on 12 August 1944 , was killed by shell fire during the Battle of Normandy , when he was making a farewell visit to the British 50th Division . Hargest is buried at the Hottot @-@ les @-@ Bagues War Cemetery in France . Hargest was survived by his wife and three children . A fourth child , Geoffrey Robert Hargest , had been killed on 30 March 1944 , aged 22 years , during the fighting in Italy and is buried in the Cassino War Cemetery . Another son was killed in an accident in Malaya several years later while on active service during the Malayan Emergency . James Hargest High School , an educational facility in Invercargill , is named after him . = 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) = 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) is the debut album of British band the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu ( The JAMs : Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty ) , later to be known as the KLF . 1987 was produced using extensive unauthorised samples which plagiarised a wide range of musical works , continuing a theme begun in the JAMs ' debut single " All You Need Is Love " ( included on the album ) . These samples provided a deliberately provocative backdrop for beatbox rhythms and cryptic , political raps . The album was released to mixed reviews , but was a commercial success . Shortly after independent release in June 1987 , the JAMs were ordered by the Mechanical @-@ Copyright Protection Society to destroy all unsold copies of the album , following a complaint from ABBA . In response , The JAMs disposed of many copies of 1987 in unorthodox , publicised ways . They also released a version of the album titled " 1987 ( The JAMs 45 Edits ) " , stripped of all unauthorised samples to leave periods of protracted silence and so little audible content that it was formally classed as a 12 @-@ inch single . A limited edition release subjected to recall and a destruction order , 1987 became something of a rarity and by 2000 , mint condition copies were trading for £ 60 . = = Background and recording = = On New Year 's Day 1987 , Bill Drummond decided to make a hip hop record under the pseudonym " The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu " . Despite his small knowledge about modern music technology , he invited Jimmy Cauty , a former member of the band Brilliant , to join him . Cauty reportedly agreed , and The JAMs ' debut single " All You Need Is Love " was independently released on 9 March 1987 as a limited edition one @-@ sided white label 12 @-@ inch . Cauty conceived the pseudonym " Rockman Rock " , and Drummond used the nickname " King Boy D " . The reaction to " All You Need Is Love " was positive , with the record being made single of the week in the British music weekly Sounds Magazine , and The JAMs lauded as " the hottest , most exhilarating band this year " . " All You Need Is Love " ' s reliance on uncleared , often illegal samples made commercial release impossible . In response , The JAMs re @-@ edited the single , removing or doctoring the most antagonistic samples , and re @-@ released it as " All You Need Is Love ( 106 bpm ) " in May 1987 . According to Drummond , profits from this re @-@ release funded the recording of their first album . The JAMs had completed and pressed copies of the album by early May 1987 , but did not have a distributor . Like " All You Need Is Love " , the album was made using an Apple II computer , a Greengate DS3 digital sampler peripheral card , and a Roland TR @-@ 808 drum machine . Using portions from existing works and pasting them into new contexts , with the duo stealing " everything " and " taking ... plagiarism to its absurd conclusion , " several songs were liberally plagiarised . This mashup of samples was underpinned by rudimentary beatbox rhythms and overlaid with Drummond 's raps of social commentary , esoteric metaphors and mockery . Drummond would later say in an interview that : We 'd just got ourselves a sampler , and we went sample @-@ crazy . We just ... went through my whole collection of records , sampling tons of stuff and putting it all together , and it ... was a real rush of excitement , when we were doing it .... When we put that record out , we knew what we were doing was illegal , but we thought it was gonna be such an underground record , nobody would ever hear about it . So the first thing that shocked us is that British rock papers gave a big review . = = Composition = = 1987 is built around samples of other artists ' work , " to the point where the presence of original material becomes questionable " . The album is raw and unpolished , the sound contrasting sharply with the meticulous production and tight house rhythms of the duo 's later work as The KLF . The beatbox rhythms are basic ( " weedy " , according to Q Magazine ) , samples often cut abruptly , and distinctive plagiarised melodies are often played with a high @-@ pitched rasping accompaniment . The plagiarised works are arranged so as to juxtapose with each other as a backdrop for The JAMs ' rebellious messages and social comments . Lyrics include self @-@ referential statements of The JAMs ' agenda that clash with the fictional backstory adopted from The Illuminatus ! Trilogy . Several songs ( such as " The Queen and I " and " All You Need Is Love " ) have specific societal targets for Drummond 's satirical raps . = = = Side one = = = The album 's opening song , " Hey Hey We Are Not The Monkees " , begins with simulated human sexual intercourse noises arranged as a rhythm . The album 's first sample is " Here we come ... " from The Monkees ' theme . It progresses into a cryptic and bleak spoken verse from Drummond : " Here we come , crawling out of the mud , from chaos primeval to the burned out sun , dragging our bad selves from one end of time , with nothing to declare but some half @-@ written rhymes " . A cacophone of further samples from The Monkees ' theme and Drummond 's voice follow – " We 're not The Monkees , I don 't even like The Monkees ! " – before it gets interrupted by an original a cappella vocal line that later became The KLF 's " Justified and Ancient " – " We 're justified / And we 're ancient ... We don 't want to upset the apple cart / And we don 't wanna cause any harm " . The track is followed by a long sample of a London Underground train arriving at and leaving a tube station , with its recorded warning to passengers , " Mind the gap ... " . " Don 't Take Five ( Take What You Want ) " follows , featuring The JAMs ' associates Chike ( rapper ) and DJ Cesare ( scratches ) . Built around The Dave Brubeck Quartet 's " Take Five " and Fred Wesley 's " Same Beat " , the lyrics are mostly unconventional , with the majority of the song containing references to food : " I was pushing my trolley from detergent to cheese when I first saw the man with antler ears . I tried to ignore but his gaze held my eyes when he told me the truth about the basket of lies " . Sounds considered the message of the song ( if any ) to be a modern version of Robin Hood : " This is piracy in action , with the venerable music industry figure , King Boy D , setting himself up as the Robin Hood of rap as he steals from the rich vaults of recording history " . The first side of the LP closes with " Rockman Rock ( Parts 2 and 3 ) " , a homage to Jimmy Cauty that plagiarises from an array of sources , including the " Bo Diddley Beat " and " Sunrise Sunset " from the Fiddler on the Roof soundtrack . Led Zeppelin 's " Whole Lotta Love " , " Since I 've Been Loving You " and " Houses of the Holy " can be also heard in this track . Side one would not close until " Why Did You Throw Away Your Giro ? " , a track consisting of a question in reference to a line from " Rockman Rock " from a female adult jokingly answered by a male person , ended in 20 seconds . = = = Side two = = = The second side begins with " Mẹ Ru Con " , an emotive Vietnamese song originally titled " Ca Dao Mẹ " , written by Trịnh Công Sơn performed a cappella by The JAMs ' friend Duy Khiem . According to Drummond , it was a spontaneous recital by Khiem , who was in the studio contributing clarinet and tenor sax to the album . Khiem 's vocal performance was later sampled by The KLF on the ambient house soundtrack to their movie , The Rites of Mu . " The Queen and I " features extensive samples from ABBA 's " Dancing Queen " , often overlain with a rasping detuned accompaniment . These lead into Drummond 's satirical and discontent rapping , a fictional account of his march into the British House of Commons and Buckingham Palace to demand answers . The song also protests the involvement of cigarette companies in sport ( " When cancer is the killer / John Player run the league " ) and lambasts the " tabloid mentality " ( " They all keep talking about Princess Di 's dress " ) . The Sex Pistols ' " God Save the Queen " is briefly sampled . After nearly three minutes of samples from the television show Top of the Pops , as well as sound clips from programmes and advertisements on other TV channels , Drummond cries " Fuck that , let 's have The JAMs ! " . The acerbic " All You Need Is Love ( 106 bpm ) " follows . A " stunning audio collage " featuring an AIDS public information film , a rerecording of glamour model Samantha Fox 's " Touch Me ( I Want Your Body ) " , and the nursery rhyme " Ring a Ring o ' Roses " , " All You Need Is Love " comments on sex and the British media 's reaction to the AIDS crisis . The final track on the album is " Next " , which Drummond describes as " the only angst @-@ er on the album " , with " imagery of war and sordid sex " . The track samples Stevie Wonder 's " Superstition " , Scott Walker 's " Next " from Scott 2 , the Fall 's " Totally Wired , " and Julie Andrews ' " The Lonely Goatherd " from The Sound of Music , alongside Khiem 's original melancholy clarinet and tenor saxophone contributions ( " a saxophone of stupefying tediosity " , according to Danny Kelly ) . Bill Drummond summed up The JAMs ' approach to composition in the first " KLF Information Sheet " , sent out in October 1987 : " We made [ the album ] not giving a shit for soul boy snob values or any other values , we just went in and made the noise we wanted to hear and the stuff that came out of our mouths .... Not a pleasant sound but it 's the noise we had . We pressed it up and stuck it out . A celebration of sorts . " Jimmy Cauty defended sampling as an artistic practice : " It 's not as if we 're taking anything away , just borrowing and making things bigger . If you 're creative you aren 't going to stop working just because there is a law against what you are doing . " In 1991 , Drummond admitted : " We didn 't listen to 1987 What The Fuck 's Going On for a long time , and when we did we were embarrassed by it because it was so badly recorded . But I still felt we were able to get a lot out of ourselves through it . " = = Release , reception and controversy = = 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) was released in June 1987 on The JAMs ' own record label , " The Sound of Mu ( sic ) " . 1987 was met with mixed reviews in most of the major British music publications , including Melody Maker , NME , Sounds , and Q , and the album came to the attention of the management of Swedish pop group ABBA : The JAMs had sampled large portions of the ABBA single " Dancing Queen " on the track " The Queen And I " . A legal showdown with ABBA and the Mechanical @-@ Copyright Protection Society ( MCPS ) followed , 1987 was forcibly withdrawn from sale , and The JAMs were ordered to " deliver up the master tape , mothers , stampers and any other parts commensurate with manufacture of the record " . King Boy D and Rockman Rock travelled to ABBA 's home country of Sweden , in the hope of meeting with ABBA personally , taking an NME journalist and photographer with them , along with most of the remaining copies of the LP and a gold disc of the album . Failing to find ABBA in residence at Polar Studios in Stockholm , they instead presented the gold disc to a blonde prostitute they pretended was Agnetha " fallen on hard times . " Of the original LP 's stock , some copies were disposed overboard on the North Sea ferry trip across , and the remainder were burned in a field in Gothenburg before dawn ( as shown on the cover of their next album , Who Killed The JAMs ? ) . The JAMs also played a recording of " The Queen and I " loudly outside the offices of ABBA 's record label , Polar Music . The trip was unexpectedly eventful , the JAMs accidentally hitting and killing a moose , and later being shot at by a farmer , a bullet cracking the engine of their Ford Galaxie police car . They were , by their own account , towed back to England by the AA . The JAMs were not entirely sure what they would have said to ABBA if they had been able to meet them . Rockman told NME : " We were hoping to explain [ our artistic justification ] to them and that maybe we 'd come out of it friends , you know , them producing our album and us producing theirs — the kind of thing that often happens at these meetings . " King Boy : " Yeah , we 'd have said , ' Look , you haven 't had many hits lately , you don 't really wanna bother with all this West End musical shit do you ? Come and do the new JAMMS [ sic ] album . ' " In 1994 , The Guardian looked back on the Swedish sojourn as " a grand , futile , attention @-@ grabbing gesture , the kind that would come to characterise [ the duo 's ] collaborative career ... " We were being totally stupid about it " Drummond later acknowledged . " The JAMs offered what they claimed were " the last five " copies of 1987 for sale at £ 1000 each in a full @-@ page advertisement in the April 1988 edition of The Face . Drummond argued that the offer exploited a loophole in The JAMs ' agreement with the MCPS : " We were browsing around this record shop and came across these five copies of 1987 .... We made it perfectly clear to the MCPS that we couldn 't actually force the shops to send our LPs back .... [ B ] ecause we bought them in a shop , these LPs don 't come into the agreement and we can do what we like with them and not break any laws . " = = Critical response = = Q magazine had mixed reactions to 1987 , saying that there are " too few ideas being spread too thin " . The magazine criticised some songs as " overlong " and questioned the overuse of sampling as " the impression of a random hotchpotch " . Q also unfavourably commented that The JAMs ' " use of the beatbox is altogether weedy " . It liked some of its tracks : " there are some wickedly amusing ideas and moments of pure poetry in the lyrics while some of the musical juxtapositions are both killingly funny and strong enough to stand repeated listenings " . A reviewer for Melody Maker found 1987 " inspirational " , and " the most exciting , most original record [ he 'd ] heard in years " . He also argued that : " Some snatches [ of plagiarised music ] rather outstay their welcome , tugging tell @-@ tale glitz away from the clifftop and dangerously close to smug obviousness , but when the blows are kept short , sharp and very bloody , they make anything else you 're very likely to hear on the radio dull and desperately humourless . " " It 's easy to dismiss The JAMs frolics as little more than a brightly coloured sideshow to the shabbiest circus in town " , a later article said , but " believe me , it 's far more than a gimmick " . In awarding 1987 the highest rating , a maximum five stars , Sounds — a publication that offered the duo 's work consistent approval — mused , " Taking the sound of the moment ( hip hop ) as a backbone , 1987 steals sound artefacts from anywhere ... and meshes them together with King Boy 's hysterical ' Clydeside ' rap method with bewildering effect . ... [ Y ] ou could call this sampling technology 's answer to T. S. Eliot 's arch cut up work , The Wasteland . " " What 's so good about The JAMs " , the magazine said , " is the way they are capturing on disc the whole social and musical confusion and instability of 1987 Britain " . NME 's Danny Kelly was not so impressed . He also felt that the record was underdeveloped and The JAMs were not the most skilled of practitioners . " Audacity , completely unfounded self @-@ confidence , utter ruthlessness and a fast car will , of course , be useful attributes to the go @-@ ahead noise @-@ pirate of the 90s , but skill , feel , instinct , vision — y 'know , boring old talent — will still be bottom line compulsories ... it 's in these latter commodities that the JAMs seem conspicuously undertooled . " Compared to the output of DJ Code Money or Cut Creator ( " all humour , vibrancy and colour ... – aerosoled version [ s ] of The Book of Kells " ) Kelly felt Drummond 's efforts to be a " glitter @-@ crusted charity Christmas card " . A later NME item called 1987 " the best comment on sampling culture ever made " . A retrospective review by Allmusic commented that 1987 is " a hilarious record " filled with " comments on music terrorism and [ The JAMs ' ] own unique take on the Run @-@ D.M.C. type of old @-@ school rapping " ; and The Penguin Price Guide for Record & CD Collectors called 1987 an " entirely brilliant example of the art of disc @-@ jockey @-@ as @-@ producer " . Giving another retrospective review from across the Atlantic , Trouser Press described 1987 as " energetic " and " a loopy dance album that isn 't unlike a lot of sampled records , but proceeds from an entirely different cultural understanding . " = = Personnel = = Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty were responsible for the concept and production of 1987 , its lyrics and the TR @-@ 808 beatbox rhythms . Drummond provided rap , and an additional rapper introduced as ' Chike ' appears on " Don 't Take Five ( Take What You Want ) " and " Rockman Rock ( Parts 2 and 3 ) " . Duy Khiem contributed lead vocals to " Mẹ Ru Con " , as well as clarinet and tenor sax to " Rockman Rock ( Parts 2 and 3 ) " and " Next " . Uncredited female vocalists on " Hey Hey We Are Not The Monkees " , " Rockman Rock ( Parts 2 & 3 ) " and " All You Need Is Love ( 106 bpm ) " are identified by one source as Cressida Cauty ( Jimmy 's wife ) and June Montana , the lead vocalists of the KLF Communications side project Disco 2000 . = = Track listing = = Side one Side two = = " 1987 : The JAMs 45 Edits " = = Following the enforced deletion of the 1987 album , the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu released an edited version as a 12 " single , with all of the unauthorised samples removed , leaving sparse instrumentation , Drummond 's social commentary and , in several cases , long periods of silence ; the " Top of the Pops " section of the original LP yielded three minutes of silence on 45 Edits , and the only sample remaining from the original was The Fall 's " Totally Wired . " The edited single was sold through normal retail channels and also offered as a " reward " to anyone who returned a copy of the LP to The JAMs ' post office box . The single was released on 16 October 1987 , and on 31 October 1987 The JAMs announced that the case with ABBA " is now closed " . The sleevenotes to " 1987 : The JAMs 45 Edits " explain to the purchaser in a rather tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek fashion how to recreate the original 1987 album for themselves : This record is a version of our now deleted and illegal LP ' 1987 , What The Fuck Is Going On ? ' with all of the copyright infringing ' samples ' edited out . As this leaves less than 25 minutes of music we are able to sell it as a 12 @-@ inch 45 . If you follow the instructions below you will , after some practice , be able to simulate the sound of our original record . To do this you will need 3 wired @-@ up record decks , a pile of selected discs , one t.v. set and a video machine loaded with a cassette of edited highlights of last weeks ' Top of the Pops ' . Deck one is to play this record on , the other two are to scratch in the missing parts using the selected records . For added authentic effect you could use a Roland 808 drum machine ( well cheap and what we used in the original recordings ) to play along behind your scratching . By 2000 , a copy of the original version of 1987 in mint condition was worth £ 60 , whereas a mint copy of " 1987 : The JAMs 45 Edits " was worth a mere £ 10 . = 2011 Coca @-@ Cola 600 = The 2011 Coca @-@ Cola 600 , the 52nd running of the event , was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series motor race held on May 29 , 2011 , at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina . Contested over 400 laps on the 1 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) asphalt quad @-@ oval , it was the twelfth race of the 2011 Sprint Cup Series season . The race was won by Kevin Harvick for the Richard Childress Racing team . David Ragan finished second , and Joey Logano clinched third . There were 14 cautions and 38 lead changes among 19 different drivers throughout the course of the race . The result moved Harvick to the second position in the Drivers ' Championship . He remained 36 points behind first place driver Carl Edwards and one ahead of Jimmie Johnson in third . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was first with 83 points , six ahead of Ford . Toyota was third with 64 points , 24 points ahead of Dodge . The race was extended to 402 laps and 603 miles ( 970 km ) , making it the longest race in NASCAR history . 145 @,@ 000 people attended the race , while 10 @.@ 1 million watched it on television . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Charlotte Motor Speedway is one of ten intermediate to hold NASCAR races . The standard track at Charlotte Motor Speedway is a four @-@ turn quad @-@ oval track that is 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at twenty @-@ four degrees , while the front stretch , the location of the finish line , is five degrees . The back stretch , opposite of the front , also had a five degree banking . The racetrack has seats for 140 @,@ 000 spectators . Before the race , Ford driver Carl Edwards led the Drivers ' Championship with 416 points ; Chevrolet driver Jimmie Johnson was second with 392 points , 24 points behind Edwards . Kyle Busch followed in third with 379 points , 15 ahead of Dale Earnhardt , Jr. and 17 ahead of Kevin Harvick in fourth and fifth . Matt Kenseth with 342 was two points ahead of Ryan Newman in seventh . Clint Bowyer , Kurt Busch and Tony Stewart rounded out the top ten positions . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 74 points , three points ahead of Ford . Toyota , with 60 points , was 37 points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third . Kurt Busch was the race 's defending champion . The Coca @-@ Cola 600 was conceived by race car driver Curtis Turner , who built the Charlotte Motor Speedway . It was first held in 1960 in an attempt by NASCAR to stage a Memorial Day weekend race to compete with the open @-@ wheel Indianapolis 500 ; the two races were held together on the same day starting from 1974 . The race is the longest in terms of distance on the NASCAR calendar and is considered by several drivers to be one of the sport 's most important races alongside the Daytona 500 , the Brickyard 400 and the Southern 500 . The long distance makes it the most physically demanding event in NASCAR , and teams adapt to changing track conditions because the race occurs between late afternoon and evening . It was known as the World 600 until 1984 when The Coca @-@ Cola Company purchased the naming rights to the race and renamed it the Coca @-@ Cola World 600 in 1985 . It has been called the Coca @-@ Cola 600 every year since 1986 except for 2002 when the name changed to Coca @-@ Cola Racing Family 600 . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the race ; the first on Thursday , which lasted 90 minutes . The second and third were both on Saturday . The first Saturday practice lasted 45 minutes , while the second lasted 60 . Jeff Burton was quickest with a time of 28 @.@ 635 seconds in the first session , 0 @.@ 084 seconds faster than Edwards . Johnson was just off Edwards ' pace , followed by Denny Hamlin , Ryan Newman , and Brad Keselowski . Kasey Kahne was seventh , still within a second of Burton 's time . Forty @-@ eight cars were entered for qualifying , but only forty @-@ three could qualify for the race because of NASCAR 's qualifying procedure . Keselowski clinched the second pole position of his career , with a time of 28 @.@ 112 seconds . He was joined on the front row of the grid by A. J. Allmendinger . Edwards qualified third , Hamlin took fourth , and Burton started fifth . Johnson , David Reutimann , David Ragan , Ricky Stenhouse , Jr. and Clint Bowyer rounded out the top ten . The five drivers that failed to qualify for the race were Andy Lally , T. J. Bell , Scott Wimmer , Tony Raines , and Scott Riggs . Once the qualifying session completed , Keselowski commented , " It ’ s an important weekend for Penske Racing and an important weekend for the country . The 600 is a big race for NASCAR , it has a lot of tradition and to add my name to the list of pole winners is pretty special but I ’ d like to add it to those who have won it . This is the first step to doing that . " In the second practice session , Paul Menard was fastest with a time of 28 @.@ 610 seconds , less than six @-@ hundredths of a second quicker than second @-@ placed Kurt Busch . Earnhardt , Jr. took third place , ahead of Hamlin , Kahne and Mark Martin . In the third and final practice , Reutimann was quickest with a time of 29 @.@ 271 seconds . Marcos Ambrose followed in second , ahead of Menard and Kyle Busch . Burton was fifth quickest , with a time of 29 @.@ 385 seconds . Hamlin , Greg Biffle , Martin Truex , Jr . , Kurt Busch , and Ragan rounded out the top ten positions . = = = Race = = = The race , the twelfth in the season , began at 6 : 00 p.m. EDT and was televised live in the United States on Fox . The conditions on the grid were dry before the race with the air temperature at 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) . Jim Daly , president of Focus on the Family , began pre @-@ race ceremonies , by giving the invocation . Capitol Nashville recording artist Darius Rucker performed the national anthem . Then , John Falkenbury , President of the USO , Master Sergeant Spanky Gibson , Gene Gibson and Mary Gibson gave the command for drivers to start their engines . Keselowski retained his pole position lead through the first lap . By the end of the following lap , Edwards moved to up to second , as Clint Bowyer moved up to the eighth position . On the same lap , Stenhouse , Jr. collided into the wall , but sustained minor damage . Two laps later , Mike Skinner also collided into the wall . On the eighth lap , Edwards passed Keselowski to become the leader of the race . One lap later , Burton moved up to fourth , as Stenhouse , Jr. reported no damage to his car resulting from the collision . At lap 12 , Jeff Gordon moved up three positions to eighth , while Skinner retired from the race . Three laps later , Reutimann moved up to sixth after passing Johnson . On the 19th lap , Truex , Jr. moved to twelfth . On the 24th lap , Allmendinger passed Keselowski to move to the second position . Six laps later , Biffle reported that the cool box ( air conditioning box ) would have to be replaced during their first pit stop . By the 37th lap , Edwards had a 2 @.@ 6 second lead over Allmendinger . On the 42nd lap , Jamie McMurray pitted , as Burton moved up to the third position . On the following lap , Reutimann and Truex , Jr. pitted , one lap before Allmendinger . Two laps later , Johnson , Gordon , and Earnhardt , Jr. pitted , as Edwards took the lead . Once the pit stop session completed , Edwards was the leader , ahead of Allmendinger and Kenseth . On the following lap , Hamlin passed Kenseth to take the third position . Johnson passed Keselowski to take over the fifth position at the 57th lap . On lap 60 , Earnhardt , Jr. passed Gordon to move up into tenth . By the 63rd lap , Edwards had expanded his lead over Allmendinger to 2 @.@ 7 seconds . Six laps later , Earnhardt , Jr. moved up to the eighth position , as Edwards continued to expand his over Allmendinger to 4 @.@ 4 seconds . On the 74th lap , the first caution was given because of debris on the track . During the caution , most of the race leaders pitted . At the lap 79 restart , Burton was the leader , ahead of Edwards , Hamlin , Kenseth and Johnson . On the following lap , Hamlin passed Edwards to take over the second position , one lap before he would pass Burton to become the leader . On the 82nd lap , Johnson moved up to third after passing Edwards . Two laps later , Johnson passed Burton to take over the second position , as Robby Gordon drove to the garage . On lap 85 , Kenseth moved up to the third position . Burton , who restarted in the first position , had fell to the ninth position by the 89th lap . Three laps later , Earnhardt , Jr. moved up to the sixth position . Afterwards , McMurray passed Jeff Gordon to take over tenth . Five laps later , the second caution period began after Bobby Labonte spun sideways . Most of the race leaders decided to pit during the caution . At the lap 103 restart , Ragan became the leader , ahead of Reutimann and Juan Pablo Montoya in second and third . One lap later , Montoya passed Reutimann to move to the second position , a lap before Kenseth , who restarted fifth , overtook Montoya to take the position . On the 108th lap , Kenseth passed Ragan to move into the first position . Four laps later , Edwards passed Montoya to claim the fourth position , as Kyle Busch passed Reutimann for ninth . By lap 125 , Kenseth had a 3 @.@ 7 second lead over Hamlin . Thirteen laps later , Edwards passed Hamlin to take over the second position , as Kyle Busch moved up to ninth . On lap 145 , Reutimann pitted , marking the beginning of the pit stop session . The session lasted four laps , and Kenseth remained the leader ahead of Edwards . On lap 151 , Ambrose moved up to the fourth position after passing Ragan . On the 160th , Kurt Busch reported a loose wheel , and immediately pitted . Eight laps later , McMurray moved up to the eighth position . On lap 171 , the third caution period began because of debris on the track . During the caution , most of the race leaders pitted . At the lap 175 restart , Ambrose became the leader , ahead of McMurray and Montoya . In the next two laps , McMurray moved to first , while Kenseth took over the second position . On lap 181 , Kenseth reclaimed the first position from McMurray , one lap before McMurray 's engine failed to cause the fourth caution . After the restart , the fifth caution was given after Casey Mears and Landon Cassill collided . At the lap 193 restart , Kenseth remained the leader ahead of Ambrose . On the following lap , Ambrose took the lead from Kenseth , but would fall to second after he retook the position on lap 199 . By lap 213 , Kenseth had a 2 @.@ 5 second lead over Ambrose , as Johnson moved up to 11th . Eight laps later , Harvick pitted , two laps before Ambrose and three before Edwards . On lap 133 , the sixth caution was given after Mike Bliss stalled his car . Most of the race leaders pitted during the caution . At the lap 240 restart , Ambrose was the leader , as Menard collided into the wall to cause the seventh caution . Five laps later , the Ambrose restarted in the first position . On the 250th lap , Earnhardt , Jr. passed Johnson to take over the fifth position . Seven laps later , Kenseth moved up to the seventh position . Kenseth continued to move up , passing Hamlin for third by lap 275 . Three laps later , another pit stop session began , as Ragan pitted . Pit stops continued until the caution was given for debris on lap 282 . At the lap 287 restart , Kyle Busch was the leader ahead of Ambrose and Ragan . Two laps later , the ninth caution was given because David Starr collided into the wall . Two laps after the restart , the tenth caution was given after Cassill ran through the grass on the front straightaway . During the caution , Hamlin pitted to replace a carburetor . At the lap 301 restart , Kyle Busch continued to lead as Martin , Newman , and Gilliland collided into each other , causing the 11th caution . Most of the race leaders pitted during the caution , as Jeff Gordon became the leader . On the 314th lap , Biffle moved up to the seventh position , as Logano and Stenhouse , Jr. collided into the wall , but sustained minor damage . Four laps later , the 12th caution was given after Kyle Busch spun sideways . Some of the race leaders decided to pit during the caution . However , Kahne , Harvick , and Earnhardt , Jr. didn 't pit and became the race leaders on the restart . On lap 328 , Earnhardt , Jr. reclaimed the third position from Biffle . Two laps later , Biffle passed Earnhardt , Jr. for third , but lost the position to Harvick on the same lap . On the 333rd lap , Johnson moved up to the ninth position , as Keselowski moved up to fifth . Seven laps later , Ambrose made an unscheduled pit stop . Three laps later , the 13th caution was given after Kyle Busch spun for the second time . After pit stops , Gordon was the leader on the restart , as Kyle Busch drove to the garage . On lap 351 , Biffle became the leader after passing Gordon . Four laps later , Gordon lost another position after being passed by Kahne . Afterwards , Gordon continued to lose positions as Ragan passed him on lap 360 . Three laps later , Hamlin claimed the fifth position after passing Kenseth . Thirteen laps later , Earnhardt , Jr. moved up to the third position , as Kenseth moved to fourth after passing Ragan . With seven laps remaining , Kenseth and Gordon pitted for fuel . On lap 396 , Johnson 's engine failed , causing the 14th caution . Biffle also pitted during the caution , while Kahne tried to race without refueling . At the lap 400 restart , Kahne was the leader , but was passed by Earnhardt , Jr. one lap later . On the final lap , Earnhardt , Jr. was able to drive to the fourth turn before running out of fuel . Harvick passed Earnhardt , Jr . ( who would drop to seventh ) to win his third race of the season , ahead of Ragan and Logano . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Harvick appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his third win of the season , in front of a crowd of 145 @,@ 000 people . The race also became the longest in NASCAR history after being extended by two laps . " Today we were lucky . We didn ’ t have a spectacular night , but to be in victory lane says a lot about this Budweiser team . I griped and griped and griped all day about how terrible it [ the car ] was , " said Harvick of his triumph . Although Earnhardt , Jr. was leading the race on the final lap , Harvick passed him after he ran out of fuel in the final corner . Earnhardt , Jr . , who finished seventh , said , " We weren 't supposed to make it . We run out of gas and kind of knew it . We played our hand . I tried to save a ton of gas . I know I didn 't save enough but as much as I could . " He continued , " I 'm disappointed we didn 't win . I know all our fans are disappointed to come so close . But if we 'd have won that race , it 'd have been a gift . At Harvick 's press conference after the race , Harvick gave a speech about how bad he felt for Earnhardt Jr. and Harvick 's car owner , Richard Childress commented , " We all want to see Dale Junior win , but not at our expense . When I saw him come down the backstretch [ on the last lap ] , I said , ' Dale is going to win this race . ' Then I heard our spotter start screaming [ about Junior running out of fuel ] . I said , ' We ’ re going to win it – great . ' " The race result Harvick Stewart into the second position in the Driver 's Championship with 409 points , 36 points behind Edwards and one ahead of Johnson in the third position . Earnhardt , Jr. and Kyle Busch followed in fourth and fifth with 402 and 392 points . Kyle Busch was 15 points ahead of his brother Kurt in sixth . Chevrolet maintained their lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship with 83 points . Ford and Toyota placed second and third with 77 and 64 points , while Dodge was fourth with 40 . 10 @.@ 1 million people watched the race on television . The race took four hours , thirty @-@ three minutes and fourteen seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 0 @.@ 703 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race results = = = = = Standings after the race = = = Francis Folger Franklin = Francis Folger Franklin ( October 20 , 1732 – November 21 , 1736 ) was the eldest son of Founding Father of the United States Benjamin Franklin by Deborah Read . In 1736 , four @-@ year @-@ old Francis contracted the smallpox virus and died shortly thereafter . Benjamin Franklin , who had been inoculated earlier in his own life , had intended for his son to be inoculated as well . However , due to an illness affecting Francis at the time planned for his inoculation , the procedure was postponed . His death devastated both his parents , who doted upon Francis , and after this incident , Franklin became " the most eloquent advocate of smallpox inoculation . " = = Life = = Francis Folger Franklin was born on October 20 , 1732 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( then a colony in British America ) . He was the eldest legitimate son of Benjamin Franklin , then the publisher of the Pennsylvania Gazette , and Deborah Read . Franklin also had an illegitimate son , William ( born c . 1730 – 31 ) , whose mother may have been a maid in the household , perhaps a woman named Barbara , or even Deborah Read herself . It has been suggested that William was Franklin 's son by Deborah , but was acknowledged as illegitimate because he had been conceived before the marriage of his parents . Some accounts argue that William 's birth was legitimized sometime after Francis ' death , possibly due to the lack of an heir . The baby 's middle name , Folger , was the maiden name of Franklin 's mother , Abiah . Franklin was proud of his maternal family ( one of the first settlers of New England ) and thus , in an era when a middle name was unusual for ordinary people to receive , Francis was baptized as Francis Folger . Francis ' baptism took place on September 16 , 1733 , while Franklin was away , at the Anglican Christ Church in Philadelphia , which Deborah attended . Francis , affectionately called " Franky " by his parents , was described as a " precocious , curious and special " child by Franklin , " a golden child , his smiles brighter , his babblings more telling and his tricks more magical than all the other infants in the colonies combined " by historian of medicine Howard Markel and as " a most engaging child , of singular beauty and wonderful knowingness " by biographer James Parton . Given that Franklin considered Francis to be a " healthy child who thrived from the start , " and " very clever , " he advertised for a tutor for his two sons in December 1734 . By all accounts , Francis was doted on by his parents ; his portrait was painted while he was still a baby . By 1734 , Franklin 's business as a writer , publisher and founder of the Library Company of Philadelphia was going well enough that he was able to build a house for his family of four , at 318 Market Street . = = Death and aftermath = = Franklin and his brother , James , criticized smallpox inoculation , which was performed by drawing a string , previously in contact with the pustules of a smallpox victim , through a small incision on the person being inoculated . At the time , inoculation offered a mortality chance of 2 % , while smallpox contracted naturally was fatal to 15 % of the infected . Later , while James still opposed inoculation , Franklin came to support it , believing it was a " safe and beneficial practice . " In 1736 , however , Francis contracted smallpox and died on November 21 of that year , without having been inoculated . Both Franklin and Deborah were devastated , and their devastation was compounded because they were unsure they could have another child . Ironically , Franklin had written his paper , " On the Death of Infants " , while Francis was still alive , and was inspired by his youngest son when writing about the beauty of babies . Francis was buried on the same day he died , his tombstone reading " The delight of all who knew him . " Rumors quickly surfaced that Francis had died after being inoculated , and so , Franklin wrote in the Pennsylvania Gazette , on December 30 , that " [ he ] intended to get [ Francis ] inoculated as soon as he should have recovered sufficient strength from a flux with which he had been long afflicted , " and that the boy " received the distemper in the common way of infection . " However , the choice of having his son inoculated was a difficult one for Franklin , as Francis could die either way . Inoculation would become a real choice only if there was a high chance of smallpox being contracted naturally . In this case , the choice of having Francis inoculated was justified , even with its 2 % mortality rate . After Francis ' death , Franklin became involved in promoting inoculation in Philadelphia : he published many studies on its value , working with several physicians , including the famed William Heberden at the Pennsylvania Hospital , which he helped found . In 1774 , he founded the " Society for Inoculating the Poor Gratis " , in order to help the poor people of Philadelphia afford inoculation . In his autobiography , Franklin writes : " In 1736 I lost one of my sons , a fine boy of four years old , by the smallpox taken in the common way . I long regretted bitterly and still regret that I had not given it to him by inoculation . This I mention for the sake of the parents who omit that operation , on the supposition that they should never forgive themselves if a child died under it ; my example showing that the regret may be the same either way , and that , therefore , the safer should be chosen . " Seven years after Francis ' death , Deborah gave birth to Sarah , who was Franklin 's only surviving , legitimate child . In 1772 , Franklin 's sister Jane Franklin Mecom , wrote him with news of his grandsons . Franklin replied that it " brings often afresh to my mind the idea of my son Franky , though now dead thirty @-@ six years , whom I have seldom since seemed equaled in everything , and whom to this day I cannot think of without a sigh . " = Geoff Horsfield = Geoffrey Malcolm " Geoff " Horsfield ( born 1 November 1973 ) is an English former professional footballer and football coach . He made more than 300 appearances in the Football League playing as a striker . He was a " strong and forceful " player , able to hold the ball up in order to bring other players into the game . Horsfield made his Football League debut with Scarborough as a teenager . Released by the club , he returned to part @-@ time football with Halifax Town , Guiseley and Witton Albion , before a second spell at Halifax saw him help the club regain their Football League status . He moved on to Fulham , with whom he achieved promotion to the First Division , before joining Birmingham City for a club record fee . He played in the final of the 2001 League Cup with Birmingham , and the following season helped them reach the Premier League . After a short period at Wigan Athletic in 2003 , he joined West Bromwich Albion , with whom he again won promotion to the Premier League . In 2006 , he moved to Sheffield United , but much of his time there was spent on loan to other clubs , namely Leeds United , Leicester City and Scunthorpe United . Horsfield announced his retirement from football in 2008 after being diagnosed with testicular cancer , but after successful treatment he resumed his career , signing a six @-@ month contract for Lincoln City in January 2009 . In July of that year he was appointed player @-@ assistant manager at Port Vale under Micky Adams , and the following summer he took up coaching full @-@ time , before leaving the game completely in May 2012 . In March 2013 he returned to playing football for Alvechurch . = = Playing career = = = = = Early career = = = Horsfield was born in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , the son and grandson of coal miners . While still a schoolboy he started playing football for a men 's team , Athersley Recreation , in the Barnsley Sunday League , and had an unsuccessful trial with home @-@ town club Barnsley F.C. On leaving school , Horsfield took a college course in bricklaying . He continued playing football part @-@ time , with Athersley , with Worsbrough Bridge in the Northern Counties East League , and with Football League club Scarborough , where he turned professional in July 1992 . Given his league debut in March 1993 by manager Ray McHale , he was released after playing 12 league matches and returned to bricklaying and part @-@ time football . After a nine @-@ game spell with Halifax Town in 1994 , he rejoined manager McHale at Guiseley , where his 36 goals helped the club to reach third place in the Northern Premier League Premier Division in the 1994 – 95 season . He moved on to Witton Albion , where he sustained a potentially career @-@ threatening knee injury ; after making a full recovery he returned to Halifax for a fee reported as £ 4 @,@ 000 . Horsfield made his second debut for Halifax in October 1996 . On the last day of the 1996 – 97 season , needing to beat Stevenage Borough to avoid relegation from the Conference , Horsfield scored the goal that clinched a 4 – 2 victory . The following season , Halifax won the Conference title by a nine @-@ point margin , thus regaining their Football League status . Horsfield 's 30 goals in 40 league games , including hat @-@ tricks against Yeovil Town , Telford United and Hereford United , made him that season 's Conference top scorer . Together with team @-@ mate Mark Bradshaw , Horsfield was selected for England 's semi @-@ professional representative team for a match against their Dutch counterparts , but injury prevented him from playing . In the Conference , Horsfield had still been working in the building trade while playing football part @-@ time , but promotion to the Football League meant he had to give up his job to become a full @-@ time footballer . Seven goals in his first ten games in the Third Division attracted a bid from Fulham , then in the Second Division and managed by Kevin Keegan . = = = Fulham = = = An initial fee of £ 300 @,@ 000 was agreed , plus an additional £ 50 @,@ 000 depending on appearances , and in October 1998 Horsfield joined Fulham . A clause was also included in the contract which would allow Halifax a share of the profits from any future sale . The remainder of his 1998 – 99 season produced 15 goals from 28 games as Fulham won the Second Division title by 14 clear points . He was also named in the PFA 's Second Division Team of the Year . According to Keegan , " Geoff 's your old @-@ fashioned centre forward and we love him . He will score goals in this division , he will score goals in the next divisions . He chases a lot of lost causes and is very important for us . " Though less prolific in the First Division , seven league goals and another seven in the cups still made him the club 's top scorer for the 1999 – 2000 season . After new manager Jean Tigana made it clear that Horsfield 's aggressive style and perceived lack of pace and mobility would not fit the way he wanted his new team to play , and brought in Louis Saha as his main striker , the player agreed to join Fulham 's First Division rivals Birmingham City . = = = Birmingham City = = = In July 2000 , Horsfield signed a five @-@ year contract with Birmingham , who paid a club record fee of £ 2 @.@ 25 million , £ 350 @,@ 000 of which went to Halifax Town under the sell @-@ on clause . He was their top scorer in his first season , finding the net on twelve occasions , and his two goals in the second leg of the League Cup semi @-@ final helped the club reach their first major final for nearly 40 years . In the starting eleven for the final against his boyhood heroes Liverpool , Horsfield had been substituted by the time Birmingham lost in a penalty shootout . In the 2001 – 02 season , Horsfield was chosen Player of the Year both by Birmingham 's fans and by his team @-@ mates . His strike partnership with Stern John proved crucial in the unbeaten run which helped Birmingham reach the First Division play @-@ offs , and he scored the equaliser against Norwich City in the play @-@ off final , which the club went on to win on penalties to earn promotion to the Premier League . Horsfield had promised a donation to his first club , Athersley Rec , if he ever reached the Premiership ; a few days after the play @-@ off victory he gave them £ 25 @,@ 000 towards improving their facilities . Horsfield 's first Premier League goal came in the September 2002 local derby defeat of Aston Villa . He also scored in the return fixture at Villa Park , an eventful game in which he ended up keeping goal when Nico Vaesen was injured after Birmingham had used all their substitutes . Horsfield missed games through suspension and surgery , and was frustrated by manager Steve Bruce preferring to use him as a specialist substitute ; after he came on to score a late winner against local rivals West Bromwich Albion , Bruce described him as " a manager 's dream " , saying that " when you 're tiring , the last thing you need is Big Horse rampaging at you " . Starting alongside World Cup @-@ winner Christophe Dugarry late in the season , the pair formed " an unlikely combination , brilliance from Bordeaux alongside a brickie from Barnsley , but Horsfield 's robust approach has complemented Dugarry 's more delicate touches " ; their partnership produced four wins and a draw from the last six games . = = = Wigan Athletic = = = Horsfield played in three Premier League matches for Birmingham City at the start of the 2003 – 04 season . When Bruce was unable to guarantee him a regular place in the team , Horsfield moved on to Wigan Athletic , signing a three @-@ year contract in September 2003 . A transfer fee of £ 500 @,@ 000 was agreed , though this could have risen to £ 1 million if the player had gone on to make enough appearances for Wigan . Horsfield said of the move , " I could easily have sat out the last two years of my contract at Birmingham , but that 's not my style – I just want to play football . " He scored on his debut for Wigan , in a 4 – 2 win against Wimbledon on 13 September 2003 . He continued to live in the West Midlands even after his transfer from Birmingham City , and after just three months at Wigan moved to West Bromwich Albion for £ 1 million . = = = West Bromwich Albion = = = Horsfield made his Albion debut in a 1 – 0 defeat away to Coventry City on 20 December 2003 . The following month he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2 – 0 win against Albion 's local rivals Walsall . It was the first of three goals he scored during January 2004 , earning him the PFA First Division Player @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Month award . In all he scored seven goals for Albion during 2003 – 04 , helping the club to achieve promotion to the Premier League . The team struggled in their first season back in the top division , while Horsfield scored just three goals in 29 league appearances . His contribution on the final day of the season against Portsmouth however , proved vital to the club 's survival . Coming on as a second @-@ half substitute , he scored with his first touch , before setting up a goal for team mate Kieran Richardson . Combined with results from other matches , the 2 – 0 win ensured Albion 's escape from relegation as the first club to survive in the Premier League after being bottom at Christmas . Horsfield said of the achievement , " Even though I have been promoted with every club I have been at this is the best moment of my career . " Horsfield enjoyed a good start to 2005 – 06 , signing a new two @-@ year contract and scoring twice in each of Albion 's first two home games , but these proved to be the last goals he would score for the club . He made a total of 20 appearances in league and cup during his final season at West Bromwich Albion . = = = Sheffield United and loans = = = Horsfield signed for Sheffield United on loan in February 2006 , but appeared in just three games under manager Neil Warnock in the four @-@ month spell . Both Horsfield and Warnock wanted to terminate the loan prematurely , but West Bromwich Albion had already agreed to sell the player to United at the end of the season and refused to go back on the deal . The permanent transfer went through in May 2006 for a fee of £ 1 @.@ 2 million , with Horsfield commenting that he and Warnock had resolved their differences . On 3 August 2006 , Horsfield signed for Championship club Leeds United on loan until Christmas with a view to a permanent move . He made his debut on the opening day of the season , against Norwich at Elland Road , and scored his first goal in a 2 – 2 draw away at Queens Park Rangers three days later . When Dennis Wise took over as Leeds manager , Horsfield was in and out of the side and his loan was terminated in January 2007 . At the end of the January 2007 transfer window , Leicester City took Horsfield on loan for the rest of the season . He made his debut for the club in their 1 – 1 draw with Luton Town on 3 February , and scored his first goals for them in their 3 – 0 victory over local rivals Coventry City two weeks later . Horsfield 's former West Bromwich Albion manager Bryan Robson became manager at Sheffield United at the start of the 2007 – 08 season , but Horsfield remained out of the side . His only appearances came in the League Cup , playing against Chesterfield in the first round and scoring against Milton Keynes Dons in the second . On 31 January 2008 he moved to Championship club Scunthorpe United on loan for the remainder of the season . He went straight into the Scunthorpe squad and made his debut against Charlton Athletic at Glanford Park ; the team won 1 – 0 and Horsfield won the sponsors ' " Man of the match " award . He played twelve games while on loan and was released by Sheffield United at the end of the season . Horsfield had a trial at Chesterfield during the summer of 2008 , but rejected a move to Saltergate because he wanted to join a club closer to his home in Leicester . He then had a trial with Kettering Town and in September began training with Walsall . = = = Lincoln City = = = On 10 October 2008 , Horsfield revealed that he had been diagnosed with testicular cancer , and was advised that his playing career was finished . By December , after receiving successful treatment , he was reported to be considering a return to football , either as a player or in a coaching role . He linked up with Lincoln City , managed by former Halifax Town team @-@ mate Peter Jackson , for a week 's training to assess his fitness levels , and after an extended trial period , signed a short @-@ term playing contract to run from 2 January 2009 until the end of the season . He would also be involved with coaching the reserve team . Horsfield made his debut on 12 January against Brentford , setting up the equaliser for fellow debutant Anthony Elding in a 2 – 2 draw . After the game he declared he was " glad to be back playing " . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 January 2009 , in a 2 – 1 win against Gillingham , describing the long range shot " one of my sweetest strikes " . Horsfield played regularly during his time with Lincoln , but scored only that one goal , and at the end of the season the club decided not to renew his contract . = = = Port Vale = = = In July 2009 , Port Vale 's Micky Adams appointed Horsfield as player @-@ assistant manager . He aimed to play a majority of Vale 's games in the 2009 – 10 season while learning the ropes of management . He played in the opening four games of the season despite needing painkillers for a cracked rib and a cracked bone in his hand , the first broken bones he had ever suffered . The club reached the third round of the League Cup , but after three consecutive defeats , Adams placed the entire squad on the transfer list . He suffered from niggling injuries , in addition to a torn hamstring , which limited his appearances . This caused him to consider his retirement in the summer of 2010 . Port Vale did not offer him a new playing contract , but retained him on the coaching staff . = = = Alvechurch = = = In March 2013 , he joined Midland Football Alliance side Alvechurch , after agreeing to an offer from the Alvechurch chairman to play until the end of the season . = = Coaching career = = Twelve months after he joined Port Vale as player @-@ assistant manager in July 2009 , Horsfield was offered a contract at the club as full @-@ time assistant manager . Adams said that Horsfield would have a heavier workload over the 2010 – 11 season , which would include many hours of scouting in order to " formulate a catalogue of players [ and ] get to know all the leagues at all levels " , and he would retain his playing registration for emergencies . In December 2010 , he was made joint caretaker manager at Vale , along with Mark Grew , following the departure of Adams . Vale were beaten 5 – 0 by Rotherham United in his first game in charge , but rallied to beat Burton Albion 2 – 1 , before Jim Gannon was appointed manager . Gannon retained Horsfield as his assistant . On the way to a match at Aldershot on 25 February , Gannon left the team bus after an apparent bust @-@ up with Horsfield . The national media reported that Gannon granted Horsfield 's request for a day off for family reasons but then wrote to the board complaining about his conduct . Having been shown the letter by a director , Horsfield confronted Gannon over the issue . After an internal inquiry , during which Horsfield stayed away from the club , no disciplinary action was taken against either party . Gannon was sacked on 21 March , and Grew was appointed as caretaker @-@ manager with Horsfield as his assistant . In July 2011 , Horsfield stepped down as assistant manager to concentrate on his coaching qualifications , remaining at Port Vale as a coach . Later in the month he scored in a friendly against Stone Dominoes , but dismissed speculation that he would make a return to the playing side of the game . In December 2011 , loan striker Guy Madjo celebrated his first goal for the club by running over to Horsfield on the touchline , " to say thank you for all the finishing ( practice ) that we have been doing . He has shown me a lot of things that I haven 't done in the past . In seven years , I have been so many places , to so many clubs and I haven 't done that with anyone else , so I just feel it was a good dedication for him . " Horsfield retired completely from football in May 2012 to pursue business interests . = = Personal life = = He is married to Tina and has four children : Chris , Chloe , Leah and Lexie @-@ Brooke . In October 2008 , Horsfield was diagnosed with testicular cancer , and advised that his playing career was over . As the disease was discovered in its early stages , no chemotherapy or radiotherapy was needed , surgery proved successful and less than two months later he was given the all @-@ clear . Horsfield decided to make his illness public to help spread awareness of the disease , and lent his support to a Premier League @-@ backed project launched in 2009 to promote men 's health issues . He said : " Getting cancer was something I had to get over . I got it , wanted to beat it and I did . Now I am just glad that I 've got another chance in football . " Shortly before he joined Port Vale , Horsfield fell victim to the swine flu pandemic . In January 2013 , he received emergency treatment for blood clots on both lungs . = = Career statistics = = = = = As a player = = = = = = As a manager = = = = = Honours = = Halifax Town Football Conference champions : 1997 – 98 Football Conference top scorer : 1997 – 98 Fulham Football League Second Division champions : 1998 – 99 Birmingham City Football League Cup runners @-@ up : 2001 Football League First Division play @-@ off winners : 2002 West Bromwich Albion Football League First Division runners @-@ up : 2003 – 04 Individual PFA Second Division Team of the Year : 1998 – 99 = Battle of Fort Anne = The Battle of Fort Anne , fought on July 8 , 1777 , was an engagement between Continental Army forces in retreat from Fort Ticonderoga and forward elements of John Burgoyne 's much larger British army that had driven them from Ticonderoga , early in the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War . Burgoyne , surprised by the American withdrawal from Fort Ticonderoga , hurried as many of his troops as possible forward in pursuit of the retreating Americans . The main body of the American forces had departed Fort Independence down the road to Hubbardton , and a smaller body of troops , accompanying the sick , wounded , and camp followers that had also evacuated the fort , had sailed up Lake Champlain to Skenesboro , moving from there overland to Fort Edward . This group , which included about 600 men under arms , paused at Fort Anne , where a smaller advance company from Burgoyne 's army caught up to them . The British , clearly outnumbered , sent for reinforcements . The Americans decided to attack while they had the numerical advantage , and succeeded in nearly surrounding the British position about three quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) north of the fort . The Americans retreated back to the fort when war whoops indicated the arrival of British reinforcements . While this was a ruse ( the reinforcements were a single officer ) , it saved the British force from probable capture . More of Burgoyne 's army soon came down the road , forcing the Americans to retreat from Fort Anne to Fort Edward . It has been claimed that a flag was flown at Fort Anne that may have been the first instance of a flag consisting of stars and stripes ; this claim is supposedly false . = = Background = = On the night of July 5 – 6 , the Continental Army forces occupying Fort Ticonderoga were ordered to evacuate the fort by General Arthur St. Clair , following the approach of General John Burgoyne 's 8 @,@ 000 @-@ man army . Burgoyne 's men had placed a gun battery on top of Mount Defiance , overlooking the fort , and the American avenues of retreat were at risk of being cut off . Most of the American forces left Ticonderoga and the surrounding defense works via Fort Independence and the road to Hubbardton . About 600 men under Colonel Pierse Long , most of them from New Hampshire , sailed up the lake in a flotilla consisting of 5 armed galleys and over 200 smaller transport vessels . These vessels were loaded with as many of the sick from the fort as they could take , stores and supplies , and armaments . Believing the log boom and pontoon bridge placed between Ticonderoga and Mount Independence to be sufficient to delay the British pursuit , Long began to sail up the lake toward Skenesboro , the southernmost navigable point on the lake , at a leisurely pace . = = Pursuit = = The British , however , were hardly slowed down by the water defenses . Burgoyne , once he learned of the American withdrawal on the morning of July 6 , ordered the defenses to be taken down . With well @-@ placed gunfire , the bridge and boom were eliminated as obstacles in the space of 30 minutes . At this point Burgoyne , breaking with rigid military discipline , ordered troops to follow southward as rapidly as possible , instead of remaining in formation , while he sailed southward in pursuit . Assisted by favorable winds , he was within three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of Skenesboro by the end of July 6 , where the Americans , who arrived only two hours earlier , had a small stockade fort . In an attempt to surround the position , Burgoyne landed about 200 men from the 9th , 20th , and 21st regiments , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel John Hill , at a point south of Skenesboro with the objective of cutting off the road to Fort Anne . The Americans were in the process of portaging around the falls at Skenesboro to Wood Creek when Burgoyne 's boats arrived and opened fire . Enterprise , Liberty , and Gates were destroyed by the Americans , and two ships , Trumbull and Revenge , were forced to surrender . In the process many of the American supplies were either destroyed or abandoned to the British . The Americans retreated toward Fort Anne in disarray , but not before starting a fire that eventually engulfed most of the structures at Skenesboro . When they reached Fort Anne they were met by 400 New York militia under Henry van Rensselaer , that had been sent by General Philip Schuyler from Fort Edward after he received news of the retreat from Ticonderoga . The British pursuers under Hill , when they finally reached the road , captured more American supplies , sick and wounded , and camp followers that trailed behind the main body , and moved south until they were about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from Fort Anne . Here they encountered an American reconnaissance party numbering about 170 under Captain James Gray ; in the ensuing skirmish one American was killed and three more wounded before the Americans retreated to the fort . = = Battle = = On the morning of July 8 , a supposed American deserter , who was really a spy , informed Hill that the fort was occupied by nearly 1 @,@ 000 demoralized troops . Opting not to attack the numerically superior force , Hill sent a message back to Burgoyne outlining the situation . Burgoyne ordered the 20th and 21st regiments to quick @-@ march toward Fort Anne in support , but poor weather hampered their movement , and they did not arrive until after the battle . The " deserter " returned to Fort Anne and reported on the British position and troop strength . Long , seeing how few British soldiers were following him , decided to attack their position . Moving as stealthily as possible , his force tried to surround the British while they were still on the road . However , Hill 's men heard the rebel movements on their flanks and retreated to a higher position , abandoning some wounded men , who were eventually captured by the Americans . When the Americans opened fire , it was " a heavy and well @-@ directed fire " , according to one British officer . The battle lasted for more than 2 hours , until both sides were nearly out of ammunition , and the British were virtually surrounded by Americans . The sound of Indian war whoops from the north prompted the Americans to retreat , and they retired to the fort with their wounded , including Van Rensselaer , who had taken a shot in the hip . As it turned out , there were no Indians , but only a single British officer , John Money of the 9th regiment , Burgoyne 's deputy quartermaster . He had been leading a group of Indians , but when they seemed reluctant to fight the Americans , Money became impatient and ran ahead of them ; it was his war cries that brought an end to the battle . = = Aftermath = = Back at the fort the Americans held a brief council . From a woman that the British had freed , they heard that 2 @,@ 000 or more British troops under the command of General Phillips were rapidly advancing . Long 's men , as they were nearly out of ammunition , withdrew toward Fort Edward , burning the stockaded fort . Both sides claimed victory in the battle , since the British had successfully stood their ground , and the Americans had very nearly forced them to surrender . Any American claim for victory was tempered by the fact that the force they had defeated was clearly the vanguard of a much larger British force . A British officer recovered some regimental banners either during this engagement , or following the American retreat from Fort Anne . It is widely claimed that one of the flags captured was a new design of American flag with thirteen red and white stripes and a constellation of stars , representing the earliest known use of the stars and stripes motif . However , this story is likely untrue , as the time needed for news of the flag design approved by Congress to travel , followed by construction of such a flag and then its delivery to such a remote location render the story implausible , and the flags known to have been recovered bear no resemblance whatsoever to the United States flag . = Puhoy = " Puhoy " is the sixteenth episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series Adventure Time . The episode was written and storyboarded by Tom Herpich and Steve Wolfhard , from a story by Patrick McHale , Kent Osborne , and Pendleton Ward . It originally aired on Cartoon Network on April 8 , 2013 . The episode guest stars Mandy Siegfried as Roselinen , Jonathan Frakes as Adult Finn , and Wallace Shawn as Rasheeta . The series follows the adventures of Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . In this episode , Finn begins second @-@ guessing his relationship with Flame Princess , so he builds a giant pillow fort . While navigating it , Finn seemingly falls asleep and dreams that he ends up in a pillow world where he marries a pillow woman named Roselinen ( Siegfriend ) and has two children with her . In the pillow world , Finn grows old and dies , only to wake up in the real world . He soon receives a call from Flame Princess , reaffirming their relationship . The appearance of Finn as an adult was based on Howard Keel 's character from the 1954 musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers , which is a favorite of episode co @-@ storyboarder Wolfhard . The episode was viewed by 2 @.@ 75 million viewers and received a 0 @.@ 6 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club wrote positively of the way the episode focused on character development , noting that the episode bore similarities to both The Wizard of Oz and Captain America . Similarly , Colin O 'Boyle of Geek Smash compared the episode to the Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis . For his work on the episode 's character designs , Andy Ristaino won an Emmy Award for " Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation " at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards , making it the series ' first Emmy win . = = Plot = = During a knife storm , Finn and Jake stay in and construct a massive pillow fort . Finn , however , is feeling down because Flame Princess did not laugh at his joke , which he takes as a sign that their relationship is over . Jake says Finn is imagining things , but Finn ventures into the pillow fort to let his mind " fester " . Inside , he passes through a portal into a magical pillow land . He saves a village from a " blanket dragon " , and the leader Quilton throws a celebration in his honor . Finn dances with Quilton 's daughter , Roselinen . However , no one knows how to get him home . Years later , Finn and Roselinen have married and had two children , Bonnie and Jay . Quilton tells them that an ancient book has been discovered revealing that the door to Finn 's world appears periodically . Seeking more information , the family travels to the oracle Rasheeta , who says only that Finn will not remain in the land long . Finn thinks of Jake and decides he does not want to leave the pillow world . Eventually , he grows into an old man and dies surrounded by family . His spirit flies through a darkened realm and he emerges in the pillow fort , a child again . He starts to tell Jake about his other life , but gets a call from Flame Princess , who says she finally got his joke . After he hangs up , he cannot recall the life he just lived . = = Production = = " Puhoy " was written and storyboarded by Tom Herpich and Steve Wolfhard , from a story developed by series creator Pendleton Ward , Patrick McHale , and Kent Osborne . According to Osborne , this is one of the few episodes that the writers successfully developed by playing the game exquisite corpse . The episode was co @-@ directed by Nate Cash and Nick Jennings ; the former was credited as " supervising director " , whereas the latter handled the art direction . The episode guest stars Mandy Siegfried as Roselinen , Jonathan Frakes as Adult Finn , and Wallace Shawn as the oracle Rasheeta . Herpich noted that he was very pleased to cast Shawn , noting , " Big thanks to [ Wallace Shawn ] … who I finally got to cast in the show , thus shortening my bucket list . " Wolfhard designed adult Finn to be reminiscent of Howard Keel 's character from the 1954 musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers . Wolfhard explained that the allusion was due to the fact that the musical is one of his personal favorites . In addition , Roselinen 's design was based on Wolfhard 's wife , Leslie , according to both Wolfhard and former character designer Andy Ristaino . = = Reception = = " Puhoy " aired on April 8 , 2013 on Cartoon Network . The episode was watched by 2 @.@ 75 million viewers , and received a 0 @.@ 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic Nielsen household rating . Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States , which means that the episode was seen by 0 @.@ 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds at the time of the broadcast . The episode was the 35th most @-@ watched cable program in the 18 – 49 demographic on the night it aired . The episode first saw physical release as part of the 2013 Jake the Dad DVD , which included 16 episodes from the series ' fourth and fifth seasons . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B + " , and praised the way the entry " focuses on building character " . He compared the episode stylistically to both The Wizard of Oz and Captain America , noting that all three deal with themes of traveling to distant lands and " teleport [ ing ] to … alternate dimension [ s ] " . In the end , Sava complimented the episode for dealing with the moral that , when in a relationship , people need to " slow down , don 't freak out , and communicate . " Colin O 'Boyle of Geek Smash compared the episode to the Chronicles of Narnia , a series of books by English author C.S. Lewis . He felt that the installment was " hilarious " and " pretty awesome " . He cited both " Adult Finn " and the " pillowy world " as highlights , noting that the former was a " badass " . For his work on the episode , former lead character designer Ristaino won an Emmy Award for " Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation " for his character designs , making it the series ' first Emmy win . = USS Manhattan ( 1863 ) = USS Manhattan was a single @-@ turreted Canonicus @-@ class monitor built for the Union Navy during the American Civil War . After commissioning in 1864 the ship was assigned to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron and participated in the Battle of Mobile Bay . At the end of the battle , Manhattan took the surrender of the Confederate casemate ironclad ram Tennessee . She bombarded Fort Morgan during the Siege of Fort Morgan and later blockaded the mouth of the Red River until the end of the war . The ship was placed in reserve after the end of the war and Manhattan was only occasionally recommissioned before being sold for scrap in 1902 . = = Description and construction = = The ship was 223 feet ( 68 @.@ 0 m ) long overall , had a beam of 43 feet 4 inches ( 13 @.@ 2 m ) and had a maximum draft of 13 feet 6 inches ( 4 @.@ 1 m ) . Manhattan had a tonnage of 1 @,@ 034 tons burthen and displaced 2 @,@ 100 long tons ( 2 @,@ 100 t ) . Her crew consisted of 100 officers and enlisted men . Manhattan was powered by a two @-@ cylinder horizontal vibrating @-@ lever steam engine that drove one propeller using steam generated by two Stimers horizontal fire @-@ tube boilers . The 320 @-@ indicated @-@ horsepower ( 240 kW ) engine gave the ship a top speed of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) . She carried 140 – 150 long tons ( 140 – 150 t ) of coal . Manhattan 's main armament consisted of two smoothbore , muzzle @-@ loading , 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) Dahlgren guns mounted in a single gun turret . Each gun weighed approximately 43 @,@ 000 pounds ( 20 @,@ 000 kg ) . They could fire a 350 @-@ pound ( 158 @.@ 8 kg ) shell up to a range of 2 @,@ 100 yards ( 1 @,@ 900 m ) at an elevation of + 7 ° . The exposed sides of the hull were protected by five layers of 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) wrought iron plates , backed by wood . The armor of the gun turret and the pilot house consisted of ten layers of one @-@ inch plates . The ship 's deck was protected by armor 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick . A 5 @-@ by @-@ 15 @-@ inch ( 130 by 380 mm ) soft iron band was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent shells and fragments from jamming the turret as had happened during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor in April 1863 . The base of the funnel was protected to a height of 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) by 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of armor . A " rifle screen " of 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ inch ( 13 mm ) armor 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) high was installed on the top of the turret to protected the crew against Confederate snipers based on a suggestion by Commander Tunis A. M. Craven , captain of her sister ship Tecumseh . The contract for Manhattan , named after the Manhattan tribe of Indians that inhabited the island of the same name , was awarded to Perine , Secor & Co . ; the ship was laid down in 1862 by the primary subcontractor Joseph Colwell at his Jersey City , New Jersey shipyard . She was launched on 14 October 1863 and commissioned on 6 June 1864 with Commander J. W. A. Nicholson in command . The ship 's construction was delayed by multiple changes ordered while she was being built that reflected battle experience with earlier monitors . This included the rebuilding of the turrets and pilot houses to increase their armor thickness from 8 inches ( 203 mm ) to 10 inches and to replace the bolts that secured their armor plates together with rivets to prevent them from being knocked loose by the shock of impact from shells striking the turret . Other changes included deepening the hull by 18 inches ( 457 mm ) to increase the ship 's buoyancy , moving the position of the turret to balance the ship 's trim and replacing all of the ship 's deck armor . The only known modification after the ship 's completion was the addition of a hurricane deck between the turret and the funnel sometime after the end of the Civil War . = = Civil War service = = After commissioning , Manhattan steamed for the Gulf of Mexico and arrived at the Pensacola Navy Yard on 7 July , towed by the side @-@ wheel gunboat Bienville . She required nearly two weeks to resupply and to repair damage from two small	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
and received a seat on the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee , which had direct relevance to Alaskan issues . He also got a spot on the Public Works Committee , which he held throughout his time in the Senate . Finally , he was a member of the Select Committee on Small Business . In 1971 he became chair of the Public Works Committee 's Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds , then by 1973 he was chair of its Subcommittee on Water Resources , then later its Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution . Gravel was also initially named to the Joint Committee on Congressional Operations . By 1973 Gravel was off the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee and the Select Small Business Committee and instead a member of the Finance Committee , and by 1977 was chair of that body 's Subcommittee on Energy and Foundations . By 1973 he had also been on the ad hoc Special Committee to Study Secret and Confidential Government Documents . By his own admission , Gravel was too new and " too abrasive " to be effective in the Senate by the usual means of seniority @-@ based committee assignments or negotiating deals with other senators , and was sometimes seen as arrogant by the more senior members . Gravel instead relied upon attention @-@ getting gestures to achieve what he wanted , hoping national exposure would force other senators to listen to him . As part of this he voted with Southern Democrats to keep the Senate filibuster rule in place , and accordingly supported Russell Long and Robert Byrd but opposed Ted Kennedy in Senate leadership battles . In retrospective assessment , University of Alaska Anchorage history professor Stephen Haycox would say , " Loose cannon is a good description of Gravel 's Senate career . He was an off @-@ the @-@ wall guy , and you weren 't really ever sure what he would do . " = = = Nuclear issues and the Cold War = = = In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S. Department of Defense was in the process of performing tests for the nuclear warhead for the Spartan anti @-@ ballistic missile . Two tests , the " Milrow " and " Cannikin " tests , were planned , involving the detonation of nuclear bombs under Amchitka Island in Alaska . The Milrow test would be a one megaton calibration exercise for the second , and larger five megaton , Cannikin test , which would measure the effectiveness of the warhead . Gravel opposed the tests in Congress . Before the Milrow test took place in October 1969 , he wrote that there were significant risks of earthquakes and other adverse consequences , and called for an independent national commission on nuclear and seismic safety to be created ; he then made a personal appeal to President Nixon to stop the test . After Milrow was conducted , there was continued pressure on the part of environmental groups against going forward with the larger Cannikin test , while the Federation of American Scientists claimed that the warhead being tested was already obsolete . In May 1971 , Gravel sent a letter to U.S. Atomic Energy Commission hearings held in Anchorage , in which he said the risk of the test was not worth taking . Eventually a group not involving Gravel took the case to the U.S. Supreme Court , which declined to issue an injunction against it , and the Cannikin test took place as scheduled in November 1971 . Gravel had failed to stop the tests ( notwithstanding his later claims during his 2008 presidential campaign ) . Nuclear power was considered an environmentally clean alternative for the commercial generation of electricity and was part of a popular national policy for the peaceful use of atomic energy in the 1950s and 1960s . Gravel publicly opposed this policy ; besides the dangers of nuclear testing , he was a vocal critic of the Atomic Energy Commission , which oversaw American nuclear efforts , and of the powerful United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy , which had a stranglehold on nuclear policy and which Gravel tried to circumvent . In 1971 , Gravel sponsored a bill to impose a moratorium on nuclear power plant construction and to make power utilities liable for any nuclear accidents ; in 1975 , he was still proposing similar moratoriums . By 1974 , Gravel was allied with Ralph Nader 's organization in opposing nuclear power . Six months before U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger 's secret mission to the People 's Republic of China ( P.R.C. ) in July 1971 , Gravel introduced legislation to recognize and normalize relations with China , including a proposal for unity talks between the P.R.C. and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) regarding the Chinese seat on the U.N. Security Council . Gravel reiterated his position in favor of recognition , with four other senators in agreement , during Senate hearings in June 1971 . = = = Vietnam War , the draft , and the Pentagon Papers = = = President Richard Nixon had campaigned in 1968 on a promise to end the U.S. military draft , a decision endorsed by the February 1970 report of the Gates Commission . The existing draft law was scheduled to conclude at the end of June 1971 , and the Senate faced a contentious debate about whether to extend it as the Vietnam War continued . The Nixon administration announced in February 1971 that it wanted a two @-@ year extension to June 1973 , after which the draft would end ; Army planners had already been operating under the assumption of a two @-@ year extension , after which an all @-@ volunteer force would be in place . Skeptics such as Senate Armed Services Committee chairman John Stennis thought this unrealistic and wanted a four @-@ year extension , but the two @-@ year proposal is what went forward in Congress . By early May 1971 , Gravel had indicated his intention to filibuster the draft renewal legislation , halting conscription and thereby bringing U.S. involvement in the war to a rapid end . By June 1971 , some Democratic senators opposed to the war wanted to limit the renewal to a one @-@ year extension , while others wanted to end it immediately ; Gravel reiterated that he was one of the latter , saying , " It 's a senseless war , and one way to do away with it is to do away with the draft . " A Senate vote on June 4 indicated majority support for the two @-@ year extension . On June 18 Gravel announced again his intention to counteract that by filibustering the renewal legislation , defending the practice against those who associated it only with blocking civil rights legislation . The first filibuster attempt failed on June 23 when , by three votes , the Senate voted cloture for only the fifth time since 1927 . Protracted negotiations took place over House conference negotiations on the bill , revolving in large part around Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield 's eventually unsuccessful amendment to tie renewal to a troop withdrawal timetable from Vietnam ; during this time the draft law expired and no more were conscripted . On August 5 , the Nixon administration pleaded for a renewal before the Senate went on recess , but Gravel blocked Stennis 's attempt to limit debate , and no vote was held . Finally on September 21 , 1971 , the Senate invoked cloture over Gravel 's second filibuster attempt by one vote , and then passed the two @-@ year draft extension . Gravel 's attempts to stop the draft had failed ( notwithstanding Gravel 's later claims that he had stopped or shortened the draft , taken at face value in some media reports , during his 2008 presidential campaign ) . Meanwhile , on June 13 , 1971 , The New York Times began printing large portions of the Pentagon Papers . The papers were a large collection of secret government documents and studies pertaining to the Vietnam War , of which former Defense Department analyst Daniel Ellsberg had made unauthorized copies and was determined to make public . Ellsberg had for a year and a half approached members of Congress – such as William Fulbright , George McGovern , Charles Mathias , and Pete McCloskey – about publishing the documents , on the grounds that the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution would give congressional members immunity from prosecution , but all had refused . Instead , Ellsberg gave the documents to the Times . The U.S. Justice Department immediately tried to halt publication , on the grounds that the information revealed within the papers harmed the national interest . Within the next two weeks , a federal court injunction halted publication in The Times ; The Washington Post and several other newspapers began publishing parts of the documents , with some of them also being halted by injunctions ; and the whole matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court for arguments . Looking for an alternate publication mechanism , Ellsberg returned to his idea of having a member of Congress read them , and chose Gravel based on the latter 's efforts against the draft ; Gravel agreed where previously others had not . Ellsberg arranged for the papers to be given to Gravel on June 26 via an intermediary , Washington Post editor Ben Bagdikian . Gravel used his counter @-@ intelligence experience to choose a midnight transfer in front of the Mayflower Hotel in the center of Washington . On the night of June 29 , 1971 , Gravel attempted to read the papers on the floor of the Senate as part of his filibuster against the draft , but was thwarted when no quorum could be formed . Gravel instead convened a session of the Buildings and Grounds subcommittee that he chaired . He got New York Congressman John Dow to testify that the war had soaked up funding for public buildings , thus making discussion of the war relevant to the committee . He began reading from the papers with the press in attendance , omitting supporting documents that he felt might compromise national security , and declaring , " It is my constitutional obligation to protect the security of the people by fostering the free flow of information absolutely essential to their democratic decision @-@ making . " He read until 1 a.m. , until with tears and sobs he said that he could no longer physically continue , the previous three nights of sleeplessness and fear about the future having taken their toll . Gravel ended the session by , with no other senators present , establishing unanimous consent to insert 4 @,@ 100 pages of the Papers into the Congressional Record of his subcommittee . The following day , the Supreme Court 's New York Times Co. v. United States decision ruled in favor of the newspapers and publication in The Times and others resumed . In July 1971 , Bantam Books published an inexpensive paperback edition of the papers containing the material The Times had published . Gravel , too , wanted to privately publish the portion of the papers he had read into the record , believing that " immediate disclosure of the contents of these papers will change the policy that supports the war . " After being turned down by many commercial publishers , on August 4 he reached agreement with Beacon Press , the publishing arm of the Unitarian Universalist Association , of which Gravel was a member . Announced on August 17 and published on October 22 , 1971 , this four @-@ volume , relatively expensive set became the " Senator Gravel Edition " , which studies from Cornell University and the Annenberg Center for Communication have labeled as the most complete edition of the Pentagon Papers to be published . The " Gravel Edition " was edited and annotated by Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn , and included an additional volume of analytical articles on the origins and progress of the war , also edited by Chomsky and Zinn . Beacon Press then was subjected to a FBI investigation ; an outgrowth of this was the Gravel v. United States court case , which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled upon in June 1972 ; it held that the Speech or Debate Clause did grant immunity to Gravel for his reading the papers in his subcommittee , did grant some immunity to Gravel 's congressional aide , but granted no immunity to Beacon Press in relation to their publishing the same papers . The events of 1971 changed Gravel in the months following from an obscure freshman senator in a far corner of the country to a nationally visible political figure . He became a sought @-@ after speaker on the college circuit as well as at political fundraisers , opportunities he welcomed as lectures were " the one honest way a Senator has to supplement his income . " The Democratic candidates for the 1972 presidential election sought out his endorsement . In January 1972 Gravel did endorse Maine Senator Ed Muskie , hoping his endorsement would help Muskie with the party 's left wing and in the ethnic French @-@ Canadian areas in first primary state New Hampshire ( which Muskie won , but not strongly , and his campaign faltered soon thereafter ) . In April 1972 , Gravel appeared on all three network nightly newscasts to decry the Nixon administration 's reliance on Vietnamization by making reference to the secret National Security Study Memorandum 1 document , which stated it would take 8 – 13 years before the Army of the Republic of Vietnam could defend South Vietnam . Gravel made excerpts from the study public , but his attempt to read NSSM 1 into the Congressional Record was blocked by Senators Robert P. Griffin and William B. Saxbe . = = = Run for Vice President in 1972 = = = Gravel actively campaigned for the office of Vice President of the United States during the 1972 presidential election , announcing on June 2 , 1972 , over a month before the 1972 Democratic National Convention began , that he was interested in running for the nomination should the choice be opened up to convention delegates . Towards this end he began soliciting delegates for their support in advance of the convention . He was not alone in this effort , as former Governor of Massachusetts Endicott Peabody had been running a quixotic campaign for the same post since the prior year . Likely presidential nominee George McGovern was in fact considering the unusual move of naming three or four acceptable vice @-@ presidential candidates and letting the delegates choose . At the convention 's final day on July 14 , 1972 , presidential nominee McGovern selected and announced Senator Thomas Eagleton of Missouri as his vice @-@ presidential choice . Eagleton was unknown to many delegates and the choice seemed to smack of traditional ticket balancing considerations . Thus , there were delegates willing to look elsewhere . Gravel was nominated by Bettye Fahrenkamp , the Democratic National Committeewoman from Alaska . He then seconded his own nomination , breaking down in tears at his own words and maybe trying to withdraw his nomination . In any case he won 226 delegate votes , coming in third behind Eagleton and Frances " Sissy " Farenthold of Texas , in chaotic balloting that included several other candidates as well . For his efforts , Gravel attracted some attention : famed writer Norman Mailer would say he " provided considerable excitement " and was " good @-@ looking enough to have played leads in B @-@ films " , while Rolling Stone correspondent Hunter S. Thompson said Gravel " probably said a few things that might have been worth hearing , under different circumstances ... " Yet , the whole process had been doubly disastrous for the Democrats . The time consumed with the nominating and seconding and other speeches of all the vice @-@ presidential candidates had lost the attention of the delegates on the floor and pushed McGovern 's speech until 3 : 30 a.m. The haste with which Eagleton had been selected led to surprise when his past mental health treatments were revealed ; he withdrew from the ticket soon after the convention , to be replaced by Sargent Shriver . = = = Re @-@ election to Senate in 1974 = = = Several years earlier , Alaska politicians had speculated that Gravel would have a hard time getting both renominated and elected when his first term expired , given that he was originally elected without a base party organization and tended to focus on national rather than local issues . Nonetheless , in 1974 Gravel was re @-@ elected to the Senate , winning 58 percent of the vote against 42 percent for Republican State Senator C. R. Lewis , who was a national officer of the John Birch Society . = = = Second term = = = In September 1975 , Gravel was named as one of several Congressional Advisers to the Seventh Special Session of the United Nations , which met to discuss problems related to economic development and international economic cooperation . In June 1976 , Gravel was the focus of a federal investigation into allegations that he was involved in a sex @-@ for @-@ vote arrangement . Congressional staff clerk Elizabeth Ray ( who was already the subject of a sex scandal that led to the downfall of Representative Wayne Hays ) stated that in August 1972 , she had sex with Gravel aboard a houseboat on the Potomac River , under the instruction of Representative Kenneth J. Gray , her boss at the time . Gray allegedly wanted to secure Gravel 's support for further funding for construction of the National Visitor Center in Washington , a troubled project that was under the jurisdiction of subcommittees that both members chaired . Another Congressional staffer said she witnessed the boat encounter , but Gravel said at the time that he had never met either of the women . Both Gravel and Gray strongly denied that they had made any arrangement regarding legislation , and neither was ever charged with any wrongdoing . Decades later , Gravel wrote that he had indeed had sex with Ray , but had not changed any votes because of it . = = = Alaskan issues = = = By 1971 , Gravel was urging construction of the much @-@ argued Trans @-@ Alaska pipeline , addressing environmental concerns by saying that the pipeline 's builders and operators should have " total and absolute " responsibility for any consequent environmental damage . Two years later , the debate over the pipeline came to a crux , with The New York Times describing it as " environmentalists [ in ] a holy war with the major oil companies . " In February 1973 the U.S. Court of Appeals blocked the issuance of permits for construction ; Gravel and fellow Alaskan Senator Ted Stevens reacted by urging Congress to pass legislation overturning the court 's decision . Environmentalists opposed to the pipeline , such as the Environmental Defense Fund and the Sierra Club then sought to use the recently passed National Environmental Policy Act to their advantage ; Gravel designed an amendment to the pipeline bill that would immunize the pipeline from any further court challenges under that law , and thus speed its construction . Passage of the amendment became the key battle regarding the pipeline . On July 17 , 1973 , in a dramatic roll call vote , the Gravel amendment was approved as a 49 – 49 tie was broken in favor by Vice President Spiro Agnew . The actual bill enabling the pipeline then passed easily ; Gravel had triumphed . In opposition to the Alaskan fishing industry , Gravel advocated American participation in the formation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . For two years he opposed legislation that established a 200 @-@ mile ( 320 km ) Exclusive Economic Zone for marine resources . He was one of only 19 senators to vote against Senate approval for the expanded zone in 1976 , saying it would undermine the U.S. position in Law of the Sea negotiations and that nations arbitrarily extending their fishing rights limits would " produce anarchy of the seas . " The legislation was passed , and the United States has signed but never ratified the Law of the Sea treaty . During his first year in the Senate Gravel urged abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs . In the early 1970s Gravel supported a demonstration project that established links between Alaskan villages and the National Institute of Health in Bethesda , Maryland , for medical diagnostic communications . Gravel helped secure a private grant to facilitate the first Inuit Circumpolar Conference in 1977 , attended by Inuit representatives from Alaska , Canada , and Greenland . These conferences now also include representatives from Russia . In 1977 , Gravel helped lead an effort to have the U.S. Interior Department rename Mount McKinley to Denali ; this eventually led to Denali National Park being so named . Subsequently Gravel proposed a never @-@ built " Denali City " development above the Tokositna River near the mountain , to consist of a giant Teflon dome enclosing hotels , golf courses , condominiums , and commercial buildings . A key , emotional issue in the state at the time was " locking up Alaska " , making reference to allocation of its vast , mostly uninhabited land . In 1978 Gravel blocked passage , via procedural delays such as walking out of House @-@ Senate conference committee meetings , of a complex bill which represented a compromise on land use policy . The bill would have put some of Alaska 's vast federal land holdings under state control while preserving other portions for federal parks and refuges ; the action would earn Gravel the enmity of fellow Alaska Senator Ted Stevens . In 1980 , a new lands bill came up for consideration , that was less favorable to Alaskan interests and more liked by environmentalists ; it set aside 127 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 510 @,@ 000 km2 ) of Alaska 's 375 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 520 @,@ 000 km2 ) for national parks , conservation areas , and other restricted federal uses . Gravel blocked it , as not ensuring enough future development in the state . A new compromise version of the bill came forward , which reduced the land set aside to 104 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 420 @,@ 000 km2 ) . Gravel , in representation of Alaskan interests , tried to stop the bill , including staging a filibuster . The Senate , however , voted cloture and then passed the bill . Frustrated , Gravel said " the legislation denies Alaska its rights as a state , and denies the U.S. crucial strategic resources , " and commented that the Senate was " a little bit like a tank of barracudas . " In 1978 , Gravel authored and secured the passage into law of the General Stock Ownership Corporation , that became Subchapter U of the Tax Code under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 . While that was originally done as a prerequisite to a failed 1980 Alaskan ballot initiative that would have paid dividends to Alaskan citizens for pipeline @-@ related revenue , it also turned out to be significant in the development of binary economics . = = = Loss of Senate seat in 1980 = = = In 1980 , Gravel was challenged for the Democratic Party 's nomination by State Representative Clark Gruening , the grandson of the man Gravel had defeated in a primary 12 years earlier . Several factors made Gravel vulnerable . As an insurgent candidate in 1968 , Gravel had never established a firm party base . Not liking to hunt or fish , he was also always culturally suspect in the state . A group of Democrats , including future governor Steve Cowper , led the campaign against Gravel , with Gravel 's actions in respect to the 1978 and 1980 Alaskan lands bills a major issue , especially given that the latter 's dénouement happened but a week before the primary . The sources of Gravel 's campaign funds , some of which came from political action committees outside the state , also became an issue in the contest . Another factor may have been Alaska 's blanket primary system of the time , which allowed unlimited voting across party lines and from its many independents ; Republicans believed Gruening would be an easier candidate to defeat in the general election . Gruening won the bitterly fought primary , with about 55 percent of the vote to Gravel 's 44 percent . Gravel would later concede that by the time of his defeat , he had alienated " almost every constituency in Alaska . " Gruening lost the general election to Republican Frank Murkowski . Gravel was the last Democrat to represent Alaska in Congress for 28 years , until Anchorage Mayor Mark Begich defeated Stevens , by now an aged , iconic figure who had just been convicted of seven felonies for taking unreported gifts , in a very close and protracted election result in mid @-@ November 2008 . ( The charges against Stevens were subsequently dropped due to prosecutorial misconduct . ) = = Career after leaving the Senate = = = = = A difficult transition = = = Gravel took the 1980 defeat hard , recalling years later : " I had lost my career . I lost my marriage . I was in the doldrums for ten years after my defeat , " and " Nobody wanted to hire me for anything important . I felt like I was worthless . I didn 't know what I could do . " By his own later description , Gravel had been a womanizer while in the Senate , and in December 1980 he and his wife Rita separated . They filed for divorce in September 1981 ; she would later get all of his Senate pension income . During the 1980s , Gravel was a real estate developer in Anchorage and Kenai , Alaska , a consultant , and a stockbroker . One of his real estate ventures , a condominium business , was forced to declare bankruptcy and a lawsuit ensued . During 1986 , Gravel worked in partnership with Merrill Lynch Capital Markets to buy losses that financially troubled Alaska Native Corporations could not take as tax deductions and sell them to large national companies looking for tax writeoffs . Gravel married his second wife , Whitney Stewart Gravel , a former administrative assistant for Senator Jacob Javits , in 1984 . = = = Return to politics = = = In 1989 , Mike Gravel reentered politics . He founded and led The Democracy Foundation , which promotes direct democracy . He established the Philadelphia II corporation , which seeks to replicate the original 1787 Constitutional Convention in bringing direct democracy about . Around 2000 , David Parrish began helping Gravel on a technical level ; upon the former 's death in 2003 , Michael Grant took over the role of running Gravel 's websites and technology efforts . Gravel led a quixotic effort to get a United States Constitutional amendment to allow voter @-@ initiated federal legislation similar to state ballot initiatives . He argued that Americans are able to legislate responsibly , and that the Act and Amendment in the National Initiative would allow American citizens to become " law makers " . In 2001 , Gravel became director of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution , where he admired institute co @-@ founder Gregory Fossedal 's work on direct democracy in Switzerland . By 2004 , Gravel had become chair of the institute , and Fossedal ( who in turn was a director of the Democracy Foundation ) gave the introduction at Gravel 's presidential announcement . Mike and Whitney Gravel lived in Arlington County , Virginia , until 2010 and now reside in Burlingame , California . They have the two grown children from his first marriage , Martin Gravel and Lynne Gravel Mosier , and four grandchildren . Whitney Gravel 's income has sustained the couple since 1998 . In the 2000s ( decade ) , Gravel suffered poor health , requiring three surgeries in 2003 for back pain and neuropathy . Due to unreimbursed medical expenses and debts from his political causes , he declared personal bankruptcy in 2004 . He began taking a salary from the non @-@ profit organizations for which he was working ; much of that income was lent to his presidential campaign . In 2007 , he declared that he had " zero net worth . " = = = Barnes Review controversy = = = In June 2003 , Gravel gave a speech on direct democracy at a conference hosted by the American Free Press . The event was cosponsored by the Barnes Review , a journal that endorses Holocaust denial . In the wake of criticism for his appearance , Gravel has said repeatedly that he does not share such a view , stating , " You better believe I know that six million Jews were killed . I 've been to the Holocaust Museum . I 've seen the footage of General Eisenhower touring one of the camps . They 're [ referring to the Barnes Review and publisher Willis Carto ] nutty as loons if they don 't think it happened " . The newspaper had intended to interview Gravel about the National Initiative . Gravel later recounted the background to the event : " He [ Carto ] liked the idea of the National Initiative . I figured it was an opportunity to discuss it . Whether it is the far right , far left , whatever , I 'll make my pitch to them . They gave me a free subscription to American Free Press . They still send it to me today . I flip through it sometimes . It has some extreme views , and a lot of the ads in it are even more extreme and make me want to upchuck . Anyways , sometime later , Carto contacted me to speak at that Barnes Review Conference . I had never heard of the Barnes Review , didn 't know anything about it or what they stood for . I was just coming to give a presentation about the National Initiative . I was there maybe 30 minutes . I could tell from the people in the room ( mainly some very old men ) that they were pretty extreme . I gave my speech , answered some questions and left . I never saw the agenda for the day or listened to any of the other presentations . " The group invited Gravel to speak again , but he declined . = = Political positions = = Gravel has stated that he is an advocate for " a national , universal single @-@ payer not @-@ for @-@ profit health care system " in the United States which would utilize vouchers and enable citizens to choose their own doctor . He has proposed to index veteran health care entitlements to take full account of increases in the costs of care and medicine . He supports a drug policy that legalizes and regulates all drugs , treating drug abuse as a medical issue , rather than a criminal matter . Gravel favors a guest worker program , supports the FairTax proposal that calls for eliminating the IRS and the income tax and replacing it with a progressive national sales tax of 23 percent on newly manufactured items and services , retaining progressivity via all taxes on spending up to the poverty level being refunded to every household . Gravel has advocated that carbon energy should be taxed to provide the funding for a global effort to bring together the world 's scientific and engineering communities to develop energy alternatives to significantly reduce the world ’ s energy dependence on carbon . Gravel in principle does not object to the use of embryonic stem cells for medical research purposes . He is avowedly pro @-@ choice on the issue of abortion and women 's reproductive rights . He supports constitutional amendments towards direct democracy . His political leanings and convictions are also in his 1972 manifesto , Citizen Power : A People 's Platform . = = 2008 presidential campaign = = At the start of 2006 , Gravel decided the best way he could promote direct democracy and the National Initiative was to run for president . On April 17 , 2006 , Gravel became the first candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 election , announcing his run in a speech to the National Press Club in Washington , D.C. Short on campaign cash , he took public transportation to get to his announcement . Other principal Gravel positions were the FairTax , withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq within 120 days , a single payer national health care system , and term limits . Gravel campaigned almost full @-@ time in New Hampshire , the first primary state , following his announcement . Opinion polls of contenders for the Democratic nomination showed Gravel with 1 percent or less support . By the end of March 2007 , Gravel 's campaign had less than $ 500 in cash on hand against debts of nearly $ 90 @,@ 000 . Because of his time in the Senate , Gravel was invited to many of the early Democratic presidential debates . During the initial one at South Carolina State University on April 26 , 2007 , he suggested a bill requiring the president to withdraw from Iraq on pain of criminal penalties . He also advocated positions such as opposing preemptive nuclear war . He stated that the Iraq War had the effect of creating more terrorists and that the " war was lost the day that George Bush invaded Iraq on a fraudulent basis . " Regarding his fellow candidates , he said , " I got to tell you , after standing up with them , some of these people frighten me – they frighten me . " Media stories said that Gravel was responsible for much of whatever " heat " and " flashpoints " had taken place . Gravel gained considerable publicity by shaking up the normally staid multiple @-@ candidate format ; The New York Times ' media critic said that what Gravel had done was " steal a debate with outrageous , curmudgeonly statements . " The Internet was a benefit : a YouTube video of his responses in the debate was viewed more than 225 @,@ 892 times , ranking seventeenth in most views for week and first among news and politics clips ; his name became the fifteenth most searched @-@ for in the blogosphere ; and his website garnered more traffic than those of frontrunners Hillary Rodham Clinton , Barack Obama , or John Edwards . Gravel appeared on the popular Colbert Report on television on May 2 , and his campaign and career were profiled in national publications such as Salon . Two wordless , Warholesque campaign videos , " Rock " and " Fire " , were released on YouTube in late May and became hits , and eventually gained over 760 @,@ 000 and 185 @,@ 000 views respectively . " Rock , " in turn , was given airtime during an episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . Some thirty @-@ five years after he first achieved the national spotlight , he had found it again . All this did not improve his performance in the polls ; a May 2007 CNN poll showed him with less than 0 @.@ 5 percent support among Democrats . Gravel was in the next several debates , in one case after CNN reversed a decision to exclude him . Gravel , as with some of the other second @-@ tier candidates , did not get as much time as the leaders ; during the June 2 , 2007 , New Hampshire debate , which lasted two hours , he was asked 10 questions and allowed to speak for five minutes and 37 seconds . During the July 23 , 2007 , CNN @-@ YouTube presidential debate , Gravel responded to audience applause when he had complained of a lack of airtime and said : " Thank you . Has it been fair thus far ? " Detractors began to liken him to " the cranky uncle who lives in the attic , " or " the angry old guy that just seemed to want to become angrier . " Berkeley political scientist David Terr found that moderator George Stephanopoulos directed roughly five percent of his questions to Gravel ; in a poll asking who did the best in the debate , Gravel placed seventh among the eight candidates . National opinion polls of contenders for the Democratic nomination continued to show Gravel with one percent or zero percent numbers . By the end of the third @-@ quarter 2007 , Gravel had about $ 17 @,@ 500 in cash on hand , had collected a total of about $ 380 @,@ 000 so far during the 2008 election cycle , and was continuing to run a threadbare campaign with minimal staff . Beginning with the October 30 , 2007 , Philadelphia event , Gravel was excluded from most of the debates , with the debate sponsors or the Democratic National Committee saying Gravel 's campaign had not met fund @-@ raising , polling , or local campaign organizational thresholds . For the Philadelphia exclusion , Gravel blamed corporate censorship on the part of sponsor owner and alleged military @-@ industrial complex member General Electric for his exclusion and mounted a counter @-@ gathering and debate against a video screen a short distance away , but he had lost his easiest publicity . In reaction , supporters organized " mass donation days " to try to help the campaign gain momentum and funds , such as on December 5 , 2007 , the anniversary of the Repeal of Prohibition . Gravel did not compete in the initial 2008 vote , the Iowa caucuses , but was still subjected to a false report from MSNBC that he had pulled out of the race afterward . Gravel did focus his attention on the second 2008 vote , the New Hampshire primary . There he received about 400 votes out of some 280 @,@ 000 cast , or 0 @.@ 14 percent , before taking time off to improve his health . He resumed campaigning , but fared no better in subsequent states . By the end of January 2008 , Hillary Clinton , Barack Obama , and Gravel were the only remaining Democrats from the initial debates still running ; Gravel vowed to stay in the presidential campaign until November . On March 11 , 2008 , Gravel continued to remain in the Democratic race but additionally endorsed a Green Party candidate for president , Jesse Johnson , saying he wanted to help Johnson prevail against Green Party rivals Cynthia McKinney and Ralph Nader . By late March , Gravel had almost no fundraising and was only on the ballot in one of the next ten Democratic primaries . = = = Switch to Libertarian Party = = = On March 25 , 2008 , Gravel announced that he would leave the Democrats and join the Libertarian Party , saying : " My libertarian views , as well as my strong stance against war , the military industrial complex and American imperialism , seem not to be tolerated by Democratic Party elites who are out of touch with the average American ; elites that reject the empowerment of American citizens I offered to the Democratic Party at the beginning of this presidential campaign with the National Initiative for Democracy . " The following day Gravel entered the race for the 2008 Libertarian presidential nomination , saying that he would have run as a third @-@ party candidate all along except that he needed the public exposure that came from being in the earlier Democratic debates . Gravel 's initial notion of running as a fusion candidate with other parties was met with skepticism and not pursued . As a Libertarian candidate , Gravel faced resistance to his liberal past and unorthodox positions ; nevertheless , he garnered more support than he had as a Democrat , placing second and third in two April 2008 straw polls . In the May 25 balloting at the 2008 Libertarian National Convention in Denver , Gravel finished fourth out of eight candidates on the initial ballot , with 71 votes out of a total 618 ; he trailed former Congressman and eventual winner Bob Barr , author Mary Ruwart , and businessman Wayne Allyn Root . Gravel 's position did not subsequently improve and he was eliminated on the fourth ballot . Afterwards he stated that " I just ended my political career , " but he vowed to continue promoting his positions as a writer and lecturer . = = After the campaigns = = In June 2008 , Gravel endorsed the NYC 9 / 11 Ballot Initiative , saying the measure would create a " citizens commission rather than a government commission " with subpoena power against top U.S. officials to " make a true investigation as to what happened " regarding the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Gravel subsequently said that , " Individuals in and out of government may certainly have participated with the obviously known perpetrators of this dastardly act . Suspicions abound over the analysis presented by government . Obviously an act that has triggered three wars , Afghan , Iraqi and the continuing War on Terror , should be extensively investigated which was not done and which the government avoids addressing . " In August 2008 , Gravel was speaking to a crowd of supporters of Sami Al @-@ Arian ( who two years earlier had pleaded guilty and been sentenced to prison for a charge of conspiracy in helping Palestinian Islamic Jihad , a " specially designated terrorist " organization ) when he was caught on tape saying of Al @-@ Arian 's prosecutor , " Find out where he lives , find out where his kids go to school , find out where his office is : picket him all the time . Call him a racist in signs if you see him . Call him an injustice . Call him whatever you want to call him , but in his face all the time . " Gravel was criticized for potentially involving the children of the prosecutor , and Al @-@ Arian 's family disavowed the sentiments . Gravel defended Alaska Governor Sarah Palin after she was chosen as Republican presidential nominee John McCain 's running mate in September 2008 . He praised Palin 's record in standing up to corruption among Alaskan Republicans , thought her national inexperience was an asset not a detriment , and predicted that the " Troopergate " investigation into whether she improperly fired a state official would " come out in her favor . " Gravel made clear he would not support or vote for either McCain @-@ Palin or Obama @-@ Biden in the general election . The following year , Gravel said that Palin 's politics were " terrible , but that doesn 't detract from the fact that she 's a very talented person " . He predicted that Palin would run for president in 2012 and that " she 's going to surprise a lot of people " Palin did not run , but Gravel 's prediction about " TrooperGate " was accurate as Palin was found not to have violated ethics laws . From mid @-@ 2008 through October 2009 Gravel gave several lectures at South Korean universities about the Korean National Initiative , a Korean adaption of the National Initiative Gravel has proposed in the United States . In December 2010 , Gravel praised WikiLeaks , in the news during the year for the Afghan War documents leak , Iraq War documents leak , and United States diplomatic cables leak , as the " most significant effort to save democracy ( which is slowly being eclipsed by the Military Industrial Complex ) since the release of the Pentagon Papers " . Gravel indicated in December 2010 that he might run for president again and possibly challenge President Obama for the Democratic nomination for the 2012 presidential election , but he did not . Gravel attended the International Conference on Hollywoodism in Tehran in February 2013 , noting that the conference was attended by " various elements of extremes " but saying that it was necessary to discuss how the U.S. film industry portrayed Iran in order to prevent " an insane war " between the two nations . In May 2013 , Gravel was one of several former members of Congress to accept $ 20 @,@ 000 from the Paradigm Research Group , an advocacy group for UFO disclosure , as part of holding what they termed a Citizen Hearing on Disclosure , modeled after congressional hearings , regarding supposed U.S. government suppression of evidence concerning UFOs . Gravel said , " Something is monitoring the planet , and they are monitoring it very cautiously , because we are a very warlike planet , " and , " What we 're faced with here is , in areas of the media , and the government too , an effort to marginalize and ridicule people who have specific knowledge . " In December 2014 , he was announced as the new CEO of KUSH , a company which makes marijuana @-@ infused products for medicinal and recreational use , and a subsidiary of Cannabis Sativa , Inc . He also became an Independent Director of Cannabis Sativa . During the Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 , Gravel spoke with high praise of Bernie Sanders , saying " Bernie is one of the most gifted politicians I have ever observed . He 's a person of great integrity and very clever . " He predicted that the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign , 2016 would end with Sanders being elected president , but that Sanders would be unable to get his key reforms through Congress and thus that Sanders and his supporters should back some of the proposals of the National Initiative . = = Awards and honors = = In 2008 , Gravel received the Columbia University School of General Studies ' first annual Isaac Asimov Lifetime Achievement Award . = = Electoral history = = = = Writings = = Gravel , Mike . Jobs and More Jobs . Mt . McKinley Publishers , 1968 . Gravel , Mike . Citizen Power : A People 's Platform . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1972 . ISBN 0 @-@ 03 @-@ 091465 @-@ 5 . revised and reissued as Citizen Power : A Mandate for Change , AuthorHouse , 2008 . ISBN 1 @-@ 4343 @-@ 4315 @-@ 4 . Gravel , Mike and Lauria , Joe . A Political Odyssey : The Rise of American Militarism and One Man 's Fight to Stop It . Seven Stories Press , 2008 . ISBN 1 @-@ 58322 @-@ 826 @-@ 8 . Gravel , Mike and Eisenbach , David . The Kingmakers : How the Media Threatens Our Security and Our Democracy . Phoenix Books , 2008 . ISBN 1 @-@ 59777 @-@ 586 @-@ X. Gravel , Mike . Voice of a Maverick : The Speeches and Writings of Senator Mike Gravel . Brandywine House , 2008 . Gravel , Mike . Foreword to " Poisoned Power : The Case Against Nuclear Power Plants . " [ John W. Goffman & Arthur R. Tamplin , Rodale Press , Inc . , Emmaus , PA , June 1971 ] . = Glen P. Robinson = Glen Parmelee Robinson , Jr . ( September 10 , 1923 – January 16 , 2013 ) , called the " father of high @-@ tech industry in Georgia " , was an American businessman and founder of Scientific Atlanta , now a subsidiary of Cisco Systems . Robinson was the first employee of Scientific Atlanta , where he remained CEO then Chairman of the company until he retired . Initially a ham radio enthusiast and subsequently a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology ( Georgia Tech ) with both bachelor 's and master 's degrees in physics , Robinson worked at the Georgia Tech Research Institute and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory before founding Scientific Atlanta . Later in life , he founded and invested in numerous Atlanta @-@ based science @-@ related companies . Robinson was named an IEEE Fellow and held at least 39 patents in fields including solar energy devices and antenna systems . For his contributions , he was named Georgia 's Small Businessman of the Year in 1965 , the Georgia Business and Industry Association 's Entrepreneur of the Year in 1981 , and was elected to the Georgia Technology Hall of Fame in 1993 . In 2003 , Georgia Tech awarded him an honorary Ph.D. in Physics , and in 2007 , half of Georgia Tech 's Molecular Science and Engineering Building was named the Glen P. Robinson , Jr . Tower in his honor . = = Early life and education = = Robinson was born in 1923 in Crescent City , Florida , an outskirt of Jacksonville , to Glen Parmelee and Laura Mae ( Lewis ) Robinson . His family moved to Valdosta , Georgia , in 1937 , and some time after , Robinson opened a small machine shop . He sold industrial products and metal tools to local industry . In 1942 , with the encouragement of his father , Robinson enrolled as a student at the Georgia Institute of Technology to study chemical engineering . However , his education was interrupted by his enlistment into the Naval Signal Corps and service in the Pacific Theatre of World War II where he installed telephones on recaptured American possessions during the war . Robinson returned from the conflict as a junior and in 1948 he changed his major to physics , as the School of Physics started its degree program that year . He received a Bachelor of Science in Physics in 1948 , and a Master of Science in Physics ( also from Georgia Tech ) in 1950 . Robinson was also a member of Georgia Tech 's prestigious secret society , ANAK . Robinson had been a ham radio operator enthusiast since the age of 14 , and started a radio repair service to provide additional income while he was a student at Georgia Tech . One of Robinson 's professors , James E. Boyd , convinced him to give up the radio repair business and work as a research assistant at the Georgia Tech Research Institute ( then known as the Engineering Experiment Station , or EES ) . One of his ham radio friends was actually his boss 's boss and EES director , Gerald Rosselot . Working after hours at EES , Robinson built a television set in the lab , which he and others claim was the first to be built in the state of Georgia . In 1950 , Robinson went to Tennessee to work in nuclear engineering for Oak Ridge National Laboratory , servicing radiology @-@ related equipment at local hospitals . = = Scientific Atlanta = = Robinson and six other Georgia Tech researchers ( including Robinson 's former professor James E. Boyd and EES director Gerald Rosselot ) each contributed $ 100 ( for a total of $ 700 ) and founded Scientific Associates on October 31 , 1951 , with the initial goal of marketing antenna structures being developed by the radar branch of the EES to the U.S. military . Robinson worked as the unpaid general manager for the first year . The relations between Scientific Associates and the EES were initially strained due to an unrelated dispute over station finances between EES director Gerald Rosselot and Georgia Tech vice president Cherry Emerson . Specifically , Emerson believed that surplus funds realized through research contracts should be returned to Georgia Tech , while the Georgia Tech Research Corporation and Rosselot felt they should be retained to foster additional research . A strict conflict of interest policy was enacted , and researchers were forced to choose between the two entities ; the initial investors had all kept their faculty jobs , and most returned to them . After the fledgling company 's first contract resulted in a $ 4 @,@ 000 loss , Robinson bought out all but one of the original investors and paid them each back their original $ 100 . Robinson left EES and became president and CEO of the new company , which was renamed Scientific Atlanta . Boyd stayed on as a member of the board of directors ; Robinson 's friend Larry Clayton , previously involved in Robinson 's radio business and now having graduated from Georgia Tech with a degree in physics , became the head of the new company 's research and development . Years later , the school would promote Scientific Atlanta 's origins at Georgia Tech , and Scientific Atlanta has been a longtime financial contributor to Georgia Tech . Scientific Atlanta helped NASA establish ground stations for communication with astronauts during the Mercury , Gemini and Apollo projects . When John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962 on Mercury @-@ Atlas 6 , his voice was transmitted and received by radio antennas designed and equipment built by Scientific Atlanta . In the 1970s , Robinson recognized the potential combination of communications satellites and cable television . Ted Turner purchased one of Scientific Atlanta 's first satellite systems , which formed the basis of Turner 's " Super Station " that was broadcast around the country to other cable providers . In 1975 , HBO and TelePrompTer used Scientific Atlanta equipment to transmit the first live satellite @-@ delivered cable event , the " Thrilla in Manila " heavyweight boxing championship bout between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier . Scientific Atlanta is perhaps best known for pioneering television cable set @-@ top boxes and equipment worldwide and the development of satellite Earth stations . Robinson remained CEO of Scientific Atlanta for 20 years , and chairman of the board for an additional eight years , until he retired from the company in 1979 . Scientific Atlanta grew dramatically ; it earned $ 3 @.@ 1 million in revenue in 1962 , approximately $ 200 million in 1979 , and $ 1 @.@ 9 billion in yearly revenue by 2005 . Scientific Atlanta served as a regional business incubator , with hundreds of companies tracing their roots back to it . = = Later career = = Robinson founded E @-@ Tech in 1978 , which developed heat pump technology . Eight years later , in 1986 , E @-@ Tech merged with the Marvair Company to become Crispaire , which specialized in cooling equipment for telecommunications systems . Crispaire would later merge with other companies , and is now known as Airxcel . Robinson retired from Crispaire in 1997 . In 1994 , Robinson funded and co @-@ founded LaserCraft , which focused on applications of LIDAR such as radar guns and traffic enforcement cameras , and in 2006 was the world 's largest manufacturer of laser products for law enforcement . LaserCraft was acquired by Public Safety Equipment in June 2006 , which was in turn acquired by Stirling Square Capital Partners and Diamond Castle Holdings in February 2007 . Robinson was an angel investor , particularly in the fields of digital communications and biotechnology . In 1999 , he funded OmniMetrix and Mission Communications , two companies focused on AMPS cellular digital control channel and wireless SCADA communications . Omnimetrix was acquired by Acorn Energy in 2012 . Mission is currently the leading provider of cellular SCADA for water and wastewater in North America . In 2000 , he invested $ 1 @.@ 5 million in Genomic Solutions Inc , which was acquired by Digilab , Inc. in 2007 . Most recently , Robinson was an investor in and co @-@ founder of the 2007 VentureLab startup , C2 Biofuels , which attracted additional funding from Chevron and aims to build several $ 100 million cellulosic ethanol plants throughout the United States . = = Legacy = = Robinson held positions on numerous boards , including : Chairman of the Georgia Science and Technology Commission ; Chairman of the Georgia Tech Research Corporation ; Trustee of The Georgia Tech Foundation and Member of the Board of Visitors of Emory University ; the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce ; and the Georgia Business and Industry Association . Robinson was selected as Georgia 's Small Businessman of the Year in 1965 , the Georgia Business and Industry Association 's ( now the Georgia Chamber of Commerce ) Entrepreneur of the Year in 1981 , and was elected to the Georgia Technology Hall of Fame in 1993 . Since 1995 , Scientific Atlanta has sponsored scholarships in Robinson 's name for children of its employees . In March 1998 , Robinson donated to create two endowed chairs at Georgia Tech : the Glen P. Robinson Chair in Non @-@ Linear Science ( in the School of Physics ) and the $ 1 @.@ 5 million Glen P. Robinson Chair in Electro @-@ Optics ( in GTRI ) . In 2003 , Georgia Tech awarded him an honorary Ph.D. in physics , and in 2006 he was awarded the Joseph Mayo Pettit Alumni Distinguished Service Award . In 2007 , half of Georgia Tech 's Molecular Science and Engineering Building was named the Glen P. Robinson , Jr . Tower in his honor , due in part to his $ 5 million donation towards its construction . Robinson continued working with startups and technology businesses throughout his later career . Near the end of his life , he and his wife , Jan Musgrove Robinson , had 5 children , 12 grandchildren , and 3 great @-@ grandchildren and lived in Atlanta . On Wednesday , January 16 , 2013 , Robinson died of apparent heart failure . The funeral was held at St. Anne ’ s Episcopal Church in Atlanta , and he was cremated by H.M. Patterson & Son , Arlington Chapel . = The Tower House = The Tower House , 29 Melbury Road , is a late @-@ Victorian townhouse in the Holland Park district of Kensington and Chelsea , London , built by the architect and designer William Burges as his home . Designed between 1875 and 1881 , in the French Gothic Revival style , it was described by the architectural historian J. Mordaunt Crook as " the most complete example of a medieval secular interior produced by the Gothic Revival , and the last " . The house is built of red brick , with Bath stone dressings and green roof slates from Cumbria , and has a distinctive cylindrical tower and conical roof . The ground floor contains a drawing room , a dining room and a library , while the first floor has two bedrooms and an armoury . Its exterior and the interior echo elements of Burges 's earlier work , particularly the McConnochie House in Cardiff and Castell Coch . It was designated a Grade I listed building in 1949 . Burges bought the lease on the plot of land in 1875 . The house was built by the Ashby Brothers , with interior decoration by members of Burges 's long @-@ standing team of craftsmen including Thomas Nicholls and Henry Stacy Marks . By 1878 the house was largely complete , although interior decoration and the designing of numerous items of furniture and metalwork continued until Burges 's death in 1881 . The house was inherited by his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Richard Popplewell Pullan . It was later sold to Colonel T. H. Minshall and then , in 1933 , to Colonel E. R. B. Graham . The poet John Betjeman inherited the remaining lease in 1962 but did not extend it . Following a period when the house stood empty and suffered vandalism , it was purchased and restored , first by Lady Jane Turnbull , later by the actor Richard Harris and then by the musician Jimmy Page . The house retains most of its internal structural decoration , but much of the furniture , fittings and contents that Burges designed have been dispersed . Many items , including the Great Bookcase , the Zodiac settle , the Golden Bed and the Red Bed , are now in institutions such as The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum , while others are in private collections . = = Location and setting = = The Tower House is on a corner of Melbury Road , just north of Kensington High Street , in the district of Holland Park . It stands opposite Stavordvale Lodge and next to Woodland House , built for the artist Luke Fildes . The development of Melbury Road in the grounds of Little Holland House created an art colony in Holland Park , the Holland Park Circle . Its most prominent member , Frederic , Lord Leighton , lived at Leighton House , 12 Holland Park Road , and at the time of Leighton 's death in 1896 six Royal Academicians , as well as one associate member , were living in Holland Park Road and Melbury Road . = = History = = = = = Design , construction and craftsmanship , 1875 – 78 = = = In 1863 , William Burges gained his first major architectural commission , Saint Fin Barre 's Cathedral , Cork , at the age of 35 . In the following twelve years , his architecture , metalwork , jewellery , furniture and stained glass led Crook to claim that Burges rivaled Pugin as " the greatest art @-@ architect of the Gothic Revival " . But by 1875 , his short career was largely over . Although he worked to finalise earlier projects , he received no further major commissions , and the design , construction , decoration and furnishing of the Tower House occupied much of the last six years of his life . In December 1875 , after rejecting plots in Victoria Road , Kensington and Bayswater , Burges purchased the leasehold of the plot in Melbury Road from the Earl of Ilchester , the owner of the Holland Estate . The ground rent was £ 100 per annum . Initial drawings for the house had been undertaken in July 1875 and the final form was decided upon by the end of the year . Building began in 1876 , contracted to the Ashby Brothers of Kingsland Road at a cost of £ 6 @,@ 000 . At the Tower House Burges drew on his own " experience of twenty years learning , travelling and building , " and used many of the artists and craftsmen who had worked with him on earlier buildings . An estimate book compiled by him , and now in the Victoria and Albert Museum , contains the names of the individuals and companies that worked at the house . Thomas Nicholls was responsible for the stone carving , including the capitals , corbels and the chimneypieces . The mosaic and marble work was contracted to Burke and Company of Regent Street , while the decorative tiles were supplied by WB Simpson and Sons Ltd of the Strand . John Ayres Hatfield crafted the bronze decorations on the doors , while the woodwork was the responsibility of John Walden of Covent Garden . Henry Stacy Marks and Frederick Weekes were employed to decorate the walls with murals , and Campbell and Smith of Southampton Row had responsibility for most of the painted decoration . Marks painted birds above the frieze in the library , and the illustrations of famous lovers in the drawing @-@ room were by Weekes . They also painted the figures on the bookcases in the library . The stained glass was by Saunders and Company of Long Acre , with initial designs by Horatio Walter Lonsdale . = = = Burges to Graham , 1878 – 1962 = = = Burges spent his first night at the house on 5 March 1878 . It provided a suitable backdrop for entertaining his range of friends , " the whole gamut of Pre @-@ Raphaelite London . " His dogs , Dandie , Bogie and Pinkie , are immortalised in paintings on various pieces of furniture such as the Dog Cabinet and the foot of The Red Bed . Burges displayed his extensive collection of armour in the armoury . The decoration of his bedroom hints at another of his passions : a fondness for opium . Stylised poppies cover the panels of a cupboard which was set next to his bed . In 1881 , after catching a chill while overseeing work at Cardiff , Burges returned , half paralysed , to the house where he lay dying for some three weeks . Among his last visitors were Oscar Wilde and James Whistler . Burges died in the Red Bed on 20 April 1881 , just over three years after moving into the Tower House ; he was 53 years old . He was buried in West Norwood Cemetery . The lease on the house was inherited by Burges 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Richard Popplewell Pullan . Pullan completed some of Burges 's unfinished projects and wrote two studies of his work . The lease was then purchased by Colonel T. H. Minshall , author of What to Do with Germany and Future Germany , and father of Merlin Minshall . Minshall sold his lease to Colonel E. R. B. and Mrs. Graham in 1933 . The Tower House was designated a Grade I listed building on 29 July 1949 . = = = Betjeman to Turnbull , 1962 – 69 = = = John Betjeman was a friend of the Grahams and was given the remaining two @-@ year lease on the house , together with some of the furniture , on Mrs. Graham 's death in 1962 . Betjeman , a champion of Victorian Gothic Revival architecture , was an early admirer of Burges . In 1957 the Tower House had featured in the fifth episode of his BBC television series , An Englishman 's Castle . In a radio interview of 1952 about Cardiff Castle Betjeman spoke of the architect and his foremost work : " a great brain has made this place . I don 't see how anyone can fail to be impressed by its weird beauty ... awed into silence from the force of this Victorian dream of the Middle Ages . " Because of a potential liability for £ 10 @,@ 000 of renovation work upon the expiry of the lease , Betjeman considered the house too costly to maintain , and subsequently vacated it . From 1962 to 1966 , the house stood empty and suffered vandalism and neglect . A survey undertaken in January 1965 revealed that the exterior stonework was badly decayed , dry rot had eaten through the roof and the structural floor timbers , and the attics were infested with pigeons . Vandals had stripped the lead from the water tanks and had damaged the mirrors , fireplaces and carving work . The most notable loss was the theft of the carved figure of Fame from the Dining Room chimneypiece . Betjeman suggested that the owner 's agents had deliberately refused to let the house , and allowed it to decline , intending to demolish it and redevelop the site . Writing in Country Life in 1966 , Charles Handley @-@ Read took a different view saying that " the Ilchester Estate , upon which the house is situated , are anxious that it should be preserved and [ have ] entered into a long lease conditional upon the house being put into a state of good repair . " In March 1965 , the Historic Buildings Council obtained a preservation order on the house , enabling the purchaser of the lease , Lady Jane Turnbull , daughter of William Grey , 9th Earl of Stamford , to initiate a programme of restoration the following July . These renovations were supported by grants of £ 4 @,@ 000 from the Historic Buildings Council and £ 3 @,@ 000 from the Greater London Council . The lease was sold in 1969 . = = = Harris and Page , 1969 onwards = = = The actor Richard Harris bought the lease for £ 75 @,@ 000 in 1969 after discovering that the American entertainer Liberace had made an offer but had not put down a deposit . Reading of the intended sale in the Evening Standard , Harris bought it the following day , describing his purchase as the biggest gift he had ever given himself . In his autobiography , the entertainer Danny La Rue recalled visiting the house with Liberace , writing , " It was a strange building and had eerie murals painted on the ceiling ... I sensed evil " . Meeting La Rue later , Harris said he had found the house haunted by the ghosts of children from an orphanage that had previously occupied the site and that he had placated them by buying them toys . Harris employed the original decorators , Campbell Smith & Company Ltd . , to carry out restoration , using Burges 's drawings from the Victoria and Albert Museum . Jimmy Page , the Led Zeppelin guitarist , bought the house from Harris in 1972 for £ 350 @,@ 000 , outbidding the musician David Bowie . Page , an enthusiast for Burges and for the Pre @-@ Raphaelite Brotherhood , commented in an interview in 2012 : " I was still finding things 20 years after being there – a little beetle on the wall or something like that ; it 's Burges 's attention to detail that is so fascinating . " In 2015 Page successfully challenged a planning application lodged by the pop star Robbie Williams , who had purchased the adjacent Woodland House in 2013 and planned extensive renovations . Page argued that the alterations , particularly the intended underground excavations , would threaten the structure of the Tower House . = = Architecture = = = = = Exterior and design = = = The cultural historian Caroline Dakers wrote that the Tower House was a " pledge to the spirit of Gothic in an area given over to Queen Anne " . Burges loathed the Queen Anne style prevalent in Holland Park , writing that it : " like other fashions ... will have its day , I do not call it Queen Anne art , for , unfortunately I see no art in it at all " . His inspirations were French Gothic domestic architecture of the thirteenth century and more recent models drawn from the work of the nineteenth @-@ century French architect Viollet @-@ le @-@ Duc . Architectural historians Gavin Stamp and Colin Amery considered that the building " sums up Burges in miniature . Although clearly a redbrick suburban house , it is massive , picturesquely composed , with a prominent tourelle for the staircase which is surmounted by a conical roofed turret . " Burges 's neighbour Luke Fildes described the house as a " model modern house of moderately large size in the 13th @-@ century style built to show what may be done for 19th @-@ century everyday wants " . The house has an L @-@ shaped plan , and the exterior is plain , of red brick , with Bath stone dressings and green roof slates from Cumberland . With a floor plan of 50 feet by 50 feet ( 15 m ) square , 2 @,@ 500 square feet ( 230 m2 ) , Burges went about its construction on a grand scale . The architect R. Norman Shaw remarked that the concrete foundations were suitable " for a fortress " . This approach , combined with Burges 's architectural skills and the minimum of exterior decoration , created a building that Crook described as " simple and massive " . Following his usual pattern , Burges re @-@ worked many elements of earlier designs , adapting them as appropriate . The frontages come from the other townhouse he designed , the McConnochie House in Cardiff , although they have been reversed , with the arcaded , street front from the McConnochie House forming the garden front of the Tower House . The staircase is consigned to the conical tower , avoiding the error Burges made at the earlier house , where he placed the staircase in the middle of the hall . The cylindrical tower and conical roof derive from Castell Coch , and the interiors are inspired from examples at Cardiff Castle . The house has two main floors , with a basement below and a garret above . The ground floor contains a drawing room , a dining room and a library , while the first floor has two bedrooms and an armoury . = = = Plan = = = = = = Interior = = = The architectural writer Bridget Cherry wrote that " the sturdy exterior gives little hint of the fantasy [ Burges ] created inside " , interiors which the art historian and Burges scholar Charles Handley @-@ Read described as " at once opulent , aggressive , obsessional , enchanting , their grandeur border [ ing ] on grandiloquence " . Each room has a complex iconographic scheme of decoration : in the hall it is Time ; in the drawing room , Love ; in Burges 's bedroom , the Sea . Massive fireplaces with elaborate overmantels were carved and installed , described by Crook as " veritable altars of art ... some of the most amazing pieces of decoration Burges ever designed " . Handley @-@ Read considered that Burges 's decorations were " unique , almost magical [ and ] quite unlike anything designed by his contemporaries " . = = = = Ground floor = = = = A bronze @-@ covered door , with relief panels depicting figures , opens onto the entrance hall . In Burges 's time the door had a letterbox , in the form of Mercury , the messenger of the gods . The letterbox is now lost , but a contemporary copy is in the collection of The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum . The porch contains a white marble seat and column , and on the floor is a mosaic of Pinkie , a favourite poodle of Burges . Cartooned by H.W. Lonsdale , it resembles the cave canem floor at Pompei . The interior centres on the double @-@ height entrance hall , with the theme of Time . The painted ceiling depicts the astrological signs of the constellations , arranged in the positions they held when the house was first occupied . A large stained glass window contains four female figures representing Dawn , Noon , Twilight and Night . A mosaic floor in the entrance hall contains a labyrinth design , with the centre depicting the myth of Theseus slaying the Minotaur . The garden 's entrance door , also covered in bronze , is decorated with a relief of the Madonna and Child . As elsewhere , Burges incorporated earlier designs , the bronze doors echoing those at Cork Cathedral , and the maze floor recalling an earlier ceiling at Burges 's office at 15 Buckingham Street . Emblems adorn the five doors on the ground floor , each one relevant to their respective room . A flower marked the door to the garden , with the front door marked by a key . The library is indicated by an open book , the drawing or music room by musical instruments , and the dining room by a bowl and flask of wine . The library , its walls lined with bookcases , features a sculptured mantelpiece resembling the Tower of Babel . The hooded chimneypiece represents the " dispersion of languages " , with figures depicting Nimrod ruling over the elements of speech . Two trumpeters represent the pronouns , a queen embodies the verb , a porter the noun , and numerous other gilded and painted figures are displayed . The ceiling is divided into eight compartments , with depictions of the six founders of law and philosophy , Moses , St. Paul , Luther , Mahomet , Aristotle and Justinian . An illuminated alphabet frieze of architecture and the visual arts running around the bookcases completes the scheme , with the letters of the alphabet incorporated , including a letter " H " falling below the cornice . Due to H @-@ dropping being a social taboo in Victorian times , Handley @-@ Read described it as the " most celebrated of all Burges 's jokes " . Artists and craftsmen are featured at work on each lettered door of the bookcases that surround the room . In a panel in one of the glazed doors which open onto the garden , Burges is shown standing in front of a model of the Tower House . He features as Architect , the A forming the first letter of the alphabet frieze . Both the Architecture Cabinet and the Great Bookcase stood in this room . The stained glass windows in the room represent painting , architecture and sculpture , and were painted by Weekes . On the wall opposite the library fireplace is an opening into the drawing room . Inside there are three stained glass windows which are set in ornamented marble linings . Opposite the windows stood the Zodiac Settle , which Burges moved from Buckingham Street . Love is the central decorative scheme to the room , with the ceiling painted with medieval cupids , and the walls covered with mythical lovers . Carved figures from the Roman de la Rose decorate the chimneypiece , which Crook considered " one of the most glorious that Burges and Nicholls ever produced " . Echoing Crook , Charles Handley @-@ Read wrote , " Working together , Burges and Nicholls had transposed a poem into sculpture with a delicacy that is very nearly musical . The Roman de la Rose has come to life . " The dining room is devoted to Geoffrey Chaucer 's The House of Fame and the art of story @-@ telling , Crook explaining that " tall stories are part of the dining room rite " . The hooded chimneypiece , of Devonshire marble , contained a bronze figure above the fireplace representing the Goddess of Fame ; its hands and face were made of ivory , with sapphires for eyes . It was later stolen . The tiles on the walls depict fairy stories , including Reynard the Fox , Jack and the Beanstalk and Little Red Riding Hood . The room also shows Burges 's innovative use of materials : Handley @-@ Read observed that the Victorians had " a horror of food smells " and therefore the room was constructed using materials that did not absorb odours and could be washed . The walls are covered with Devonshire marble , surmounted by glazed picture tiles , while the ceiling is of sheet metal . The ceiling is divided into coffered compartments by square beams , and features symbols of the Sun , the planets and the signs of the Zodiac . Burges designed most of the cutlery and plate used in this room , which display his skills as a designer of metalwork , including the claret jug and Cat Cup chosen by Lord and Lady Bute as mementos from Burges 's collection after his death . The panels of the wine cupboard were decorated by Dante Gabriel Rossetti . = = = = First floor and garret = = = = The windows of the stair turret represent " the Storming of the Castle of Love " . On the first floor are two bedrooms and an armoury . Burges 's bedroom , with a theme of sea creatures , overlooks the garden . Its elaborate ceiling is segmented into panels by gilded and painted beams , studded with miniature convex mirrors set in to gilt stars . Fish and eels swim in a frieze of waves painted under the ceiling , and fish are also carved in relief on the chimneypiece . On the fire @-@ hood , a sculpted mermaid gazes into a looking @-@ glass , with seashells , coral , seaweed and a baby mermaid also represented . Charles Handley @-@ Read described the frieze around the Mermaid fireplace as " proto @-@ Art Nouveau " and noted " the debt of international art nouveau to Victorian Gothic designers , Burges included " . In this room , Burges placed two of his most personal pieces of furniture , the Red Bed , in which he died , and the Narcissus washstand , both of which originally came from Buckingham Street . The bed is painted blood red and features a panel depicting Sleeping Beauty . The washstand is red and gold ; its tip @-@ up basin of marble inlaid with fishes is silver and gold . " The Earth and its productions " is the theme of the guest room facing the street . Its ceiling is adorned with butterflies and fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis , and at the crossing of the main beams is a convex mirror in a gilded surround . Along the length of the beams are paintings of frogs and mice . A frieze of flowers , once painted over , has since been restored . The Golden Bed and the Vita Nuova Washstand designed for this room are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum . Burges designated the final room on the first floor an armoury and used it to display his large collection of armour . The collection was bequeathed to the British Museum upon his death . A carved chimneypiece in the armoury has three roundels carved with the goddesses Minerva , Venus and Juno in medieval attire . The garret originally contained day and night nurseries , which the author James Stourton considers a surprising choice of arrangement for the " childless bachelor Burges " . They contain a pair of decorated chimneypieces featuring the tale of Jack and the Beanstalk and three monkeys at play . = = = Garden = = = The garden at the rear of the house featured raised flowerbeds which Dakers described as being " planned according to those pleasances depicted in medieval romances ; beds of scarlet tulips , bordered with stone fencing " . On a mosaic terrace , around a statue of a boy holding a hawk , sculpted by Thomas Nicholls , Burges and his guests would sit on " marble seats or on Persian rugs and embroidered cushions . " The garden , and that of the adjacent Woodland House , contain trees from the former Little Holland House . = = Furniture = = In creating the interior of the house , Burges demonstrated his skill as a jeweller , metalworker and designer . He included some of his best pieces of furniture such as the Zodiac Settle , the Dog Cabinet and the Great Bookcase , the last of which Charles Handley @-@ Read described as " occupying a unique position in the history of Victorian painted furniture " . The fittings were as elaborate as the furniture : the tap for one of the guest washstands was in the form of a bronze bull from whose throat water poured into a sink inlaid with silver fish . Within the Tower House Burges placed some of his finest metalwork ; the artist Henry Stacy Marks wrote , " he could design a chalice as well as a cathedral ... His decanters , cups , jugs , forks and spoons were designed with an equal ability to that with which he would design a castle . " Many of the early pieces of furniture , such as the Narcissus Washstand , the Zodiac Settle and the Great Bookcase , were originally made for Burges 's office at Buckingham Street and were later moved to the Tower House . The Great Bookcase was also part of Burges 's contribution to the Medieval Court at the 1862 International Exhibition . Later pieces , such as the Crocker Dressing Table and the Golden Bed , and its accompanying Vita Nuova Washstand , were made specifically for the house . John Betjeman located the Narcissus Washstand in a junk shop in Lincoln and gave it to Evelyn Waugh , a fellow enthusiast for Victorian art and architecture , who featured it in his 1957 novel , The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold . Betjeman later gave Waugh both the Zodiac Settle and the Philosophy Cabinet . Many of the decorative items Burges designed for the Tower House were dispersed following his death . Several pieces purchased by Charles Handley @-@ Read , who was instrumental in reviving interest in Burges , were acquired by The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum , Bedford . The museum also bought the Zodiac Settle from the Waugh family in 2011 . = = = Dispersed furniture and locations = = = The table below lists the known pieces of furniture originally in situ , with their dates of construction and their current location where known . = = Architectural coverage = = Richard Popplewell Pullan described the house in detail in the second of two works he wrote about his brother @-@ in @-@ law , The House of William Burges , A.R.A. , published in 1886 . The book contains photographs of the interior of the house by Francis Bedford . In 1893 , the building was the only private house to be recorded in an article in The Builder , which gave an overview of the architecture of the previous fifty years . It was then largely ignored , James Stourton describing its early twentieth @-@ century decline as " a paradigm of the reputation of the Gothic Revival " . A renewed understanding and appreciation of the building , and of Burges himself , began with Charles Handley @-@ Read 's essay on Burges in Peter Ferriday 's collection Victorian Architecture , published in 1963 . In 1966 Handley @-@ Read followed this with a substantial article on the house for Country Life , " Aladdin 's Palace in Kensington " . His notes on Burges formed the basis of Mordaunt Crook 's centenary volume , William Burges and the High Victorian Dream , published in 1981 , in which Crook wrote at length on both the Tower House and its contents . More recent coverage was given in London 3 : North West , the revision to the Buildings of England guide to London written by Nikolaus Pevsner and Bridget Cherry , published in 1991 ( revised 2002 ) . The house is referenced in Matthew Williams 's William Burges ( 2004 ) , and in Panoramas of Lost London by Philip Davies , published in 2011 , which includes some of Francis Bedford 's photographs of the house from 1885 . In a chapter on the building in Great Houses of London ( 2012 ) , the author James Stourton called The Tower House " the most singular of London houses , even including the Soane Museum . " = The Incredible Hulk ( roller coaster ) = The Incredible Hulk is a launched roller coaster located in the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort . As the name suggests , the ride is themed after comic book superhero character , the Hulk . The ride was positively received when it opened on May 28 , 1999 . It is the first Bolliger & Mabillard roller coaster to feature a launch design , primarily implemented by Universal Creative and MTS Systems Corporation . The launched lift hill accelerates the train to 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) in approximately two seconds and reaches a top speed of 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) . Riders experience seven inversions throughout the course of the 3 @,@ 700 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) ride . The roller coaster temporarily closed on September 8 , 2015 , for a major refurbishment and is expected to reopen in the summer of 2016 . = = History = = In 1991 , planning began for a new theme park adjacent to Universal Studios Florida . By the end of 1993 , it was decided that one area of the future Islands of Adventure theme park would be themed after Marvel Comics , with a Hulk theme being selected for a thrill ride . The designers of the ride wanted to simulate being fired out of a cannon and subsequently set about prototyping a launch system . Universal Creative and MTS Systems Corporation had a working prototype in January 1995 . Methods to achieve this acceleration were investigated into mid @-@ 1996 . On @-@ site construction of Islands of Adventure was underway in 1997 , with Superior Rigging & Erection being responsible for erecting the supports and track of the roller coaster . On May 28 , 1999 , Islands of Adventure officially opened to the public , with The Incredible Hulk being one of its debut attractions . On August 14 , 2015 , Universal announced that the coaster would undergo major enhancement and refurbishment work . The ride closed on September 8 , 2015 , and is expected to reopen in the summer of 2016 . = = Characteristics = = The Incredible Hulk is a Sitting Coaster by Swiss firm Bolliger & Mabillard ( B & M ) . The 3 @,@ 700 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) ride features seven inversions including a zero @-@ g roll , a cobra roll , two vertical loops , and two corkscrews . The ride features a maximum height of 110 feet ( 34 m ) , and a first drop stretching 105 feet ( 32 m ) . Riders reach a top speed of 67 miles per hour ( 108 km / h ) on the 1 @-@ minute , 30 @-@ second ride . Each of The Incredible Hulk 's trains feature eight cars which seat riders four abreast , giving each train a maximum capacity of 32 riders . Riders , who must be at least 54 inches ( 140 cm ) tall , are restrained with ratcheting over @-@ the @-@ shoulder restraints . This train configuration allows the ride to achieve a theoretical hourly capacity of 1 @,@ 920 riders per hour . The ride features two subterranean dives , is partially built over water , and is illuminated green at night . A unique launch system propels riders up the 110 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 34 m ) hill . The system was developed by Universal Creative and MTS Systems Corporation . A prototype launch system was designed by January 1995 . The prototype consisted of a series of boxcars welded together to form a launch tunnel . A track @-@ mounted dune buggy was then propelled inside the tunnel through the use of a weight drop launch mechanism . The designers then experimented with different rates of acceleration , each emitting between one and five times the force of gravity . The final system which was implemented on The Incredible Hulk sees trains launch from 0 to 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) in 2 seconds . Riders travel at an angle of 30 degrees through a 150 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 46 m ) tunnel , pulling 1 G. To power this launch the designers investigated a variety of systems ranging from hydraulic , pneumatic , cable , steam catapult , and conveyor belt . In the end a drive tire system was selected , where 230 electrical motors power a set of tires that pinch the train 's underside to provide propulsion . As this system required eight megawatts of power to launch a train , the park built several customized motor generator sets with large flywheels . Without these stored energy units , they would have had to build a whole substation and risk browning @-@ out the local energy grid with every launch . The launch system made The Incredible Hulk the only B & M ride to feature a launch , until Thunderbird opened at Holiday World in 2015 . Unlike The Incredible Hulk , Thunderbird uses a Linear Synchronous Motors ( LSM ) launch system that was designed by B & M. = = Experience = = = = = Queue = = = Riders enter the science laboratory of Dr. Bruce Banner with many televisions showing the story of the Hulk . Bruce is now trying to find a way to reverse the effects , which the guests are about to take part in . While walking through the lab they encounter items including the generator , the gamma core and the towers of power . Riders are also able to watch the roller coaster through large holes in the walls as well as listen to the ride as it does a number of passes . = = = Ride = = = Once riders have boarded the train , it departs the station entering the gamma @-@ ray accelerator , where the anxious voice of Bruce Banner issues from speakers in the walls : " Everything looks good ... I think ... I think this time it 's ... going to work ! " On cue , a female voice announces that there has been a malfunction . Klaxons begin to sound inside the tube as Dr. Banner screams in terror : " No . No ! No ! ! ! " The last " No ! " is synchronized with the launch mechanism , which propels the train from 9 to 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) in 2 seconds . Upon exiting the gamma @-@ ray accelerator , the train immediately goes into a zero @-@ g roll , down a 105 @-@ foot ( 32 m ) drop , and into a cobra roll over the park 's main lagoon . Riders complete a vertical loop , then enter a subterranean tunnel full of mist . The train encircles the gamma @-@ ray accelerator and is sent into the back area via corkscrew . A smaller vertical loop wraps around the mid @-@ course brake run , which is flanked by two over @-@ banked turns . The train is slowed down by the mid @-@ course brakes before being sent down another hill to a corkscrew and turn @-@ around . Riders then travel sideways through an on @-@ ride camera zone and then to the ride 's final brake run after a helix . = = Reception = = The Incredible Hulk has been well received . In its debut year , the ride was voted the # 1 roller coaster by Discovery Channel viewers , appearing on the Thrills , Chills and Spills documentary . Amusement Business described The Incredible Hulk as one of Islands of Adventure 's two world @-@ class roller coasters ( the other being Dueling Dragons , now known as the Dragon Challenge ) . Dewayne Bevil of the Orlando Sentinel rated the ride as his eighth favorite attraction in Orlando . He states the ride is " too intense to take back @-@ to @-@ back trips . It rattles our nerves , in a good way . " Arthur Levine of About.com gave the ride 9 out of 10 stars . Levine describes the ride as " both terrifying and exhilarating " and " not for the faint of heart " . In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , The Incredible Hulk was consistently ranked until 2013 . It debuted at position 19 in 1999 before reaching its peak ranking of 9 in 2001 . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , The Incredible Hulk entered at position 3 in 1999 , before slowly declining to a low of 65 in 2013 . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below . = Personent hodie = " Personent hodie " is a Christmas carol originally published in the 1582 Finnish song book Piae Cantiones , a volume of 74 Medieval songs with Latin texts collected by Jaakko Suomalainen , a Swedish Lutheran cleric , and published by T.P. Rutha . The song book had its origins in the libraries of cathedral song schools , whose repertory had strong links with medieval Prague , where clerical students from Finland and Sweden had studied for generations . A melody found in a 1360 manuscript from the nearby Bavarian city of Moosburg in Germany is highly similar , and it is from this manuscript that the song is usually dated . = = Textual origins = = The Latin text is probably a musical parody of an earlier 12th century song beginning " intonent hodie voces ecclesie " , written in honour of Saint Nicholas , the patron saint of Russia , sailors and children – to whom he traditionally brings gifts on his feast day , 6 December . Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott note that two of the verses have an unusual double repeat ( ' Submersum , -sum , -sum puerum ' ; ' Reddens vir- , vir- , vir- ginibus ' ) . In ' intonent hodie ' , these were used to illustrate the three boys and three girls saved by St Nicholas from drowning and prostitution , respectively . The text was probably re @-@ written for the Feast of the Holy Innocents ( 28 December ) when choristers and their " boy bishop " traditionally displaced the senior clergy from the choir stalls . The carol is still often associated with Holy Innocents ' Day . Songs from Piae Cantiones continued to be performed in Finland until the 19th century . The book became well known in Britain after a rare copy of Piae Cantiones owned by Peter of Nyland was given as a gift to the British Minister in Stockholm . He subsequently gave it to John Mason Neale in 1852 , and it was from this copy that Neale , in collaboration with Thomas Helmore published songs in two collections in 1853 and 1854 respectively . = = Translations = = The most common English translation of the text is by " James M. Joseph " , a pseudonym of the composer Jane M. Joseph ( 1894 – 1929 ) . She translates the title as " On this day earth shall ring " , although there are several other English translations . Other versions include Elizabeth Poston 's 1965 " Boys ' Carol " , which translates the first line of the text as " Let the boys ' cheerful noise / Sing today none but joys " and John Mason Neale 's " Let The Song be Begun " , which uses the melody but not the text of the carol . Aidan Oliver 's non @-@ verse translation renders the text as " Today let the voices of children resound in joyful praise of Him who is born for us . " = = Arrangements = = The carol became more prominent in England after being arranged for unison voices and orchestra in 1916 by Gustav Holst ( 1874 – 1934 ) , where in its organ reduction it is often used as a processional hymn in church and cathedral services . Holst 's version often forms part of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols , and was last featured in the service broadcast by BBC2 from King 's College Chapel , Cambridge in 2011 following the sixth lesson . This arrangement is sometimes referred to as " Theodoric " in reference to the composer 's middle name ( Theodore ) . In addition to Holst 's version , there is a harmonised choral arrangement by Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott in the New Oxford Book of Carols , an arrangement by Antony Pitts in the Naxos Book of Carols and two arrangements by John Rutter ; one for choir and full orchestra which emulates percussive medieval instrumentation , and another in his anthology Dancing Day for female or boys voices with harp or piano accompaniment . The Retrover Ensemble 's performance for Naxos Records pairs the piece with Gaudete , another carol from Piae Cantiones . Several recorded versions are arranged in a more folk @-@ oriented style : for example , a performance by Maddy Prior and The Carnival Band on their 1987 album A Tapestry of Carols , which utilises period instruments . The female a cappella quartet Anonymous 4 have also recorded the song with its original " Intonent hodie " text on their CD Legends of St. Nicholas . The contemporary English cross @-@ disciplinary music ensemble North Sea Radio Orchestra have recorded a small @-@ ensemble instrumental version of the piece arranged for two violins , cello , clarinet , bassoon , oboe , piano , vibraphone , chamber organ and guitar . This appears on their 2008 album Birds . Jazz musician Wayne Shorter recorded his arrangement of melody under the name 12th Century Carol on his 2003 album Alegria . Robert Cummings , writing in the Allmusic guide , states that the " melody is glorious and ebullient in its lively , triumphant manner . It largely consists of bright , resolute three @-@ note phrases whose overall structure gradually rises , then descends . " = = Text = = In several versions , such as the Holst arrangement , the third verse has " parvulum inquirunt , Bethlehem adeunt " in place in place of " munera offerunt , parvulum inquirunt . " = Barry Fuller = Barry Marc Fuller ( born 25 September 1984 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League One side AFC Wimbledon . He previously played for Stevenage Borough , forming part of the squad that won the 2006 – 07 FA Trophy in the first competitive final at the new Wembley Stadium after they beat Kidderminster Harriers 2 – 1 on 12 May 2007 in front of a record FA Trophy crowd of 53 @,@ 262 . Fuller has also made over 100 league appearances for Gillingham and was captain of the squad that beat Shrewsbury Town 1 – 0 in the League Two play @-@ off final at Wembley Stadium on 23 May 2009 to win promotion to League One . = = Club career = = = = = Early years = = = Born in Ashford , Kent , Fuller was spotted playing for his local club , Kennington Juniors FC , by Premier League side Charlton Athletic who signed him to their youth Academy at the age of thirteen . The full @-@ back progressed through the Addicks ' Academy up until the age of nineteen , signing his first professional contract on 1 July 2004 . On 17 July 2004 , he featured for Charlton Athletic in a pre @-@ season friendly win over Kent League side Sittingbourne ; he scored in the 83rd minute to confirm a 3 – 0 win following a brace by fellow youngster Lloyd Sam . The young right @-@ back was selected to captain Charlton Athletic 's Reserves side during the 2004 – 05 season , helping the club to finish as Champions of the Premier Reserve League Southern Division . He also represented Charlton in the first ever Premier Reserve League Shield national play @-@ off final on 12 May 2005 , which saw Northern Division champions Manchester United Reserves beat the Addicks 4 – 2 at The Valley . Despite his success with the Reserves , however , he failed to break into the first team and was subsequently loaned out to League Two side Barnet on an initial one @-@ month deal on 12 January 2006 . The 21 @-@ year @-@ old defender made his Football League debut on 14 January 2006 in a 4 – 1 defeat by Lincoln City . On 15 February 2006 , it was announced that he would remain with Barnet for a further month . On 18 March 2006 , he scored his first Football League goal in a 2 – 2 draw with Peterborough United . On 24 March 2006 , Barnet manager Paul Fairclough extended Fuller 's loan for a third and final time up until 22 April . He played his final game for the Bees on 22 April 2006 in a 0 – 0 draw with Chester City before subsequently returning to Charlton Athletic . In total , he made fifteen league appearances for Barnet during the 2005 – 06 season , which proved to be a vital contribution in helping the club avoid relegation from the Football League . Despite impressing on his loan spell , the 20 @-@ year @-@ old defender was released by Charlton Athletic manager Alan Curbishley at the end of the season . = = = Stevenage Borough = = = On 28 June 2006 , Fuller signed for Conference side Stevenage Borough . He made his debut for the Boro in a 2 – 1 defeat by York City on 15 August 2006 . The defender scored his only goal for the club in a 2 – 0 win over Grays Athletic on 17 February 2007 . He was ever @-@ present throughout the 2006 – 07 season , making thirty @-@ seven league appearances in all . He was also indispensable to the club 's FA Trophy success , featuring in both semi @-@ final legs which saw Stevenage Borough beat Grays Athletic 3 – 1 on aggregate . He was part of the squad that played in the 2007 FA Trophy Final against Kidderminster Harriers on 12 May 2007 in front of a record FA Trophy crowd of 53 @,@ 262 . Stevenage came back from 2 – 0 down to ultimately triumph 3 – 2 following an 88th @-@ minute goal by Steve Morison ; the victory was all the more significant for Fuller as he became a member of the first team to win a competitive final at the new Wembley Stadium . He would go on to make 24 league appearances for the Boro during the 2007 – 08 season before subsequently leaving the club to sign a two @-@ year deal with League One side Gillingham on 28 January 2008 along with team @-@ mate Stuart Lewis ; reuniting him with the manager who had previously recruited him at Stevenage Borough , Mark Stimson . = = = Gillingham = = = Fuller made his debut for Gillingham in the 2 – 0 defeat to Tranmere Rovers on 29 January 2008 . The defender would go on to make nine more appearances for the Gills in the 2007 – 08 season . On 10 October 2008 , despite having only been with the Gills for nine months , the 24 @-@ year @-@ old was appointed as club captain . He made forty league appearances in total during the 2008 – 09 season , making him integral to the club 's push for promotion . In spite of this level of consistency , however , his season was wrought with difficulty . The defender 's troubles began when he was sent off for a second yellow card offence after a foul on Sam Wood in the 88th minute of a 1 – 1 draw with Brentford on 20 December 2008 , resulting in a one match ban . His troubles did not end there however , as in January 2009 he was rushed to hospital after contracting bacterial pneumonia . He made a rapid recovery , however , and returned just five weeks later to play a full match in a 2 – 0 defeat by Rotherham United at Millmoor on 14 February 2009 . Despite these set @-@ backs , he was able to help Gillingham finish the season in 5th place , making them eligible for the League Two play @-@ offs . Gillingham faced Rochdale in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , drawing 0 – 0 in the first leg on 7 May 2009 , before securing a place in the play @-@ off final by beating Rochdale 2 – 1 at the Priestfield Stadium in the second leg on 10 May 2009 . Gillingham faced Shrewsbury Town in the 2009 League Two play @-@ off final at Wembley Stadium on 23 May 2009 , in which Fuller captained his side to a 1 – 0 win over " The Shrews " in front of a crowd of 53 @,@ 706 to seal promotion to League One , a dramatic turn of events considering that he had been suffering with a life @-@ threatening illness just five months before . Fuller made 36 league appearances for " The Gills " in their first season back in League One , however , once again the latter half of his season was blighted by injury . The 25 @-@ year @-@ old Gillingham captain suffered a broken arm after taking a kick on the forearm in a 1 – 1 draw with Leyton Orient on 23 February 2010 . A specialist subsequently confirmed that this injury would sideline him for approximately six weeks . By the time of his return the Gills were embroiled in a battle to avoid relegation and their fortunes took a turn for the worse when Fuller suffered a broken nose mere seconds after kick @-@ off after a clash of heads with team @-@ mate Darren Dennehy in what would go on to be a 3 – 2 win over Leeds United on 17 April 2010 ; he was substituted by Jack Payne in the fourth minute of play . Fuller was unable to prevent the Gills ' relegation slide back into League Two after he was sidelined for the rest of the season , undergoing surgery on his broken nose a few days after the incident . In spite of this , however , he was offered a two @-@ year contract extension , along with team @-@ mate Garry Richards , by new Gills manager Andy Hessenthaler on 25 March 2010 . He accepted the terms and on 4 June 2010 it was announced that he had signed a new contract along with striker Dennis Oli . Gillingham began the 2010 – 11 season in poor form , winning just three of their first sixteen games of the season which brought the Gills captain under fire . However , the side quickly turned their form around by going on to win six of their next eight league games and were unbeaten for 16 league matches between a 2 – 1 win over Aldershot Town on 29 January 2011 and a 1 – 1 draw with Morecambe on 16 April 2011 . Fuller made his 100th league appearance for Gillingham on 30 October 2010 in a 2 – 1 defeat by Northampton Town . The Gills ultimately finished in 8th place , just missing out on the League Two play @-@ offs . He made forty @-@ two league appearances for Gillingham throughout the season . On 27 July 2011 , Gillingham announced that Fuller would be relieved of the captain 's armband , having worn it for three seasons , and would be replaced by new signing Andy Frampton . The right @-@ back once again found himself plagued by injury worries in the 2011 – 12 season , making just nine league appearances . He suffered an injury to his knee in a 6 – 1 win over Hereford United on 17 September 2011 . On further examination the injury was found to be serious and on 13 October 2011 it was announced that he would be out for the rest of the season and had to undergo a " career @-@ saving " knee operation immediately which would prevent him from playing again for nine months . This proved to be a devastating blow for Fuller , whose contract was due to expire at the end of the 2012 season , as his deal was not renewed by new Gillingham manager Martin Allen and he was subsequently released by the club on 28 July 2012 having made 137 league appearances . = = = Barnet = = = On 13 August 2012 , Fuller signed for League Two side Barnet on a free transfer , along with Gillingham team @-@ mate Curtis Weston . He made his debut for the Bees in a 1 – 1 draw with Bristol Rovers on 21 August 2012 . He would go on to make 39 league appearances , cementing his place as the club 's first choice right @-@ back . Barnet started the 2012 – 13 season poorly , failing to win any of their first 12 league matches and were ultimately relegated to the Conference on goal difference after finishing in 23rd place . Barnet 's relegation required manager Edgar Davids to release a number of players as an austerity measure to accommodate the fact that the club would be operating on a smaller wage budget in the 2013 – 14 season , and it was announced on 22 May 2013 that Fuller would be released along with 12 other players . = = = AFC Wimbledon = = = On 28 May 2013 , Fuller signed for League Two side AFC Wimbledon along with former Havant & Waterlooville midfielder Chris Arthur . Shortly after his signing , Fuller disclosed to the media that he hoped to establish himself as a key member of the squad and expressed his loyalty to the club by stating that he hoped to see out the rest of his professional career with AFC Wimbledon . A month later , he found himself reunited with former team @-@ mate and fellow ex @-@ Gillingham captain , Andy Frampton , when it was announced that he had also signed a contract with the South London club on 28 June 2013 . On 31 July 2013 , manager Neal Ardley appointed Alan Bennett as club captain and declared that Fuller would act as vice @-@ captain for the 2013 – 14 season . Fuller made his league debut for " The Dons " in a 1 – 1 draw with Torquay United on 3 August 2013 . He was an ever @-@ present for the club throughout the season , making forty five league appearances in total . Fuller 's consistently committed performances and dogged attitude quickly established him as a favourite with supporters , culminating in him being voted as Player of the Year at the end of season awards . He then went on to captain AFC Wimbledon to promotion from League Two in the 2015 – 16 season via the play @-@ offs after their highest ever finish in the Football League . After the play @-@ off final he signed a new contract to remain with the club for their first ever season in the third tier of English football . = = International career = = Fuller 's only appearance for a national team came when he was selected to represent the England C team , along with fellow Stevenage Borough team @-@ mates Ronnie Henry and Steve Morison , in an international friendly against Northern Ireland on 13 February 2007 which ended as a 3 – 1 win for England . = = Honours = = Stevenage Borough FA Trophy Winners : 2006 – 07 Gillingham Football League Two Play – off Winners : 2008 – 09 AFC Wimbledon Football League Two Play @-@ off Winners : 2015 @-@ 16 = = Statistics = = As of 3 May 2014 = Lockheed Martin F @-@ 22 Raptor = The Lockheed Martin F @-@ 22 Raptor is a fifth @-@ generation , single @-@ seat , twin @-@ engine , all @-@ weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . The result of the USAF 's Advanced Tactical Fighter program , the aircraft was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter , but also has ground attack , electronic warfare , and signals intelligence capabilities . The prime contractor , Lockheed Martin , built most of the F @-@ 22 's airframe and weapons systems and did its final assembly , while Boeing provided the wings , aft fuselage , avionics integration , and training systems . The aircraft was variously designated F @-@ 22 and F / A @-@ 22 before it formally entered service in December 2005 as the F @-@ 22A . After a protracted development and despite operational issues , the USAF considers the F @-@ 22 critical to its tactical air power , and says that the aircraft is unmatched by any known or projected fighter . The Raptor 's combination of stealth , aerodynamic performance , and situational awareness gives the aircraft unprecedented air combat capabilities . The high cost of the aircraft , a lack of clear air @-@ to @-@ air missions due to delays in Russian and Chinese fighter programs , a ban on exports , and development of the more versatile F @-@ 35 led to the end of F @-@ 22 production . A final procurement tally of 187 operational production aircraft was established in 2009 and the last F @-@ 22 was delivered to the USAF in 2012 . = = Development = = = = = Origins = = = In 1981 the U.S. Air Force developed a requirement for an Advanced Tactical Fighter ( ATF ) as a new air superiority fighter to replace the F @-@ 15 Eagle and F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon . Code named " Senior Sky " , this program was influenced by the emerging worldwide threats , including development and proliferation of Soviet Su @-@ 27 " Flanker " - and MiG @-@ 29 " Fulcrum " -class fighter aircraft . It would take advantage of the new technologies in fighter design on the horizon , including composite materials , lightweight alloys , advanced flight control systems , more powerful propulsion systems , and stealth technology . The request for proposals ( RFP ) was issued in July 1986 and two contractor teams , Lockheed / Boeing / General Dynamics and Northrop / McDonnell Douglas , were selected on 31 October 1986 to undertake a 50 @-@ month demonstration phase , culminating in the flight test of two technology demonstrator prototypes , the YF @-@ 22 and the YF @-@ 23 . Each design team produced two prototype air vehicles , one for each of the two engine options . The Lockheed @-@ led team employed thrust vectoring nozzles on YF @-@ 22 for enhanced maneuverability in dogfights . The ATF 's increasing weight and cost drove out certain requirements during development . Side @-@ looking radars were deleted , and the dedicated infra @-@ red search and track ( IRST ) system was downgraded from multi @-@ color to single color and then deleted as well . However , space and cooling provisions were retained to allow for future addition of these components . The ejection seat requirement was downgraded from a fresh design to the existing McDonnell Douglas ACES II . After the flight test demonstration and validation of the prototypes , on 23 April 1991 , Secretary of the USAF Donald Rice announced the YF @-@ 22 as the winner of the ATF competition . The YF @-@ 23 design was considered stealthier and faster while the YF @-@ 22 was more maneuverable . The aviation press speculated that the YF @-@ 22 was also more adaptable to the U.S. Navy 's Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter ( NATF ) , but by 1992 , the Navy had abandoned NATF . = = = Production and procurement = = = Prime contractor Lockheed Martin Aeronautics manufactured the majority of the airframe and performed final assembly at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta , Georgia ; program partner Boeing Defense , Space & Security provided additional airframe components as well as avionics integration and training systems . F @-@ 22 production was split up over many subcontractors across 46 states to increase Congressional support , though this production split may have contributed to increased costs and delays . Many capabilities were deferred to post @-@ service upgrades , reducing the initial cost but increasing total program cost . Production supported over 1 @,@ 000 subcontractors and suppliers and up to 95 @,@ 000 jobs . The F @-@ 22 had several design changes from the YF @-@ 22 . The swept @-@ back angle of the leading edge was decreased from 48 ° to 42 ° , while the vertical stabilizers were shifted rearward and decreased in area by 20 % . To improve pilot visibility , the canopy was moved forward 7 inches ( 18 cm ) , and the engine intakes moved rearward 14 inches ( 36 cm ) . The shapes of the wing and stabilator trailing edges were refined to improve aerodynamics , strength , and stealth characteristics . Increasing weight during development caused slight reductions in range and aerodynamic performance . The first F @-@ 22 , an engineering and manufacturing development ( EMD ) aircraft named Raptor 4001 , was unveiled at Marietta , Georgia , on 9 April 1997 , and first flew on 7 September 1997 . In 2006 , the Raptor 's development team , composed of over 1 @,@ 000 contractors and the USAF , won the Collier Trophy , American aviation 's most prestigious award . The F @-@ 22 was in production for 15 years , at a rate of roughly two per month during peak production . The USAF originally envisioned ordering 750 ATFs at a cost of $ 26 @.@ 2 billion , with production beginning in 1994 . The 1990 Major Aircraft Review led by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney reduced this to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996 . By 1997 , funding instability had further cut the total to 339 , which was again reduced to 277 F @-@ 22s by 2003 . In 2004 , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) further reduced this to 183 operational aircraft , despite the USAF 's preference for 381 . In 2006 , a multi @-@ year procurement plan was implemented to save $ 15 billion but raise each aircraft 's cost . That year the program 's total cost was projected to be $ 62 billion for 183 F @-@ 22s distributed to seven combat squadrons . In 2007 , Lockheed Martin received a $ 7 @.@ 3 billion contract to increase the order to 183 production F @-@ 22s and extend manufacturing through 2011 . In April 2006 , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) assessed the F @-@ 22 's cost to be $ 361 million per aircraft , with $ 28 billion invested in development and testing ; the Unit Procurement Cost was estimated at $ 178 million in 2006 , based on a production run of 181 aircraft . It was estimated by the end of production , $ 34 billion will have been spent on procurement , resulting in a total program cost of $ 62 billion , around $ 339 million per aircraft . The incremental cost for an additional F @-@ 22 was estimated at about $ 138 million in 2009 . The GAO stated the estimated cost was $ 412 million per aircraft in 2012 . = = = Ban on exports = = = The F @-@ 22 cannot be exported under American federal law to protect its stealth technology and other high @-@ tech features . Customers for U.S. fighters are acquiring earlier designs such as the F @-@ 15 Eagle and F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon or the newer F @-@ 35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter , which contains technology from the F @-@ 22 but was designed to be cheaper , more flexible , and available for export . In September 2006 , Congress upheld the ban on foreign F @-@ 22 sales . Despite the ban , the 2010 defense authorization bill included provisions requiring the DoD to prepare a report on the costs and feasibility for an F @-@ 22 export variant , and another report on the effect of F @-@ 22 export sales on U.S. aerospace industry . Some Australian politicians and defense commentators proposed that Australia should attempt to purchase F @-@ 22s instead of the planned F @-@ 35s , citing the F @-@ 22 's known capabilities and F @-@ 35 's delays and developmental uncertainties . However , the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) determined that the F @-@ 22 was unable to perform the F @-@ 35 's strike and close air support roles . The Japanese government also showed interest in the F @-@ 22 for its Replacement @-@ Fighter program . The Japan Air Self @-@ Defense Force ( JASDF ) would reportedly require fewer fighters for its mission if it obtained the F @-@ 22 , thus reducing engineering and staffing costs . However , in 2009 it was reported that acquiring the F @-@ 22 would require increases to the defense budget beyond the historical 1 percent of GDP . With the end of F @-@ 22 production , Japan chose the F @-@ 35 in December 2011 . Israel also expressed interest , but eventually chose the F @-@ 35 because of the F @-@ 22 's price and unavailability . = = = Production termination = = = Throughout the 2000s , the need for F @-@ 22s was debated due to rising costs and the lack of relevant adversaries . In 2006 , Comptroller General of the United States David Walker found that " the DoD has not demonstrated the need " for more investment in the F @-@ 22 , and further opposition to the program was expressed by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon R. England , Senator John McCain , and Chairman of U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services Senator John Warner . The F @-@ 22 program lost influential supporters in 2008 after the forced resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley . Nevertheless , in 2008 , Congress passed a defense spending bill funding the F @-@ 22 's continued production and the Pentagon released $ 50 million of the $ 140 million for four additional aircraft , raising the total orders for production aircraft to 187 and leaving the program in the hands of the next administration . In November 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the Raptor was not relevant in post @-@ Cold War conflicts such as in Iraq and Afghanistan , and in April 2009 , under the new Obama Administration , he called for ending F @-@ 22 production in fiscal year ( FY ) 2011 , leaving the USAF with 187 production aircraft . In July , General James Cartwright , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , stated to the Senate Committee on Armed Services his reasons for supporting termination of F @-@ 22 production . They included shifting resources to the multirole F @-@ 35 to allow proliferation of fifth @-@ generation fighters for three service branches and preserving the F / A @-@ 18 production line to maintain the military 's electronic warfare ( EW ) capabilities in the Boeing EA @-@ 18G Growler . Issues with the F @-@ 22 's reliability and availability also raised concerns . After President Obama threatened to veto further production , the Senate voted in July 2009 in favor of ending production and the House subsequently agreed to abide by the 187 production aircraft cap . Gates stated that the decision was taken in light of the F @-@ 35 's capabilities , and in 2010 , he set the F @-@ 22 requirement to 187 aircraft by lowering the number of major regional conflict preparations from two to one . In 2010 , USAF initiated a study to determine the costs of retaining F @-@ 22 tooling for a future Service Life Extension Program ( SLEP ) . A RAND Corporation paper from this study estimated that restarting production and building an additional 75 F @-@ 22s would cost $ 17 billion , resulting in $ 227 million per aircraft or 54 million higher than the flyaway cost . Lockheed Martin stated that restarting the production line itself would cost about $ 200 million . Production tooling will be documented in illustrated electronic manuals stored at the Sierra Army Depot . Retained tooling will produce additional components ; due to the limited production run there are no reserve aircraft , leading to considerable care during maintenance . Later attempts to retrieve this tooling found that the containers were empty . Russian and Chinese fighter developments have fueled concern , and in 2009 , General John Corley , head of Air Combat Command , stated that a fleet of 187 F @-@ 22s would be inadequate , but Secretary Gates dismissed this concern . In 2011 , Gates explained that Chinese fifth @-@ generation fighter developments had been accounted for when the number of F @-@ 22s was set , and that the U.S. would have a considerable advantage in stealth aircraft in 2025 , even with F @-@ 35 delays . In December 2011 , the 195th and final F @-@ 22 was completed out of 8 test and 187 operational aircraft produced , the aircraft was delivered to the USAF on 2 May 2012 . In April 2016 , the HASC Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee proposed legislation that would direct the Air Force " to conduct a comprehensive assessment and study of the costs associated with resuming production of F @-@ 22 aircraft	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
bonnet , line highways throughout Texas . During the Johnson Administration the first lady , Lady Bird Johnson , worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers . = = Climate = = The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather . The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas , while the Gulf Coast has mild winters . Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns . El Paso , on the western end of the state , averages 8 @.@ 7 inches ( 220 mm ) of annual rainfall , while parts of southeast Texas average as much as 64 inches ( 1 @,@ 600 mm ) per year . Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches ( 940 mm ) per year . Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas , once or twice a year in North Texas , and once every few years in Central and East Texas . Snow falls south of San Antonio or on the coast in rare circumstances only . Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm , when 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of snow fell as far south as Kingsville , where the average high temperature in December is 65 ° F. Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s ° F ( 26 ° C ) in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) in the Rio Grande Valley , but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) range . Night @-@ time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s ° F ( 14 ° C ) in the West Texas mountains to 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) in Galveston . The table below consists of averages for August ( generally the warmest month ) and January ( generally the coldest ) in selected cities in various regions of the state . El Paso and Amarillo are exceptions with July and December respectively being the warmest and coldest months respectively , but with August and January only being narrowly different . = = = Storms = = = Thunderstorms strike Texas often , especially the eastern and northern portions of the state . Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas . The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States , an average of 139 a year . These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle . Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April , May , and June . Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas . A hurricane in 1875 killed about 400 people in Indianola , followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town . These events allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city . The 1900 Galveston hurricane subsequently devastated that city , killing about 8 @,@ 000 people or possibly as many as 12 @,@ 000 . This makes it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history . Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston hurricane , Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed over 600 people , Hurricane Carla in 1961 , Hurricane Beulah in 1967 , Hurricane Alicia in 1983 , Hurricane Rita in 2005 , and Hurricane Ike in 2008 . Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage : Allison in 1989 and again during 2001 , and Claudette in 1979 among them . = = = Greenhouse gases = = = Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S. The state emits nearly 1 @.@ 5 trillion pounds ( 680 billion kg ) of carbon dioxide annually . As an independent nation , Texas would rank as the world 's seventh @-@ largest producer of greenhouse gases . Causes of the state 's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state 's large number of coal power plants and the state 's refining and manufacturing industries . In 2010 , there were 2 @,@ 553 " emission events " which poured 44 @.@ 6 million pounds of contaminants into the Texas sky . = = History = = = = = Pre @-@ European era = = = Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of Pre @-@ Columbian North America : the Southwestern and the Plains areas . Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory , and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact . These were : the Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region , centered west of Texas ; the Mississippian culture , also known as Mound Builders , which extended along the Mississippi River Valley east of Texas ; and the civilizations of Mesoamerica , centered south of Texas . Influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries . No culture was dominant in the present @-@ day Texas region , and many peoples inhabited the area . Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present @-@ day Texas include the Alabama , Apache , Atakapan , Bidai , Caddo , Coahuiltecan , Comanche , Choctaw , Coushatta , Hasinai , Jumano , Karankawa , Kickapoo , Kiowa , Tonkawa , and Wichita . The name Texas derives from táyshaʔ , a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai , which means " friends " or " allies " . Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and settlers in that land . Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops , prepare foods , and hunt wild game . Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers . = = = Colonization = = = The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the Gulf Coast , created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda . Nine years later , shipwrecked Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first Europeans in what is now Texas . Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528 , when the Spanish landed in the area , " half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us . " Cabeza de Vaca also made observations about the way of life of the Ignaces Natives of Texas : " They went about with a firebrand , setting fire to the plains and timber so as to drive off the mosquitos , and also to get lizards and similar things which they eat , to come out of the soil . In the same manner they kill deer , encircling them with fires , and they do it also to deprive the animals of pasture , compelling them to go for food where the Indians want . " Francisco Vázquez de Coronado describes his 1541 encounter with " Two kinds of people travel around these plains with the cows ; one is called Querechos and the others Teyas ; they are very well built , and painted , and are enemies of each other . They have no other settlement or location than comes from traveling around with the cows . They kill all of these they wish , and tan the hides , with which they clothe themselves and make their tents , and they eat the flesh , sometimes even raw , and they also even drink the blood when thirsty . The tents they make are like field tents , and they set them up over some poles they have made for this purpose , which come together and are tied at the top , and when they go from one place to another they carry them on some dogs they have , of which they have many , and they load them with the tents and poles and other things , for the country is so level , as I said , that they can make use of these , because they carry the poles dragging along on the ground . The sun is what they worship most . " European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in 1685 . Miscalculations by René @-@ Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in his establishing the colony of Fort Saint Louis at Matagorda Bay rather than along the Mississippi River . The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives . In 1690 Spanish authorities , concerned that France posed competitive threat , constructed several missions in East Texas . After Native American resistance , the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico . When France began settling Louisiana , mostly in the southern part of the state , in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas . Two years later , they created San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in the area . Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to the area . It was one of New Spain 's least populated provinces . In 1749 , the Spanish peace treaty with the Lipan Apache angered many tribes , including the Comanche , Tonkawa , and Hasinai . The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785 and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes . With more numerous missions being established , priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes . By the end of the 18th century only a few nomadic tribes had not converted to Christianity . When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803 , American authorities insisted that the agreement also included Texas . The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in 1819 , at what is now the border between Texas and Louisiana . Eager for new land , many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement . Several filibusters raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River . In 1821 , the Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory , which became part of Mexico . Due to its low population , Mexico made the area part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas . Hoping that more settlers would reduce the near @-@ constant Comanche raids , Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain . Under the Mexican immigration system , large swathes of land were allotted to empresarios , who recruited settlers from the United States , Europe , and the Mexican interior . The first grant , to Moses Austin , was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin after his death . Austin 's settlers , the Old Three Hundred , made places along the Brazos River in 1822 . Twenty @-@ three other empresarios brought settlers to the state , the majority of whom were from the United States . The population of Texas grew rapidly . In 1825 , Texas had about 3 @,@ 500 people , with most of Mexican descent . By 1834 , the population had grown to about 37 @,@ 800 people , with only 7 @,@ 800 of Mexican descent . Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law , especially the prohibition against slavery . Combined with United States ' attempts to purchase Texas , Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States . New laws also called for the enforcement of customs duties angering both native Mexican citizens ( Tejanos ) and recent immigrants . The Anahuac Disturbances in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nation 's president . Texians sided with the federalists against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas . They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom . Texians met at the Convention of 1832 to discuss requesting independent statehood , among other issues . The following year , Texians reiterated their demands at the Convention of 1833 . = = = Republic = = = Within Mexico , tensions continued between federalists and centralists . In early 1835 , wary Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety . The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales . This launched the Texas Revolution , and over the next two months , the Texians defeated all Mexican troops in the region . Texians elected delegates to the Consultation , which created a provisional government . The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting , and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836 . During this time of political turmoil , Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna personally led an army to end the revolt . The Mexican expedition was initially successful . General José de Urrea defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the Goliad massacre . Santa Anna 's forces , after a thirteen @-@ day siege , overwhelmed Texian defenders at the Battle of the Alamo . News of the defeats sparked panic amongst Texas settlers . The newly elected Texian delegates to the Convention of 1836 quickly signed a Declaration of Independence on March 2 , forming the Republic of Texas . After electing interim officers , the Convention disbanded . The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the Runaway Scrape , fleeing from the approaching Mexican army . After several weeks of retreat , the Texian Army commanded by Sam Houston attacked and defeated Santa Anna 's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto . Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the Treaties of Velasco , ending the war . While Texas had won its independence , political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic . The nationalist faction , led by Mirabeau B. Lamar , advocated the continued independence of Texas , the expulsion of the Native Americans , and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean . Their opponents , led by Sam Houston , advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co @-@ existence with Native Americans . The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the Texas Archive War . Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842 . The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson massacre . Despite these successes , Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas , and the republic survived . The republic 's inability to defend itself added momentum to Texas 's eventual annexation into the United States . = = = Statehood = = = As early as 1837 , the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States . Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction , along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States , slowed Texas 's admission into the Union . Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844 . On December 29 , 1845 , Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union . After Texas 's annexation , Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States . While the United States claimed that Texas 's border stretched to the Rio Grande , Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River . While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims , the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so . President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande on January 13 , 1846 . A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the Thornton Affair starting the Mexican – American War . The first battles of the war were fought in Texas : the Siege of Fort Texas , Battle of Palo Alto and Battle of Resaca de la Palma . After these decisive victories , the United States invaded Mexican territory ending the fighting in Texas . After a series of United States victories , the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two @-@ year war . In return , for US $ 18 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 , Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas , ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848 , most of which today is called the American Southwest , and Texas 's borders were established at the Rio Grande . The Compromise of 1850 set Texas 's boundaries at their present form . U.S. Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal where Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present @-@ day New Mexico , a third of Colorado , and small portions of Kansas , Oklahoma , and Wyoming to the federal government , in return for the assumption of $ 10 million of the old republic 's debt . Post @-@ war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state . They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans , whose numbers tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860 , from 58 @,@ 000 to 182 @,@ 566 . = = = Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1860 – 1900 ) = = = Texas was at war again after the election of 1860 . At this time , blacks comprised 30 percent of the state 's population , and they were overwhelmingly enslaved . When Abraham Lincoln was elected , South Carolina seceded from the Union . Five other Lower South states quickly followed . A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28 , 1861 . On February 1 , by a vote of 166 – 8 , the Convention adopted an Ordinance of Secession from the United States . Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23 , 1861 . Texas joined the newly created Confederate States of America on March 4 , 1861 ratifying the permanent C.S. Constitution on March 23 . Not all Texans favored secession initially , although many of the same would later support the Southern cause . Texas 's most notable Unionist was the state Governor , Sam Houston . Not wanting to aggravate the situation , Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office . After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy , Houston was deposed as governor . While far from the major battlefields of the American Civil War , Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy . Union troops briefly occupied the state 's primary port , Galveston . Texas 's border with Mexico was known as the " backdoor of the Confederacy " because trade occurred at the border , bypassing the Union blockade . The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route , but Texas 's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid @-@ 1863 after the Union capture of the Mississippi River . The final battle of the Civil War was fought near Brownsville , Texas at Palmito Ranch with a Confederate victory . Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General Gordon Granger . Violence marked the early months of Reconstruction . Juneteenth commemorates the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Galveston by General Gordon Granger , almost two and a half years after the original announcement . President Johnson , in 1866 , declared the civilian government restored in Texas . Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements , Congress resumed allowing elected Texas representatives into the federal government in 1870 . Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues . = = = 20th century to present = = = In 1900 , Texas suffered the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history during the Galveston hurricane . On January 10 , 1901 , the first major oil well in Texas , Spindletop , was found south of Beaumont . Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas , West Texas , and under the Gulf of Mexico . The resulting " oil boom " transformed Texas . Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972 . In 1901 , the Democratic @-@ dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting , which effectively disenfranchised most blacks , and many poor whites and Latinos . In addition , the legislature established white primaries , ensuring that minorities were excluded from the formal political process . The number of voters dropped dramatically , and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties . The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the state 's economy , which had significantly improved since the Civil War . Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years . Especially from this period on , blacks left Texas in the Great Migration to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation . In 1940 , Texas was 74 percent Anglo , 14 @.@ 4 percent black , and 11 @.@ 5 percent Hispanic . World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas , as federal money poured in to build military bases , munitions factories , POW detention camps and Army hospitals ; 750 @,@ 000 young men left for service ; the cities exploded with new industry ; the colleges took on new roles ; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left the fields for much better paying war jobs , never to return to agriculture . Texas manufactured 3 @.@ 1 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II , ranking eleventh among the 48 states . Texas modernized and expanded its system of higher education through the 1960s . The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education , funded in large part by oil revenues , and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently . These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds . On November 22 , 1963 , President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas . On 18 April 2016 , Houston experienced severe flooding . On 31 May 2016 , several cities experienced record setting flooding = = Government and politics = = The current Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876 . Like many states , it explicitly provides for a separation of powers . The state 's Bill of Rights is much larger than its federal counterpart , and has provisions unique to Texas . = = = State government = = = Texas has a plural executive branch system limiting the power of the governor , which is a weak executive compared to some other states . Except for the Secretary of State , voters elect executive officers independently ; thus candidates are directly answerable to the public , not the governor . This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties and reduced the ability of the governor to carry out a program . When Republican President George W. Bush served as Texas 's governor , the state had a Democratic lieutenant governor , Bob Bullock . The executive branch positions consist of the Governor , Lieutenant Governor , Comptroller of Public Accounts , Land Commissioner , Attorney General , Agriculture Commissioner , the three @-@ member Texas Railroad Commission , the State Board of Education , and the Secretary of State . The bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the House of Representatives , with 150 members , and a Senate , with 31 members . The Speaker of the House leads the House , and the lieutenant governor , the Senate . The Legislature meets in regular session biennially for just over 100 days , but the governor can call for special sessions as often as desired ( notably , the Legislature cannot call itself into session ) . The state 's fiscal year spans from the previous calendar year 's September 1 to the current year 's August 31 . Thus , the FY 2015 dates from September 1 , 2014 through August 31 , 2015 . The judiciary of Texas is one of the most complex in the United States , with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions . Texas has two courts of last resort : the Texas Supreme Court , for civil cases , and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals . Except for some municipal benches , partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary ; the governor fills vacancies by appointment . Texas is notable for its use of capital punishment , having led the country in executions since capital punishment was reinstated in the Gregg v. Georgia case ( see Capital punishment in Texas ) . The Texas Ranger Division of the Texas Department of Public Safety is a law enforcement agency with statewide jurisdiction . Over the years , the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption . They have acted as riot police and as detectives , protected the Texas governor , tracked down fugitives , and functioned as a paramilitary force both for the republic and the state . The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by Stephen F. Austin in 1823 and formally constituted in 1835 . The Rangers were integral to several important events of Texas history and some of the best @-@ known criminal cases in the history of the Old West . The Texas constitution defines the responsibilities of county governments , which serve as agents of the state . What are called commissioners court and court judges are elected to serve as the administrative arm . Most cities in the state , those over 5 @,@ 000 in population , have home @-@ rule governments . The vast majority of these have charters for council @-@ manager forms of government , by which voters elect council members , who hire a professional city manager as operating officer . = = = Politics = = = In the 1870s , white Democrats wrested power back in the state legislature from the biracial coalition at the end of Reconstruction . In the early 20th century , the legislature passed bills to impose poll taxes , followed by white primaries ; these measures effectively disfranchised most blacks , poor whites and Mexican Americans . In the 1890s , 100 @,@ 000 blacks voted in the state ; by 1906 , only 5 @,@ 000 could vote . As a result , the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics from the turn of the century , imposing racial segregation and white supremacy . It held power until after passage in the mid @-@ 1960s of national civil rights legislation enforcing constitutional rights of all citizens . The state 's conservative white voters began to support Republican presidential candidates by the mid @-@ 20th century . After this period , they supported Republicans for local and state offices as well , and most whites have become Republican Party members . The party has attracted some minorities , but many have continued to vote for Democratic candidates . Texas voters lean toward fiscal conservatism conservatism , while enjoying the benefits of huge federal investment in the state in military and other facilities achieved by the power of the Solid South in the 20th century . They also support social conservatism . Since 1980 , most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates . In 2000 and 2004 , Republican George W. Bush won Texas with 60 @.@ 1 percent of the vote , partly due to his " favorite son " status as a former governor of the state . John McCain won the state in 2008 , but with a smaller margin of victory compared to Bush at 55 percent of the vote . Austin , Dallas , Houston , and San Antonio consistently lean Democratic in both local and statewide elections . Residents of counties along the Rio Grande closer to the Mexico @-@ United States border , where there are many Latino residents , generally vote for Democratic Party candidates , while most other rural and suburban areas of Texas have shifted to voting for Republican Party candidates . The 2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by Republican Tom DeLay , was called by the New York Times " an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering " . A group of Democratic legislators , the " Texas Eleven " , fled the state in a quorum @-@ busting effort to prevent the legislature from acting , but was unsuccessful . The state had already redistricted following the 2000 census . Despite these efforts , the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans , based on 2000 data and ignoring the estimated nearly one million new residents in the state since that date . Career attorneys and analysts at the Department of Justice objected to the plan as diluting the votes of African American and Hispanic voters , but political appointees overrode them and approved it . Legal challenges to the redistricting reached the national Supreme Court in the case League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry ( 2006 ) , but the court ruled in favor of the state ( and Republicans ) . As of the general elections of 2014 , a large majority of the members of Texas 's U.S. House delegation are Republican , along with both U.S. Senators . In the 114th United States Congress , of the 36 Congressional districts in Texas , 25 are held by Republicans and 11 by Democrats . Texas 's Senators are John Cornyn and Ted Cruz . Since 1994 , Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office . The state 's Democratic voters are made up primarily by liberal and minority groups in Austin , San Antonio , Dallas , Houston , Beaumont , and El Paso , as well as minority voters in East Texas and South Texas . = = = Administrative divisions = = = Texas has 254 counties — the most nationwide . Each county runs on Commissioners ' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners ( one from each of four precincts in the county , roughly divided according to population ) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county . County government runs similar to a " weak " mayor @-@ council system ; the county judge has no veto authority , but votes along with the other commissioners . Although Texas permits cities and counties to enter " interlocal agreements " to share services , the state does not allow consolidated city @-@ county governments , nor does it have metropolitan governments . Counties are not granted home rule status ; their powers are strictly defined by state law . The state does not have townships — areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated . Incorporated areas are part of a municipality . The county provides limited services to unincorporated areas and to some smaller incorporated areas . Municipalities are classified either " general law " cities or " home rule " . A municipality may elect home rule status once it exceeds 5 @,@ 000 population with voter approval . Texas also permits the creation of " special districts " , which provide limited services . The most common is the school district , but can also include hospital districts , community college districts , and utility districts ( one utility district located near Austin was the plaintiff in a landmark Supreme Court case involving the Voting Rights Act ) . Municipal , school district , and special district elections are nonpartisan , though the party affiliation of a candidate may be well @-@ known . County and state elections are partisan . = = = Criminal law = = = Texas has a reputation of very harsh criminal punishment for criminal offenses . It is one of the 32 states that practice capital punishment , and since the US Supreme Court allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976 , 40 % of all US executions have taken place in Texas . As of 2008 , Texas had the 4th highest incarceration rate in the US . Texas also has strong self defense laws , allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves , their families , or their property . = = Economy = = As of 2014 , Texas had a gross state product ( GSP ) of $ 1 @.@ 648 trillion , the second highest in the U.S. Its GSP is greater than the GDPs of Australia and South Korea , which are the world 's 12th- and 13th @-@ largest economies , respectively . Texas ' economy is the fourth @-@ largest of any country subdivision globally , behind England ( as part of the UK ) , California , and Tokyo Prefecture . Its Per Capita personal income in 2009 was $ 36 @,@ 484 , ranking 29th in the nation . Texas 's large population , abundance of natural resources , thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy . Since oil was discovered , the state 's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry . In recent times , urban centers of the state have increased in size , containing two @-@ thirds of the population in 2005 . The state 's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms . As of April 2013 , the state 's unemployment rate is 6 @.@ 4 percent . In 2010 , Site Selection Magazine ranked Texas as the most business @-@ friendly state in the nation , in part because of the state 's three @-@ billion @-@ dollar Texas Enterprise Fund . Texas has the joint @-@ highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States , along with California . In 2010 , there were 346 @,@ 000 millionaires in Texas , constituting the second @-@ largest population of millionaires in the nation . = = = Taxation = = = Texas has a " low taxes , low services " reputation . According to the Tax Foundation , Texans ' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation , 7th lowest nationally ; state and local taxes cost $ 3 @,@ 580 per capita , or 8 @.@ 4 percent of resident incomes . Texas is one of seven states that lack a state income tax . Instead , the state collects revenue from property taxes ( though these are collected at the county , city , and school district level ; Texas has a state constitutional prohibition against a state property tax ) and sales taxes . The state sales tax rate is 6 @.@ 25 percent , but local taxing jurisdictions ( cities , counties , special purpose districts , and transit authorities ) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2 percent for a total maximum combined rate of 8 @.@ 25 percent . Texas is a " tax donor state " ; in 2005 , for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in federal income taxes , the state got back about $ 0 @.@ 94 in benefits . To attract business , Texas has incentive programs worth $ 19 billion per year ( 2012 ) ; more than any other US state . = = = Agriculture and mining = = = Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States . Texas leads the nation in livestock production . Cattle is the state 's most valuable agricultural product , and the state leads nationally in production of sheep and goat products . Texas leads the nation in production of cotton which is the number one crop grown in the state in terms of value . The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce . Texas has a large commercial fishing industry . With mineral resources , Texas leads in creating cement , crushed stone , lime , salt , sand and gravel . Texas throughout the 21st century has been hammered by drought . This has cost the state billions of dollars in livestock and crops . = = = Energy = = = Ever since the discovery of oil at Spindletop , energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state . If Texas were its own country it would be the sixth largest oil producer in the world . The Railroad Commission of Texas , contrary to its name , regulates the state 's oil and gas industry , gas utilities , pipeline safety , safety in the liquefied petroleum gas industry , and surface coal and uranium mining . Until the 1970s , the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas 's oil reserves . The founders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control . Texas has known petroleum deposits of about 5 billion barrels ( 790 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) , which makes up about one @-@ fourth of the known U.S. reserves . The state 's refineries can process 4 @.@ 6 million barrels ( 730 @,@ 000 m3 ) of oil a day . The Baytown Refinery in the Houston area is the largest refinery in America . Texas also leads in natural gas production , producing one @-@ fourth of the nation 's supply . Several petroleum companies are based in Texas such as : Anadarko Petroleum Corporation , Conoco @-@ Phillips , Exxon @-@ Mobil , Halliburton , Marathon Oil , Tesoro , and Valero , Western Refining . According to the Energy Information Administration , Texans consume , on average , the fifth most energy ( of all types ) in the nation per capita and as a whole , following behind Wyoming , Alaska , Louisiana , North Dakota , and Iowa . Unlike the rest of the nation , most of Texas is on its own alternating current power grid , the Texas Interconnection . Texas has a deregulated electric service . Texas leads the nation in total net electricity production , generating 437 @,@ 236 MWh in 2014 , 89 % more MWh than Florida , which ranked second . As an independent nation , Texas would rank as the world 's eleventh @-@ largest producer of electricity , after South Korea , and ahead of the United Kingdom . The state is a leader in renewable energy commercialization ; it produces the most wind power in the nation . In 2014 , 10 @.@ 6 % of the electricity consumed in Texas came from wind turbines . The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe , Texas , is one of the world 's largest wind farms with a 781 @.@ 5 megawatt ( MW ) capacity . The Energy Information Administration states that the state 's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount biomass for use in biofuels . The state also has the highest solar power potential for development in the nation . = = = Technology = = = With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the Texas Emerging Technology Fund , a wide array of different high tech industries have developed in Texas . The Austin area is nicknamed the " Silicon Hills " and the north Dallas area the " Silicon Prairie " . Texas has the headquarters of many high technology companies , such as Dell , Inc . , Texas Instruments , Perot Systems , Rackspace and AT & T. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center ( NASA JSC ) located in Southeast Houston , sits as the crown jewel of Texas 's aeronautics industry . Fort Worth hosts both Lockheed Martin 's Aeronautics division and Bell Helicopter Textron . Lockheed builds the F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon , the largest Western fighter program , and its successor , the F @-@ 35 Lightning II in Fort Worth . = = = Commerce = = = Texas 's affluence stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail , wholesale , banking and insurance , and construction industries . Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are AT & T , Kimberly @-@ Clark , Blockbuster , J. C. Penney , Whole Foods Market , and Tenet Healthcare . Nationally , the Dallas – Fort Worth area , home to the second shopping mall in the United States , has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan area . Mexico , the state 's largest trading partner , imports a third of the state 's exports because of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . NAFTA has encouraged the formation of controversial maquiladoras on the Texas / Mexico border . = = Demographics = = The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Texas was 27 @,@ 469 @,@ 114 on July 1 , 2015 , a 9 @.@ 24 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census . As of 2004 , the state had 3 @.@ 5 million foreign @-@ born residents ( 15 @.@ 6 percent of the state population ) , of which an estimated 1 @.@ 2 million are illegal . Texas from 2000 – 2006 had the fastest growing illegal immigration rate in the nation . In 2010 , illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 6 @.@ 0 percent of the population . This was the fifth highest percentage of any state in the country . In 2015 , the population of illegal immigrants living in Texas was around 0 @.@ 8 million . Texas ' Rio Grande Valley is ground zero for illegal immigration across the Southwest border . According to a June 2014 Los Angeles Times article , illegal immigrants are arriving at a rate of more than 35 @,@ 000 a month . It is expected that the number of minors traveling alone from Guatemala , Honduras , and El Salvador is growing and will reach up to 90 @,@ 000 by the end of 2014 . Hondurans , Salvadorans , and Guatemalans make up roughly 75 % of illegal immigrants in South Texas . Texas 's population density is 34 @.@ 8 persons / km2 which is slightly higher than the average population density of the U.S. as a whole , at 31 persons / km2 . In contrast , while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically , the European country has a population density of 116 persons / km2 . Two @-@ thirds of all Texans live in a major metropolitan area such as Houston . The Dallas @-@ Fort Worth Metropolitan Area is the largest in Texas . While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest city in the United States , the Dallas @-@ Fort Worth metropolitan area is larger than that of Houston . = = = Race and ethnicity = = = According to the 2010 United States census , the racial composition of Texas was the following : White American 70 @.@ 4 percent ( Non @-@ Hispanic whites 45 @.@ 3 percent ) Black or African American : 11 @.@ 8 percent American Indian : 0 @.@ 7 percent Asian : 3 @.@ 8 percent ( 1 @.@ 0 percent Indian , 0 @.@ 8 percent Vietnamese , 0 @.@ 6 percent Chinese , 0 @.@ 4 percent Filipino , 0 @.@ 3 percent Korean , 0 @.@ 1 percent Japanese , 0 @.@ 6 percent Other Asian ) Pacific Islander : 0 @.@ 1 percent Some other race : 10 @.@ 5 percent Two or more races : 2 @.@ 7 percent In addition , 37 @.@ 6 percent of the population are Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) ( 31 @.@ 6 percent Mexican , 0 @.@ 9 percent Salvadoran , 0 @.@ 5 percent Puerto Rican , 0 @.@ 4 percent Honduran , 0 @.@ 3 percent Guatemalan 0 @.@ 3 percent Spaniard , 0 @.@ 2 percent Colombian , 0 @.@ 2 percent Cuban ) As of 2011 , 69 @.@ 8 % of the population of Texas younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non @-@ Hispanic white ) . German , Irish , and English Americans are the three largest European ancestry groups in Texas . German Americans make up 11 @.@ 3 percent of the population , and number over 2 @.@ 7 million members . Irish Americans make up 8 @.@ 2 percent of the population , and number over 1 @.@ 9 million members . There are roughly 600 @,@ 000 French Americans and 472 @,@ 000 Italian Americans residing in Texas ; these two ethnic groups make up 2 @.@ 5 percent and 2 @.@ 0 percent of the population respectively . In the 1980 United States Census the largest ancestry group reported in Texas was English with 3 @,@ 083 @,@ 323 Texans citing that they were of English or mostly English ancestry making them 27 percent of the state at the time . Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and thus many of them today identify as " American " in ancestry , though they are of predominately British stock . There are nearly 200 @,@ 000 Czech @-@ Americans living in Texas , the largest number of any state . African Americans are the largest racial minority in Texas . Their proportion of population has declined since the early 20th century , after many left the state in the Great Migration . Blacks of both Hispanic and non @-@ Hispanic origin make up 11 @.@ 5 percent of the population ; blacks of non @-@ Hispanic origin form 11 @.@ 3 percent of the populace . African Americans of both Hispanic and non @-@ Hispanic origin number at roughly 2 @.@ 7 million individuals . Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state . Native Americans make up 0 @.@ 5 percent of Texas ' population , and number over 118 @,@ 000 individuals . Native Americans of non @-@ Hispanic origin make up 0 @.@ 3 percent of the population , and number over 75 @,@ 000 individuals . Cherokee made up 0 @.@ 1 percent of the population , and numbered over 19 @,@ 400 members . In contrast , only 583 identified as Chippewa . Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas . Americans of Asian descent form 3 @.@ 8 percent of the population , with those of non @-@ Hispanic descent making up 3 @.@ 7 percent of the populace . They total more than 808 @,@ 000 individuals . Non @-@ Hispanic Asians number over 795 @,@ 000 . Just over 200 @,@ 000 Indians make Texas their home . Texas is also home to over 187 @,@ 000 Vietnamese and 136 @,@ 000 Chinese . In addition to 92 @,@ 000 Filipinos and 62 @,@ 000 Koreans , there are 18 @,@ 000 Japanese Americans living in the state . Lastly , over 111 @,@ 000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups , such as Cambodian , Thai , and Hmong . Sugar Land , a city within the Houston metropolitan area , and Plano , located within the Dallas metropolitan area , both have high concentrations of ethnic Chinese and Korean residents . The Houston and Dallas areas , and to a lesser extent , the Austin metropolitan area , all contain substantial Vietnamese communities . Americans with origins from the Pacific are the smallest minority in Texas . According to the survey , only 18 @,@ 000 Texans are Pacific Islanders ; 16 @,@ 400 are of non @-@ Hispanic descent . There are roughly 5 @,@ 400 Native Hawaiians , 5 @,@ 300 Guamanians , and 6 @,@ 400 people from other groups . Samoan Americans were scant ; only 2 @,@ 920 people were from this group . The city of Euless , a suburb of Fort Worth , contains a sizable population of Tongan Americans , at nearly 900 people , over one percent of the city 's population . Killeen has a sufficient population of Samoans and Guamanian , and people of Pacific Islander descent surpass one percent of the city 's population . Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas . People identifying as multiracial form 1 @.@ 9 percent of the population , and number over 448 @,@ 000 people . Almost 80 @,@ 000 Texans claim African and European heritage , and make up 0 @.@ 3 percent of the population . People of European and Native American heritage number over 108 @,@ 800 ( close to the number of Native Americans ) , and make up 0 @.@ 5 percent of the population . People of European and Asian heritage number over 57 @,@ 600 , and form just 0 @.@ 2 percent of the population . People of African and Native American heritage were even smaller in number ( 15 @,@ 300 ) , and make up just 0 @.@ 1 percent of the total population . Hispanics and Latinos are the second largest group in Texas after non @-@ Hispanic European Americans . Over 8 @.@ 5 million people claim Hispanic or Latino ethnicity . This group forms over 37 percent of Texas ' population . People of Mexican descent alone number over 7 @.@ 9 million , and make up 31 @.@ 6 percent of the population . The vast majority of the Hispanic / Latino population in the state is of Mexican descent , the next two largest groups are Salvadorans and Puerto Ricans . There are over 222 @,@ 000 Salvadorans and over 130 @,@ 000 Puerto Ricans in Texas . Other groups with large numbers in Texas include Hondurans , Guatemalans , Nicaraguans and Cubans , among others . The Hispanics in Texas are more likely than in some other states ( such as California ) to identify as white ; according to the 2010 U.S. Census , Texas is home to 6 @,@ 304 @,@ 207 White Hispanics and 2 @,@ 594 @,@ 206 Hispanics of " some other race " ( usually mestizo ) . German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast @-@ central Texas . Over one @-@ third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin ; while many have recently arrived , some Tejanos have ancestors with multi @-@ generational ties to 18th century Texas . In addition to the descendants of the state 's former slave population , many African American college graduates have come to the state for work recently in the New Great Migration . Recently , the Asian population in Texas has grown — primarily in Houston and Dallas . Other communities with a significantly growing Asian American population is in Austin , Corpus Christi , and the Sharyland area next McAllen , Texas . Three federally recognized Native American tribes reside in Texas : the Alabama @-@ Coushatta Tribe , the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe , and the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo . In 2010 , 49 percent of all births were Hispanics ; 35 percent were non @-@ Hispanic whites ; 11 @.@ 5 percent were non @-@ Hispanic blacks , and 4 @.@ 3 percent were Asians / Pacific Islanders . Based on Census Bureau data released on February 2011 , for the first time in recent history , Texas ' white population is below 50 percent ( 45 percent ) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the total population growth by 20 @.@ 6 percent , but Hispanics growth by 65 percent , whereas non @-@ Hispanic whites only grew by 4 @.@ 2 percent . Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics . = = = Cities and towns = = = The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million : Houston , San Antonio , and Dallas . These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States . As of 2010 , six Texas cities had populations greater than 600 @,@ 000 people . Austin , Fort Worth , and El Paso are among the 20 largest U.S. cities . Texas has four metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million : Dallas – Fort Worth – Arlington , Houston – Sugar Land – Baytown , San Antonio – New Braunfels , and Austin – Round Rock – San Marcos . The Dallas – Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 6 @.@ 3 million and 5 @.@ 7 million residents , respectively . Three interstate highways — I @-@ 35 to the west ( Dallas – Fort Worth to San Antonio , with Austin in between ) , I @-@ 45 to the east ( Dallas to Houston ) , and I @-@ 10 to the south ( San Antonio to Houston ) define the Texas Urban Triangle region . The region of 60 @,@ 000 square miles ( 160 @,@ 000 km2 ) contains most of the state 's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people , nearly 75 percent of Texas 's total population . Houston and Dallas have been recognized as beta world cities . These cities are spread out amongst the state . Texas has 254 counties , which is more than any state by 95 ( Georgia ) . In contrast to the cities , unincorporated rural settlements known as colonias often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty . The office of the Texas Attorney General in 2011 that Texas had about 2 @,@ 294 colonias and estimates that about 500 @,@ 000 lived in the colonias . Hidalgo County , as of 2011 , has the largest number of colonias . Texas has the largest number of people of all states , living in colonias . = = = Languages = = = The most common accent and / or dialect spoken by natives throughout Texas is sometimes referred to as Texan English , which itself is a sub @-@ variety of a broader category of American English known as Southern American English . Creole language is spoken in East Texas . In some areas of the state — particularly in the large cities – Western American English and General American English , have been on the increase . Chicano English — due to a growing Hispanic population — is widespread in South Texas , while African American Vernacular English , is especially notable in historically minority areas of urban Texas . As of 2010 , 65 @.@ 8 % ( 14 @,@ 740 @,@ 304 ) of Texas residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home , while 29 @.@ 2 % ( 6 @,@ 543 @,@ 702 ) spoke Spanish , 0 @.@ 75 percent ( 168 @,@ 886 ) Vietnamese , and Chinese ( which includes Cantonese and Mandarin ) was spoken by 0 @.@ 56 % ( 122 @,@ 921 ) of the population over the age of five . Other languages spoken include German ( including Texas German ) by 0 @.@ 33 % ( 73 @,@ 137 , ) Tagalog with 0 @.@ 29 % ( 73 @,@ 137 ) speakers , and French ( including Cajun French ) was spoken by 0 @.@ 25 % ( 55 @,@ 773 ) of Texans . Reportedly , Cherokee is the most widely spoken Native American language in Texas . In total , 34 @.@ 2 % ( 7 @,@ 660 @,@ 406 ) of Texas 's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English . = = = Religion = = = The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of the state was as follows : The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church ( 4 @,@ 673 @,@ 500 ) ; the Southern Baptist Convention ( 3 @,@ 721 @,@ 318 ) ; the United Methodist Church with ( 1 @,@ 035 @,@ 168 ) ; and Islam ( 421 @,@ 972 ) . Known as the buckle of the Bible Belt , East Texas is socially conservative . The Dallas – Fort Worth metroplex is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of Bible schools . Lakewood Church in Houston , boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43 @,@ 000 weekly . Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas . In 1990 , the Islamic population was about 140 @,@ 000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350 @,@ 000 and 400 @,@ 000 . The Jewish population is around 128 @,@ 000 . Around 146 @,@ 000 adherents of religions such as Hinduism and Sikhism live in Texas . It is the fifth @-@ largest Muslim @-@ populated state in the country . = = Culture = = Historically , Texas culture comes from a blend of Southern ( Dixie ) , Western ( frontier ) , and Southwestern ( Mexican / Anglo fusion ) influences , varying in degrees of such from one intrastate region to another . A popular food item , the breakfast burrito , draws from all three , having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot , cooked fillings . Adding to Texas 's traditional culture , established in the 18th and 19th centuries , immigration has made Texas a melting pot of cultures from around the world . East Texas and the Gulf Coastal Plains regions near the Louisiana border have a Cajun / Creole influence . Texas has made a strong mark on national and international pop culture . The state is strongly associated with the image of the cowboy shown in westerns and in country western music . The state 's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series Dallas . The internationally known slogan " Don 't Mess with Texas " began as an anti @-@ littering advertisement . Since the campaign 's inception in 1986 , the phrase has become " an identity statement , a declaration of Texas swagger " . = = = Texas self perception = = = Texas @-@ sized is an expression that can be used in two ways : to describe something that is about the size of the U.S. state of Texas , or to describe something ( usually but not always originating from Texas ) that is large compared to other objects of its type . Texas was the largest U.S. state , until Alaska became a state in 1959 . The phrase , " everything is bigger in Texas , " has been in regular use since at least 1950 ; and was used as early as 1913 . = = = Arts = = = Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines : the Houston Grand Opera , the Houston Symphony Orchestra , the Houston Ballet , and The Alley Theatre . Known for the vibrancy of its visual and performing arts , the Houston Theater District — a 17 @-@ block area in the heart of Downtown Houston — ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area , with 12 @,@ 948 seats for live performances and 1 @,@ 480 movie seats . Founded in 1892 , Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , also called " The Modern " , is Texas 's oldest art museum . Fort Worth also has the Kimbell Art Museum , the Amon Carter Museum , the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame , the Will Rogers Memorial Center , and the Bass Performance Hall downtown . The Arts District of Downtown Dallas has arts venues such as the Dallas Museum of Art , the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center , the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House , the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art , and the Nasher Sculpture Center . The Deep Ellum district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime jazz and blues hotspot in the Southern United States . The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing " Deep Elm " as " Deep Ellum " . Artists such as Blind Lemon Jefferson , Robert Johnson , Huddie " Lead Belly " Ledbetter , and Bessie Smith played in early Deep Ellum clubs . Austin , The Live Music Capital of the World , boasts " more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville , Memphis , Los Angeles , Las Vegas or New York City . " The city 's music revolves around the nightclubs on 6th Street ; events like the film , music , and multimedia festival South by Southwest ; the longest @-@ running concert music program on American television , Austin City Limits ; and the Austin City Limits Music Festival held in Zilker Park . Since 1980 , San Antonio has evolved into " The Tejano Music Capital Of The World . " The Tejano Music Awards have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture . = = Education = = The second president of the Republic of Texas , Mirabeau B. Lamar , is the Father of Texas Education . During his term , the state set aside three leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools . An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state 's Permanent University Fund . Lamar 's actions set the foundation for a Texas @-@ wide public school system . Between 2006 and 2007 , Texas spent $ 7 @,@ 275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $ 9 @,@ 389 . The pupil / teacher ratio was 14 @.@ 9 , below the national average of 15 @.@ 3 . Texas paid instructors $ 41 @,@ 744 , below the national average of $ 46 @,@ 593 . The Texas Education Agency ( TEA ) administers the state 's public school systems . Texas has over 1 @,@ 000 school districts- all districts except the Stafford Municipal School District are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries . School districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property . Due to court @-@ mandated equitable school financing for school districts , the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the " Robin Hood plan " . This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones . The TEA has no authority over private or home school activities . Students in Texas take the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness ( STAAR ) in primary and secondary school . STAAR assess students ' attainment of reading , writing , mathematics , science , and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act . The test replaced the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills ( TAKS ) test in the 2011 – 2012 school year . = = = Higher education = = = The state 's two most widely @-@ recognized flagship universities are The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A & M University , ranked as the 52nd and 69th best universities in the nation according to the 2014 edition of U.S. News & World Report 's " Best Colleges " , respectively . Some observers also include the University of Houston and Texas Tech University as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A & M. The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board ( THECB ) ranks the state 's public universities into three distinct tiers : National Research Universities ( Tier 1 ) The University of Texas at Austin Texas A & M University Texas Tech University University of Houston Emerging Research Universities ( Tier 2 ) The University of Texas at Arlington The University of Texas at Dallas The University of Texas at El Paso The University of Texas at San Antonio The University of North Texas Texas State University Comprehensive Universities ( Tier 3 ) All other public universities ( 25 in total ) Texas 's controversial alternative affirmative action plan , Texas House Bill 588 , guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school class automatic admission to state @-@ funded universities . The bill encourages demographic diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the Hopwood v. Texas ( 1996 ) case . Thirty @-@ six ( 36 ) separate and distinct public universities exist in Texas , of which 32 belong to one of the six state university systems . Discovery of minerals on Permanent University Fund land , particularly oil , has helped fund the rapid growth of the state 's two largest university systems : The University of Texas System and the Texas A & M System . The four other university systems : the University of Houston System , the University of North Texas System , the Texas State System , and the Texas Tech System are not funded by the Permanent University Fund . The Carnegie Foundation classifies three of Texas 's universities as Tier One research institutions : The University of Texas at Austin , the Texas A & M University , and the University of Houston . The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A & M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas . Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund . The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as " emerging research universities . " The two that are expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University , likely in that order according to discussions on the House floor of the 82nd Texas Legislature . The state is home to various private institutions of higher learning — ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top @-@ tier research university . Rice University in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation 's 17th @-@ best overall university by U.S. News & World Report . Trinity University , a private , primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio , has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor 's and select master 's degrees in the Western United States for 20 consecutive years by U.S. News . Private universities include Austin College , Baylor University , University of Mary Hardin – Baylor , and Southwestern University . Universities in Texas host three presidential libraries : George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A & M University , the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin , and the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University . = = Healthcare = = The Commonwealth Fund ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation . Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare , quality of care , avoidable hospital spending , and equity among various groups . Causes of the state 's poor rankings include politics , a high poverty rate , and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation . In May 2006 , Texas initiated the program " code red " in response to the report that the state had 25 @.@ 1 percent of the population without health insurance , the largest proportion in the nation . Texas also has controversial non @-@ economic damages caps for medical malpractice lawsuits , set at $ 250 @,@ 000 , in an attempt to " curb rising malpractice premiums , and control escalating healthcare costs " . The Trust for America 's Health ranked Texas 15th highest in adult obesity , with 27 @.@ 2 percent of the state 's population measured as obese . The 2008 Men 's Health obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America ; Houston ranked 6th , Dallas 7th , El Paso 8th , and Arlington 14th . Texas had only one city , Austin , ranked 21st , in the top 25 among the " fittest cities " in America . The same survey has evaluated the state 's obesity initiatives favorably with a " B + " . The state is ranked forty @-@ second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise . = = = Medical research = = = Many elite research medical centers are located in Texas . The state has nine medical schools , three dental schools , and two optometry schools . Texas has two Biosafety Level 4 ( BSL @-@ 4 ) laboratories : one at The University of Texas Medical Branch ( UTMB ) in Galveston , and the other at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio — the first privately owned BSL @-@ 4 lab in the United States . The Texas Medical Center in Houston , holds the world 's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions , with 47 member institutions . Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world . The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care , research , education and prevention . San Antonio 's South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States . The University of Texas Health Science Center is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio . Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home . The Southwestern Medical Center ranks " among the top academic medical centers in the world " . The institution 's medical school employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world . = = Transportation = = Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the state 's large size and rough terrain . Texas has compensated by building both America 's largest highway and railway systems in length . The regulatory authority , the Texas Department of Transportation ( TxDOT ) maintains the state 's immense highway system , regulates aviation , and public transportation systems . Located centrally in North America , the state is an important transportation hub . From the Dallas / Fort Worth area , trucks can reach 93 percent of the nation 's population within 48 hours , and 37 percent within 24 hours . Texas has 33 foreign trade zones ( FTZ ) , the most in the nation . In 2004 , a combined total of $ 298 billion of goods passed though Texas FTZs . = = = Highways = = = The first Texas freeway was the Gulf Freeway opened in 1948 in Houston . As of 2005 , 79 @,@ 535 miles ( 127 @,@ 999 km ) of public highway crisscrossed Texas ( up from 71 @,@ 000 miles ( 114 @,@ 263 km ) in 1984 ) . To fund recent growth in the state highways , Texas has 17 toll roads ( see list ) with several additional tollways proposed . In central Texas , the southern section of the State Highway 130 toll road has a speed limit of 85 miles per hour ( 137 km / h ) , the highest in the nation . All federal and state highways in Texas are paved . = = = Airports = = = Texas has 730 airports , second most of any state in the nation . Largest in Texas by size and passengers served , Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport ( DFW ) is the second largest by area in the United States , and fourth in the world with 18 @,@ 076 acres ( 73 @.@ 15 km2 ) . In traffic , DFW is the busiest in the state , the fourth busiest in the United States , and sixth worldwide . American Airlines Group 's American / American Eagle , the world 's largest airline in total passengers @-@ miles transported and passenger fleet size , uses DFW as its largest and main hub . Southwest Airlines , headquartered in Dallas , has its operations at Dallas Love Field . It ranks as the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried . Texas 's second @-@ largest air facility is Houston 's George Bush Intercontinental Airport ( IAH ) . It served as the largest hub for the former Continental Airlines , which was based in Houston ; it serves as the largest hub for United Airlines , the world 's third @-@ largest airline , by passenger @-@ miles flown . IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport . The next five largest airports in the state all serve over 3 million passengers annually ; they include Austin @-@ Bergstrom International Airport , William P. Hobby Airport , San Antonio International Airport , Dallas Love Field and El Paso International Airport . The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is Del Rio International Airport . = = = Ports = = = Around 1 @,@ 150 seaports dot Texas 's coast with over 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) of channels . Ports employ nearly one @-@ million people and handle an average of 317 million metric tons . Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the Gulf section of the Intracoastal Waterway . The Port of Houston today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage , second in overall tonnage , and tenth worldwide in tonnage . The Houston Ship Channel spans 530 feet ( 160 m ) wide by 45 feet ( 14 m ) deep by 50 miles ( 80 km ) long . = = = Railroads = = = Part of the state 's tradition of cowboys is derived from the massive cattle drives which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to drive livestock to railroads and markets in Kansas , for shipment to the East . Towns along the way , such as Baxter Springs , the first cow town in Kansas , developed to handle the seasonal workers and tens of thousands of head of cattle being driven . The first railroad to operate in Texas was the Buffalo Bayou , Brazos and Colorado Railway , opening in August 1853 . The first railroad to enter Texas from the north , completed in 1872 , was the Missouri – Kansas – Texas Railroad . With increasing railroad access , the ranchers did not have to take their livestock up to the Midwest , and shipped beef out from Texas . This caused a decline in the economies of the cow towns . Since 1911 , Texas has led the nation in length of railroad miles within the state . Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at 17 @,@ 078 miles ( 27 @,@ 484 km ) , but declined to 14 @,@ 006 miles ( 22 @,@ 540 km ) by 2000 . While the Railroad Commission of Texas originally regulated state railroads , in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT . Both Dallas and Houston feature light rail systems . Dallas Area Rapid Transit ( DART ) built the first light rail system in the Southwest United States , completed in 1996 . The Trinity Railway Express ( TRE ) commuter rail service , which connects Fort Worth and Dallas , is provided by the Fort Worth Transportation Authority ( the T ) and DART . In the Austin area , Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a commuter rail service known as Capital MetroRail to the northwestern suburbs . The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County , Texas ( METRO ) operates light rail lines in the Houston area . Amtrak provides Texas with limited intercity passenger rail service . Three scheduled routes serve the state : the daily Texas Eagle ( Chicago – San Antonio ) ; the tri @-@ weekly Sunset Limited ( New Orleans – Los Angeles ) , with stops in Texas ; and the daily Heartland Flyer ( Fort Worth – Oklahoma City ) . = = Sports = = While American football has long been considered " king " in the state , Texans today enjoy a wide variety of sports . Texans can cheer for a plethora of professional sports teams . Within the " Big Four " professional leagues , Texas has two NFL teams ( the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans ) , two Major League Baseball teams ( the Texas Rangers and the Houston Astros ) , three NBA teams ( the Houston Rockets , the San Antonio Spurs , and the Dallas Mavericks ) , and one National Hockey League team ( the Dallas Stars ) . The Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex is one of only twelve American metropolitan areas that hosts sports teams from all the " Big Four " professional leagues . Outside of the " Big Four " leagues , Texas also has one WNBA team ( the San Antonio Stars ) and two Major League Soccer teams ( the Houston Dynamo and FC Dallas ) . Collegiate athletics have deep significance in Texas culture , especially football . The state has ten Division I @-@ FBS schools , the most in the nation . Four of the state 's universities , the Baylor Bears , Texas Longhorns , TCU Horned Frogs , and Texas Tech Red Raiders , compete in the Big 12 Conference . The Texas A & M Aggies left the Big 12 and joined the Southeastern Conference in 2012 , which led the Big 12 to invite TCU to join ; TCU was previously in the Mountain West Conference . The Houston Cougars and the SMU Mustangs compete in the American Athletic Conference . The Texas State Bobcats and the UT Arlington Mavericks compete in the Sun Belt Conference . Four of the state 's schools claim at least one national championship in football : the Texas Longhorns , the Texas A & M Aggies , the TCU Horned Frogs , and the SMU Mustangs . According to a survey of Division I @-@ A coaches the rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas at Austin , the Red River Shootout , ranks the third best in the nation . The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the Battle for the Iron Skillet . A fierce rivalry , the Lone Star Showdown , also exists between the state 's two largest universities , Texas A & M University and the University of Texas at Austin . The athletics portion of the Lone Star Showdown rivalry has been put on hold after the Texas A & M Aggies joined the Southeastern Conference . The University Interscholastic League ( UIL ) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions . Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics ( the most popular being high school football ) as well as artistic and academic subjects . Texans also enjoy the rodeo . The world 's first rodeo was hosted in Pecos , Texas . The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the largest rodeo in the world . It begins with trail rides that originate from several points throughout the state that convene at Reliant Park . The Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state 's most historic traditions into its annual events . Dallas hosts the State Fair of Texas each year at Fair Park . Texas Motor Speedway hosts annual NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series auto races since 1997 . Since 2012 , Austin 's Circuit of the Americas plays host to a round of the Formula 1 World Championship — the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the 1980 Grand Prix at Watkins Glen International — , as well as Grand Prix motorcycle racing , FIA World Endurance Championship and United SportsCar Championship races . = Fanno Creek = Fanno Creek is a 15 @-@ mile ( 24 km ) tributary of the Tualatin River in the U.S. state of Oregon . Part of the drainage basin of the Columbia River , its watershed covers about 32 square miles ( 83 km2 ) in Multnomah , Washington , and Clackamas counties , including about 7 square miles ( 18 km2 ) within the Portland city limits . From its headwaters in the Tualatin Mountains ( West Hills ) in southwest Portland , the creek flows generally west and south through the cities of Portland , Beaverton , Tigard and Durham , and unincorporated areas of Washington County . It enters the Tualatin River about 9 miles ( 14 km ) above the Tualatin 's confluence with the Willamette River at West Linn . When settlers of European origin arrived , the Kalapuya lived in the area , having displaced the Multnomahs in pre @-@ contact times . The first settler of European descent , Augustus Fanno , for whom the creek is named , arrived in the mid @-@ 19th century . He established an onion farm in what became Beaverton . Fanno Farmhouse , the restored family home , is a Century Farm on the National Register of Historic Places and is one of 16 urban parks in a narrow corridor along the creek . Although heavily polluted , the creek supports aquatic life , including coastal cutthroat trout ( leopard spotted ) in its upper reaches . Watershed councils such as the Fans of Fanno Creek and government agencies have worked to limit pollution and to restore native vegetation in riparian zones . = = Course = = Fanno Creek arises at an elevation of 478 feet ( 146 m ) above sea level and falls 370 feet ( 110 m ) between source and mouth to an elevation of 108 feet ( 33 m ) . The main stem begins at about river mile ( RM ) 15 or river kilometer ( RK ) 24 in the Hillsdale neighborhood of southwest Portland , in Multnomah County . The creek flows west along the north side of Oregon Route 10 ( the Beaverton – Hillsdale Highway ) , passing Albert Kelly Park and receiving Ivey Creek and Bridlemile Creek on the right before reaching the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) stream gauge at Southwest 56th Avenue 11 @.@ 9 miles ( 19 @.@ 2 km ) from the mouth . Shortly thereafter and in quick succession , it enters Washington County and the unincorporated community of Raleigh Hills , crosses under Route 10 , and receives Sylvan Creek on the right . Here the stream turns south , passing through Bauman Park , where Vermont Creek enters on the left about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the mouth , and then southwest to flow through the Portland Golf Club and Vista Brook Park , where Woods Creek enters on the left . From here it flows west again for about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , passing through Fanno Creek Trail Park and entering Beaverton about 8 miles ( 13 km ) from the mouth before turning sharply south and flowing under Oregon Route 217 ( Beaverton – Tigard Highway ) . Fanno Creek then flows roughly parallel to Route 217 for about 2 miles ( 3 km ) through Fanno Creek Park and Greenway Park . Near the southern end of Greenway Park , the creek passes under Oregon Route 210 ( Scholls Ferry Road ) , and enters Tigard about 5 miles ( 8 km ) from the mouth . In quick succession , Hiteon Creek enters on the right , Ash Creek on the left , and Summer Creek on the right before the creek reaches Woodard Park , goes under Oregon Route 99W ( Southwest Pacific Highway ) , and flows through Fanno Park and Bonita Park as well as residential neighborhoods . Between the two parks , Red Rock Creek enters on the left about 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) from the mouth . Slightly downstream of Bonita Park , Ball Creek enters on the left . Fanno Creek then enters Durham , passes a USGS gauging station 1 @.@ 13 miles ( 1 @.@ 82 km ) from the mouth , flows through Durham City Park , and empties into the Tualatin River 9 @.@ 3 miles ( 15 @.@ 0 km ) from its confluence with the Willamette River . = = = Discharge = = = The USGS monitors the flow of Fanno Creek at two stations , one in Durham , 1 @.@ 13 miles ( 1 @.@ 82 km ) from the mouth , and the other in Portland , 11 @.@ 9 miles ( 19 @.@ 2 km ) from the mouth . The average flow of the creek at the Durham station is 43 @.@ 9 cubic feet per second ( 1 @.@ 24 m3 / s ) . This is from a drainage area of 31 @.@ 5 square miles ( 81 @.@ 6 km2 ) , more than 99 percent of the total Fanno Creek watershed . The maximum flow recorded there was 1 @,@ 670 cubic feet per second ( 47 m3 / s ) on December 3 , 2007 , and the minimum flow was 1 cubic foot per second ( 0 @.@ 03 m3 / s ) on September 13 , 2001 , and September 15 , 2009 . At the Portland station , the average flow is 3 @.@ 15 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 09 m3 / s ) . This is from a drainage area of 2 @.@ 37 square miles ( 6 @.@ 1 km2 ) or about 7 percent of the total Fanno Creek watershed . The maximum flow recorded there was 733 cubic feet per second ( 21 m3 / s ) on February 8 , 1996 , and the minimum flow was 0 @.@ 01 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 0003 m3 / s ) on September 4 , 2001 . = = Watershed = = Draining 31 @.@ 7 square miles ( 82 @.@ 1 km2 ) , Fanno Creek receives water from Portland 's West Hills , Sexton Mountain in Beaverton , and Bull Mountain near Tigard . Nearly all of the watershed is urban . About 7 square miles ( 18 km2 ) , roughly 22 percent of the total , lies inside the Portland city limits . The highest elevation in the watershed is 1 @,@ 060 feet ( 320 m ) at Council Crest in the West Hills . The peak elevation on Sexton Mountain is 476 feet ( 145 m ) , while Bull Mountain rises to 715 feet ( 218 m ) . About 117 miles ( 188 km ) of streams flow through the watershed , including Ash Creek , Summer Creek , and 12 smaller tributaries . A small part of the drainage basin lies in the city of Lake Oswego in Clackamas County , near the headwaters of Ball Creek , a Fanno Creek tributary . The slopes at the headwaters of Fanno Creek consist mainly of Columbia River Basalt exposed in ravines but otherwise covered by up to 25 feet ( 8 m ) of wind @-@ deposited silt . Silts and clays are the most common watershed soils , and significant erosion is common . About 50 inches ( 1 @,@ 300 mm ) of precipitation , almost all of which is rain and about half of which arrives in November , December , and January , falls on the watershed each year . Although significant flooding occurred in 1977 , the watershed has not experienced a 100 @-@ year flood since the area became urban . Small watersheds adjacent to the Fanno Creek watershed include those of minor tributaries of the Willamette or Tualatin rivers . Tryon Creek , Balch Creek , and other small streams east of Fanno Creek flow down the eastern flank of the West Hills into the Willamette . To the northwest , Hall Creek , Cedar Mill Creek , and Bronson Creek flow into Beaverton Creek , a tributary of Rock Creek , which empties into the Tualatin River at the larger stream 's RM 38 @.@ 4 ( RK 61 @.@ 8 ) , about 29 miles ( 47 km ) upriver from the mouth of Fanno Creek . = = = Annual report card = = = In 2015 , Portland 's Bureau of Environmental Services ( BES ) began issuing annual " report cards " for watersheds or fractions thereof that lie within the city . BES assigns grades for each of four categories : hydrology , water quality , habitat , and fish and wildlife . Hydrology grades depend on the amount of pavement and other impervious surfaces in the watershed and the degree to which its streams flow freely , not dammed or diverted . Water @-@ quality grades are based on measurements of dissolved oxygen , E @-@ coli bacteria , temperature , suspended solids , and substances such as mercury and phosphorus . Habitat ranking depends on the condition of stream banks and floodplains , riparian zones , tree canopies , and other variables . The fish and wildlife assessment includes birds , fish , and macroinvertebrates . In 2015 , the BES grades for the Fanno Creek watershed fraction within Portland are hydrology , C ; water quality , C + ; habitat , B − , and fish and wildlife , D − . = = History = = The previous people of the Fanno Creek watershed were the Atfalati or Tualaty tribe of the Kalapuya , said to have displaced even earlier inhabitants , the Multnomahs , prior to European contact . The valleys of the Willamette River and its major tributaries such as the Tualatin River consisted of open grassland maintained by annual burning , with scattered groves of trees along the rivers and creeks . The Kalapuya moved from place to place in good weather to fish , to hunt small animals , birds , waterfowl , deer , and elk , and to gather nuts , seeds , roots , and berries . Important foods included camas and wapato . In addition to fishing for eels , suckers , and trout , the Atfalati traded for salmon from Chinookan tribes near Willamette Falls . During the winter , the Kalapuya lived in longhouses in settled villages . Their population was greatly reduced after contact in the late 18th century with Europeans , who carried malaria , smallpox , measles , and other diseases . Added pressure came from white settlers who seized and fenced native land , regarded it as private property , and sometimes punished natives for trespassing . Of the original population of 1 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 000 Atfalati reported in 1780 , only 65 remained in 1851 . In 1855 , the U.S. government sent the survivors to the Grande Ronde reservation further west . Fanno Creek is named after Augustus Fanno , the first European American settler along the creek . In 1847 , he started an onion farm on a 640 @-@ acre ( 260 ha ) donation land claim in what later became part of Beaverton . Other 19th century newcomers along the creek engaged mainly in logging , farming , and dairy farming until the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Oregon Electric Railway lines made the watershed more accessible for urban development around the turn of the 20th century . The Oregon Electric , a 49 @-@ mile ( 79 km ) system built between 1903 and 1915 , ran between downtown Portland and Garden Home in the Fanno Creek watershed , where it split into branches leading to Salem and Forest Grove . The Southern Pacific began running electric passenger trains , known as the Red Electric , in the watershed in 1914 . The company that eventually became Portland General Electric installed electric service in the area , and by 1915 the population of the upper Fanno Creek neighborhoods of Multnomah , Maplewood , Hillsdale , and West Portland Park had grown to 2 @,@ 000 . Passenger service on the Red Electric line ended in 1929 , and the Oregon Electric Railway ceased passenger operations in 1933 . Private autos largely replaced interurban rail service . Oregon Highway 217 between Durham and Beaverton , and Oregon Highway 10 between Beaverton and Portland , follow the creek . Although passenger rail ceased for nearly 80 years , freight trains continued to use the tracks . In 2009 , a new rail passenger service began along a former Oregon Electric line owned by Portland and Western Railroad in Washington County . The Westside Express Service ( WES ) runs 14 @.@ 7 miles ( 23 @.@ 7 km ) between Beaverton on the north and Wilsonville on the south . The middle stretch of this run lies close to the lower 8 miles ( 13 km ) of Fanno Creek between Beaverton and Durham . WES is the first modern commuter rail in Oregon and one of the few suburb @-@ to @-@ suburb commuter rail lines in the United States . At the northern end of the line , WES connects to the MAX Blue Line , an east @-@ west light rail line linking Hillsboro and Gresham via Portland and the MAX Red Line , with connections to Portland International Airport . The highways and railroads serve a population that increased most dramatically in the second half of the 20th century . When Beaverton was incorporated as a city in 1893 , it had a population of 400 . By 2010 , the number had soared to 94 @,@ 000 , although not all of them lived in the watershed . Tigard , which did not exist as a city until 1961 , grew to 49 @,@ 000 by the year 2013 , all in the watershed . The estimated population of the entire watershed reached 123 @,@ 000 just before the 2000 census . Fanno Creek , which had few people living near it until 1850 , " is surrounded by the most populous region in Oregon " . = = Pollution = = Although the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality ( DEQ ) rated the average water quality of Fanno Creek as " very poor " between 1986 and 1995 , it also noted steady improvement over that span . Historically , Fanno Creek has been polluted by urban and industrial sources , small sewage treatment plants , ineffective septic systems , farming and grazing operations , and illegal dumping . Health and environmental concerns led to the closing of substandard wastewater treatment plants in the 1970s , and urban development reduced the number of farms and farm animals along the creek . A ban in 1991 on phosphate detergents , increased connection to municipal sewers , stormwater management , and greater public awareness helped to reduce urban pollution not coming from point sources , and water quality improved . DEQ monitors Fanno Creek at Bonita Road in Tigard , at about 2 miles ( 3 km ) from the mouth . On the Oregon Water Quality Index ( OWQI ) used by DEQ , water quality scores can vary from 10 ( worst ) to 100 ( ideal ) . The average for Fanno Creek between 1986 and 1995 was 55 but steadily improved to 65 , or " poor " , by the end of the period . By comparison , the average in the nearby Willamette River at the Hawthorne Bridge in downtown Portland was 74 during the same years . Measurements of water quality at the Tigard site during the years covered by the DEQ report showed high concentrations of phosphates , fecal coliform bacteria , and suspended solids , and a high biochemical oxygen demand . Moderately high concentrations of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen occurred during high flows during fall , winter , and spring . High temperatures and low dissolved oxygen concentration in the summer were evidence of eutrophication . The high fraction of impervious surfaces in the watershed makes it difficult to improve water quality in the creek . The Portland Bureau of Environmental Services estimates that one @-@ third of the surface area of the watershed that lies within its jurisdiction is impervious . All of the roughly 12 square miles ( 31 km2 ) of the surface of Tigard , much of it impervious , drains into Fanno Creek . The watershed watch coordinator for Tualatin Riverkeepers , a volunteer group , was quoted in a July 2008 newspaper article saying that " the biggest impact to Fanno Creek is the impervious area " . To slow run @-@ off , reduce erosion , and keep pollutants out of streams , watershed councils , neighborhood groups , and government agencies have been planting native species of vegetation at selected sites throughout the watershed . = = Biology = = = = = Fish and wildlife = = = About 100 bird species , several kinds of mammals , and a few fish species live in the watershed . Mammals commonly seen include beaver , raccoon , opossum , spotted skunk , Douglas squirrel , and Townsend 's chipmunk ; black @-@ tail deer and coyotes are more rare . Fanno Creek supports non @-@ migrating coastal cutthroat trout that spawn in the fast @-@ flowing , gravel @-@ bottomed headwaters and grow to as long as 14 inches ( 36 cm ) . Other fish species found in the creek include sculpins , mosquitofish and eel . Beavers , rodents weighing up to 60 pounds ( 27 kg ) , have sometimes caused problems along Fanno Creek . In 2014 and 2015 , a growing population of beavers gnawed down trees and dammed the creek in Greenway Park in Beaverton . Rising waters have covered one of the side trails in the park , which has been gated and closed . During heavy rains , water from the beaver pond sometimes covers the main trail . Park officials are considering a variety of options , including re @-@ routing the trails , building a boardwalk over the water , or removing the beaver dams . = = = Vegetation = = = The creek begins in the Coast Range ecoregion designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and flows thereafter through the Willamette Valley ecoregion . The narrow riparian corridors along streams in the watershed commonly include native species such as western redcedar , Douglas fir , vine maple , and sword fern as well as invasive species like English ivy . Many red alder and big leaf maple grow in the watershed , and shrubs include red huckleberry , Oregon @-@ grape , elderberry , wood rose , and salmonberry . A restoration project in Tigard along the main stem has removed invasive plants such as reed canary grass and Himalayan blackberry and replaced them with native species . A project in Beaverton is replacing turf and degraded habitat along the creek with native shrubs and trees such as Oregon white oak . The Tualatin Riverkeepers , a nonprofit watershed council based in Tigard ; Clean Water Services , a public utility that protects water resources in the Tualatin River watershed , and the Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District ( THPRD ) have formed the Tualatin Basin Invasive Species Working Group to identify and eradicate invasive plants that displace native plants , cause erosion , and diminish water quality . The five plants considered most threatening are Japanese knotweed , meadow knapweed , giant hogweed , garlic mustard and purple loosestrife . The Oregon Department of Agriculture and the city of Tigard are working to eradicate giant hogweed from lower Fanno Creek . = = Parks = = Fanno Creek passes through or near 16 parks in several jurisdictions . Portland Parks & Recreation manages three : Hillsdale Park , 5 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) with picnic tables and a dog park near the headwaters ; Albert Kelly Park , 12 acres ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) with unpaved paths , picnic tables , play areas , and Wi @-@ Fi north of the creek about 14 miles ( 23 km ) from the mouth , and the Fanno Creek Natural Area , 7 acres ( 2 @.@ 8 ha ) north of the creek about 12 miles ( 19 km ) from the mouth . The Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District ( THPRD ) manages seven Fanno Creek parks in Beaverton and unincorporated Washington County . The district , tax @-@ supported and governed by an elected board , is the largest special park and recreation district in Oregon . The seven include Bauman Park , about 8 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) at about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the mouth . Slightly downstream from Bauman Park are Vista Brook Park , about 4 acres ( 1 @.@ 6 ha ) with trails including one that is accessible to people with physical handicaps , a playground , and courts for basketball and tennis , and Fanno Creek Trail , about 2 acres ( 0 @.@ 8 ha ) , with picnic tables and trails . Other THPRD parks lie along Fanno Creek from roughly 7 miles ( 11 km ) to roughly 5 miles ( 8 km ) from the mouth . These are Fanno Creek Park , about 21 acres ( 8 @.@ 5 ha ) , with trails including one accessible to people with handicaps ; Fanno Farmhouse , about 1 acre ( 0 @.@ 4 ha ) with an accessible trail and picnic tables as well as the Fanno family home , restored by THPRD and listed on the National Register of Historic Places ; Greenway Park , about 87 acres ( 35 ha ) with trails including an accessible trail , picnic tables , a playground , and sports fields , and Koll Center Wetlands , about 13 acres ( 5 @.@ 3 ha ) with wildlife . The five Fanno Creek parks managed by the city of Tigard include Englewood Park , 15 acres ( 6 @.@ 1 ha ) with play structures and trails , including a segment of the Fanno Creek Trail ; Woodard Park , 15 acres ( 6 @.@ 1 ha ) of big trees , trails , and play structures ; Bonita Park , 3 @.@ 5 acres ( 1 @.@ 4 ha ) including a playground and picnic areas ; Dirksen Nature Park , 48 acres ( 19 ha ) of forest , wetlands , and open space , and Fanno Creek Park , a 30 @-@ acre ( 12 ha ) natural area in downtown Tigard . About 20 percent of the small city of Durham is parkland . Surrounded by the larger cities of Tigard and Tualatin , the city covers 265 acres ( 107 ha ) occupied by about 1 @,@ 400 people . Durham City Park , at the confluence of Fanno Creek and the Tualatin River , consists of 46 acres ( 19 ha ) of heavily wooded floodplain with paved trails , children 's play areas , and a picnic shelter . Sections of trail along the main stem of Fanno Creek form part of a planned 15 @-@ mile ( 24 km ) Fanno Creek Greenway Trail linking Willamette Park on the Willamette River in southwest Portland to the confluence of the creek with the Tualatin River in Durham . The trail , for pedestrians and bicyclists , is accessible to people with disabilities . Several unfinished segments remained as of 2013 . = St Mary 's Church , Pentraeth = St Mary 's Church , Pentraeth is a small medieval parish church in the village of Pentraeth , in Anglesey , north Wales . The date of construction is unknown , but is probably from some time between the 12th to 14th centuries . A church dedicated to St Mary was recorded here in 1254 , but there is a tradition that there was an older church dedicated to St Geraint , an early British saint . Some medieval stonework remains in three walls of the building ( the west wall , and parts of the north and south walls ) . A chapel was added to the south side in the 16th or 17th century . The church was altered and refurbished during the 19th century , including an extensive rebuilding by Henry Kennedy , the architect for the Diocese of Bangor , in 1882 . St Mary 's is still used for worship by the Church in Wales , and is one of three churches in a combined parish . Its conservation is specifically included in the aims of a Chester @-@ based charity that promotes health and the arts in Anglesey and the north @-@ west of England . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " , in particular because of the retention of medieval fabric in a predominately 19th @-@ century building , and its " fine " memorials . It is built from rubble masonry with a slate roof , and part of a font thought to date from the 12th century has been reused as a water basin in the porch . St Mary 's has a number of memorials from the 18th and 19th centuries , some commemorating residents of a nearby manor house . There was once a tradition of decorating the interior with paper garlands , although writers differ on whether this was to celebrate parishioners ' weddings or to mark the death of unmarried women . It was one of only two churches in Anglesey included by the 18th @-@ century writer Francis Grose in his multi @-@ volume guide to English and Welsh antiquities . = = History and location = = St Mary 's Church is in the middle of Pentraeth , Anglesey , about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from the town of Menai Bridge . It is situated at the junction of the A5025 and the B5109 roads . The date of the foundation of the first religious building on this site is unknown . There is a tradition that there was originally a church here dedicated to St Geraint , an early British saint , since the old name for the village was Llanfair @-@ Bettws @-@ Geraint . However , a Pentraeth church dedicated to St Mary was recorded in the Norwich Taxation of 1254 . The present building probably dates from sometime between the 12th and the 14th centuries , with the nave and chancel being medieval in origin . A chapel was added to the south side of the parish church at the end of the 16th century or the early part of the 17th century . A restoration of the interior took place in 1821 with further changes in 1839 . Henry Kennedy , the architect of the Diocese of Bangor , oversaw a partial but extensive rebuilding in 1882 , which included reconstruction of the east wall and the addition of the porch on the south side . He also added an internal arch to mark the sanctuary as part of rebuilding or extending of the chancel . A reredos and some other fittings were added in the first part of the 20th century . St Mary 's is still in use for worship and belongs to the Church in Wales . It is one of three churches in the combined benefice of Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf with Llanbedrgoch with Pentraeth . The church is in the deanery of Tindaethwy and Menai , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , the position of rector is held by the Venerable R P Davies , Archdeacon of Bangor . The " conservation , protection and improvement " of St Mary 's are included in the aims of the Tyrer Charitable Trust , a Chester @-@ based charity that promotes health and the arts in Anglesey and north @-@ west England ; it is the only church so specified in the charity 's aims and objectives . = = Architecture and fittings = = The church is built from irregularly positioned pieces of rubble masonry , and Kennedy added red sandstone dressings in his 1882 work . The nave measures 50 feet 3 inches long by 17 feet 3 inches wide ( about 15 @.@ 3 by 5 @.@ 3 m ) ; the chancel is the same width , and about 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) long . The chapel is 17 feet by 20 feet 6 inches ( about 5 @.@ 2 by 6 @.@ 25 m ) . There is medieval masonry in three of the walls : the west wall , and the lower parts of the north and south walls . The roof is made of slate , with a stone bellcote containing one bell at the west end . Inside , the wooden trusses of the roof are visible . The trusses were re @-@ used when the roof was reconstructed . The church is entered through a porch on the south side , added in the 19th century , and a Tudor arch doorway ; the porch contains a stone piscina ( a water basin ) , said to be part of a font dating from the 12th century . An old entrance in the north wall of the nave has been blocked up . Two of the three windows in the north wall are from the 19th century . The third , nearest to the east end , is from the early 17th century and has a square frame . The eight @-@ sided font also dates from the 19th century . The 1937 survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire also recorded the existence of an oak poor box , with iron straps , bearing the date of 1740 , and a plain silver cup from about 1685 . The chancel and the south chapel are each separated from the nave by arches ; the chancel arch , which was added by Kennedy in 1882 , is decorated with carvings of an eagle on one side and a lamb on the other . Steps lead up from the nave to the chancel , with a further step marking the sanctuary . The east window dates from the late 14th or the early 15th century , although it has been rebuilt , with three lights ( vertical sections separated by mullions ) . These are topped with tracery ( decorative stone work ) and cinquefoils ( a five leaf pattern ) . It contains stained glass depicting St Mary and St John , added in 1890 . The east window in the chapel is of similar design to the 17th @-@ century window in the north wall of the nave , and dates from the late 16th or early 17th century ; restoration work has been carried out on it . The south window has a pointed arch with two lights topped by cinquefoils ; it is above a sill for an older window . There is also a window in the west wall of the chapel . St Mary 's contains a number of memorials from the 18th and 19th centuries . Members of the families associated with Plas Gwyn , a nearby manor house , have their memorials in the chapel . John Jones , who was Dean of Bangor Cathedral from 1689 to 1727 , was born at Plas Gwyn , and is commemorated with a stone tablet on the south wall of the chancel . Another native of Pentraeth , the cleric and writer Thomas Owen , who died in 1812 , also has a tablet in the chancel . Charles Vivian , 2nd Baron Vivian ( who died in 1886 ) , and his wife Mary are remembered with a bronze tablet on the east wall of the chapel . There are other memorials on the walls of the chapel and the nave . The south window of the chapel has stained glass in memory of Claud Panton Vivian , of Plas Gwyn , who died at the age of 24 during the Second World War . The churchyard has a number of graves for members of the Vivian family , and their plot contains " four beautifully @-@ carved Celtic crosses . " The churchyard also contains two Commonwealth war graves , of a South Lancashire Regiment soldier of World War I and a Royal Navy sailor of World War II . The church used to be decorated with paper garlands . This tradition was noted in the 18th century , when a writer thought that they symbolised the " hymeneal union " ( i.e. marriage ) of parishioners , because the garlands each had a pair of hands in the centre . In 1833 , another writer said that the garlands marked the death of unmarried women , but the tradition was no longer observed . = = Assessment = = St Mary 's has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 30 January 1968 , and has been listed because it is " a predominantly late 19th @-@ century church which retains some Medieval fabric " . Cadw ( the Welsh Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and for the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes " some fine 18th @-@ century and 19th @-@ century memorials . " The 18th @-@ century writer Francis Grose , who wrote a multi @-@ volume guide to the antiquities of England and Wales , included St Mary 'a in his survey of Anglesey , one of only two churches on the island that he featured ( the other being St Cybi 's , Holyhead ) . He said that this " little edifice is more remarkable for its simplicity , and the beauty of the rural scene by which it is surrounded , than for any matters of antiquity or curiosity in its construction , or contained within its walls " . The Welsh antiquarian Angharad Llwyd and the writer Samuel Lewis ( both writing in the 19th century before the 1882 alterations ) each described St Mary 's as a " small neat edifice " . They particularly noted the internal and external monuments to members of various local families . Writing in 1847 , the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones said that St Mary 's was " remarkable for being in one of the sweetest spots in the isle of Anglesey " The interior , he said , was " greatly blocked up with pews " , but was in " excellent repair " , with " a degree of neatness and comfort about it quite unusual in this district . " The roof timbers , he commented , were " closely set together , light in section , but producing a good effect . " The Welsh politician and church historian Sir Stephen Glynne visited a couple of years later , in 1849 . He described St Mary 's as being in a " pretty " situation , " surrounded by trees " . He noted the " fair " east window and the " rude timber framework " of the roof . In 2006 , a guide to the churches of Anglesey noted that the red sandstone used in the windows and in the bellcote was showing signs of " severe weathering " in places . = Rainbow trout = The rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) is a trout and species of salmonid native to cold @-@ water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America . The steelhead ( sometimes called " steelhead trout " ) is an anadromous ( sea @-@ run ) form of the coastal rainbow trout ( O. m. irideus ) or Columbia River redband trout ( O. m. gairdneri ) that usually returns to fresh water to spawn after living two to three years in the ocean . Freshwater forms that have been introduced into the Great Lakes and migrate into tributaries to spawn are also called steelhead . Adult freshwater stream rainbow trout average between 1 and 5 lb ( 0 @.@ 5 and 2 @.@ 3 kg ) , while lake @-@ dwelling and anadromous forms may reach 20 lb ( 9 kg ) . Coloration varies widely based on subspecies , forms and habitat . Adult fish are distinguished by a broad reddish stripe along the lateral line , from gills to the tail , which is most vivid in breeding males . Wild @-@ caught and hatchery @-@ reared forms of this species have been transplanted and introduced for food or sport in at least 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica . Introductions to locations outside their native range in the United States ( U.S. ) , Southern Europe , Australia , New Zealand and South America have damaged native fish species . Introduced populations may affect native species by preying on them , out @-@ competing them , transmitting contagious diseases ( such as whirling disease ) , or hybridizing with closely related species and subspecies , thus reducing genetic purity . Other introductions into waters previously devoid of any fish species or with severely depleted stocks of native fish have created world @-@ class sport fisheries such as the Great Lakes and Wyoming 's Firehole River . Some local populations of specific subspecies , or in the case of steelhead , distinct population segments , are listed as either threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act . The steelhead is the official state fish of Washington . = = Taxonomy = = The scientific name of the rainbow trout is Oncorhynchus mykiss . The species was originally named by German naturalist and taxonomist Johann Julius Walbaum in 1792 based on type specimens from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Siberia . Walbaum 's original species name , mykiss , was derived from the local Kamchatkan name used for the fish , mykizha . The name of the genus is from the Greek onkos ( " hook " ) and rynchos ( " nose " ) , in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season ( the " kype " ) . Sir John Richardson , a Scottish naturalist , named a specimen of this species Salmo gairdneri in 1836 to honor Meredith Gairdner , a Hudson 's Bay Company surgeon at Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River who provided Richardson with specimens . In 1855 , William P. Gibbons , the curator of Geology and Mineralogy at the California Academy of Sciences , found a population and named it Salmo iridia ( Latin : rainbow ) , later corrected to Salmo irideus . These names faded once it was determined that Walbaum 's description of type specimens was conspecific and therefore had precedence . In 1989 , morphological and genetic studies indicated that trout of the Pacific basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus species ) than to the Salmos – brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) or Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) of the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Atlantic basin . Thus , in 1989 , taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow , cutthroat and other Pacific basin trout into the genus Oncorhynchus . Walbaum 's name had precedence , so the species name Oncorhynchus mykiss became the scientific name of the rainbow trout . The previous species names irideus and gairdneri were adopted as subspecies names for the coastal rainbow and Columbia River redband trout , respectively . Anadromous forms of the coastal rainbow trout ( O. m. irideus ) or redband trout ( O. m. gairdneri ) are commonly known as steelhead . = = = Subspecies = = = Subspecies of Oncorhynchus mykiss are listed below as described by fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke ( 2002 ) . = = Description = = Resident freshwater rainbow trout adults average between 1 and 5 lb ( 0 @.@ 5 and 2 @.@ 3 kg ) in riverine environments , while lake @-@ dwelling and anadromous forms may reach 20 lb ( 9 kg ) . Coloration varies widely between regions and subspecies . Adult freshwater forms are generally blue @-@ green or olive green with heavy black spotting over the length of the body . Adult fish have a broad reddish stripe along the lateral line , from gills to the tail , which is most pronounced in breeding males . The caudal fin is squarish and only mildly forked . Lake @-@ dwelling and anadromous forms are usually more silvery in color with the reddish stripe almost completely gone . Juvenile rainbow trout display parr marks ( dark vertical bars ) typical of most salmonid juveniles . In some redband and golden trout forms parr marks are typically retained into adulthood . Some coastal rainbow trout ( O. m. irideus ) and Columbia River redband trout ( O. m. gairdneri ) populations and cutbow hybrids may also display reddish or pink throat markings similar to cutthroat trout . In many regions , hatchery @-@ bred trout can be distinguished from native trout via fin clips , = = Life cycle = = Rainbow trout , including steelhead forms , generally spawn in early to late spring ( January to June in the Northern Hemisphere and September to November in the Southern Hemisphere ) when water temperatures reach at least 42 to 44 ° F ( 6 to 7 ° C ) . The maximum recorded lifespan for a rainbow trout is 11 years . = = = Freshwater life cycle = = = Freshwater resident rainbow trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large , well oxygenated , shallow rivers with gravel bottoms . They are native to the alluvial or freestone streams that are typical tributaries of the Pacific basin , but introduced rainbow trout have established wild , self @-@ sustaining populations in other river types such as bedrock and spring creeks . Lake resident rainbow trout are usually found in moderately deep , cool lakes with adequate shallows and vegetation to support production of sufficient food sources . Lake populations generally require access to gravelly bottomed streams to be self @-@ sustaining . Spawning sites are usually a bed of fine gravel in a riffle above a pool . A female trout clears a redd in the gravel by turning on her side and beating her tail up and down . Female rainbow trout usually produce 2000 to 3000 4 @-@ to @-@ 5 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 16 to 0 @.@ 20 in ) eggs per kilogram of weight . During spawning , the eggs fall into spaces between the gravel , and immediately the female begins digging at the upstream edge of the nest , covering the eggs with the displaced gravel . As eggs are released by the female , a male moves alongside and deposits milt ( sperm ) over the eggs to fertilize them . The eggs usually hatch in about four to seven weeks although the time of hatching varies greatly with region and habitat . Newly hatched trout are called sac fry or alevin . In approximately two weeks , the yolk sac is completely consumed and fry commence feeding mainly on zooplankton . The growth rate of rainbow trout is variable with area , habitat , life history and quality and quantity of food . As fry grow , they begin to develop " parr " marks or dark vertical bars on their sides . In this juvenile stage , immature trout are often called " parr " because of the marks . These small juvenile trout are sometimes called fingerlings because they are approximately the size of a human finger . In streams where rainbow trout are stocked for sport fishing but no natural reproduction occurs , some of the stocked trout may survive and grow or " carryover " for several seasons before they are caught or perish . = = = Steelhead life cycle = = = The oceangoing ( anadromous ) form , including those returning for spawning , are known as steelhead in Canada and the U.S. In Tasmania they are commercially propagated in sea cages and are known as ocean trout , although they are the same species . Like salmon , steelhead return to their original hatching grounds to spawn . Similar to Atlantic salmon , but unlike their Pacific Oncorhynchus salmonid kin , steelhead are iteroparous ( able to spawn several times , each time separated by months ) and make several spawning trips between fresh and salt water , although fewer than 10 percent of native spawning adults survive from one spawning to another . The survival rate for introduced populations in the Great Lakes is as high as 70 percent . As young steelhead transition from freshwater to saltwater , a process called " smoltification " occurs where the trout undergoes physiological changes to allow it to survive in sea water . There are genetic differences between freshwater and steelhead populations that may account for the smoltification in steelheads . Juvenile steelhead may remain in the river for one to three years before smolting and migrating to sea . Individual steelhead populations leave the ocean and migrate into their freshwater spawning tributaries at different times of the year . Two general forms exist — " summer @-@ run steelhead " and " winter @-@ run steelhead " . Summer @-@ run fish leave the ocean between May and October , before their reproductive organs are fully mature . They mature in fresh water while en route to spawning grounds where they spawn in the spring . Summer @-@ run fish generally spawn in longer , more inland rivers such as the Columbia River . Winter @-@ run fish are ready to spawn when they leave the ocean , typically between November and April , and spawn shortly after returning to fresh water . Winter @-@ run fish generally spawn in shorter , coastal rivers typically found along the Olympic Peninsula and British Columbia coastline , and summer @-@ run fish are found in some shorter , coastal streams . Once steelhead enter riverine systems and reach suitable spawning grounds , they spawn just like resident freshwater rainbow trout . = = Feeding = = Rainbow trout are predators with a varied diet and will eat nearly anything they can capture . They are not as piscivorous or aggressive as brown trout or chars . Rainbow trout , including juvenile steelhead in fresh water , routinely feed on larval , pupal and adult forms of aquatic insects ( typically caddisflies , stoneflies , mayflies and aquatic diptera ) . They also eat fish eggs and adult forms of terrestrial insects ( typically ants , beetles , grasshoppers and crickets ) that fall into the water . Other prey include small fish up to one @-@ third of their length , crayfish , shrimp , and other crustaceans . As rainbow trout grow , the proportion of fish consumed increases in most populations . Some lake @-@ dwelling forms may become planktonic feeders . In rivers and streams populated with other salmonid species , rainbow trout eat varied fish eggs , including those of salmon , brown and cutthroat trout , mountain whitefish and the eggs of other rainbow trout . Rainbows also consume decomposing flesh from carcasses of other fish . Adult steelhead in the ocean feed primarily on other fish , squid and amphipods . = = Range = = The native range of Oncorhynchus mykiss is in the coastal waters and tributary streams of the Pacific basin , from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia , east along the Aleutian Islands , throughout southwest Alaska , the Pacific coast of British Columbia and southeast Alaska , and south along the west coast of the U.S. to northern Mexico . It is claimed that the Mexican forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss represent the southernmost native range of any trout or salmon ( Salmonidae ) , though the Formosan landlocked salmon ( O. masou formosanus ) in Asia inhabits a similar latitude . The range of coastal rainbow trout ( O. m. irideus ) extends north from the Pacific basin into tributaries of the Bering Sea in northwest Alaska , while forms of the Columbia River redband trout ( O. m. gairdneri ) extend east into the upper Mackenzie River and Peace River watersheds in British Columbia and Alberta , Canada , which eventually drain into the Beaufort Sea , part of the Arctic Ocean . Since 1875 , the rainbow trout has been widely introduced into suitable lacustrine and riverine environments throughout the United States and around the world . Many of these introductions have established wild , self @-@ sustaining populations . = = Artificial propagation = = Since 1870 , rainbow trout have been artificially propagated in fish hatcheries to restock streams and to introduce them into non @-@ native waters . The first rainbow trout hatchery was established on San Leandro Creek , a tributary of San Francisco Bay , in 1870 , and trout production began in 1871 . The hatchery was stocked with the locally native rainbow trout , and likely steelhead of the coastal rainbow trout subspecies ( O. m. irideus ) . The fish raised in this hatchery were shipped to hatcheries out of state for the first time in 1875 , to Caledonia , New York , and then in 1876 to Northville , Michigan . In 1877 , another California rainbow trout hatchery , the first federal fish hatchery in the National Fish Hatchery System , was established on Campbell Creek , a McCloud River tributary . The McCloud River hatchery indiscriminately mixed coastal rainbow trout eggs with the eggs of local McCloud River redband trout ( O. m. stonei ) . Eggs from the McCloud hatchery were also provided to the San Leandro hatchery , thus making the origin and genetic history of hatchery @-@ bred rainbow trout somewhat diverse and complex . In the U.S. , there are hundreds of hatcheries operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and various state agencies and tribal governments propagating rainbow trout for conservation and recreational sport fishing . Six of ten Canadian provinces have rainbow trout farms , with Ontario leading production . = = = Aquaculture = = = Rainbow trout are commercially farmed in many countries throughout the world . The practice began in the late 19th century , and since the 1950s commercial production has grown dramatically . Worldwide , in 2007 , 604 @,@ 695 tonnes ( 595 @,@ 145 long tons ; 666 @,@ 562 short tons ) of farmed rainbow trout were harvested with a value of about US $ 2 @.@ 6 billion . The largest producer is Chile . In Chile and Norway , sea cage production of steelhead has expanded to supply export markets . Inland production of rainbow trout to supply domestic markets has increased in countries such as Italy , France , Germany , Denmark and Spain . Other significant trout @-@ producing countries include the U.S. , Iran , the United Kingdom , and Lesotho . While the U.S. rainbow trout industry as a whole is viewed as ecologically responsible , trout raised elsewhere are not necessarily farmed with the same methods . About three @-@ quarters of U.S. production comes from Idaho , particularly the Snake River area , due in part to the quality and temperature of the water available there . California and Washington also produce significant amounts of farmed trout . In the east , Pennsylvania , North Carolina and West Virginia have farming operations . Rainbow trout farming is one of the largest finfish aquaculture industries in the U.S. They are raised inland in facilities where raceways or ponds have continuously flowing water with little pollution and a low risk of escape . The U.S. industry is noted for using best management practices . Imports constitute only about 15 percent of farmed rainbows sold in the U.S. , and nearly all domestic production is consumed within the country ; very little is exported . The U.S. produces about 7 percent of the world 's farmed trout . Rainbow trout , especially those raised in farms and hatcheries , are susceptible to enteric redmouth disease . A considerable amount of research has been conducted on redmouth disease , given its serious implications for rainbow trout farming . The disease does not infect humans . = = Conservation = = Populations of many rainbow trout subspecies , including anadromous forms ( steelhead ) of O. m. irideus ( coastal rainbow trout ) and O. m. gairdneri ( Columbia River redband trout ) have declined in their native ranges due to over @-@ harvest , habitat loss , disease , invasive species , pollution and hybridization with other subspecies , and some introduced populations , once healthy , have declined for the same reasons . As a consequence , some rainbow populations , particularly anadromous forms within their native range , have been classified as endangered , threatened or species of special concern by federal or state agencies . Rainbow trout , and subspecies thereof , are currently a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency @-@ approved indicator species for acute fresh water toxicity testing . Many non @-@ profit organizations have formed to protect , conserve and restore native rainbow trout and steelhead populations . Generally , in partnership with various universities , state , federal and tribal agencies and private interests , these organizations sponsor projects to restore habitat , prevent habitat loss and promote awareness of threats to native trout populations . Trout Unlimited ( TU ) is a non @-@ profit organization dedicated to the conservation of North American freshwater streams , rivers , and associated upland habitats for trout , salmon , other aquatic species and people . A typical TU project is the Circle Creek Fish Passage Project , in which access to a spawning stream is being improved for steelhead and other salmonid species . The Wild Salmon Center , an international coalition of Russian , Canadian and U.S. scientists , sponsors the Kamchatka Steelhead Project , a 20 @-@ year ( 1994 – 2014 ) scientific program to study and conserve the present condition of Kamchatkan steelhead ( " mikizha " ) , a species listed in the Red Data Book of Russia . Other high @-@ profile organizations involved in rainbow trout conservation include California Trout , which protects wild trout and other salmonids in the waters of California . The Steelhead Society of British Columbia promotes the wellbeing of wild salmonids in British Columbia . In 1997 , a group of approximately 40 ichthyologists , biologists and naturalists from several U.S. and Mexican institutions formed a collaborative group — Truchas Mexicanas — to study the diversity of Mexican native trout , most of which are considered subspecies of O. mykiss . = = = Hybridization and habitat loss = = = Rainbow trout , primarily hatchery @-@ raised fish of the coastal rainbow trout subspecies ( O. m. irideus ) introduced into waters inhabited with cutthroat trout , will breed with cutthroats and produce fertile hybrids called cutbows . In the case of the westslope cutthroat trout ( O. clarki lewisi ) , hybridization with introduced rainbow and Yellowstone cutthroat trout ( O. clarki bouvieri ) is threatening the westslope cutthroat trout with genomic extinction . Such introductions into the ranges of redband trout ( O. m. gairdneri , newberrii , and stonei ) have severely reduced the range of pure stocks of these subspecies , making them " species of concern " in their respective ranges . Within the range of the Kern River golden trout of Southern California , hatchery @-@ bred rainbows introduced into the Kern River have diluted the genetic purity of the Kern River rainbow trout ( O. m. gilberti ) and golden trout ( O. m. aguabonita ) through intraspecific breeding . The Beardslee trout , ( O. m. irideus var. beardsleei ) , a genetically unique lake @-@ dwelling variety of the coastal rainbow trout that is isolated in Lake Crescent ( Washington ) , is threatened by the loss of its only spawning grounds in the Lyre River to siltation and other types of habitat degradation . = = = Invasive species and disease = = = Whirling disease Myxobolus cerebralis is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids ( salmon , trout , and their allies ) that causes whirling disease in farmed salmon and trout and also in wild fish populations . It was first described in rainbow trout in Germany a century ago , but its range has spread and it has appeared in most of Europe , northern Asia , the U.S. , South Africa and other countries . In the 1980s , M. cerebralis was found to require Tubifex tubifex ( a kind of segmented worm ) to complete its life cycle . The parasite infects its hosts with its cells after piercing them with polar filaments ejected from nematocyst @-@ like capsules . This parasite was originally a mild pathogen of brown trout in central Europe and other salmonids in northeast Asia , and the spread of the rainbow trout has greatly increased its impact . Having no innate immunity to M. cerebralis , rainbow trout are particularly susceptible , and can release so many spores that even more resistant species in the same area , such as Salmo trutta , can become overloaded with parasites and incur mortalities of 80 to 90 percent . Where M. cerebralis has become well @-@ established , it has caused decline or even elimination of whole cohorts of fish . The parasite M. cerebralis was first recorded in North America in 1956 in Pennsylvania , but until the 1990s whirling disease was considered a manageable problem only affecting rainbow trout in hatcheries . It eventually became established in natural waters of the Rocky Mountain states ( Colorado , Wyoming , Utah , Montana , Idaho , New Mexico ) , where it is damaging several sport fishing rivers . Some streams in the western U.S. lost 90 percent of their trout . Whirling disease threatens recreational fishing , which is important for the tourism industry , a key component of the economies of some U.S. western states . For example , in 2005 anglers in Montana spent approximately $ 196 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in activities directly related to trout fishing in the state . Some of the salmonids that M. cerebralis infects ( bull trout , cutthroat trout , and anadromous forms of rainbow trout — steelhead ) are already threatened or endangered , and the parasite could worsen their population decline . New Zealand mud snail The New Zealand mud snail ( Potamopyrgus antipodarum ) , once endemic to New Zealand , has spread widely and has become naturalised and an invasive species in many areas including : Australia , Tasmania , Asia ( Japan ) , in the Garmat Ali River in Iraq since 2008 ) , Europe ( since 1859 in England ) , and North America ( U.S. and Canada : Thunder Bay in Ontario since 2001 , British Columbia since July 2007 ) , most likely inadvertently during human activity . It can reach concentrations greater than 500 @,@ 000 per m ² , endangering the food chain by outcompeting native snails and water insects for food , leading to sharp declines in native populations . There is evidence North American fishes are unable to digest the tiny but hard shells of the mud snail , and that their presence may result in poor growth outcomes for rainbow trout . The mud snail was first detected in the U.S. in Idaho 's Snake River in 1987 . Since then , the snail has spread to the Madison River , Firehole River , and other watercourses around Yellowstone National Park , and has been discovered throughout the western U.S. The exact means of transmission is unknown , but it is likely that it was introduced in water transferred with live game fish and has been spread by ship ballast or contaminated recreational equipment such as wading gear . Didymo Didymosphenia geminata , commonly known as didymo or rock snot , is a species of diatom that produces nuisance growths in freshwater rivers and streams with consistently cold water temperatures . In New Zealand , invasive didymo can form large mats on the bottom of rivers and streams in late winter . It is not considered a significant human health risk , but it can affect stream habitats and sources of food for fish , including rainbow trout , and make recreational activities unpleasant . Even though it is native in North America , it is considered a nuisance organism or invasive species . Redmouth disease Enteric redmouth disease is a bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fish caused by the pathogen Yersinia ruckeri . It is primarily found in rainbow trout and other cultured salmonids . The disease is characterized by subcutaneous hemorrhaging of the mouth , fins , and eyes . It is most commonly seen in fish farms with poor water quality . Redmouth disease was first discovered in Idaho rainbow trout in the 1950s . = = = Removal Methods = = = Some fisheries are focused on removing rainbow trout in order to reestablish native trout populations . This can be done by poisoning rivers with chemicals such as antimycin or rotenone which have been declared safe in the USA by the Environmental Protection Agency . Once the chemicals have dissipated native trout are released into the river . Another method is to use electrofishing which enable the fish to be caught alive and harvested or re @-@ located . This technique has been used in the Great Smokey Mountains National Park to rid it of rainbow trout that were introduced in the 1930s and have thrived ever since . They are hoping to re @-@ establish native brook trout in at least some of the 2100 @-@ mile river system . Neither method of control is 100 % effective and are best regarded as methods to change the relative population sizes of fish species . = = = Steelhead declines = = = Steelhead populations in parts of its native range have declined due to a variety of human and natural causes . While populations in Alaska and along the British Columbia coast are considered healthy , populations in Kamchatka and some populations along the U.S. west coast are in decline . The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service has 15 identified distinct population segments ( DPS ) s , in Washington , Oregon , and California . Eleven of these DPSs are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act , ten as threatened and one as endangered . One DPS on the Oregon Coast is designated a U.S. Species of Concern . The Southern California DPS , which was listed as endangered in 2011 , has been affected by habitat loss due to dams , confinement of streams in concrete channels , water pollution , groundwater pumping , urban heat island effects , and other byproducts of urbanization . Steelhead in the Kamchatka Peninsula are threatened by over @-@ harvest , particularly from poaching and potential development , and are listed in the Red Data Book of Russia that documents rare and endangered species . = = = = Hatchery stocking influence = = = = Several studies have shown that almost all California coastal steelhead are of native origin , despite over a century of hatchery stocking . Genetic analysis shows that the South Central California Coast DPS and Southern California DPS from Malibu Creek north , and including the San Gabriel River , Santa Ana River and San Mateo Creek , are not hatchery strains . Steelhead from Topanga Creek and the Sweetwater River were partly , and those from San Juan Creek completely , of hatchery origin . Genetic analysis has also shown that the steelhead in the streams of the Santa Clara County and Monterey Bay basins are not of hatchery origin , including the Coyote Creek , Guadalupe River , Pajaro River , Permanente Creek , Stevens Creek , San Francisquito Creek , San Lorenzo River , and San Tomas Aquino Creek basins . Natural waterfalls and two major dams have isolated Russian River steelhead from freshwater rainbow trout forms above the impassable barriers ; a 2007 genetic study of fin samples collected from steelhead at 20 different sites both above and below passage barriers in the watershed found that although 30 million hatchery trout were stocked in the river from 1911 to 1925 , the steelhead remain of native and not hatchery origin . Releases of conventionally reared hatchery steelhead pose ecological risks to wild steelhead populations . Hatchery steelhead are typically larger than the wild forms and can displace wild @-@ form juveniles from optimal habitats . Dominance of hatchery steelhead for optimal microhabitats within streams may reduce wild steelhead survival as a result of reduced foraging opportunity and increased rates of predation . = = Uses = = = = = Fishing = = = Rainbow trout and steelhead are highly regarded game fish . Rainbow trout are a popular target for fly fishers , and several angling methods are used . The use of lures presented via spinning , casting or trolling techniques is common . Rainbow trout can also be caught on various live and dead natural baits . The International Game Fish Association recognizes the world record for rainbow trout as a fish caught on Saskatchewan 's Lake Diefenbaker by Sean Konrad on September 5 , 2009 . The fish weighed 48 lb ( 22 kg ) and was a genetically modified hatchery escapee . Many anglers consider the rainbow trout the hardest @-@ fighting trout species , as this fish is known for leaping when hooked and putting up a powerful struggle . It is considered one of the top five sport fish in North America and the most important game fish west of the Rocky Mountains . There are tribal commercial fisheries for steelhead in Puget Sound , the Washington coast and in the Columbia River , but there has been controversy regarding over @-@ harvesting of native stocks . The highly desirable sporting qualities and adaptability of the rainbow trout to hatchery rearing and new habitats resulted in it being introduced to many countries around the world by or at the behest of sport fishermen . Many of these introductions have resulted in environmental and ecological problems , as the introduced rainbow trout disrupt local ecosystems and outcompete or eat indigenous fishes . Other introductions to support sport angling in waters either devoid of fish or with seriously depleted native stocks have created world @-@ class fisheries such as in the Firehole River in Yellowstone National Park , and in the Great Lakes . = = = As food = = = Rainbow trout is popular in Western cuisine ; both wild @-@ caught and farmed fish are eaten . It has tender flesh and a mild , somewhat nutty flavor . Wild fish has a stronger , gamier taste than farmed fish . While the taste of wild @-@ caught trout is often promoted as superior , it is illegal to sell or market wild @-@ caught rainbow trout , which are legally classified as game fish , in the United States . Thus , rainbow trout and " steelhead " sold in American restaurants is farmed . Farmed rainbow are considered one of the safest fish to eat and are noted for high levels of vitamin B and a generally appealing flavor . Seafood Watch ranks farmed rainbow as a " Best Choice " fish for human consumption . The color and flavor of the flesh depends on the diet and freshness of the trout . Farmed trout and some populations of wild trout , especially anadromous steelhead , have reddish or orange flesh as a result of high astaxanthin levels in their diets . Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that may be from a natural source or a synthetic trout feed . Rainbow trout raised to have pinker flesh from a diet high in astaxanthin are sometimes sold in the U.S. with labeling calling them " steelhead " . As wild steelhead are in decline in some parts of their range , farmed rainbow are viewed as a preferred alternative . In Chile and Norway , rainbow trout farmed in saltwater sea cages are sold labeled as steelhead . Trout can be cooked as soon as they are cleaned , without scaling , skinning or filleting . If cooked with the skin on , the meat tends to hold together better . While trout sold commercially in Europe is often prepared and served this way , most trout sold commercially in the U.S. have had heads removed and have been fully or partially deboned and filleted . Medium to heavy bodied white wines , such as chardonnay , sauvignon blanc or pinot gris are typical wine pairings for trout . = O Canada = " O Canada " ( French : Ô Canada ) is the national anthem of Canada . The song was originally commissioned by Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Théodore Robitaille for the 1880 Saint @-@ Jean @-@ Baptiste Day ceremony ; Calixa Lavallée composed the music , after which words were written by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe @-@ Basile Routhier . The lyrics were originally in French and an English version was created in 1906 . Robert Stanley Weir wrote in 1908 another English version , which is the official and most popular version , one that is not a literal translation of the French . Weir 's lyrics have been revised twice , taking their present form in 1980 , but the French lyrics remain unaltered . " O Canada " had served as a de facto national anthem since 1939 , officially becoming Canada 's national anthem in 1980 when the Act of Parliament making it so received Royal Assent and became effective on July 1 as part of that year 's Dominion Day celebrations . = = Official lyrics = = The Crown @-@ in @-@ Council established set lyrics for " O Canada " in Canada 's two official languages , English and French . The lyrics are as follows : Official bilingual version O Canada ! Our home and native land ! True patriot love in all thy sons command . Car ton bras sait porter l 'épée , Il sait porter la croix ! Ton histoire est une épopée Des plus brillants exploits . God keep our land glorious and free ! O Canada , we stand on guard for thee . O Canada , we stand on guard for thee . It has been noted that the opening theme of " O Canada " bears a strong resemblance to the " March of the Priests " from the opera The Magic Flute , composed in 1791 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . The line " The True North strong and free " is based on the Lord Tennyson 's description of Canada as " that true North , whereof we lately heard / A strain to shame us " . In the context of Tennyson 's poem To the Queen , the word true means " loyal " or " faithful " . The lyrics and melody of " O Canada " are both in the public domain , a status unaffected by the trademarking of the phrases " with glowing hearts " and " des plus brillants exploits " for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Two provinces have adopted Latin translations of phrases from the English lyrics as their mottos : Manitoba — Gloriosus et Liber ( Glorious and Free ) — and Alberta — Fortis et Liber ( Strong and Free ) . Similarly , the Canadian Army 's motto is Vigilamus pro te ( we stand on guard for thee ) . = = = Lyric changes = = = Weir 's original lyrics from 1908 contained no religious references and used the phrase " thou dost in us command " before they were changed by Weir in 1914 to read " in all thy sons command " . In 1926 , a fourth verse of a religious nature was added . In June 1990 , Toronto City Council voted 12 to 7 in favour of recommending to the Canadian government that the phrase " our home and native land " be changed to " our home and cherished land " and that " in all thy sons command " be partly reverted to " in all of us command . " Councillor Howard Moscoe said that the words native land were not appropriate for the many Canadians who were not native @-@ born and that the word sons implied " that women can 't feel true patriotism or love for Canada . " Senator Vivienne Poy similarly criticized the English lyrics of the anthem as being sexist and she introduced a bill in 2002 proposing to change the phrase " in all thy sons command " to " in all of us command . " In the late 2000s , the anthem 's religious references ( to God in English and to the Christian cross in French ) were criticized by secularists . In the Throne Speech delivered by Governor General Michaëlle Jean on March 3 , 2010 , a plan to have parliament review the " original gender @-@ neutral wording of the national anthem " was announced . However , three @-@ quarters of Canadians polled after the speech objected to the proposal and , two days later , the prime minister 's office announced that the Cabinet had decided not to restore the original lyrics . In May 2016 , Liberal MP Mauril Bélanger introduced a private member 's Bill C @-@ 210 to change two words in " O Canada " . These proposed changes are said to make the anthem more gender @-@ neutral by changing the words " thy sons " to " of us " . In June 2016 , the bill passed its third reading with a vote of 225 to 74 in the House of Commons . = = History = = The original French lyrics of " O Canada " were written by Sir Adolphe @-@ Basile Routhier , to music composed by Calixa Lavallée , as a French Canadian patriotic song for the Saint @-@ Jean @-@ Baptiste Society and first performed on June 24 , 1880 , at a Saint @-@ Jean @-@ Baptiste Day banquet in Quebec City . At that time , the " Chant National " , also by Routhier , was popular amongst Francophones as an anthem , while " God Save the Queen " and " The Maple Leaf Forever " had , since 1867 , been competing as unofficial national anthems in English Canada . " O Canada " joined that fray when a group of school children sang it for the 1901 tour of Canada by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) . Five years later , the Whaley and Royce company in Toronto , Ontario , published the music with the French text and a first translation into English by Thomas Bedford Richardson and , in 1908 , Collier 's Weekly magazine held a competition to write new English lyrics for " O Canada " . The competition was won by Mercy E. Powell McCulloch , but her version never gained wide acceptance . In fact , many made English translations of Routhier 's words ; however , the most popular version was created in 1908 by Robert Stanley Weir , a lawyer and Recorder of the City of Montreal . A slightly modified version was officially published for the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation in 1927 , and gradually it became the most widely accepted and performed version of this song . The tune was thought to have become the de facto national anthem after King George VI remained at attention during its playing at the dedication of the National War Memorial in Ottawa , Ontario , on May 21 , 1939 ; though George was actually following a precedent set by his brother , Edward , the previous king of Canada , when he dedicated the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France in 1936 . Still , by @-@ laws and practices governing the use of song during public events in municipalities varied ; in Toronto , " God Save the Queen " was employed , while in Montreal it was " O Canada " . Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson in 1964 said one song would have to be chosen as the country 's national anthem and the government resolved to form a joint committee to review the status of the two musical works . The next year , Pearson put to the House of Commons a motion that " the government be authorized to take such steps as may be necessary to provide that ' O Canada ' shall be the National Anthem of Canada while ' God Save the Queen ' shall be the Royal Anthem of Canada , " of which parliament approved . In 1967 , the Prime Minister advised Governor General Georges Vanier to appoint the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on the National and Royal Anthems ; the group first met in February and , within two months , on April 12 , 1967 , presented its conclusion that " O Canada " should be designated as the national anthem and " God Save the Queen " as the Royal Anthem of Canada , one verse from each , in both official languages , to be adopted by parliament . The group was then charged with establishing official lyrics for each song . For " O Canada " , the Robert Stanley Weir version of 1908 was recommended , with a few minor changes , for the English words ; two of the " stand on guard " phrases were replaced with " from far and wide " and " God keep our land . " Still , it was not until 1970 that the Queen of Canada purchased the right to the lyrics and music of " O Canada " and 1980 before the song finally became the official national anthem via the National Anthem Act . The act established a religious reference to the English lyrics and the phrase " From far and wide , O Canada " to replace one of the repetitions of the phrase " We stand on guard . " This change was controversial with traditionalists and , for several years afterwards , it was not uncommon to hear people still singing the old lyrics at public events . In contrast , the French version has never been changed from its original . Gordon V. Thompson Music , Toronto , held the publishing copyright to the English words of the song " O Canada " . Thompson sold that copyright to the Government of Canada for $ 1 , stating : " At a certain point , a song belongs to the people . " = = = The second and third stanzas : Historical refrain = = = Below are some slightly different versions of the second and third stanzas and the chorus , plus an additional fourth stanza , but these are rarely sung . O Canada ! Where pines and maples grow . Great prairies spread and lordly rivers flow . How dear to us thy broad domain , From East to Western sea . Thou land of hope for all who toil ! Thou True North , strong and free ! Chorus : God keep our land glorious and free ! O Canada , we stand on guard for thee . O Canada , we stand on guard for thee . O Canada ! Beneath thy shining skies May stalwart sons , and gentle maidens rise , To keep thee steadfast through the years From East to Western sea . Our own beloved native land ! Our True North , strong and free ! Chorus Ruler supreme , who hearest humble prayer , Hold our Dominion in thy loving care ; Help us to find , O God , in thee A lasting , rich reward , As waiting for the better Day , We ever stand on guard . Chorus = = = Original French version = = = The first verse is the same . The other verses follow . = = Performances = = " O Canada " is routinely played before sporting events involving Canadian teams . Singers at such public events often mix the English and French lyrics to represent Canada 's linguistic duality . Other linguistic variations have also been performed : During the opening ceremonies of the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , " O Canada " was sung in the southern Tutchone language by Yukon native Daniel Tlen . At a National Hockey League ( NHL ) game in Calgary in February , 2007 , Cree singer Akina Shirt became the first person ever to perform " O Canada " in the Cree language at such an event . Major League Baseball , Major League Soccer , the National Basketball Association , and the NHL all require venues to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries , with the away team 's anthem being performed first , followed by the host country . One American NHL team , the Buffalo Sabres , goes a step further and performs both anthems before every game as a nod to Buffalo 's location near the Canadian border and the team 's substantial number of Canadian fans . Major League Baseball teams have played the song at games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the former Montreal Expos , and National Basketball Association teams do so for games involving the Toronto Raptors , and previously , the Vancouver Grizzlies . Major League Soccer has the anthem performed at league and Amway Canadian Championship matches involving Toronto FC , Montreal Impact , and Vancouver Whitecaps FC . = = Laws and etiquette = = The National Anthem Act specifies the lyrics and melody of " O Canada " , placing both of them in the public domain , allowing the anthem to be freely reproduced or used as a base for derived works , including musical arrangements . There are no regulations governing the performance of " O Canada " , leaving citizens to exercise their best judgment . When it is performed at an event , traditional etiquette is to either start or end the ceremonies with the anthem , including situations when other anthems are played , and for the audience to stand during the performance . Civilian men usually remove their hats , while women and children are not required to do so . Military men and women in uniform traditionally keep their hats on and offer the military salute during the performance of the anthem , with the salute offered in the direction of the Maple Leaf Flag if one is present , and if not present it is offered standing at attention . = = Adaptations = = " O Canada " ' s melody , in the 1950s , was adapted to serve as the school anthem for the Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines , titled " A Song for Mary " or simply " The Ateneo de Manila Graduation Hymn " . The lyrics were written by Rf . James B. Reuter , and the melody was adapted by Col. Jose Campaña . At the 2016 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , The Tenors performed " O Canada " , during which one of the group , Remigio Pereira , held up a sign reading " All Lives Matter " while singing " We 're all brothers and sisters , all lives matter to the great " in place of " With glowing hearts we see thee rise , the True North strong and free " . = Ian O 'Brien = Ian Lovett O 'Brien ( born 3 March 1947 ) is an Australian breaststroke swimmer of the 1960s , who won the 200 metre breaststroke at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo in world record time . He won five Commonwealth Games gold medals and claimed a total of nine individual and six relay titles at the Australian Championships , before retiring at the age of 21 due to financial pressures . After showing promise at an early age , O 'Brien was sent to Sydney to train under renowned coach Forbes Carlile and his breaststroke assistant Terry Gathercole . He competed in his first national championships in 1962 at the age of 15 , winning the 220 yard breaststroke to gain selection for the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth , Western Australia , where he won both the 110 and 220 yd ( 200 m ) breaststroke and the 4 × 110 yd medley relay . He won both breaststroke events at the 1963 Australian Championships , repeating the feat for the next three years . In 1964 , O 'Brien went to the Tokyo Olympics and came from third at the 150 m mark to win the gold medal . He added a bronze in the medley relay . O 'Brien successfully defended both his breaststroke titles at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston , Jamaica , before retiring to support his family . Swimming officials persuaded him to make a comeback for the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , as Australia did not have a breaststroker , and after a crash diet , came sixth in the 100 m event but failed to reach the final in the 200 m event . He then retired and went into the television industry . = = Early years = = O 'Brien grew up in the rural town of Wellington , 360 kilometres ( 225 miles ) from Sydney . Neither of his parents were skilled swimmers . His father Roy knew only one swimming stroke — the breaststroke — and his mother Thelma did not take her first swimming lesson until she was 55 . O 'Brien 's sister Ann was a talented swimmer in her childhood years , but she preferred horseback riding . The local pool was an old @-@ style facility that had no pump system and was only manually drained once a week . Aged four , O 'Brien got his first swimming lessons from the local Learn to Swim program . There were not many non @-@ sporting activities for children in Wellington , and O 'Brien played basketball and rugby league , did athletics , swimming and rode horses . In 1954 , a chlorinated pool was built in the town , leading to the formation of Wellington Swimming Club . At the age of 10 , he began competitive swimming under local coach Bert Eslick , and raced in regional country swimming carnivals at Dubbo , Bathurst and Orange . After winning all the breaststroke events at the country championships , O 'Brien was taken by his father to the Ryde pool in Sydney in 1960 , to be coached by Forbes Carlile and his assistant , retired world record @-@ breaking breaststroker Terry Gathercole . Carlile was regarded as the leading swimming coach in Australia at the time . At age 13 , O 'Brien was already a large teenager , weighing in at 82 @.@ 6 kg . He only trained with Gathercole during holidays , when his father could take him to Sydney ; Jim Wilkins , a Catholic priest in Bathurst , supervised him according to Gathercole 's program while he was in the countryside . Within a year , O 'Brien rose from being a country carnival champion to a national @-@ level athlete , despite the death of his father in the same year . = = International debut = = In 1962 , O 'Brien gained selection for the Australian swimming team at the age of 15 when he won the 220 yard ( yd ) breaststroke at his first Australian Championships in the time of 2 minutes ( min ) 41 @.@ 8 seconds ( s ) . He added a second gold as part of the New South Wales team that won the 4 × 100 m medley relay in a time of 4 min 18 @.@ 3 s . His performances gained him selection for the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth . At his first international competition , he won gold in each of his three events . He competed in the 110 yd ( 100 m ) and 220 yd ( 200 m ) breaststroke , defeating fellow Australian William Burton in both events with times of 1 min 11.4s and 2 min 38 @.@ 1 s , respectively . He then completed his campaign with a victory in the 4 × 110 yd medley relay , combining with Julian Carroll , Kevin Berry and David Dickson to complete the race in a time of 4 min 12 @.@ 4 s . In 1963 , O 'Brien captured the breaststroke double at the Australian Championships , setting personal bests in both events , and was a member of the New South Wales team that won the medley relay . His performances earned him selection for an overseas tour to Europe with the Australian team , competing in the Soviet Union , Germany and England , before visiting Japan and Hong Kong . O 'Brien defended his breaststroke double at the 1964 Australian Championships , lowering his times to 1 min 8 @.@ 1 s and 2 min 32 @.@ 6 s for the 100 metres ( m ) and 200 m breaststroke respectively . He capped off his campaign as well as a third consecutive medley relay triumph for New South Wales . Within a year , he had reduced his times in the two events by more than 3 % . As O 'Brien was widely regarded as Australia 's best breaststroker , he was selected for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . O 'Brien joined the rest of the team for the national camp before the Olympics in Ayr in northern Queensland , where he trained under head coach Don Talbot . O 'Brien described Talbot as a " slavedriver " , but felt that the experience was invaluable . = = Olympic gold = = Arriving in Tokyo , O 'Brien was nominated in the 200 m event and the medley relay ; the 100 m event was yet to be included in the Olympic program . The favourites for the 200 m breaststroke were Chet Jastremski of the United States — the world record holder — and Georgy Prokopenko of the Soviet Union . Gathercole had modelled O 'Brien 's technique on that of Jastremski , attempting to refine and smoothen it . Years after O 'Brien retired , Harry Gallagher said that " Ian O 'Brien has an almost faultless style and is a great example for Australian youngsters to copy " . O 'Brien was known for the strength that his torso generated , and his powerful kicks ; sports science experiments showed that his vertical jump was especially strong . O 'Brien was also known for his efficient start . He often gained a lead of approximately a metre from his dive and underwater glide at the start , and was able to complete 50 m in 31 @.@ 0 s . During the final training sessions in Tokyo , Talbot organised time trials for the Australians , which were held in front of opposition swimmers in an attempt to intimidate them . O 'Brien posted a time of 2 min 33 s , which Talbot felt had a negative psychological effect on O 'Brien 's opponents . When competition started , O 'Brien swam an Olympic record to win the first heat by 2 @.@ 0 s . He posted a time of 2 min 31 @.@ 4 s , reducing the previous Olympic mark by 5 @.@ 8 s , an indication of how much the world record had fallen in the preceding four years . However , in the next heat , Egon Henninger of Germany immediately lowered the mark , and by the end of the heats , O 'Brien was the fourth fastest qualifier for the semifinals , with both Prokopenko and Jastremski posting faster times . O 'Brien lowered Henninger 's Olympic record by winning the second semifinal in a time of 2 min 28 @.@ 7 s , after Jastremski had won the first semifinal in a time that was 3 @.@ 4 s slower than O 'Brien . This made O 'Brien the fastest qualifier for the final , with a time that was 1 @.@ 0 s faster than the next qualifier Prokopenko , who came second to him in the second semifinal . O 'Brien planned to swim the race at an even pace and record even splits for the first and second half of the race . He was mindful of not chasing Jastremski , who was known for an aggressive opening style , which resulted in a faster first half . In the final , Jastremski attacked from the outset as expected , while O 'Brien raced with a characteristically even pace . After being fourth at the halfway mark behind Jastremski , Prokopenko and Henninger , O 'Brien panicked and accelerated in the third 50 m and overtook Jastremski , leaving the American in fourth place . He then moved past Henninger , before overtaking Prokopenko . O 'Brien 's acceleration in the third meant that he tired at the end , but he had enough energy to fend off Prokopenko in the late stages to win the gold medal in a new world record time of 2 min 27 @.@ 8 s , a margin of 0 @.@ 4 s , with Jastremski a further 1 @.@ 4 s in arrears . O 'Brien had reduced his personal best time by more than four seconds during the Olympics to claim an upset win . The Australian coaches rested O 'Brien for the heats of the 4 × 100 m medley relay ; Peter Tonkin swam the breaststroke leg instead . It turned out to be a close call for the Australians , as they finished fourth in their heat and qualified seventh fastest , only 1 @.@ 2 s from elimination . In the final , O 'Brien was brought into the team to combine with Peter Reynolds , Berry and Dickson . At the end of Reynolds ' backstroke leg , Australia were sixth , 3 @.@ 4 s behind the American leaders . O 'Brien dived in and completed his leg in 1 min 7 @.@ 8 s , a breaststroke split bettered by only Henninger and Prokopenko . This pulled Australia up to fourth position , 1 @.@ 7 s in arrears of the Americans at the halfway mark . Australia progressed further to finish third behind the United States and Germany in a time of 4 min 2 @.@ 3 s , missing the silver by 0 @.@ 7 s . = = Later career = = O 'Brien completed a hat @-@ trick of breaststroke doubles at the 1965 Australian Championships , but in a year with no international competition , he swam much slower times of 1 min 11 @.@ 1 s and 2 min 38 @.@ 6 s respectively . He completed a fourth consecutive medley relay win with New South Wales . At the 1966 Australian Championships , his times were again slower , at 1 min 11 @.@ 8 s and 2 min 41 @.@ 6 s respectively , more than 4 % slower than his personal bests , but it was still enough to retain his titles and qualify for the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston , Jamaica . Critics had written him off , because just six weeks before the competition , he was 16 kg overweight . However , he returned to his peak form by the time the team reached Jamaica , where he won both breaststroke events with times of 1 min 8 @.@ 2 s and 2 min 29 @.@ 3 s respectively . His winning run in the 4 × 100 m medley relay came to an end when the Australians were disqualified for an illegal changeover . In 1967 , O 'Brien skipped the Australian Championships because he had no sponsorship and ran out of money , forcing him to seek full @-@ time work . In 1968 , despite Graham Edwards winning the National 200 m breaststroke title , the Australian Swimming Union persuaded an overweight O 'Brien to make a comeback in 1968 on the grounds that Australia did not have a quality breaststroker for the Olympics . Undergoing a crash diet and fitness program , O 'Brien lost 12 @.@ 7 kg in twelve weeks of intense training . O 'Brien was unable to reclaim either of his individual Australian titles , but New South Wales again won the medley relay . Nevertheless , he was selected for his second Olympics . At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , O 'Brien placed second in his heat of the 200 m breaststroke in a time of 2 min 36 @.@ 8 s , which placed him 13th . He was eliminated , having been 2 @.@ 9 s slower than the last @-@ placed qualifier for the final . The eventual winner posted a time 0 @.@ 9 s slower than that of O 'Brien four years earlier . O 'Brien did better in the newly introduced 100 m event , winning his heat in a time of 1 min 8 @.@ 9 s to qualify second @-@ fastest for the semifinals . O 'Brien scraped into the final after coming second in his semifinal in a time of 1 min 9 @.@ 0 s . It was the barest of margins ; O 'Brien was the slowest qualifier and could not be electronically separated from the ninth @-@ fastest semifinalist , with judges being used to decide the placings . O 'Brien went on to finish sixth in a time of 1 min 8 @.@ 6 s . O 'Brien narrowly missed a medal in the 4 × 100 m medley relay . Along with Michael Wenden , Robert Cusack and Karl Byrom , the Australian quartet won their heat and entered the final as the equal fifth fastest qualifier . In the final , O 'Brien swam his leg in 1 min 8 @.@ 6 s , which was only the fifth fastest breaststroke leg . Australia were fourth at the end of each leg , except O 'Brien 's , when they were third . Australia eventually missed out on the bronze by 0 @.@ 1 s to the Soviet Union . O 'Brien admitted that his training had been insufficient for Olympic standards , noting that " I needed to put on another thousand kilometres in training " . O 'Brien also rued the absence of Talbot to motivate him to work , and had a further accident at the Olympic Village when his fingers were slammed by a closing window . Under competition regulations , he was not allowed to bind his hand during competition . = = Out of the pool = = At age 21 , O 'Brien retired after the 1968 Olympics , so he could concentrate solely on making a living . Since his father 's death in 1962 , O 'Brien 's swimming career had caused substantial financial stress for his family , with his mother having to sell the family home to make ends meet . O 'Brien had also been forced to leave high school before he had completed his leaving certificate , so that he could support the family 's income by wrapping parcels . Television and camera work had always interested O 'Brien , and he secured a job as a stagehand for Channel Nine after returning from the Tokyo Olympics , which he held for more than ten years . He then worked for Channel Ten for two years , before working for an independent production company for another two years . In 1979 , he started Videopak , which became one of the largest privately owned television documentary companies in Australia . Videopak 's sound stages were used by public and private television companies . = = Recognition = = O 'Brien was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1986 . In 2000 , he received an Australian Sports Medal . = Tropical Storm Debby ( 2006 ) = Tropical Storm Debby was the fifth tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season . Debby formed just off the coast of Africa on August 21 from a tropical wave . After passing near the Cape Verde islands , Debby moved generally northwestward for much of its life , reaching a peak intensity of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Strong wind shear weakened the storm , and Debby dissipated on August 27 over the northern Atlantic Ocean . Early in its life , Debby was forecast to pass through the southern Cape Verde islands as a tropical storm , potentially causing life @-@ threatening flooding . Most computer models consistently predicted Debby to track to the northwest throughout its lifetime , though intensity was more problematic for forecasters . The National Hurricane Center continually predicted Debby to intensify to hurricane status , though strong vertical shear ultimately prevented the storm from becoming a hurricane . = = Meteorological history = = A vigorous tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa late on August 20 , and almost immediately developed convective banding and a broad circulation . A broad area of low pressure formed within the wave the next day while located 260 mi ( 420 km ) southeast of the Cape Verde islands . Though convection decreased early on August 21 , the area of low pressure remained well @-@ organized and the system developed into Tropical Depression Four late on August 21 . Water temperatures remained warm enough for development , while upper level shear was minimal as the depression moved west @-@ northwestward due to a ridge of high pressure to its north . Initial predictions by the National Hurricane Center also forecast a motion to the northwest based on consistent model predictions , though , as quoted by forecaster James Franklin , " The models have also been excellently wrong thus far " . Despite a decrease in convection shortly after forming , the large depression remained well organized , with a wind field 575 mi ( 930 km ) in diameter . On August 22 , as it passed 140 mi ( 225 km ) to south of the Cape Verde islands , deep convection developed over the center of circulation , and early on August 23 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Debby about 300 mi ( 485 km ) southwest of Cape Verde . Banding features continued to organize as the system slowly strengthened , and on August 23 Debby attained a peak intensity of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) over the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean . Forecasters predicted Debby to continue to intensify to attain hurricane status , while its projected path placed the storm in an area of warm water temperatures and moderate upper level shear . Shortly after reaching its peak intensity , Debby encountered an area of dry air , and subsequently weakened . The low level circulation detached itself from the diminishing convection while the system as a whole continued west @-@ northwestward . Convection redeveloped over a portion of the center , while banding features redeveloped as well . Organization continued , and Debby again reached its peak intensity of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) on August 24 . Southerly wind shear displaced the convection to the north of the center , and Debby weakened to a minimal tropical storm on August 25 . The center of the storm became asymmetric and elongated , and on August 26 Debby weakened to a tropical depression . Convection remained minimal and it quickly degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure . The low turned to the north and north @-@ northeast ahead of an approaching trough , and on August 28 the low dissipated . = = Preparation and Impact = = The government of the Cape Verde islands issued a tropical storm warning coinciding with the issuance of the first advisory on Tropical Depression Four , meaning tropical storm conditions were expected in the area within 24 hours . The National Hurricane Center stated that heavy rainfall , potentially as high as 10 in ( 250 mm ) in mountainous areas , would be possible in the territory , possibly causing life @-@ threatening flash floods and mudslides . However , due to a reformation further to the south , tropical storm warnings were discontinued as the depression moved from the area . While passing around 115 mi ( 185 km ) to the southwest of the southwestern most islands , the depression produced a 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) wind gust at Fogo and some rainfall , though no damage was reported . Long range forecasts brought the storm near Bermuda . However Debby remained over 900 mi ( 1 @,@ 450 km ) from the island at its closest approach . Though the storm was forecast to remain far away from the Gulf of Mexico , investors tracking the storm caused the price of crude oil to rise 60 cents a barrel due to the potential impact to oil installations . = Brown County State Park = Brown County State Park is located in the United States in the center of the southern half of the state of Indiana . The park is the largest of 24 state parks in Indiana , and occupies 15 @,@ 776 acres ( 63 @.@ 84 km2 ) — making it one of the larger state parks in the United States . It is Indiana 's most visited state park , and has about 1 @.@ 3 million visitors each year . Although Bloomington , Indiana , is the closest city , the park is closer to the small town of Nashville in Brown County . Brown County is named for General Jacob Brown , who fought in the War of 1812 and became Commanding General of the United States Army . The park opened in 1929 , and was dedicated in 1932 as a memorial to Indiana humorist Frank McKinney " Kin " Hubbard . Although Hubbard lived and worked in Indianapolis , he was a frequent visitor to Nashville and the surrounding woods . The park 's Abe Martin Lodge is named after Hubbard 's fictional backwoodsmen character used to convey Hubbard 's humor and witticisms . Brown County and its park are known for their scenic views of the hills of southern Indiana . Both are the home of a wide variety of trees that attract visitors each year when the vegetation transforms to its autumn colors . The park also contains many trees that flower in the springtime . Visitors will find a rustic atmosphere , enhanced by an infrastructure that was mostly constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s . In addition to the park 's lodge , cabins can be rented and campsites are available . The park has trails for hiking , biking and horseback riding . It has two lakes for fishing that complement the surrounding forests and provide a water source for the local wildlife . The area 's beauty attracts artists and photographers worldwide . = = History = = = = = Brown County = = = Brown County was created in 1836 from portions of Monroe , Jackson , and Bartholomew counties , and is named after General Jacob Brown , a hero of the War of 1812 . Early settlers tried farming in Brown County 's hilly woodlands , leading them to clear the forests . Beginning in the 1840s and continuing for the rest of the century , most of Brown County 's forests were cleared . At first , the largest trees were cut for lumber used in the construction industry . In later years , smaller trees were cleared for furniture wood , barrels , railroad ties , and firewood . The rugged land eventually became difficult to farm because of poor quality soil . A combination of poor farming practices and erosion caused by deforestation depleted the soil 's nutrients . Many farmers abandoned the area . = = = Beginning = = = At least two people played major roles in the creation of Brown County State Park . Richard Lieber , an Indianapolis businessman who became the first director of the Indiana Department of Conservation , visited Brown County in 1910 . Lieber was so impressed with the beauty of the land that he built a cabin near Nashville and suggested that a portion of the county should be set aside for a state park . Lieber eventually became known as " the father of Indiana 's state parks " , and the state opened 10 state parks ( including Brown County ) during his tenure as director of the Indiana Department of Conservation . Lieber was not the only one from Indianapolis that was impressed with Brown County . In 1923 , the Order of Elks expressed interest in establishing a state park in Brown County . Lee Bright lived in the small Indiana town of Nashville in Brown County . Bright believed that creation of a state park would restore the economic health of the region through tourism . His idea proved difficult to accomplish , since Indiana law did not allow purchasing land for a state park using state funds . The law did allow funds to be used for a game preserve . By 1926 , Bright , working as the state 's agent , purchased enough land to start a game reserve in Brown County . = = = Game preserve = = = Brown County 's game preserve was created in late 1924 . During November , 1924 , the Indiana Department of Conservation appointed a game warden to manage the preserve . The new manager was a resident of Nashville , and familiar with the area . It was also announced that much of the land would be reforested . A total of 7 @,@ 680 acres ( 31 @.@ 1 km2 ) of Brown County land was designated for the propagation of wildlife . Plans were made to surround the reserve with wire fencing , and game wardens patrolled the area . Deer and small game were brought in to propagate . Additional acreage was added in 1927 , increasing the reserve to over 10 @,@ 000 acres ( 40 km2 ) . During the same year , an observation tower was constructed on Weed Patch Hill , the highest point in the area . A dam was constructed in 1928 to create an artificial lake that was expected to cover 10 to 15 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 to 6 @.@ 1 ha ) . It was planned to stock the lake with game fish then allow fishing after two or three years . The lake was completed by the spring of 1929 , and plans were announced to build a second ( and larger ) lake . By January 1929 , the preserve covered about 12 @,@ 000 acres ( 49 km2 ) . Funds from the sale of hunting and fishing licenses were used to acquire the additional land . = = = State Park = = = In 1927 , the Indiana state legislature passed a law allowing county commissioners to acquire land for the purpose of establishing a state park , and donate the land to the state conservation department . Brown County State Park was the fourth such park established after this legislation . In 1929 , Brown County commissioners gave the state conservation department 1 @,@ 129 acres ( 4 @.@ 57 km2 ) of land adjacent to the Brown County Game Preserve for the creation of a state park . Four parks had been donated using other means before the legislation , making Brown County State Park Indiana 's eighth state park . In 1933 , eleven Civilian Conservation Corps groups were established for Indiana 's state forests , game preserves , and state parks . Each group had 200 workers involved in the construction of buildings , bridges , trails , roads , and water supplies . One project was a large shelter in the Brown County game preserve . After training , workers from the Corps arrived in Brown County in 1934 . The Corps began constructing much of the park 's extant infrastructure . They worked to prevent erosion by reforesting with walnut , pine , and spruce trees . A second camp for the Civilian Conservation Corps opened in the park in 1938 . The CCC Trail — the park 's Trail 2 — is one built by the Corps . Beginning in 1941 , the Brown County Game Preserve and Brown County State Park were unified as a single state park . Since that time , two portions of the park have been designated as nature preserves — giving them additional protection from development . Ogle Hollow Nature Preserve was established in 1970 and consists of 41 acres ( 17 ha ) in Ogle Hollow containing the rare yellowwood tree . The second preserve is the 3 @,@ 349 @-@ acre ( 13 @.@ 55 km2 ) Ten O 'Clock Line Nature Preserve . This preserve was designated in 2010 , and is Indiana 's largest . It also contains yellowwood trees , and is the home of some of Indiana 's deep forest species , including the red bat , timber rattlesnake , and broad @-@ winged hawk . The term " Ten O 'Clock Line " refers to a treaty with the Miami Indians from the early 1800s . = = = Kin Hubbard = = = Frank McKinney " Kin " Hubbard ( 1868 – 1930 ) was an American humorist @-@ cartoonist whose humor and witticisms were expressed through fictional backwoods characters living in Brown County . His work ( usually a cartoon and a sentence or two ) appeared every day on the back page of the Indianapolis News , and was syndicated in about 200 newspapers throughout the country . Hubbard was named to the Ohio Journalism Hall of Fame in 1939 , and the Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame in 1967 . In 1932 , Brown County State Park was dedicated in honor of Kin Hubbard . Abe Martin was Hubbard 's main character , and Brown County State Park 's Abe Martin Lodge is named in his honor . A picture of Hubbard hangs in the lounge of the lodge , and a collection of Hubbard memorabilia is in a room nearby . = = Description = = Brown County State Park is the largest of the 24 state parks managed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources . It is in the center of Indiana 's southern half , " just minutes " from the town of Nashville , Indiana . The park occupies 15 @,@ 543 acres ( 6 @,@ 290 ha ) in Brown County . It has three entrances , adjacent to state roads 46 and 135 . The northern entrance is close to the Abe Martin Lodge , Saddle Barn , tennis courts and a swimming pool . Large trucks and recreational vehicles must use the western entrance . Campers bringing horses must use the southeast entrance , which leads to a specialized campground with hitching posts known as the Horsemen 's Camp . Interstate 65 's Columbus exit is about 13 mi ( 21 km ) east of the park . Indiana University and the city of Bloomington , Indiana , are less than 20 mi ( 32 km ) away . Brown County is nationally known for its outdoor scenery and dramatic views from southern Indiana hilltops . Brown County State Park affords a number of vistas that overlook wide swaths of deciduous forest that display a large array of colors in the fall . Peak visitation is in the fall during the leaf @-@ changing season . In spring the dogwood , redbud , and serviceberry trees are in bloom . About 1 @.@ 3 million people come to the park each year , including overseas visitors . Brown County State Park is sometimes called " the Little Smokies " because of similarities with the Smokey Mountains . Activities available in the park include camping , fishing , biking , hiking , and seasonal horseback riding . Many of these activities are available all year . Overnight visitors may stay in the campgrounds , rental cabins , or the Abe Martin Lodge . The park has a nature center and a nature preserve . Within the park boundaries are two manmade lakes : the 17 @-@ acre ( 6 @.@ 9 ha ) Ogle Lake , and 7 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 8 ha ) Strahl Lake . The park contains nine mountain bike trails totaling 25 miles ( 40 km ) . Four of the trails are rated as beginner trails , two are considered intermediate , and two advanced . The last trail is rated for experts and is 4 @.@ 1 miles ( 6 @.@ 6 km ) long . A total of slightly over 9 miles ( 14 km ) of hiking trails range from easy to rugged terrain . The park has over 20 miles ( 32 km ) of roads and 70 miles ( 110 km ) of bridle trails . The third highest point in Indiana is located on Trail 10 near a 100 feet ( 30 m ) high fire tower . This point , known as Weed Patch Hill , has an elevation of 1 @,@ 056 feet ( 322 m ) . When settlers first arrived at this hill , they found only a patch of weeds — a tornado had destroyed the trees — leading to the name . Hesitation Point is another vantage point for scenic views . = = Natural resources = = = = = Flora = = = The most important tree in the park is the yellowwood ( Cladrastis lutea ) . This tree typically does not grow further north than central Kentucky , and has been designated as a state threatened species in Indiana . Other trees found in the park include at least four types of oak ( black , chestnut , red , and white ) and three types of hickory ( bitternut , pignut , and shagbark ) . The park also contains at least two types of maple trees : black and sugar . Patches of paw paw trees can be found throughout the park , and these trees produce an edible fruit . In areas with good moist soil , the black walnut tree grows , and this tree is an excellent source of wood for lumber or furniture . Among other trees growing in the park are the American beech , basswood , black cherry , black gum , and red elm . Also the sassafras , sycamore , white ash . The park also contains at least eight kinds of ferns and 20 types of wildflowers , including bloodroot and wild geranium . = = = Fauna = = = Mammals typically found in Brown County State Park include white @-@ tailed deer , opossum , eastern gray squirrels , and chipmunks . The larger sycamore trees are sometimes the home of raccoons and flying squirrels . Red bats live in the park 's Ten O 'Clock Line nature preserve . Other animals include the American toad , the eastern box turtle , the spotted salamander , and the red @-@ backed salamander . At least two species of snakes live in the park : the timber rattler and the copperhead . The two lakes contain bass and bluegill . The park has good bird viewing areas along the trails , near the two lakes , and at the Nature Center . The hooded warbler , pileated woodpecker , and ruffed grouse nest in the park . Goldfinches and northern cardinals can be seen at feeders near the Nature Center . The pileated woodpecker , Acadian flycatcher , eastern wood pewee , white @-@ breasted nuthatch , wood thrush , and yellow @-@ billed cuckoo can all be observed in the park 's Ogle Hollow Nature Preserve . Owls and woodpeckers are known to occupy sycamore trees . The cerulean warbler , whippoorwill , and broad @-@ winged hawk all live in the Ten O 'Clock Nature Preserve . Wild turkeys can be seen ( and heard ) along the park 's Trail 10 , known as the Fire Tower Trail . Other bird species in the park include the blue jay , the crow , the junco , the white @-@ breasted nuthatch , and the robin . = = = Geology = = = Glaciers from the most recent ice ages did not reach south far enough to flatten the land in Brown County , though glacier meltwater helped deepen gullies in the region , and made hills steeper . Brown County State Park 's Weed Patch Hill is the highest point in the area , at 1 @,@ 058 feet ( 322 m ) above sea level . The region is part of the Knobstone Escarpment land form , which consists of steep hills and valleys located between northern Brown County and the Ohio River . The rocks in this area contain significant amounts of silica , and were part of a large delta system over 330 million years ago . Brown County 's minerals are part of the Borden Group , and are mostly siltstone . Limestone , dolostone , and chert are the Borden Group 's secondary minerals . = = = Climate = = = The Brown County area has a humid subtropical climate , classified as " Cfa " in the Köppen climate classification system . Precipitation is somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year , and temperatures can be relatively high . The record high temperature over the last 99 years for county seat Nashville is 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) . The record low over the last 99 years is − 17 ° F ( − 27 ° C ) . May is the month with the most precipitation , and February has the least . Most of the area 's snowfall occurs in December , January , and February . = = Recreation and facilities = = = = = Places to stay = = = The park ’ s Abe Martin Lodge , built in 1932 , has 30 guest rooms , two lobbies , a gift shop , and a full @-@ service restaurant . An annex to the lodge has 54 more rooms . An indoor water park was added recently . Rental cabins are available nearby . Each of 20 two @-@ story family cabins can accommodate up to 8 people , and 56 rustic cabins are available . Campers have the choice of two classes of campgrounds — all with restrooms and showers . The Class A campgrounds have electrical hook @-@ ups , while the Class B do not . A horseman ’ s campground is available with one portion having electrical hook @-@ ups , showers , and toilets — while the other portion is more primitive . = = = Activities = = = Sight seeing , birdwatching , mountain biking , fishing , hiking and horse riding are all popular activities at Brown County State park . The park has over 25 miles ( 40 km ) of mountain bike trails , including trails endorsed by the International Mountain Bicycling Association and Bike Magazine . Four beginner trails are 1 @.@ 2 miles ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) to 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) long . The expert trail is 4 @.@ 1 miles ( 6 @.@ 6 km ) long . Fishing is available at two lakes to holders of a state fishing license . Bass and bluegill are stocked at Ogle Lake and the smaller Strahl Lake . Rowboats and electric trolling motors are permitted on Ogle Lake to holders of an Indiana Department of Natural Resources lake permit . Boats are not allowed on Strahl Lake . Licenses and permits are available at the park office , and bait at the park 's country store . The park has 12 hiking trails that total over 18 miles ( 29 km ) . These trails can be used to access places of interest in the park , including the two lakes , the Ogle Hollow Nature Preserve , Hesitation Point , and lookout towers . The CCC Trail is a moderate difficulty 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) trail built by the Civilian Conservation Corps . This trail " crosses over impressive stone bridges , stairways , and retaining walls and passes by the Lower Shelter and the North Lookout Tower , both CCC projects " . Horseback riding is one of the fastest growing forms of recreation . Brown County State Park has over 20 horse trails , and 11 are wide enough that riders can ride two abreast . These trails range from 0 @.@ 3 miles ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) to nearly 12 miles ( 19 km ) in length . Horseback riders have their own entrance to the park , in the park 's southeast corner , which leads to the horsemen 's campground — also in the southeast of the park . There are facilities typical of the park 's regular and primitive campgrounds and hitch rails . A maximum of six horses per campsite is allowed , and horse permits are mandatory . On the other side of the park , a saddle barn is open from late March through October . Trail rides with a guide , pony rides , and hayrides are available . The barn is located on the north side of the park , not far from the Abe Martin Lodge . Winter sports include cross @-@ country skiing , sledding , and ice fishing . Cross @-@ country skiing can be done in open fields within the park , though the park does not maintain any trails specifically for skiing , and does not rent ski equipment . Some hills suitable for sledding are located near the park 's swimming pool . Ice fishing is allowed at both lakes for those with a state fishing license . Roads to the lakes sometimes closed due to ice or snow . = = = Other facilities = = = A country store is open during the warm season with food , firewood , souvenirs , and bait for fishing . The nature center has a bird observation window and nature exhibits . The country store and nature center are located in the southern portion of the park . A swimming pool and tennis courts are located on the north side near the Abe Martin Lodge . The Olympic @-@ size swimming pool is open from Memorial Day to no later than Labor Day . The park has at least 10 picnic areas , with tables and grills and some with nearby playgrounds and toilet facilities . Picnic shelters can be reserved for fees that vary by shelter . = Pulmonary contusion = A pulmonary contusion ( or lung contusion ) is a contusion ( bruise ) of the lung , caused by chest trauma . As a result of damage to capillaries , blood and other fluids accumulate in the lung tissue . The excess fluid interferes with gas exchange , potentially leading to inadequate oxygen levels ( hypoxia ) . Unlike pulmonary laceration , another type of lung injury , pulmonary contusion does not involve a cut or tear of the lung tissue . A pulmonary contusion is usually caused directly by blunt trauma but can also result from explosion injuries or a shock wave associated with penetrating trauma . With the use of explosives during World Wars I and II , pulmonary contusion resulting from blasts gained recognition . In the 1960s its occurrence in civilians began to receive wider recognition , in which cases it is usually caused by traffic accidents . The use of seat belts and airbags reduces the risk to vehicle occupants . Diagnosis is made by studying the cause of the injury , physical examination and chest radiography . Typical signs and symptoms include direct effects of the physical trauma , such as chest pain and coughing up blood , as well as signs that the body is not receiving enough oxygen , such as cyanosis . The contusion frequently heals on its own with supportive care . Often nothing more than supplemental oxygen and close monitoring is needed ; however , intensive care may be required . For example , if breathing is severely compromised , mechanical ventilation may be necessary . Fluid replacement may be required to ensure adequate blood volume , but fluids are given carefully since fluid overload can worsen pulmonary edema , which may be lethal . The severity ranges from mild to deadly : small contusions may have little or no impact on the patient 's health , yet pulmonary contusion is the most common type of potentially lethal chest trauma . It occurs in 30 – 75 % of severe chest injuries . With an estimated mortality rate of 14 – 40 % , pulmonary contusion plays a key role in determining whether an individual will die or suffer serious ill effects as the result of trauma . Pulmonary contusion is usually accompanied by other injuries . Although associated injuries are often the cause of death , pulmonary contusion is thought to cause death directly in a quarter to half of cases . Children are at especially high risk for the injury because the relative flexibility of their bones prevents the chest wall from absorbing force from an impact , causing it to be transmitted instead to the lung . Pulmonary contusion is associated with complications including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome , and it can cause long @-@ term respiratory disability . = = Classification = = Pulmonary contusion and laceration are injuries to the lung tissue . Pulmonary laceration , in which lung tissue is torn or cut , differs from pulmonary contusion in that the former involves disruption of the macroscopic architecture of the lung , while the latter does not . When lacerations fill with blood , the result is pulmonary hematoma , a collection of blood within the lung tissue . Contusion involves hemorrhage in the alveoli ( tiny air @-@ filled sacs responsible for absorbing oxygen ) , but a hematoma is a discrete clot of blood not interspersed with lung tissue . A collapsed lung can result when the pleural cavity ( the space outside the lung ) accumulates blood ( hemothorax ) or air ( pneumothorax ) or both ( hemopneumothorax ) . These conditions do not inherently involve damage to the lung tissue itself , but they may be associated with it . Injuries to the chest wall are also distinct from but may be associated with lung injuries . Chest wall injuries include rib fractures and flail chest , in which multiple ribs are broken so that a segment of the ribcage is detached from the rest of the chest wall and moves independently . = = Signs and symptoms = = Presentation may be subtle ; people with mild contusion may have no symptoms at all . However , pulmonary contusion is frequently associated with signs ( objective indications ) and symptoms ( subjective states ) , including those indicative of the lung injury itself and of accompanying injuries . Because gas exchange is impaired , signs of low blood oxygen saturation , such as low concentrations of oxygen in arterial blood gas and cyanosis ( bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes ) are commonly associated . Dyspnea ( painful breathing or difficulty breathing ) is commonly seen , and tolerance for exercise may be lowered . Rapid breathing and a rapid heart rate are other signs . With more severe contusions , breath sounds heard through a stethoscope may be decreased , or rales ( an abnormal crackling sound in the chest accompanying breathing ) may be present . People with severe contusions may have bronchorrhea ( the production of watery sputum ) . Wheezing and coughing are other signs . Coughing up blood or bloody sputum is present in up to half of cases . Cardiac output ( the volume of blood pumped by the heart ) may be reduced , and hypotension ( low blood pressure ) is frequently present . The area of the chest wall near the contusion may be tender or painful due to associated chest wall injury . Signs and symptoms take time to develop , and as many as half of cases are asymptomatic at the initial presentation . The more severe the injury , the more quickly symptoms become apparent . In severe cases , symptoms may occur as quickly as three or four hours after the trauma . Hypoxemia ( low oxygen concentration in the arterial blood ) typically becomes progressively worse over 24 – 48 hours after injury . In general , pulmonary contusion tends to worsen slowly over a few days , but it may also cause rapid deterioration or death if untreated . = = Causes = = Pulmonary contusion is the most common injury found in blunt chest trauma , occurring in 25 – 35 % of cases . It is usually caused by the rapid deceleration that results when the moving chest strikes a fixed object . About 70 % of cases result from motor vehicle collisions , most often when the chest strikes the inside of the car . Falls , assaults , and sports injuries are other causes . Pulmonary contusion can also be caused by explosions ; the organs most vulnerable to blast injuries are those that contain gas , such as the lungs . Blast lung is severe pulmonary contusion , bleeding , or edema with damage to alveoli and blood vessels , or a combination of these . This is the primary cause of death among people who initially survive an explosion . Unlike other mechanisms of injury in which pulmonary contusion is often found alongside other injuries , explosions can cause pulmonary contusion without damage to the chest wall . In addition to blunt trauma , penetrating trauma can cause pulmonary contusion . Contusion resulting from penetration by a rapidly moving projectile usually surrounds the path along which the projectile traveled through the tissue . The pressure wave forces tissue out of the way , creating a temporary cavity ; the tissue readily moves back into place , but it is damaged . Pulmonary contusions that accompany gun and knife wounds are not usually severe enough to have a major effect on outcome ; penetrating trauma causes less widespread lung damage than does blunt trauma . An exception is shotgun wounds , which can seriously damage large areas of lung tissue through a blast injury mechanism . = = Mechanism = = The physical processes behind pulmonary contusion are poorly understood . However , it is known that lung tissue can be crushed when the chest wall bends inward on impact . Three other possible mechanisms have been suggested : the inertial effect , the spalling effect , and the implosion effect . In the inertial effect , the lighter alveolar tissue is sheared from the heavier hilar structures , an effect similar to diffuse axonal injury in head injury . It results from the fact that different tissues have different densities , and therefore different rates of acceleration or deceleration . In the spalling effect , lung tissue bursts or is sheared where a shock wave meets the lung tissue , at interfaces between gas and liquid . The alveolar walls form such a gas @-@ liquid interface with the air in the alveoli . The spalling effect occurs in areas with large differences in density ; particles of the denser tissue are spalled ( thrown ) into the less dense particles . The implosion effect occurs when a pressure wave passes through a tissue containing bubbles of gas : the bubbles first implode , then rebound and expand beyond their original volume . The air bubbles cause many tiny explosions , resulting in tissue damage ; the overexpansion of gas bubbles stretches and tears alveoli . This effect is thought to occur microscopically when the pressure in the airways increases sharply . Contusion usually occurs on the lung directly under the site of impact , but , as with traumatic brain injury , a contrecoup contusion may occur at the site opposite the impact as well . A blow to the front of the chest may cause contusion on the back of the lungs because a shock wave travels through the chest and hits the curved back of the chest wall ; this reflects the energy onto the back of the lungs , concentrating it . ( A similar mechanism may occur at the front of the lungs when the back is struck . ) The amount of energy transferred to the lung is determined in a large part by the compliance ( flexibility ) of the chest wall . Children 's chests are more flexible because their ribs are more elastic and there is less ossification of their intercostal cartilage . Therefore , their chest walls bend , absorbing less of the force and transmitting more of it to the underlying organs . An adult 's more bony chest wall absorbs more of the force itself rather than transmitting it . Thus children commonly get pulmonary contusions without fractures overlying them , while elderly people are more likely to suffer fractures than contusions . One study found that pulmonary contusions were accompanied by fractures 62 % of the time in children and 80 % of the time in adults . = = Pathophysiology = = Pulmonary contusion results in bleeding and fluid leakage into lung tissue , which can become stiffened and lose its normal elasticity . The water content of the lung increases over the first 72 hours after injury , potentially leading to frank pulmonary edema in more serious cases . As a result of these and other pathological processes , pulmonary contusion progresses over time and can cause hypoxia ( insufficient oxygen ) . = = = Bleeding and edema = = = In contusions , torn capillaries leak fluid into the tissues around them . The membrane between alveoli and capillaries is torn ; damage to this capillary – alveolar membrane and small blood vessels causes blood and fluids to leak into the alveoli and the interstitial space ( the space surrounding cells ) of the lung . With more severe trauma , there is a greater amount of edema , bleeding , and tearing of the alveoli . Pulmonary contusion is characterized by microhemorrhages ( tiny bleeds ) that occur when the alveoli are traumatically separated from airway structures and blood vessels . Blood initially collects in the interstitial space , and then edema occurs by an hour or two after injury . An area of bleeding in the contused lung is commonly surrounded by an area of edema . In normal gas exchange , carbon dioxide diffuses across the endothelium of the capillaries , the interstitial space , and across the alveolar epithelium ; oxygen diffuses in the other direction . Fluid accumulation interferes with gas exchange , and can cause the alveoli to fill with proteins and collapse due to edema and bleeding . The larger the area of the injury , the more severe respiratory compromise will be . = = = Consolidation and collapse = = = Pulmonary contusion can cause parts of the lung to consolidate , alveoli to collapse , and atelectasis ( partial or total lung collapse ) to occur . Consolidation occurs when the parts of the lung that are normally filled with air fill with material from the pathological condition , such as blood . Over a period of hours after the injury , the alveoli in the injured area thicken and may become consolidated . A decrease in the amount of surfactant produced also contributes to the collapse and consolidation of alveoli ; inactivation of surfactant increases their surface tension . Reduced production of surfactant can also occur in surrounding tissue that was not originally injured . Inflammation of the lungs , which can result when components of blood enter the tissue due to contusion , can also cause parts of the lung to collapse . Macrophages , neutrophils , and other inflammatory cells and blood components can enter the lung tissue and release factors that lead to inflammation , increasing the likelihood of respiratory failure . In response to inflammation , excess mucus is produced , potentially plugging parts of the lung and leading to their collapse . Even when only one side of the chest is injured , inflammation may also affect the other lung . Uninjured lung tissue may develop edema , thickening of the septa of the alveoli , and other changes . If this inflammation is severe enough , it can lead to dysfunction of the lungs like that seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome . = = = Ventilation / perfusion mismatch = = = Normally , the ratio of ventilation to perfusion is about one @-@ to @-@ one ; the volume of air entering the alveoli ( ventilation ) is about equal to that of blood in the capillaries around them ( perfusion ) . This ratio is reduced in pulmonary contusion ; fluid @-@ filled alveoli cannot fill with air , oxygen does not fully saturate the hemoglobin , and the blood leaves the lung without being fully oxygenated . Insufficient inflation of the lungs , which can result from inadequate mechanical ventilation or an associated injury such as flail chest , can also contribute to the ventilation / perfusion mismatch . As the mismatch between ventilation and perfusion grows , blood oxygen saturation is reduced . Pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction , in which blood vessels near the hypoxic alveoli constrict ( narrow their diameter ) in response to the lowered oxygen levels , can occur in pulmonary contusion . The vascular resistance increases in the contused part of the lung , leading to a decrease in the amount of blood that flows into it , directing blood to better @-@ ventilated areas . Although reducing blood flow to the unventilated alveoli is a way to compensate for the fact that blood passing unventilated alveoli is not oxygenated , the oxygenation of the blood remains lower than normal . If it is severe enough , the hypoxemia resulting from fluid in the alveoli cannot be corrected just by giving supplemental oxygen ; this problem is the cause of a large portion of the fatalities that result from trauma . = = Diagnosis = = To diagnose pulmonary contusion , health professionals use clues from a physical examination , information about the event that caused the injury , and radiography . Laboratory findings may also be used ; for example , arterial blood gasses may show insufficient oxygen and excessive carbon dioxide even in someone receiving supplemental oxygen . However , blood gas levels may show no abnormality early in the course of pulmonary contusion . = = = X @-@ ray = = = Chest X @-@ ray is the most common method used for diagnosis , and may be used to confirm a diagnosis already made using clinical signs . Consolidated areas appear white on an X @-@ ray film . Contusion is not typically restricted by the anatomical boundaries of the lobes or segments of the lung . The X @-@ ray appearance of pulmonary contusion is similar to that of aspiration , and the presence of hemothorax or pneumothorax may obscure the contusion on a radiograph . Signs of contusion that progress after 48 hours post @-@ injury are likely to be actually due to aspiration , pneumonia , or ARDS . Although chest radiography is an important part of the diagnosis , it is often not sensitive enough to detect the condition early after the injury . In a third of cases , pulmonary contusion is not visible on the first chest radiograph performed . It takes an average of six hours for the characteristic white regions to show up on a chest X @-@ ray , and the contusion may not become apparent for 48 hours . When a pulmonary contusion is apparent in an X @-@ ray , it suggests that the trauma to the chest was severe and that a CT scan might reveal other injuries that were missed with X @-@ ray . = = = Computed tomography = = = Computed tomography ( CT scanning ) is a more sensitive test for pulmonary contusion , and it can identify abdominal , chest , or other injuries that accompany the contusion . In one study , chest X @-@ ray detected pulmonary contusions in 16 @.@ 3 % of people with serious blunt trauma , while CT detected them in 31 @.@ 2 % of the same people . Unlike X @-@ ray , CT scanning can detect the contusion almost immediately after the injury . However , in both X @-@ ray and CT a contusion may become more visible over the first 24 – 48 hours after trauma as bleeding and edema into lung tissues progress . CT scanning also helps determine the size of a contusion , which is useful in determining whether a patient needs mechanical ventilation ; a larger volume of contused lung on CT scan is associated with an increased likelihood that ventilation will be needed . CT scans also help differentiate between contusion and pulmonary hematoma , which may be difficult to tell apart otherwise . However , pulmonary contusions that are visible on CT but not chest X @-@ ray are usually not severe enough to affect outcome or treatment . = = = Ultrasound = = = Pulmonary ultrasound , performed at the bedside or on the accident scene , is being explored as a diagnosis for pulmonary contusion . Its use is still not widespread , being limited to facilities which are comfortable with its use for other applications , like pneumothorax , airway management , and hemothorax . Accuracy has been found to be comparable to CT scanning . = = Prevention = = Prevention of pulmonary contusion is similar to that of other chest trauma . Airbags in combination with seat belts can protect vehicle occupants by preventing the chest from striking the interior of the vehicle during a collision , and by distributing forces involved in the crash more evenly across the body . However , in rare cases , an airbag causes pulmonary contusion in a person who is not properly positioned when it deploys . Child restraints such as carseats protect children in vehicle collisions from pulmonary contusion . Equipment exists for use in some sports to prevent chest and lung injury ; for example , in softball the catcher is equipped with a chest protector . Athletes who do not wear such equipment , such as basketball players , can be trained to protect their chests from impacts . Protective garments can also prevent pulmonary contusion in explosions . Although traditional body armor made from rigid plates or other heavy materials protects from projectiles generated by a blast , it does not protect against pulmonary contusion , because it does not prevent the blast 's shock wave from being transferred to the lung . Special body armor has been designed for military personnel at high risk for blast injuries ; these garments can prevent a shock wave from being propagated across the chest wall to the lung , and thus protect wearers from blast lung injuries . These garments alternate layers of materials with high and low acoustic impedance ( the product of a material 's density and a wave 's velocity through it ) in order to " decouple " the blast wave , preventing its propagation into the tissues . = = Treatment = = No treatment is known to speed the healing of a pulmonary contusion ; the main care is supportive . Attempts are made to discover injuries accompanying the contusion , to prevent additional injury , and to provide supportive care while waiting for the contusion to heal . Monitoring , including keeping track of fluid balance , respiratory function , and oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry is also required as the patient 's condition may progressively worsen . Monitoring for complications such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome is of critical importance . Treatment aims to prevent respiratory failure and to ensure adequate blood oxygenation . Supplemental oxygen can be given and it may be warmed and humidified . When the contusion does not respond to other treatments , extracorporeal membranous oxygenation may be used , pumping blood from the body into a machine that oxygenates it and removes carbon dioxide prior to pumping it back in . = = = Ventilation = = = Positive pressure ventilation , in which air is forced into the lungs , is needed when oxygenation is significantly impaired . Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation including continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP ) and bi @-@ level positive airway pressure ( BiPAP ) , may be used to improve oxygenation and treat atelectasis : air is blown into the airways at a prescribed pressure via a face mask . Noninvasive ventilation has advantages over invasive methods because it does not carry the risk of infection that intubation does , and it allows normal coughing , swallowing , and speech . However , the technique may cause complications ; it may force air into the stomach or cause aspiration of stomach contents , especially when level of consciousness is decreased . People with signs of inadequate respiration or oxygenation may need to be intubated and mechanically ventilated . Mechanical ventilation aims to reduce pulmonary edema and increase oxygenation . Ventilation can reopen collapsed alveoli , but it is harmful for them to be repeatedly opened , and positive pressure ventilation can also damage the lung by overinflating it . Intubation is normally reserved for when respiratory problems occur , but most significant contusions do require intubation , and it may be done early in anticipation of this need . People with pulmonary contusion who are especially likely to need ventilation include those with prior severe lung disease or kidney problems ; the elderly ; those with a lowered level of consciousness ; those with low blood oxygen or high carbon dioxide levels ; and those who will undergo operations with anesthesia . Larger contusions have been correlated with a need for ventilation for longer periods of time . Pulmonary contusion or its complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome may cause lungs to lose compliance ( stiffen ) , so higher pressures may be needed to give normal amounts of air and oxygenate the blood adequately . Positive end @-@ expiratory pressure ( PEEP ) , which delivers air at a given pressure at the end of the expiratory cycle , can reduce edema and keep alveoli from collapsing . PEEP is considered necessary with mechanical ventilation ; however , if the pressure is too great it can expand the size of the contusion and injure the lung . When the compliance of the injured lung differs significantly from that of the uninjured one , the lungs can be ventilated independently with two ventilators in order to deliver air at different pressures ; this helps avoid injury from overinflation while providing adequate ventilation . = = = Fluid therapy = = = The administration of fluid therapy in individuals with pulmonary contusion is controversial . Excessive fluid in the circulatory system ( hypervolemia ) can worsen hypoxia because it can cause fluid leakage from injured capillaries ( pulmonary edema ) , which are more permeable than normal . However , low blood volume ( hypovolemia ) resulting from insufficient fluid has an even worse impact , potentially causing hypovolemic shock ; for people who have lost large amounts of blood , fluid resuscitation is necessary . A lot of the evidence supporting the idea that fluids should be withheld from people with pulmonary contusion came from animal studies , not clinical trials with humans ; human studies have had conflicting findings on whether fluid resuscitation worsens the condition . Current recommendations suggest giving enough fluid to ensure sufficient blood flow but not giving any more fluid than necessary . For people who do require large amounts of intravenous fluid , a catheter may be placed in the pulmonary artery to measure the pressure within it . Measuring pulmonary artery pressure allows the clinician to give enough fluids to prevent shock without exacerbating edema . Diuretics , drugs that increase urine output to reduce excessive fluid in the system , can be used when fluid overload does occur , as long as there is not a significant risk of shock . Furosemide , a diuretic used in the treatment of pulmonary contusion , also relaxes the smooth muscle in the veins of the lungs , thereby decreasing pulmonary venous resistance and reducing the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries . = = = Supportive care = = = Retaining secretions in the airways can worsen hypoxia and lead to infections . Thus , an important part of treatment is pulmonary toilet , the use of suction , deep breathing , coughing , and other methods to remove material such as mucus and blood from the airways . Chest physical therapy makes use of techniques such as breathing exercises , stimulation of coughing , suctioning , percussion , movement , vibration , and drainage to rid the lungs of secretions , increase oxygenation , and expand collapsed parts of the lungs . People with pulmonary contusion , especially those who do not respond well to other treatments , may be positioned with the uninjured lung lower than the injured one to improve oxygenation . Inadequate pulmonary toilet can result in pneumonia . People who do develop infections are given antibiotics . No studies have yet shown a benefit of using antibiotics as a preventative measure before infection occurs , although some doctors do recommend prophylactic antibiotic use even without scientific evidence of its benefit . However , this can cause the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria , so giving antibiotics without a clear need is normally discouraged . For people who are at especially high risk of developing infections , the sputum can be cultured to test for the presence of infection @-@ causing bacteria ; when they are present , antibiotics are used . Pain control is another means to facilitate the elimination of secretions . A chest wall injury can make coughing painful , increasing the likelihood that secretions will accumulate in the airways . Chest injuries also contribute to hypoventilation ( inadequate breathing ) because the chest wall movement involved in breathing adequately is painful . Insufficient expansion of the chest may lead to atelectasis , further reducing oxygenation of the blood . Analgesics ( pain medications ) can be given to reduce pain . Injection of anesthetics into nerves in the chest wall , called nerve blockade , is another approach to pain management ; this does not depress respiration the way some pain medications can . = = Prognosis = = Pulmonary contusion usually resolves itself without causing permanent complications ; however it may also have long @-@ term ill effects on respiratory function . Most contusions resolve in five to seven days after the injury . Signs detectable by radiography are usually gone within 10 days after the injury — when they are not , other conditions , such as pneumonia , are the likely cause . Chronic lung disease correlates with the size of the contusion and can interfere with an individual 's ability to return to work . Fibrosis of the lungs can occur , resulting in dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) , low blood oxygenation , and reduced functional residual capacity for as long as six years after the injury . As late as four years post @-@ injury , decreased functional residual capacity has been found in most pulmonary contusion patients studied . During the six months after pulmonary contusion , up to 90 % of people suffer difficulty breathing . In some cases , dyspnea persists for an indefinite period . Contusion can also permanently reduce the compliance of the lungs . = = = Complications = = = Pulmonary contusion can result in respiratory failure — about half of such cases occur within a few hours of the initial trauma . Other severe complications , including infections and acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) occur in up to half of cases . Elderly people and those who have heart , lung , or kidney disease prior to the injury are more likely to stay longer in hospital and have complications from the injury . Complications occur in 55 % of people with heart or lung disease and 13 % of those without . Of people with pulmonary contusion alone , 17 % develop ARDS , while 78 % of people with at least two additional injuries develop the condition . A larger contusion is associated with an increased risk . In one study , 82 % of people with 20 % or more of the lung volume affected developed ARDS , while only 22 % of people with less than 20 % did so . Pneumonia , another potential complication , develops in as many as 20 % of people with pulmonary contusion . Contused lungs are less able to remove bacteria than uninjured lungs , predisposing them to infection . Intubation and mechanical ventilation further increase the risk of developing pneumonia ; the tube is passed through the nose or mouth into the airways , potentially tracking bacteria from the mouth or sinuses into them . Also , intubation prevents coughing , which would clear bacteria @-@ laden secretions from the airways , and secretions pool near the tube 's cuff and allow bacteria to grow . The sooner the endotracheal tube is removed , the lower the risk of pneumonia , but if it is removed too early and has to be put back in , the risk of pneumonia rises . People who are at risk for pulmonary aspiration ( e.g. those with lowered level of consciousness due to head injuries ) are especially likely to get pneumonia . As with ARDS , the chances of developing pneumonia increase with the size of the contusion . Children and adults have been found to have similar rates of complication with pneumonia and ARDS . = = = Associated injuries = = = A large amount of force is required to cause pulmonary contusion ; a person injured with such force is likely to have other types of injuries as well . In fact , pulmonary contusion can be used to gauge the severity of trauma . Up to three quarters of cases are accompanied by other chest injuries , the most common of these being hemothorax and pneumothorax . Flail chest is usually associated with significant pulmonary contusion , and the contusion , rather than the chest wall injury , is often the main cause of respiratory failure in people with these injuries . Other indications of thoracic trauma may be associated , including fracture of the sternum and bruising of the chest wall . Over half of fractures of the scapula are associated with pulmonary contusion . The contusion is frequently found underlying fracture sites . When accompanied by a fracture , it is usually concentrated into a specific location — the contusion is more diffuse when there is no fracture . Pulmonary lacerations may result from the same blunt or penetrating forces that cause contusion . Lacerations can result in pulmonary hematomas ; these are reported to develop in 4 – 11 % of pulmonary contusions . = = Epidemiology = = Pulmonary contusion is found in 30 – 75 % of severe cases of chest injury , making it the most common serious injury to occur in association with thoracic trauma . Of people who have multiple injuries with an injury severity score of over 15 , pulmonary contusion occurs in about 17 % . It is difficult to determine the death rate ( mortality ) because pulmonary contusion rarely occurs by itself . Usually , deaths of people with pulmonary contusion result from other injuries , commonly traumatic brain injury . It is controversial whether pulmonary contusion with flail chest is a major factor in mortality on its own or whether it merely contributes to mortality in people with multiple injuries . The estimated mortality rate of pulmonary contusion ranges from 14 – 40 % , depending on the severity of the contusion itself and on associated injuries . When the contusions are small , they do not normally increase the chance of death or poor outcome for people with blunt chest trauma ; however , these chances increase with the size of the contusion . One study found that 35 % of people with multiple significant injuries including pulmonary contusion die . In another study , 11 % of people with pulmonary contusion alone died , while the number rose to 22 % in those with additional injuries . Pulmonary contusion is thought to be the direct cause of death in a quarter to a half of people with multiple injuries ( polytrauma ) who die . An accompanying flail chest increases the morbidity and mortality to more than twice that of pulmonary contusion alone . Pulmonary contusion is the most common cause of death among vehicle occupants involved in accidents , and it is thought to contribute significantly in about a quarter of deaths resulting from vehicle collisions . As vehicle use has increased , so has the number of auto accidents , and with it the number of chest injuries . However an increase in the number of airbags installed in modern cars may be decreasing the incidence of pulmonary contusion . Use of child restraint systems has brought the approximate incidence of pulmonary contusion in children in vehicle accidents from 22 % to 10 % . Differences in the bodies of children and adults lead to different manifestations of pulmonary contusion and associated injuries ; for example , children have less body mass , so the same force is more likely to lead to trauma in multiple body systems . Since their chest walls are more flexible , children are more vulnerable to pulmonary contusion than adults are , and thus suffer from the injury more commonly . Pulmonary contusion has been found in 53 % of children with chest injuries requiring hospitalization . Children in forceful impacts suffer twice as many pulmonary contusions as adults with similar injury mechanisms , yet have proportionately fewer rib fractures . The rates of certain types of injury mechanisms differ between children and adults ; for example , children are more often hit by cars as pedestrians . Some differences in children 's physiology might be advantageous ( for example they are less likely to have other medical conditions ) , and thus they have been predicted to have a better outcome . However , despite these differences , children with pulmonary contusion have similar mortality rates to adults . = = History = = In 1761 , the Italian anatomist Giovanni Battista Morgagni was first to describe a lung injury that was not accompanied by injury to the chest wall overlying it . Nonetheless , it was the French military surgeon Guillaume Dupuytren who is thought to have coined the term pulmonary contusion in the 19th century . It still was not until the early 20th century that pulmonary contusion and its clinical significance began to receive wide recognition . With the use of explosives during World War I came many casualties with no external signs of chest injury but with significant bleeding in the lungs . Studies of World War I injuries by D.R. Hooker showed that pulmonary contusion was an important part of the concussive injury that results from explosions . Pulmonary contusion received further attention during World War II , when the bombings of Britain caused blast injuries and associated respiratory problems in both soldiers and civilians . Also during this time , studies with animals placed at varying distances from a blast showed that protective gear could prevent lung injuries . These findings suggested that an impact to the outside of the chest wall was responsible for the internal lesions . In 1945 , studies identified a phenomenon termed " wet lung " , in which the lungs accumulated fluid and were simultaneously less able to remove it . They attributed the respiratory failure often seen in blunt chest trauma in part to excessive fluid resuscitation , and the question of whether and how much to administer fluids has remained controversial ever since . During the Vietnam War , combat again provided the opportunity for study of pulmonary contusion ; research during this conflict played an important role in the development of the modern understanding of its treatment . The condition also began to be more widely recognized in a non @-@ combat context in the 1960s , and symptoms and typical findings with imaging techniques such as X @-@ ray were described . Before the 1960s , it was believed that the respiratory insufficiency seen in flail chest was due to " paradoxical motion " of the flail segment of the chest wall ( the flail segment moves in the opposite direction as the chest wall during respiration ) , so treatment was aimed at managing the chest wall injury , not the pulmonary contusion . For example , positive pressure ventilation was used to stabilize the flail segment from within the chest . It was first proposed in 1965 that this respiratory insufficiency is most often due to injury of the lung rather than to the chest wall , and a group led by J.K. Trinkle confirmed this hypothesis in 1975 . Hence the modern treatment prioritizes the management of pulmonary contusion . Animal studies performed in the late 1960s and 1970s shed light on the pathophysiological processes involved in pulmonary contusion . Studies in the 1990s revealed a link between pulmonary contusion and persistent respiratory difficulty for years after the injury in people in whom the injury coexisted with flail chest . In the next decade studies demonstrated that function in contused lungs improves for years after the injury . = The Life and Death of 9413 : a Hollywood Extra = The Life and Death of 9413 : a Hollywood Extra is a 1928 American silent experimental short film co @-@ written and co @-@ directed by Robert Florey and Slavko Vorkapić . Considered a landmark of American avant @-@ garde cinema , it tells the story of a man ( Jules Raucourt ) who comes to Hollywood with dreams of becoming a star , only to fail and become dehumanized , with studio executives reducing him to the role of extra and writing the number " 9413 " on his forehead . The film 's visual style includes abrupt cuts , rapid camera movement , extensive superimposition , dim lighting , and shapes and forms in twisted and disoriented angles . Filmed with a budget of only $ 97 ( $ 1 @,@ 337 in today 's dollars ) , it includes a combination of close @-@ ups of live actors and long shots of miniature sets , which were made from such items as cardboard , paper cubes , tin cans , cigar boxes , and toy trains . With no access to Hollywood studios or equipment , most of the filming took place in the filmmakers ' residences , with walls painted black for use as a background . The story was inspired by Florey 's own experiences in Hollywood , as well as the George Gershwin composition Rhapsody in Blue . It was one of the first films shot by Gregg Toland , who later received acclaim for his work on such films as The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) and Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) . The film serves as a satire of the social conditions , dominant practices , and ideologies of Hollywood , as well as the film industry 's perceived mistreatment of actors . Douglas Fairbanks assisted with the development of the film , and Charlie Chaplin and Joseph M. Schenck helped promote it . Unlike most experimental films , it received a wide public exhibition , released by FBO Pictures Corporation into more than 700 theaters in North America and Europe . The film was well received by critics , both in its time period and in modern day ; film historian Brian Taves said " more than any other American film , it initiated the avant @-@ garde in this country " . The entirety of the film has not survived . It has been selected for preservation by the National Film Registry , and Florey co @-@ wrote and directed a remake , Hollywood Boulevard ( 1936 ) . = = Plot = = Mr. Jones ( Jules Raucourt ) , an artist and aspiring movie star , arrives in Hollywood and is immediately star @-@ struck by the glitz and glamour of the film industry . He speaks with a film studio representative , presenting a letter of recommendation and attempting to speak on his own behalf , but the representative cuts him off and writes the number " 9413 " on his forehead . From this point on , 9413 speaks only in unintelligible gibberish and moves in a mechanical fashion , mindlessly following the instructions of film directors and studio representatives . He goes on a series of casting calls , but is unable to find any success , constantly being confronted with signs that read , " No Casting Today " . A series of images are interspersed throughout these scenes , including shots of Hollywood , cameras filming , the word " DREAMS " written in the stars , and an endlessly repeating loop of a man walking up a stairway toward the word " SUCCESS " , without ever reaching the top . Unlike 9413 , other extras around him begin to find success . A woman ( Adriane Marsh ) with the number " 13 " on her head constantly kneels and stands back up at the behest of a film director , and eventually succeeds in landing a part , greeted by a " Casting Today " sign . Another extra ( Voya George ) with the number " 15 " , who unlike 9413 has expressionless and unenthusiastic facial expressions , holds paper masks in front of his face , symbolizing his performances . He is greeted with enthusiasm by the cheering masses , all of whom speak in the same gibberish as 9413 . His number 15 is replaced with a star and he achieves tremendous success . 9413 admires this new movie star and attempts to mimic him , presenting his own , much more impressive @-@ looking mask . But the star is unimpressed and disregards 9413 , who sadly cradles his mask like a baby , lamenting his inability to achieve success . Time passes and 9413 remains unable to find work in Hollywood . Despite constant phone calls to studio representatives begging for work , he is repeatedly confronted by " No Casting Today " signs . He cannot afford to buy food , and bills that he is unable to pay are constantly slipped under his door . A series of images symbolizing his mental anguish are shown , including twisted trees blowing in the wind , and a man laying on the stairway leading to " SUCCESS " , still unable to reach the top . He falls to the ground , starving , exhausted , and in a state of despair over his failures . Finally , he dies , and after images are shown of the other actors laughing at him , his tombstone is revealed to read " Here Lies No. 9413 , a Hollywood Extra " , next to the words " No Casting Today " . After his death , 9413 's spirit leaves his body and is pulled by a platform into the sky . As he gets higher , he grows angel wings and ascends into heaven , a place with glittering crystal towers and bright blinking lights . A hand removes the " 9413 " from his forehead , and he smiles happily before flying further into heaven . = = Production = = = = = Conception = = = Robert Florey and Slavko Vorkapić , who met after Florey attended one of Vorkapić 's American Society of Cinematographers lectures , are credited as co @-@ writers and co @-@ directors of The Life and Death of 9413 : a Hollywood Extra . Accounts differ as to the level of involvement the two men had in the creation of the film , but most identify Florey as primarily responsible . Film historian Brian Taves has claimed Vorkapić was not involved in the writing or direction of the film , and that his contribution was limited to set design and miniature lighting , but that Florey nevertheless insisted on sharing equal credit with him for his role in bringing the film to fruition . Some early journalistic stories about the film uphold this viewpoint , including a 1928 article about Florey in Hollywood Magazine . Taves further claims that while Vorkapić did nothing to promote the film when it was first released , he later exaggerated his role in the production of the film when it became so esteemed . Paul Ivano , who did camerawork on the film , echoed these sentiments , saying : " Vorkapić tries to get credit , but he didn 't do much . " For his part , Vorkapić himself has said the initial idea was Florey 's , and that they discussed it and drafted a rough one @-@ page synopsis together . But Vorkapić said " all the effects were devised , designed , photographed , and added by me " , and that " at least 90 percent of the editing and montage " was his work . He claims to have directed most of the opening and ending sequences himself , while he credits Florey with filming the casting scene and shots of laughing extras , and said the rise of Voya George 's character to stardom was filmed jointly . Within a few years of his first arrival in Hollywood , Florey conceived the idea of making a film about the common actor 's dreams of becoming a star , and subsequent failure to achieve his hopes . Florey 's work as a publicist and journalist covering the film industry gave him familiarity with the struggles of aspiring actors and their disappointment at failing to achieve their dreams , which informed the writing of A Hollywood Extra . But the final inspiration for the film came after Florey attended a performance of the George Gershwin composition Rhapsody in Blue . Florey had been working in Hollywood for only a few months when he heard the music , and it inspired him to incorporate the rhythm of the blues into a film . He would later describe the film as a " continuity in musical rhythm of the adventures of my extra in Hollywood , the movements and attitudes of which appeared to synchronize themselves with Gershwin 's notes " . Although most avant @-@ garde films of the time emphasized moods rather than emotion , he wanted his script to merge both abstraction and narrative in equal parts . Florey wrote the script in precise detail , describing each shot in proportion to the length of film it would take to shoot it , which was necessary due to the high cost of film stock . = = = Development = = = Florey owned no camera at the time , and his efforts to obtain one were unsuccessful until he met Vorkapić . Florey said of their discussion : " I say to Slav , ' Slav , I have an idea but not much money . You have a camera and are a clever painter . Let 's make the picture in collaboration and we split the benefit . ' " Vorkapić himself claimed to have said : " Florey , you get me 100 dollars and I 'll make you a picture in my own kitchen . " Vorkapić allowed Florey to borrow a small box camera that he had purchased with the proceeds from the sale of one of his oil paintings . It was a DeVry camera with one lens , a type that Florey said was sold as a " toy " . Florey also had trouble obtaining film , as he found it cost @-@ prohibitive to purchase negative and positive film from film laboratories . However , Florey knew that " film ends " , scraps of leftover unexposed film stock , were often discarded after shooting on big budget Hollywood films , so he attempted to persuade filmmakers to give them to him . Camera work had just been completed on The Gaucho , a film starring Douglas Fairbanks , and he was able to obtain more than 1 @,@ 000 feet of film from the production in 10- and 20 @-@ foot strips . Florey then spliced the film ends together by hand , a process he found time @-@ consuming and frustrating , but one that resulted in the equivalent of a full reel of negative film . Fairbanks , who had previously hired Florey to handle his European public relations , provided financial assistance for the production of A Hollywood Extra . He also gave Florey access to his editing rooms and helped provide him with film ends . The film was shot by Gregg Toland , credited simply as " Gregg " , who was simultaneously working as an assistant to cinematographer George Barnes at the Samuel Goldwyn Studio . It was one of the first films for Toland , who later received acclaim for his cinematography on such films as The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) and Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) . The Life and Death of 9413 : a Hollywood Extra cost $ 97 ( $ 1 @,@ 337 today ) to make , which was covered entirely by Florey . The budget was composed of $ 55 ( $ 758 today ) for development and printing , $ 25 ( $ 345 today ) for negatives , $ 14 ( $ 193 today ) for transportation , and $ 3 ( $ 41 today ) for store props , most of which cost five or ten cents individually . From the development costs , the salary expenses for everyone involved in the film totaled $ 3 . Toland had use of a Mitchell camera during filming , which allowed for some shots that would have been impossible with the DeVry carema , including about 300 feet of closeups . Additional camerawork was done by Paul Ivano , and Taves has in fact argued that Ivano was primarily responsible for much of the film 's camerawork , with Toland handling primarily the close @-@ ups . The film was shot on 35 mm film , over a period of three weeks in late 1927 , filmed mostly on weekends . No subtitles are used in the film . Only two captions are used , each with one word – " DREAMS " and " SUCCESS " – but they are created not through subtitles , but by reflecting moving light through cardboard cutouts , creating words among the shadows . = = = Casting = = = The role of extra 9413 was played by Jules Raucourt , credited in the film simply as " Raucourt " . Although Raucourt started his career as a leading man of silent action films , he ironically became a film extra himself after cinema transitioned into the sound era . Raucourt later wrote a novel using the title of the film . The role of Extra # 13 was played by Adriane Marsh , herself a film extra , who never again obtained a named role in cinema . Extra # 15 , who then becomes a movie star , was portrayed by Voya George , a personal friend of Vorkapić , who went on to a career in European films . Robert Florey also himself appears in the film as a casting director , although only his disembodied mouth and hand are visible , shaking his finger at the protagonist . Slavko Vorkapić also had a brief role in the film as the man constantly walking up the stairs toward the words " SUCCESS " . = = = Filming = = = The filmmakers had no access to a studio , so shooting took place in rooms at their homes , with the walls painted black for use as a background . Herman G. Weinberg , a writer for Movie Makers , and Jack Spears of Films in Review , said it was filmed mostly at Florey 's residence , while film historian David E. James claimed it was filmed in Vorkapić 's kitchen . In an interview , Florey claimed the filming took place both in his kitchen and in Vorkapić 's living room . Some scenes were also filmed in Toland 's garage . The film is shot in three basic types of compositions : miniature sets , close @-@ ups of live actors , and newsreel @-@ like scenes of Hollywood and film studios . The film 's visual motif includes abrupt cuts , rapid camera movement , extensive superimposition , dim lighting , and shapes and forms in twisted and disoriented angles . In this way , it shares some similarities with German Expressionism , particularly the film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( 1920 ) . The opening credits , in particular , are angular and expressionistic . A single 400 @-@ watt lamp was used as lighting in the film ; they originally planned to use two lamps , but one of them burned out before filming began . During close @-@ up shots , the actors would hold the light bulb in their hands so their faces would be lit . When an actor changed position , he or she would switch the bulb from one hand to another . As a result , the faces of the actors are often kept in partial shadow , keeping their features obscured . Toland also used small reflectors that he borrowed from film studios , which included a light bulb hung inside a mirror shaped like a cone . The film 's acting is heavily abstract and styl	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
White players found reinforcements and even invented a line with 4.e3 and 5.Nh3. In the 21st century , despite Shakhriyar Mamedyarov 's successful efforts to rehabilitate the line 4.Bf4 g5 , the Budapest Gambit almost never appears at the highest level . , however Richard Rapport with black defeated Gelfand using the opening in round 2 of the 2014 Tata Steel Chess competition . = = Performance = = In the database of the website ChessGames.com , the Budapest Gambit scores 28 @.@ 9 % Black wins , 44 @.@ 1 % White wins and 27 @.@ 1 % draws . The percentage of draws is especially low compared to mainstream alternatives such as 2 ... e6 ( 43 @.@ 7 % draws ) or 2 ... g6 ( 37 % draws ) . This opening gives more chance to win for both opponents , although the percentage of Black wins is still lower than the alternative 2 ... c5 . In the main line 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Bf4 the percentage of Black wins already falls to 21 @.@ 1 % , lower than the main lines after 2 ... e6 or 2 ... g6 . The Budapest Gambit has never been widely used as Black by the top @-@ ten chessplayers . Richard Réti used it five times in the period 1919 – 26 when he was among the ten best players in the world , but he scored only 1 ½ points . Savielly Tartakower used it four times in 1928 when he was the eighth @-@ best player in the world , including thrice in one tournament ( Bad Kissingen 1928 ) but he scored only ½ point against world @-@ class opposition : Bogoljubov then ranked number four in the world , Capablanca ranked number two , and Rubinstein ranked number seven . Rudolf Spielmann used it thrice in 1922 – 23 when he was about number 9 – 12 in the world , with a win against Euwe but defeats against Yates and Sämisch . Nigel Short played the gambit twice in the years 1992 – 93 when he was number 7 – 11 , scoring only ½ points against Karpov ( then ranked number two ) and Ivanchuk ( then ranked number three ) . Recently , Mamedyarov used it twice in 2004 ( scoring 1 ½ with a win against Van Wely ) when he was not already among the top @-@ players , and six times in 2008 when he was about number 6 – 14 ; he scored five points with wins against former world champion Kramnik ( then ranked number three ) , and grandmasters Tkachiev and Eljanov , but all six games took place in rapid or blitz events . Nicolas Giffard summarises the modern assessment of the Budapest Gambit : [ It is ] an old opening , seldom used by champions without having fallen in disgrace . While White has several methods to get a small advantage , this defence is strategically sound . Black gets a good pawn structure and possibilities of attack on the kingside . His problems generally come from the white pressure on the d @-@ column and a lack of space to manoeuvre his pieces . Boris Avrukh writes , " The Budapest Gambit is almost a respectable opening ; I doubt there is a refutation . Even in the lines where White manages to keep an extra pawn , Black always has a lot of play for it . " = = Strategic and tactical themes = = = = = White builds up an imposing pawn centre = = = In the Alekhine variation White does not try to defend his e5 @-@ pawn and keep his material advantage , but instead he concentrates on building an imposing pawn centre . This brings him good prospects of a space advantage that may serve as a basis for a future attack on the kingside . However , the extended pawn centre has its drawbacks , as Lalic explains : " White must invest some valuable tempi in protecting his pawn structure , which allows Black to seize the best squares for his minor pieces with excellent prospects for counterplay against the white centre . " Hence in this variation Black lets White build his pawn centre only to undermine it later , a playing philosophy espoused in the teachings of the hypermodern school . The strategic themes are similar to the ones that can be found in other openings like the Four Pawns Attack , the Alekhine Defence or the Grünfeld Defence . = = = Budapest rook = = = The " Budapest rook " is a manoeuvre , introduced by the IM Dolfi Drimer in 1968 , with which Black develops the a8 rook aggressively along the sixth rank using the moves a7 – a5 and the rook lift Ra8 – a6 – h6 . For example , this can happen in the Adler variation after the move sequence 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Nf3 Bc5 5.e3 Nc6 6.Be2 Ngxe5 7.Nxe5 Nxe5 8.a3 a5 9 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 0 @-@ 0 10.Nc3 Ra6 11.b3 Rh6 . The rook is then used to support a piece attack against White 's castled King . Black can easily get several pieces around the white king , notably a rook to h6 , a queen to h4 and a knight on g4 . The queen 's arrival on the h4 @-@ square is facilitated by the absence of a white knight on the f3 @-@ square ( that would otherwise cover the h4 @-@ square ) and of a black knight on the f6 @-@ square ( that would block the way for the black queen ) . If White tries to defend with h2 – h3 , this may allow the Bc8 to be sacrificed at h3 in order to open the h @-@ file . The Bc5 may not seem particularly useful in this attack , but by eyeing e3 it makes it difficult for White to play f4 to chase away the black knight ; furthermore , the attack on e3 is sometimes intensified with major pieces doubling on the e @-@ file . Besides , the Bc5 can sometimes be recycled to the b8 – h2 diagonal via Bc5 – a7 – b8 , to apply still more pressure on h2 . It can also stay on the a7 – g1 diagonal to put pressure on f2 , if White pushes e3 – e4 at some stage . The " Budapest rook " was an invigorating innovation of the 1980s , and gave the gambit new life . However , inconveniences arise from delaying d7 – d6 in order to allow the lift : the light @-@ square bishop has to wait a long time to develop , and any attack on the Bc5 is potentially annoying for Black ( since it means either closing the sixth rank with ... d6 / ... b6 , abandoning the active a7 – g1 diagonal , or blocking the rook when deployed to a7 ) . This , in addition to the risk of awkwardness in the king side ( a knight on f5 will fork the Rh6 and the Qh4 ) and the single @-@ mindedness of Black 's plan ( with nothing to fall back on if the direct attack is repelled ) , has made some revisit the old lines , where it is instead the king 's rook that is developed to h6 . The queen 's rook can then be retained on the queenside , and will be well @-@ placed if the b @-@ file opens as a result of Black 's Bc5 being exchanged and recaptured with a b6 pawn . = = = Advantages of ... Bb4 + = = = In most variations Black has the opportunity to play Bb4 + , a move whose advisability depends on White 's possible answers . If White blocks the check with Nb1 – c3 then Black should capture the knight only if White is forced to take back with the pawn , after which the isolated , doubled pawns are a positional advantage for Black that fully compensates the loss of the bishop pair , and even the gambitted pawn . Due to its immunity to pawn attacks , the c5 @-@ square may be used by Black as a stronghold for his pieces . Piece exchanges can be good for Black even if he is a pawn down , as he can hope to exploit the crippled pawn structure in the ending . On the other hand , if White can recapture with a piece , the trade on c3 typically concedes the bishop pair for insufficient compensation . If White is compelled to play Nb1 – d2 , it is sometimes a minuscule positional concession , as it makes it harder for this knight to reach its ideal square d5 . However , if Black is later compelled to exchange Bxd2 , that is advantageous to White who thereby gains the bishop pair . Besides , in some situations the Bb4 could be as misplaced as the Nd2 . Finally , if White has to play Bd2 , then Black should exchange the bishops only if White is forced to recapture with the Nb1 , as a recapture by the Qd1 would still allow the Nb1 to reach the d5 @-@ square through Nb1 – c3 – d5 . For example in the Alekhine variation , after 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e4 Nxe5 5.f4 Ng6 6.Nf3 , the move 6 ... Bb4 + ( see diagram at right ) is good because White has no good reply apart from 7.Nc3. Indeed , 7.Nbd2 ? just loses a pawn after 7 ... Nxf4 whereas 7.Bd2 ? ! Qe7 ! causes White great problems : both the pawn f4 and e4 pawns are attacked , and 8.Bxb4 Qxb4 + results in a double attack against b2 and f4 . After 7.Nc3 Black can either answer with 7 ... Bxc3 + 8.bxc3 or with 7 ... Qf6 , simultaneously attacking c3 and f4 . = = = Pressure against the e4 @-@ square and the e3 @-@ pawn = = = In the Adler variation 3 ... Ng4 4.Nf3 , after White has moved f2 – f4 , the e3 @-@ pawn becomes a backward pawn on an open file . Black can then apply pressure on the e @-@ file in general , against the e3 @-@ pawn and the e4 @-@ square in particular . Typical moves in this plan would include the manoeuvre Ne5 – d7 – f6 , followed by putting the heavy pieces on the e @-@ file with Rf8 – e8 and Qd8 – e7 ( see diagram at right ) . The Bc5 is already well placed to pressure the e3 @-@ pawn . Depending on circumstances , the Bc8 may be involved either on b7 or on f5 , in both cases to assert control over the central e4 @-@ square . This plan is viable only if certain conditions are met . The d7 @-@ square must be available for the Ne5 , so that it can later transfer to f6 . White should also not be able to easily advance the e3 @-@ pawn to e4 , where it would be adequately defended by the Nc3 and a possible Bf3 . Finally , White should not have the time to launch a quick attack on Black 's castled position with the pawn thrust f4 – f5 – f6 . = = = Breakthrough with the c4 – c5 push = = = In the main lines the pawn push c4 – c5 often brings positional gains to White . In the Rubinstein variation 3 ... Ng4 4.Bf4 with 4 ... Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.a3 , after 7 ... Ngxe5 8.Nxe5 Nxe5 9.e3 Bxd2 + 10.Qxd2 ( see diagram at right ) White gets the bishop pair and a space advantage . In order to build up on these potential advantages , the most common plan is to perform a minority attack on the queenside , with the goal of performing the pawn advance c4 – c5 in favourable conditions . This push can yield several advantages to White : it enhances the prospects of the light @-@ square bishop , it creates a half @-@ open file to attack with the rooks , and it creates an isolated , backward pawn on d6 after the exchange c5xd6 . For example , in the diagram on the right , after the natural but mistaken 10 ... 0 @-@ 0 ? ! White can immediately realise his strategic goal with 11.c5 ! Then if Black accepts the temporary sacrifice after 11 ... Qxc5 12.Rc1 Qd6 13.Qxd6 cxd6 14.Rd1 White gets his pawn back and has created a weak pawn in d7 , while if Black declines the pawn he has difficulties in developing his queenside ( for example 11 ... d6 might be followed by 12.cxd6 Qxd6 13.Qxd6 cxd6 and the pawn on d6 is weak ) . Therefore Black generally tries to hinder the c4 – c5 push with moves like d7 – d6 , b7 – b6 or Rf8 – d8 ( if this creates a hidden vis @-@ à @-@ vis between the Rd8 and the Qd2 ) . Similarly , in the Rubinstein variation 3 ... Ng4 4.Bf4 with 4 ... Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + 6.Nc3 , after 6 ... Bxc3 + 7.bxc3 White is saddled with doubled pawns in c3 and c4 that limit the scope of his bishop pair . Hence the push c4 – c5 can be used to free the light @-@ squared bishop and disrupt Black 's position . In the Adler variation 3 ... Ng4 4.Nf3 , after 4 ... Bc5 5.e3 Nc6 6.Be2 0 @-@ 0 7 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 Re8 8.Nc3 Ngxe5 9.b3 a5 10.Bb2 Nxf3 + Bxf3 Ne5 12.Be2 Ra6 13.Qd5 Qe7 14.Ne4 Ba7 White has good reasons to push 15.c5. This move would close the diagonal of the Ba7 . It would make it harder for Black to develop the Bc8 as pawn pushes like b7 – b6 or d7 – d6 may be answered respectively by cxb6 or cxd6 , creating a weak pawn for Black . Also , the prospects of the Be2 would be enhanced . = = = Kieninger Trap = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Bf4 Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.a3 Ngxe5 8.axb4 Nd3 # The Kieninger Trap is named after Georg Kieninger who used it in an offhand game against Godai at Vienna in 1925 . It occurs in the Rubinstein variation 3 ... Ng4 4.Bf4 with 4 ... Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.a3. The Bb4 is attacked but Black does not have to move it for the moment , and instead both regains the gambit pawn and sets a trap with 7 ... Ngxe5 ( see diagram at right ) . Superficially , White seems to win a piece with 8.axb4 ? ? , but that would be falling into the Kieninger Trap because it would allow 8 ... Nd3 mate ; even after the exchange 8.Nxe5 Nxe5 , the threat of ... Nd3 mate remains and indirectly defends the Bb4 from capture . A rare variant has also occurred in a miniature in the Fajarowicz variation , after the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ne4 4.Qc2 Bb4 + 5.Nd2 d5 6.exd6 Bf5 7.Qa4 + Nc6 8.a3 Nc5 9.dxc7 Qe7 ! when White , trying to save his queen , fell into 10.Qd1 Nd3 mate . = = Adler variation 3 ... Ng4 4.Nf3 = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Nf3 The Adler variation is named after the game Adler – Maróczy , played at the 1896 Budapest tournament . White is ready to return the e5 @-@ pawn in order to develop his pieces on their best squares , i.e. the d5 @-@ square for the Nb1 , the f3 @-@ square for the Ng1 and the a1 – h8 diagonal for the Bc1 . Black can try the minor line 4 ... Nc6 that delays the development of its dark @-@ square bishop , to develop it along the a1 – h8 diagonal instead of the a3 – f8 diagonal , depending on the circumstances . But the main line is 4 ... Bc5 to attack the f2 @-@ pawn , forcing 5.e3 , blocking in White 's bishop on c1 , so that after 5 ... Nc6 White will not have enough pieces to protect his e5 @-@ pawn in the long run . Placing the bishop on the c5 @-@ square also has subtler points , as Tseitlin explains : At first sight the bishop on c5 lacks prospects , being held at bay by the pawn on e3 , and is insecure in view of the threat to exchange it by Nc3 – a4 / e4 . In reality , posting the bishop here has a deep strategic significance . It holds up the advance of the e- and the f @-@ pawns ( assuming the white bishop will go to b2 ) , and thereby secures e5 as a future knight outpost , which in turn restricts the activity of both White 's bishops . As to the exchanging threat , the bishop may conveniently retreat on a7 or f8 , or even in some cases remain on c5 with support from a pawn on b6 . An important theoretical decision for White is to choose whether to play a2 – a3 . While this move protects the b4 square and threatens the pawn advance b2 – b4 , it encourages Black 's rook lift Ra8 – a6 – h6 . As Lalic puts it : It was not so long ago that 8.a3 , with the obvious intention of expanding with b2 – b4 , was the standard move . However , after Black responds with the logical a7 – a5 , it became apparent in tournament practice that the inclusion of these moves is in fact in Black 's favour , as it gives his queen 's rook access into play via the a6 @-@ square . = = = Line 4 ... Bc5 with a2 – a3 = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Nf3 Bc5 5.e3 Nc6 6.a3 The opinion of the move 6.a3 has gradually shifted from being the main continuation to being a possible continuation , then down to its present status of being considered a mistake . The threat to push b2 – b4 must be taken seriously by Black , who typically answers 6 ... a5 . But in the 1980s it was discovered that the push a7 – a5 was actually a very useful one for Black , as it allows the Ra8 to be developed along the sixth rank . Meanwhile , the push a2 – a3 is less useful for White , as he will not be able to easily push b2 – b4 . As Tseitlin puts it , " the point is that 6 ... a5 fits into the plan of attacking White 's kingside , whereas 6.a3 does little in the way of defending it " . Thus if White does not find a clear way to make good use of his move a2 – a3 , it may turn out to be a critical waste of tempo . After the topical moves 7.b3 0 @-@ 0 8.Bb2 Re8 9.Nc3 Ngxe5 10.Nxe5 Nxe5 11.Be2 Black has regained the invested pawn . White has a space advantage in the centre and can initiate pressure here or on the queenside by pawn pushes like b3 – b4 and c4 – c5 ( possibly supported by a knight on the d5 @-@ square ) . Meanwhile , the white king lacks defenders so Black can start a pieces @-@ driven attack with the rook lift 11 ... Ra6 ( see section " Budapest rook " ) . The stem game continued with 12.Nd5 Rh6 13.Bd4 d6 14.Ra2 Bf5 15.Bxc5 dxc5 and Black won in 26 moves . To avoid such an unfavourable development , White players have changed the move @-@ order to keep the Bc1 on its original square as long as possible , so that it can help the defence . Thus , the typical move @-@ order became 7.b3 0 @-@ 0 8.Nc3 Re8 9.Be2 Ngxe5 10.Nxe5 Nxe5 11 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 when 11 ... Ra6 would be met with 12.Nd5 Rh6 13.e4 immediately attacking the maveric rook . So Black usually opts for 11 ... d6 , forgetting about the Ra8 – a6 – h6 manoeuvre . After 12.Bb2 ECO considers the situation as favourable to White , but Tseitlin thinks Black still has a lot of possibilities ( e.g. the other rook lift Re8 – e6 – h6 ) , so that " the struggle still lies ahead " . = = = Line 4 ... Bc5 without a2 – a3 = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Nf3 Bc5 5.e3 Nc6 By refraining from the advance a2 @-@ a3 White tries to gain a tempo on the lines of the previous section , making it more difficult for Black to initiate the Re8 – e6 – h6 or Ra8 – a6 – h6 lifts . After the moves 6.Be2 0 @-@ 0 7 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 Re8 8.Nc3 Ngxe5 9.Nxe5 Nxe5 White has tried two different plans . The older one sees White attack in the centre with moves like b2 – b3 , Bc1 – b2 , Qd1 – d5 , Nc3 – e4 and c4 – c5 . White gets an important space advantage in the centre , but Black can attack the kingside with rook lifts . After 10.b3 a5 White can try to capture the Bc5 with 11.Na4 or 11.Ne4 , one point being that the retreat 11 ... Ba7 would lock the Ra8 because Black has not played Ra8 – a6 already . Lalic still thinks 11 ... Ba7 is the right move after 11.Ne4 due to the importance of the a7 – g1 diagonal , but Black can also reroute the bishop with 11 ... Bf8 and " White has no obvious path to even a minute advantage " . After 11.Na4 Black can also simply react by 11 ... b6 when the loss of the bishop pair is compensated by the semi @-@ open b @-@ file and improved control of the central squares . Tseitlin considers that after the exchange on c5 Black has the better position . Hence the main continuation is 11.Bb2 , keeping the knight jumps for later . Then the most common plan for Black is a rook lift : the plan Ra8 – a6 – h6 was tried in the much @-@ commented game Åkesson – Tagnon ( Berlin Open 1984 ) . Black duly won , but after the game continuation 11 ... Ra6 12.Qd5 ! Qe7 13.Ne4 Ba7 14.c5 Rg6 15.Rac1 Bb8 16.f4 authors do not agree on which side had the advantage . Borik and Tseitlin both consider White to have a positional advantage , with Tseitlin recommending instead 15 ... Nc6 ! , with dangerous threats . However Lalic writes of 15 ... Bb8 , " it is true that the bishop pair looks a bit pathetic lined up on the back rank just now , but there is no way to stop them breaking out later " . The second plan for White , unveiled by Spassky in 1990 , aims at a kingside blitzkrieg with moves like Kg1 – h1 , f2 – f4 , Be2 – d3 and Qd1 – h5 . In the original game Black did not fathom White 's idea , so that after 10.Kh1 a5 ? ! 11.f4 Nc6 12.Bd3 d6 13.Qh5 ! h6 14.Rf3 Black 's pieces were ill @-@ placed to counter White 's attack . A more principled plan for Black is to react in the centre , specifically targeting the backward e3 @-@ pawn and e4 @-@ square . After 10.Kh1 d6 11.f4 Nd7 ! 12.Bd3 Nf6 13.Qf3 Ng4 14.Nd1 f5 ! and Black has succeeded in inhibiting White 's e3 – e4 expansion . As Black was doing fine with the 11.f4 move @-@ order , White has been searching for a new path with 10.Kh1 d6 11.Na4 ! ? b6 ! 12.Bd2 a5 13.Nxc5 bxc5 14.f4 Nd7 15.Bf3 when Jeremy Silman prefers White . White has even dared the immediate 10.f4 Nc6 11.Bd3 when it is extremely dangerous for Black to take the offered e3 @-@ pawn , as White gets a fierce kingside attack for free . = = Rubinstein variation 3 ... Ng4 4.Bf4 = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Bf4 This move sequence is called the " Rubinstein variation " in reference to the famous game Rubinstein – Vidmar ( Berlin 1918 ) when 4.Bf4 was first employed . Various authors consider this move to be the most dangerous for Black . It aims to answer 4 ... Bc5 with 5.e3 without blocking the Bc1 , contrary to what happens in the Adler variation 4.Nf3. Another point is that in the Adler variation White faces the risk of a strong attack against his kingside ( see section " Budapest rook " ) , while in the 4.Bf4 variation this is seldom the case because the Bf4 is well placed to protect White 's kingside . On the other hand , the early development of the bishop means that White is more vulnerable to the check Bf8 – b4 + , the b2 @-@ pawn is not defended , and in some rare cases the Bf4 can become subject to attack . Apart from the sideline 4 ... g5 , the main line continues with both players developing their pieces around the e5 @-@ pawn with 4 ... Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + when White has an important choice between the moves 6.Nc3 and 6.Nbd2 , each leading to extremely different play . With 6.Nc3 White acquiesces to the breakup of his queenside pawns in return for a material advantage of one pawn , the bishop pair and active play in the centre . With 6.Nbd2 White gives back the gambited pawn to keep a healthy pawn structure and acquire the bishop pair . After 6.Nbd2 Qe7 White generally plays 7.a3 to force the immediate exchange of bishop for knight , gaining the bishop pair , a spatial advantage and chances for a minority attack on the queenside . White can also try 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.e3 to win a tempo over the 7.a3 variation , though he may end up with the exchange at d2 made in less favourable circumstances , or not at all . The maverick gambit 6 ... f6 also exists . = = = Sideline 4 ... g5 = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Bf4 g5 The sideline 4 ... g5 ! ? was not well regarded at the end of the 20th century . It weakens several squares — particularly f5 and h5 — as they cannot be covered by the g @-@ pawn any more . White can try to exploit these weaknesses with the manoeuvres Bf4 – d2 – c3 ( pressure along the diagonal a1 – h8 ) , Ng1 – e2 – g3 – h5 ( pressure against the squares f6 and g7 ) and h2 – h4 ( to open the h @-@ file ) . Nonetheless , the 4 ... g5 line has found new supporters in recent years thanks to black wins against both 5.Bg3 and 5.Bd2. For years , the reaction 5.Bg3 was not well considered , because the retreat does not make the most out of Black 's provocative fourth move ; as Tseitlin points out , " the bishop is in danger of staying out of play for a long time " . But later Lalic found that 5.Bg3 was " just as effective " as 5.Bd2. Black concentrates on capturing the e5 @-@ pawn while White tries to get an advantage from the weakening of the black kingside . After the typical moves 5 ... Bg7 6.Nf3 Nc6 7.Nc3 Ngxe5 8.Nxe5 Nxe5 9.e3 d6 Lalic considers the best try to be 10.c5 ! , sacrificing a pawn to weaken Black 's control on the e5 @-@ square and expose the black king further . White has also tried to quickly open the h @-@ file with 7.h4 Ngxe5 8.Nxe5 Nxe5 9.e3 but after 9 ... g4 ! Black succeeds in keeping the file closed . The alternative to 5.Bg3 is 5.Bd2 to place the bishop on the wide @-@ open diagonal a1 – h8 , after which " White can expect a safe advantage " . Then according to Lalic , delaying the recapture with 5 ... Bg7 6.Bc3 Nc6 7.e3 Ngxe5 is not correct as White can gain an advantage by 8.h4 or 8.Qh5 , so the immediate 5 ... Nxe5 is better . For some time 6.Bc3 was well considered because Black had problems dealing with various positional threats , but the correct way for Black was found in 5 ... Nxe5 6.Bc3 Qe7 7.e3 Rg8 ! 8.Nf3 Nbc6 9.Be2 d6 10.Nd4 Bd7 11.b4 g4 with good counterplay for Black on the kingside . White 's efforts then switched to 6.Nf3 to open the e @-@ file , something that Black cannot really avoid , as 6 ... Bg7 7.Nxe5 Bxe5 8.Bc3 would leave an advantage to White . For example 8 ... Qe7 9.Bxe5 Qxe5 10.Nc3 d6 11.e3 and Black is at a loss for an equalising line , White 's advantage consisting in his ability to install his knight on the strong d5 @-@ square and to attack the weakened Black 's kingside with the advance h2 – h4 . It is better for Black to continue with 6 ... Nxf3 + 7.exf3 when both 7 ... h5 ? and 7 ... Bg7 would fail to 8.Qe2 + , so Black must try 7 ... d6 8.Qe2 + Be6 instead . = = = Line 6.Nc3 = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Bf4 Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + 6.Nc3 This is the only important line in the Budapest where Black is not ensured of regaining his sacrificed pawn . Black does best to immediately exchange the Nc3 with 6 ... Bxc3 + 7.bxc3 as otherwise White gets a small positional advantage simply by avoiding the doubled pawns ( see the section " Advantages of ... Bb4 + " ) . Then Black can put pressure on the e5 @-@ pawn with 7 ... Qe7 when White 's only possibility to keep the pawn is 8.Qd5. White threatens to ease the pressure with the move h2 – h3 that would force the Ng4 to the unfavourable square h6 , so Black 's only possibilities to sustain the initiative are 8 ... Qa3 and 8 ... f6 . The line 8 ... Qa3 puts pressure on the white queenside pawns , pressure that may later be intensified with Nf6 – e4 . The black queen also gains access to the a5 @-@ square , from where it puts pressure on the e1 – a5 diagonal aimed towards the white king . After 9.Rc1 f6 10.exf6 Nxf6 11.Qd2 d6 12.Nd4 0 @-@ 0 we reach the position of the famous game between Rubinstein and Vidmar , when Rubinstein erred with 13.e3 ? and later lost . After the better 13.f3 the correct method for Black is to target the c4 @-@ pawn with the regrouping Ne5 / Qc5 . Hence Lalic thinks 11.Qd2 is inappropriate and gives Black excellent counterplay , and prefers 11.Qd3 or even 11.Qd1 ! ? After 11.Qd3 0 @-@ 0 12.g3 d6 13.Bg2 Black should switch to a materialistic mode with 13 ... Qxa2 . In the other line 8 ... f6 Black does not want to decentralise his queen and prefers to concentrate on active piece play in the centre . After 9.exf6 Nxf6 , 10.Qd1 , 10.Qd2 and 10.Qd3 are all possible , but each has its drawbacks : on d1 the queen is not developed , on d3 it is exposed to Bc8 – f5 and on d2 it is exposed to Nf6 – e4 . Lalic considers 10.Qd3 to be the main move , qualifies 10.Qd1 as a " respectable option " , but considers 10.Qd2 as " inaccurate " . Meanwhile , Black will try to create counterplay by attacking either the weak c4 @-@ pawn , or the kingside with g7 – g5 and h7 – h5 . In both cases a key possibility is the move Nf6 – e4 that centralises the knight , attacks the weak c3 @-@ pawn , controls the c5 @-@ square and supports the g7 – g5 thrust . = = = Line 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.a3 = = = = = = = On the way till 10 ... d6 = = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Bf4 Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.a3 The Bb4 is attacked but Black can play 7 ... Ngxe5 to get the gambitted pawn back , as 8.axb4 ? ? would allow the Kieninger trap 8 ... Nd3 mate ( see the section " Kieninger trap " ) . Now White is more or less forced to exchange a pair of knights with 8.Nxe5 Nxe5 . White still cannot win a piece with 9.axb4 ? ? Nd3 # or 9.Bxe5 ? ! Bxd2 + 10.Qxd2 Qxe5 , so he usually plays 9.e3 in order to protect the c4 @-@ pawn and defuse the mating threat , so that now Black is obliged to move his Bb4 . As 9 ... Bd6 would misplace the bishop and 9 ... Ba5 ? ? would lose the bishop to 10.b4 Bb6 11.c5 , Black usually plays 9 ... Bxd2 + 10.Qxd2. After 10.Qxd2 , Tseitlin explains that " opening manuals assess this position as favourable to White on the basis of the bishop pair . However , considering the closed nature of the position , White faces substantial difficulties in the realisation of this nominal advantage . " Black has not a lot of things to be proud of as there are no targets in White 's camp , but can put up a lot of resistance thanks to small assets . Black 's Ne5 is strongly centralised , attacks the c4 @-@ pawn , and restricts the Bf1 from moving to the natural squares d3 and f3 . Moreover , exchanging the knight with Bxe5 is not appealing for White , since that would mean losing the advantage of the bishop pair . Also , the Bc8 can sometimes become better than its counterpart the Bf1 , if it makes it to the good squares b7 or c6 while the Bf1 remains restricted by the Ne5 . This explains the most natural plans for both sides . White will try a minority attack on the queenside , in order to increase its space advantage and to create some weaknesses in the black pawns ( e.g. an isolated pawn or a backward pawn ) . So White will try to use the advances b2 – b4 or c4 – c5 in good conditions , supported by the queen and the rooks on the c @-@ file and the d @-@ file . On the other hand , Black will try to keep the position closed , most importantly by keeping the c4 @-@ pawn where it is in order to keep the Bf1 at bay . This can be achieved by moves like b7 – b6 and d7 – d6 , and sometimes the manoeuvre Ne5 – d7 – f8 – e6 . The first move by Black has to be 10 ... d6 ! because otherwise White plays 11.c5 ! and gets a clear advantage immediately . For example 10 ... b6 ? loses a pawn to 11.Qd5 Nc6 12.Bxc7 , and 10 ... 0 @-@ 0 ? ! is bad because of 11.c5 ! Qxc5 ? 12.Rc1 Qe7 13.Rxc7 and White is winning already . International Master Timothy Taylor has suggested an alternative for Black on move 9 . He regards 9 ... Bxd2 + as inferior , arguing that " the strong black bishop is traded for the inoffensive knight , and white gets the long @-@ term advantage of the two bishops in a semi @-@ open game " . Taylor instead advocates 9 ... Bc5 , when Black stands well after 10.b4 Bd4 ! ( 11.exd4 ? ? Nd3 # ) 11.Rb1 d6 12.Be2 Bf5 13.Rb3 Ng6 14.Bg3 ( 14.exd4 Nxf4 15.Re3 ? Nxg2 + wins ; 14.Bxd6 exd6 15.exd4 Nf4 16.g3 Bc2 ! wins material ) Bf6 ; 10.Ne4 Ng6 ; 10.Nb3 Bd6 ; or 10.Be2 d6 . = = = = Battle for the push c4 – c5 = = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Bf4 Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.a3 Ngxe5 8.Nxe5 Nxe5 9.e3 Bxd2 + 10.Qxd2 d6 After 10 ... d6 ! White can try ( and has tried ) about any move that supports the aforementioned plan . In particular , White has to choose if he wants to start active operations on the queenside immediately ( e.g. Rc1 , Qc3 , c5 ) , or if he wants to finish his development first ( with Be2 and 0 @-@ 0 ) . The immediate 11.c5 ! ? is a possible pawn sacrifice in order to open some diagonals for the bishops . As Lalic points out , " after 11 ... dxc5 Black 's knight on e5 has lost its support and therefore all tactical motifs based on Qd5 and Bb5 + must be carefully checked " . White gets a powerful attack for his pawn but nothing decisive . The same idea can be tried with the preparatory 11.Rc1 , and after 11 ... 0 @-@ 0 12.c5 ! ? dxc5 13.Qd5 Ng6 14.Bg3 White should be reminded that he has not finished his development with 14 ... Qf6 ! and a counter @-@ attack on the b2 @-@ pawn . Playing Black , Svidler chose a different path with 11 ... b6 but his opponent Lesiège nevertheless sacrificed the pawn with 12.c5 ! bxc5 13.b4 0 @-@ 0 14.bxc5 Bb7 15.f3 and Svilder chose to destroy his own pawn structure with 15 ... dxc5 ! ? to activate his pieces and make use of the d @-@ file . The most popular move is 11.Be2 , where White delays his queenside play until he has achieved castling . It also gives Black more time to organise a defence on the queenside with b7 – b6 , either now or after 11 ... 0 @-@ 0 . = = = Line 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.e3 = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Bf4 Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.e3 In this variation White tries to avoid the move a2 – a3 in order to gain a tempo over the 7.a3 variation . After the standard moves 7 ... Ngxe5 8.Nxe5 Nxe5 9.Be2 followed by 10 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 it is Black 's last chance to exchange the Bb4 for the Nd2 . The game will take an entirely different structure depending on whether Black gives up the bishop pair or tries to keep it . Lalic thinks the strategies in which Black gives up the bishop pair ( by exchanging its Bb4 for the Nd2 ) for nothing are a mistake . He does not like the strategy to retreat the Bb4 in d6 either , because they are too drawish . He recommends the strategy to retreat the bishop in c5 , and maintain its position there with the help of the a7 – a5 pawn advance . = = = = Black gives up the bishop pair = = = = When Black opts for 10 ... Bxd2 , he runs the risk to end up a tempo down over the 7.a3 variation and to be soon unable to meet White 's positional threats on the queenside . White can avoid the push a2 – a3 and continue with the standard plans of the 7.a3 variation . However , everything is not that bad for Black . First , to implement his plan White has to concentrate on development ( 9.Be2 , 10 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 ) before he turns his attention to the queenside . That means Black has more time to organise his play than in the 7.a3 variation , notably to attempt a blockade of the c5 @-@ square . Moreover , as White does not put immediate pressure on Black 's position , Black is not compelled to castle rapidly and he can keep his king in the centre for a longer time , or even castle queenside . Hence Lalic note that " White has not wasted time with a2 – a3 , but in fact it is not so easy to capitalise on this extra tempo . " A possibility for Black is to develop his light @-@ square bishop rapidly , by prioritising the moves b7 – b6 and Bc8 – b7 over castling and d7 – d6 . The game Solozhenkin – Stiazhkin ( Leningrad 1990 ) continued with 9 ... b6 10 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 Bxd2 11.Qxd2 Bb7 12.c5 bxc5 13.Qa5 d6 14.Bxe5 dxe5 15.Rfc1 and Moskalenko assesses this position as better for White ; Lalic suggests that 13 ... Ng6 is an improvement . In the game Gausel – Reite ( Norwegian Team Championship 1991 ) , after the same 9.Be2 b6 10 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 Bxd2 11.Qxd2 Bb7 Black introduced a highly original plan by avoiding the natural advance d7 – d6 , and instead blocked a white c5 @-@ push by playing ... c5 himself . The game continued 12.Qc3 f6 13.b4 c5 ! ? and Lalic was " deeply impressed by this plan , which really spoils all of White 's fun " . The c4 @-@ pawn is never allowed to advance , so that the Be2 is durably restricted . The Bf4 is obstructed by the Ne5 , that cannot be easily removed . The weakness of the d7 @-@ pawn is not a worry as it can be protected by Bb7 – c6 if necessary . = = = = Black keeps the bishop pair = = = = After 9.Be2 0 @-@ 0 10 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 Black can avoid the immediate exchange of his Bb4 against the Nd2 in several ways . The first one , resurrected and elaborated by the grandmaster Pavel Blatny , is to exchange the Bb4 for the Bf4 . This can be achieved via 10 ... Ng6 11.Bg3 ( 11.Bxc7 ? ? d6 loses a piece ) 11 ... Bd6 12.Bxd6 Qxd6 . White still has possibilities to play for an advantage due to his more advanced development , his space advantage on the queenside and the possibility to install his knight on the good square d5 . Taylor considers this Black 's best line , stating that Black has not given White the bishop pair , nor weakened his pawn structure , and should be able to gradually equalize . The other possibility for Black is to keep his Bb4 as long as possible , exchanging it against the white knight only in favourable circumstances . A couple of attempts have been done with this in mind , with subtle variations along the moves a7 – a5 , b7 – b6 and d7 – d6 . Against the mundane 10 ... d6 White can continue with 11.Nb3 ( see diagram at right ) to play on the queenside against the exposed Bb4 , or 11.Nb1 to recycle the knight on the ideal d5 @-@ square . Another idea is the immediate 10 ... a5 , to have the d6 @-@ square for the bishop , inhibit the b2 – b4 push and have the possible a5 – a4 pawn advance if the white knight moves to b3 . In the game Mikhalevski – Chabanon ( Bad Endbach 1995 ) Black kept the bishop with 11.Nb3 a4 12.a3 Bd6 13.Nd4 Bc5 14.Nb5 d6 15.Nc3 Ng6 16.Bg3 f5 and had dynamic play . = = = Gambits 5.Nbd2 d6 and 6.Nbd2 f6 = = = With 4 ... Bb4 + 5.Nbd2 d6 ( see diagram at right ) Black wants to open the diagonal a1 – h8 for his queen . After 6.exd6 Qf6 White can react to the attack on his Bf4 in several ways , the best one being 7.Nh3 to develop a piece and protect both the Bf4 and the f2 @-@ pawn . It also helps that the Bf4 is still guarding the Nd2 , so that after 7 ... Qxb2 ? there is not the threat of winning the exchange ( 8 ... Bxd2 + would be answered by 9.Bxd2 ) and White can repel Black 's attack with 8.Rb1 Qa3 9.Rb3 Qa5 10.dxc7 Nc6 11.a3 ! Be7 12.e3. Instead , Black must play energetically with 7 ... Nxf2 8.Kxf2 Bxh3 9.g3 Bxf1 10.dxc7 ! ? Nc6 11.Rxf1 and here Lalic recommends 11 ... 0 @-@ 0 12.Kg2 Rfe8 . The other gambit , 4 ... Nc6 5.Nf3 Bb4 + 6.Nbd2 f6 7.exf6 Qxf6 , is much riskier , as Black weakens his kingside and does not open a diagonal for his Bc8 . Black tries to take advantage of the fact White has moved his dark @-@ squared bishop away from the queenside , leaving the b2 @-@ pawn without protection . The correct plan for White was shown by Gleizerov who played 8.e3 Qxb2 9.Be2 d6 10 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 0 @-@ 0 11.Nb3 Qf6 12.c5 ! to open the a2 – g8 diagonal that was weakened precisely by the gambit move 6 ... f6 . The move 11.Nb3 is not only useful to support the c4 – c5 push , but also to exchange the knight against Black 's dark @-@ squared bishop after a possible a2 – a3 forcing the retreat Bb4 – c5 . As Lalic puts it , " I doubt if Black has a satisfactory answer to White 's play in this game " . = = Alekhine variation 3 ... Ng4 4.e4 = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e4 This variation is named after Alekhine thanks to his wins in the games Alekhine – Rabinovic ( Baden Baden , 1925 ) and Alekhine – Seitz ( Hastings , 1926 ) . White does not try to keep its material advantage ( the e5 @-@ pawn ) and concentrates on establishing a strong pawn center and space advantage . A controversial point is whether the typical black manoeuvre Bf8 – b4 – xc3 is advantageous for Black ( as it saddles White with doubled pawns ) or for White ( as it reinforces his centre ) . Lalic thinks both , considering 6 ... Bb4 + to be a bad move after 4 ... Nxe5 5.f4 Nec6 6.Nf3 , but a good one after 4 ... Nxe5 5.f4 Nec6 6.Be3. After 4.e4 the main line is 4 ... Nxe5 5.f4 when Black has an important choice to make about where to move the Ne5 . The retreat to the queenside with 5 ... Nec6 is considered best , while the retreat to the kingside with 5 ... Ng6 is probably playable . Taylor considers 4 ... Nxe5 inferior , recommending instead a rarely played idea of Richard Réti , 4 ... h5 ! ( Taylor 's exclamation point ) . Then 5.Nf3 would allow 5 ... Bc5 , while Taylor suggests meeting 5.Be2 with 5 ... Nc6 ! and 5.f4 with 5 ... Bc5 with quick development compensating for the lost pawn . He considers the main line to be 4 ... h5 5.h3 Nxe5 6.Be3 Bb4 + , with good play for Black . = = = Line 5 ... Nec6 = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e4 Nxe5 5.f4 Nec6 The Knight on c6 is safer than on g6 , and is well @-@ placed as part of a general strategy to control the central dark squares . It can go to d4 while the other Knight can go to c5 via a6 or d7 . After 6.Nf3 Bc5 White has difficulties castling short , because the plan to exchange the dark @-@ squared bishops with Bd3 / Qe2 / Be3 can be met by Bg4 / Nd4 to muddy the waters . As Lalic points out : White can no longer castle kingside and will usually have to go the other way . However , this is rather slow and gives Black time to try to undermine the white centre . To this end Bc8 – g4 often comes in handy , in order to pin the white knight on f3 against the white queen . Note that Black should wait until his opponent has wasted a tempo with Qe2 . The main continuation 6.Be3 controls the a7 – g1 diagonal and is considered to be the best reply . If Black wants to contest the c5 @-@ square for his Bf8 he can try 6 ... Na6 , but most games continue with 6 ... Bb4 + . Here the best reply for White is controversial . After 7.Nc3 Black has the zwischenzug 7 ... Qh4 + 8.g3 Bxc3 + 9.bxc3 Qe7 so that the diagonal a8 – h1 is weakened before Black develops the Bc8 to the b7 @-@ square . The queen on the e7 @-@ square is well placed to pressure the e4 @-@ pawn . However , as most of Black 's pieces are on the queenside , continuing with pawn pushes like f7 – f5 is probably too weakening , as Alekhine demonstrated in his game against Seitz in 1925 . So Black does best to attack with pieces , possibly with the setup b6 / Nc5 / Bb7 / 0 @-@ 0 @-@ 0 . In that case Tseitlin considers that with a knight on c5 the move d7 – d6 should be avoided if Black has to respond to the capture Bxc5 by dxc5 , because the white pawns in e4 and f4 would have too much leeway . After 7.Nd2 Qe7 8.a3 Lalic considers 8 ... Qxe4 should be avoided , e.g. the continuation 9.Kf2 Bxd2 10.Qxd2 0 @-@ 0 11.Nf3 d6 12.Re1 gives White several tempi against the black queen . After the better 8 ... Bc5 9.Bxc5 Qxc5 10.Qf3 Lalic recommends 10 ... a5 . The introduction of the intermediate 7 ... Qh4 + 8.g3 Qe7 does not change Lalic 's opinion , as after 9.Bg2 Na6 10.a3 Bc5 11.Bxc5 Nxc5 12.b4 Ne6 the bishop was well placed on g2 and Black experienced difficulties developing the Bc8 . But Lalic does not mention the game Pomar – Heidenfeld cited by Borik , in which Black played the advance a7 – a5 to restrict the white advance b2 – b4 , and achieved equality after 9.Bg2 a5 10.Ne2 Na6 . Instead , he recommends 7 ... d6 8.Nf3 0 @-@ 0 9.Bd3 and now the same development as in Pomar 's game : 9 ... a5 and 10 ... Na6 deserves attention , when White 's movements on the queenside are more restricted and the black knight will be able to settle on the c5 @-@ square without being kicked by the thematic b2 – b4 . It may appear that we have reached the same position elaborated in previous games a tempo down for Black , since he has committed his bishop to b4 and will later drop back to the c5 @-@ square instead of heading there at once . However , the white knight is less actively placed on d2 and in fact this fully compensates Black for the slight loss of time . = = = Line 5 ... Ng6 = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e4 Nxe5 5.f4 Ng6 The Knight on g6 puts the f4 @-@ pawn under pressure , but may be embarrassed later by the pawn thrust f4 – f5 . Now 6.a3 , an attempt to deny squares from the Bf8 by continuing with b2 – b4 or Bc1 – e3 , does not achieve its goal after 6 ... Bc5 ! 7.b4 ? ! Bxg1 ! 8.Rxg1 0 @-@ 0 ! 9.Qf3 d6 10.g4 a5 11.b5 Nd7 12.Ra2 Nc5 when Black 's superior pawn structure and well @-@ positioned Nc5 gives him the advantage . That leaves White with the choice between 6.Nf3 and 6.Be3. The move 6.Nf3 controls the e5 @-@ square in order to prepare the push f4 – f5 . Unlike after 5 ... Nec6 , White does not have to fear 6 ... Bc5 ? ! , which encounters difficulties after 7.f5 ! Nh4 8.Ng5 ! , when the black knight is already in danger of being lost to Qd1 – g4 or Qd1 – h5 . Instead Black must react quickly with 6 ... Bb4 + 7.Nc3 when he can adopt a normal setup with d6 / 0 @-@ 0 / Nc6 / b6 or act boldly with 7 ... Qf6 threatening both the Nc3 and the f4 @-@ pawn . One point in favour of 7 ... Qf6 is that after 8.e5 Qb6 the black queen prevents White from castling short and is well placed if White castles long . The move 6.Be3 takes the a7 – g1 diagonal from Black 's Bf8 and may in some lines prepare the long castle . After the mandatory 6 ... Bb4 + White can opt for 7.Nd2 to avoid having doubled pawns , but he must be prepared to sacrifice a pawn after 7 ... Qe7 8.Kf2 ! ? Bxd2 9.Qxd2 Qxe4 10.Bd3 with piece activity for the pawn deficit , because the normal defence 8.Bd3 ? runs into 8 ... Qd6 ! and both the Bd3 and the f4 @-@ pawn are attacked . White does not need , however , bother too much about the doubled pawns and after 7.Nc3 Bxc3 + 8.bxc3 a peaceful black player might choose the quiet 8 ... b6 ! ? followed by a normal development with d6 / 0 @-@ 0 / Bb7 / Nd7 / Re8 / Nc5 . Instead of 8 ... b6 a more adventurous black player could choose 8 ... Qe7 9.Bd3 f5 ! ? as indicated by Borik , Tseitlin and Lalic , but in his more recent book Moskalenko thinks " this move complicates the game too much " . If the black player is neither peaceful nor aggressive , Lalic proposes an alternative with 8 ... Qe7 9.Bd3 0 @-@ 0 10.Qd2 and only now that Black has his king safe shall he unleash 10 ... f5 ! ? , when " it is not so easy for White to meet [ 10 ... f5 ] as the two main responses , 11.e5 and 11.exf5 , allow Black promising chances with 11 ... d6 and 11 ... Nxf4 respectively " . = = Fajarowicz variation 3 ... Ne4 = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ne4 The Fajarowicz variation is said to have its origins in the chess circles from Leipzig , with the first important game being H.Steiner – Fajarowicz at the 1928 Wiesbaden tournament . In this variation , Black makes no immediate effort to regain the gambit pawn , preferring to concentrate on active piece play and tactical tricks . The move 4.a3 allows White to avoid the annoying bishop check on b4 , the also annoying knight jump to b4 , and prepares Qc2 to undermine Black 's knight . Both Lalic and de Firmian consider it to be White 's best move , with de Firmian assessing it as leading to a large advantage for White . Lalic considers 4 ... b6 ! ? to be the best answer , one point being that Qd1 – c2 , so effective in most of the other lines , can be met by Bc8 – b7 . After 5.Nd2 Bb7 6.Qc2 Lalic gives 6 ... Nxd2 7.Bxd2 a5 ! when the black bishops will be excellently placed on the b7- and c5 @-@ squares . Lalic recommends 6.Nf3 instead , while de Firmian continues by 5.Nf3 Bb7 6.Nbd2 Qe7 7.Qc2 with a large advantage for White . The move 4.Nf3 develops a piece and covers the sensitive d2 @-@ square . After 4 ... Bb4 + 5.Nbd2 Nc6 6.a3 Black can easily get confused by the move @-@ order . The natural 6 ... Nxd2 7.Bxd2 Bxd2 + 8.Qxd2 Qe7 9.Qc3 transposes in the same position as after 5.Bd2 , but White can also try 6 ... Nxd2 7.axb4 ! Nxf3 + 8.gxf3 Nxe5 9.Rg1 Qe7 10.Ra3 ! with a strong initiative . White can even retain his bishop with 6 ... Nxd2 7.Nxd2 and now Borik recommends 7 ... Bf8 with difficult play for Black as he is not certain to gain his pawn back . To avoid these possibilities Lalic advises the move @-@ order 6 ... Bxd2 + 7.Bxd2 Nxd2 8.Qxd2 Qe7 , but does not mention the possibility of White answering 6 ... Bxd2 + with 7.Nxd2. A possible improvement for Black ( after 4 ... Bb4 + 5.Nbd2 ) would be 5 ... d5 with compensation for the pawn in all lines . The line 4.Qc2 immediately attacks the Ne4 , as a retreat by Black would effectively surrender his temporary lead in development , which is the compensation for the sacrificed pawn . Black must continue to develop while trying to keep the Ne4 on its square , but that is by no means easy . Borik thinks 4.Qc2 is the move " that gives Black the most problems to solve " , but Lalic does not agree at all , stating that the reply " 4 ... Bb4 + [ .... ] followed by d7 – d5 ensures Black a rapid development and plenty of counterplay . It is for this reason that 4.Qc2 is not on the danger list " . The reply 4 ... Bb4 + ( see diagram at right ) pins the white pieces before deciding what to do with the Ne4 . White cannot reply 5.Bd2 as he would lose the bishop pair and Black would easily regain the e5 @-@ pawn with Nc6 / Qe7 / 0 @-@ 0 / Re8 . After 5.Nd2 this knight would be misplaced and would block the Bc1 , so Black could open the game with 5 ... d5 in favourable circumstances . Best for White is 5.Nc3 d5 6.exd6 Bf5 7.Bd2 Nxd6 8.e4 ! Bxc3 9.Bxc3 Bxe4 when Black has regained his pawn but White has the bishop pair and possibilities of an attack on the kingside . = = Other possibilities = = = = = Line 3 ... Ng4 4.e3 = = = 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e3 Apart from the main lines 4.Bf4 , 4.Nf3 and 4.e4 , the only significant other fourth move is 4.e3 to continue by 4 ... Nxe5 5.Nh3 ( or the other move @-@ order 4.Nh3 and 5.e3 ) so that the white knight starts the journey Ng1 – h3 – f4 – d5 reach its ideal d5 @-@ square . The idea with 4.e3 and 5.Nh3 was favorite of a leading Soviet coach and writer Mikhail Shereshevsky , who wrote in his 1994 book The Soviet Chess Conveyor that the line was first shown to him by a strong correspondence player Donatas Lapienis . Black has tried to prevent White 's idea by the suitably strange @-@ looking move 5 ... Ng6 , taking the f4 @-@ square from the Nh3 . Then White can develop along various setups , the most active being 6.Qh5 with the possibility Nh3 – g5 in store to recycle the knight towards a more central position . Black can also ignore White 's intentions and concentrate on his own play by placing the Nb8 on c5 , in order to put pressure on the d3 @-@ square . After 5 ... g6 6.Nf4 Bg7 7.Be2 0 @-@ 0 8 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 d6 9.Nc3 Nbd7 10.Qd2 a5 11.b3 Nc5 the position of Black 's knights is secured and Black 's position is similar to the Leningrad variation of the Dutch Defence ( once he has played f7 – f5 ) . White has no reason , however , to abandon the a1 – h8 diagonal to Black , and he can try 5 ... g6 6.Bd2 d6 7.Nf4 Bg7 8.Bc3 0 @-@ 0 9.Be2 Nbd7 10.Nd2 b6 and in one game White gained a minimal edge . = = = Other fourth moves after 3 ... Ng4 = = = A few other lines have been tried , with the outcome varying from an immediate equality to a clear advantage for Black . The cooling 4.e6 avoids complications and heads for an equal endgame with 4 ... dxe6 5.Qxd8 + Kxd8 , Black 's loss of the right to castle being of no great importance since queens have been traded . If Black wants to avoid this early endgame , he can try 4 ... Bb4 + 5.Nc3 Bxc3 + 6.bxc3 dxe6 and now the exchange of queens would give a plus to Black , as the white queenside pawns are isolated and doubled . The greedy 4.f4 is weak because White neglects his development and weakens the a7 – g1 diagonal . Black can immediately exploit this with 4 ... Bc5 , which threatens a fork on f2 and forbids White 's castling ; Black may later push d7 – d6 to open the centre , e.g. 5.Nh3 0 @-@ 0 6.Nc3 d6 7.exd6 cxd6 when Black has good squares for its pieces while White 's castling is delayed . Another reasonable @-@ looking move is 4.Qd4 as it protects the e5 @-@ pawn and attacks the Ng4 . However , " the problem for White in the Budapest is that natural moves often lead to disaster " . Best for Black is the gambit 4 ... d6 5.exd6 Nc6 ! 6.Qd1 Bxd6 , when the natural 7.Nf3 ? ? is an error because of 7 ... Nxf2 ! 8.Kxf2 Bg3 + winning the queen . White must develop quietly with moves like Nc3 / Nf3 / e3 / Be2 , allowing Black to find active positions for his pieces with 0 @-@ 0 / Be6 / Qe7 / Rfd8 , and preparing several sacrificial ideas on e3 or f2 , with excellent attacking possibilities . Similar to 4.Qd4 is 4.Qd5 when after 4 ... Nc6 White can seize the last opportunity to return to calm waters with 5.Bf4 Bb4 + 6.Nc3 which will transpose in the Rubinstein line , or he can try 5.Nf3 d6 6.exd6 Be6 7.d7 + Bxd7 when Black 's lead in development compensates for the pawn . = = = Declining the gambit = = = Declining the gambit is almost never seen in master play because it promises White equality at best . After 3.d5 ? ! Bc5 White has prematurely blocked the central position , giving the a7 – g1 diagonal to Black for his bishop . In this variation Black can either play on the queenside with a plan like b5 / Nb6 / Bd7 , or on the kingside with a plan like Ne8 / g6 / Ng7 / f5 . The shy 3.e3 ? ! exd4 4.exd4 transposes into a line of the Exchange Variation of the French Defence with 4 ... d5 , but Black can also develop rapidly with 4 ... Bb4 + 5.Bd2 Bxd2 + 6.Nxd2 0 @-@ 0 . After 3.e4 ? Black gains a crushing attack via 3 ... Nxe4 4.dxe5 Bc5 5.Nh3 d6 6.Qe2 f5 7.exf6 0 @-@ 0 ! 8.fxg7 Re8 9.Be3 Bxe3 10.fxe3 Bxh3 11.gxh3 Qh4 + . After 3.Bg5 ? ! the game Ladmann – Tartakower ( Scarborough 1929 ) continued with 3 ... exd4 4.Qxd4 Be7 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.Qd1 Ne4 7.Bxe7 Qxe7 8.a3 d6 9.e3 0 @-@ 0 10.Be2 Qf6 11.Nbd2 Bf5 when both Tseitlin and Borik assess the position as favourable for Black . After 3.Nf3 ? ! the game Menchik – Tartakower ( Paris 1929 ) continued with 3 ... e4 4.Nfd2 d5 5.cxd5 ? ! Qxd5 6.e3 Bb4 7.Nc3 Bxc3 8.bxc3 0 @-@ 0 and White has problems developing his kingside because of the potential weakness of g2 . = = Illustrative games = = = = = Wu Shaobin – Nadanian , Singapore 2006 = = = The following game was played between the Chinese GM Wu Shaobin ( White ) and Armenian IM Ashot Nadanian ( Black ) at Singapore 2006 . 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Nf3 Bc5 5.e3 Nc6 6.Be2 Ncxe5 7.Nxe5 Nxe5 8 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 0 @-@ 0 9.b3 Re8 10.Bb2 a5 Preparing Dolfi Drimer 's rook manoeuvre Ra8 – a6 – h6 . Nadanian calls the pawn advance a7 – a5 " the soul of the Budapest Gambit " . 11.Nc3 Ra6 12.Ne4 Ba7 13.Ng3 Qh4 14.Nf5 Qg5 ! ? This was a new move , before 14 ... Qe4 had been played . 15.Nd4 Rg6 16.g3 d5 ? ! 18 ... Qh6 was stronger . 17.cxd5 ? White should have played 17.Nb5 ! 17 ... Bh3 ! 18.Re1 Ng4 19.Nf3 Qxe3 ! Karolyi writes , " This shows Kasparov @-@ like aggression and ingenuity . " 20.Bd4 Qxf2 + ! ! 21.Bxf2 Bxf2 + 22.Kh1 Bb6 23.Qb1 ? White should have defended with 23.Rf1 ! After 23 ... Ne3 24.Qd3 Bg2 + 25.Kg1 Bh3 White can either repeat moves with 26.Kh1 , or try 26.Nd4. 23 ... Nf2 + 24.Kg1 Rf6 ! Black has time to increase the pressure . 25.b4 ! If 25.Qc2 ? , then 25 ... Ng4 + 26.Kh1 Bg2 + ! winning the queen . 25 ... a4 ! But not 25 ... Rxf3 ? 26.bxa5. 26.Ng5 Black can now force mate in 8 moves . 26 ... Ng4 + ! 27.Kh1 Bg2 + ! ! " This is a marvellous move , and it must have been such a thrill to play it on the board . " ( Karolyi ) . 28.Kxg2 Rf2 + 29.Kh3 Rxh2 + 30.Kxg4 h5 + 31.Kf4 Be3 + 0 – 1 = Rhodotus = Rhodotus is a genus in the fungus family Physalacriaceae . It is a monotypic genus and consists of the single mushroom species Rhodotus palmatus , known in the vernacular as the netted rhodotus , the rosy veincap , or the wrinkled peach . This uncommon species has a circumboreal distribution , and has been collected in eastern North America , northern Africa , Europe , and Asia ; declining populations in Europe have led to its appearance in over half of the European fungal Red Lists of threatened species . Typically found growing on the stumps and logs of rotting hardwoods , mature specimens may usually be identified by the pinkish color and the distinctive ridged and veined surface of their rubbery caps ; variations in the color and quantity of light received during development lead to variations in the size , shape , and cap color of fruit bodies . The unique characteristics of R. palmatus have made it difficult for taxonomists to agree on how it should be classified , resulting in an elaborate taxonomical history and an extensive synonymy . First named Agaricus palmatus by Bulliard in 1785 , it was reclassified into several different genera before becoming Rhodotus in 1926 . The familial placement of the genus Rhodotus within the order Agaricales has also been subject to dispute , and the taxon has been transferred variously to the families Amanitaceae , Entolomataceae , and Tricholomataceae . More recently , molecular phylogenetics analysis has helped determine that Rhodotus is most closely related to genera in the Physalacriaceae . = = History and etymology = = The type species of genus Rhodotus was originally described as Agaricus palmatus in 1785 by French botanist Jean Bulliard ; mycologist Elias Magnus Fries later included it under the same name in his Systema Mycologicum . It was transferred to the then newly described genus Rhodotus in a 1926 publication by French mycologist René Maire . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin palmatus , meaning " shaped like a hand " — possibly a reference to the resemblance of the cap surface to the lines in the palm of a hand . Common names for R. palmatus include the netted rhodotus , the rosy veincap , and the wrinkled peach . = = = Synonymy = = = French botanist Claude Gillet called the species Pleurotus subpalmatus in 1876 . A 1986 paper reported that the species Pleurotus pubescens , first described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1891 , was the same as Rhodotus palmatus , making their names synonymous . According to the same publication , another synonym is Lentinula reticeps , described by William Alphonso Murrill in 1915 , who thought it to be synonymous with Agaricus reticeps ( described by Montagne in 1856 ) , Agaricus reticulatus ( Johnson , 1880 ) , Agaricus alveolatus ( Cragin , 1885 ) , Pluteus alveolatus ( Saccardo , 1887 ) , and Panus meruliiceps ( Peck , 1905 ) . = = Taxonomy = = The placement of the genus Rhodotus in the order Agaricales is uncertain , and various authors have offered solutions to the taxonomic conundrum . In 1951 , Agaricales specialist Rolf Singer placed Rhodotus in the Amanitaceae because of similarities between the tribes Amaniteae and Rhodoteae , such as spore color and ornamentation ( modifications of the spore wall that result in surface irregularities ) , structure of the hyphae and trama , and chlamydospore production during culture growth . In 1953 , French mycologists Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi placed Rhodotus in the family Tricholomataceae — a traditional " wastebasket taxon " — on the basis of spore color . In 1969 , Besson argued for the placement of Rhodotus with the Entolomataceae after studying the ultrastructure of the spores . By 1986 , Singer had revised the placement of Rhodotus in his latest edition of The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy , noting that " It has formerly been inserted in the family Amanitaceae but is obviously closer to tribus Pseudohiatuleae of the Tricholomataceae . " Tribe Pseudohiatuleae included such genera as Flammulina , Pseudohiatula , Cyptotrama , and Callistodermatium . In 1988 , a proposal was made to split the Tricholomataceae into several new families , including a family , Rhodotaceae , to contain the problematic genus . The use of molecular phylogenetics has helped to clarify the proper taxonomic placement of Rhodotus . Studies of the ribosomal DNA sequences from a wide variety of agaric fungi have corroborated Kühner and Romagnesi 's placement of Rhodotus in the Tricholomataceae as then understood . A large scale phylogenetic analysis published in 2005 showed Rhodotus to be in the " core euagarics clade " , a name given to a grouping of gilled mushrooms corresponding largely to the suborder Agaricineae as defined by Singer ( 1986 ) , but also including taxa that were traditionally classified in the Aphyllophorales ( e.g. , Clavaria , Typhula , Fistulina , Schizophyllum , etc . ) and several orders of Gasteromycetes ( e.g. , Hymenogastrales , Lycoperdales , Nidulariales ) . These results corroborated a previous study which showed Rhodotus to be part of a clade containing species such as Cyptotrama asprata , Marasmius trullisatus , Flammulina velutipes , Xerula furfuracea , Gloiocephala menieri , and Armillaria tabescens . The genera containing these latter species have been reassigned to the family Physalacriaceae ; as of 2009 , both Index Fungorum and MycoBank also list Rhodotus as belonging to the Physalacriaceae . = = Characteristics = = The fruit body of Rhodotus has a cap , and stem without a ring or volva . The cap initially assumes a convex shape before flattening somewhat with age , and typically reaches widths of 2 – 6 centimeters ( 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) . The edges of the cap are rolled inwards , and the cap surface typically has a conspicuous network of lightly colored ridges or veins that outline deep and narrow grooves or pits — a condition technically termed sulcate or reticulate . Between the ridges , the surface color is somewhat variable ; depending on the lighting conditions experienced by the mushroom during its development , it may range from salmon @-@ orange to pink to red . The texture of the cap surface is gelatinous , and the internal flesh is firm but rubbery , and pinkish in color . The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem , that is , broadly attached to the stem along all or most of the gill width . The gills are thick , packed close to each other , with veins and color similar to , but paler than , the cap . Some of the gills do not extend the full distance from the edge of the cap to the stem . These short gills , called lamellulae , form two to four groups of roughly equal length . The stem is 1 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 0 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) tall and 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 24 in ) thick ( usually slightly larger near the base ) , and may be attached to the underside of the cap in a central or lateral manner . Like the cap color , stem size is also affected by the type of light received during fruit body maturation . In nature , Rhodotus palmatus is sometimes seen " bleeding " a red- or orange @-@ colored liquid . A similar phenomenon has also been observed when it is grown in laboratory culture on a petri dish : the orange @-@ colored drops that appear on the mat formed by fungal mycelia precede the initial appearance of fruit bodies . The mature fruit body will turn green when exposed to a 10 % aqueous solution of Iron ( II ) sulfate ( FeSO4 ) , a common mushroom identification test known as iron salts . = = = Microscopic features = = = In deposit , the spore color of Rhodotus palmatus has been described most commonly as pink , but also as cream colored . Viewed microscopically , the spores of Rhodotus have a roughly spherical shape , with dimensions of 6 – 7 @.@ 2 by 5 @.@ 6 – 6 @.@ 5 µm ; the spore surface is marked with numerous wart @-@ like projections ( defined as verricose ) , typically 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 7 µm long . The spores are non @-@ amyloid — unable to take up iodine stain in the chemical test with Melzer 's reagent . The spore @-@ bearing cells , the basidia , are club @-@ shaped and 4 @-@ spored , with dimensions of 33 @.@ 6 – 43 @.@ 2 by 5 @.@ 6 – 8 µm . Although this species lacks cells called pleurocystidia ( large sterile cells found on the gill face in some mushrooms ) , it contains abundant cheilocystidia ( large sterile cells found on the gill edge ) that are 27 @.@ 2 – 48 by 4 @.@ 8 – 8 µm in size . Clamp connections are present in the hyphae . The outer cellular layer of the cap cuticle is made of bladder @-@ shaped , thick @-@ walled hyphae , each individually supported by a small stalk that extends down into a " gelatinized zone " . Chlamydospores are asexual reproductive units made by some fungi that allow them to exist solely as mycelium , a process which helps them survive over periods unsuitable for growth ; Rhodotus was shown experimentally to be capable of producing these structures in 1906 . The chlamydospores of Rhodotus are thick @-@ walled cells that develop from single hyphal compartments , and have dimensions of 12 – 8 by 8 – 6 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00031 – 0 @.@ 00024 in ) . = = = Edibility = = = Depending on the source consulted , the edibility of Rhodotus palmatus is typically listed as unknown or inedible . The species has no distinguishable odor , and a " bitter " taste , although one early description referred to the taste as " sweet " . = = = Antimicrobial activity = = = As part of a Spanish research study to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of mushrooms , Rhodotus palmatus was one of 204 species screened against a panel of human clinical pathogens and laboratory control strains . Using a standard laboratory method to determine antimicrobial susceptibility , the mushroom was shown to have moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis , and weak antifungal activity against both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus fumigatus . = = Habitat and distribution = = Rhodotus palmatus is saprobic , meaning it obtains nutrients from decomposing organic matter . It grows scattered or clustered in small groups on rotting hardwoods , such as basswood , maple , and especially elm ; in Europe it is known to grow on horse chestnut . The mushroom prefers low @-@ lying logs in areas that are periodically flooded and that receive little sunlight , such as areas shaded by forest canopy . A pioneer species in the fungal colonization of dead wood , it prefers to grow on relatively undecayed substrates . It is often found growing on dark @-@ stained wood , especially the dried @-@ out upper parts of trunks that have lost their bark . R. palmatus tends to fruit in cooler and moister weather , from spring to autumn in the United States , or autumn to winter in Britain and Europe . Described as having a circumboreal distribution , R. palmatus has been reported from Canada , Iran , Hungary , Italy , Poland , Slovakia , Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Germany , the area formerly known as the USSR , Korea , Japan , and New Zealand . In the United States it has been found in Indiana , and elsewhere in eastern North America . Although often described as " rare " , a 1997 study suggests that it may be relatively common in Illinois . It has been suggested that an increase in the number of dead elms , a byproduct of Dutch elm disease , has contributed to its resurgence . = = = Light requirements = = = Light at the red end of the visible spectrum has been observed to be required for the development of R. palmatus fruit bodies , contrary to the typical requirement for blue light seen with many other mushroom species . Fruiting occurs in the presence of green , yellow or red light with wavelengths above 500 nm , but only when blue light ( under 500 nm ) is absent . Consequently , phenotypic variations observed in the field — such as size , shape , and cap color — may be influenced by differing conditions of light color and intensity . For example , specimens grown in the laboratory under green light had fruit bodies with short , straight stems and pale orange , large caps with well @-@ developed ridges and pits , an appearance similar to specimens found in the field that were growing under a canopy of green leaves . Laboratory @-@ grown specimens under amber light had bright orange , small caps with less pronounced reticulations ; similarly , field specimens found in the fall , after the leaves had fallen , were more orange to orange @-@ pink in color . = = Conservation status = = In the 1980s in Europe , increases in the levels of air pollution , as well as changing land use practices coincided with reports of declines in the populations of certain mushrooms . Consequently , a number of fungal conservation initiatives were started to better understand fungal biodiversity ; as of October 2007 , 31 European countries have produced fungal Red Lists of threatened species . Rhodotus palmatus is a candidate species in over half of the European fungal Red Lists , and is listed as critically endangered , endangered , or near threatened ( or the equivalent ) in 12 countries . In the Baltic countries Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania , it is considered by the Environmental Protection Ministries ( a branch of government charged with implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity ) to be regionally extinct , reported as " extinct or probably extinct " . It was one of 35 fungal species to gain legal protection in Hungary in 2005 , making it a fineable offense to pick them . = Heart @-@ Shaped Box = " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " is a song by American rock band Nirvana , written by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain . The song was released as the first single from the group 's third and final studio album , In Utero , in 1993 . It was one of two songs from the album mixed by Scott Litt in order to augment the original production by producer Steve Albini . While Nirvana 's label DGC Records did not release a physical single for sale in the United States , " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " received much American radio airplay , reaching number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . The international release of the single reached number five on the UK Singles Chart . The song 's music video , directed by Anton Corbijn , garnered critical plaudits , and won two awards , including Best Alternative Video at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1994 . = = Origin and recording = = Kurt Cobain wrote " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " in early 1992 . Cobain forgot about the song for a while , but began working on it again when he and his wife , Courtney Love , moved to a house in the Hollywood Hills . In a 1994 Rolling Stone interview , Love said she overheard him working on the song 's riff in a closet . She said she asked him if she could use the riff for one of her songs , to which he replied , " Fuck off ! " and closed the closet door . " He was trying to be so sneaky " , said Love . " I could hear that one from downstairs . " The couple shared a journal in which they would write lyrics ; Cobain biographer Charles R. Cross noted that Love 's songwriting sensibility informed Cobain 's on the song . The song 's name came from a heart @-@ shaped box Love had given Cobain . However , Cobain had originally titled the song " Heart @-@ Shaped Coffin " . Nirvana had difficulty completing the song . Cobain attempted to have the rest of the band complete the song during jam sessions . He said , " During those practices , I was trying to wait for Krist and Dave to come up with something but it just turned into noise all the time . " One day Cobain made one last attempt at completing the song . Cobain was able to come up with a vocal melody and the band finally finished writing the song . Cobain said that when they completed " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " , " We finally realized that it was a good song . " In January 1993 , the band recorded a demo of " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " during sessions with Craig Montgomery in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ; it was the first song recorded . The In Utero version was recorded in February 1993 by Steve Albini in Cannon Falls , Minnesota . Prior to the album 's release , the track was remixed by Scott Litt . Cobain was unapologetic about the band 's decision to remix it , and maintained that the vocals and bass were not prominent enough in the original mixes . Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic was also unhappy with the original mix of " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " . In a 1993 Chicago Sun @-@ Times interview , he said the original effect used on the song 's guitar solo sounded " like a fucking abortion hitting the floor . " When the song was remixed by Litt , Cobain took the opportunity to add acoustic guitar and vocal harmonies . = = Composition and lyrics = = Journalist Gillian Gaar described " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " as " the Nirvana formula personified , with a restrained , descending riff played through the verse , building in intensity to the cascading passion of the chorus " . Cobain said the song was inspired by documentaries about children with cancer . He told biographer Michael Azerrad , " Anytime I think about it , it makes me sadder than anything I can think of . " Azerrad asserted in his biography Come as You Are : The Story of Nirvana that despite Cobain 's explanation , the song actually appeared to be about Courtney Love . Charles Cross wrote in his Kurt Cobain biography Heavier Than Heaven that with the lyric " I wish I could eat your cancer when you turn black " , the frontman " sang in what has to be the most convoluted route any songwriter undertook in pop history to say ' I love you ' " . After a performance of the song by singer Lana Del Rey in 2012 , Courtney Love asserted on Twitter that the song is about her vagina . The tweets were deleted shortly after . Cobain said that the song 's chorus of " Hey / Wait / I 've got a new complaint " was him giving an example of how he was perceived by the media . = = Release = = In the United States , DGC issued " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " to college , modern rock , and album @-@ oriented rock radio stations in early September 1993 . There were no plans to release a single for the song domestically . At the time , Geffen Records ' head of marketing told Billboard that the label was not actively courting Top 40 radio , explaining " Nirvana didn 't sell nearly 5 million [ records ] because of a hit single . They sold that many albums because of who they are . " The song entered the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart at number seven , and eventually peaked at number one on the chart . The song also reached number four on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . A single of the song was released in the United Kingdom , where it peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart . Issued in August 1993 , the 7 @-@ inch vinyl and cassette formats featured " Marigold " as a B @-@ side , while the 12 @-@ inch vinyl and CD editions added the In Utero track " Milk It " . In 1999 the song was voted in at number 10 in Kerrang ! magazine 's " 100 Greatest Rock Tracks Ever ! " . = = Music video = = Nirvana originally wanted Kevin Kerslake , who had directed the videos for the band 's singles " Come as You Are " , " Lithium " , " In Bloom " , and " Sliver " , to direct the " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " music video . Kerslake prepared five treatments during July and August 1993 , but no shoot arrangements were made and by the end of the month , the group decided to work with Dutch photographer and video director Anton Corbijn . Corbijn , who typically created his own ideas for videos , was initially unsure of directing the video since Cobain 's treatment was so detailed . Corbijn said , " But then I looked at it and I thought that actually it was pretty good . I was very amazed by somebody writing a song and having those ideas as precise as he did . " The video begins and ends with the band in a hospital setting watching an old man being administered medication through an IV drip . The majority of the video takes place in a surreal outdoor setting that incorporates imagery from the film The Wizard of Oz . During the song 's first verse , the old man from the hospital climbs onto a crow @-@ ridden Christian cross . The second verse introduces a young girl in a white robe and peaked cap reaching for human fetuses in a tree , and an overweight woman in a suit with human organs painted onto it and with angel wings affixed to her back . In the video 's final cut , the band is only shown performing in the outdoor setting during the choruses , where Cobain 's face moves in and out of focus in the camera . While most of the video was devised by Cobain , Corbijn added elements such as the intentionally artificial crows , a ladder for the old man to climb onto the cross with , and a box with a heart at the top that the band performs inside of during the song 's final chorus . Corbijn created another cut of the video featuring alternate footage during the final verse , including more shots of the young girl and the woman , and scenes of Cobain lying on his back in the poppy field , with mist surrounding him . This version of the video is featured on the DVD The Work of Director Anton Corbijn . After the video 's release , Kevin Kerslake sued Nirvana , alleging copyright infringement . The case was settled out of court . The " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " music video was the number one most played music video on MTV in the US as recorded by Billboard magazine on November 20 , 1993 . The video won two MTV Video Music Awards in 1994 , for Best Alternative Video and for Best Art Direction . As the ceremony was held after Kurt Cobain 's April 1994 death , the awards were accepted by Cobain 's former bandmates Novoselic , Grohl , and touring guitarist Pat Smear . " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " also topped the music video category in the 1993 Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . In 2011 , NME ranked the song 's music video at number 22 on its of the " 100 Greatest Music Videos " . That same year , Time magazine ranked " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " at number 10 on its list of " The 30 All @-@ TIME Best Music Videos " , where it was described as " beautiful and [ ... ] terrible " . In February 2016 , Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl reunited with the actress , Kesley Rohr , who played the girl in the " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " music video twenty @-@ three years earlier and who was then just six years old . Rohr stated that " Today reminded me that I peaked at 6 years old BUT I was the most badass kid on the playground . Today was the absolute coolest . Or in Dave ’ s words seeing each other today was a ‘ historic moment ’ ! What a legend ! " . = = Track listing = = All songs written by Kurt Cobain except where noted . = = Chart positions = = = = Personnel = = Kurt Cobain : vocals , guitar Krist Novoselic : bass Dave Grohl : drums , backing vocals = B 'Day ( Beyoncé album ) = B 'Day is the second studio album by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was released to coincide with her twenty @-@ fifth birthday on September 4 , 2006 , by Columbia Records in collaboration with Music World Music and Sony Urban Music . The record was originally planned as a 2004 follow @-@ up to Beyoncé 's debut studio album Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , although it was delayed to accommodate the recording of Destiny 's Child 's final studio album Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) and her starring role in the film Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) . While on vacation after filming Dreamgirls , Beyoncé began contacting various producers ; she rented Sony Music Studios , and completed B 'Day in three weeks . Most of the lyrical content of the album was inspired by Beyoncé 's role in the film . The album 's musical style ranges from 1970s – 80s funk influences and balladry to urban contemporary elements such as hip hop and R & B. Live instrumentation was employed in recording most of the tracks as part of Beyoncé 's vision of creating a record using live instruments . Upon its release , B 'Day received generally positive reviews from most music critics and has since earned Beyoncé several accolades , including the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 541 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , the second @-@ highest debut @-@ week sales for Beyoncé . The album has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . It was also successful in international music markets and yielded six singles , including three commercial hits : " Déjà Vu " , " Irreplaceable " and " Beautiful Liar " . B 'Day Anthology Video Album , which features thirteen music videos to accompany the songs , was released alongside the deluxe edition of B 'Day . Beyoncé then embarked on her second solo concert tour in 2007 , which she titled The Beyoncé Experience . A live album , The Beyoncé Experience Live , was released which featured footage from the tour . As of June 2015 , B 'Day has sold 8 million copies worldwide . = = Background = = In 2002 , Beyoncé had productive studio sessions while making her debut album , Dangerously in Love , recording up to forty @-@ five songs . After the release of Dangerously in Love in 2003 , Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow @-@ up album using several of the left @-@ over tracks . However , on January 7 , 2004 , a spokesperson for her record label , Columbia , announced that Beyoncé had put her plans on hold in order to concentrate on the recording of Destiny Fulfilled , the final studio album by Destiny 's Child , and to sing the U.S. national anthem at the Super Bowl XXXVIII in Houston , which was a childhood dream of hers . In late 2005 , Beyoncé decided to postpone the recording of her second album because she had landed a lead role in Dreamgirls , a film adaptation of the 1981 Tony Award @-@ winning Broadway musical of the same name . As she wanted to focus on one project at a time , Beyoncé decided to wait until the movie was completed before returning to the recording studio . Beyoncé later told Billboard magazine , " I 'm not going to write for the album until I finish doing the movie . " While having a month @-@ long vacation after filming Dreamgirls , Beyoncé went to the studio to start working on the album . She said , " [ When filming ended ] I had so many things bottled up , so many emotions , so many ideas , " prompting her to begin working without telling her father and then @-@ manager , Mathew Knowles . Beyoncé kept the recording of B 'Day somewhat quiet , telling only her artists and repertoire man Max Gousse , and the team of producers they contacted to collaborate for the album . She began working with songwriter @-@ producers Rich Harrison , Rodney Jerkins , Sean Garrett , Cameron Wallace ; the Neptunes , Norwegian production duo Stargate , American hip hop producer @-@ rapper Swizz Beatz , and Walter Millsap . Two female songwriters were also included in the production team who helped structure the album : Beyoncé 's cousin Angela Beyincé , who had previously collaborated in Dangerously in Love , and up @-@ and @-@ coming songwriter Makeba Riddick , who made her way onto the team after writing " Déjà Vu " , the lead single off the album . = = Recording and production = = Beyoncé rented the Sony Music Studios in New York City , and was influenced by her husband Jay @-@ Z 's method of collaborating with multiple record producers ; she used four recording studios simultaneously . She booked Harrison , Jerkins and Garrett , each with a room to work in . During the sessions , Beyoncé would move from studio to studio to check her producers ' progress , later claiming this fostered " healthy competition " among producers . When Beyoncé conceived a potential song , she would tell the group who would deliberate , and after three hours the song would be created . While Beyoncé and the team brainstormed the lyrics , other collaborators such as the Neptunes , Jerkins and Swizz Beatz would simultaneously produce the tracks . They would sometimes begin working at eleven o 'clock , spending up to fourteen hours a day in the studios during the recording process . Beyoncé arranged , co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced all the songs . Makeba Riddick , in an interview with MTV News , recounted her experience in the production : [ Beyoncé ] had multiple producers in Sony Studios . She booked out the whole studio and she had the biggest and best producers in there . She would have us in one room , we would start collaborating with one producer , then she would go and start something else with another producer . We would bounce around to the different rooms and work with the different producers . It was definitely a factory type of process . B 'Day , which is titled as a reference to Beyoncé 's birthday , was completed in three weeks , ahead of the originally scheduled six weeks . Swizz Beatz co @-@ produced four songs for the album , the most from a single producer in the team . Beyoncé recorded three songs a day , finishing recording within two weeks . Twenty @-@ five songs were produced for the album ; ten of the tracks were selected for the track list , and mastered in early July by Brian " Big Bass " Gardner in Los Angeles . = = Music and lyrics = = Many of the themes and musical styles of the album were inspired by Beyoncé 's role in Dreamgirls . The plot of the film revolves around The Dreams , a fictional 1960s group of three female singers who attempt success in the mainstream music industry with the help of their manager , Curtis Taylor . Beyoncé portrays Deena Jones , the lead singer of the group and the wife of Taylor , and is emotionally abused by him . Because of her role , Beyoncé was inspired to produce an album with an overriding theme of feminism and female empowerment . In the bonus track , " Encore for the Fans " , Beyoncé says , " Because I was so inspired by Deena , I wrote songs that were saying all the things I wish she would have said in the film . " B 'Day was influenced by a variety of American genres , and , like Beyoncé 's previous album , incorporated urban contemporary elements including contemporary R & B and hip hop . Some songs have 1970s and 1980s styles , inspired through record sampling . " Suga Mama " , which employs blues @-@ guitar samples from Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers ' " Searching for Soul " , contains a 1970s funk- and 1980s go @-@ go @-@ influenced melody . " Upgrade U " is sampled from the 1968 Betty Wright song " Girls Can 't Do What the Guys Do " . " Resentment " used Curtis Mayfield 's 1972 " Think ( Instrumental ) " , from the Super Fly soundtrack . " Déjà Vu " has 1970s influence , " Green Light " is a classic groove , and " Get Me Bodied " features twang , a musical style that originated from Texas . Beyoncé crafted most songs on B 'Day through live instrumentation and diverse techniques . This is evident on " Déjà Vu " , which utilizes bass guitar , conga , hi @-@ hat , horns and the 808 drum ; it also features rap vocals by Jay @-@ Z. In an interview with MTV , Beyoncé said , " When I recorded ' Déjà Vu ' [ ... ] I knew that even before I started working on my album , I wanted to add live instruments to all of my songs ... " The album 's second single " Ring the Alarm " is noted for the use of a siren in its melody . It was called a song that " shows a harder edge to Beyoncé 'ss sound " . " Freakum Dress " is a crescendo that uses a two @-@ note riff and galloping beats . The song " advises women who have partners with straying eyes to put on sexy dresses and grind on other guys in the club to regain their affections . " Meanwhile , the use of the " uh @-@ huh huh huh " vocals and brassy stabs in the song " Green Light " is a direct echo to " Crazy in Love " , according to Peter Robinson of The Guardian . = = Release and promotion = = In collaboration with Sony Urban Music and Music World Music , B 'Day was first released outside of North America through Columbia Records on September 4 , 2006 to coincide with Beyoncé 's 25th birthday . The following day , it was released in North America . Seven months after the release of the original version , an expanded double @-@ disc deluxe edition of the album was released in the United States on April 3 , 2007 . In addition to the original track listing , the deluxe edition features five new songs , including " Beautiful Liar " , a duet with Colombian singer Shakira . The single made Billboard Hot 100 history when it moved ninety @-@ one positions — from number ninety @-@ four to number three — on April 7 , 2007 . " Amor Gitano " ( " Gypsy Love " ) , a Spanish @-@ language flamenco @-@ pop duet with Mexican singer Alejandro Fernández served as a soundtrack for Telemundo 's " El Zorro " telenovela , was included in the deluxe edition , alongside Spanish re @-@ recordings of " Listen " ( " Oye " ) , " Irreplaceable " ( " Irreemplazable " ) and " Beautiful Liar " ( " Bello Embustero " ) . The idea of recording songs in a foreign language emanated from her experience when Destiny 's Child collaborated with Alejandro Sanz for " Quisiera Ser " ( 2000 ) . Beyoncé worked with producer Rudy Perez for these recordings in order to retain the same feeling of the English version of the song into the Spanish translation . The Spanish language EP on the deluxe edition was later released independently under the title Irreemplazable . B 'Day Anthology Video Album was released simultaneously with the deluxe edition ; the anthology features thirteen videos including the director 's cut of " Listen " and the extended mix of " Get Me Bodied " . Most of the videos were accompaniments for the up @-@ tempo tracks on B 'Day ; which featured retro stylization , use of color and black hair styles , as Beyoncé thought it would create a resemblance between herself and the character she played in Dreamgirls , Deena Jones . The shooting of the videos was completed in two weeks ; they were directed by Jake Nava , Anthony Mandler , Melina Matsoukas , Cliff Watts , Ray Kay , Sophie Muller , Diane Martel and Beyoncé . Initially the DVD was available exclusively in Wal @-@ Mart , but was later released to other markets . The Spanish songs were not included on international releases of the deluxe edition , but instead feature the thirteen music videos from the anthology DVD . = = = Singles = = = " Déjà Vu " , featuring Jay @-@ Z , was released on July 31 , 2006 , as the album 's lead single . " Green Light " was planned to be released as the second single for the international market , but the management opted for " Ring the Alarm " instead , which was released in the United States only . " Irreplaceable " was serviced to international markets as the second international and third overall single from B 'Day . " Ring the Alarm " was released on October 3 , and became her highest @-@ charting single debut , opening at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Upgrade U " , also featuring Jay @-@ Z , was released as a promotional single in November 2006 , and reached number fifty @-@ nine on the Hot 100 . The album 's third single " Irreplaceable " became the best @-@ selling single in the U.S. in 2007 and the 25th most successful song of the 2000s ( decade ) , according to the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade . " Irreplaceable " became the most successful single to be released from the album , received positive critical reception , and spent ten consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 . The single 's music video features the debut performance of her all @-@ female band , Suga Mama . " Get Me Bodied " was released on July 10 , 2007 as the fifth single . " Get Me Bodied " peaked at number sixty @-@ eight on the Hot 100 . The single 's accompanying music video features sister Solange Knowles and former Destiny 's Child band @-@ mates Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams in its 1960s @-@ influenced instructional music video . " Green Light " was released in the United Kingdom on July 30 , 2007 . Along with the release of the single , the remix EP Green Light : Freemasons EP was released on July 27 , 2007 as a digital download . = = = Tour = = = In mid @-@ 2006 , Beyoncé looked for an all @-@ female band for her 2007 tour , The Beyoncé Experience , to promote the album . She held an audition for keyboard players , bassists , guitarists , horn players , percussionists and drummers around the world . Beyoncé named the band Suga Mama . Although the band only consisted of women , both male and female backup dancers performed onstage . As well as singing songs from B 'Day , Beyoncé also performed songs from Dangerously in Love and gave a medley of Destiny 's Child songs . She embarked on the tour in Japan on April 10 , 2007 and concluded it in Tapei , Taiwan on November 12 , 2007 . At the Los Angeles show Jay @-@ Z and Destiny 's Child bandmates Rowland and Williams made guest appearances . Footage from this show was filmed and released on November 20 , 2007 as a live album titled The Beyoncé Experience Live . = = Commercial performance = = Despite an average commercial performance of the album 's first two singles , " Déjà Vu " and " Ring the Alarm " , B 'Day peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 , the official albums chart in the United States , on September 23 , 2006 . The album sold 541 @,@ 000 units in its first week of release . B 'Day was Beyoncé 's highest debut week album sales , until it was surpassed by her self @-@ titled fifth album , which sold 617 @,@ 213 digital copies in its first week . The album gave Beyoncé her second number @-@ one album following Dangerously in Love , which also topped the chart on its debut . This feat was noted by Keith Caulfield of Billboard magazine , surmising that perhaps " its handsome debut was generated by goodwill earned from the performance of her smash first album Dangerously in Love " . By the end of 2006 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and became the thirty @-@ eighth best @-@ selling album of that year in the US . The album 's commercial performance was reinforced by the subsequent release of its editions . The release of the deluxe edition helped B 'Day re @-@ enter the top ten , gaining 903 percent in sales . On April 16 , 2007 , the RIAA re @-@ certified B 'Day as triple platinum , combining the sales from the original edition of album with those of the deluxe edition . However , B 'Day 's extended life in the music market has been attributed to the release and eventual success of " Irreplaceable " , which is the album 's certifiable smash hit . The single , which was released by the end of 2006 , helped the album in regaining its strength , having re @-@ entered into the top ten of Billboard 200 . As of July 2014 , the album has sold 3 @.@ 4 million copies in the US . In the United Kingdom , B 'Day debuted at number three on September 11 , 2007 selling 35 @,@ 012 copies in its first week . The British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) certified B 'Day platinum for shipping 300 @,@ 000 units , and the deluxe edition gold for shipping 100 @,@ 000 units . As of July 3 , 2011 , B 'Day has sold 385 @,@ 078 copies in the UK . The album peaked at number three on the European Top 100 Albums , while reaching the top ten in the albums charts of Denmark , Flanders , Germany , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , Spain and Switzerland . The album reached number two on the Canadian Albums Chart , where it stayed for two weeks and receiving a platinum certification from the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) . Across Oceania , it had the same reception debuting on Australian Albums Chart and New Zealand Albums Chart both at number eight on the same week , September 11 , 2006 . B 'Day remained on the charts for twenty and twenty @-@ five weeks respectively , and was certified platinum by both the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . As of September 2013 , B 'Day had sold 8 million copies worldwide . = = Critical reception = = B 'Day received generally positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 70 , based on 23 reviews . Jody Rosen , writing for Entertainment Weekly , commented that the album 's songs " arrive in huge gusts of rhythm and emotion , with Beyoncé 's voice rippling over clattery beats " . Jonah Weiner of Blender commented that " sweaty up @-@ tempo numbers prove the best platform for Beyoncé 's rapperly phrasing and pipe @-@ flaunting fireballs " . Andy Kellman of Allmusic felt that , despite " no songs with the smooth elegance " of " Me , Myself and I " or " Be with You " , the album is " lean in a beneficial way " . The Boston Globe 's Sarah Rodman commented that the production team helped Beyoncé " focus on edgier , up @-@ tempo tracks that take her sweet soprano to new places " . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian felt that , " apart from a few pop @-@ R & B space @-@ fillers , there 's not much to dislike about B 'Day " . Robert Christgau from MSN Music said " on most of [ the songs ] she 's wronged yet still in control because she 's got so much money " and felt that Beyoncé " earns her props " if " opulence can signify liberation in this grotesquely materialistic time , as in hip @-@ hop it can " . In a mixed review , Jon Pareles of The New York Times found the album " tense , high @-@ strung and obsessive " , and said that it was neither " ingratiating or seductive " . Richard Cromelin of the Los Angeles Times observed that Beyoncé " heads into a new , more challenging terrain " , but " some of the experiments don 't click " . Although he found the album " solid " , Mike Joseph of PopMatters said that " aside from its relatively short running time , it sounds suspiciously under produced " . Brian Hiatt of Rolling Stone averred that " while the mostly up @-@ tempo disc never lacks for energy , some of the more beat @-@ driven tracks feel harmonically and melodically undercooked , with hooks that don 't live up to ' Crazy in Love ' or the best Destiny 's Child hits " . Priya Elan of NME cited only " Freakum Dress " and " Ring the Alarm " as highlights and criticized that " too many tracks sound like updated versions of former glories " , with no song on @-@ par with " Crazy in Love " . = = = Accolades = = = In 2007 , B 'Day was nominated for five Grammy Awards at the 49th annual ceremony , including Best Contemporary R & B Album , Best Female R & B Vocal Performance for " Ring the Alarm " and Best R & B Song and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration " for " Déjà Vu " . The Freemasons club mix of " Déjà Vu " without the rap was put forward in the Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical category . B 'Day won the award for Best Contemporary R & B Album . The following year , B 'Day received two Grammy nominations for Record of the Year for " Irreplaceable " and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for " Beautiful Liar " ( with Shakira ) . The same year , she also received a Grammy nomination for her work on Dreamgirls . In April 2013 , Vibe magazine named B 'Day the 41st best album since 1993 , as well as the greatest party album of the last twenty years . = = Controversy = = The cover art for the single " Ring the Alarm " fueled controversy after Beyoncé used alligators during the photo shoot . Beyoncé revealed that using the animal and taping their mouths shut was her idea . PETA , an animal rights organization which had previously confronted her after she had used furs for her fashion line 's clothing design , contacted a biologist who later wrote a letter to her , stating " As a specialist in reptile biology and welfare , I 'm concerned about your posing with a terrified baby alligator for your new album cover . Humans and alligators are not natural bedfellows , and the two should not mix at events such as photo shoots . In my view , doing so is arguably abusive to an animal . " In 2007 , Beyoncé appeared on billboards and newspapers across Australia showing her holding an antiquated cigarette holder . Taken from the back cover of B 'Day , the image provoked response from an anti @-@ smoking group , stating that she did not need to add the cigarette holder " to make herself appear more sophisticated " . In the same year , three weeks after their release , the deluxe edition and the video anthology DVD were temporarily ceased for retail in stores . A lawsuit was filed for breach of contract of using " Still in Love ( Kissing You ) " , a version of British singer Des 'ree 's original song " Kissing You " . Not intended for the album 's inclusion , Des 'ree 's deal also stipulated that the title of the song was not to be altered , and a video was not to be made . After the infringement case , the re @-@ issued version of the album does not include the track , and instead includes " If " as a replacement . The lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice in October 2007 . = = Track listing = = North American deluxe edition International deluxe edition Notes ^ a signifies an additional producer ^ b signifies a co @-@ producer " Suga Mama " samples " Searching for Soul " by Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers . " Upgrade U " samples " Girls Can 't Do What the Guys Do " by Betty Wright . " Resentment " samples " Think ( Instrumental ) " by Curtis Mayfield . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of B 'Day . = = Charts = = = = Certifications and sales = = = MediEvil 2 = MediEvil 2 ( stylised as MediEvil II in North America ) is an action @-@ adventure hack and slash video game developed by SCE Cambridge Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation . It is the second instalment in the MediEvil series and a sequel to MediEvil . It was first released on 19 April 2000 in Europe and 30 April 2000 in North America . Taking place 500 years after the events of the first game , it follows series ' protagonist Sir Daniel Fortesque 's revival in Victorian era London as he attempts to stop sorcerer Lord Palethorn and Jack the Ripper 's plans to terrorise the city by raising the dead . Following the positive reception of the first game , Sony Computer Entertainment commissioned SCE Cambridge Studio to make a sequel to MediEvil before the end of the PlayStation 's lifespan . The original concepts for MediEvil 2 went through many transformations during development before the Cambridge team finally settled on making a sequel set during the Victorian Gothic revival , largely reminiscent of its predecessor . The game received mostly positive reviews from critics upon release , with praise including slight improvements over its predecessor such as artificial intelligence and graphical enhancements , but was criticised for lack of innovation from the original . = = Gameplay = = The interface and gameplay style do not differ much from the previous title . MediEvil 2 sees the player once again in control of Sir Daniel Fortesque , who can use various forms of weaponry , such as close range swords and clubs to long @-@ range crossbows or catapults . The game contains several of the original forms of gameplay , weaponry , and graphics that were present in the first instalment of the series . Similar to its predecessor , Dan is able to tear off his skeletal arm and use it as a club to fight off enemies during the early levels . Whilst featuring many of the classic swords and other medieval weaponry , new weapons featured in MediEvil 2 include pistols , shotguns and Gatling guns . Dan can visit merchants known as ' Spivs ' to buy additional ammunition and services . He can also get advice from his ghost sidekick named Winston to learn new moves or to save the player 's game between longer levels . Similar to the previous game , Dan 's health is determined by a single health bar , which reduces when Dan is hit . It also depletes completely if he drowns or falls from a great height . If Dan completely runs out of health , the game restarts from the last known save point . Dan can refill his maximum health by collecting Life Bottles , which automatically refill his health if it is depleted . Whilst defeating enemies , Dan 's Chalice of Souls will gradually fill up , which can then be collected and traded with Professor Kift to unlock new weapons and items . = = Plot = = The game begins 500 years after Sir Daniel Fortesque 's battle against the evil sorcerer Zarok in events from the previous game . In Kensington in the year 1886 , a sorcerer named Lord Palethorn discovers Zarok 's spellbook and casts its spell of raising the dead over the city of London . However , the pages of the book soon scatter across London and Palethorn gains a demon @-@ like appearance as a result . The spell Palethorn casts once again brings Sir Daniel Fortesque , who was resting at a nearby museum , back to life . He is recruited by a professor named Hamilton Kift and his ghostly sidekick Winston ( a play on Winston Churchill ) to recover the pages of Zarok 's spellbook and put a stop to Palethorn 's plans . Along the way , they end up being joined by an ancient mummy princess named Kiya , Dan 's future love interest . During an incident in which Kiya goes off on her own , she is killed by Jack the Ripper , much to Dan 's shock . Having discovered a time machine , Dan travels back in time to save Kiya in Whitechapel , merging with his past self to gain golden armour . As Dan finally confronts Palethorn , he steals the pages from him and uses them to summon a large blue demon . Dan manages to turn the demon against Palethorn , putting a stop to both of them . As Palethorn blows up his lair with his last breath , Dan decides to join Kiya in the afterlife as they return to their eternal rest . If the player has collected all the Chalices , Dan and Kiya go for a ride on the time machine which takes them back to the time of the first MediEvil instead only to find Palethorn has merged with Zarok . = = Development = = After the success of the first MediEvil , Sony Computer Entertainment commissioned SCE Cambridge to develop a sequel that would be released before the end of the PlayStation 's lifespan . Chris Sorrell , who previously served as director of the first game , was not involved in development so the project was handed over to James Shepherd instead . According to Shepherd , the original plot for MediEvil 2 had previous antagonist Zarok being held prisoner in the Tower of London and Sir Daniel Fortesque 's objective would be to free him , but this idea was eventually dropped due it being considered identical to a " B @-@ movie twist ending " . The Cambridge studio decided it would not be difficult to make a sequel to the first MediEvil , considering that the ending of its predecessor would give the team an opportunity to set the next game in a different time period . Shepherd settled on MediEvil 2 being set in the Victorian era , the birthplace of the Neo @-@ Gothic revival . Shepherd considered the hardest part of the development was deciding how to make the game better than its predecessor through making certain aspects of the game humorous . To achieve this end , the Cambridge studio recoded a lot of core technology , which Shepherd considered was arguably similar to " starting from scratch " . Various features cut from the previous game were added into MediEvil 2 , such as playable characters and levels that featured puzzles . By the time the game reached beta status the game offered larger levels , improved NPC logic , and more moves for the protagonist . = = Reception = = MediEvil 2 received mostly positive reviews from critics upon release . The game was mostly praised for its rich , detailed graphics but was criticised by many reviewers for its bad camera angles , easy difficulty and for being too similar to the first game . The game received an aggregate score of 79 % from GameRankings , slightly lower than its predecessor . At the 2000 BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards , MediEvil 2 won the best console game category . IGN 's Doug Perry praised the graphical advancements of the game , noticing that the sharper detail brings out a more " sophisticated feel " to the story and the new addition of cutscenes create a better sense of continuity and story to help break up the game into a more controlled broader world . Shawn Sparks of Game Revolution similarly praised the improved graphics , noting that smooth frame rate and sharper graphics brought out the original PlayStation 's power despite nearing the end of its lifespan . Sparks hailed the graphics as " eye candy " and said that the levels are " a joy to explore " . Despite the graphical achievements of the game , the level layouts and camera work were among the main criticisms . Perry noted the game 's " plain wide confusion " in level layouts would cause frustration for players , and was several times found without direction in the larger levels . Sparks also noted similar concerns with confusing level layout . Perry disliked the fixed camera positioning throughout the game , saying that at least 20 % of the camera angles could have been tuned or changed to provide better views for the player , outlining that the camera was " good , not great " and a small improvement to its predecessor . Daily Radar 's Stephen Frost praised the game 's improved artificial intelligence and harder difficulty in comparison to the first game , summarising that MediEvil 2 was " better , not perfect " although he thought that the game was still lacking in innovation . = Little Red Rooster = " Little Red Rooster " ( or " The Red Rooster " as it was first titled ) is a blues standard credited to arranger and songwriter Willie Dixon . The song was first recorded in 1961 by American blues musician Howlin ' Wolf in the Chicago blues style . His vocal and slide guitar playing are key elements of the song . It is rooted in the Delta blues tradition and the theme is derived from folklore . Musical antecedents to " Little Red Rooster " appear in earlier songs by blues artists Charlie Patton and Memphis Minnie . A variety of musicians have interpreted and recorded " Little Red Rooster " . Some add new words and instrumentation to mimic the sounds of animals mentioned in the lyrics . American soul music singer Sam Cooke adapted the song using a more uptempo approach and it became a successful single on both the US rhythm and blues and pop record charts in 1963 . Concurrently , Dixon and Howlin ' Wolf toured the UK with the American Folk Blues Festival and helped popularize Chicago blues with local rock musicians overseas . The Rolling Stones were among the first British rock groups to record modern electric blues songs . In 1964 , they recorded " Little Red Rooster " with original member Brian Jones , a key player in the recording . Their rendition , which remains closer to the original arrangement than Cooke 's , became a number one record in the UK and continues to be the only blues song to reach the top of the British chart . The Stones frequently performed it on television and in concert and released several live recordings of the song . " Little Red Rooster " continues to be performed and recorded , making it one of Willie Dixon 's best @-@ known compositions . = = Background = = Willie Dixon 's " The Red Rooster " / " Little Red Rooster " uses elements from several earlier blues songs . The theme reflects early twentieth century folk beliefs in the American South that a rooster contributes to peace in the barnyard . The image of the rooster appears in several blues songs from the 1920s and 1930s , with two particular songs identified as precursors . Influential Delta blues musician Charlie Patton 's 1929 " Banty Rooster Blues " contains the verses " What you want with a rooster , he won 't crow ' fore day " and " I know my dog anywhere I hear him bark " , which are analogous to Dixon 's " I have a little red rooster , too lazy to crow ' fore day " and " Oh the dogs begin to bark " . Some of the lyrics to Memphis Minnie 's 1936 acoustic combo blues " If You See My Rooster ( Please Run Him Home ) " are also similar . For example , she sings " If you see my rooster , please run ' im on back home " , while Dixon uses " If you see my little red rooster , please drive ' im home " . Additionally , similar melody lines are found in both songs . For her recording , Memphis Minnie does a full @-@ throated imitation of a rooster 's crow . Mimicking animal sounds later became a feature of several recordings of " Little Red Rooster " . In the post @-@ war era , Margie Day with the Griffin Brothers recorded a song in 1950 titled " Little Red Rooster " in an updated jump blues style . It is a boisterous , uptempo piece performed by a small combo group . Day 's lyrics include " Got a little red rooster , and man how he can crow ... He 's a boss of the barnyard , any ol ' place he goes " ; Dixon 's song uses the line " Keep everything in the barnyard , upset in every way " . The original Dot Records single lists the songwriters as " Griffin @-@ Griffin " . Day 's song was a hit , reaching number five on Billboard 's Best Selling Retail Rhythm & Blues Records chart in 1951 . = = Howlin ' Wolf song = = Delta blues musician Charlie Patton influenced Howlin ' Wolf 's early musical development . Wolf later recorded adaptations of several Patton songs , including " Spoonful " , " Smokestack Lightning " , and " Saddle My Pony " . Relatives and early friends recall Howlin ' Wolf playing a song similar to " The Red Rooster " in the 1930s . Evelyn Sumlin , who was the wife of long @-@ time Wolf guitarist Hubert Sumlin , felt that several of the songs that were later arranged by and credited to Willie Dixon had already been developed by Howlin ' Wolf . Howlin ' Wolf recorded " The Red Rooster " in Chicago in June 1961 . The song is performed as a slow blues in the key of A. Although Dixon biographer Mitsutoshi Inaba notes it as a twelve @-@ bar blues , the changes in the first section vary due to extra beats . Lyrically , it follows the classic AAB blues pattern , where two repeated lines are followed by a second . The opening verse echoes Charlie Patton 's second verse : As with many blues songs , Dixon 's lyrics are ambiguous and may be seen on several levels . Interpretations of his verses range from the " most overtly phallic song since Blind Lemon Jefferson 's [ 1927 ] ' Black Snake Moan ' " to an innocuous farm ditty . Although Dixon described it in the latter terms , he added , " I wrote it as a barnyard song really , and some people even take it that way ! " The lyrics are delivered in Howlin ' Wolf 's distinctive vocal style ; music writer Bill Janovitz describes it as displaying a " master singer 's attention to phrasing and note choice , milking out maximum emotion and nuance from the melody " . A key element of the song is the distinctive slide guitar , played by Howlin ' Wolf , with backing by long @-@ time accompanist Hubert Sumlin on electric guitar . It is one of only two of the many songs recorded by Howlin ' Wolf in the early 1960s which include his guitar playing . Described as " slinky " by Janovitz and " sly " by music historian Ted Gioia , it weaves in and out of the vocal lines and is the stylistic foundation of the song . The other musicians include Johnny Jones on piano , Willie Dixon on double bass , Sam Lay on drums , and possibly Jimmy Rogers on guitar . " The Red Rooster " , backed with " Shake for Me " , which was also recorded during the same session , was issued by Chess Records in October 1961 . Neither song , nor his other songs from the period now considered to be among his best known , entered the record charts . Both were included on his acclaimed 1962 album Howlin ' Wolf , often called the Rockin ' Chair album . " The Red Rooster " also appears on many Howlin ' Wolf compilations , including Howlin ' Wolf : The Chess Box and Howlin ' Wolf : His Best – The Chess 50th Anniversary Collection . Later , Chess arranged for Howlin ' Wolf to record " The Red Rooster " and some other songs with Eric Clapton , Steve Winwood , Bill Wyman , and Charlie Watts for the 1971 album The London Howlin ' Wolf Sessions . At the beginning of the recording , Howlin ' Wolf can be heard attempting to explain the timing of the song , because as Wyman later explained , " we were kind of playing it backwards " . Finally , Clapton ( joined in by the others ) encourages him to play it on guitar so " I can follow you if I can see what you 're doing " . Despite their efforts to get it right , according to Wyman , " the Chess people ended up using the old ' backwards ' take anyway " . = = Sam Cooke rendition = = On February 23 , 1963 , American soul singer Sam Cooke recorded his interpretation of Willie Dixon 's song , calling it " Little Red Rooster " . The song was first proposed for Cooke 's brother , L.C. , who was recording some new material at the time . However , L.C. felt the song was not suitable for him . " I said , ' I 'm not a blues singer . ' So Sam said , ' Well , I 'm gonna do it then , ' " L.C. recalled . Sam Cooke chose to forgo Howlin ' Wolf 's gutbucket approach and came up with an arrangement that music writer Charles Keil describes as " somewhat more relaxed and respectable " . Dixon 's lyrics are delivered in Cooke 's articulate vocal style , but with an additional verse : Cooke 's musical arrangement follows a typical twelve @-@ bar blues structure and is performed at a faster tempo than Howlin ' Wolf 's . It has been notated as a moderate blues ( 92 beats per minute ) in 12 / 8 time in the key of A. The recording took place in Los Angeles with a small group of session musicians . A young Billy Preston uses " playful organ vocalizing " or organ lines to imitate the sounds of a rooster crowing and , following the lyrics , dogs barking and hounds howling . Also backing Cooke are Ray Johnson on piano and Hal Blaine on drums ( Barney Kessel has also been mentioned as the guitarist ) . The song was a hit , reaching number seven on Billboard 's Hot R & B singles chart . It was also a crossover hit and appeared at number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart . " Little Red Rooster " is included on Cooke 's 1963 album Night Beat , which reached number 62 on the Billboard 200 album chart . It also appears on several Cooke compilation albums , including Portrait of a Legend : 1951 – 1964 , which was released in 2003 . = = Rolling Stones version = = = = = Background = = = Chess Records Chicago artists , including Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , influenced the Rolling Stones , with the band taking their name from a Muddy Waters tune and playing from a repertoire of blues songs at the beginning of their career . In 1962 , before they had recorded as a group , Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , and Keith Richards , attended the first American Folk Blues Festival , whose performers included Howlin ' Wolf . Willie Dixon , another Festival player , later recalled " When the Rolling Stones came to Chess studios , they had already met me and doing my songs , especially ' Little Red Rooster ' " . When Dixon and Howlin ' Wolf were in London , they met several local rock musicians . Early Stones manager Giorgio Gomels	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
5 , 1964 , where it stayed for one week . It remains to this day the only time a blues song has ever topped the British pop charts . According to AllMusic writer Matthew Greenwald , " Little Red Rooster " was Brian Jones ' favorite Stones single . Wyman noted that it " realized a cherished ambition [ of Jones ] to put blues music at the top of the charts , and meant his guilt of having ' sold out ' completely to pop fame was diminished " . It was the band 's last cover song to be released as a single during the 1960s . In 1964 and 1965 , the Rolling Stones performed " Little Red Rooster " several times on television , including the British programs Ready Steady Go ! ( November 20 , 1964 ) and Thank Your Lucky Stars ( December 5 , 1964 ) ; and the American The Ed Sullivan Show ( May 2 , 1965 ) , Shindig ! ( May 20 , 1965 ) , and Shivaree ( May 1965 ) . On Shindig ! , Jagger and Jones introduced Howlin ' Wolf as the first one to record " Little Red Rooster " and as one of their first influences . Although often reported that the Stones would only agreed to appear if Howlin ' Wolf ( or Muddy Waters ) also performed , Keith Richards later explained that the show 's producer , Jack Good , was in on the idea to present an original blues artist on prime time network television . During the group 's concerts in 1965 , Charlie Watts , who did not normally address the audiences , was often brought from behind the drum kit to the front of the stage to introduce " Little Red Rooster " from Jagger 's microphone . Wyman recalled particularly enthusiastic responses to the song in Sydney ( at the Agricultural Hall in January 1965 ) , Paris ( Olympia in April 1965 ) , and Long Beach , California ( Long Beach Auditorium on May 16 , 1965 ) . " Little Red Rooster " is included on their third American album , The Rolling Stones , Now ! , released in February 1965 . It also appears on several Rolling Stones compilation albums , including the UK version of Big Hits ( High Tide and Green Grass ) , Singles Collection : The London Years , Rolled Gold : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones , and GRRR ! . Live versions appear on Love You Live and Flashpoint ( with Eric Clapton , who contributed to Howlin ' Wolf 's 1971 remake , on slide guitar ) . = = = No U.S. single release = = = Bill Wyman later wrote in his book Stone Alone that " on December 18 , 1964 , news came from America that ' Little Red Rooster ' was banned from record release because of its ' sexual connotations ' " . This has been repeated and embellished to include that it had been banned by or from American radio stations ; however , Sam Cooke 's version with nearly the same lyrics had been a Top 40 crossover pop hit one year earlier . Additionally , the Rolling Stones ' " Little Red Rooster " was included on Los Angeles radio station KRLA 's ( at the time the number @-@ one Top 40 radio station in the second largest market in the U.S. ) playlist from December 9 , 1964 to February 5 , 1965 . Radio personality Bob Eubanks wrote in his weekly Record Review column for January 1 , 1965 , " ' Little Red Rooster ' , by the Stones , is still KRLA 's exclusive ... Don 't fret , though , it may still be released in this country " . " Mona ( I Need You Baby ) " from the Rolling Stones ' first UK album was also being aired and considered for their next single , but with " Time Is on My Side " , " Heart of Stone " , and " The Last Time " on the U.S. charts during this same period , neither " Little Red Rooster " or " Mona " were released as singles . However , they were included on Rolling Stones , Now ! ( by contrast , only " Little Red Rooster " and " The Last Time " were released as singles in the UK during this period ) . Although it appeared at the top of the British chart for one week , Jagger later commented , " I still dig ' Little Red Rooster ' , but it didn 't sell " . Egan believes that actual sales of the record may have fallen short of previous Stones ' singles . = = = Charts = = = = = Recognition and influence = = Howlin ' Wolf 's original " The Red Rooster " is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of the " 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll " . As well as being a blues standard , Janovitz calls " Little Red Rooster " a " classic song [ that ] has been recorded countless times , a warhorse for most late- ' 60s and 1970s classic rock acts " . Dixon and Snowden have noted cover versions by Luther Allison , Eddie C. Campbell , the Doors ( with John Sebastian ) , Jose Feliciano , Grateful Dead , Ratdog , Ronnie Hawkins , Z.Z. Hill , Hubert Sumlin , and Big Mama Thornton . = Michael Wacha = Michael Joseph Wacha ( / ˈwɑːkə / ; born July 1 , 1991 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played college baseball for the Texas A & M Aggies . The Cardinals selected Wacha in the first round of the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft from Texas A & M. With just one year in the minor leagues , he made his MLB debut on May 30 , 2013 . Following a strong regular season , Wacha earned the 2013 National League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award , after yielding one run and eight hits in his first 21 postseason innings pitched . = = Early life = = Michael Wacha was born in Iowa City , Iowa , to Tom and Karen Wacha as the second of four children . He has one older brother , Charlie , one younger brother , Lucas , and a younger sister , Brette . When Wacha was three years old , his family moved from Iowa City to Texarkana , Texas . His future college coach , Rob Childress , first spotted Wacha pitching in an American Legion game ; Wacha 's father was the coach and his sister the batgirl . Wacha 's uncle , Dusty Rogers , pitched in the Cincinnati Reds organization from 1984 through 1988 . = = Amateur career = = Wacha attended Pleasant Grove High School in Texarkana , Texas , where he played for the school 's baseball and basketball teams . As a basketball player , he lettered three years as a forward and was honored on the first @-@ team all @-@ district on his way to advancing his school to the regional finals during his senior year . In his junior baseball season , Wacha posted a 16 – 3 W – L record , pitching the Hawks to the state finals . As a senior , he led the Hawks to the state semi @-@ finals in his senior year in 2009 with a 6 – 3 win – loss record ( W – L record ) . Wacha was a two @-@ time all @-@ state selection ; he was selected to the all @-@ state first @-@ team and all @-@ state tournament team . Excelling academically , Wacha was a member of the National Honor Society ; in basketball , Wacha earned first @-@ team academic all @-@ state honors . As an enrollee at Texas A & M University , Wacha played three years of college baseball for the Texas A & M Aggies . At this point , Wacha stood 6 ' 5 " ( 77 inches ( 200 cm ) ) tall , weighed 180 pounds ( 82 kg ) and threw his fastball with a velocity between 84 miles per hour ( 135 km / h ) and 88 miles per hour ( 142 km / h ) . During his freshman campaign , he made ten starts in 25 total appearances and posted a 2 @.@ 90 earned run average ( ERA ) and a 9 – 2 W – L record . Wacha also registered 97 strikeouts ( SO ) and 22 walks ( BB ) in 105 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched ( IP ) . His nine wins ranked fifth and 2 @.@ 90 ERA sixth in the Big 12 Conference . For his performance , Louisville Slugger named Wacha a freshman All @-@ American . In his sophomore year , Wacha posted a 9 – 4 record in 16 starts with 123 SO and just 20 BB and a 2 @.@ 29 ERA in 129 2 ⁄ 3 IP . That performance earned him a spot as a Third Team All @-@ American and All @-@ Big 12 Second Team . Wacha was a member of the USA Baseball Collegiate National Team . He also pitched in the Big 12 Championship , NCAA College Station Regional and College World Series at the end of his sophomore year . = = Professional career = = = = = Draft and minor leagues ( 2012 – 13 ) = = = The Cardinals selected Wacha in the first round with the 19th overall selection of the 2012 MLB Draft and signed him for $ 1 @.@ 9 million on June 14 , 2012 . His draft slot originally belonged to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , who , upon signing Albert Pujols as a free agent , surrendered it to the Cardinals . Cardinals director of scouting Dan Kantrovitz foresaw Wacha as a future starter for the Cardinals whose size and competitive nature drew favorable comparisons with right @-@ handers Chris Carpenter and Adam Wainwright . Wacha ascended quickly through the minor leagues . The Cardinals first assigned Wacha to the Gulf Coast League ( Rookie League ) Cardinals , then promoted him to the Palm Beach Cardinals in the Florida State League and finally to the Springfield Cardinals of the Double @-@ A Texas League before the 2012 season ended . In 21 innings pitched ( IP ) between the three levels , he struck out 40 batters , allowed just eight hits , four walks and two runs . With Springfield , he pitched eight innings , struck out 17 batters , and allowed just one home run ( HR ) . The Cardinals invited Wacha to their major league spring training camp in 2013 . He impressed team management and players alike , striking out fifteen batters while only allowing one walk and one unearned run in eleven and two @-@ thirds innings of work before being reassigned to the minor league camp . Wacha started the 2013 season with the Memphis Redbirds of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League , going 4 – 0 with a league @-@ leading 2 @.@ 05 ERA in nine games started and 52 2 ⁄ 3 IP before his first call @-@ up to the Major Leagues . His overall season totals at Memphis included a 2 @.@ 65 ERA in 15 starts , 73 SO and 85 IP . = = = St. Louis Cardinals ( 2013 – present ) = = = = = = = Rookie season ( 2013 ) = = = = The Cardinals activated Wacha on May 30 to make his major league debut against the Kansas City Royals at Busch Stadium . Just 364 days after throwing his last pitch for Texas A & M , Wacha was standing on a major league mound for the first time . In his first at @-@ bat in the majors , Wacha singled to right @-@ center field . On the mound , he demonstrated the prodigious pitching ability that rapidly shuttled him through the minor leagues when he retired the first 13 Royals he faced before giving up a hit , a double in the fifth inning . That runner then scored after another hit . He pitched seven innings with 93 pitches ( 67 strikes ) , giving up only two hits and one run , walking none , and striking out six , leaving with a 2 – 1 lead . Wacha lost the chance for a win in the ninth , when Mitchell Boggs relieved and gave up a tying home run to the first batter he faced . The Arizona Diamondbacks scored six runs against Wacha in his second start , which turned out to be a no @-@ decision on his part . Wacha earned his first MLB win on June 11 as the Cardinals beat the New York Mets 9 – 2 at Citi Field . The game got off to a rough start as he gave up a home run to the second Met batter he faced , walked three others and saw his team fall behind two runs in the first inning . However , he rebounded and scattered five hits and no more walks over six total innings of work . It was Wacha 's third career start . Three days after earning his first major league win , the Cardinals optioned Wacha back to Memphis to clear roster room for pitcher Jake Westbrook as he returned from the disabled list ( DL ) . During his first stint with the Cardinals , Wacha posted a 1 @-@ 0 record with an ERA of 4 @.@ 58 in three starts . The Cardinals recalled Wacha in mid @-@ August and he was on the roster to stay for the remainder of the season . He started one game against the Chicago Cubs before being moved to the bullpen . Manager Mike Matheny placed him back in the rotation in September . He pitched six shutout innings with just three hits against the Cincinnati Reds . Encompassing his last regular @-@ season game and first three playoff appearances in 2013 , Wacha authored a series of masterful performances . On September 24 , he pitched a no @-@ hitter through 8 2 ⁄ 3 innings against the Washington Nationals that ended when Ryan Zimmerman stroked an infield single that glanced off Wacha 's glove . It was Washington 's only hit as the Cardinals prevailed 2 – 0 . It was also the third potential no @-@ hitter lost with the final out to go on the 2013 season , after Yu Darvish and Yusmeiro Petit . Wacha finished his regular season in the Major Leagues appearing in 15 games , making nine starts and pitching 64 2 ⁄ 3 innings . He surrendered 52 hits , twenty runs , five home runs and struck out 65 hitters for a 2 @.@ 78 ERA . = = = = First playoff experience ( 2013 ) = = = = On October 7 , Wacha started his first Major League playoff game . In 7 1 ⁄ 3 innings of Game 4 of the 2013 National League Division Series ( NLDS ) – an elimination game against the Pittsburgh Pirates – he again surrendered one hit ( a home run ) and two walks . Due to Wacha 's back @-@ to @-@ back one @-@ hit performances , Matheny announced that he would start Game 2 of the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . In that game on October 12 , he outdueled Clayton Kershaw in 6 2 ⁄ 3 innings for a 1 – 0 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers . In just the 11th start of his MLB career , Wacha joined Bob Gibson as the only pitchers in franchise history to strike out at least eight batters while yielding one or no runs in consecutive postseason starts . Facing Kershaw again in Game 6 , Wacha yielded just two hits in seven innings as his opponent unravelled in a 9 – 0 victory that sent the Cardinals to the World Series . Wacha won both his NLCS starts , holding the Dodgers to a .149 batting average against ( BAA ) , two walks and 13 SO in 13 2 ⁄ 3 scoreless IP as he earned the NLCS MVP . He became the fourth rookie to win a postseason MVP , following Larry Sherry ( 1959 World Series ) , Mike Boddicker ( 1983 NLCS ) , and Liván Hernández ( 1997 NLCS and 1997 World Series ) . Through the NLCS , Wacha allowed just one run on eight hits in 21 IP for a 0 @.@ 43 ERA while striking out 22 . Starting Game Two of the World Series against the Boston Red Sox , Wacha pitched six innings in a 4 – 2 Cardinals ' victory , although he said after the game he " didn 't have [ his ] best stuff . " Before surrendering a home run to David Ortiz , Wacha tied Gibson with the longest scoreless streak ( 19 innings ) in Cardinals ' postseason history . Wacha became the 17th @-@ youngest pitcher overall to win a World Series game and the second @-@ youngest in Cardinals history behind only Paul Dean . In Game 6 , with the Cardinals facing elimination once more , Wacha was again called upon to save their season after winning four consecutive playoff starts with a 1 @.@ 00 ERA and just 11 hits allowed in 27 innings for a .122 opponents ' batting average . However , the Red Sox finally solved him , tagging him for six runs in 3 2 ⁄ 3 innings on the way to defeating the Cardinals for their eighth World Series title . = = = = 2014 – present = = = = Wacha was guaranteed a regular post in the rotation at the outset of the 2014 season , and his first two starts came against the Reds . Receiving one win and one no @-@ decision , he furthered a strong start against them . His first career 22 2 ⁄ 3 IP against them included just 13 hits and five walks allowed with 20 SO and a 0 @.@ 40 ERA . In an April 24 start against the New York Mets , Wacha struck out nine batters in the first three innings . This was just the 11th such occurrence in the expansion era . With 41 miles per hour ( 66 km / h ) winds whipping , he struck out ten total in four innings but also walked five and required 93 pitches . Two of the walks proved costly as they were with the bases loaded ; the Mets took advantage in a 3 – 2 triumph . Wacha 's first 15 starts of 2014 included a 2 @.@ 79 ERA and 5 – 5 W – L. However , after pitching with lingering shoulder discomfort and fatigue in May and June , the Cardinals placed him on the DL on June 18 . A series of magnetic resonance ( MRI ) and computed tomography ( CT ) images revealed an injury termed as a stress reaction in the scapula behind his throwing arm . The stress reaction apparently was a case of the shoulder not repairing itself as fast as the strain from regular pitching had caused between the scapula bone and tendons . Although similar to the stress fracture injury Brandon McCarthy suffered , it was deemed less severe . According to medical opinion , it was part of the same injury process , but Wacha 's injury had not progressed as far as McCarthy 's as a fracture had yet to occur . Therefore , Cardinals general manager John Mozeliak stated , as " a precursor to a stress fracture , ... which is a precursor to a ... fracture , " it was more manageable to correct . With limited knowledge on the related biomechanical processes , the Cardinals training and medical staff researched methods to treat Wacha 's injury and circumvent the same course from happening again ; likewise , they were uncertain of when he was to return to play . Wacha surrendered a series @-@ ending , three @-@ run walk @-@ off home run to Travis Ishikawa of the San Francisco Giants in the ninth inning of Game 5 of the 2014 NLCS , as the Giants prevailed , 6 – 3 . The Cardinals won each of Wacha 's first nine starts of 2015 while he credited as the winner in seven of them . With an ERA of 1 @.@ 87 , he became the first Cardinal to start with a 7 – 0 record since Matt Morris started 8 – 0 in 2005 . He was selected to his first All @-@ Star Game , played at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati . The Cardinals skipped 10 days between two August starts over concerns about his shoulder . To that point , he was 15 – 4 with a 2 @.@ 69 ERA and 1 @.@ 12 WHIP . In Game 4 of the NLDS against the Cubs on October 12 , 2015 , Wacha surrendered three home runs in 4 1 ⁄ 3 innings in an 8 – 6 loss . = = Pitching profile = = Standing 6 ' 6 " ( 78 inches ( 200 cm ) ) tall and weighing 210 pounds ( 95 kg ) , Wacha repeats the same delivery with all his pitches . Featuring a sinking fastball that usually travels between 92 miles per hour ( 148 km / h ) and 95 miles per hour ( 153 km / h ) , Wacha frequently shows velocity up to 97 miles per hour ( 156 km / h ) . His high arm angle and release point create substantial downward action on his fastball . Wacha 's fastball complement , a changeup , features deep , fading movement to right @-@ handed hitters with a 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) to 12 miles per hour ( 19 km / h ) decrease in velocity from his fastball . Not only is his arm angle on the two pitches the same , the arm speed appears virtually identical to the hitter , thus disguising the difference in velocity . Wacha 's third pitch is an average curveball that travels about 77 miles per hour ( 124 km / h ) and has improved in break and consistency ; in college , scouts considered his curveball a below average pitch . He has a fourth pitch , a slider , that lacks consistent break and darts horizontally similar to the cutter . Wacha attributed the increase in pitch velocity to gaining weight from physical exercise and increased food consumption , asserting that he " felt like the velocity just kept on increasing every single year . I changed my mechanics a little bit when I was in college , and that might have added a few ticks . " Wacha added a cut fastball ( commonly called a " cutter " ) late in the 2013 season , though he only threw the pitch 1 @.@ 8 % of the time . During the 2014 spring training , Wacha showed increased confidence in the pitch after finding a consistent grip . Depending on the source , Wacha shows a wide range of potential . Scouting reports initially projected him for a potential of two plus @-@ plus pitches ( fastball and changeup ) with command of both . Baseball Prospectus noted that his polish due to pitch command helped fast @-@ track him to the Major Leagues . However , a dearth of vigorous fastball life escalates the importance of command . Wacha offsets the shortage of sizable vertical movement with the pronounced descent through which his fastball , changeup and curve travel to create an additional obstacle as hitters to attempt square the bat on the pitch . In addition , the drop in elevation changes the hitter 's eye level . Wacha was previously criticized for a heavy reliance on the fastball from lacking a solid breaking pitch . Before refining his curveball , Baseball Prospect Nation commented that development of a slider " to even only an occasional ' show @-@ me ' pitch would add another element to his game and allow him to become more refined in his pitch sequencing ability to work through a lineup . " During each at @-@ bat , Wacha does not easily give in to the batter . He maintains his composure on the mound . With both fastball and changeup being plus @-@ plus pitches and improved command , Baseball Prospectus and Baseball Prospect Nation conclude his likely future is as a solid number @-@ three starter . However , as command of his curve has markedly improved , so have his projections . The same initial reports stated that if he could enhance his slider 's reliability , he may be able to become a low @-@ end number two starter . Still others , such as scout Ralph Garr , Jr . , and Kantrovitz , project him as a " future top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rotation guy . " = = Awards = = = = Personal life = = As both a play on his last name , and the pronunciation of his first and last names together , " Wacha Wacha " became a phenomenon in 2013 following the favorite catch phrase of Fozzie Bear of The Muppets , and for its similarity to the sound effects from the Pac @-@ Man arcade game . A restaurant in St. Louis named a milkshake the " Wacha Wacha " following his 2013 NLCS MVP honors . The milkshake 's ingredients included vanilla with chocolate chips and Cracker Jacks . Although he could not remember the name of the restaurant ( believed to be Fozzie 's ) , he stated the Cracker Jacks " added a little baseball flair to it . " = Cyber Rights = Cyber Rights : Defending Free speech in the Digital Age is a non @-@ fiction book about cyberlaw , written by free speech lawyer Mike Godwin . It was first published in 1998 by Times Books . It was republished in 2003 as a revised edition by The MIT Press . Godwin graduated from the University of Texas School of Law in 1990 and was the first staff counsel for the Electronic Frontier Foundation . Written with a first @-@ person perspective , Cyber Rights offers a background in the legal issues and history pertaining to free speech on the Internet . It documents the author 's experiences in defending free speech online , and puts forth the thesis that " the remedy for the abuse of free speech is more speech " . Godwin emphasizes that decisions made about the expression of ideas on the Internet affect freedom of speech in other media as well , as granted by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . The book was received favorably by Library Journal , where it was " Recommended for anyone concerned about expression on the Internet and democratic society . " Publishers Weekly noted Godwin 's " unusually broad view of free speech " , and criticized the author for viewing issues " filtered through rose @-@ colored screens " . The Philadelphia Inquirer highlighted Cyber Rights among " 1998 's Best Reading " . = = Author = = Godwin is a graduate of the University of Texas School of Law . At the time of the book 's first publication , Godwin was employed as a staff counsel EFF . He had been hired as EFF 's first staff counsel after graduating from law school in 1990 . Law Library Journal noted , " In this position , he worked on the frontlines of the fight to make sure that freedom of expression is more than tolerated , that in fact it is able to flourish in cyberspace . " Cyber Rights is Godwin 's first book . Godwin described himself as a civil libertarian . From 1997 to 1998 , Godwin was a fellow of the Media Studies Center . In 2007 , he took a research fellowship at Yale University . Godwin became general counsel for Wikimedia Foundation in July 2007 . = = Contents = = Cyber Rights analyzes the legal issues involved with communicating on the Internet , including those relating to Internet privacy and government involvement . The book is written with a first @-@ person perspective : the reader learns of the author 's morning ritual , the fact that his cat is named Francie and that he married a woman he met through a Bulletin Board System . Godwin 's motivation was to keep the Internet safe from government actions that restrict freedom of speech . He asserts that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution should apply equally to the Internet as it does to other media . The book 's early chapters ground the reader in principles involving cyberspace and the law . The author provides enough background that a layperson can understand the relevant legal history , including explaining libel and the extent to which copyrighted text may be quoted and used under the fair use principle . Godwin explains his goal is " to show that striking a balance in favor of individual rights has always been the right decision for us and that it remains so even when technology gives us new ways to exercise those rights . Individual liberty has never weakened us ; freedom of speech , enhanced by the Net , will only make us stronger " . He instructs the reader on how to become proficient in dealing with mainstream news media , writing , " Learn how to hack all the media . Then put that knowledge to good use " . Subsequent chapters consider traditional challenges to broad free speech in the online context , including : defamation , sexual harassment , copyright and issues involving privacy . He dismisses these issues as less important than freedom of speech . Godwin argues that individuals maintain latitude when communicating over the Internet because " it 's far more likely that they 'll do good than otherwise . This is because freedom of speech is itself a good . The framers of the Constitution were right to give it special protection , because societies in which people can speak freely are better off than societies in which they can 't " . The author discusses influential legal cases including a judgment involving Compuserve , where the court ruled that the Internet service provider should be deemed similar to a bookstore avoiding liability for publishing potentially offensive speech . He recounts Steve Jackson Games , Inc. v. United States Secret Service which followed a raid by the United States Secret Service in 1990 on Steve Jackson Games and his involvement influencing the media relating to the incident . He cites the LaMacchia case , which dealt with charges of copyright infringement of software subsequently dismissed . An incident at Santa Rosa Junior College which involved issues of free speech and gender discrimination is discussed and analyzed in the book . Godwin analyzes the effects of a 1995 cover story " Cyberporn " in TIME magazine and writings by Martin Rimm that discussed the effect of Internet pornography . He explains how the theories presented in the article were discredited . Godwin calls the incident following the TIME article the " cyber @-@ porn panic " ; noting how the magazine published a cover story on a purported pornography " study " and how he and others exposed flaws in the piece . He cites the Communications Decency Act of 1996 ( CDA ) as an example of U.S. government action which cramps free speech . Godwin describes the subsequent attempts to defeat CDA . The Supreme Court of the United States held two sections to be unconstitutional and Godwin recounts how he became emotional over the decision . Throughout the book Godwin emphasizes that " the remedy for the abuse of free speech is more speech " . Cyber Rights puts forth the notion that " virtual communities " can be fostered on the Internet that serve the values of democracy , writing " The decisions we make about the Internet don 't affect just the Internet – they are answers to basic questions about the relationship each citizen has to the government and about the extent to which we trust one another with the full range of fundamental rights granted by the Constitution , " . = = Reception = = Cyber Rights was reviewed favorably in Library Journal , where it was described as " a provocative discussion of the social and legal issues concerning computer online communications " . The review noted that Godwin , " provides an excellent background to the governmental and privacy dimensions of the Internet , using anecdotal accounts to illustrate web @-@ related legal issues . " Library Journal concluded , " Recommended for anyone concerned about expression on the Internet and democratic society . " Booklist observed , " He wants us to understand that the principles upon which this country is founded are unquestionably worth the risk . He passionately defends , in clear , one @-@ two @-@ three soundbites , the online freedom he wants his daughter to inherit , and he insists that his readers untangle the meanings behind the use of words such as indecency and pornography to frighten and to confuse . " Booklist recommended Cyber Rights be carried in libraries , concluding , " Most libraries will want copies for both circulating and professional collections . " Cyber Rights received a positive review in Salon , which noted , " Readers of ' Cyber Rights ' will range from those who have never heard of Mike Godwin to those who have tangoed with him online at some point or have at least lurked silently as the debate raged . Whatever the number in the first category , those falling into the second are legion . Godwin has been online so long he 's had a celebrated law that predicts the course of online discussions named after him . " The review observed , " Throughout ' Cyber Rights , ' it becomes clear that what makes Godwin a sometimes unpleasant online sparring partner is precisely what has catapulted him to the front lines in the seemingly endless battles for free speech on the Net . ... his tenacity and his insistence on wrestling every last breath out of his opponents ' arguments . " Salon characterized the book as , " an instructional book with an argument to convey – a sort of cross between a dry , textbookish primer and a lively personal history . " Columbia Journalism Review gave the book a favorable review , noting , " This is a lively , garrulous account by an activist who was deeply involved in turning back the threat of regulation and , at least for the time being , securing rights of free expression online . " The review described the latter portion of the book as " a more intense personal chronicle of Godwin 's deep involvement in what he calls the ' cyberporn panic ' – the push to control Internet content . " Columbia Journalism Review concluded , " Ultimately , Godwin shows , this strong response laid the groundwork for lawsuits that enabled the Supreme Court to declare the ' decency ' amendment unconstitutional . He was in the thick of things throughout this effort , and his journal lets the reader relive the tension and uncertainty of trying to halt a media stampede before it crushed everything in its path . " School Library Journal recommended the book for young readers , and commented , " Teens growing up with the Net aren 't likely to find a better roadmap to the issues affecting their First Amendment future there than this book . " The New York Times Book Review was critical of Godwin 's writing style in the book , and observed , " He writes in a strong , piercing voice that probably does wonders in a courtroom , but comes off increasingly shrill over several hundred pages of commentary , and at one point fairly warns his reader , ' Subtlety isn 't my strong point . ' " The Journal of Information Ethics wrote , " This is less an analytic study than a personal survey of situations or occurrences articulated in an informal , colloquial , and anecdotal fashion . It is not aimed at the intelligentsia or legal profession , although members of these groups would certainly benefit from the details . " The review concluded , " The details are sometimes overwhelming , but for those who wish to know everything , this is a good place to start . " The Philadelphia Inquirer highlighted Cyber Rights among " 1998 's Best Reading " , and concluded , " Often reads , as Godwin intends , as a handbook for free @-@ speech activism " . A review in the San Antonio Express @-@ News concluded , " ' Cyber Rights ' is an extremely important book , one that anyone who accesses the Internet should read . Those who support the causes Godwin fights against aren 't going to be happy with it , because he pokes some big holes in their arguments . But one of the bedrock freedoms we all enjoy is freedom of speech , and Godwin makes an elegant defense in its behalf . " The Dallas Morning News characterized the book as a multifacted legal instructive work , and commented , " Part philosophical musings , part legal primer , part history and part political analysis , the book touches on just about every facet of how the Internet is transforming free @-@ speech issues . " The Houston Chronicle wrote , " Godwin makes a passionate case for ensuring the online world has the same civil rights as the ' real ' world . " Writing in the book Internet and the Law , author Aaron Schwabach comments , " The book takes an anticensorship position , but it presents all sides of the various questions fairly and completely . " CommLaw Conspectus of The Catholic University of America noted , " Cyber Rights brims with anecdotes and behind @-@ the @-@ scenes looks at the people and organizations struggling with the [ reality ] and potential of the information superhighway . " A review of the book in The Green Bag concluded , " Overall , Godwin seems to be preaching to the choir , rather than making legal arguments to win over converts . Lower publication costs do increase the possibility of publication , but , standing alone , may not justify replacing the legal regimes developed over time to regulate expression – legal regimes which , for the most part , have endured through previous revolutions in the technology of disseminating information . Theology , which calls on faith , and economics , which calls on reason and empiricism , may not be compatible . But the Internet is about a shift in the economics of expression , not a theological revolution in how the First Amendment affects society , and when the project is getting the legal prescriptions right , all of the implications must be taken seriously . " Publishers Weekly commented that in the book Godwin put forth " an unusually broad view of free speech " . The review noted that by citing noteworthy legal cases affecting free speech online , " he frames nicely some of the issues raised by the encounter of the 200 @-@ year @-@ old Bill of Rights and the cutting @-@ edge Internet . " Publishers Weekly wrote that by the end of the book , " his arguments have become predictable – or flimsy , as when he implies that the Net poses no new risks with its dissemination of dangerous information , such as bomb @-@ making instructions , because libraries have carried such information for years . " The review concluded , " Godwin 's book is a thoughtful examination of an important subject , but its thoughts seem too often filtered through rose @-@ colored screens . " In a review of the revised and updated 2003 edition of the book , Law Library Journal wrote , " Cyber Rights : Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age is a book that can help the uninitiated become familiar with the issues and arguments that have shaped the debate over regulating cyberspace . " The review noted , " Cyber Rights was inspired by Godwin 's unwavering belief that an uncensored Internet can transform society into a true democracy . It is an exceptionally personal work and resembles an online journal . ... The book , written in the first person , has a casual and conversational style . As the reader is able to ' hear ' the author 's voice , Cyber Rights is extremely easy to read . " Law Library Journal criticized the book for being repetitive , and for dismissing arguments of his opponents as " an irrational fear of the unknown ( i.e. , cyberspace ) or as a poor understanding of case law or the Framers ' intent " . The review acknowledged , " Cyber Rights is a good introduction to the world of cyberspace and the legal issues that affect the Internet . It presents , in a readable style , a passionate perspective on an emerging area of law . " Law Library Journal recommended the book for " large academic law libraries " . = RTI International = RTI International ( formerly Research Triangle Institute ) is a nonprofit organization headquartered in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina that provides research and technical services . It was founded in 1958 with $ 500 @,@ 000 in funding by local businesses and the three North Carolina universities in the Research Triangle region . RTI started with departments for research in isotopes , operational sciences and statistics . It restructured into four departments in 1971 and later created the Office for International Projects , now called the International Development Group . RTI later split into eleven departments , including Health Research , Drug Discovery & Development , Education & Training Research , Survey Research , among others . The US Agency for International Development has come to account for 35 percent of RTI 's research revenue . RTI research has covered HIV / AIDS , healthcare , education curriculum and the environment , among others . Forbes magazine ranked RTI International sixth of 250 in its America ’ s Best Employers list for mid @-@ size companies for 2016 . = = History = = In 1954 , Romeo Guest , a building contractor , met with the North Carolina state treasurer , Brandon Hodges , and the president of Wachovia , Robert Hanes , to discuss building a research park in North Carolina to attract new industries to the region . They obtained support for the concept of Research Triangle Park from state governor Luther Hodges and the three universities that form the research triangle : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Duke University and North Carolina State University . The Research Triangle Institute ( now RTI International ) was formed as the research park 's first tenant in 1958 by the park 's founders . The following January they announced that $ 1 @.@ 425 million had been raised by the Research Triangle Foundation to fund the park and that $ 500 @,@ 000 of it had been set aside for RTI . RTI started with three divisions : Isotope Development , Operational Sciences and Statistics Research . Its first contract was a $ 4 @,@ 500 statistical study of morbidity data from Tennessee . In RTI 's first year of operation , it had 25 staff and $ 240 @,@ 000 in research contracts . Its early work was focused on statistics , but within a few years expanded into radioisotopes , organic chemistry and polymers . In 1960 the Institute had its first international research contract , for an agricultural census in Nigeria . RTI won contracts with the Department of Education , Defense Department , NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission , growing to $ 3 @.@ 4 million in contracts in 1964 and $ 85 million in 1988 . In 1971 , RTI 's staff of 430 was reorganized into four research groups : social and economic systems , statistical sciences , environmental sciences and engineering , and chemistry and life sciences . It also created a division for education called the Center for Education Research and Evaluation . Four years later , RTI created the Office for International Programs to manage international projects . RTI provided funding assistance to help found the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics in 1980 , and two years later was part of a joint venture to create Microelectronics Center of North Carolina ( MCNC ) , a non @-@ profit whose computer network connected local K @-@ 12 schools . A Health Solutions division formed in 2000 serves the pharmaceutical , biotechnology and medical device industries . In 2015 , it formed a subsidiary in New Delhi , India . Among other projects , it was funded to develop a waterless toilet for use in third @-@ world countries . = = Organization = = RTI International is a not @-@ for @-@ profit research organization established by three local universities , but managed independently by a separate board and management team . RTI 's structure consists of members of the corporation , the board of governors and corporate officers . The members of the corporation elect governors , who in turn create the organization 's policies . Corporate officers are senior managers that report to the board for their area of responsibility . RTI has eleven service areas : RTI also has a separate business called RTI Health Solutions , which supports biotech , diagnostic and medical device companies . As of 2012 , the organization 's largest division managed the social , statistical and environmental sciences services . More than half of RTI 's staff have advanced degrees in one of 120 fields and work on approximately 1 @,@ 200 projects at a time . RTI has partnerships with the Research Triangle Energy Consortium , the Triangle Global Health Consortium and other universities and research organizations . Many of RTI 's staff hold faculty positions at the three universities that form the Research Triangle and participate in cooperative research projects . There are nine US offices and nine international locations in France , the United Kingdom , South America , Indian and Indonesia , among others , supporting operations in 80 countries . About 60 percent of RTI 's staff are headquartered on a 180 @-@ acre campus inside the Research Triangle Park . Most of RTI International 's funding comes from government research contracts . In 2012 it authored 627 journal articles . At the time , RTI owned 400 patents . RTI competes with the three universities that form the research triangle and other research institutes for contracts . It bids on $ 2 billion in research contracts a year and wins approximately 40 percent of the budget it bids on . = = Projects = = RTI International 's research has spanned areas like cancer , pollution , drug abuse and education . RTI scientists Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani synthesized anti @-@ cancer treatments camptothecin in 1966 , from the bark of the Camptotheca tree , and Taxol in 1971 , from a Pacific yew tree . These two drugs account for $ 3 billion a year in sales by pharmaceutical companies . In 1986 , RTI was awarded a $ 4 million contract with the National Cancer Institute to conduct an eight @-@ year clinical trial on the effects of an anti @-@ smoking campaign . Two years later , RTI began a $ 4 @.@ 4 million program to coordinate AIDS drug trials for the National Institutes of Health . This had grown to $ 26 million by 1988 . RTI scientists helped identify toxic chemicals in the Love Canal in the 1970s . In 1978 , RTI researched the possibility of improving solar cells for the US Department of Energy and coal gasification for the Environmental Protection Agency in 1979 . It trained Chinese government employees on using computer models to forecast pollution patterns before the 2007 Olympics in Beijing . An RTI survey in 1973 , commissioned by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs , confirmed prior research that found no connection between drug use and violent crime , despite prior perceptions of heroin users as more prone to violence . A 1975 study RTI conducted for the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism found that 28 percent of 13 @,@ 000 teenagers polled were " problem drinkers , " despite their age . A 1996 study done by RTI and funded by the Pentagon found that drug abuse in the military had been reduced by 90 percent since 1980 . RTI in 1975 recommended that the Bureau of the Mint halt expensive production of pennies , and replace half @-@ dollars with a new dollar coin . In 2001 , RTI scientists created a new thinfilm superlattice material that uses the thermoelectric effect to cool microprocessors . A 2009 study by RTI and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in Health Affairs estimated that obesity in the US caused $ 147 billion in increased medical care costs annually . RTI also developed a reading skill measurement program , the Early Grade Reading Assessment ( EGRA ) , for the USAID and the World Bank . The EGRA has been used in 70 languages and 50 countries . RTI began working for the US Agency for International Development ( USAID ) after the conflict between Iraq and the US began in 2003 . USAID work represented 35 percent of RTI 's revenue by 2010 . An employee of the contractor Unity Resources Group , hired to protect RTI staff doing USAID work in Iraq , shot and killed two Iraqi women on October 9 , 2007 . In 2004 , Nextreme was spun off of RTI to develop a thermoelectric material for semiconductors commercially . RTI acquired a healthcare marketing firm called MasiMax in March 2009 . It also created another semiconductor startup that year called SiXis . In 2011 RTI created the Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology and in 2012 it acquired a California @-@ based education research firm , MPR Associates . = Quatermass and the Pit ( film ) = Quatermass and the Pit ( US title : Five Million Years to Earth ) is a 1967 British science fiction horror film . Made by Hammer Film Productions it is a sequel to the earlier Hammer films The Quatermass Xperiment and Quatermass 2 . Like its predecessors it is based on a BBC Television serial – Quatermass and the Pit – written by Nigel Kneale . It was directed by Roy Ward Baker and stars Andrew Keir in the title role as Professor Bernard Quatermass , replacing Brian Donlevy who played the role in the two earlier films . James Donald , Barbara Shelley and Julian Glover appear in co @-@ starring roles . The plot , which is largely faithful to the original television production , centres on the discovery of a mysterious object buried at the site of an extension to the London Underground . Also uncovered nearby are the remains of early human ancestors more than five million years old . Realising that the object is in fact an ancient Martian spacecraft , Quatermass deduces that the aliens have influenced human evolution and the development of human intelligence . The spacecraft has an intelligence of its own , and once uncovered begins to exert a malign influence , resurrecting Martian memories and instincts buried deep within the human psyche . Nigel Kneale wrote the first draft of the screenplay in 1961 but difficulties in attracting interest from American co @-@ financiers meant the film did not go into production until 1967 . The director , Roy Ward Baker , was chosen because of his experience with technically demanding productions such as A Night to Remember ; this was the first of six films that he directed for Hammer . Andrew Keir , playing Quatermass , found making the film an unhappy experience , believing Baker had wanted Kenneth More to play the role . Owing to lack of space the film was shot at the MGM studios in Elstree , Borehamwood rather than Hammer 's usual home at the time , which was the Associated British Studios , also in Elstree . The film opened in November 1967 to favourable reviews and remains generally well regarded . = = Plot = = Workers building an extension to the London Underground at Hobbs End dig up skeletal remains . Palaeontologist Dr Matthew Roney ( James Donald ) is called in and deduces that they are the remnants of a group of apemen over five million years old , more ancient than any previous finds . One of Roney 's assistants uncovers part of a metallic object . Believing it to be an unexploded bomb , they call in an army bomb disposal team . Meanwhile , Professor Bernard Quatermass ( Andrew Keir ) is dismayed to learn that his plans for the colonisation of the Moon are to be taken over by the military . He gives a cold reception to Colonel Breen ( Julian Glover ) , who has been assigned to join Quatermass 's British Experimental Rocket Group . When the bomb disposal team call for Breen 's assistance , Quatermass accompanies him to the site . Breen concludes it is a V @-@ weapon , but Quatermass disagrees . When another skeleton is found in an inner chamber , Quatermass and Roney realise that the object must also be five million years old . Quatermass suspects it is of alien origin , but Roney is certain the apemen are terrestrial . Quatermass becomes intrigued by the name of the area , recalling that " hob " is an old name for the Devil . Working with Roney 's assistant , Barbara Judd ( Barbara Shelley ) , Quatermass finds historical accounts of hauntings and other spectral appearances going back over many centuries . They deduce that these events coincided with any disturbances of the ground around Hobbs End . An attempt to open a sealed chamber using a Borazon drill fails to make any progress . However , a few moments after the drill is stopped , a small hole is seen , though the drill operator , Sladden ( Duncan Lamont ) , is certain it was not created by his machine . The hole widens to reveal the contents : the corpses of three @-@ legged , insectoid creatures with horned heads . Roney and Judd work to preserve the bodies before they decay . An examination of the creatures ' physiology suggests they came from the planet Mars . Quatermass and Roney note the similarity between the appearance of the creatures and the Devil . Sladden is overcome by a powerful telekinetic force emanating from the missile and flees to the sanctuary of a church . Sladden tells Quatermass he saw a vision of hordes of the creatures from the missile . Quatermass believes this is a race memory . Seeking proof , he returns to Hobbs End , bringing a machine Roney has been working on which taps into the primeval psyche . While trying to replicate the circumstances under which Sladden was affected , he notices that Judd has fallen under its influence . Using Roney 's machine , he is able to record her thoughts . Quatermass presents his theory to a government minister ( Edwin Richfield ) and other officials . The occupants of the missile came from the dying Mars . Unable to survive on Earth , they chose to preserve some part of their race by creating a colony by proxy by significantly enhancing the intelligence of the natives . The descendants of these apemen evolved into modern humans , but retain the vestiges of the Martian influence buried in their subconscious . He plays the recording of Judd 's mind as evidence : it shows hordes of Martians engaged in what he interprets as a racial purge , cleansing the Martian hives of weaker members of the race . A disbelieving Breen offers an alternative theory : the missile is a Nazi propaganda exercise designed to sow fear of an alien invasion among the populace . The minister rejects Quatermass 's theory in favour of Breen 's and decides to unveil the missile to the press . Disaster strikes at the press event . The missile apparently draws power from the broadcasting equipment , and its influence is magnified . The streets of London erupt into violence as those affected go on a rampage . Breen becomes drawn towards the missile and is killed . Quatermass falls under alien control as well , but is snapped out of it by Roney , who is unaffected . The two men realise that a small portion of the population are immune . The psychic energy becomes stronger , ripping up streets and buildings , and the spectral image of a Martian towers over the city , centred on Hobbs End . Recalling stories about how the Devil could be defeated with iron and water , Roney theorises the alien energy could be discharged into the earth . Roney climbs to the top of a building crane and swings it into the spectre . The crane bursts into flames as it discharges the energy , killing Roney , but the image disappears . = = Production = = = = = Origins = = = Professor Bernard Quatermass was first introduced to audiences in two BBC television serials , The Quatermass Experiment ( 1953 ) and Quatermass II ( 1955 ) , written by Nigel Kneale . The rights to both these serials were acquired by Hammer Film Productions , and the film adaptations – The Quatermass Xperiment and Quatermass 2 , both directed by Val Guest and starring Brian Donlevy as Quatermass – were released in 1955 and 1957 respectively . Kneale went on to write a third Quatermass serial – Quatermass and the Pit – for the BBC , which was broadcast in December 1958 and January 1959 . Hammer were once again interested in making a film adaptation , and Kneale , who had by then left the BBC and was working as a freelance screenwriter , completed a script in 1961 . It was intended that Val Guest would once again direct and Brian Donlevy would reprise the role of Quatermass , with production to commence in 1963 . However , securing finance for the new Quatermass film proved problematic . In 1957 Hammer had struck a deal with Columbia Pictures to distribute their pictures , and the two companies would go on to collaborate on thirty films between 1957 and 1964 . Columbia , who were not interested in Quatermass , passed on the script and production went into limbo for several years . In 1964 Kneale and Anthony Hinds submitted a revised , lower @-@ budget script to Columbia ; but by this time the relationship between Hammer and Columbia had begun to sour , and the script was once again rejected . In 1966 Hammer entered into a new distribution deal with Seven Arts , ABPC and Twentieth Century Fox , and Quatermass and the Pit finally entered production . = = = Writing = = = The script of Quatermass and the Pit is largely faithful to the television original . The plot was heavily condensed to fit the shorter running time of the film , with the main casualty being the removal of a subplot involving the journalist James Fullalove , who does not appear in the film adaptation at all . The climax was altered slightly to make it more cinematic , with Roney using a crane to short out the Martian influence , whereas in the television version he merely throws a metal chain into the pit . The setting for the pit itself was changed from a building site to the London Underground . The closing scene of the television version , in which Quatermass pleads with humanity to prevent Earth 's becoming the " second dead planet " , was also dropped , in favour of a shot of Quatermass and Judd sitting alone amid the devastation wrought by the Martian spacecraft . The script was sent to John Trevelyan of the British Board of Film Censors in December 1966 . Trevelyan replied that the film would require an ' X ' -Certificate and raised concerns regarding the sound of the vibrations from the alien ship , the scenes of the Martian massacre , the scenes of destruction and panic as the Martian influence takes hold and the image of the Devil . = = = Casting = = = James Donald as Doctor Roney : Donald first came to prominence playing Theo van Gogh in Lust for Life ( 1956 ) before going on to play a string of roles in the World War II prisoner of war films The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) , The Great Escape ( 1963 ) and King Rat ( 1965 ) . Although not playing the title role , Donald was accorded top @-@ billing status . Andrew Keir as Professor Bernard Quatermass : Nigel Kneale had long been highly critical of Brian Donlevy 's interpretation of Quatermass and lobbied for the role to be recast , arguing that enough time had passed that audiences would not resist a change of actor . A number of actors were considered for the part including André Morell who had played Quatermass in the television version of Quatermass and the Pit . However , Morell was not interested in revisiting a role he had already played . The producers eventually settled on Scottish actor Andrew Keir who had appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hammer productions including The Pirates of Blood River ( 1962 ) , The Devil @-@ Ship Pirates ( 1964 ) and Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) . Keir found the shoot an unhappy experience : he later recalled , “ The director – Roy Ward Baker – didn 't want me for the role . He wanted Kenneth More ... and it was a very unhappy shoot . [ … ] Normally I enjoy going to work every day . But for seven and a half weeks it was sheer hell . ” Roy Ward Baker denied he had wanted Kenneth More , who he felt would be " too nice " for the role , saying , “ I had no idea he [ Keir ] was unhappy while we were shooting . His performance was absolutely right in every detail and I was presenting him as the star of the picture . Perhaps I should have interfered more . ” Keir went on to appear for Hammer in The Viking Queen ( 1967 ) and Blood from the Mummy 's Tomb ( 1971 ) . He reprised the role of Quatermass for BBC Radio 3 in The Quatermass Memoirs ( 1996 ) , making him the only actor other than Donlevy to play the role more than once . Barbara Shelley as Barbara Judd : Shelley was a regular leading lady for Hammer , having appeared in The Camp on Blood Island ( 1958 ) , Shadow of the Cat ( 1961 ) , The Gorgon ( 1964 ) , The Secret of Blood Island ( 1964 ) , Dracula : Prince of Darkness and Rasputin , the Mad Monk ( 1966 ) for them . Quatermass and the Pit was her last film for the company and she subsequently worked in television and the theatre . Roy Ward Baker was particularly taken with his leading lady , telling Bizarre Magazine in 1974 he was “ mad about her in the sense of love . We used to waltz about the set together , a great love affair . ” Julian Glover as ( Lieutenant ) Colonel Breen : Roy Ward Baker first met Glover when he directed him in an episode of The Avengers ( " Two 's a Crowd " , 1965 ) . Baker said of Glover 's performance , “ He turned in a tremendous character , forceful , autocratic but never over the top . ” Glover recalled of the role , “ I think I was too young for it . [ … ] I think I played it all right . It was very straightforward . Bit of a stereotype . [ … ] The obligatory asshole ! ” Other actors appearing in the film include Bryan Marshall , Peter Copley , Edwin Richfield ( who previously appeared in Quatermass 2 ) , Grant Taylor , and Robert Morris . Duncan Lamont , playing Sladden , had appeared in the original BBC production of The Quatermass Experiment in the key role of the hapless astronaut Victor Carroon . Quatermass and the Pit also features an early film role for Sheila Steafel who makes a brief appearance as a journalist near the start of the movie . = = = Filming = = = By the time Quatermass and the Pit finally entered production Val Guest was occupied on Casino Royale ( 1967 ) , so directing duties went instead to Roy Ward Baker . Baker 's first film had been The October Man ( 1947 ) and he was best known for The One That Got Away ( 1957 ) and A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) . Following the failure of Two Left Feet ( 1963 ) , he moved into television , directing episodes of The Human Jungle ( 1963 – 64 ) , The Saint ( 1962 – 69 ) and The Avengers . Producer Anthony Nelson Keys chose Baker as director because he felt his experience on such films as A Night to Remember gave him the technical expertise to handle the film 's significant special effects requirements . Baker , for his part , felt that his background on fact @-@ based dramas such as A Night to Remember and The One That Got Away enabled him to give Quatermass and the Pit the air of realism it needed to be convincing to audiences . He was impressed by Nigel Kneale 's screenplay , feeling the script was " taut , exciting and an intriguing story with excellent narrative drive . It needed no work at all . All one had to do was cast it and shoot it . " He was also impressed with Hammer Films ’ lean set @-@ up : having been used to working for major studios with thousands of full @-@ time employees , he was surprised to find that Hammer 's core operation consisted of just five people and enjoyed how this made the decision making process fast and simple . Quatermass and the Pit was the first film the director was credited as “ Roy Ward Baker ” , having previously been credited as “ Roy Baker ” . The change was made to avoid confusion with another Roy Baker who was a sound editor . Baker later regretted making the change as many people assumed he was a new director . Filming took place between 27 February and 25 April 1967 . The budget was £ 275 @,@ 000 . At this time , Hammer was operating out of the Associated British Studios in Elstree , Borehamwood . However , a lack of space meant that production was relocated to the nearby MGM Borehamwood studio . There were no other productions working at the MGM Studios at this time so the Quatermass crew had full access to all the facilities of the studio . Roy Ward Baker was particularly pleased to be able to use MGM 's extensive backlot for the exteriors of the Underground station . The production team included many Hammer regulars , including production designer Bernard Robinson who , as an in @-@ joke , incorporated a poster for Hammer 's The Witches ( 1966 ) into the dressing of his set for the Hobbs End station . Another Hammer regular was special effects supervisor Les Bowie . Roy Ward Baker recalled he had a row with Bowie , who believed the film was entirely a special effects picture , when he tried to run the first pre @-@ production conference . Bowie 's contribution to the film included the Martian massacre scene , which was achieved with a mixture of puppets and live locusts , and model sequences of London 's destruction , including the climatic scene of the crane swinging into the Martian apparition . = = = Music = = = Chosen to provide the score for Quatermass and the Pit was Tristram Cary . He developed an interest in electronic music while serving in the Royal Navy as an electronics expert working on radar during the Second World War . He became a professional composer in 1954 , working in film , theatre , radio and television , with credits including The Ladykillers ( 1955 ) . He said of his assignment , “ I was not mad about doing the film because Hammer wanted masses of electronic material and a great deal of orchestral music . But I had three kids , all of which were at fee @-@ paying schools , so I needed every penny I could get ! ” . Cary also recalled that , “ The main use of electronics in Quatermass , I think , was the violent shaking , vibrating sound that the " thing in the tunnel " gave off [ … ] It was not a terribly challenging sound to do , though I never played it very loud because I didn 't want to destroy my speakers – I did have hopes of destroying a few cinema loudspeaker systems , though it never happened ” . Carey went on to write the score for another Hammer film , Blood from the Mummy 's Tomb , in 1971 . Several orchestral and electronic cues from the film were released by GDI Records on a compilation titled The Quatermass Film Music Collection . = = Reception = = Quatermass and the Pit premiered on 9 November 1967 and went on general release in a double bill with Circus of Fear on 19 November 1967 . It was released under the title Five Million Years to Earth in the US in March 1968 . The critical reception was generally positive . Writing in The Times , John Russell Taylor found that , “ After a slowish beginning , which shows up the deficiencies of acting and direction , things really start hopping when a mysterious missile @-@ like object discovered in a London excavation proves to be a relic of a prehistoric Martian attempt ( successful , it would seem ) to colonize Earth [ … ] The development of this situation is scrupulously worked out and the film is genuinely gripping even when ( a real test this ) the Power of Evil is finally shown personified in hazy glowing outline , a spectacle as a rule more likely to provoke titters than gasps of horror . ” Paul Errol of the Evening Standard described the film as a “ well @-@ made , but wordy , blob of hokum ” , a view echoed by William Hall of the Evening News who described the film as " entertaining hokum " with an " imaginative ending " . A slightly more critical view was espoused by Penelope Mortimer in The Observer who said , “ This nonsense makes quite a good film , well put together , competently photographed , on the whole sturdily performed . What it totally lacks is imagination . ” = = Legacy = = The film was a success for Hammer and they quickly announced that Nigel Kneale was writing a new Quatermass story for them but the script never went further than a few prelimininary discussions . Kneale did eventually write a fourth Quatermass story , broadcast as a four @-@ part serial , titled Quatermass , by ITV television in 1979 , an edited version of which was also given a limited cinema release under the title The Quatermass Conclusion . Quatermass and the Pit marked the return to directing for the cinema for Roy Ward Baker and he went on to direct such films as The Anniversary ( 1968 ) , Moon Zero Two ( 1969 ) , The Vampire Lovers ( 1970 ) , Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) , Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) and The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) for Hammer . He also directed Asylum ( 1972 ) , And Now the Screaming Starts ! ( 1973 ) and The Vault of Horror ( 1973 ) for Hammer 's rival , Amicus Productions . Quatermass and the Pit continues to be generally well regarded among critics . John Baxter notes in Science Fiction in the Cinema that “ Baker 's unravelling of this crisp thriller is tough and interesting . [ … ] The film has moments of pure terror , perhaps the most effective that in which the drill operator , driven off the spaceship by the mysterious power within is caught up in a whirlwind that fills the excavation with a mass of flying papers . ” John Brosnan , writing in The Primal Scream , found that , “ As a condensed version of the serial , the film is fine but the old black @-@ and @-@ white version , though understandably creaky in places and with inferior effects , still works surprisingly well , having more time to build up a disturbing atmosphere . Bill Warren in Keep Watching the Skies ! said , “ The ambition of the storyline is contained in a well @-@ constructed mystery that unfolds carefully and clearly ” . Nigel Kneale had mixed feelings about the end result : he said , “ I was very happy with Andrew Keir , who they eventually chose , and very happy with the film . There are , however , a few things that bother me ... The special effects in Hammer films were always diabolical . ” = = Home media release = = The region 1 release of Quatermass and the Pit from Anchor Bay includes a commentary from Nigel Kneale and Roy Ward Baker as well as trailers and an instalment of a documentary called The Worlds of Hammer devoted to Hammer 's forays into science fiction . A UK Blu @-@ ray release of the film , was released in Oct 10 , 2011 and was followed by releases in Germany , Australia and Italy . = Philippine resistance against Japan = During the Japanese occupation of the islands in World War II , there was an extensive Philippine resistance movement , which opposed the Japanese with active underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years . Fighting the guerrillas – apart from the Japanese regular forces – were a Japanese @-@ formed Bureau of Constabulary ( later taking the name of the old Philippine Constabulary during the Second Republic ) , Kempeitai ( the Japanese military police ) , and the Makapili ( Filipinos fighting for the Japanese ) . Postwar studies estimate that around 260 @,@ 000 persons were organized under guerrilla groups and that members of anti @-@ Japanese underground organizations were more numerous . Such was their effectiveness that by the end of World War II , Japan controlled only twelve of the forty @-@ eight provinces . Select units of the resistance would go on to be reorganized and equipped as units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary . The United States Government officially granted payments and benefits to various ethnicites who have fought with the Allies by the war 's end . However , only the Filipinos were excluded from such benefits , and since then these veterans have made efforts in finally being acknowledged by the United States . Some 277 separate guerrilla units made up of 260 @,@ 715 individuals were officially recognized as having fought in the resistance movement . = = Background = = The Attack on Pearl Harbor ( called Hawaii Operation or Operation AI by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters ) was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , on the morning of December 7 , 1941 ( December 8 in Japan and the Philippines ) . The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against the overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the Japanese operations to invade the Philippines began . 43 planes bombed Tuguegarao and Baguio in the first preemptive strike in Luzon . The Japanese forces then quickly conducted a landing at Batan Island , and by December 17 , General Masaharu Homma gave his estimate that the main component of the United States Air Force in the archipelago was destroyed . By January 2 , Manila was under Japanese control and by January 9 , Homma had cornered the remaining forces in Bataan . By April 9 , the remaining of the combined Filipino @-@ American force was forced to retire from Bataan to Corregidor . Meanwhile , Japanese invasions of Cebu ( April 19 ) and Panay ( April 20 ) were successful . By May 7 , after the last of the Japanese attacks on Corregidor , General Jonathan M. Wainwright announced through a radio broadcast in Manila the surrender of the Philippines . Following Wainwright was General William F. Sharp , who surrendered Visayas and Mindanao on May 10 . Afterwards came the Bataan Death March , which was the forcible transfer , by the Imperial Japanese Army , of 60 @,@ 000 Filipino and 15 @,@ 000 American prisoners of war after the three @-@ month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II . The death toll of the march is difficult to assess as thousands of captives were able to escape from their guards ( although many were killed during their escapes ) , and it is not known how many died in the fighting that was taking place concurrently . All told , approximately 2 @,@ 500 – 10 @,@ 000 Filipino and 300 – 650 American prisoners of war died before they could reach Camp O 'Donnell . = = Resistance in Luzon = = = = = USAFFE and American sponsored guerrillas = = = After Bataan and Corregidor , many who escaped the Japanese reorganized in the mountains as guerrillas still loyal to the U.S. Army Forces Far East ( USAFFE ) . One example would be the unit of Ramon Magsaysay in Zambales , which first served as a supply and intelligence unit . After the surrender in May 1942 , Magsaysay and his unit formed a guerrilla force which grew to a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ man force by the end of the war . Another was the Hunters ROTC which operated in the Southern Luzon area , mainly near Manila . It was created upon dissolution of the Philippine Military Academy in the beginning days of the war . Cadet Terry Adivoso , refused to simply go home as cadets were ordered to do , and began recruiting fighters willing to undertake guerrilla action against the Japanese . This force would later be instrumental , providing intelligence to the liberating forces led by General Douglas MacArthur , and took an active role in numerous battles , such as the Raid at Los Baños . When war broke out in the Philippines , some 300 Philippine Military Academy and ROTC cadets , unable to join the USAFFE units because of their youth , banded together in a common desire to contribute to the war effort throughout the Bataan campaign . The Hunters originally conducted operations with another guerrilla group called Marking 's Guerrillas , with whom they went about liquidating Japanese spies . Led by Miguel Ver , a PMA cadet , the Hunters raided the enemy @-@ occupied Union College in Manila and seized 130 Enfield rifles . Also , before being proven false in 1985 by the United States Military , Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos claimed that he had commanded a 9 @,@ 000 @-@ strong guerrilla force known as the Maharlika Unit . Marcos also used maharlika as his personal pseudonym ; depicting himself as a bemedalled anti @-@ Japanese Filipino guerrilla fighter during World War II . Marcos told exaggerated tales and exploits of himself fighting the Japanese in his self @-@ published autobiography Marcos of the Philippines which was proven to be fiction . His father , Mariano Marcos , did however , collaborated with the Japanese and was executed by Filipino guerillas in April 1945 , and Ferdinand himself was accused of being a collaborator as well . In July 1942 , South West Pacific Area , became aware of the resistance movements forming in occupied Philippines through attempted radio communications to Allies outside of the Philippines ; by late 1942 , couriers had made it to Australia confirming the existence of the resistance . By December 1942 , SWPA sent Captain Jesús A. Villamor to the Philippines to make contact with guerrilla organizations , eventually developing extensive intelligence networks including contacts within the Second Republic Government . In addition , through the Allied Intelligence Bureau 's Philippine Regional Section , SWPA began to send operatives , and equipment , into the Philippines to make contact and supply guerrilla organizations . Unique to other guerrillas in the Philippines were the Wa Chi ; a resistance unit composed of Filipino @-@ Chinese and Chinese immigrants . They were established to counter the Japanese suspicion and abuse of the Chinese living in the country , and had over 700 men strong . The movement was aided by the American guerrilla forces and were also supported by anti @-@ Japanese civilians and farmers living in the outskirts . In Nueva Ecija , guerrillas led by Juan Pajota and Eduardo Joson protected the U.S. Army Rangers and Alamo Scouts who were conducting a rescue mission of Allied POWS from a counterattack by Japanese reinforcements . Pajota and the Filipino guerrillas received Bronze Stars for their role in the raid . Among the guerrilla units , the Blue Eagles were a specialized unit established for landmine and sniper detection , as well as in hunting Japanese spies who have blended in with the civilian population . Nonetheless , Japanese crackdowns on these guerrillas in Luzon were widespread and brutal . The Japanese Army , Kempeitai and Filipino collaborators hunted down resistance fighters and anyone associated with them . One example happened to resistance leader Wenceslao Vinzons ; leader of the successful guerilla movement in Bicol . After being betrayed to the Japanese by a Japanese collaborator , Vinzons was tortured to give up information on his resistance movement . Vinzons however , refused to cooperate , and he and his family , consisting of his father Gabino , his wife Liwayway , sister Milagros and children Aurora and Alexander , were bayonet to death . = = = Hukbalahap resistance = = = As originally constituted in March 1942 , the Hukbalahap was to be part of a broad united front resistance to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines . This original intent is reflected in its name : " Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon " , which was " People 's Army Against the Japanese " when translated into English . The adopted slogan was " Anti @-@ Japanese Above All " . The Huk Military Committee was at the apex of Huk structure and was charged to direct the guerrilla campaign and to lead the revolution that would seize power after the war . Luis Taruc ; a communist leader and peasant @-@ organizer from a barrio in Pampanga ; was elected as head the committee , and became the first Huk commander called " El Supremo " . The Huks began their anti @-@ Japanese campaign as five 100 @-@ man units . They obtained needed arms and ammunition from Philippine army stragglers , which were escapees from the Battle of Bataan and deserters from the Philippine Constabulary , in exchange of civilian clothes . The Huk recruitment campaign progressed more slowly than Taruc had expected , due to competition with U.S. Army Forces Far East ( USAFFE ) guerrilla units in enlisting new soldiers . The U.S. units already had recognition among the islands , had trained military leaders , and an organized command and logistical system . Despite being restrained by the American sponsored guerrilla units , the Huks nevertheless took to the battlefield with only 500 men and much fewer weapons . Several setbacks at the hands of the Japanese and with less than enthusiastic support from USAFFE units did not hinder the Huks growth in size and efficiency throughout the war , developing into a well trained , highly organized force with some 15 @,@ 000 armed fighters by war 's end . The Huks attacked both the Japanese and other non @-@ Huk guerrillas . = = Resistance in the Visayas = = Various guerrilla groups also sprang out throughout the central islands of the Visayas . Like those in Luzon , many of these Filipino guerrillas were trained by the Americans to fight in case the Japanese set its sight towards Visayas . When the Americans finally surrendered the country to the Japanese , these soldiers continued to fight , believing that it was they who have surrendered and not them . As such , they commanded loyalty to the Philippine Commonwealth , and participated in many pivotal battles during the war besides their guerrilla activities . In Cebu , guerrillas and irregulars under Lieutenant Colonel James M. Cushing and Basilio J. Valdes aided in the Battle for Cebu City . They were also successful in their capture of Maj. Gen. Takeo Manjom and his 2 @,@ 000 soldiers and munitions . Panay las under Col. Macario Peralta helped in the seizing of the Tiring Landing Field and Mandurriao district airfield during the Battle of the Visayas . Major Ingeniero commanded the guerrilla forces in Bohol , in which they were credited in the liberation of the island from Japanese outposts at a cost of only seven men . Another significant achievement for the guerrillas was the capture of the " Koga Papers " in March 1944 . Named after Admiral Mineichi Koga , these papers contained vital battle plans and defensive strategies of the Japanese Navy codenamed the " Z Plan " , as well as information on the overall strength of the Japanese fleet , naval air units and stationed troops . The documents also revealed how the Japanese managed to deduce MacArthur 's initial plans to invade the Philippines through Mindanao . These papers came into the possession of the Filipino guerrillas when the seaplane of Admiral Koga , who was on route to Davao , crashed into the coast San Fernando , Cebu . Koga was killed , and 12 other high @-@ ranking officers including Chief of Staff of the Combined Fleet Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukodome were captured by Cebuano guerrillas under Lt. Col. James M. Cushing . The papers were inside a briefcase which was fished out of the sea by Cebuano fishermen before being handed down to the guerrillas . The Japanese ruthlessly hunted down the documents and their captured officers ; burning villages and holding out civilians in their search . This forced the guerrillas to release their captives in order to stop the Japanese , but Cushing managed to send for a submarine that took the documents to the Allied headquarters in Australia . The discovery of the papers helped the Allies make a breakthrough in the Pacific , aiding them in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . It also allowed MacArthur to move his invasion not in Mindanao as the Japanese were expecting but in Leyte . Waray guerrillas under a former schoolteacher named Captain Nieves Fernandez , fought the Japanese in Tacloban . Being infamously known as a crackshot , Nieves extensively trained her men in combat skills and the making of improvised weaponry . She led her men in the front and managed to take out over 200 Japanese soldiers in the war with only 110 men . Her activities earned her the ire of the Imperial Japanese Army and they posted a 10 @,@ 000 Pesos reward on her head . The main commander of the resistance movement in Leyte however , was Ruperto Kangleon , a former Filipino soldier turned resistance fighter and leader . After the fall of the country , he successfully escaped from being captured by the Japanese . Kangleon established a united guerrilla front that is unique for being well @-@ connected to U.S. guerrilla leader Wendell Fertig . He and his men , the Black Army , were successful in pushing the Japanese from the mainland province and further into the coastlands of Southern Leyte . Kangleon 's guerrillas provided intelligence for the American landings and assisted in the subsequent Battle of Leyte . The guerrillas in Leyte were also very instrumental not only in the opposition against Japanese rule , but also in the safety and aid of the civilians living in the island . In the book The Hidden Battle of Leyte : The Picture Diary of a Girl taken by the Japanese Military by Remedios Felias ; a former comfort woman , revealed how the Filipino guerrillas saved the lives of many young girls raped or to @-@ be raped by the Japanese . In her vivid account of the Battle of Burauen , she recounts how the guerrillas managed to wipe out entire Japanese platoons off the various villages in the municipality , eventually saving the lives of many . = = Moro resistance in Mindanao = = While Moros rebels were still unsuccessfully at war with the United States , the Japanese invasion became the new perceived threat to their religion and culture . Some of those who opposed the occupation , and a fighter for Moro nationalism , were Sultan Jainal Abirin II of Sulu , the Sulu Sultanate of the Tausug , the Maranao Moros living around Lake Lanao and ruled by the Confederation of sultanates in Lanao led by Salipada Pendatun . Another anti @-@ Japanese Moro unit , the Moro @-@ Bolo Battalion led by Datu Gumbay Piang , consisted of about 20 @,@ 000 fighting men made up of both Muslims and Christians . As their name suggests , these fighters were known visibly by their large bolos and kris . The Japanese Major Hiramatsu , a propaganda officer , tried convincing Datu Busran Kalaw of Maranao to join their side as " brother Orientals " . Kalaw sent a response which goaded Major Hiramatsu into sending a force of Japanese soldiers to attack him , whom Kalaw butchered completely with no survivors . The infamous juramentados brigands , who were veterans in fighting the Filipinos , Spanish and the Americans , now focused their assaults on the Japanese , using their traditional hit and run as well as suicide charges . The Japanese were anxious of being attacked by the resistance , and they fought back by murdering innocent civilians and destroying properties . During these times , the Moros had no allegiance with the Filipinos and the Americans , and they were largely unwelcoming of their assistance . In many cases , they would even indiscriminately attack them as well . The Moros also performed various cruelties during the war , such as thoughtlessly assaulting Japanese immigrants already living in Mindanao before the war . The vicious warlord Datu Busran Kalaw , was known for boasting that he " fought both the Americans , Filipinos and the Japanese " , which took the lives of both American and Filipino agents and the Japanese occupiers . Nonetheless , the Americans respected the success of the Moros during the war . An American POW Herbert Zincke recalled in his secret diary that the Japanese guarding him and other prisoners were scared of the Moro warriors and tried to keep as far away from them as possible to avoid getting attacked . The American Captain Edward Kraus recommended Moro fighters for a suggested plan to capture an airbase in Lake Lanao for eventually driving the Japanese occupiers out of the Philippines . The Moro Datu Pino sliced the ears off Japanese and cashed them in with the American guerilla leader Colonel Fertig at the exchange rate of a pair of ears for one bullet and 20 centavos . = = Recognition = = The Filipino guerrillas were successful in their resistance against the Japanese occupation . Of the 48 provinces in the Philippines , only 12 were in firm control of the Japanese . Many provinces in Mindanao were already liberated by the Moros way before the Americans came , as well as major islands in the Visayas such as Cebu , Panay and Negros . After the war , the American and Philippines governments officially recognized some of the units and individuals who had fought against the Japanese . Recognition led to benefits as veterans but not all claims were upheld ; there were 277 recognized guerrilla units out of over a thousand claimed and 260 @,@ 715 individuals were recognized from nearly 1 @.@ 3 million claims . These beneficiaries are only available to the guerrillas and veterans who have served for the Commonwealth , and doesn 't include the brigand groups of the Huks and the Moros . Resistance leaders Wendell Fertig , Russell W. Volckmann and Donald Blackburn would incorporate what they 've learned fighting with the Filipino guerrillas in establishing what would become the U.S. Special Forces . Back then in 1944 , only Filipino soldiers were denied from being given benefits by the GI Bill of Rights , which was supposed to give welfare to all those who have served in the United States Military irrespective of race , color or nationality . Over 66 countries were inducted into the bill but only the Philippines were not allowed , describing the Filipino soldiers as mere " Second Class Veterans " . Then in 1946 , the Rescission Act was enacted to mandate some aid to Filipino veterans , but only to those who had disabilities or serious injury . The only benefit the United States could only give at that time was the Immigrant Act , which made the naturalization of Filipinos who served in World War II into American citizens easier . It was not until in 1996 when the veterans started seeking for recognition from the United States . Representative Colleen Hanabusa submitted legislation to award Filipino Veterans with a Congressional Gold Medal , which became known as the Filipino Veterans of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act . The Act was referred to the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on House Administration . The Philippine government has also enacted laws concerning the benefits of Filipino guerrillas . World War II guerrilla movement in the Philippines has also garnered attention in Hollywood films such as Back to Bataan , Back Door to Hell , American Guerrilla in the Philippines , Cry of Battle and the more contemporary John Dahl film The Great Raid . Filipino and Japanese films have also paid homage to the valiancy of the Filipino guerrillas during the occupation , such as Yamashita : The Tiger 's Treasure , In the Bosom of the Enemy , Aishite Imasu 1941 : Mahal Kita and the critically acclaimed Japanese film Fires on the Plain . There have been various memorials and monuments erected to commemorate the actions of the Filipino guerrillas . Among such as the Filipino Heroes Memorial in Corregidor , the Luis Taruc Memorial in San Luis , Pampanga , the bronze statue of a Filipino guerrilla in Corregidor , Balantang National Shrine in Jaro , Iloilo City to commemorate the 6th Military District that liberated the provinces of Panay , Romblon , and Guimaras , and the NL Military Shrine and Park in La Union . The Libingan ng mga Bayani ( translated to Cemetery of the Heroes ) , which houses many historical Filipino national heroes , erected a special monument to pay respect to the numerous unnamed Filipino guerrillas who fought in the occupation . = Arbitration Act 1979 = The Arbitration Act 1979 ( c.42 ) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed arbitration law in England and Wales . Prior to 1979 , arbitration law was based on the Arbitration Act 1950 , which allowed use of the " Case Stated " procedure and other methods of judicial intervention , which marked English arbitration law as significantly different from that of other jurisdictions . The prior law significantly increased the cost and time required for arbitration , which made England an unpopular jurisdiction to conduct such negotiations in . As a result , while London maintained its traditional position as a centre for arbitration in insurance , admiralty and commodities trading , it failed to attract more modern forms of trade . Following pressure from industry groups , the Lord Chancellor introduced the Arbitration Bill into Parliament , having it passed hours before the dissolution of James Callaghan 's government . It was given the Royal Assent on 4 April 1979 , and commenced working on 1 August 1979 . The Act completely abolished the " Case Stated " procedure and other forms of judicial interference , replacing it with a limited system of appeal to the High Court of Justice and Court of Appeal of England and Wales ; it also allowed for exclusion agreements limiting the rights of parties to arbitration to appeal to the courts , and gave arbitrators the ability to enforce interlocutory orders . Academics met the Act with a mixed response ; while some praised it for bringing English law more into line with that of other nations , others criticised the wording used as unnecessarily complex and hazy . The Act did , in the eyes of some commentators , lead to a shift in judicial policy away from legal certainty and towards a system focused on speed and finality . Having been repealed in its entirety by Section 107 ( 2 ) of the Arbitration Act 1996 , the Act is no longer in force . = = Background = = = = = Previous law = = = London was historically a centre for trade and arbitration , which Peter S. Smedresman , writing in the Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce divides into three categories of transaction . English commodities trading , through bodies such as the Baltic Exchange , specify that any conflicts are to be settled through arbitration in London , even when the goods being traded have no relation to the United Kingdom . London has also been a centre for arbitration on maritime issues , and insurance . However , it failed to significantly attract more modern forms of trade , such as major communications developments or high @-@ technology projects , due to the nature of its arbitration law . These contracts normally involve large amounts of money and are administered by the International Chamber of Commerce , which rarely sent arbitration cases to London due to the individual nature of English law on the subject . In most nations , arbitrators can apply the principle of " amiable composition " ; the case is decided under broad , sweeping principles of equity , without judicial oversight or the application of national commercial law . In England , this was not the case ; the Arbitration Act 1950 , in Section 22 ( 1 ) , allowed the courts to instruct an arbitrator to " correct " his decision , if it had an incorrect statement of law immediately obvious . In response to this , English arbitrators simply stopped giving reasons for their decisions . The second form of judicial oversight was found in Section 21 , and was an application of the " Case Stated " procedure . This allowed judicial review of a decision by the High Court of Justice , and was regularly applied during the 1970s , because the freeze on interest rates during a delayed case made it attractive for debtors to delay ; conversely , this made London a far less attractive venue for creditors . Before the 1979 Act , English law did not provide many ways to avoid the Case Stated procedure , even prohibiting parties from agreeing in advance not to use it ; this was due to Scrutton LJ 's statement , in Czarnikow v Roth , Schmidt & Co , that " There must be no Alsatia in England where the King 's writ does not run " . In The Lysland , the Court of Appeal of England and Wales gave a decision interpreted as saying that the courts must consider a Case Stated " even if there is no great some in dispute , no point of general importance is involved or the answer is reasonably clear " . Lord Denning 's statement in that case has been described as " [ T ] he death knell of arbitrator autonomy " , and led to arbitrators almost automatically asking for judicial supervision for fear that they would otherwise be found to have committed misconduct . For obvious reasons , companies and parties to a case who submit their issues to arbitration expect something private , quick , and cheap , with fixed results . The traditional English emphasis on judicial oversight , therefore , meant that with the Case Stated procedure , London was a highly unpopular venue for arbitration . = = = Development of the Act = = = By the 1960s , even before the increase of abuse of the Case Stated procedure , the United Kingdom was estimated to be losing £ 500 million a year through the movement of arbitration business to other countries . In response , the Lord Chancellor convened a Commercial Court Users Conference in 1960 , and tasked them with reviewing the system ; the conclusion was that the status quo should remain . With the increased use of the Case Stated procedure , more calls for reform came . In June 1977 the London Arbitration Group ( LAG ) was formed , taking it upon itself to make the government aware of the damage current law was causing . In 1978 , in reaction to the continued pressure , the Lord Chancellor established a Commercial Court Committee to again look at the issue ; their report , in June 1978 , recommended changing the system so that appeal was only allowed when either the High Court permitted it , or both parties to the arbitration agreed it was necessary . This was intended to ensure that any new Act of Parliament fulfilled two roles – firstly , decreasing the use of the Case Stated procedure , and secondly , encouraging arbitrators to give reasons for their decisions . The report was endorsed by the government , and published the following month . After being announced in the Queen 's Speech , the Arbitration Bill was introduced to the House of Lords by the Lord Chancellor in late 1978 , given its second reading on 12 December 1978 , and after passing through the committee stage , its third reading on 15 February 1979 . Before it could be sent to the House of Commons , however , James Callaghan 's government collapsed following a motion of no confidence . As " the final drama " , the Arbitration Bill quickly made it to the House of Commons and was passed during the few hours it took Callaghan to get to Buckingham Palace and ask for a dissolution . Royal Assent was granted on 4 April 1979 , and the Arbitration Act 1979 came into force on 1 August . = = Act = = The Act was " a compromise between two opposing jurisprudential approaches to arbitration ... that the courts should be kept out of arbitration altogether except to prevent abuses against the rules of natural justice , [ and ] that the courts should retain a substantial measure of control over arbitrations to ensure that arbitral awards apply the law " . = = = Section 1 = = = The primary reforms are found in Section 1 of the Act . Section 1 ( 1 ) repeals Section 21 of the 1950 Act , abolishing the Case Stated procedure in arbitration matters , and states that the courts cannot set aside a decision based on an error in law or fact that is blatantly obvious , effectively repealing Section 22 ( 1 ) . Instead , Sections 1 ( 2 ) and 1 ( 3 ) provide that an appeal may be made " on any question of law arising out of an award made on an arbitration agreement " , if either the High Court agrees the appeal is valid , or if both parties to the arbitration request it . In Petraco ( Bermuda ) Ltd v Petromed International , the Court of Appeal was asked to explain what guidelines should be applied by a High Court judge when deciding whether or not to grant an appeal . The High Court had refused leave to appeal , because a point was raised which had not been mentioned during arbitration . Staughton LJ , with the rest of the Court in agreement , explained that : the judge should give such weight as he thinks fit to the failure to argue the point before the arbitrator . In particular , he should have regard to whether the new point is similar to points that were argued , perhaps a variant of one of those points or a different way of putting it on the one hand , or whether it is a totally new and different point on the other . The conditions for leave to appeal are laid out in Section 1 ( 4 ) . No conditions attach to an appeal where all parties consent , but when the permission of the High Court is sought , the judge may only grant leave if he " considers that ... the question of law concerned could substantially affect the rights of one or more parties to the arbitration agreement " . Under Sections 1 ( 5 ) and 1 ( 6 ) , the High Court may ask for additional reasons as to why the arbitrator reached the decision that he did , but only if one of the parties gave notice to the arbitrator that reasons would be required , or there was " some special reason why such a notice was not given " . In Universal Petroleum Co v Handels und Transport GmbH , the Court of Appeal interpreted the meaning of Sections 1 ( 4 ) and 1 ( 5 ) . The dispute came from a highly detailed " Schedule of Further Reasons " ordered by the High Court because the judge felt that there was an ambiguous element in the reasons given . The appellate judges found that Section 1 ( 5 ) required judges to order further reasons only to deal with points of law arising from the award . Material ambiguity was " inadmissible and irrelevant for the purpose of the exercise of any jurisdiction under section 1 of the Act " . If the High Court refuses to hear an appeal , the case cannot proceed further ; similarly , with one exception , once the High Court has heard a case , no decision may be reviewed by the Court of Appeal . The one exception is laid out in Section 1 ( 7 ) , and provides that leave to appeal is only valid if either the High Court or Court of Appeal certifies it as such , and the High Court confirms that the case concerns a point of law which merits consideration . In National Westminster Bank Plc v Arthur Young McClelland Moores & Co ( No.1 ) , the Court of Appeal confirmed that , once the High Court has decided not to allow an appeal , the registrar of the Court of Appeal cannot intervene and otherwise validate such a request . = = = Sections 2 – 6 = = = Section 21 of the 1950 Act contained a secondary method of appeal to the High Court . Through the " Consultative Case " procedure , parties in a pending arbitration could ask the High Court to quickly give a decision on a point of law . This provision was maintained in the 1979 Act , despite efforts by legislators to remove it . Section 2 provides that , should a party apply to the High Court with either the consent of the arbitrator or the other parties , the High Court may explain any point of law given in the reference , on the condition that the point of law meets the requirements laid out in Section 1 , and if " the determination of the application might produce substantial savings in costs to the parties " . Czarnikow v Roth , Schmidt & Co , the decision in which it was decided agreements excluding judicial supervision are invalid , is partially overruled by Sections 3 and 4 . Section 3 provides that , where such an agreement is drafted , the High Court no longer has the automatic right to request additional reasons from the arbitrator or grant leave to appeal the decision . Such exclusion clauses must be specific , but can be general in nature ; Section 3 ( 2 ) states that it can be framed " to relate to a particular award , to awards under a particular reference or to any other description of awards , whether arising out of the same reference or not " . Section 3 ( 6 ) provides an exception , which covers " domestic " arbitration agreements ; these are defined as agreements where leave to appeal would not be valid in a jurisdiction outside the United Kingdom , and no parties are businesses or individuals legally based in the UK . In this situation , the exclusion clause is only valid if agreed to after the start of arbitration . A second exception is found in Section 4 ( 1 ) ; where the contract arbitration is based on is within admiralty jurisdiction , to do with commodities trading , or an insurance agreement , it will not be valid unless either it was entered into after the start of arbitration or the law applicable to the contract is not that of England and Wales . In any situation , the High Court can be asked to give a decision on a point of law , or the exclusion clause removed , should all parties agree . Prior to the 1979 Act , arbitrators were allowed to make interlocutory orders penalising parties who failed to follow the arbitrator 's timetable or requests ; there was , however , no effective enforcement mechanism . Section 5 of the Act allows the High Court to intervene ; if a party fails to comply , the High Court may ( on the application of the arbitrator or any other party ) order the arbitrator to continue as if the offending party was not there ; he can immediately issue an award without considering their missing submission or failure to appear . Section 6 amends the 1950 Act , which required any two arbitrators hearing a case to immediately appoint an umpire . This caused unnecessary delay and expenditure . Section 6 instead provides that arbitrators can choose to appoint an umpire at any point , but must do " forthwith " if they fundamentally disagree . = = Assessment = = David Shenton and Gordon Toland concluded that the Act brought judicial oversight in English law into compliance with that of other nations , saying that it is " broadly comparable to the provisions ... to be found in Swedish , Swiss and French law " . Smedresman , however , argued that it would do little to help attract new arbitration and would in fact drive it away , saying that " the vagueness of the statutory language , combined with the rather hazy policy considerations behind the Act , make confusion and litigation likely " . David Hacking , who helped promote the Act , says that it " was not drafted with the elegance of the 1996 Arbitration Act . In the style of the Parliamentary Draftsmen of that time , many of its provisions were drafted with a complexity which was happily avoided in the 1996 Act " , and criticises the failure to achieve more than minor reform of existing law . However , he does note that the Act led to a shift in judicial policy , with future judgments to be issued with regards " to the need for finality ... the striving for legal accuracy may be said to have been overtaken by commercial expediency " . Jaffe agrees , writing in the journal Arbitration that " [ i ] t is clear that with the passage of the 1979 Act ... there has been a distinct and noticeable shift of emphasis from legal certainty to finality for arbitral awards " . The Act is no longer in force , having been repealed in its entirety by Section 107 ( 2 ) of the Arbitration Act 1996 . = Hurricane Ignacio ( 1985 ) = Hurricane Ignacio threatened Hawaii during July 1985 . A tropical depression formed on July 21 far from land . It became Tropical Storm Ignacio later that day . Ignacio then rapidly intensified and peaked with 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) winds on July 24 . Ignacio weakened quickly , though it briefly leveled off in intensity as a Category 2 hurricane . Ignacio was downgraded into a tropical storm on July 26 while passing south of Hawaii . Continuing to weaken , Ignacio dissipated on July 27 . A hurricane watch was briefly issued for the Hawaiian Islands even though the watch was dropped when Ignacio weakened . However , Ignacio still brought high waves and light rainfall to the islands . A few roads were closed , but otherwise , damage was minimal . = = Meteorological history = = Based on data from the ships UJGN and Okean and satellite imagery , the next tropical cyclone of 1985 was spotted early on July 21 while located 1 @,@ 623 mi ( 2 @,@ 612 km ) southwest of San Diego . Situated over 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) sea surface temperatures , the depression attained tropical storm intensity a few hours later . Intensifying further west than normal , the storm reached winds of 70 mph ( 140 km / h ) roughly 24 hours after formation . Nine hours later , the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center dropped advisories on Ignacio as it had left their area of responsibility and into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's ( CPHC ) warning zone . A Hurricane Hunter aircraft investigated Ignacio at daybreak on July 22 , and found that Ignacio had developed a well @-@ defined eye and winds of 85 mph ( 165 km / h ) . Based on this , the CPHC upgraded Ignacio to hurricane status . Continuing to rapidly intensify , Hurricane Ignacio moved west @-@ northwest at 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) and was soon upgraded into Category 2 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale ( SSHS ) . Several hours later , the hurricane attained major hurricane status , Category 3 or higher on the SSHS . Later that day , a Hurricane Hunter aircraft discovered that Hurricane Ignacio had reached its peak wind speed of 130 mph ( 210 km / h ) and a central pressure of 960 mbar ( 28 inHg ) , making Ignacio one of the most intense hurricane to traverse the Central Pacific . The hurricane held peak intensity for several hours , however , an upper trough northwest of the Hawaiian Islands was gradually approaching Ignacio . Subsequently , the environment was rapidly becoming less conductive as the trough induced increased southwesterly wind shear and introduced colder and drier air into Ignacio 's circulation . By 1800 UTC July 24 , Ignacio was no longer a major hurricane as satellite imagery suggested that the eye had become irregular and soon disappeared . Air Force aircraft confirmed the weakening trend despite being located in an area where other hurricanes such as Hurricane Dot in 1959 and Hurricane Fico in 1978 maintained their intensity around the same time of the year . Minor re @-@ intensification may have occurred the next day as the eye re @-@ developed , however , this theory is not supported in the hurricane database . The hurricane resumed its westerly course , and Hurricane Ignacio was downgraded a Category 1 hurricane at 1800 UTC on July 25 , and a tropical storm the next day . While passing south of Hawaii , Ignacio dropped to tropical depression status early on July 27 , and dissipated shortly after that . = = Preparations and impact = = Because of a strong trough was located northwest of Ignacio , many tropical cyclone forecast models predicted a more northerly track than what ultimately occurred . By July 24 , a high surf advisory was in effect for east @-@ facing shores of Hawaii ; subsequently , a hurricane watch was issued at 0300 UTC July 25 for the Big Island of Hawaii Because the island chain only recently recovered from the devastating Hurricane Iwa during the 1982 Pacific hurricane season , civil defense authorities evacuated low @-@ lying residents . One drugstore opened a special hurricane supplies center . In addition , beach activities on south @-@ facing shores were cancelled . Roughly 24 hours after the hurricane watch was issued , the watch was cancelled as Ignacio resumed weakening though a small craft advisory initially remained in effect for the Hawaiian Islands . Ignacio resulted in 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) to 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) surf , peaking midday on July 25 . Rainfall from the storm was generally light , with a few reports exceeding 2 in ( 51 mm ) on the windward slopes of Maui and the Big Island . Some structures and roads near Kalapana and Kapoh were damaged . Many secondary roads that led to the beaches were closed . Picnic areas and nature trails in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park were closed and overnight camping throughout the state was banned . = Slavery in ancient Greece = Slavery was a very common practice in Ancient Greek history , as in other places of the time . It is estimated that the majority of Athenian citizens owned at least one slave ; most ancient writers considered slavery natural and even necessary . This paradigm was notably questioned in Socratic dialogues ; the Stoics produced the first recorded condemnation of slavery . Modern historiographical practice distinguishes chattel ( personal possession ) slavery from land @-@ bonded groups such as the penestae of Thessaly or the Spartan helots , who were more like medieval serfs ( an enhancement to real estate ) . The chattel helot is an individual deprived of liberty and forced to submit to an owner , who may buy , sell or lease them like any other chattel . The academic study of slavery in ancient Greece is beset by significant methodological problems . Documentation is disjointed and very fragmented , focusing primarily on Athens . No treatises are specifically devoted to the subject , and jurisprudence was interested in slavery only inasmuch as it provided a source of revenue . Comedies and tragedies represented stereotypes while iconography made no substantial differentiation between slaves and craftsmen . = = Terminology = = The ancient Greeks had several words for slaves , which leads to textual ambiguity when they are studied out of their proper context . In Homer , Hesiod and Theognis of Megara , the slave was called δμώς / dmōs . The term has a general meaning but refers particularly to war prisoners taken as booty ( in other words , property ) . During the classical period , the Greeks frequently used ἀνδράποδον / andrapodon , ( literally , " one with the feet of a man " ) as opposed to τετράποδον / tetrapodon , " quadruped " , or livestock . The most common word is δοῦλος / doulos , used in opposition to " free man " ( ἐλεύθερος / eleútheros ) ; an earlier form of the former appears in Mycenaean inscriptions as do @-@ e @-@ ro , " male slave " ( or " servant " , " bondman " ; Linear B : 𐀈𐀁𐀫 ) , or do @-@ e @-@ ra , " female slave " ( or " maid @-@ servant " , " bondwoman " ; Linear B : ) . The verb δουλεὐω ( which survives in Modern Greek , meaning " work " ) can be used metaphorically for other forms of dominion , as of one city over another or parents over their children . Finally , the term οἰκέτης / oiketēs was used , meaning " one who lives in house " , referring to household servants . Other terms used were less precise and required context : θεράπων / therapōn – At the time of Homer , the word meant " squire " ( Patroclus was referred to as the therapōn of Achilles and Meriones that of Idomeneus ) ; during the classical age , it meant " servant " . ἀκόλουθος / akolouthos – literally , " the follower " or " the one who accompanies " . Also , the diminutive ἀκολουθίσκος , used for page boys . παῖς / pais – literally " child " , used in the same way as " houseboy " , also used in a derogatory way to call adult slaves . σῶμα / sōma – literally " body " , used in the context of emancipation . = = Origins of slavery = = Slaves were present through the Mycenaean civilization , as documented in numerous tablets unearthed in Pylos 140 . Two legal categories can be distinguished : " slaves ( εοιο ) " and " slaves of the god ( θεοιο ) " , the god in this case probably being Poseidon . Slaves of the god are always mentioned by name and own their own land ; their legal status is close to that of freemen . The nature and origin of their bond to the divinity is unclear . The names of common slaves show that some of them came from Kythera , Chios , Lemnos or Halicarnassus and were probably enslaved as a result of piracy . The tablets indicate that unions between slaves and freemen were common and that slaves could work and own land . It appears that the major division in Mycenaean civilization was not between a free individual and a slave but rather if the individual was in the palace . · There is no continuity between the Mycenaean era and the time of Homer , where social structures reflected those of the Greek dark ages . The terminology differs : the slave is no longer do @-@ e @-@ ro ( doulos ) but dmōs . In the Iliad , slaves are mainly women taken as booty of war , while men were either ransomed or killed on the battlefield . In the Odyssey , the slaves also seem to be mostly women . These slaves were servants and sometimes concubines . There were some male slaves , especially in the Odyssey , a prime example being the swineherd Eumaeus . The slave was distinctive in being a member of the core part of the oikos ( " family unit " , " household " ) : Laertes eats and drinks with his servants ; in the winter , he sleeps in their company . The term dmōs is not considered pejorative , and Eumaeus , the " divine " swineherd , bears the same Homeric epithet as the Greek heroes . Slavery remained , however , a disgrace . Eumaeus himself declares , " Zeus , of the far @-@ borne voice , takes away the half of a man 's virtue , when the day of slavery comes upon him " . · It is difficult to determine when slave trading began in the archaic period . In Works and Days ( 8th century BC ) , Hesiod owns numerous dmōes although their status is unclear . The presence of douloi is confirmed by lyric poets such as Archilochus or Theognis of Megara . According to epigraphic evidence , the homicide law of Draco ( c . 620 BC ) mentioned slaves . According to Plutarch , Solon ( c . 594 @-@ 593 BC ) forbade slaves from practising gymnastics and pederasty . By the end of the period , references become more common . Slavery becomes prevalent at the very moment when Solon establishes the basis for Athenian democracy . Classical scholar Moses Finley likewise remarks that Chios , which , according to Theopompus , was the first city to organize a slave trade , also enjoyed an early democratic process ( in the 6th century BC ) . He concludes that " one aspect of Greek history , in short , is the advance hand in hand , of freedom and slavery . " = = Economic role = = All activities were open to slaves with the exception of politics . For the Greeks , politics was the only activity worthy of a citizen , the rest being relegated wherever possible to non @-@ citizens . It was status that was of importance , not activity . The principal use of slavery was in agriculture , the foundation of the Greek economy . Some small landowners might own one slave , or even two . An abundant literature of manuals for landowners ( such as the Economy of Xenophon or that of Pseudo @-@ Aristotle ) confirms the presence of dozens of slaves on the larger estates ; they could be common labourers or foremen . The extent to which slaves were used as a labour force in farming is disputed . It is certain that rural slavery was very common in Athens , and that ancient Greece did not know of the immense slave populations found on the Roman latifundia . Slave labour was prevalent in mines and quarries , which had large slave populations , often leased out by rich private citizens . The strategos Nicias leased a thousand slaves to the silver mines of Laurium in Attica ; Hipponicos , 600 ; and Philomidès , 300 . Xenophon indicates that they received one obolus per slave per day , amounting to 60 drachmas per year . This was one of the most prized investments for Athenians . The number of slaves working in the Laurium mines or in the mills processing ore has been estimated at 30 @,@ 000 . Xenophon suggested that the city buy a large number of slaves , up to three state slaves per citizen , so that their leasing would assure the upkeep of all the citizens . Slaves were also used as craftsmen and tradespersons . As in agriculture , they were used for labour that was beyond the capability of the family . The slave population was greatest in workshops : the shield factory of Lysias employed 120 slaves , and the father of Demosthenes owned 32 cutlers and 20 bedmakers . Slaves were also employed in the home . The domestic 's main role was to stand in for his master at his trade and to accompany him on trips . In time of war he was batman to the hoplite . The female slave carried out domestic tasks , in particular bread baking and textile making . Only the poorest citizens did not possess a domestic slave . = = Demographics = = = = = Population = = = It is difficult to estimate the number of slaves in ancient Greece , given the lack of a precise census and variations in definitions during that era . It is certain that Athens had the largest slave population , with as many as 80 @,@ 000 in the 6th and 5th centuries BC , on average three or four slaves per household . In the 5th century BC , Thucydides remarked on the desertion of 20 @,@ 890 slaves during the war of Decelea , mostly tradesmen . The lowest estimate , of 20 @,@ 000 slaves , during the time of Demosthenes , corresponds to one slave per family . Between 317 BC and 307 BC , the tyrant Demetrius Phalereus ordered a general census of Attica , which arrived at the following figures : 21 @,@ 000 citizens , 10 @,@ 000 metics and 400 @,@ 000 slaves . The orator Hypereides , in his Against Areistogiton , recalls that the effort to enlist 15 @,@ 000 male slaves of military age led to the defeat of the Southern Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea ( 338 BC ) , which corresponds to the figures of Ctesicles . According to the literature , it appears that the majority of free Athenians owned at least one slave . Aristophanes , in Plutus , portrays poor peasants who have several slaves ; Aristotle defines a house as containing freemen and slaves . Conversely , not owning even one slave was a clear sign of poverty . In the celebrated discourse of Lysias For the Invalid , a cripple pleading for a pension explains " my income is very small and now I 'm required to do these things myself and do not even have the means to purchase a slave who can do these things for me . " However , the huge slave populations of the Romans were unknown in ancient Greece . When Athenaeus cites the case of Mnason , friend of Aristotle and owner of a thousand slaves , this appears to be exceptional . Plato , owner of five slaves at the time of his death , describes the very rich as owning 50 slaves . Thucydides estimates that the isle of Chios had proportionally the largest number of slaves . = = = = War = = = = By the rules of war of the period , the victor possessed absolute rights over the vanquished , whether they were soldiers or not . Enslavement , while not systematic , was common practice . Thucydides recalls that 7 @,@ 000 inhabitants of Hyccara in Sicily were taken prisoner by Nicias and sold for 120 talents in the neighbouring village of Catania . Likewise in 348 BC the population of Olynthus was reduced to slavery , as was that of Thebes in 335 BC by Alexander the Great and that of Mantineia by the Achaean League . The existence of Greek slaves was a constant source of discomfort for free Greeks . The enslavement of cities was also a controversial practice . Some generals refused , such as the Spartans Agesilaus II and Callicratidas . Some cities passed accords to forbid the practice : in the middle of the 3rd century BC , Miletus agreed not to reduce any free Knossian to slavery , and vice versa . Conversely , the emancipation by ransom of a city that had been entirely reduced to slavery carried great prestige : Cassander , in 316 BC , restored Thebes . Before him , Philip II of Macedon enslaved and then emancipated Stageira . = = = = Piracy and banditry = = = = Piracy and banditry provided a significant and consistent supply of slaves , though the significance of this source varied according to era and region . Pirates and brigands would demand ransom whenever the status of their catch warranted it . Whenever ransom was not paid or not warranted , captives would be sold to a trafficker . In certain areas , piracy was practically a national specialty , described by Thucydides as " the old @-@ fashioned " way of life . Such was the case in Acarnania , Crete , and Aetolia . Outside of Greece , this was also the case with Illyrians , Phoenicians , and Etruscans . During the Hellenistic period , Cilicians and the mountain peoples from the coasts of Anatolia could also be added to the list . Strabo explains the popularity of the practice among the Cilicians by its profitability ; Delos , not far away , allowed for " moving a myriad of slaves daily " . The growing influence of the Roman Republic , a large consumer of slaves , led to development of the market and an aggravation of piracy . In the 1st century BC , however , the Romans largely eradicated piracy to protect the Mediterranean trade routes . = = = = Slave trade = = = = There was slave trade between kingdoms and states of the wider region . The fragmentary list of slaves confiscated from the property of the mutilators of the Hermai mentions 32 slaves whose origin have been ascertained : 13 came from Thrace , 7 from Caria , and the others came from Cappadocia , Scythia , Phrygia , Lydia , Syria , Ilyria , Macedon and Peloponnese . Local professionals sold their own people to Greek slave merchants . The principal centres of the slave trade appear to have been Ephesus , Byzantium , and even faraway Tanais at the mouth of the Don . Some " barbarian " slaves were victims of war or localised piracy , but others were sold by their parents . There is a lack of direct evidence of slave traffic , but corroborating evidence exists . Firstly , certain nationalities are consistently and significantly represented in the slave population , such as the corps of Scythian archers employed by Athens as a police force — originally 300 , but eventually nearly a thousand . Secondly , the names given to slaves in the comedies often had a geographical link ; thus Thratta , used by Aristophanes in The Wasps , The Acharnians , and Peace , simply signified Thracian woman . Finally , the nationality of a slave was a significant criterion for major purchasers ; the ancient advice was not to concentrate too many slaves of the same origin in the same place , in order to limit the risk of revolt . It is also probable that , as with the Romans , certain nationalities were considered more productive as slaves than others . The price of slaves varied in accordance with their ability . Xenophon valued a Laurion miner at 180 drachmas ; while a workman at major works was paid one drachma per day . Demosthenes ' father 's cutlers were valued at 500 to 600 drachmas each . Price was also a function of the quantity of slaves available ; in the 4th century BC they were abundant and it was thus a buyer 's market . A tax on sale revenues was levied by the market cities . For instance , a large helot market was organized during the festivities at the temple of Apollo at Actium . The Acarnanian League , which was in charge of the logistics , received half of the tax proceeds , the other half going to the city of Anactorion , of which Actium was a part . Buyers enjoyed a guarantee against latent defects ; the transaction could be invalidated if the bought slave turned out to be crippled and the buyer had not been warned about it . = = = Natural growth = = = Curiously , it appears that the Greeks did not " breed " their slaves , at least during the Classical Era , though the proportion of houseborn slaves appears to have been rather large in Ptolemaic Egypt and in manumission inscriptions at Delphi . Sometimes the cause of this was natural ; mines , for instance , were exclusively a male domain . On the other hand , there were many female domestic slaves . The example of African slaves in the American South on the other hand demonstrates that slave populations can multiply . This incongruity remains relatively unexplained . Xenophon advised that male and female slaves should be lodged separately , that " … nor children born and bred by our domestics without our knowledge and consent — no unimportant matter , since , if the act of rearing children tends to make good servants still more loyally disposed , cohabiting but sharpens ingenuity for mischief in the bad . " The explanation is perhaps economic ; even a skilled slave was cheap , so it may have been cheaper to purchase a slave than to raise one . Additionally , childbirth placed the slave @-@ mother 's life at risk , and the baby was not guaranteed to survive to adulthood . Houseborn slaves ( oikogeneis ) often constituted a privileged class . They were , for example , entrusted to take the children to school ; they were " pedagogues " in the first sense of the term . Some of them were the offspring of the master of the house , but in most cities , notably Athens , a child inherited the status of its mother . = = Status of slaves = = The Greeks had many degrees of enslavement . There was a multitude of categories , ranging from free citizen to chattel slave , and including Penestae or helots , disenfranchised citizens , freedmen , bastards , and metics . The common ground was the deprivation of civic rights . Moses Finley proposed a set of criteria for different degrees of enslavement : had no rights Right to own property Authority over the work of another Power of punishment over another Legal rights and duties ( liability to arrest and / or arbitrary punishment , or to litigate ) Familial rights and privileges ( marriage , inheritance , etc . ) Possibility of social mobility ( manumission or emancipation , access to citizen rights ) Religious rights and obligations Military rights and obligations ( military service as servant , heavy or light soldier , or sailor ) = = = Athenian slaves = = = Athenian slaves were the property of their master ( or of the state ) , who could dispose of them as he saw fit . He could give , sell , rent , or bequeath them . A slave could have a spouse and children , but the slave family was not recognized by the state , and the master could scatter the family members at any time . Slaves had fewer judicial rights than citizens and were represented by their master in all judicial proceedings . A misdemeanour that would result in a fine for the free man would result in a flogging for the slave ; the ratio seems to have been one lash for one drachma . With several minor exceptions , the testimony of a slave was not admissible except under torture . Slaves were tortured in trials because they often remained loyal to their master . A famous example of trusty slave was Themistocles 's Persian slave Sicinnus ( the counterpart of Ephialtes of Trachis ) , who , despite his Persian origin , betrayed Xerxes and helped Athenians in the Battle of Salamis . Despite torture in trials , the Athenian slave was protected in an indirect way : if he was mistreated , the master could initiate litigation for damages and interest ( δίκη βλάβης / dikē blabēs ) . Conversely , a master who excessively mistreated a slave could be prosecuted by any citizen ( γραφὴ ὕβρεως / graphē hybreōs ) ; this was not enacted for the sake of the slave , but to avoid violent excess ( ὕβρις / hubris ) . Isocrates claimed that " not even the most worthless slave can be put to death without trial " ; the master 's power over his slave was not absolute . Draco 's law apparently punished with death the murder of a slave ; the underlying principle was : " was the crime such that , if it became more widespread , it would do serious harm to society ? " The suit that could be brought against a slave 's killer was not a suit for damages , as would be the case for the killing of cattle , but a δίκη φονική ( dikē phonikē ) , demanding punishment for the religious pollution brought by the shedding of blood . In the 4th century BC , the suspect was judged by the Palladion , a court which had jurisdiction over unintentional homicide ; the imposed penalty seems to have been more than a fine but less than death — maybe exile , as was the case in the murder of a Metic . However , slaves did belong to their master 's household . A newly @-@ bought slave was welcomed with nuts and fruits , just like a newly @-@ wed wife . Slaves took part in most of the civic and family cults ; they were expressly invited to join the banquet of the Choes , second day of the Anthesteria , and were allowed initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries . A slave could claim asylum in a temple or at an altar , just like a free man . The slaves shared the gods of their masters and could keep their own religious customs if any . Slaves could not own property , but their masters often let them save up to purchase their freedom , and records survive of slaves operating businesses by themselves , making only a fixed tax @-@ payment to their masters . Athens also had a law forbidding the striking of slaves : if a person struck what appeared to be a slave in Athens , that person might find himself hitting a fellow @-@ citizen , because many citizens dressed no better . It astonished other Greeks that Athenians tolerated back @-@ chat from slaves . Athenian slaves fought together with Athenian freemen at the battle of Marathon , and the monuments memorialize them . It was formally decreed before the battle of Salamis that the citizens should " save themselves , their women , children , and slaves " . Slaves had special sexual restrictions and obligations . For example , a slave could not engage free boys in pederastic relationships ( " A slave shall not be the lover of a free boy nor follow after him , or else he shall receive fifty blows of the public lash . " ) , and they were forbidden from the palaestrae ( " A slave shall not take exercise or anoint himself in the wrestling @-@ schools . " ) . Both laws are attributed to Solon . Fathers wanting to protect their sons from unwanted advances provided them with a slave guard , called a paidagogos , to escort the boy in his travels . The sons of vanquished foes would be enslaved and often forced to work in male brothels , as in the case of Phaedo of Elis , who at the request of Socrates was bought and freed from such an enterprise by the philosopher 's rich friends . On the other hand , it is attested in sources that the rape of slaves was persecuted , at least occasionally . = = = Slaves in Gortyn = = = In Gortyn , in Crete , according to a code engraved in stone dating to the 6th century BC , slaves ( doulos or oikeus ) found themselves in a state of great dependence . Their children belonged to the master . The master was responsible for all their offences , and , inversely , he received amends for crimes committed against his slaves by others . In the Gortyn code , where all punishment was monetary , fines were doubled for slaves committing a misdemeanour or felony . Conversely , an offence committed against a slave was much less expensive than an offence committed against a free person . As an example , the rape of a free woman by a slave was punishable by a fine of 200 staters ( 400 drachms ) , while the rape of a non @-@ virgin slave by another slave brought a fine of only one obolus ( a sixth of a drachm ) . Slaves did have the right to possess a house and livestock , which could be transmitted to descendants , as could clothing and household furnishings . Their family was recognized by law : they could marry , divorce , write a testament and inherit just like free men . = = = A specific case : debt slavery = = = Prior to its interdiction by Solon , Athenians practiced debt enslavement : a citizen incapable of paying his debts became " enslaved " to the creditor . The exact nature of this dependency is a much controversial issue among modern historians : was it truly slavery or another form of bondage ? However , this issue primarily concerned those peasants known as " hektēmoroi " working leased land belonging to rich landowners and unable to pay their rents . In theory , those so enslaved would be liberated when their original debts were repaid . The system was developed with variants throughout the Near East and is cited in the Bible . Solon put an end to it with the σεισάχθεια / seisachtheia , liberation of debts , which prevented all claim to the person by the debtor and forbade the sale of free Athenians , including by themselves . Aristotle in his Constitution of the Athenians quotes one of Solon 's poems : And many a man whom fraud or law had sold Far from his god @-@ built land , an outcast slave , I brought again to Athens ; yea , and some , Exiles from home through debt ’ s oppressive load , Speaking no more the dear Athenian tongue , But wandering far and wide , I brought again ; And those that here in vilest slavery ( douleia ) Crouched ‘ neath a master ’ s ( despōtes ) frown , I set them free . Though much of Solon 's vocabulary is that of " traditional " slavery , servitude for debt was at least different in that the enslaved Athenian remained an Athenian , dependent on another Athenian , in his place of birth . It is this aspect which explains the great wave of discontent with slavery of the 6th century BC , which was not intended to free all slaves but only those enslaved by debt . The reforms of Solon left two exceptions : the guardian of an unmarried woman who had lost her virginity had the right to sell her as a slave , and a citizen could " expose " ( abandon ) unwanted newborn children . = = = Manumission = = = The practice of manumission is confirmed to have existed in Chios from the 6th century BC . It probably dates back to an earlier period , as it was an oral procedure . Informal emancipations are also confirmed in the classical period . It was sufficient to have witnesses , who would escort the citizen to a public emancipation of his slave , either at the theatre or before a public tribunal . This practice was outlawed in Athens in the middle of the 6th century BC to avoid public disorder . The practice became more common in the 4th century BC and gave rise to inscriptions in stone which have been recovered from shrines such as Delphi and Dodona . They primarily date to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC , and the 1st century AD . Collective manumission was possible ; an example is known from the 2nd century BC in the island of Thasos . It probably took place during a period of war as a reward for the slaves ' loyalty , but in most cases the documentation deals with a voluntary act on the part of the master ( predominantly male , but in the Hellenistic period also female ) . The slave was often required to pay for himself an amount at least equivalent to his street value . To this end they could use their savings or take a so @-@ called " friendly " loan ( ἔρανος / eranos ) from their master , a friend or a client like the hetaera Neaira did . Emancipation was often of a religious nature , where the slave was considered to be " sold " to a deity , often Delphian Apollo , or was consecrated after his emancipation . The temple would receive a portion of the monetary transaction and would guarantee the contract . The manumission could also be entirely civil , in which case the magistrate played the role of the deity . The slave 's freedom could be either total or partial , at the master 's whim . In the former , the emancipated slave was legally protected against all attempts at re @-@ enslavement — for instance , on the part of the former master 's inheritors . In the latter case , the emancipated slave could be liable to a number of obligations to the former master . The most restrictive contract was the paramone , a type of enslavement of limited duration during which time the master retained practically absolute rights . In regard to the city , the emancipated slave was far from equal to a citizen by birth . He was liable to all types of obligations , as one can see from the proposals of Plato in The Laws : presentation three times monthly at the home of the former master , forbidden to become richer than him , etc . In fact , the status of emancipated slaves was similar to that of metics , the residing foreigners , who were free but did not enjoy a citizen 's rights . = = = Spartan slaves = = = Spartan citizens used helots , a dependent group collectively owned by the state . It is uncertain whether they had chattel slaves as well . There are mentions of people manumitted by Spartans , which was supposedly forbidden for helots , or sold outside of Lakonia : the poet Alcman ; a Philoxenos from Cytherea , reputedly enslaved with all his fellow citizens when his city was conquered , later sold to an Athenian ; a Spartan cook bought by Dionysius the Elder or by a king of Pontus , both versions being mentioned by Plutarch ; and the famous Spartan nurses , much appreciated by Athenian parents . Some texts mention both slaves and helots , which seems to indicate that they were not the same thing . Plato in Alcibiades I cites " the ownership of slaves , and notably helots " among the Spartan riches , and Plutarch writes about " slaves and helots " . Finally , according to Thucydides , the agreement that ended the 464 BC revolt of helots stated that any Messenian rebel who might hereafter be found within the Peloponnese was " to be the slave of his captor " , which means that the ownership of chattel slaves was not illegal at that time . Most historians thus concur that chattel slaves were indeed used in the Greek city @-@ state of Sparta , at least after the Lacedemonian victory of 404 BC against Athens , but not in great numbers and only among the upper classes . As was in the other Greek cities , chattel slaves could be purchased at the market or taken in war . = = Slavery conditions = = It is difficult to appreciate the condition of Greek slaves . According to Aristotle , the daily routine of slaves could be summed up in three words : " work , discipline , and feeding " . Xenophon 's advice is to treat slaves as domestic animals , that is to say punish disobedience and reward good behaviour . For his part , Aristotle prefers to see slaves treated as children and to use not only orders but also recommendations , as the slave is capable of understanding reasons when they are explained . Greek literature abounds with scenes of slaves being flogged ; it was a means of forcing them to work , as were control of rations , clothing , and rest . This violence could be meted out by the master or the supervisor , who was possibly also a slave . Thus , at the beginning of Aristophanes ' The Knights ( 4 – 5 ) , two slaves complain of being " bruised and thrashed without respite " by their new supervisor . However , Aristophanes himself cites what is a typical old saw in ancient Greek comedy : " He also dismissed those slaves who kept on running off , or deceiving someone , or getting whipped . They were always led out crying , so one of their fellow slaves could mock the bruises and ask then : ' Oh you poor miserable fellow , what 's happened to your skin ? Surely a huge army of lashes from a whip has fallen down on you and laid waste your back ? ' " The condition of slaves varied very much according to their status ; the mine slaves of Laureion and the pornai ( brothel prostitutes ) lived a particularly brutal existence , while public slaves , craftsmen , tradesmen and bankers enjoyed relative independence . In return for a fee ( ἀποφορά / apophora ) paid to their master , they could live and work alone . They could thus earn some money on the side , sometimes enough to purchase their freedom . Potential emancipation was indeed a powerful motivator , though the real scale of this is difficult to estimate . Ancient writers considered that Attic slaves enjoyed a " peculiarly happy lot " : Pseudo @-@ Xenophon deplores the liberties taken by Athenian slaves : " as for the slaves and Metics of Athens , they take the greatest licence ; you cannot just strike them , and they do not step aside to give you free passage " . This alleged good treatment did not prevent 20 @,@ 000 Athenian slaves from running away at the end of the Peloponnesian War at the incitement of the Spartan garrison at Attica in Decelea . These were principally skilled artisans ( kheirotekhnai ) , probably among the better @-@ treated slaves . The title of a 4th @-@ century comedy by Antiphanes , The Runaway @-@ catcher ( Δραπεταγωγός ) , suggests that slave flight was not uncommon . Conversely , there are no records of a large @-@ scale Greek slave revolt comparable to that of Spartacus in Rome . It can probably be explained by the relative dispersion of Greek slaves , which would have prevented any large @-@ scale planning . Slave revolts were rare , even in Rome . Individual acts of rebellion of slaves against their master , though scarce , are not unheard of ; a judicial speech mentions the attempted murder of his master by a boy slave , not 12 years old . = = Views of Greek slavery = = = = = Historical views = = = Very few authors of antiquity call slavery into question . To Homer and the pre @-@ classical authors , slavery was an inevitable consequence of war . Heraclitus states that " War is the father of all , the king of all ... he turns some into slaves and sets others free " . During the classical period , the main justification for slavery was economic . From a philosophical point of view , the idea of " natural " slavery emerged at the same time ; thus , as Aeschylus states in The Persians , the Greeks " [ o ] f no man are they called the slaves or vassals " , while the Persians , as Euripides states in Helen , " are all slaves , except one " — the Great King .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
500 people evacuated to shelters in Wickham , Western Australia . TCWC Perth began issuing hourly warnings for potentially affected areas beginning at 1400 UTC on 14 December . As the storm made landfall , some residents of Whim Creek took refuge in a shipping container . Strong winds from the cyclone caused widespread power outages to areas in Pilbara . At Cape Lambert , winds averaged 150 km / h ( 95 mph ) for five hours , with a peak wind gust of 210 km / h ( 130 mph ) . Karratha suffered minor damage from John , primarily in the form of wind damage . Various trees were uprooted by strong winds , and some homes suffered minor roof damage . Palm fronds in Karratha were blown off palm trees due to strong winds . In Whim Creek , where the cyclone had made landfall , the top floor of a 113 @-@ year @-@ old pub and hotel was destroyed . A temporary roof made up of tarpaulins later collapsed in a flood event the following month . 140 windmills between Whim Creek and Newman were destroyed by the cyclone . Offshore , 220 cattle aboard a ship died after the ship was battered by rough seas associated with Cyclone John . Production from an oil field off the coast of northwest Australia were down 38 % , partly due to being shut down in preparation for Cyclone John . Rough seas from John also caused a maximum storm surge height of 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) , recorded in Port Hedland by the Port Hedland Authority on 15 December . Further inland , Cyclone John brought widespread rainfall and flooding . In Newman , Western Australia , 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of rain was recorded early on 16 December . As a result , some roads and 25 houses were flooded by the rains . By the evening of that day , the rainfall total had increased to 500 mm ( 20 in ) . Todd River was flooded after 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) of rain fell as a result of the cyclone . Overall John was responsible for no deaths and a limited amount of damage . After the season had ended the name John was retired from the Australian tropical cyclone naming list . = Utah State Route 68 = State Route 68 ( SR @-@ 68 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah . It is a major thoroughfare throughout the Wasatch Front as it runs north – south for 70 @.@ 832 miles ( 113 @.@ 993 km ) , linking US @-@ 6 near Elberta to US @-@ 89 in Woods Cross . The route intersects several major freeways and highways in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area including I @-@ 215 , I @-@ 80 , and I @-@ 15 . The route is more commonly referred to as Redwood Road , after the street it is routed along throughout Salt Lake County . The highway is also routed for a short distance along 500 South and 200 West in Bountiful and Camp Williams Road in Utah County . The route is a surface street for its entire length . SR @-@ 68 became a state highway in 1931 , at which time the route ran from then – US @-@ 40 ( North Temple Street ) in Salt Lake City to present @-@ day US @-@ 89 in Lehi . In 1933 , the route was extended north to US @-@ 89 at Beck 's Hot Springs . SR @-@ 68 was routed onto Redwood Road in 1943 , taking over what had been designated SR @-@ 153 . In 1960 , SR @-@ 68 switched alignments with SR @-@ 249 to follow Redwood Road and 2300 North to Bountiful ; the route was extended south to Elberta at this time also . SR @-@ 249 was extended west along a proposed roadway to 2200 West and 2200 North in 1961 before being removed in 1969 . In 2001 , SR @-@ 68 was extended south on a former piece of SR @-@ 106 in Bountiful . = = Route description = = On average , the most driven @-@ on portion of SR @-@ 68 is between I @-@ 215 and 5400 South , with 66 @,@ 635 cars @-@ per @-@ day traveling between these two points in 2007 . The lowest traffic is recorded at the beginning point of the route through Elberta , with an average of 1 @,@ 120 cars per day . Traffic along SR @-@ 68 in Elberta has increased 135 percent , and the segment between I @-@ 215 and 5400 West has increased 13 percent since 1998 . = = = Utah County = = = A four @-@ way intersection in Elberta with US @-@ 6 marks the southern terminus of the route as it starts north on a two @-@ lane undivided highway . The highway exits Elberta and continues north along the sparsely @-@ populated portion of western Utah County . The southwestern shore of Utah Lake appears as the road briefly turns northeast . The route passes the failed planned community of Mosida before turning north again . Once more turning northeast , the highway approaches the western shore of the lake and runs parallel to it before once more turning north . After turning northwest , the highway enters Saratoga Springs . The route turns north near Utah Lake 's northern shore , widening to two lanes each direction at the intersection with 400 South . The route then intersects Pony Express Parkway , which connects to Eagle Mountain , then the route continues north to intersections with Pioneer Crossing and SR @-@ 73 . Past the SR @-@ 73 intersection , the route turns northwest and intersects the east spur of the Mountain View Corridor ( SR @-@ 85 ) , then passes slightly east of Camp Williams . = = = Salt Lake County = = = The highway then enters Salt Lake County and the Salt Lake City metropolitan area . SR @-@ 68 is one of two roads that connect Utah and Salt Lake Counties through a bottleneck in the Wasatch Front called Point of the Mountain , referring to the Traverse Mountains . The low @-@ lying area through this neck is occupied by the former Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad . SR @-@ 68 is routed on the western slope of the canyon , The other highway , I @-@ 15 / US @-@ 89 , is routed higher up Point of the Mountain . As the route enters Bluffdale on Redwood Road , it turns northeast and intersects with Mountain View Corridor again , then with SR @-@ 140 ; the Utah State Prison is located on this road east of the junction . SR @-@ 68 then turns north before crossing SR @-@ 154 , commonly known as the Bangerter Highway . Soon reverting to two lanes , the route exits Bluffdale and enters Riverton , gaining two lanes in each direction as it passes SR @-@ 71 . Continuing north , it enters South Jordan . It intersects with SR @-@ 175 , SR @-@ 151 , and SR @-@ 209 , gaining one more lane in each direction beyond the latter intersection , and enters West Jordan and central Salt Lake County . Soon reaching Taylorsville , the highway intersects I @-@ 215 . Shortly thereafter , the road passes Salt Lake Community College and enters West Valley City . It soon reaches a single @-@ point urban interchange at SR @-@ 201 that lies on the border of West Valley City and Salt Lake City . The highway loses one lane in each direction past the frontage road of SR @-@ 201 . West of Salt Lake City , the highway passes over the surplus canal of the Jordan River as it goes through the neighborhoods of Glendale and Poplar Grove . It arrives at an interchange with I @-@ 80 east of Salt Lake City International Airport . The road loses one lane northbound beyond 1000 North as it proceeds through the neighborhood of Rose Park in the northwestern portion of the city ; the second southbound lane is lost north of 1300 North . The highway crosses the Jordan River before exiting the county . = = = Davis County = = = Entering Davis County and North Salt Lake , SR @-@ 68 reaches a second interchange with I @-@ 215 at its Exit 28 . The road briefly turns northeast before drifting north again and gaining one lane in each direction . Before passing Skypark Airport , the highway loses one lane in each direction . Redwood Road turns east onto 500 South and enters Bountiful . Past an interchange at I @-@ 15 , the route gains one passing lane and turns south onto 200 West , a two @-@ lane undivided road . The highway turns southwest and defaults onto southbound US @-@ 89 within the city of Woods Cross . = = History = = In 1931 , the state legislature added State Route 68 to the state highway system . It followed Redwood Road from US @-@ 40 ( North Temple Street ) south to the present SR @-@ 73 and then used SR @-@ 73 east to US @-@ 50 / US @-@ 89 / US @-@ 91 ( now solely US @-@ 89 ) in Lehi . The state added 900 West and Warm Springs Road from US @-@ 40 north to US @-@ 89 / US @-@ 91 at Becks as SR @-@ 153 in 1933 . Becks is the name of a rail siding , 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of downtown Salt Lake , that briefly served as the terminus of a commuter rail line to Beck 's Hot Springs . In 1943 SR @-@ 153 was moved west to Redwood Road , returning to Becks via 2300 North . This brought the north end of SR @-@ 68 and the south end of SR @-@ 153 together , and two years later SR @-@ 68 was extended north to absorb SR @-@ 153 . In 1953 , Redwood Road north of 2300 North became SR @-@ 249 , which turned east at 500 South in Davis County to end at US @-@ 89 / US @-@ 91 ( 500 West ) in Bountiful . To provide for route continuity on a truck bypass route of Salt Lake City , SR @-@ 68 and SR @-@ 249 were swapped in 1960 , bringing the north end of SR @-@ 68 to Bountiful and making SR @-@ 249 a short connection on 2300 North . At the same time , SR @-@ 68 was extended south from the intersection with SR @-@ 73 around the west side of Utah Lake to US @-@ 6 at Elberta , with the portion east to Lehi becoming an extension of SR @-@ 73 . SR @-@ 249 was extended west along a proposed roadway to 2200 West and 2200 North in 1961 , " in order to provide an adequate road from the north to the Salt Lake City municipal airport " , but in 1969 the entire route was removed from the state highway system . SR @-@ 68 was extended slightly east at its north end , from 500 West ( US @-@ 89 ) to 200 West ( SR @-@ 106 ) , in 1975 , and , in 2001 , with the removal of SR @-@ 106 through downtown Bountiful from the state highway system , SR @-@ 68 was extended south along 200 West , formerly SR @-@ 106 , to Parkin Junction on US @-@ 89 . When the highway was established in 1931 , it ran from Lehi to Salt Lake City . The state subsequently extended it south into Elberta and north into Bountiful . The road was routed along its current alignment of Redwood Road in 1943 . The road has been moved and extended multiple times , with the most recent change being in 2001 when SR @-@ 106 was deleted from the state highway system . = = Major intersections = = = Hair ( musical ) = Hair : The American Tribal Love @-@ Rock Musical is a rock musical with a book and lyrics by James Rado and Gerome Ragni and music by Galt MacDermot . A product of the hippie counterculture and sexual revolution of the 1960s , several of its songs became anthems of the anti @-@ Vietnam War peace movement . The musical 's profanity , its depiction of the use of illegal drugs , its treatment of sexuality , its irreverence for the American flag , and its nude scene caused much comment and controversy . The musical broke new ground in musical theatre by defining the genre of " rock musical " , using a racially integrated cast , and inviting the audience onstage for a " Be @-@ In " finale . Hair tells the story of the " tribe " , a group of politically active , long @-@ haired hippies of the " Age of Aquarius " living a bohemian life in New York City and fighting against conscription into the Vietnam War . Claude , his good friend Berger , their roommate Sheila and their friends struggle to balance their young lives , loves , and the sexual revolution with their rebellion against the war and their conservative parents and society . Ultimately , Claude must decide whether to resist the draft as his friends have done , or to succumb to the pressures of his parents ( and conservative America ) to serve in Vietnam , compromising his pacifistic principles and risking his life . After an off @-@ Broadway debut in October 1967 at Joseph Papp 's Public Theater and a subsequent run at the Cheetah nightclub from December 1967 through January 1968 , the show opened on Broadway in April 1968 and ran for 1 @,@ 750 performances . Simultaneous productions in cities across the United States and Europe followed shortly thereafter , including a successful London production that ran for 1 @,@ 997 performances . Since then , numerous productions have been staged around the world , spawning dozens of recordings of the musical , including the 3 million @-@ selling original Broadway cast recording . Some of the songs from its score became Top 10 hits , and a feature film adaptation was released in 1979 . A Broadway revival opened on March 31 , 2009 , earning strong reviews and winning the Tony Award and Drama Desk Award for best revival of a musical . In 2008 , Time magazine wrote , " Today Hair seems , if anything , more daring than ever . " = = History = = Hair was conceived by actors James Rado and Gerome Ragni . The two met in 1964 when they performed together in the Off @-@ Broadway flop Hang Down Your Head and Die , and they began writing Hair together in late 1964 . The main characters were autobiographical , with Rado 's Claude being a pensive romantic and Ragni 's Berger an extrovert . Their close relationship , including its volatility , was reflected in the musical . Rado explained , " We were great friends . It was a passionate kind of relationship that we directed into creativity , into writing , into creating this piece . We put the drama between us on stage . " Rado described the inspiration for Hair as " a combination of some characters we met in the streets , people we knew and our own imaginations . We knew this group of kids in the East Village who were dropping out and dodging the draft , and there were also lots of articles in the press about how kids were being kicked out of school for growing their hair long " . He recalled , " There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas , and we thought if we could transmit this excitement to the stage it would be wonderful .... We hung out with them and went to their Be @-@ Ins [ and ] let our hair grow . " Many cast members ( Shelley Plimpton in particular ) were recruited right off the street . Rado said , " It was very important historically , and if we hadn 't written it , there 'd not be any examples . You could read about it and see film clips , but you 'd never experience it . We thought , ' This is happening in the streets , ' and we wanted to bring it to the stage . " Rado and Ragni came from different artistic backgrounds . In college , Rado wrote musical revues and aspired to be a Broadway composer in the Rodgers and Hammerstein tradition . He went on to study acting with Lee Strasberg . Ragni , on the other hand , was an active member of The Open Theater , one of several groups , mostly Off @-@ off Broadway , that were developing experimental theatre techniques . He introduced Rado to the modern theatre styles and methods being developed at The Open Theater . In 1966 , while the two were developing Hair , Ragni performed in The Open Theater 's production of Megan Terry 's play , Viet Rock , a story about young men being deployed to the Vietnam War . In addition to the war theme , Viet Rock employed the improvisational exercises being used in the experimental theatre scene and later used in the development of Hair . Rado and Ragni brought their drafts of the show to producer Eric Blau who , through common friend Nat Shapiro , connected the two with Canadian composer Galt MacDermot . MacDermot had won a Grammy Award in 1961 for his composition " African Waltz " ( recorded by Cannonball Adderley ) . The composer 's lifestyle was in marked contrast to his co @-@ creators : " I had short hair , a wife , and , at that point , four children , and I lived on Staten Island . " " I never even heard of a hippie when I met Rado and Ragni . " But he shared their enthusiasm to do a rock and roll show . " We work independently , " explained MacDermot in May 1968 . " I prefer it that way . They hand me the material . I set it to music . " MacDermot wrote the first score in three weeks , starting with the songs " I Got Life " , " Ain 't Got No " , " Where Do I Go " and the title song . He first wrote " Aquarius " as an unconventional art piece , but later rewrote it into an uplifting anthem . = = = Off @-@ Broadway productions = = = The creators pitched the show to Broadway producers and received many rejections . Eventually Joe Papp , who ran the New York Shakespeare Festival , decided he wanted Hair to open the new Public Theater ( still under construction ) in New York City 's East Village . The musical was Papp 's first non @-@ Shakespeare offering . The production did not go smoothly : " The rehearsal and casting process was confused , the material itself incomprehensible to many of the theater ’ s staff . The director , Gerald Freedman , the theater 's associate artistic director , withdrew in frustration during the final week of rehearsals and offered his resignation . Papp accepted it , and the choreographer Anna Sokolow took over the show .... After a disastrous final dress rehearsal , Papp wired Mr. Freedman in Washington , where he 'd fled : ' Please come back . ' Mr. Freedman did . " Hair premiered off @-@ Broadway at the Public on October 17 , 1967 and ran for a limited engagement of six weeks . The lead roles were played by Walker Daniels as Claude , Ragni as Berger , Jill O 'Hara as Sheila , Steve Dean as Woof , Arnold Wilkerson as Hud , Sally Eaton as Jeanie and Shelley Plimpton as Crissy . Set design was by Ming Cho Lee , costume design by Theoni Aldredge , and although Anna Sokolow began rehearsals as choreographer , Freedman received choreographer credit . Although the production had a " tepid critical reception " , it was popular with audiences . A cast album was released in 1967 . Chicago businessman Michael Butler was planning to run for the U.S. Senate on an anti @-@ war platform . After seeing an ad for Hair in The New York Times that led him to believe the show was about Native Americans , he watched the Public 's production several times and joined forces with Joe Papp to reproduce the show at another New York venue after the close of its run at the Public . Papp and Butler first moved the show to The Cheetah , a discothèque at 53rd Street and Broadway . It opened there on December 22 , 1967 and ran for 45 performances . There was no nudity in either the Public Theater or Cheetah production . = = = Revision for Broadway = = = Hair underwent a thorough overhaul between its closing at the Cheetah in January 1968 and its Broadway opening three months later . The off @-@ Broadway book , already light on plot , was loosened even further and made more realistic . For example , Claude had been written as a space alien who aspires to be a cinematic director ; he became human for the Broadway version . Moreover , 13 new songs were added . The song " Let the Sun Shine In " was added so that the ending would be more uplifting . Before the move to Broadway , the creative team hired director Tom O 'Horgan , who had built a reputation directing experimental theater at the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club . He had been the authors ' first choice to direct the Public Theater production , but he was in Europe at the time . Newsweek described O 'Horgan 's directing style as " sensual , savage , and thoroughly musical ... [ he ] disintegrates verbal structure and often breaks up and distributes narrative and even character among different actors .... He enjoys sensory bombardment . " In rehearsals , O 'Horgan used techniques passed down by Viola Spolin and Paul Sills involving role playing and improvisational " games " . Many of the improvisations tried during this process were incorporated into the Broadway script . O 'Horgan and new choreographer Julie Arenal encouraged freedom and spontaneity in their actors , introducing " an organic , expansive style of staging " that had never been seen before on Broadway . The inspiration to include nudity came when the authors saw an anti @-@ war demonstration in Central Park where two men stripped naked as an expression of defiance and freedom , and they decided to incorporate the idea into the show . O 'Horgan had used nudity in many of the plays he directed , and he helped integrate the idea into the fabric of the show . Papp declined to pursue a Broadway production , and so Butler produced the show himself . For a time it seemed that Butler would be unable to secure a Broadway theater , as the Shuberts , Nederlanders and other theater owners deemed the material too controversial . However , Butler had family connections and knew important people ; he persuaded Biltmore Theatre owner David Cogan to make his venue available . = = Synopsis = = Act I Claude , the nominal leader of the " tribe " , sits center stage as the tribe mingles with the audience . Tribe members Sheila , a New York University student who is a determined political activist , and Berger , an irreverent free spirit , cut a lock of Claude 's hair and burn it in a receptacle . After the tribe converges in slow @-@ motion toward the stage , through the audience , they begin their celebration as children of the Age of Aquarius ( " Aquarius " ) . Berger removes his trousers to reveal a loincloth . Interacting with the audience , he introduces himself as a " psychedelic teddy bear " and reveals that he is " looking for my Donna " ( " Donna " ) . The tribe recites a list of pharmaceuticals , legal and illegal ( " Hashish " ) . Woof , a gentle soul , extols several sexual practices ( " Sodomy " ) and says , " I grow things . " He loves plants , his family and the audience , telling the audience , " We are all one . " Hud , a militant African @-@ American , is carried in upside down on a pole . He declares himself " president of the United States of Love " ( " Colored Spade " ) . In a fake English accent , Claude says that he is " the most beautiful beast in the forest " from " Manchester , England " . A tribe member reminds him that he 's really from Flushing , New York . Hud , Woof and Berger declare what color they are ( " I 'm Black " ) , while Claude says that he 's " invisible " . The tribe recites a list of things they lack ( " Ain 't Got No " ) . Four African @-@ American tribe members recite street signs in symbolic sequence ( " Dead End " ) . Sheila is carried onstage ( " I Believe in Love " ) and leads the tribe in a protest chant . The tribe reprises " Ain 't Got No ( Grass ) " . Jeanie , an eccentric young woman , appears wearing a gas mask , satirizing pollution ( " Air " ) . She is pregnant and in love with Claude . Although she wishes it was Claude 's baby , she was " knocked up by some crazy speed freak " . The tribe link together LBJ ( President Lyndon B. Johnson ) , FBI ( the Federal Bureau of Investigation ) , CIA ( the Central Intelligence Agency ) and LSD ( " Initials " ) . Six members of the tribe appear dressed as Claude 's parents , berating him for his various transgressions – he does not have a job , and he collects " mountains of paper " clippings and notes . They say that they will not give him any more money , and " the army 'll make a man out of you " . In defiance , Claude leads the tribe in celebrating their vitality ( " I Got Life " ) . After handing out imaginary pills to the tribe members , saying the pills are for high @-@ profile people such as Richard Nixon , the Pope , and " Alabama Wallace " , Berger relates how he was expelled from high school ( " Goin ' Down " ) . Claude returns from his draft board physical , which he passed . He pretends to burn his Vietnam War draft card , which Berger reveals as a library card . Claude agonizes about what to do about being drafted . Two tribe members dressed as tourists come down the aisle to ask the tribe why they have such long hair . In answer , Claude and Berger lead the tribe in explaining the significance of their " Hair " . The tourist lady states that kids should " be free , no guilt " and should " do whatever you want , just so long as you don 't hurt anyone . " She observes that long hair is natural , like the " elegant plumage " of male birds ( " My Conviction " ) . She opens her coat to reveal that she 's a man in drag . As the couple leaves , the tribe calls her Margaret Mead . Sheila gives Berger a yellow shirt . He goofs around and ends up tearing it in two . Sheila voices her distress that Berger seems to care more about the " bleeding crowd " than about her ( " Easy to Be Hard " ) . Jeanie summarizes everyone 's romantic entanglements : " I 'm hung up on Claude , Sheila 's hung up on Berger , Berger is hung up everywhere . Claude is hung up on a cross over Sheila and Berger . " The tribe runs out to the audience with fliers inviting them to a Be @-@ In . Berger , Woof and another tribe member pay satiric tribute to the American flag as they fold it ( " Don 't Put it Down " ) . After young and innocent Crissy describes " Frank Mills " , a boy she 's looking for , the tribe participates in the " Be @-@ In " . The men of the tribe burn their draft cards . Claude puts his card in the fire , then changes his mind and pulls it out . He asks , " where is the something , where is the someone , that tells me why I live and die ? " ( " Where Do I Go " ) . The tribe emerges naked , intoning " beads , flowers , freedom , happiness . " Act II Four tribe members have the " Electric Blues " . After a black @-@ out , the tribe enters worshiping " Oh Great God of Power . " Claude returns from the induction center , and tribe members act out an imagined conversation from Claude 's draft interview , with Hud saying " the draft is white people sending black people to make war on the yellow people to defend the land they stole from the red people " . Claude gives Woof a Mick Jagger poster , and Woof is excited about the gift , as he has said he 's hung up on Jagger . Three white women of the tribe tell why they like " Black Boys " ( " black boys are delicious ... " ) , and three black women of the tribe , dressed like The Supremes , explain why they like " White Boys " ( " white boys are so pretty ... " ) . Berger gives a joint to Claude that is laced with a hallucinogen . Claude starts to trip as the tribe acts out his visions ( " Walking in Space " ) . He hallucinates that he is skydiving from a plane into the jungles of Vietnam . Berger appears as General George Washington and is told to retreat because of an Indian attack . The Indians shoot all of Washington 's men . General Ulysses S. Grant appears and begins a roll call : Abraham Lincoln ( played by a black female tribe member ) , John Wilkes Booth , Calvin Coolidge , Clark Gable , Scarlett O 'Hara , Aretha Franklin , Colonel George Custer . Claude Bukowski is called in the roll call , but Clark Gable says " he couldn 't make it " . They all dance a minuet until three African witch doctors kill them – all except for Abraham Lincoln who says , " I 'm one of you " . Lincoln , after the three Africans sing his praises , recites an alternate version of the Gettysburg Address ( " Abie Baby " ) . Booth shoots Lincoln , but Lincoln says to him , " I ain 't dying for no white man " . As the visions continue , four Buddhist monks enter . One monk pours a can of gasoline over another monk , who is set afire ( reminiscent of the self @-@ immolation of Thích Quảng Đức ) and runs off screaming . Three Catholic nuns strangle the three remaining Buddhist monks . Three astronauts shoot the nuns with ray guns . Three Chinese people stab the astronauts with knives . Three Native Americans kill the Chinese with bows and tomahawks . Three green berets kill the Native Americans with machine guns and then kill each other . A Sergeant and two parents appear holding up a suit on a hanger . The parents talk to the suit as if it is their son and they are very proud of him . The bodies rise and play like children . The play escalates to violence until they are all dead again . They rise again ( " Three @-@ Five @-@ Zero @-@ Zero " ) and , at the end of the trip sequence , two tribe members sing , over the dead bodies , a melody set to a Shakespeare lyric about the nobility of Man ( " What A Piece of Work Is Man " ) . After the trip , Claude says " I can 't take this moment to moment living on the streets .... I know what I want to be ... invisible " . As they " look at the moon , " Sheila and the others enjoy a light moment ( " Good Morning Starshine " ) . The tribe pays tribute to an old mattress ( " The Bed " ) . Claude is left alone with his doubts . He leaves as the tribe enters wrapped in blankets in the midst of a snow storm . They start a protest chant and then wonder where Claude has gone . Berger calls out " Claude ! Claude ! " Claude enters dressed in a military uniform , his hair short , but they do not see him because he is an invisible spirit . Claude says , " like it or not , they got me . " Claude and everyone sing " Flesh Failures " . The tribe moves in front of Claude as Sheila and Dionne take up the lyric . The whole tribe launches into " Let the Sun Shine In " , and as they exit , they reveal Claude lying down center stage on a black cloth . During the curtain call , the tribe reprises " Let the Sun Shine In " and brings audience members up on stage to dance . ( Note : This plot summary is based on the original Broadway script . The script has varied in subsequent productions . ) = = Principal roles ; original Off @-@ Broadway and Broadway casts = = Claude Hooper Bukowski – Walker Daniels / James Rado George Berger – Gerome Ragni Sheila Franklin – Jill O 'Hara / Lynn Kellogg Jeanie – Sally Eaton Neil " Woof " Donovan – Steve Dean / Steve Curry Hud – Arnold Wilkerson / Lamont Washington Crissy – Shelley Plimpton The original Broadway production also included Melba Moore as Dionne , Ronnie Dyson , who sang " Aquarius " , Paul Jabara and Diane Keaton . = = Early productions = = = = = Broadway = = = Hair opened on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre on April 29 , 1968 . The production was directed by Tom O 'Horgan and choreographed by Julie Arenal , with set design by Robin Wagner , costume design by Nancy Potts , and lighting design by Jules Fisher . The original Broadway " tribe " ( i.e. , cast ) included authors Rado and Ragni , who played the lead roles of Claude and Berger , respectively , and Lynn Kellogg as Sheila , Lamont Washington as Hud , Sally Eaton and Shelley Plimpton reprising their off @-@ Broadway roles as Jeanie and Crissy , Melba Moore as Dionne , Steve Curry as Woof , Ronnie Dyson ( who sang " Aquarius " ) , Paul Jabara and Diane Keaton ( both Moore and Keaton later played Sheila ) . Among the performers who appeared in Hair during its original Broadway run were Ben Vereen , Keith Carradine , Barry McGuire , Ted Lange , Meat Loaf , Kenny Seymour ( of Little Anthony and The Imperials ) , Joe Butler ( of the Lovin ' Spoonful ) , Peppy Castro ( of the Blues Magoos ) , Robin McNamara , Heather MacRae ( daughter of Gordon MacRae and Sheila MacRae ) , Eddie Rambeau , Vicki Sue Robinson , Beverly Bremers and Kim Milford . The Hair team soon became embroiled in a lawsuit with the organizers of the Tony Awards . After assuring producer Michael Butler that commencing previews by April 3 , 1968 would assure eligibility for consideration for the 1968 Tonys , the New York Theatre League ruled Hair ineligible , moving the cutoff date to March 19 . The producers brought suit but were unable to force the League to reconsider . At the 1969 Tonys , Hair was nominated for Best Musical and Best Director but lost out to 1776 in both categories . The production ran for four years and 1 @,@ 750 performances , closing on July 1 , 1972 . = = = Early regional productions = = = The West Coast version played at the Aquarius Theater in Los Angeles beginning about six months after the Broadway opening and running for an unprecedented two years . The Los Angeles tribe included Rado , Ragni , Robert Rothman , Ben Vereen ( who replaced Ragni ) , Red Shepard , Ted Neeley ( who replaced Rado ) , Meat Loaf , Gloria Jones , Táta Vega , Jobriath , Jennifer Warnes , and Dobie Gray . There were soon nine simultaneous productions in U.S. cities , followed by national tours . Among the performers in these were Joe Mantegna , André DeShields , and Alaina Reed ( Chicago ) , David Lasley , David Patrick Kelly , Meat Loaf , and Shaun Murphy ( Detroit ) , Arnold McCuller ( tour ) , Bob Bingham ( Seattle ) and Philip Michael Thomas ( San Francisco ) . The creative team from Broadway worked on Hair in Los Angeles , Chicago and San Francisco , as the Broadway staging served as a rough template for these and other early regional productions . A notable addition to the team in Los Angeles was Tom Smothers , who served as co @-@ producer . Regional casts consisted mostly of local actors , although a few Broadway cast members reprised their roles in other cities . O 'Horgan or the authors sometimes took new ideas and improvisations from a regional show and brought them back to New York , such as when live chickens were tossed onto the stage in Los Angeles . It was rare for so many productions to run simultaneously during an initial Broadway run . Producer Michael Butler , who had declared that Hair is " the strongest anti @-@ war statement ever written " , said the reason that he opened so many productions was to influence public opinion against the Vietnam War and end it as soon as possible . = = = West End = = = Hair opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London on September 27 , 1968 , led by the same creative team as the Broadway production . The opening night was delayed until the abolition of theatre censorship in England under the Theatres Act 1968 so that the show could include nudity and profanity . As with other early productions , the London show added a sprinkling of local allusions and other minor departures from the Broadway version . The original London tribe included Sonja Kristina , Peter Straker , Paul Nicholas , Melba Moore , Elaine Paige , Paul Korda , Marsha Hunt , Floella Benjamin , Alex Harvey , Oliver Tobias , Richard O 'Brien and Tim Curry . This was Curry 's first full @-@ time theatrical acting role , where he met future Rocky Horror Show collaborator O 'Brien . Hair 's engagement in London surpassed the Broadway production , running for 1 @,@ 997 performances until its closure was forced by the roof of the theatre collapsing in July 1973 . = = = Early international productions = = = The job of leading the foreign language productions of Hair was given to Bertrand Castelli , Butler 's partner and executive producer of the Broadway show . Castelli was a writer / producer who traveled in Paris art circles and rubbed elbows with Pablo Picasso and Jean Cocteau . Butler described him as a " crazy showman ... the guy with the business suit and beads " . Castelli decided to do the show in the local language of each country at a time when Broadway shows were always done in English . The translations followed the original script closely , and the Broadway stagings were used . Each script contained local references , such as street names and the names or depictions of local politicians and celebrities . Castelli produced companies in France , Germany , Mexico and other countries , sometimes also directing the productions . A German production , directed by Castelli , opened in 1968 in Munich ; the tribe included Donna Summer , Liz Mitchell and Donna Wyant . A successful Parisian production of Hair opened on June 1 , 1969 . The original Australian production premiered in Sydney on June 6 , 1969 , produced by Harry M. Miller and directed by Jim Sharman , who also designed the production . The tribe included Keith Glass and then Reg Livermore as Berger , John Waters as Claude and Sharon Redd as The Magician . Redd was one of six African @-@ Americans brought to Australia to provide a racially integrated tribe . The production broke local box @-@ office records and ran for two years , but because of some of the language in the show , the cast album was banned in Queensland and New Zealand . The production transferred to Melbourne in 1971 and then had a national tour . It marked the stage debut of Boston @-@ born Australian vocalist Marcia Hines . In Mexico the production was banned by the government after one night in Acapulco . An 18 @-@ year @-@ old Sônia Braga appeared in the 1969 Brazilian production . Another notable production was in Belgrade , in the former Yugoslavia , in 1969 . It was the first Hair to be produced in a communist country . The show , translated into Serbian , was directed by female producer @-@ director Mira Trailović at the Atelje 212 theatre . It featured Dragan Nikolić , Branko Milićević , Seka Sablić and Dušan Prelević . Over four years , the production received 250 performances and was attended by president Tito . Local references in the script included barbs aimed at Mao Zedong as well as Albania , Yugoslavia 's traditional rival . By 1970 , Hair was a huge financial success , and nineteen productions had been staged outside of North America . In addition to those named above , these included productions in Scandinavia , South America , Italy , Israel , Japan , Canada , the Netherlands , Switzerland and Austria . According to Billboard , the various productions of the show were raking in almost $ 1 million every ten days , and royalties were being collected for 300 different recordings of the show 's songs , making it " the most successful score in history as well as the most performed score ever written for the Broadway stage . " = = Themes = = Hair explores many of the themes of the hippie movement of the 1960s . Theatre writer Scott Miller described these as follows : [ T ] he youth of America , especially those on college campuses , started protesting all the things that they saw wrong with America : racism , environmental destruction , poverty , sexism and sexual repression , violence at home and the war in Vietnam , depersonalization from new technologies , and corruption in politics . ... Contrary to popular opinion , the hippies had great respect for America and believed that they were the true patriots , the only ones who genuinely wanted to save our country and make it the best it could be once again . ... [ Long ] hair was the hippies ' flag – their ... symbol not only of rebellion but also of new possibilities , a symbol of the rejection of discrimination and restrictive gender roles ( a philosophy celebrated in the song " My Conviction " ) . It symbolized equality between men and women . ... [ T ] he hippies ' chosen clothing also made statements . Drab work clothes ( jeans , work shirts , pea coats ) were a rejection of materialism . Clothing from other cultures , particularly the Third World and native Americans , represented their awareness of the global community and their rejection of U.S. imperialism and selfishness . Simple cotton dresses and other natural fabrics were a rejection of synthetics , a return to natural things and simpler times . Some hippies wore old World War II or Civil War jackets as way of co @-@ opting the symbols of war into their newfound philosophy of nonviolence . = = = Race and the tribe = = = Extending the precedents set by Show Boat ( 1927 ) and Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) , Hair opened the Broadway musical to racial integration ; fully one @-@ third of the cast was African American . Except for satirically in skits , the roles for the black members of the tribe portrayed them as equals , breaking away from the traditional roles for blacks in entertainment as slaves or servants . An Ebony magazine article declared that the show was the biggest outlet for black actors in the history of the U.S. stage . Several songs and scenes from the show address racial issues . " Colored Spade " , which introduces the character Hud , a militant black male , is a long list of racial slurs ( " jungle bunny ... little black sambo " ) topped off with the declaration that Hud is the " president of the United States of love " . At the end of his song , he tells the tribe that the " boogie man " will get them , as the tribe pretends to be frightened . " Dead End " , sung by black tribe members , is a list of street signs that symbolize black frustration and alienation . One of the tribe 's protest chants is " What do we think is really great ? To bomb , lynch and segregate ! " " Black Boys / White Boys " is an exuberant acknowledgement of miscegenation ; the U.S. Supreme Court had struck down laws against the practice in 1967 . Another of the tribe 's protest chants is " Black , white , yellow , red . Copulate in a king @-@ sized bed . " " Abie Baby " is part of the Act 2 " trip " sequence : four African witch doctors , who have just killed various American historical , cultural and fictional characters , sing the praises of Abraham Lincoln , portrayed by a black female tribe member , whom they decide not to kill . The first part of the song contains stereotypical language that black characters used in old movies , like " I 's finished ... pluckin ' y 'all 's chickens " and " I 's free now thanks to y 'all , Master Lincoln " . The Lincoln character then recites a modernized version of the Gettysburg Address , while a white female tribe member polishes Lincoln 's shoes with her blond hair . The many references to Native Americans throughout the script are part of the anti @-@ consumerism , naturalism focus of the hippie movement and of Hair . The characters in the show are referred to as the " tribe " , borrowing the term for Native American communities . The cast of each production chooses a tribal name : " The practice is not just cosmetic ... the entire cast must work together , must like each other , and often within the show , must work as a single organism . All the sense of family , of belonging , of responsibility and loyalty inherent in the word " tribe " has to be felt by the cast . " To enhance this feeling , O 'Horgan put the cast through sensitivity exercises based on trust , touching , listening and intensive examination that broke down barriers between the cast and crew and encouraged bonding . These exercises were based on techniques developed at the Esalen Institute and Polish Lab Theater . The idea of Claude , Berger and Sheila living together is another facet of the 1960s concept of tribe . = = = Nudity , sexual freedom and drug use = = = The brief nude scene at the end of Act I was a subject of controversy and notoriety . Miller writes that " nudity was a big part of the hippie culture , both as a rejection of the sexual repression of their parents and also as a statement about naturalism , spirituality , honesty , openness , and freedom . The naked body was beautiful , something to be celebrated and appreciated , not scorned and hidden . They saw their bodies and their sexuality as gifts , not as ' dirty ' things . " Hair glorifies sexual freedom in a variety of ways . In addition to acceptance of miscegenation , mentioned above , the characters ' lifestyle acts as a sexually and politically charged updating of La bohème ; as Rado explained , " The love element of the peace movement was palpable . " In the song " Sodomy " , Woof exhorts everyone to " join the holy orgy Kama Sutra " . Toward the end of Act 2 , the tribe members reveal their free love tendencies when they banter back and forth about who will sleep with whom that night . Woof has a crush on Mick Jagger , and a three @-@ way embrace between Claude , Berger and Sheila turns into a Claude – Berger kiss . Various illegal drugs are taken by the characters during the course of the show , most notably a hallucinogen during the trip sequence . The song " Walking in Space " begins the sequence , and the lyrics celebrate the experience declaring " how dare they try to end this beauty ... in this dive we rediscover sensation ... our eyes are open , wide , wide , wide " . Similarly , in the song " Donna " , Berger sings that " I 'm evolving through the drugs that you put down . " At another point , Jeanie smokes marijuana and dismisses the critics of " pot " . Generally , the tribe favors hallucinogenic or " mind expanding " drugs , such as LSD and marijuana , while disapproving of other drugs such as speed and depressants . For example , Jeanie , after revealing that she is pregnant by a " speed freak " , says that " methedrine is a bad scene " . The song " Hashish " provides a list of pharmaceuticals , both illegal and legal , including cocaine , alcohol , LSD , opium and Thorazine , which is used as an antipsychotic . = = = Pacifism and environmentalism = = = The theme of opposition to the war that pervades the show is unified by the plot thread that progresses through the book – Claude 's moral dilemma over whether to burn his draft card . Pacifism is explored throughout the extended trip sequence in Act 2 . The lyrics to " Three @-@ Five @-@ Zero @-@ Zero " , which is sung during that sequence , evoke the horrors of war ( " ripped open by metal explosion " ) . The song is based on Allen Ginsberg 's 1966 poem , " Wichita Vortex Sutra " . In the poem , General Maxwell Taylor proudly reports to the press the number of enemy soldiers killed in one month , repeating it digit by digit , for effect : " Three @-@ Five @-@ Zero @-@ Zero . " The song begins with images of death and dying and turns into a manic dance number , echoing Maxwell 's glee at reporting the enemy casualties , as the tribe chants " Take weapons up and begin to kill " . The song also includes the repeated phrase " Prisoners in niggertown / It 's a dirty little war " . " Don 't Put It Down " satirizes the unexamined patriotism of people who are literally " crazy " for the American flag . " Be In ( Hare Krishna ) " praises the peace movement and events like the San Francisco and Central Park Be @-@ Ins . Throughout the show , the tribe chants popular protest slogans like " What do we want ? Peace ! – When do we want it ? Now ! " and " Do not enter the induction center " . The upbeat song , " Let the Sun Shine In " , is a call to action , to reject the darkness of war and change the world for the better . Hair also aims its satire at the pollution caused by our civilization . Jeanie appears from a trap door in the stage wearing a gas mask and then sings the song " Air " : " Welcome , sulfur dioxide . Hello carbon monoxide . The air ... is everywhere " . She suggests that pollution will eventually kill her , " vapor and fume at the stone of my tomb , breathing like a sullen perfume " . In a comic , pro @-@ green vein , when Woof introduces himself , he explains that he " grows things " like " beets , and corn ... and sweet peas " and that he " loves the flowers and the fuzz and the trees " . = = = Religion and astrology = = = Religion , particularly Catholicism , appears both overtly and symbolically throughout the piece , and it is often made the brunt of a joke . Berger sings of looking for " my Donna " , giving it the double meaning of the woman he 's searching for and the Madonna . During " Sodomy " , a hymn @-@ like paean to all that is " dirty " about sex , the cast strikes evocative religious positions : the Pietà and Christ on the cross . Before the song , Woof recites a modified rosary . In Act II , when Berger gives imaginary pills to various famous figures , he offers " a pill for the Pope " . In " Going Down " , after being kicked out of school , Berger compares himself to Lucifer : " Just like the angel that fell / Banished forever to hell / Today have I been expelled / From high school heaven . " Claude becomes a classic Christ figure at various points in the script . In Act I , Claude enters , saying , " I am the Son of God . I shall vanish and be forgotten , " then gives benediction to the tribe and the audience . Claude suffers from indecision , and , in his Gethsemane at the end of Act I , he asks " Where Do I Go ? " . There are textual allusions to Claude being on a cross , and , in the end , he is chosen to give his life for the others . Berger has been seen as a John the Baptist figure , preparing the way for Claude . Songs like " Good Morning , Starshine " and " Aquarius " reflect the 1960s cultural interest in astrological and cosmic concepts . " Aquarius " was the result of Rado 's research into his own astrological sign . The company 's astrologer , Maria Crummere , was consulted about casting : Sheila was usually played by a Libra or Capricorn and Berger by a Leo , although Ragni , the original Berger , was a Virgo . Crummere was also consulted when deciding when the show would open on Broadway and in other cities . The 1971 Broadway Playbill reported that she chose April 29 , 1968 for the Broadway premiere . " The 29th was auspicious ... because the moon was high , indicating that people would attend in masses . The position of the ' history makers ' ( Pluto , Uranus , Jupiter ) in the 10th house made the show unique , powerful and a money @-@ maker . And the fact that Neptune was on the ascendancy foretold that Hair would develop a reputation involving sex . " In Mexico , where Crummere did not pick the opening date , the show was closed down by the government after one night . She was not pleased with the date of the Boston opening ( where the producers were sued over the show 's content ) saying , " Jupiter will be in opposition to naughty Saturn , and the show opens the very day of the sun 's eclipse . Terrible . " But there was no astrologically safe time in the near future . = = = Literary themes and symbolism = = = Hair makes many references to Shakespeare 's plays , especially Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet , and , at times , takes lyrical material directly from Shakespeare . For example , the lyrics to the song " What a Piece of Work Is Man " are from Hamlet ( II : scene 2 ) and portions of " Flesh Failures " ( " the rest is silence " ) are from Hamlet 's final lines . In " Flesh Failures / Let The Sun Shine In " , the lyrics " Eyes , look your last ! / Arms , take your last embrace ! And lips , O you / The doors of breath , seal with a righteous kiss " are from Romeo and Juliet ( V : iii , 111 – 14 ) . According to Miller , the Romeo suicide imagery makes the point that , with our complicity in war , we are killing ourselves . Symbolically , the running plot of Claude 's indecision , especially his resistance to burning his draft card , which ultimately causes his demise , has been seen as a parallel to Hamlet : " the melancholy hippie " . The symbolism is carried into the last scene , where Claude appears as a ghostly spirit among his friends wearing an army uniform in an ironic echo of an earlier scene , where he says , " I know what I want to be ... invisible " . According to Public Theater Artistic Director Oskar Eustis , " Both [ Hair and Hamlet ] center on idealistic brilliant men as they struggle to find their place in a world marred by war , violence , and venal politics . They see both the luminous possibilities and the harshest realities of being human . In the end , unable to effectively combat the evil around them , they tragically succumb . " Other literary references include the song " Three @-@ Five @-@ Zero @-@ Zero " , based on Ginsberg 's poem " Wichita Vortex Sutra " , and , in the psychedelic drug trip sequence , the portrayal of Scarlett O 'Hara , from Gone with the Wind , and activist African @-@ American poet LeRoi Jones . = = Dramatics = = In his introduction to the published script of Viet Rock , Richard Schechner says , " performance , action , and event are the key terms of our theatre – and these terms are not literary . " In the 1950s , Off @-@ off Broadway theaters began experimenting with non @-@ traditional theater roles , blurring the lines between playwright , director , and actor . The playwright 's job was not just to put words on a page , but to create a theatrical experience based on a central idea . By 1967 , theaters such as The Living Theatre , La MaMa E.T.C. and The Open Theatre were actively devising plays from improvisational scenes crafted in the rehearsal space , rather than following a traditional script . = = = Viet Rock and Hair = = = Megan Terry 's Viet Rock was created using this improvisational process . Scenes in Viet Rock were connected in " prelogical ways " : a scene could be built from a tangent from the scene before , it could be connected psychologically , or it could be in counterpoint to the previous scene . Actors were asked to switch roles in the middle of a show , and frequently in mid @-@ scene . In her stage directions for a Senate hearing scene in Viet Rock , Terry wrote , " The actors should take turns being senators and witnesses ; the transformations should be abrupt and total . When the actor is finished with one character he becomes another , or just an actor . " Hair was designed in much the same way . Tom O 'Horgan , the show 's Broadway director , was intimately involved in the experimental theatre movement . In the transition to Broadway , O 'Horgan and the writers rearranged scenes to increase the experimental aspects of the show . Hair asks its actors to assume several different characters throughout the course of the piece , and , as in Claude 's psychedelic trip in Act 2 , sometimes during the same scene . Both Hair and Viet Rock include rock music , borrowed heavily from mass media , and frequently break down the invisible " fourth wall " to interact with the audience . For example , in the opening number , the tribe mingles with audience members , and at the end of the show , the audience is invited on stage . = = = Production design = = = In the original Broadway production , the stage was completely open , with no curtain and the fly area and grid exposed to the audience . The proscenium arch was outlined with climb @-@ ready scaffolding . Wagner 's spare set was painted in shades of grey with street graffiti stenciled on the stage . The stage was raked , and a tower of abstract scaffolding upstage at the rear merged a Native American totem pole and a modern sculpture of a crucifix @-@ shaped tree . This scaffolding was decorated with found objects that the cast had gathered from the streets of New York . These included a life @-@ size papier @-@ mâché bus driver , the head of Jesus , and a neon marquee of the Waverly movie theater in Greenwich Village . Potts ' costumes were based on hippie street clothes , made more theatrical with enhanced color and texture . Some of these included mixed parts of military uniforms , bell bottom jeans with Ukrainian embroidery , tie dyed T @-@ shirts and a red white and blue fringed coat . Early productions were primarily reproductions of this basic design . = = = Nude scene = = = " Much has been written about that scene ... most of it silly , " wrote Gene Lees in High Fidelity . The scene was inspired by two men who took off their clothes to antagonize the police during an informal anti @-@ war gathering . During " Where Do I Go ? " , the stage was covered in a giant scrim , beneath which those choosing to participate in the scene removed their clothes . At the musical cue , " they [ stood ] naked and motionless , their bodies bathed in Fisher 's light projection of floral patterns . They chant [ ed ] of ' beads , flowers , freedom , and happiness . ' " It lasted only twenty seconds . Indeed , the scene happened so quickly and was so dimly lit that it prompted Jack Benny , during the interval at a London preview , to quip , " Did you happen to notice if any of them were Jewish ? " Nevertheless , the scene prompted threats of censorship and even violent reactions in some places . It also became fodder for pop @-@ cultural jokes . Groucho Marx quipped , " I was gonna go see it , and then I called up the theater . ... They said the tickets were $ 11 apiece . I told them I 'd call back , went into my bathroom , took off all my clothes , and looked at myself in the full @-@ length mirror . Then I called the theater and said , ' Forget it . ' " The nudity was optional for the performers . The French cast was " the nudest " of the foreign groups , while the London cast " found nudity the hardest to achieve . " The Swedish cast was reluctant to disrobe , but in Copenhagen , the tribe thought the nudity too tame and decided to walk naked up and down the aisle during the show 's prelude . In some early performances , the Germans played their scene behind a big sheet labeled " CENSORED " . Original Broadway cast member Natalie Mosco said , " I was dead set against the nude scene at first , but I remembered my acting teacher having said that part of acting is being private in public . So I did it . " According to Melba Moore , " It doesn 't mean anything except what you want it to mean . We put so much value on clothing . .... It 's like so much else people get uptight about . " Donna Summer , who was in the German production , said that " it was not meant to be sexual . ... We stood naked to comment on the fact that society makes more of nudity than killing . " Rado said that " being naked in front of an audience , you 're baring your soul . Not only the soul but the whole body was being exposed . It was very apt , very honest and almost necessary . " = = Music = = After studying the music of the Bantu at Cape Town University , MacDermot incorporated African rhythms into the score of Hair . He listened to " what [ the Bantu ] called quaylas ... [ which have a ] very characteristic beat , very similar to rock . Much deeper though .... Hair is very African – a lot of [ the ] rhythms , not the tunes so much . " Quaylas stress beats on unexpected syllables , and this influence can be heard in songs like " What a Piece of Work Is Man " and " Ain 't Got No Grass " . MacDermot said , " My idea was to make a total funk show . They said they wanted rock & roll – but to me that translated to ' funk . ' " That funk is evident throughout the score , notably in songs like " Colored Spade " and " Walking in Space " . MacDermot has claimed that the songs " can 't all be the same . You 've got to get different styles .... I like to think they 're all a little different . " As such , the music in Hair runs the gamut of rock : from the rockabilly sensibilities of " Don 't Put it Down " to the folk rock rhythms of " Frank Mills " and " What a Piece of Work is Man " . " Easy to Be Hard " is pure rhythm and blues , and protest rock anthems abound : " Ain 't Got No " and " The Flesh Failures " . The acid rock of " Walking in Space " and " Aquarius " are balanced by the mainstream pop of " Good Morning Starshine " . Scott Miller ties the music of Hair to the hippies ' political themes : " The hippies ... were determined to create art of the people and their chosen art form , rock / folk music was by its definition , populist . ... [ T ] he hippies ' music was often very angry , its anger directed at those who would prostitute the Constitution , who would sell America out , who would betray what America stood for ; in other words , directed at their parents and the government . " Theatre historian John Kenrick explains the application of rock music to the medium of the stage : The same hard rock sound that had conquered the world of popular music made its way to the musical stage with two simultaneous hits – Your Own Thing [ and ] Hair .... This explosion of revolutionary proclamations , profanity and hard rock shook the musical theatre to its roots .... Most people in the theatre business were unwilling to look on Hair as anything more than a noisy accident . Tony voters tried to ignore Hair 's importance , shutting it out from any honors . However , some now insisted it was time for a change . New York Times critic Clive Barnes gushed that Hair was " the first Broadway musical in some time to have the authentic voice of today rather than the day before yesterday . " The music did not resonate with everyone . Leonard Bernstein remarked " the songs are just laundry lists " and walked out of the production . Richard Rodgers could only hear the beat and called it " one @-@ third music " . John Fogerty said , " Hair is such a watered down version of what is really going on that I can ’ t get behind it at all . " Gene Lees , writing for High Fidelity , claimed that John Lennon found it " dull " , and he wrote , " I do not know any musician who thinks it 's good . " = = = Songs = = = The score had many more songs than were typical of Broadway shows of the day . Most Broadway shows had about six to ten songs per act ; Hair 's total is in the thirties . This list reflects the most common Broadway lineup . The show was under almost perpetual re @-@ write . Thirteen songs were added between the production at the Public Theater and Broadway , including " I Believe in Love " . " The Climax " and " Dead End " were cut between the productions , and " Exanaplanetooch " and " You Are Standing on My Bed " were present in previews but cut before Broadway . The Shakespearean speech " What a piece of work is a man " was originally spoken by Claude and musicalized by MacDermot for Broadway , and " Hashish " was formed from an early speech of Berger 's . Subsequent productions have included " Hello There " , " Dead End " , and " Hippie Life " – a song originally written for the film that Rado included in several productions in Europe in the 1990s . The 2009 Broadway revival included the ten @-@ second " Sheila Franklin " and " O Great God of Power " , two songs that were cut from the original production . = = = Recordings = = = The first recording of Hair was made in 1967 featuring the off @-@ Broadway cast . The original Broadway cast recording received a Grammy Award in 1968 for Best Score from an Original Cast Show Album and sold nearly 3 million copies in the U.S. by December 1969 . The New York Times noted in 2007 that " The cast album of Hair was ... a must @-@ have for the middle classes . Its exotic orange @-@ and @-@ green cover art imprinted itself instantly and indelibly on the psyche .... [ It ] became a pop @-@ rock classic that , like all good pop , has an appeal that transcends particular tastes for genre or period . " The 1993 London revival cast album contains new music that has been incorporated into the standard rental version . RCA Victor also released DisinHAIRited ( RCA Victor LSO @-@ 1163 ) : an album of songs that had been written for the show , but saw varying amounts of stage time . Some of the songs were cut between the Public and Broadway , some had been left off the original cast album due to space , and a few were never performed onstage . Songs from Hair have been recorded by numerous artists , including Shirley Bassey , Barbra Streisand and Diana Ross . " Good Morning Starshine " was sung on a 1969 episode of Sesame Street by cast member Bob McGrath , and versions by artists such as Sarah Brightman , Petula Clark , and Strawberry Alarm Clock have been recorded . Artists as varied as Liza Minnelli and The Lemonheads have recorded " Frank Mills " , and Andrea McArdle , Jennifer Warnes , and Sérgio Mendes have each contributed versions of " Easy to Be Hard " . Hair also helped launch recording careers for performers Meat Loaf , Dobie Gray , Jennifer Warnes , Jobriath , Bert Sommer , Ronnie Dyson , Donna Summer and Melba Moore , among others . The score of Hair saw chart successes , as well . The 5th Dimension released " Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In " in 1969 , which won Record of the Year in 1970 and topped the charts for six weeks . The Cowsills ' recording of the title song " Hair " climbed to # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 @.@ while Oliver 's rendition of " Good Morning Starshine " reached # 3 . Three Dog Night 's version of " Easy to Be Hard " went to # 4 . Nina Simone 's 1968 medley of " Ain 't Got No / I Got Life " reached the top 5 on the British charts . In 1970 , ASCAP announced that " Aquarius " was played more frequently on U.S. radio and television than any other song that year . Productions in England , Germany , France , Sweden , Japan , Israel , the Netherlands , Australia and elsewhere released cast albums , and over 1 @,@ 000 vocal and / or instrumental performances of individual songs from Hair have been recorded . Such broad attention was paid to the recordings of Hair that , after an unprecedented bidding war , ABC Records was willing to pay a record amount for MacDermot 's next Broadway adaptation Two Gentlemen of Verona . The 2009 revival recording , released on June 23 , debuted at # 1 on Billboard 's " Top Cast Album " chart and at # 63 in the Top 200 , qualifying it as the highest debuting album in Ghostlight Records history . = = Critical reception = = Reception to Hair upon its Broadway premiere was , with exceptions , overwhelmingly positive . Clive Barnes wrote in the New York Times : " What is so likable about Hair ... ? I think it is simply that it is so likable . So new , so fresh , and so unassuming , even in its pretensions . " John J. O 'Connor of The Wall Street Journal said the show was " exuberantly defiant and the production explodes into every nook and cranny of the Biltmore Theater " . Richard Watts Jr. of the New York Post wrote that " it has a surprising if perhaps unintentional charm , its high spirits are contagious , and its young zestfulness makes it difficult to resist . " Television reviews were even more enthusiastic . Allan Jeffreys of ABC said the actors were " the most talented hippies you 'll ever see ... directed in a wonderfully wild fashion by Tom O 'Horgan . " Leonard Probst of NBC said " Hair is the only new concept in musicals on Broadway in years and it 's more fun than any other this season " . John Wingate of WOR TV praised MacDermot 's " dynamic score " that " blasts and soars " , and Len Harris of CBS said " I 've finally found the best musical of the Broadway season ... it 's that sloppy , vulgar , terrific tribal love rock musical Hair . " A reviewer from Variety , on the other hand , called the show " loony " and " without a story , form , music , dancing , beauty or artistry .... It 's impossible to tell whether [ the cast has ] talent . Maybe talent is irrelevant in this new kind of show business . " Reviews in the news weeklies were mixed ; Jack Kroll in Newsweek wrote , " There is no denying the sheer kinetic drive of this new Hair ... there is something hard , grabby , slightly corrupt about O 'Horgan 's virtuosity , like Busby Berkeley gone bitchy . " But a reviewer from Time wrote that although the show " thrums with vitality [ it is ] crippled by being a bookless musical and , like a boneless fish , it drifts when it should swim . " Reviews were mixed when Hair opened in London . Irving Wardle in The Times wrote , " Its honesty and passion give it the quality of a true theatrical celebration – the joyous sound of a group of people telling the world exactly what they feel . " In The Financial Times , B. A. Young agreed that Hair was " not only a wildly enjoyable evening , but a thoroughly moral one . " However , in his final review before retiring after 48 years , 78 @-@ year @-@ old W. A. Darlington of The Daily Telegraph wrote that he had " tried hard " , but found the evening " a complete bore – noisy , ugly and quite desperately funny . " Acknowledging the show 's critics , Scott Miller wrote in 2001 that " some people can 't see past the appearance of chaos and randomness to the brilliant construction and sophisticated imagery underneath . " Miller notes , " Not only did many of the lyrics not rhyme , but many of the songs didn 't really have endings , just a slowing down and stopping , so the audience didn 't know when to applaud .... The show rejected every convention of Broadway , of traditional theatre in general , and of the American musical in specific . And it was brilliant . " = = = Awards and nominations = = = = = Social change = = Hair challenged many of the norms held by Western society in 1968 . The name itself , inspired by the name of a Jim Dine painting depicting a comb and a few strands of hair , was a reaction to the restrictions of civilization and consumerism and a preference for naturalism . Rado remembers that long hair " was a visible form of awareness in the consciousness expansion . The longer the hair got , the more expansive the mind was . Long hair was shocking , and it was a revolutionary act to grow long hair . It was kind of a flag , really . " The musical caused controversy when it was first staged . The Act I finale was the first time a Broadway show had seen totally naked actors and actresses , and the show was charged with the desecration of the American flag and the use of obscene language . These controversies , in addition to the anti – Vietnam War theme , attracted occasional threats and acts of violence during the show 's early years and became the basis for legal actions both when the show opened in other cities and on tour . Two cases eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court . = = = Legal challenges and violent reactions = = = The touring company of Hair met with resistance throughout the United States . In South Bend , Indiana , the Morris Civic Auditorium refused booking , and in Evansville , Indiana , the production was picketed by several church groups . In Indianapolis , Indiana , the producers had difficulty securing a theater , and city authorities suggested that the cast wear body stockings as a compromise to the city 's ordinance prohibiting publicly displayed nudity . Productions were frequently confronted with the closure of theaters by the fire marshal , as in Gladewater , Texas . Chattanooga 's 1972 refusal to allow the play to be shown at the city @-@ owned Memorial Auditorium was later found by the U.S. Supreme Court to be an unlawful prior restraint . The legal challenges against the Boston production were appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court . The Chief of the Licensing Bureau took exception to the portrayal of the American flag in the piece , saying , " anyone who desecrates the flag should be whipped on Boston Common . " Although the scene was removed before opening , the District Attorney 's office began plans to stop the show , claiming that " lewd and lascivious " actions were taking place onstage . The Hair legal team obtained an injunction against criminal prosecution from the Superior Court , and the D.A. appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court . At the request of both parties , several of the justices viewed the production and handed down a ruling that " each member of the cast [ must ] be clothed to a reasonable extent . " The cast defiantly played the scene nude later that night , stating that the ruling was vague as to when it would take effect . The next day , April 10 , 1970 , the production closed , and movie houses , fearing the ruling on nudity , began excising scenes from films in their exhibition . After the Federal appellate bench reversed the Massachusetts court 's ruling , the D.A. appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court . In a 4 – 4 decision , the Court upheld the lower court 's decision , allowing Hair to re @-@ open on May 22 . In April 1971 , a bomb was thrown at the exterior of a theater in Cleveland , Ohio that had been housing a production , bouncing off the marquee and shattering windows in the building and in nearby storefronts . That same month , the families of cast member Jonathon Johnson and stage manager Rusty Carlson died in a fire in the Cleveland hotel where 33 members of the show 's troupe had been staying . The Sydney , Australia production 's opening night was interrupted by a bomb scare in June 1969 . = = = Worldwide reactions = = = Local reactions to the controversial material varied greatly . San Francisco 's large hippie population considered the show an extension of the street activities there , often blurring the barrier between art and life by meditating with the cast and frequently finding themselves onstage during the show . An 18 @-@ year @-@ old Princess Anne was seen dancing onstage in London , and in Washington DC , Henry Kissinger attended . In St. Paul , Minnesota , a protesting clergyman released 18 white mice into the lobby hoping to frighten the audience . Capt. Jim Lovell and Jack Swigert , after dubbing Apollo 13 's lunar module " Aquarius " after the song , walked out of the production at the Biltmore in protest of perceived anti @-@ Americanism and disrespect of the flag . An Acapulco , Mexico production of Hair , directed by Castelli , played in 1969 for one night . After the performance , the theater , located across the street from a popular local bordello , was padlocked by the government , which said the production was " detrimental to the morals of youth . " The cast was arrested soon after the performance and taken to Immigration , where they agreed to leave the country , but because of legal complications they were forced to go into hiding . They were expelled from Mexico days later . Hair effectively marked the end of stage censorship in the United Kingdom . London 's stage censor , the Lord Chamberlain , originally refused to license the musical , and the opening was delayed until Parliament passed a bill stripping him of his licensing power . In Munich , authorities threatened to close the production if the nude scene remained ; however , after a local Hair spokesman declared that his relatives had been marched nude into Auschwitz , the authorities relented . In Bergen , Norway , local citizens formed a human barricade to try to prevent the performance . The Parisian production encountered little controversy , and the cast disrobed for the nude scene " almost religiously " according to Castelli , nudity being common on stage in Paris . Even in Paris there was nevertheless occasional opposition , however , such as when a member of the local Salvation Army used a portable loud speaker to exhort the audience to halt the presentation . = = Beyond the 1960s = = = = = 1970s = = = A Broadway revival of Hair opened in 1977 for a run of 43 performances . It was produced by Butler , directed by O 'Horgan and performed in the Biltmore Theater , where the original Broadway production had played . The cast included Ellen Foley , Annie Golden , Cleavant Derricks and Kristen Vigard . Newcomer Peter Gallagher left the ensemble during previews to take the role of Danny Zuko in a tour of Grease . Reviews were generally negative , and critics accused the production of " showing its gray " . Few major revivals of Hair followed until the early 1990s . A movie version of Hair , with a screenplay by Michael Weller , was directed by Miloš Forman and released in 1979 . Filmed primarily in New York City 's Central Park and Washington Square Park , the cast includes Treat Williams , Beverly D 'Angelo , John Savage , Foley and Golden . Several of the songs were deleted , and the film 's storyline departs significantly from the musical . The character of Claude is rewritten as an innocent draftee from Oklahoma , newly arrived in New York to join the military , and Sheila is a high @-@ society debutante who catches his eye . In perhaps the greatest diversion from the stage version , a mistake leads Berger to go to Vietnam in Claude 's place , where he is killed . Rado and Ragni were unhappy with the film , feeling that Forman portrayed the hippies as " oddballs " and " some sort of aberration " without any connection to the peace movement , failing to capture the essence of the original stage production . They stated : " Any resemblance between the 1979 film and the original Biltmore version , other than some of the songs , the names of the characters , and a common title , eludes us . " In their view , the screen version of Hair has not yet been produced . However , the film received generally favorable reviews . Writing in The New York Times , Vincent Canby called it " a rollicking musical memoir .... Weller 's inventions make this Hair seem much funnier than I remember the show 's having been . They also provide time and space for the development of characters who , on the stage , had to express themselves almost entirely in song .... [ T ] he entire cast is superb .... Mostly ... the film is a delight . " = = = 1980s and 1990s = = = A 20th anniversary concert event was held in May 1988 at the United Nations General Assembly to benefit children with AIDS . The event was sponsored by First Lady Nancy Reagan with Barbara Walters giving the night 's opening introduction . Rado , Ragni and MacDermot reunited to write nine new songs for the concert . The cast of 163 actors included former stars from various productions around the globe : Melba Moore , Ben Vereen , Treat Williams and Donna Summer , as well as guest performers Bea Arthur , Frank Stallone and Dr. Ruth Westheimer . Ticket prices ranged from $ 250 to $ 5 @,@ 000 and the proceeds went to the United States Committee for UNICEF and the Creo Society 's Fund for Children with AIDS . A 1985 production of Hair mounted in Montreal was reportedly the 70th professional production of the musical . In November 1988 , Michael Butler produced Hair at Chicago 's Vic Theater to celebrate the shows ' 20th anniversary . The production was well received and ran until February 1989 . From 1990 to 1991 , Pink Lace Productions ran a U.S. national tour of Hair that included stops in South Carolina , Georgia , Tennessee and Kentucky . After Ragni died in 1991 , MacDermot and Rado continued to write new songs for revivals through the 1990s . Hair Sarajevo , AD 1992 was staged during the Siege of Sarajevo as an appeal for peace . Rado directed a $ 1 million , 11 city national tour in 1994 that featured actor Luther Creek . With MacDermot returning to oversee the music , Rado 's tour celebrated the show 's 25th anniversary . A small 1990 " bus and truck " production of Hair toured Europe for over 3 years , and Rado directed various European productions from 1995 to 1999 . A production opened in Australia in 1992 and a short @-@ lived London revival starring John Barrowman and Paul Hipp opened at the Old Vic in London in 1993 , directed by Michael Bogdanov . While the London production was faithful to the original , a member of the production staff said the reason it " flopped " was because the tribe consisted of " Thatcher 's children who didn 't really get it " . Other productions were mounted around the world , including South Africa , where the show had been banned until the eradication of Apartheid . In 1996 , Butler brought a month @-@ long production to Chicago , employing the Pacific Musical Theater , a professional troupe in residence at California State University , Fullerton . Butler ran the show concurrently with the 1996 Democratic National Convention , echoing the last time the DNC was in Chicago : 1968 . A 30th Anniversary Off @-@ Off Broadway production was staged at Third Eye Repertory . It was directed by Shawn Rozsa . = = = 2000s and 2010s = = = In 2001 , the Reprise ! theatre company in Los Angeles performed Hair at the Wadsworth Theatre , starring Steven Weber as Berger , Sam Harris as Claude and Jennifer Leigh Warren as Sheila . That same year , Encores ! Great American Musicals in Concert ended its 2001 City Center season with a production of Hair starring Luther Creek , Idina Menzel and Tom Plotkin , and featuring Hair composer Galt MacDermot on stage playing the keyboards . An Actors ' Fund benefit of the show was performed for one night at the New Amsterdam Theater in New York City in 2004 . The Tribe included Shoshana Bean , Raul Esparza , Jim J. Bullock , Liz Callaway , Gavin Creel , Eden Espinosa , Harvey Fierstein , Ana Gasteyer , Annie Golden , Jennifer Hudson , Julia Murney , Jai Rodriguez , RuPaul , Michael McKean , Laura Benanti and Adam Pascal . In 2005 , a London production opened at the Gate Theatre , directed by Daniel Kramer . James Rado approved an updating of the musical 's script to place it in the context of the Iraq War instead of the Vietnam War . Kramer 's modernized interpretation included " Aquarius " sung over a megaphone in Times Square , and nudity that called to mind images from Abu Ghraib . In March 2006 , Rado collaborated with director Robert Prior for a CanStage production of Hair in Toronto , and a revival produced by Pieter Toerien toured South Africa in 2007 . Directed by Paul Warwick Griffin , with choreography by Timothy Le Roux , the show ran at the Montecasino Theatre in Johannesburg and at Theatre on the Bay in Cape Town . A two @-@ week run played at the Teatro Tapia in Old San Juan , Puerto Rico , in March 2010 , directed by Yinoelle Colón . Michael Butler produced Hair at the MET Theatre in Los Angeles from September 14 through December 30 , 2007 . The show was directed and choreographed by Bo Crowell , with musical direction from Christian Nesmith ( son of Michael Nesmith ) . Butler 's production of Hair won the LA Weekly Theater Award for Musical of the Year . For three nights in September 2007 , Joe 's Pub and the Public Theater presented a 40th anniversary production of Hair at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park . This concert version , directed by Diane Paulus , featured Jonathan Groff as Claude and Galt MacDermot on stage on the keyboards . The cast also included Karen Olivo as Sheila and Will Swenson as Berger . Actors from the original Broadway production joined the cast on stage during the encore of " Let the Sun Shine In . " Demand for the show was overwhelming , as long lines and overnight waits for tickets far exceeded that for other Delacorte productions such as Mother Courage and Her Children starring Meryl Streep and Kevin Kline . Nine months later , The Public Theater presented a fully staged production of Hair at the Delacorte in a limited run from July 22 , 2008 to September 14 , 2008 . Paulus again directed , with choreography by Karole Armitage . Groff and Swenson returned as Claude and Berger , together with others from the concert cast . Caren Lyn Manuel played Sheila , and Christopher J. Hanke replaced Groff as Claude on August 17 . Reviews were generally positive , with Ben Brantley of The New York Times writing that " this production establishes the show as more than a vivacious period piece . Hair , it seems , has deeper roots than anyone remembered " . Time magazine wrote : " Hair ... has been reinvigorated and reclaimed as one of the great milestones in musical @-@ theatre history . ... Today Hair seems , if anything , more daring than ever . " = = = = 2009 Broadway revival and 2010 U.S. National Tour = = = = The Public Theater production transferred to Broadway at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre , beginning previews on March 6 , 2009 , with an official opening on March 31 , 2009 . Paulus and Armitage again directed and choreographed , and most of the cast returned from the production in the park . A pre @-@ performance ticket lottery was held nightly for $ 25 box @-@ seat tickets . The opening cast included Gavin Creel as Claude , Will Swenson as Berger , Caissie Levy as Sheila , Megan Lawrence as Mom and Sasha Allen as Dionne . Designers included Scott Pask ( sets ) , Michael McDonald ( costumes ) and Kevin Adams ( lighting ) . Critical response was almost uniformly positive . The New York Daily News headline proclaimed " Hair Revival 's High Fun " . The review praised the daring direction , " colorfully kinetic " choreography and technical accomplishments of the show , especially the lighting , commening that " as a smile @-@ inducing celebration of life and freedom , [ Hair is ] highly communicable " ; but warning : " If you 're seated on the aisle , count on [ the cast ] to be in your face or your lap or ... braiding your tresses . " The New York Post wrote that the production " has emerged triumphant .... These days , the nation is fixated less on war and more on the economy . As a result , the scenes that resonate most are the ones in which the kids exultantly reject the rat race . " Variety enthused , " Director Diane Paulus and her prodigiously talented cast connect with the material in ways that cut right to the 1967 rock musical 's heart , generating tremendous energy that radiates to the rafters . ... What could have been mere nostalgia instead becomes a full @-@ immersion happening . ... If this explosive production doesn 't stir something in you , it may be time to check your pulse . " The Boston Globe dissented , saying that the production " felt canned " and " overblown " and that the revival " feels unbearably naive and unforgivably glib " . Ben Brantley , writing for The New York Times , reflected the majority , however , delivering a glowing review : Having moved indoors to Broadway from the Delacorte Theater ... the young cast members ... show no signs of becoming domesticated . On the contrary , they ’ re tearing down the house . ... This emotionally rich revival ... delivers what Broadway otherwise hasn 't felt this season : the intense , unadulterated joy and anguish of that bi @-@ polar state called youth . ... Karole Armitage 's happy hippie choreography , with its group gropes and mass writhing , looks as if it 's being invented on the spot . But there 's intelligent form within the seeming formlessness . ... [ Paulus finds ] depths of character and feeling in [ the 1968 show about kids ] frightened of how the future is going to change them and of not knowing what comes next . ... Every single ensemble member emerges as an individual . ... After the show I couldn ’ t stop thinking about what would happen to [ the characters ] . Mr. MacDermot 's music , which always had more pop than acid , holds up beautifully , given infectious life by the onstage band and the flavorfully blended voices of the cast . The Public Theater struggled to raise the $ 5 @.@ 5 million budgeted for the Broadway transfer , because of the severity of the economic recession in late 2008 , but it reached its goal by adding new producing partners . Director Diane Paulus helped keep costs low by using an inexpensive set . The show grossed a healthy $ 822 @,@ 889 in its second week . On April 30 , 2009 on the Late Show with David Letterman , the cast recreated a performance on the same stage at the Ed Sullivan Theater by the original tribe . The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical , the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical and the Drama League Award for Distinguished Revival of a Musical . Its cast album won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . By August 2009 , the revival had recouped its entire $ 5 @,@ 760 @,@ 000 investment , becoming one of the fastest @-@ recouping musicals in Broadway history . When the Broadway cast transferred to London for the 2010 West @-@ End revival , a mostly new tribe took over on Broadway on March 9 , 2010 , including former American Idol finalists Ace Young as Berger and Diana DeGarmo as Sheila . Kyle Riabko assumed the role of Claude , and Annaleigh Ashford played Jeanie . Sales decreased after the original cast transferred to London , and the revival closed on June 27 , 2010 after 29 previews and 519 regular performances . A U.S. National Tour of the production began on October 21 , 2010 . Principals included Steel Burkhardt as Berger , Paris Remillard as Claude and Caren Lyn Tackett as Sheila . The tour received mostly positive reviews . The show returned to Broadway for an engagement at the St. James Theatre from July 5 through September 10 , 2011 . After that stop , the tour resumed . The tour ended on January 29 , 2012 . = = = = 2010 West End revival = = = = The 2009 Broadway production was duplicated at the Gielgud Theatre in London 's West End . Previews began on April 1 , 2010 with an official opening on April 14 . The producers were the Public Theater , together with Cameron Mackintosh and Broadway Across America . Nearly all of the New York cast relocated to London . A new addition to the London cast was Luther Creek as Woof . The London revival closed on September 4 , 2010 . The production received mostly enthusiastic reviews . Michael Billington of The Guardian described it as " a vibrant , joyous piece of living theatre " , writing , " it celebrates a period when the joy of life was pitted against the forces of intolerance and the death @-@ dealing might of the military @-@ industrial complex . As Shakespeare once said : ' There 's sap in 't yet . ' " Charles Spencer in The Daily Telegraph agreed : " This is a timely and irresistibly vital revival of the greatest of all rock musicals . ... The verve and energy of the company ... is irresistible . " Michael Coveney of The Independent wrote that Hair is " one of the great musicals of all time , and a phenomenon that , I 'm relieved to discover , stands up as a period piece " . In The Times , Benedict Nightingale commented that " it 's exhilarating , as well as oddly poignant , when a multihued cast dressed in everything from billowing kaftans to Ruritanian army jackets race downstage while delivering that tuneful salute to an age of Aquarius that still refuses to dawn . " Quentin Letts was a dissenting voice in the Daily Mail . Though praising the performances and the production , he wrote : " by the end the fraudulence of the gaiety becomes sickening . There is a lack of truthfulness in Hair which may not have been apparent when it was first performed in New York City in 1967 but which , today , is unavoidable . " = = = = 2014 Hollywood Bowl = = = = In August 2014 , the musical was given a three @-@ night engagement at the Hollywood Bowl . Directed by Adam Shankman , the all @-@ star cast included Kristen Bell as Sheila , Hunter Parrish as Claude , Benjamin Walker as Berger , Amber Riley as Dionne , Jenna Ushkowitz as Jeanie , Sarah Hyland as Crissy , Mario as Hud , and Beverly D 'Angelo and Kevin Chamberlin as Claude 's parents . = = = International success = = = Hair has been performed in most of the countries of the world . After the Berlin Wall fell , the show traveled for the first time to Poland , Lebanon , the Czech Republic and Sarajevo ( featured on ABC 's Nightline with Ted Koppel , when Phil Alden Robinson visited that city in 1996 and discovered a production of Hair there in the midst of the war ) . In 1999 , Michael Butler and director Bo Crowell helped produce Hair in Russia at the Stas Namin Theatre located in Moscow 's Gorky Park . The Moscow production caused a similar reaction as the original did 30 years earlier because Russian soldiers were fighting in Chechnya at the time . Rado wrote in 2003 that the only places where the show had not been performed were " China , India , Vietnam , the Arctic and Antarctic continents as well as most African countries . " Since then , an Indian production has been mounted . = = Cultural impact = = = = = Popular culture = = = The New York Times noted , in 2007 , that " Hair was one of the last Broadway musicals to saturate the culture as shows from the golden age once regularly did . " Songs from the show continue to be recorded by major artists . In the 1990s , Evan Dando 's group The Lemonheads recorded " Frank Mills " for their 1992 record It 's A Shame About Ray , and Run DMC sampled " Where Do I Go " for their 1993 single " Down With the King " which went to # 1 on the Billboard rap charts and reached the top 25 in the Billboard Hot 100 chart . In 2004 , " Aquarius " was honored at number 33 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs . Songs from the musical have been featured in films and television episodes . For example , in the 2005 movie Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , the character Willy Wonka welcomed the children with lyrics from " Good Morning Starshine " . " Aquarius " was performed in the final episode of Laverne and Shirley in 1983 , where the character Carmine moves to New York City to become an actor , and auditions for Hair . " Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In " was also performed in the final scene in the film The 40 @-@ Year @-@ Old Virgin , and Three Dog Night 's recording of " Easy to Be Hard " was featured in the first part of David Fincher 's film Zodiac . On the Simpsons episode " The Springfield Files " , the townspeople , Leonard Nimoy , Chewbacca , Dana Scully and Fox Mulder all sing " Good Morning Starshine . " The episode " Hairography " of the show Glee includes a much @-@ criticized mash @-@ up of the songs " Hair " and " Crazy in Love " by Beyoncé . In addition , Head of the Class featured a two @-@ part episode in 1990 where the head of the English department is determined to disrupt the school 's performance of Hair . The continued popularity of Hair is seen in its number ten ranking in a 2006 BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the " [ United Kingdom ] ' s Number One Essential Musicals . " Because of the universality of its pacifist theme , Hair continues to be a popular choice for high @-@ school and university productions . Amateur productions of Hair are also popular worldwide . In 2002 , Peter Jennings featured a Boulder , Colorado , high school production of Hair for his ABC documentary series " In Search of America " . A September 2006 community theater production at the 2 @,@ 000 @-@ seat Count Basie Theater in Red Bank , New Jersey , was praised by original producer Michael Butler , who said it was " one of the best Hairs I have seen in a long time . " Another example of a recent large @-@ scale amateur production is the Mountain Play production at the 4 @,@ 000 @-@ seat Cushing Memorial Amphitheatre in Mount Tamalpais State Park in Mill Valley , California in the spring of 2007 . = = = Legacy = = = Hair was Broadway 's first concept musical , a form that dominated the musical theatre of the seventies , including shows like Company , Follies , Pacific Overtures and A Chorus Line . While the development of the concept musical was an unexpected consequence of Hair 's tenure on Broadway , the expected rock music revolution on Broadway turned out to be less than complete . MacDermot followed Hair with three successive rock scores : Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1971 ) ; Dude ( 1972 ) , a second collaboration with Ragni ; and Via Galactica ( 1972 ) . While Two Gentlemen of Verona found receptive audiences and a Tony for Best Musical , Dude failed after just sixteen performances , and Via Galactica flopped after a month . According to Horn , these and other such " failures may have been the result of producers simply relying on the label ' rock musical ' to attract audiences without regard to the quality of the material presented . " Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) and Godspell ( 1971 ) were two religiously themed successes of the genre . Grease ( 1971 ) reverted to the rock sounds of the 1950s , and black @-@ themed musicals like The Wiz ( 1975 ) were heavily influenced by gospel , R & B and soul music . By the late 1970s , the genre had played itself out . Except for a few outposts of rock , like Dreamgirls ( 1981 ) and Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) , audience tastes in the 1980s turned to megamusicals with pop scores , like Les Misérables ( 1985 ) and The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) . Some later rock musicals , such as Rent ( 1996 ) and Spring Awakening ( 2006 ) , as well as jukebox musicals featuring rock music , like We Will Rock You ( 2002 ) and Rock of Ages ( 2009 ) , have found success . But the rock musical did not quickly come to dominate the musical theatre stage after Hair . Critic Clive Barnes commented , " There really weren 't any rock musicals . No major rock musician ever did a rock score for Broadway . ... You might think of the musical Tommy , but it was never conceived as a Broadway show . ... And one can see why . There 's so much more money in records and rock concerts . I mean , why bother going through the pain of a musical which may close in Philadelphia ? " On the other hand , Hair had a profound effect not only on what was acceptable on Broadway , but as part of the very social movements that it celebrated . For example , in 1970 , Butler , Castelli and the various Hair casts contributed to fundraising for the World Youth Assembly , a United Nations @-@ sponsored organization formed in connection with the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the United Nations . The Assembly enabled 750 young representatives from around the world to meet in New York in July 1970 to discuss social issues . For about a week , cast members worldwide collected donations at every show for the fund . Hair raised around $ 250 @,@ 000 and ended up being the principal financier of the Assembly . Tribe members and Hair crews also contributed a days ' pay , and Butler contributed a days ' profits from these productions . Moreover , as Ellen Stewart , La MaMa 's founder , noted : Hair came with blue jeans , comfortable clothing , colors , beautiful colors , sounds , movement . ... And you can go to AT & T and see a secretary today , and she 's got on blue jeans . ... You can go anywhere you want , and what Hair did , it is still doing twenty years later .... A kind of emancipation , a spiritual emancipation that came from [ O 'Horgan 's ] staging . ... Hair until this date has influenced every single thing that you see on Broadway , off @-@ Broadway , off @-@ off @-@ Broadway , anywhere in the world , you will see elements of the experimental techniques that Hair brought not just to Broadway , but to the entire world . = The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge = " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " is the third episode of the second series of the British dark comedy anthology television programme Inside No. 9 . It was written by Reece Shearsmith and Steve Pemberton , and directed by Dan Zeff . It first aired on 9 April 2015 on BBC Two . The story follows a 17th @-@ century witch trial . Elizabeth Gadge , played by Ruth Sheen , stands accused of witchcraft by inhabitants of the village of Little Happens , including characters played by Sinead Matthews , Jim Howick , Paul Kaye and Trevor Cooper . Magistrate Sir Andrew Pike , played by David Warner , has summoned famed witch @-@ finders Mr Warren and Mr Clarke , played by Shearsmith and Pemberton , to try Elizabeth , but is more concerned with bringing people to the village than finding the truth . The episode was not intended to be a parody of period dramas , but instead to reflect the absurdity of real witch trials . To that end , the characters take the events of the episode seriously , which leads to much of the humour . The writers ' influences included Witchfinder General , The Crucible , Monty Python and Hammer Horror films , while the names of the witch @-@ finders were a tribute to actor Warren Clarke . Many critics responded positively to the episode , praising the humour — especially that deriving from the use of archaic language — the writing and the performances . Some , however , considered " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " of lower quality than the previous two episodes . = = Production = = The second series of Inside No. 9 was written in 2014 , and then filmed from the end of 2014 into early 2015 . The writing process for " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " began with Shearsmith 's suggestion of a witch trial as a plot idea , and the writers then worked out the details of the setting . The episode was filmed , mostly in story order , on location in a barn at the Chiltern Open Air Museum . The same location had previously been used for Doctor Who and Horrible Histories . In addition , concurrent with the filming of " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " , a Drunk History sketch starring Luke Pasqualino — a previous Inside No. 9 guest star — was being filmed nearby . Shot in December , " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " was the first episode of the second series to be filmed . The barn was extremely cold during filming ; Pemberton joked that , unlike on Titanic , they would not be digitally adding breath in the production process . " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " was written to mimic genuine witch trials , some transcripts of which Pemberton and Shearsmith had read as part of the writing process . The fixation of the characters on " teats " and " suckling " , for instance , was something Shearsmith had seen in authentic trials . One writing challenge concerned the need for new information to be revealed with each of the trial 's witnesses ; this is what shaped the structure of the script . For Shearsmith , given that the trials were already absurd , they cannot be parodied . The humour of the episode , for him , comes precisely from the fact that the characters take the events so seriously , and do not see this absurdity . Pemberton said that the pair aimed for authenticity , and did not seek to produce a spoof of a period piece . To that end , he was complimentary of Yves Barr , a costume designer with whom the writers had worked for a number of years , who did " a fantastic job creating this period on a shoestring " . Given that , in his view , " people don 't do this period " , Shearsmith was excited to film something set in the 17th century . The episode was the only period piece in the first two series , but the writers expressed willingness to do another ; they felt that the setting showed that they really could go anywhere with the programme . As each episode of Inside No. 9 features new characters , the writers were able to attract actors who might have been unwilling to commit to an entire series . " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " starred Pemberton and Shearsmith as Mr Warren and Mr Clarke respectively , along with David Warner as Sir Andrew Pike and Ruth Sheen as Elizabeth Gadge . Warner had previously worked with Pemberton and Shearsmith on The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse , and the writers thought him very well @-@ suited to the role as Sir Andrew Pike . Shearsmith considered Sheen a very capable actress , and complimented the way she played Gadge as a serious character ; Pemberton felt she added " gravitas " to the role . Sinead Matthews starred as Sarah Nutter , Jim Howick as Thomas Nutter , Paul Kaye as Richard Two @-@ Shoes , and Trevor Cooper as George Waterhouse . Shearsmith was particularly pleased to have Howick appearing in the episode . As he had appeared in Horrible Histories , he added , for Shearsmith , " a weight of royalty " . The " comic coupling " of Howick and Matthews had characters who were originally , mistakenly , named " Gadge " , but this did not fit with the characters ' relationship with the titular Elizabeth . The couple were renamed " Nutter " , a reference to Alice Nutter of the real @-@ world Pendle witch trials . In addition to the credited actors , the crew had a crowd of extras for one day of filming . Around 12 extras were used ; budget constraints allowed this number for a day , or five extras for two days . This constraint led to a change in the script , seeing the crowd removed from the trial . Although uncredited , Goody Two @-@ Shoes was played by an actress who had appeared in Psychoville , one of Pemberton and Shearsmith 's previous productions , as Joanne Dunderdale , an understudy . The writers were complimentary of Cooper 's performance ; they said that he was almost " conducting " the crowd of extras , in that they were noisy when he was shouting , and quiet when he stopped . In addition to the use of visual effects , the closing sequence required ADR due to the sound of rain on the original filming . The visual effects were the director Dan Zeff 's idea , and the writers were pleased that they were within budget . They also serve to tie the final shot to the opening shot of the episode , as both feature a raven . Scenes that were cut down in the editing process included the initial meeting between the witchfinders — Warren and Clarke — and Sir Andrew Pike , and a private discussion between Warren and Clarke after the first day of the trial . The extended versions of the scenes featured an explanation about the Devil being found in everyday objects and a discussion about the stages of torture respectively . Shearsmith expressed frustration that these extra scenes could not be included on the DVD release . = = Plot = = In 17th century England , the magistrate Sir Andrew Pike ( Warner ) summons the witch @-@ finders Mr Warren ( Shearsmith ) and Mr Clarke ( Pemberton ) to the village of Little Happens . Elizabeth Gadge ( Sheen ) has been accused of witchcraft , and Pike is excited that the news has attracted the attention of outsiders . Pike and Warren already seem convinced of Gadge 's guilt , but Clarke remains sceptical . Elizabeth 's case is brought to trial the following morning , with the assistance of the cobbler Richard Two @-@ Shoes ( Kaye ) . Elizabeth 's daughter Sarah ( Matthews ) and son @-@ in @-@ law Thomas Nutter ( Howick ) testify that they have witnessed Elizabeh sucking from the teat of a furry creature , and speaking to a mouse ( believed to be a demon ) . Elizabeth claims that Sarah and Thomas have falsely accused her , and want to be rid of her to make room in their house . George Waterhouse ( Cooper ) testifies against Elizabeth , and the accused is questioned . When others in the courtroom begin laughing at her responses , Warren declares that the next person to laugh will be executed as a witch . After an argument breaks out , the witch @-@ finders and Pike decide that the rest of the trial should be conducted in private . Elizabeth is pricked with a needle to test her for the devil 's mark . A remorseful Sarah tries to profess her mother 's innocence , but Warren does not believe her . Elizabeth confesses that she has been prostituting herself to Two @-@ Shoes , who wears a fur coat , but Two @-@ Shoes denies this , and the trial is adjourned . Throughout proceedings , Warren is accusatory while Clarke is more cautious ; Pike , meanwhile , is fascinated both by the lewd acts in which Elizabeth has supposedly engaged and by the witch @-@ finders ' torturous implements . Clarke privately tells Warren that he thinks Elizabeth is innocent and that he is not sure that the pair are doing God 's work . Warren threatens that Clarke himself will be tried and convicted if he objects further . The trial resumes — Elizabeth having been tortured overnight — and Elizabeth 's mouse , Snowflake , is released , so that it might lead them to the witch . Warren has sprinkled crumbs in front of Elizabeth . When Snowflake approaches Elizabeth , Pike declares her a witch , and sentences her to be burned . Thomas and Sarah later say goodbye to a hooded and bound Elizabeth , who awaits execution . Clarke dismisses them . He removes the hood from the figure to reveal that he has bound Warren in Elizabeth 's place ; Clarke believes Warren has been tainted with evil , and that the latter is no longer doing God 's work . Clarke puts back the hood , and Pike enters , happy that the trial has seen a revival of trade and visitors to the village . Warren is taken away to be burnt . Clarke releases the real Elizabeth , but she reveals that she truly is a witch ; she breaks Clarke 's neck , killing him . There are sounds of excitement from outside as flames light Elizabeth 's face . She tells Snowflake that she will go to her master , then transforms into a raven and leaves . = = Analysis = = " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " is a period piece tribute to Witchfinder General , The Blood on Satan 's Claw and The Crucible , while the names " Warren " and " Clarke " are a homage to British actor Warren Clarke , who , at time of production and airing , had recently died . The names were selected prior to Clarke 's death — specifically because they were amusing but period appropriate , and not because the actor had any link to the episode 's themes — but the writers chose to keep them as a tribute upon the death of Clarke , with whom Shearsmith had previously worked . The style and humour is reminiscent of Horrible Histories and Monty Python . For instance , one scene was directly inspired by the " laughing guard " scene in Monty Python 's Life of Brian . Pemberton and Shearsmith themselves , however , did not consider the episode to be particularly reminiscent of Monty Python . The humour is childish , but many of the jokes are " bawdy " and " adult " . Though one critic said that the episode was " the first straight @-@ up comedic episode of the second series " , another said that the episode 's humour was balanced with tragedy and poignancy , arguing that the whole episode has an element of horror . This was especially true given that the story reflects actual happenings ; the depiction of torture was described as " genuinely upsetting " . Despite the sole setting of the barn , the episode evokes a degree of folk horror . " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " was described by Jonathan Wright ( The Guardian ) and Phoebe Jane @-@ Boyd ( Den of Geek ) as like a Hammer Horror film with added humour , and writers for the Irish Examiner said that the episode should appeal to both horror and comedy fans . Given that Gadge is revealed to actually be a witch , Howick asked Shearsmith whether the former 's character , Thomas , truly had witnessed Gadge engaging in some kind of supernatural activity . Shearsmith suggested that Thomas was motivated by greed . However , he begins to regret his choice when he witnesses Gadge being tortured . Pemberton , though , noted that the real @-@ life accusations of witchcraft must have been based on some level of belief . = = Reception = = Critics generally responded warmly to the episode , but some felt it compared poorly to others in the series . David Chater , writing for The Times , felt that " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " was dissimilar from any previous episode of Inside No. 9 , but that it was " equally accomplished " , while in sister publication The Sunday Times , critics suggested that the change in style showed the writers ' versatility . Neela Debnath , writing for The Independent , called " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " a " hilariously dark little half @-@ hour of quintessentially British comedy " . Rupert Hawksley , writing for The Daily Telegraph , was more critical . He awarded " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " three out of five stars , saying that " despite a starry cast and a delightful twist and counter @-@ twist , [ the episode ] was nothing like as effective " as " La Couchette " and " The 12 Days of Christine " , the previous two episodes of the series . The episode , he claimed , was indicative of a " mid @-@ series lull " . The freelance journalist Dan Owen felt the episode was " entertaining fare , but too predictable and clichéd to prove genuinely memorable " , awarding it two out of four stars . He , too , said the episode felt like " a mid @-@ series misstep " . Shearsmith was unhappy with those who thought the episode a " dud " or a " misfire " , confessing that it was his favourite episode of the second series . Pemberton felt it was going to be difficult to follow " The 12 Days of Christine " , but Shearsmith was of the view that the episodes should not be in competition with each other . The episode 's humour was praised by the majority of commentators . Julia Raeside , writing for The Guardian , said the writers " managed to pull together a loving tribute to [ their ] cult horror source material with an all @-@ out gag rate that most sitcoms would fail to keep up with " , claiming that " they get the look and tone just right and then inject it with the kind of comedy that is perfectly tailored to puncture the fictional world without deflating it " . Similarly , Debnath felt that the jokes ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, William M. Gray and their associates at CSU , Tropical Storm Risk , and the United Kingdom 's Met Office . The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms , hurricanes , and major hurricanes within a particular year . As stated by NOAA and CSU , an average Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained roughly 12 tropical storms , 6 hurricanes , 3 major hurricanes , and an Accumulated Cyclone Energy ( ACE ) Index of 66 – 103 units . NOAA typically categorizes a season as either above @-@ average , average , or below @-@ average based on the cumulative ACE Index ; however , the number of tropical storms , hurricanes , and major hurricanes within a hurricane season is considered occasionally as well . = = = Pre @-@ season forecasts = = = On December 7 , 2011 , Tropical Storm Risk ( TSR ) , a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance , risk management , and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London , issued an extended @-@ range forecast predicting an above @-@ average hurricane season . In its report , TSR noted that tropical cyclone activity could be about 49 % above the 1950 – 2010 average , with 14 @.@ 1 ( ± 4 @.@ 2 ) tropical storms , 6 @.@ 7 ( ± 3 @.@ 0 ) hurricanes , and 3 @.@ 3 ( ± 1 @.@ 6 ) major hurricanes anticipated , and a cumulative ACE index of 117 ( ± 58 ) . Later that month on December 21 , Weather Services International ( WSI ) issued an extended @-@ range forecast predicting a near average hurricane season . In its forecast , WSI noted that a cooler North Atlantic Oscillation not seen in a decade , combined with weakening La Niña , would result in a near @-@ average season with 12 named storms , 7 hurricanes , and 3 major hurricanes . They also predicted a near @-@ average probability of a hurricane landfall , with a slightly elevated chance on the Gulf Coast of the United States and a slightly reduced chance along the East Coast of the United States . On April 4 , 2012 , Colorado State University ( CSU ) issued their updated forecast for the season , calling for a below @-@ normal season due to an increased chance for the development of an El Niño during the season . In April 2012 , TSR issued their update forecast for the season , slightly revising down their predictions as well . On May 24 , 2012 , NOAA released their forecast for the season , predicting a near @-@ normal season , with nine to fifteen named storms , four to eight hurricanes , and one to three major hurricanes . NOAA based its forecast on higher wind shear , cooler temperatures in the Main Development Region of the Eastern Atlantic , and the continuance of the " high activity " era – known as the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation warm phase – which began in 1995 . Gerry Bell , lead seasonal forecaster at NOAA 's Climate Prediction Center , added the main uncertainty in the outlook was how much below or above the 2012 season would be , and whether the high end of the predicted range is reached dependent on whether El Niño develops or stays in its current Neutral phase . That same day , the United Kingdom Met Office ( UKMO ) issued a forecast of a below @-@ average season . They predicted 10 named storms with a 70 % chance that the number would be between 7 and 13 . However , they do not issue forecasts on the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes . They also predicted an ACE index of 90 with a 70 % chance that the index would be in the range 28 to 152 . On May 30 , 2012 , the Florida State University for Ocean @-@ Atmospheric Prediction Studies ( FSU COAPS ) issued its annual Atlantic hurricane season forecast . The organization predicted 13 named storms , including 7 hurricanes , and an ACE index of 122 . = = = Mid @-@ season outlooks = = = On June 1 , Klotzbach 's team issued their updated forecast for the 2012 season , predicting thirteen named storms and five hurricanes , of which two of those five would further intensify into major hurricanes . The university stated that there was a high amount of uncertainty concerning whether or not an El Niño would develop in time to hinder tropical development in the Atlantic basin . They also stated there was a lower than average chance of a major hurricane impacting the United States coastline in 2012 . On June 6 , Tropical Storm Risk released their second updated forecast for the season , predicting fourteen named storms , six hurricanes , and three major hurricanes . In addition , the agency called for an Accumulated Cyclone Energy index of 100 . Near @-@ average sea surface temperatures and slightly elevated trade winds for cited for lower activity compared to the 2010 and 2011 hurricane seasons . Tropical Storm Risk continued with their forecast of a near @-@ average probability of a United States impact during the season using the 1950 – 2011 long @-@ term normal , but a slightly below @-@ average chance of a United States landfall by the recent 2002 – 2011 normal . On August 9 , 2012 , the NOAA issued their mid @-@ season outlook for the remainder of the 2012 season , upping their final numbers . The agency predicted between twelve and seventeen named storms , five to eight hurricanes , and two to three major hurricanes . Gerry Bell cited warmer @-@ than @-@ normal sea surface temperatures and the continuation of the high activity era across the Atlantic basin since 1995 . = = Season summary = = The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 2012 . It was an above average season in which 19 tropical cyclones formed . All nineteen depressions attained tropical storm status , and ten of these became hurricanes . Two hurricanes further intensified into major hurricanes . The season was above average most likely because of neutral conditions in the Pacific Ocean . Three hurricanes and three tropical storms made landfall during the season and caused 354 deaths and 68 billion in damage . Additionally , Hurricanes Leslie and Rafael also caused losses and fatalities , though neither struck land . The last storm of the season , dissipated on October 29 , over a month before the official end of hurricane season on November 30 . Tropical cyclogenesis began in the month of May , with Tropical Storms Alberto and Beryl . This was the first occurrence of two pre @-@ season tropical storms in the Atlantic since 1951 . Additionally , Beryl is regarded as the strongest pre @-@ season tropical cyclone landfall in the United States on record . In June , there were also two systems , Hurricane Chris and Tropical Storm Debby . However , no tropical cyclones developed in the month of July , the first phenomenon since 2009 . Activity resumed on August 1 , with the development of Hurricane Ernesto . With a total of eight tropical storms in August , this ties the record set in 2004 . There were only two tropical cyclones that formed in September , though three systems that existed in that month originated in August . Michael became the first major hurricane of the season on September 6 , when it peaked as a Category 3 hurricane . Hurricane Nadine developed September 10 and became extratropical on September 21 . However , Nadine re @-@ developed on September 23 and subsequently lasted until October 3 . With a total duration of 24 days , Nadine was the fourth @-@ longest lasting Atlantic tropical cyclone on record , behind the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane , Hurricane Ginger in 1971 , and Hurricane Inga in 1969 . In October , there were five tropical cyclones – Tropical Storms Oscar , Patty , and Tony – as well as Hurricanes Rafael and Sandy . This was well average , yet not record activity for the month of October . Hurricane Sandy outlived the final named storm , Tony , and became extratropical on October 29 , ending cyclonic activity in the 2012 season . = = = Accumulated Cyclone Energy ( ACE ) = = = The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 133 , which was well above the 1981 – 2010 average of 92 . Broadly speaking , ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed . Therefore , a storm was a long duration , such as Nadine , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , such as Michael , will have high values of ACE . It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) . Accordingly , tropical depressions are not included here . After the storm has dissipated , typically after the end of the season , the NHC reexamines the data , and produces a final report on each storm . These revisions can lead to a revised ACE total either upward or downward compared to the operational value . Until the final reports are issued , ACEs are , therefore , provisional . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Storm Alberto = = = On May 18 , a non @-@ tropical area of low pressure formed from a stationary front offshore the Carolinas , becoming stationary just offshore of South Carolina while producing organized convective activity over the next day . It quickly gained tropical characteristics over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream , and by 1200 UTC on May 19 , the system became Tropical Storm Alberto . Alberto was the first named storm to form during May in the Atlantic basin since Arthur in 2008 . Combined with Aletta , this was the first such occurrence where more than one tropical cyclone in both the Atlantic and East Pacific – located east of 140 ° W – attained tropical storm intensity prior to the start of their respective hurricane seasons . At 2250 UTC on May 19 , a ship near Alberto reported winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) , indicating the storm was stronger than previously assessed . Early on May 20 , a minimum barometric pressure of 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) was reported . Little strengthening occurred over the next few hours , and in fact , slight weakening occurred that night as southeasterly shear and dry air began to impact the system , leaving the center exposed to the east of the circulation . After remaining a minimal tropical storm for about 24 hours , the storm weakened to a tropical depression early on May 22 as it moved northeastward out to sea . Early on May 22 , Alberto degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure after failing to maintain convection . At the time , it was located about 170 miles ( 270 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . While the storm was active , Alberto produced 3 to 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 to 1 @.@ 52 m ) waves , prompting several ocean rescues . = = = Tropical Storm Beryl = = = On May 22 , a weak disturbance formed southwest of Cuba . The disturbance moved north as it became a low @-@ pressure system on May 25 . It was located offshore of North Carolina and it developed into Subtropical Storm Beryl on May 26 . The storm slowly acquired tropical characteristics as it tracked across warmer waters and an environment of decreasing vertical wind shear . Late on May 27 , Beryl transitioned into a tropical cyclone less than 120 miles ( 190 km ) from North Florida . Around that time , the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 992 mbar ( 29 @.@ 3 inHg ) . Early on May 28 , it made landfall near Jacksonville Beach , Florida , with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . The storm was the strongest pre @-@ season tropical cyclone to make landfall on record . It quickly weakened to a tropical depression , dropping heavy rainfall while moving slowly across the Southeastern United States . A cold front turned Beryl to the northeast , and the storm became extratropical on May 30 , while located near the southeast coast of North Carolina . The precursor to Beryl produced heavy rainfall in Cuba , causing flooding and mudslides which damaged or destroyed 1 @,@ 156 homes and resulted in two deaths . Torrential rain affected South Florida and the Bahamas . After forming , Beryl produced rough surf along the US southeastern coast , leaving one person from Folly Beach , South Carolina missing . Upon making landfall in Florida , the storm produced strong winds that left 38 @,@ 000 people without power . High rains alleviated drought conditions and put out wildfires along the storm 's path . A fallen tree killed a man driving in Orangeburg County , South Carolina . In northeast North Carolina , Beryl spawned an EF1 tornado that snapped trees and damaged dozens of homes near the city of Peletier . Overall damage was minor , estimated at $ 148 @,@ 000 . = = = Hurricane Chris = = = On June 17 , a low pressure area cut off from a stationary frontal boundary near Bermuda . Due to warm seas and light wind shear , the system became Subtropical Storm Chris on June 19 . After deep convection became persistent , the National Hurricane Center reclassified it as Tropical Storm Chris on June 19 . Despite being over ocean temperatures of 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , it strengthened into a hurricane on June 21 . Later that day , Chris peaked with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 974 mbar ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) . After encountering colder waters , it weakened back to a tropical storm on June 22 . Chris transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 1200 UTC , after interacting with another extratropical low pressure area to its south . The precursor of Chris produced several days of rainfall in Bermuda from June 14 to 17 , totaling 3 @.@ 41 in ( 87 mm ) at the L.F. Wade International Airport . On June 15 , the system produced heavy precipitation , reaching 2 @.@ 59 in ( 66 mm ) at the same location , a daily record . Combined with high tides , localized flooding occurred in poor drainage areas , especially in Mills Creek . Sustained winds peaked at 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) and gusts reached 64 mph ( 103 km / h ) . On June 17 , as the system was rapidly organizing , gale warnings were issued for the island of Bermuda . After transitioning into an extratropical cyclone , the pressure gradient associated with Chris and a nearby non @-@ tropical low produced gale @-@ force winds over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . Additionally , swells in the area reached 10 to 13 ft ( 3 to 4 m ) . Until 2016 , Chris was the earliest named " C " storm in recorded history , however , when Tropical Storm Colin formed on June 5 , 2016 , that record was broken . = = = Tropical Storm Debby = = = A trough of low pressure in the central Gulf of Mexico developed into Tropical Storm Debby at 1200 UTC on June 23 , while located about 290 miles ( 470 km ) south @-@ southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River . Despite a projected track toward landfall in Louisiana or Texas , the storm headed the opposite direction , moving slowly north @-@ northeast or northeastward . It steadily strengthened , and at 1800 UTC on June 25 , the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 990 mbar ( 29 inHg ) . Dry air , westerly wind shear , and upwelling prevented further intensification . Instead , Debby weakened , and late on June 26 , it was a minimal tropical storm . At 2100 UTC , the storm made landfall near Steinhatchee , Florida with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Debby continued to weaken while crossing Florida and became extratropical on June 27 . Its remnants shortly after emerge into the Atlantic and finally dissipated on June 30 . Tropical Storm Debby dropped immense amounts of precipitation near its path . Rainfall peaked at 28 @.@ 78 inches ( 731 mm ) in Curtis Mill , Florida , located in southwestern Wakulla County . The Sopchoppy River , which reached its record height , flooded at least 400 structures in Wakulla County . Additionally , the Suwannee River reached its highest level since Hurricane Dora in 1964 . Further south in Pasco County , the Anclote River and Pithlachascotee River overflowed , flooding communities with " head deep " water and causing damage to 106 homes . An additional 587 homes were inundated after the Black Creek overflowed in Clay County . Several roads and highways in North Florida were left impassable , Interstate 10 and U.S. Route 90 . Coastal flooding also inundated U.S. Routes 19 and 98 . In Central and South Florida , damage was primarily caused by tornadoes , one of which caused a fatality . Overall , Debby resulted in at least $ 210 million in losses and 10 deaths , 8 in Florida and one each in Alabama and South Carolina . = = = Hurricane Ernesto = = = A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Five on August 1 , while located about 810 miles ( 1 @,@ 305 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . Wind shear initially caused the depression to remain weak , though by August 2 , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Ernesto . The next day , Ernesto entered the Caribbean Sea . As the storm approached the western Caribbean on August 5 , wind shear and dry air briefly halted strengthening ; convection diminished , exposing the low @-@ level circulation , which had become somewhat less defined . After the wind shear and dry air decreased , Ernesto regained deep convection and became a hurricane on August 6 . Early on August 8 , it made landfall in Costa Maya , Quintana Roo as with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . A few hours later , a minimum barometric pressure of 973 mbar ( 28 @.@ 7 inHg ) was recorded . After weakening to a tropical storm and moving into the Bay of Campeche , the storm struck Coatzacoalcos , Veracruz on August 9 . It weakened over Mexico and dissipated on August 10 . The remnants contributed to the development of Tropical Storm Hector in the eastern Pacific . Despite light rainfall and gusty winds on islands such as Barbados , Martinique , and Puerto Rico , impact from Ernesto in the Lesser Antilles was negligible . Rip currents along the coast of the Florida Panhandle resulted in at least 10 lifeguard rescues at Pensacola Beach , while a portion of a store in the same city was washed away . In Mexico , officials reported that 85 @,@ 000 people in Majahual lost power ; roads were damaged elsewhere in state of Quintana Roo . Freshwater flooding occurred along the coast of the Bay of Campeche , including in Coatzacoalcos , Veracruz . Flooding and several landslides lashed mountainous areas of Veracruz , Puebla , and Oaxaca . Officials indicated that 10 @,@ 000 houses were partially damaged by flooding in Veracruz . Flooding occurred well inland in association with the remnants of Ernesto . In Guerrero , at least 81 municipalities were impacted and 5 fatalities were reported . Overall , Ernesto was responsible for 12 deaths and about $ 174 million in damage . = = = Tropical Storm Florence = = = Early on August 2 , a well @-@ defined tropical wave , although accompanied with disorganized convection , exited the west coast of Africa . Located in a region of low wind shear and warm waters of 79 – 81 ° F ( 26 – 27 ° C ) , a low pressure area developed and became increasingly better defined as it drifted west @-@ northwest . Due to a further organized appearance on microwave and geostationary satellite imagery , it is estimated Tropical Depression Six formed at 1800 UTC on August 3 , while located about 130 miles ( 210 km ) south @-@ southwest of the southernmost islands of Cape Verde . After formation , a subsequent increase in wind shear led to slow organization ; despite this , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Florence at 0600 UTC the following day . A central dense overcast pattern and prominent spiral banding developed later on August 4 , indicating that the storm was strengthening . At 0000 UTC on August 5 , Florence attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 002 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . However , weakening soon occurred as dry air diminished the coverage and intensity of convection . Early on August 6 , Florence was downgraded to a tropical depression . The low @-@ level circulation subsequently became exposed and the cyclone degenerated into a non @-@ convective remnant area of low pressure at 1200 UTC , while located about midway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles . = = = Tropical Storm Helene = = = A well @-@ defined tropical wave crossed the west coast of Africa on August 5 . It fluctuated in convective organization over the next four days . Late on August 9 , the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Seven , while located about midway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles . While moving rapidly westward , the depression began disorganizing due to southwesterly wind shear . The depression degenerated into an open tropical wave on August 10 , after a Hurricane Hunters flight failed to locate a closed circulation . Thus , the depression degenerated into an open tropical wave . The remnant tropical wave produced heavy rainfall in Trinidad and Tobago , causing flooding and mudslides in Diego Martin on island of Trinidad . Two fatalities , as well as widespread damage resulted from the flooding and mudslides , with losses exceeding TT $ 109 million ( US $ 17 million ) . The remnants were monitored for possible redevelopment over the following days ; however , on August 14 , the system moved inland over Central America and was no longer expected to regenerate . Despite earlier predictions , the remnants of the storm moved over the Bay of Campeche and began to consolidate on August 16 . A Hurricane Hunter aircraft into the system indicated that it regenerated into a tropical depression at 1200 UTC on August 17 , just six hours before strengthening into Tropical Storm Helene . Shortly thereafter , it peaked with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 004 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . Early on August 18 , Helene weakened back to a tropical depression while moving northwestward . At 1200 UTC it made landfall near Tampico , Tamaulipas , Mexico . Helene quickly weakened and dissipated at 0000 UTC on August 19 . In Mexico , Helene brought moderate rains to areas previously affected by Hurricane Ernesto . Two communities within the city of Veracruz reported street flooding . = = = Hurricane Gordon = = = A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on August 10 . After passing over Cape Verde , it moved generally west @-@ northwestward and crossed a region of colder seas . As a result , tropical cyclogenesis was impeded and convective activity remained minimal . As the low pressure system turned to a more northerly direction , it reentered warmer waters . The environment was favorable for further organization , and the system attained deeper convection and a better @-@ defined circulation . It is estimated that Tropical Depression Eight developed at 1200 UTC on August 15 , while located about 690 miles ( 1 @,@ 110 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . The depression strengthened , and approximately twelve hours later , became Tropical Storm Gordon . After becoming a tropical storm on August 15 , Gordon turned eastward and continued to intensify due to relatively light wind shear . By August 18 , it was upgraded to a hurricane . The storm peaked with winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 965 mbar ( 28 @.@ 5 inHg ) on the following day , before weakening from colder ocean temperatures and increasing shear . At 0530 UTC August 20 , Gordon struck Santa Maria Island in the Azores , about six and a half hours before weakening to a tropical storm . Later that day , it transitioned into an extratropical low pressure area . Several homes sustained broken doors and windows , and streets were covered with fallen trees . Some areas temporarily lost power when the storm moved over , though electricity was restored hours later . Torrential rains triggered localized flooding , as well as a few landslides . = = = Hurricane Isaac = = = A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Nine at 0600 UTC on August 21 , while located about 720 miles ( 1 @,@ 160 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . The depression headed just north of due west and twelve hours later , strengthened into Tropical Storm Isaac . After intensifying somewhat further , Isaac passed through the Leeward Islands on August 22 . A few islands reported tropical storm force winds and light rainfall , but no damage occurred . Unfavorable conditions , primarily dry air , as well as a reformation of the center caused Isaac to remain disorganized in the eastern Caribbean Sea . Early on August 25 , it made landfall near Jacmel , Haiti as a strong tropical storm . Strong winds and heavy rain impacted numerous camps set up after the 2010 Haiti earthquake , with about 6 @,@ 000 people losing shelter . Approximately 1 @,@ 000 houses were destroyed , resulting in about $ 8 million in damage ; there were 24 deaths confirmed . In neighboring Dominican Republic , 864 houses were damaged and cross loses reached approximately $ 30 million ; five deaths were reported . Isaac became slightly disorganized over Haiti and re @-@ emerged into the Caribbean Sea later on August 25 , hours before striking Guantánamo Province , Cuba with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . There , 6 homes were destroyed and 91 sustained damage . Later on August 25 , Isaac emerged into the southwestern Atlantic Ocean over the Bahama Banks . Initially , the storm posed a threat to Florida and the 2012 Republican National Convention , but passed to the southwest late on August 26 . However , its outerbands spawned tornadoes and dropped isolated areas of heavy rainfall , causing severe local flooding , especially in Palm Beach County . Neighborhoods in The Acreage , Loxahatchee , Royal Palm Beach , and Wellington were left stranded for up to several days . Tornadoes in the state destroyed 1 structure and caused damage to at least 102 others . Isaac reached the Gulf of Mexico and began a strengthening trend , reaching hurricane status on August 28 . At 0000 UTC on the following day , the storm made landfall near the mouth of the Mississippi River in Louisiana with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Three hours later , a dropsonde reported a barometric pressure of 965 mbar ( 28 @.@ 5 inHg ) . Isaac briefly moved offshore , but made another landfall near Port Fourchon with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) at 0800 UTC on August 29 . A combination of storm surge , strong winds , and heavy rainfall left 901 @,@ 000 homes without electricity , caused damage to 59 @,@ 000 houses , and resulted in losses to about 90 % of sugarcane crops . Thousands of people required rescuing from their homes and vehicles due to flooding . The New Orleans area was relatively unscathed , due to levees built after hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 . Isaac slowly weakened while moving inland , and dissipated over Missouri on September 1 . The remnants of Isaac continued generally eastward over southern Illinois before moving southward over Kentucky . On September 3 , the mid @-@ level circulation of the storm split into two parts , with one portion continuing southward into the Gulf of Mexico and the other eastward over Ohio . The remnants brought rainfall to some areas impacted by an ongoing drought . Throughout the United States , damage reached about $ 2 @.@ 35 billion and there were 9 fatalities , most of which was incurred within the state of Louisiana . = = = Tropical Storm Joyce = = = A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on August 19 . The system produced sporadic and disorganized convection for a few days while it moved westward across the eastern tropical Atlantic . Late on August 21 , a well @-@ defined surface low developed in association with the tropical wave , though the associated deep convection was not sufficiently organized . However , by 0600 UTC on August 22 , the system organized enough to be designated Tropical Depression Ten , while located about 690 miles ( 1 @,@ 110 km ) west @-@ southwest of Cape Verde . The depression was steered toward the west @-@ northwest along the southern periphery of a deep @-@ layer subtropical ridge . Initially , the depression was within a region of with light southwesterly shear , 81 – 82 ° F ( 27 – 28 ° C ) seas , and modestly moist mid @-@ level air . Under these conditions , the depression intensified slowly , becoming Tropical Storm Joyce at 1200 UTC on August 23 . Later that day , Joyce peaked with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 006 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . However , deep convection soon began to diminish around 0000 UTC on August 24 , when the system weakened to a tropical depression . An environment of dry air , coupled with an increase of southwesterly vertical shear induced primarily by an upper @-@ level low to the northwest of Joyce , continued to adversely affect the storm on August 24 . Joyce degenerated into a remnant low pressure area around 1200 UTC that day and dissipated shortly thereafter . = = = Hurricane Kirk = = = A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the coast of Africa on August 22 , accompanied by a broad area of low pressure . The system moved slowly westward , and the associated convective activity began organizing on August 24 near Cape Verde . However , little additional development occurred during the next three days as the circulation of the low was elongated and poorly defined . The system turned northwestward late on August 25 and continued in that direction until August 27 . Despite the presence of vertical wind shear , convection became more concentrated . The circulation became better @-@ defined , indicating that Tropical Depression Eleven developed at 1800 UTC on August 28 , while located about 1 @,@ 290 miles ( 2 @,@ 080 km ) southwest of the western Azores . The depression initially moved westward before turning northwestward on August 29 in response to a weakness in the subtropical ridge . Minimal intensification was predicted , due to dry air and wind shear . It strengthened into Tropical Storm Kirk on the following day , but persistent wind shear slowed intensification . After a decrease in shear , Kirk quickly strengthened into a hurricane on August 30 . A small eye appeared in satellite imagery on August 31 as the storm peaked with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar ( 29 inHg ) . Kirk weakened later that day while moving northward through a break in the subtropical ridge . On September 1 , it fell to tropical storm intensity while recurving into the westerlies . Accelerating northeastward , Kirk weakened further due to increasing shear and decreasing sea surface temperatures . At 0000 UTC September 3 , it merged with a frontal system located about 1 @,@ 035 miles ( 1 @,@ 665 km ) north of the Azores . = = = Hurricane Leslie = = = A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Twelve while located nearly 1 @,@ 500 miles ( 2 @,@ 400 km ) east of the Leeward Islands on August 30 . About six hours later , it strengthened into Tropical Storm Leslie . Tracking steadily west @-@ northwestward , it slowly intensified due to only marginally favorable conditions . By September 2 , the storm curved north @-@ northwestward while located north of the Leeward Islands . Thereafter , a blocking pattern over Atlantic Canada caused Leslie to drift for four days . Late on September 5 , Leslie was upgraded to a hurricane , shortly before strengthening to its peaking intensity with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 968 mbar ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) . However , due to its slow movement , the storm caused upwelling , which decreased ocean temperatures , weakening Leslie to a tropical storm on September 7 . The storm drifted until September 9 , when it accelerated while passing east of Bermuda . Relatively strong winds on the island caused hundreds of power outages and knocked down tree branches , electrical poles , and other debris . Re @-@ intensification occurred , with Leslie becoming a hurricane again , before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone near Newfoundland on September 11 . In Atlantic Canada , heavy rains fell in both Nova Scotia and Newfoundland . In the latter , localized flooding occurred , especially in the western portions of the province . Also in Newfoundland , strong winds ripped off roofs , downed trees , and left 45 @,@ 000 homes without power . Additionally , a partially built house was destroyed and several incomplete homes were damaged in Pouch Cove . Overall , Leslie caused about $ 10 @.@ 1 million in damage and no fatalities . = = = Hurricane Michael = = = A shortwave disturbance spawned a well @-@ defined low pressure area on September 2 while located about 840 miles ( 1 @,@ 350 km ) southwest of the Azores . The low moved southwestward and developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen at 0600 UTC on September 3 . It moved westward and then northwestward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Michael at 0600 UTC on September 4 , while located about 1 @,@ 235 miles ( 1 @,@ 990 km ) southwest of the Azores . Initially , it was predicted by the National Hurricane Center that the depression would only strengthened slightly and then become extratropical by September 6 , due to an anticipated increase in wind shear . Later on September 6 , the system entered a region of weak steering currents , causing it to drift northeastward . In the 24 hours proceeding 1200 UTC on September 5 , the storm rapidly intensified . Late on September 5 , it was upgraded to a hurricane , before becoming a Category 2 hurricane early on the following day . At 1200 UTC on September 6 , the storm reached Category 3 hurricane strength and attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 964 mbar ( 28 @.@ 5 inHg ) . Michael was thus the first major hurricane of the season . Thereafter , it weakened back to a Category 2 hurricane later on September 6 . The storm curved back to the northwest and briefly weakened to a Category 1 hurricane on September 8 . The cyclone turned westward on September 9 and resumed weakening later that day , due to encountering wind shear generated by the outflow of nearby Hurricane Leslie . Michael weakened to a tropical storm while accelerating northward on September 11 , several hours before degenerated into remnant low pressure area , while located well west of the Azores . = = = Hurricane Nadine = = = A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen on September 10 , while located about 885 miles ( 1 @,@ 425 km ) west of Cape Verde . Initially , it moved west @-@ northwest , intensifying into Tropical Storm Nadine early on September 12 . During the next 24 hours , the storm intensified quickly , reaching winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) by early on September 13 ; Nadine maintained this intensity for the next 36 hours . A break in the subtropical ridge caused the storm to curved northwestward , followed by a turn to the north on September 14 . Later that day , the storm was upgraded to a hurricane . On September 15 , it turned eastward to the north of the ridge . By the following day , Nadine began weakening and was downgraded to a tropical storm early on September 17 . The storm then curved east @-@ northeastward and eventually northeastward , posing a threat to the Azores . Although Nadine veered east @-@ southeastward , it did cause relatively strong winds on the islands . Late on September 21 , Nadine curved southward , shortly before degenerating into non @-@ tropical low @-@ pressure area . After moving into an area of more favorable conditions , it regenerated into Tropical Storm Nadine early on September 23 . The storm then drifted and moved aimlessly in the northeastern Atlantic , turning west @-@ northwestward on September 23 and southwestward on September 25 . Thereafter , Nadine curved westward on September 27 and northwestward on September 28 . During that five @-@ day period , minimal change in intensity occurred , with Nadine remaining a weak to moderate tropical storm . However , by 1200 UTC on September 28 , the storm re @-@ strengthened into a hurricane . Slow intensification continued , with Nadine peaking with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 978 mbar ( 28 @.@ 9 inHg ) on September 30 . Thereafter , Nadine began weakened after turning southward , and was downgraded to a tropical storm on October 1 . The storm then curved southeastward and then east @-@ northeastward ahead of a deep @-@ layer trough . After strong wind shear and cold waters left Nadine devoid of nearly all deep convection , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 0000 UTC on October 4 , while located about 195 miles ( 315 km ) southwest of the central Azores . The low rapidly moved northeastward , degenerated into a trough of low pressure , and was absorbed by a cold front later that day . = = = Tropical Storm Oscar = = = A tropical wave and an accompanying low pressure area emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 28 . Minimal organization occurred until October 2 , when deep convection developed and began organizing . At 0600 UTC on October 3 , the system became Tropical Depression Fifteen , while located about 1 @,@ 035 miles ( 1 @,@ 665 km ) west of Cape Verde . A mid @-@ level ridge near Cape Verde and a mid to upper @-@ level low pressure northeast of the Leeward Islands forced the depression to move north @-@ northwestward at roughly 17 mph ( 27 km / h ) . After further consolidation of convection near its low @-@ level center , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Oscar later on October 3 . Although strong wind shear began exposing the low @-@ level center of circulation to the west of deep convection , Oscar continued to intensify . Oscar curved northeastward and accelerated on October 4 , in advance of an approaching cold front . At 0600 UTC on October 5 , the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 994 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . Six hours later , ASCAT Scatterometer and satellite data indicated that Oscar degenerated into a trough while located well northwest of Cape Verde , which was absorbed by the cold front early on October 6 . = = = Tropical Storm Patty = = = A weak surface trough detached from a quasi @-@ stationary frontal system on October 6 , while located between 345 and 460 miles ( 555 and 740 km ) north of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands . The trough approached the southern Bahamas and acquired a closed circulation late on October 10 , developing into Tropical Depression Sixteen early on the following day . Initially , the National Hurricane Center predicted no further intensification , citing strong vertical wind shear . However , the depression strengthened and by 0600 UTC on October 11 , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Patty , while centered about 175 miles ( 282 km ) east @-@ northeast of San Salvador Island in The Bahamas . Although it reached tropical storm status , the National Hurricane Center noted that Patty was " on borrowed time " , as the storm was predicted to eventually succumb to unfavorable conditions . At 0000 UTC on October 12 , Patty attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 005 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . Later that day , increasing vertical wind shear caused the storm to weaken . Early on October 13 , Patty was downgraded to a tropical depression , about six hours before degenerating into a trough of low pressure . = = = Hurricane Rafael = = = A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on October 5 . It slowly organized while moving westward and crossed the Lesser Antilles between October 11 and October 12 . The system was classified as Tropical Storm Rafael at 1800 UTC on October 12 , while located about 200 miles ( 320 km ) south @-@ southeast of St. Croix . Though initially disorganized due to wind shear , a subsequent decrease allowed for significant convective activity to develop by October 14 . While moving north @-@ northwestward the following day , Rafael intensified into a hurricane . A cold front moving off the East Coast of the United States caused the system to turn northward and eventually northeastward by October 16 , at which time it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 969 mbar ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) . As the cyclone entered a more stable atmosphere and into increasingly cooler seas , Rafael became extratropical by late on October 17 . Although a disorganized tropical cyclone , Rafael produced flooding across the northeastern Caribbean islands . As much as 12 inches ( 300 mm ) of rain fell across portions of the Lesser Antilles , causing mudslides and landslides , as well river flooding . In addition , the heavy rains led to significant crop loss . Near @-@ hurricane @-@ force winds were recorded on Saint Martin , while tropical storm @-@ force gusts occurred widespread . Lightning activity as a result of heavy thunderstorms caused many fires and power outages . One fatality occurred when a woman in Guadeloupe unsuccessfully attempted to drive her car across a flooded roadway . As Rafael passed just to the east of Bermuda as a hurricane , light rainfall was recorded . Gusts over 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) left hundreds of houses without electricity . Large swells from the system caused significant damage to the coastline of Nova Scotia , while many roads were washed away or obscured with debris . However , damage was minimal overall , reaching about $ 2 million . = = = Hurricane Sandy = = = A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Eighteen at 1200 UTC on October 22 , while located about 350 miles ( 560 km ) south @-@ southwest of Kingston , Jamaica . Six hours later , it strengthened into Tropical Storm Sandy . Initially , the storm headed southwestward , but re @-@ curved to the north @-@ northeast due to mid to upper @-@ level trough in the northwestern Caribbean Sea . A gradual increase in organization and deepening occurred , with Sandy becoming a hurricane on October 24 . Several hours later , it made landfall near Bull Bay , Jamaica as a moderate Category 1 hurricane . In that country , there was 1 fatality and damage to thousands of homes , resulting in about $ 100 million in losses . After clearing Jamaica , Sandy began to strengthen significantly . At 0525 UTC on October 25 , it struck near Santiago de Cuba in Cuba , with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) ; this made Sandy the second major hurricane of the season . In the province of Santiago de Cuba alone , 132 @,@ 733 homes were damaged , of which 15 @,@ 322 were destroyed and 43 @,@ 426 lost their roofs . The storm resulted in 11 deaths and $ 2 billion in damage in Cuba . It also produced widespread devastation in Haiti , where over 27 @,@ 000 homes were flooded , damaged , or destroyed , and 40 % of the corn , beans , rice , banana , and coffee crops were lost . The storm left $ 750 million in damage , 54 deaths , and 21 people missing . The storm weakened slightly while crossing Cuba and emerged into the southwestern Atlantic Ocean as a Category 2 hurricane late on October 25 . Shortly thereafter , it moved through the central Bahamas , where three fatalities and $ 300 million in damage was reported . Early on October 27 , it briefly weakened to a tropical storm , before re @-@ acquiring hurricane intensity later that day . In the Southeastern United States , impact was limited to gusty winds , light rainfall , and rough surf . The outerbands of Sandy impacted the island of Bermuda , with a tornado in Sandys Parish damaging a few homes and businesses . Movement over the Gulf Stream and baroclinic processes caused the storm to deepen , with the storm becoming a Category 2 hurricane again at 1200 UTC on October 29 . Although it soon weakened to a Category 1 hurricane , the barometric pressure decreased to 940 mbar ( 28 inHg ) . At 2100 UTC , Sandy became extratropical , while located just offshore New Jersey . The center of the now extratropical storm moved inland near Brigantine late on October 29 . In the Northeastern United States , damage was most severe in New Jersey and New York . Within the former , 346 @,@ 000 houses were damaged or destroyed , while nearly 19 @,@ 000 businesses suffered severe losses . In New York , an estimated 305 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed . Severe coastal flooding occurred in New York City , with the hardest hit areas being New Dorp Beach , Red Hook , and the Rockaways ; eight tunnels of the subway system were inundated . Heavy snowfall was also reported , peaking at 36 inches ( 910 mm ) in West Virginia . Additionally , the remnants of Sandy left 2 deaths and $ 100 million in damage in Canada , with Ontario and Quebec being the worst impacted . Overall , 286 fatalities were attributed to Sandy . Damages totaled $ 71 @.@ 4 billion in the United States and $ 75 billion overall , making Sandy the second @-@ costliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history , behind only Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . = = = Tropical Storm Tony = = = A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on October 11 . The wave split , with a portion later developing into Hurricane Sandy , while the other drifted slowly in the eastern Atlantic . The latter portion interacted with an upper @-@ level trough , which developed into a surface low pressure area on October 21 . After acquiring deeper convection , the system was as Tropical Depression Nineteen at 1800 UTC on October 22 . The depression headed northward along the eastern periphery of a cutoff low pressure area . Although wind shear was not very strong , the depression initially failed to strengthen . Nonetheless , the depression organized further and intensified into Tropical Storm Tony at 0000 UTC on October 24 . A mid @-@ level trough to the northwest and a ridge to the east caused the storm to curve northeastward on October 24 . Tony strengthened further , and by 1200 UTC on October 24 , attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 000 mbar ( 30 inHg ) . The storm maintained this intensity for about 24 hours while moving east @-@ northeastward and accelerating . On October 25 , Tony began to weaken due to a combination of increasing vertical wind shear and decreasing sea surface temperatures . Later that day , the circulation of Tony began to entrain cooler and drier air , while shear displaced the deep convection well away from the center . By 1800 UTC on October 25 , the storm was declared extratropical after it took on a frontal cyclone appearance on satellite imagery . = = Storm names = = The following names were used for named storms in the North Atlantic in 2012 . The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2018 season . This is the same list used in the 2006 season . The names Kirk , Oscar , Patty , Rafael , Sandy , and Tony were used for Atlantic storms for the first time in 2012 . The name Kirk replaced Keith after 2000 , but was not used in 2006 . Two names , Valerie and William , were not used during the course of the year . = = = Retirement = = = On April 11 , 2013 , at the 35th session of the RA IV hurricane committee , the name " Sandy " was retired due to the damage and deaths it caused , and will not be used for another Atlantic hurricane . Sandy was replaced with Sara for the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season . = = Season effects = = The following table lists all of the storms that formed in the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season . It includes their duration , names , landfall ( s ) – denoted by bold location names – damages , and death totals . Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect ( an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident ) , but were still related to that storm . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical , a wave , or a low , and all of the damage figures are in 2012 USD . = Eppur Si Muove ( The West Wing ) = " Eppur Si Muove " is the sixteenth episode of The West Wing 's fifth season , and episode 104 from the start . It originally aired on NBC March 3 , 2004 . Events centre on a controversy relating to the National Institutes of Health , involving President Bartlet ’ s middle daughter Ellie . Written by Alexa Junge and directed by Llewellyn Wells , the episode contains guest appearances by Michael Gaston and Deirdre Lovejoy , as well as characters from Sesame Street . = = Plot = = Republican Congresswoman Barbara Layton ( Lovejoy ) starts a campaign against publicly funded NIH projects into sexual diseases . The attack is based on a list of seemingly useless projects , but by association , her real target becomes the president 's daughter Ellie , who is working on a study into the Human papillomavirus that researched conditions for prostitutes in Puerto Rico . The President is infuriated at having a family member dragged into political battles , and Toby tries to discredit the attack by finding its source . At first the list seems to originate from a far @-@ right group called the " Traditional Values Alliance " , but Toby 's assistant Rena uncovers an updated list that shows it came from within the administration . Toby immediately suspects the Vice President 's office . When confronted , Will takes full responsibility , and assures that the list was compiled purely for internal use and not leaked on purpose . Will suspects that his boss might have leaked the material on purpose , however , and Russell in private agrees he has ties to the Republicans on health issues and notes that having some distance from the President isn 't a bad thing for him . Will is left utterly disgusted with the VP . Meanwhile , President Bartlet tries to persuade Ellie to speak to the press to contain the incidence , but Ellie insists she is not as comfortable with the spotlight as the other members of the family . She later watches her mother do a light @-@ hearted appearance on Sesame Street , to defend her right to practice medicine even after voluntarily giving up her licence . This inspires her to follow her father 's advice , and give a passionate public statement about the necessity of a politically independent scientific community . In parallel storylines , Josh tries to end a deadlock on the appointment of a 6th Circuit federal court judge . His old friend Eric Hayden ( Gaston ) has been waiting for a year for confirmation from the Republican @-@ led Congress , and is offered the position of dean of Georgetown 's law school . But Josh suggests making a temporary recess appointment that will at least put the issue on the agenda and Hayden agrees . When Josh goes to suggest this to Leo he is told that the issue will have to wait for one of the Supreme Court justices has died . Assuming it is the ailing Chief Justice Roy Ashland that has passed , Josh is surprised to learn that it is 52 @-@ year old Justice Owen Brady , taken by a heart attack . C.J. , meanwhile , tries to make things right with resurfaced college boyfriend Ben , whom she has been forced to ignore due to her workload . Based on Ben 's reaction at the end of their very brief conversation , C.J. regrets her approach and fears that she may have caused things with Ben to end before they could even begin . Upon voicing this concern to Toby he advices her to go to Ben and fix it . Ryan Pierce , the intern working for Josh , ( uncharacteristically ) fails to show up for work . Josh had failed to even notice until Donna voices her concern as she tries , unsuccessfully , to get a hold of Ryan . = = Social and cultural references = = The title of the episode refers to the president quoting Galileo Galilei , leaving the Roman Inquisition after having recanted his heliocentric theory of the universe . " Eppur si muove " – " And yet it moves " . The story – as Ellie points out – is probably apocryphal , but evidence shows that it was current as early as a decade after Galileo ’ s trial . The advocacy group " Traditional Values Alliance " is a thinly veiled version of the real @-@ life " Traditional Values Coalition " ( TVC ) . TVC sent a letter of protest to NBC producers , reacting to their portrayal on the show . In particular it was the association with a group stating that " The Lord Hates Homosexuals " that provoked the coalition , reading in this an allusion to the controversial anti @-@ gay pastor Fred Phelps . TVC , the group pointed out in its letter , had clearly distanced itself from Phelps and his methods . The restaurant , " 1789 " , that Ben and C.J. planned lunch at is a real restaurant in Washington . = Gianni Schicchi = Gianni Schicchi ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒanni ˈskikki ] ) is a comic opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano , composed in 1917 – 18 . The libretto is based on an incident mentioned in Dante 's Divine Comedy . The work is the third and final part of Puccini 's Il trittico ( The Triptych ) — three one @-@ act operas with contrasting themes , originally written to be presented together . Although it continues to be performed with one or both of the other trittico operas , Gianni Schicchi is now more frequently staged either alone or with short operas by other composers . The aria " O mio babbino caro " is one of Puccini 's best known , and one of the most popular arias in opera . Puccini had long considered writing a set of one @-@ act operas which would be performed together in a single evening , but faced with a lack of suitable subjects and opposition from his publisher , he repeatedly put the project aside . However , by 1916 Puccini had completed the one @-@ act tragedy Il tabarro and , after considering various ideas , he began work the following year on the solemn , religious , all @-@ female opera Suor Angelica . Gianni Schicchi , a comedy , completes the triptych with a further contrast of mood . The score combines elements of Puccini 's modern style of harmonic dissonance with lyrical passages reminiscent of Rossini , and it has been praised for its inventiveness and imagination . When Il trittico premiered at New York 's Metropolitan Opera in December 1918 , Gianni Schicchi became an immediate hit , whereas the other two operas were received with less enthusiasm . This pattern was broadly repeated at the Rome and London premieres and led to commercial pressures to abandon the less successful elements . Although on artistic grounds Puccini opposed performing the three operas except as the original triptych , by 1920 he had given his reluctant consent to separate performances . Gianni Schicchi has subsequently become the most @-@ performed part of Il trittico and has been widely recorded . = = Historical background = = A man named Gianni Schicchi is only briefly referred to in Dante 's Inferno Canto XXX . In that canto , Dante visits the Circle of Impersonators and sees a man savagely attacking another . Dante is told that the attacker is Schicchi , condemned to Hell for impersonating Buoso Donati and making his will highly favorable to Schicchi . The plot used in the opera derives from an 1866 edition of The Divine Comedy by philologist Pietro Fanfani , which contained an appendix with commentary attributed to an anonymous Florentine of the 14th century . In this version , Buoso wishes to make a will , but is put off doing so by his son , Simone . Once it is too late , Simone fears that Buoso , before his illness , may have made a will unfavourable to him . Simone calls on Schicchi for advice , and Schicchi has the idea of impersonating Buoso and making a new will . Simone promises Schicchi he will be well rewarded , but Schicchi takes no chances , " leaving " a considerable sum and Buoso 's mule to himself ( though most goes to Simone ) , and makes the bequests conditional on Simone 's distributing the estate within fifteen days , otherwise everything will go to charity . Both Schicchi and Buoso Donati were historical characters . Dante 's verses , and the opera , are based on an actual incident that took place in 13th century Florence . Dante had several reasons for his harsh treatment of Schicchi : Dante 's wife , Gemma , was of the Donati family ; the poet himself was of pure Florentine descent . He despised members of the peasant class such as Schicchi . Dante 's class prejudice displays itself in several episodes in the Inferno : in one , three noble Florentines , who have died and gone to Hell , ask Dante for news of their home city . A disgusted Dante tells them that the city is now dominated by the nouveau riche . According to Burton Fisher , Puccini and Forzano borrowed heavily from the commedia dell 'arte tradition in Gianni Schicchi . Schicchi himself recalls the roguish Harlequin , while his daughter Lauretta , whose romance is nearly foiled by Buoso 's relatives , resembles Columbina . Simone is drawn from Pantaloon , while the poverty @-@ stricken Betto recalls the buffoonish valet Zany . Doctor Spinelloccio recalls the classic doctor from the commedia dell 'arte , Balanzone even to his Bolognese origin . The Moor whose death momentarily scares the relatives , and his captain , are stock characters from commedia dell 'arte . = = Roles = = = = Synopsis = = Place : Florence Time : 1299 . As Buoso Donati lies dead in his curtained four @-@ poster bed , his relatives gather round to mourn his passing , but are really more interested in learning the contents of his will . Among those present are his cousins Zita and Simone , his poor @-@ relation brother @-@ in @-@ law Betto , and Zita 's nephew Rinuccio . Betto mentions a rumour he has heard that Buoso has left everything to a monastery ; this disturbs the others and precipitates a frantic search for the will . The document is found by Rinuccio , who is confident that his uncle has left him plenty of money . He withholds the will momentarily and asks Zita to allow him to marry Lauretta , daughter of Gianni Schicchi , a newcomer to Florence . Zita replies that if Buoso has left them rich , he can marry whom he pleases ; she and the other relatives are anxious to begin reading the will . A happy Rinuccio sends little Gherardino to fetch Schicchi and Lauretta . As they read , the relatives ' worst fears are soon realised ; Buoso has indeed bequeathed his fortune to the monastery . They break out in woe and indignation and turn to Simone , the oldest present and a former mayor of Fucecchio , but he can offer no help . Rinuccio suggests that only Gianni Schicchi can advise them what to do , but this is scorned by Zita and the rest , who sneer at Schicchi 's humble origins and now say that marriage to the daughter of such a peasant is out of the question . Rinuccio defends Schicchi in an aria " Avete torto " ( You 're mistaken ) , after which Schicchi and Lauretta arrive . Schicchi quickly grasps the situation , and Rinuccio begs him for help , but Schicchi is rudely told by Zita to " be off " and take his daughter with him . Rinuccio and Lauretta listen in despair as Schicchi announces that he will have nothing to do with such people . Lauretta makes a final plea to him with " O mio babbino caro " ( Oh , my dear papa ) , and he agrees to look at the will . After twice scrutinizing it and concluding that nothing can be done , an idea occurs to him . He sends his daughter outside so that she will be innocent of what is to follow . First , Schicchi establishes that no one other than those present knows that Buoso is dead . He then orders the body removed to another room . A knock announces the arrival of the doctor , Spinelloccio . Schicchi conceals himself behind the bed curtains , mimics Buoso 's voice and declares that he 's feeling better ; he asks the doctor to return that evening . Boasting that he has never lost a patient , Spinelloccio departs . Schicchi then unveils his plan in the aria " Si corre dal notaio " ( Run to the notary ) ; having established in the doctor 's mind that Buoso is still alive , Schicchi will disguise himself as Buoso and dictate a new will . All are delighted with the scheme , and importune Schicchi with personal requests for Buoso 's various possessions , the most treasured of which are " the mule , the house and the mills at Signa " . A funeral bell rings , and everyone fears that the news of Buoso 's death has emerged , but it turns out that the bell is tolling for the death of a neighbour 's Moorish servant . The relatives agree to leave the disposition of the mule , the house and the mills to Schicchi , though each in turn offers him a bribe . The women help him to change into Buoso 's clothes as they sing the lyrical trio " Spogliati , bambolino " ( Undress , little boy ) . Before taking his place in the bed , Schicchi warns the company of the grave punishment for those found to have falsified a will : exile from Florence together with the loss of a hand . The notary arrives , and Schicchi starts to dictate the new will , declaring any prior will null and void . To general satisfaction he allocates the minor bequests , but when it comes to the mule , the house and the mills , he orders that these be left to " my devoted friend Gianni Schicchi " . Incredulous , the family can do nothing while the lawyer is present , especially when Schicchi slyly reminds them of the penalties that discovery of the ruse will bring . Their outburst of rage when the notary leaves is countered by a love duet from Lauretta and Rinuccio , " Lauretta mia " ; there is now no bar to their marriage , since Schicchi can provide a full dowry . Schicchi chases the relatives out of what is now his house , and when he returns stands moved at the sight of the two lovers . He turns to the audience and asks them to agree that no better use could be found for Buoso 's wealth . Although the poet Dante has condemned him to hell for this trick , Schicchi asks the audience to forgive him in light of " extenuating circumstances . " = = Composition history = = The one @-@ act opera genre had become increasingly popular in Italy following the 1890 competition sponsored by publisher Edoardo Sonzogno for the best such work , which was won by the young Pietro Mascagni 's Cavalleria rusticana . With Tosca essentially completed by November 1899 , Puccini sought a new project . Among sources he considered , before proceeding with Madama Butterfly , were three works by French dramatist Alphonse Daudet that Puccini thought might be made into a trilogy of one @-@ act operas . After Butterfly premiered in 1904 , Puccini again had difficulty finding a new subject . He further considered the idea of composing three one @-@ act operas to be performed together , but found his publisher , Giulio Ricordi , firmly opposed to such a project , convinced that it would be expensive to cast and produce . The composer then planned to work with his longtime librettist , Giuseppe Giacosa , on an opera about Marie Antoinette , a project frustrated by the librettist 's illness . Puccini wrote in November 1905 , " Will we go back to it ? [ Maria Antonietta ] If I find three one @-@ act works that suit me , I 'll put off M.A. " Puccini pursued neither project , as Giacosa 's illness led to his death in September 1906 . In March 1907 , Puccini wrote to Carlo Clausetti , Ricordi 's representative in Naples , proposing three one @-@ act operas based on scenes from stories by Russian novelist Maxim Gorky . By May the composer had set aside this proposal to concentrate on the project which became La fanciulla del West , although he did not wholly abandon the idea of a multiple @-@ opera evening . His next idea in this vein , some years later , was for a two @-@ opera bill , one tragic and one comic ; he later expanded this to include a third opera with a mystic or religious tone . By November 1916 Puccini had completed the " tragic " element , which became Il tabarro , but he still lacked ideas for the other two works . He considered staging Il tabarro in combination with his own early work Le Villi , or with other two @-@ act operas which might be used to round out the evening 's entertainment . Finally , librettist Giovacchino Forzano presented the composer with two works of his own , which became Suor Angelica and Gianni Schicchi . The latter would be Puccini 's first setting of a comic text ; although his earlier operas , for example La bohème , contain comic episodes , these are merely ancillary to the drama to provide contrast . Forzano wrote to Tito Ricordi , Giulio 's son , on 3 March 1917 : I sent the libretto of Suor Angelica to Maestro Puccini some days ago . He has declared himself – kind as he is – very satisfied ... I have also finished a brief outline of a plot based on Gianni Schicchi . You know the Maestro 's opinion of this subject , which is rich in possibilities and whose comic nature is quite out of the ordinary . In fact , Puccini was at first less than enthusiastic about the idea for this comic opera – Florence as a setting did not appeal to him , and he feared the public would have little interest in the subject . However , he soon became interested , and did some work on the piece even while composing Suor Angelica . The religious @-@ themed opera was completed in September 1917 , and Puccini turned his full attention to Gianni Schicchi , although the war news and the 1918 influenza pandemic , in which Puccini lost a sister , distracted him from his work . The first draft was completed on 20 April 1918 , and Puccini continued to refine and orchestrate it through the summer of 1918 . With the trilogy complete , Puccini had to decide on a place for the premiere . In 1918 , travel was risky and uncertain . Puccini received an offer from Buenos Aires which he refused , unwilling to have so complex a work first performed overseas in his absence . He finally agreed that the premiere could take place at the Metropolitan Opera in New York , without his being there , on the basis of performing instructions which he supplied to the conductor . Gianni Schicchi proved to be the last opera completed by Puccini . = = Performance history = = = = = Early performances = = = Gianni Schicchi was first performed at the Metropolitan Opera on 14 December 1918 , with Roberto Moranzoni conducting , as the final part of Il trittico . While the sold @-@ out house showed polite enthusiasm for Il tabarro and Suor Angelica , Gianni Schicchi was , in the words of the New @-@ York Tribune 's critic , " received with uproarious delight " . In the Evening Sun , W.J. Henderson called it " one of the most delightful bits ever put upon the Met stage " . The undoubted " pearl of the evening " , he said , was Lauretta 's aria " O mio babbino caro " which , despite a public notice forbidding encores , was repeated through popular insistence . The only singer to appear in all three works was American soprano Marie Tiffany , who played one of the lovers in Il tabarro , a lay sister in Suor Angelica , and Nella in Gianni Schicchi . Il trittico was performed at the Met 's Philadelphia opera house on 17 December with the same cast , before returning to New York for five more performances during the 1918 / 19 season . At the time of the New York premiere , Il trittico was in rehearsal in Rome in preparation for an Italian premiere at the Teatro Costanzi . Puccini wrote Tito Ricordi that the rehearsals were going slowly , but that the orchestra sounded fine , at least in Gianni Schicchi . The Italian premiere , more important to Puccini than the New York world premiere , took place on 11 January 1919 . Gianni Schicchi was again warmly received , more so than the first two operas of Il trittico . Among those dissatisfied by the triptych was Puccini 's friend , the conductor Arturo Toscanini , who was in the audience for the Rome premiere . Toscanini was disgusted by the verismo of Il tabarro , and left the performance after the first curtain . This caused a rift in his relationship with Puccini , who stated that he would not allow " this god " to conduct the London premiere , though the two were later reconciled . At the Rome premiere , the part of Rinuccio was sung by the Canadian tenor Edward Johnson , a future general manager of the Met . Johnson later recalled that , at the composer 's request , he had dragged a mock @-@ reluctant Puccini from the wings to acknowledge the house 's applause . In 1919 , Puccini visited London to discuss plans for the following year 's Covent Garden premiere of Il trittico . This took place on 18 June 1920 ; King George V and Queen Mary were present , and called Puccini to their box to give him their congratulations . With Toscanini not considered , Puccini hoped that Sir Thomas Beecham would conduct the premiere , but he declined and Gaetano Bavagnoli conducted . Once again , only Gianni Schicchi was received with real warmth . Other early performances included the October 1920 production of Il trittico in German , at the Vienna State Opera . In the years following the premiere , Puccini made modifications to the three operas , but Gianni Schicchi required few . The principal change was to Rinuccio 's arioso , " Avete torto " , which was set in a higher pitch to take better advantage of the tenor voice . By 1920 Puccini was facing increasing pressure , not only from impresarios but also from his publishing firm , Casa Ricordi , to allow Il trittico to be broken up and presented separately . Opera houses first wanted to omit Suor Angelica , which had proven the least popular of the three , but some wished to omit Il tabarro as well . Puccini had left London confident that Il trittico would gain a place in the Covent Garden repertoire , but soon learned that the opera house 's director , Henry V. Higgins , had removed Suor Angelica , feeling that the audience disliked it . In fact , Higgins would never stage it again . Puccini vociferously objected , as did his longtime London friend , Sybil Seligman , to no avail . Higgins then decided to remove Il tabarro , and stage Gianni Schicchi together with a Russian ballet presentation . Puccini retorted , " This is a real betrayal " , but in the end gave in and permitted the performance . Puccini , however , was still convinced that the three works should be performed together , and that his original conception was being " brutally torn to pieces " . The Metropolitan Opera joined in the dismemberment : after 1920 , it would not again present the three operas together until 1975 . = = = Later performances = = = Gianni Schicchi returned to the Met in 1926 , after Puccini 's death , shorn of the other two parts of its operatic triptych , but instead mated to Ruggero Leoncavallo 's two @-@ act opera Pagliacci . The 1926 production , by Wilhelm von Wymetal , featured sets by Joseph Novak . In the following years at the Met , Gianni Schicchi would form part of a bill with such diverse works as Engelbert Humperdinck 's Hänsel und Gretel , Italo Montemezzi 's L 'amore dei tre re , and even be incestuously mated with Puccini 's own La bohème . In 1952 , Novak 's sets were revised by Wilhelm von Wymetal in a production which remained in service until 1958 . Among the leading singers associated with the opera , Tito Gobbi was particularly prominent in the 1950s and 1960s . He first sang the role of Schicchi in the Rome production in 1951 ; in subsequent years he appeared in further Rome seasons , in Bologna , and at La Scala , Milan , where Renata Scotto sang Lauretta in Carlo Maestrini 's production . Gobbi directed and sang in the 1969 production at the Teatro Comunale di Firenze , and later that year performed in and directed the same version at the August 1969 Edinburgh Festival . In 1974 , the Met gave Gianni Schicchi its first new production since 1926 . The production , by Fabrizio Melano , was paired with the Met debut of Bartók 's Bluebeard 's Castle . The following year , the Met revived Il trittico in the original form , combining the Melano production with new productions for the other two operas by the same director . The 1975 Schicchi featured Renata Scotto as Lauretta . Scotto also played the two other Il trittico heroines , a feat she repeated later that season , on tour , and when the three operas were again presented by the Met in 1981 . When the production was revived again by the Met in 1989 , Teresa Stratas sang the " trittico hat @-@ trick " . Lili Chookasian sang the mezzo @-@ soprano leads in all three operas ( Zita in Gianni Schicchi ) and Cornell MacNeil played Schicchi . Glyndebourne Festival Opera put on a 2004 double bill of Gianni Schicchi and Rachmaninoff 's The Miserly Knight , in which the sets for the two operas ( designed by Vicki Mortimer ) are back @-@ to @-@ back on a turntable . In 2007 Los Angeles Opera announced that it would be staging Il trittico in the 2008 / 2009 season , with Woody Allen making his operatic directing debut in Gianni Schicchi . The production starred baritone Sir Thomas Allen , soprano Laura Tătulescu , and tenor Saimir Pirgu . The 2007 Royal Opera House production by Richard Jones updated the action to a shabby 1940s Italy of " unemptied chamber pots , garish floral wallpaper and damp ceilings " , with Bryn Terfel in the title role " a masterpiece of monstrous vulgarity " . In the 2009 revival of this production , Schicchi was sung by Thomas Allen , while Gwynne Howell , as Simone , celebrated 40 years with the Royal Opera . = = = Critical reception = = = In reviewing the New York premiere , the critics greeted Gianni Schicchi warmly ; most reviewers found it to be the best of the three operas . New York Herald Tribune critic Henry Krehbiel described it as " so uproariously funny ... so full of life , humor , and ingenious devices " . The New York Times reviewer James Huneker considered the opera to be " a rollicking , madcap scherzo , overflowing with merry deviltries ... And the last shall be first . " Huneker praised De Luca as " a most engaging rascal , fit for a minor niche in Moliere 's gallery " . The Times critic also was amused by Marto Malatesta as " The ' Kid ' Gherardino , who is spanked by the irate family " . Rome 's critics gave Il trittico as a whole a warmer reception , but still saw Gianni Schicchi as the best of the three . Alberto Gasco in La tribuna noted , " In terms of harmonic technique , Il tabarro and Schicchi advance quite startling elements of novelty . Nothing that contemporary art has produced escapes the studious and astute Giacomo Puccini . " Gasco also stated that while many critics were waiting for the first two operas with their fists drawn , Gianni Schicchi disarmed these " hired assassins " with a " single glance " . An anonymous reviewer in L 'idea nazionale felt that the three works comprised a unified whole , but feared that Puccini was becoming less inventive . L 'idea nazionale was a nationalist newspaper , and praised Puccini for returning to an Italian subject " after so many useless Japanese , American , Parisian digressions " . Modern productions , including those in an updated context , have been generally well received . Describing the 2004 Glyndebourne pairing with The Miserly Knight as " flip sides of the same coin " , reviewer Edward Seckerson in The Independent found the Schicchi performance " a triumph of ensemble directing and playing , ... wickedly observed , sharp , focussed and funny " . The New York Times gave a positive review to the Woody Allen 2008 production , which is set in a crowded tenement in which the boy Gherardino is practising knife thrusts . However , the critic questioned Allen 's altered ending , in which Schicchi is stabbed by Zita as he addresses the audience . Los Angeles Times critic Mark Swed deemed Allen 's production one of the top ten moments in classical music for 2008 , and applauded it for " hilarious wit and engaging musicality " . Allen Rich of Variety praised the piece , though he disliked Allen 's idea of beginning the opera with a montage of old film clips , with credits featuring mock @-@ Italian names . = = Music = = Verdi said of Puccini , early in the latter 's career , that " the symphonic element dominates in him " , and Gianni Schicchi has been compared by later analysts to that of the final presto movement of a three @-@ movement symphony . With the fast @-@ moving pace of the work , the set pieces are given a simpler melodic structure than those in the other two parts of the triptych . On stage , with the commedia dell 'arte references , a humorous atmosphere is established from the very beginning . However , the music itself is of the 20th century ; Edward Greenfield refers to its " dissonant modernity " , with simultaneous clashing chords suggesting that " Puccini was beginning to think in bi @-@ tonal terms " . Alongside these dissonant passages are others which opera scholar Julian Budden calls " bland , schoolroom diatonism " . Puccini 's score is built around a series of motifs which recur through the opera , generally representing characters , situations and moods though sometimes without specific associations . The opening motif is a rapid burst of rhythmic music , described by Greenfield as of " almost Stravinskian sharpness " , which quickly transforms into a mock @-@ solemn dirge depicting the hypocritical grief of the Donati relatives . This juxtaposition of the humorous and the solemn pervades the opera ; critic Ernest Newman suggests that it " keeps us perpetually suspended between the comic and the tragic " . Other principal motifs include the theme associated with the lovers Rinuccio and Lauretta , introduced in Rinuccio 's first solo " Salvati ! Salvati ! " , and a short , formal woodwind statement which represents Donati 's will . Rinuccio sings the name " Gianni Schicchi " to a jaunty four @-@ note phrase which becomes Schicchi 's personal motif , and it is heard again as Schicchi knocks on the door before his first appearance . The best @-@ known theme in the opera , that associated with Lauretta , is introduced in the second part of Rinuccio 's aria " Avete torto " . The theme is briefly played on clarinet and violin as Lauretta enters with Schicchi , before its full expression in O mio babbino caro . Budden dismisses the view that Lauretta 's aria , at the midpoint of the opera , was a concession to popular taste ; rather , " its position at the turning point of the action is precisely calculated to provide a welcome moment of lyrical repose " . Andrew Davis , in his book on Puccini 's late style , notes that Lauretta 's aria , and the two interruptions by the young lovers ( " Addio , speranza bella " ) as Schicchi mulls over the will , constitute interruptions in the Romantic style , delivered during a lengthy sequence of non @-@ Romantic music . Another interruption , both dramatically and musically , is that provided by the appearance of Doctor Spinelloccio . The doctor 's dissonant harmonies contrast sharply with the scena music for Schicchi and symbolise Spinelloccio 's place as an outsider to the dramatic action of the opera . The music historian Donald Jay Grout has written that in this opera Puccini 's comic skill is " seen at its most spontaneous , incorporating smoothly all the characteristic harmonic devices of his later period . " Greenfield remarks on the score 's inventiveness , imagination and flawless timing . Several critics have likened Gianni Schicchi to Verdi 's Falstaff , as both are masterpieces of operatic comedy from composers more usually associated with tragedy . Both composers took the conventions of comic opera into consideration , choosing a baritone for the principal role , setting the tenor @-@ soprano love story against family opposition to the marriage , and constructing a hoax which permits the happy ending . Charles Osborne cites in particular the trio for three female voices , Spogliati , bambolino , as equal to anything in Falstaff , " its exquisite harmonies almost turning the unprepossessing women into Wagnerian Rhine maidens " , and its lilting melody reminiscent of Rossini . = = Arias and musical numbers = = Although the score is through @-@ composed , within the general structure of the opera there are several identifiable numbers : four solos given to the three main characters , a trio and a brief love duet . Only Lauretta 's O mio babbino caro , the best @-@ known of the solos , is separable from its context and can be sung as a concert piece . = = Recordings = = Despite its popularity as a stage work , Gianni Schicchi was not available as a recording until after the Second World War , a neglect described by a Gramophone reviewer as " extraordinary " . One of the earliest recordings , a Turin Radio 1950 broadcast performance conducted by Alfredo Simonetto , was praised for its lively presentation but was considered by the critic Philip Hope @-@ Wallace to be " too rough a piece of recording to be warmly recommended " . By contrast , the 1958 recording under Gabriele Santini , with a cast including Tito Gobbi and Victoria de los Ángeles , was still being discussed nearly 50 years later as the classic performance , with Gobbi 's singing at a standard rarely equalled . Among more recent recordings , that of the complete Trittico with the London Symphony Orchestra under Antonio Pappano ( 1998 ) has been generally recommended . There are numerous video recordings now available . = = English @-@ language sequel = = American composer Michael Ching wrote a one @-@ act English @-@ language sequel , Buoso 's Ghost , which had its first full staging with the Pittsburgh Opera in 1996 , and its official premiere at Opera Memphis in 1997 . Starting where Gianni Schicchi ends , the new opera , with a libretto by the composer , opens with Schicchi 's final chords and carries the plot forward by following the sinister dealings of Buoso Donati 's family , who apparently had poisoned Buoso , and the continued machinations of Schicchi , who tries to exploit this growing suspicion on his part . Opera News noted that Ching uses " a more modern musical mode , yet avoiding excessive atonality . The score subtly introduces brief tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek quotations from other works , ranging from Mozart to Sondheim , plus one unmistakable interjection of Shostakovich . " It has been performed throughout the U.S. as an ideal pairing with Gianni Schicchi . = Joseph F. Glidden House = The Joseph F. Glidden House is located in the United States in the DeKalb County , Illinois city of DeKalb . It was the home to the famed inventor of barbed wire Joseph Glidden . The barn , still located on the property near several commercial buildings , is said to be where Glidden perfected his improved version of barbed wire which would eventually transform him into a successful entrepreneur . The Glidden House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . The home was designed by another barbed wire patent holder in DeKalb , Jacob Haish . The property contains the house and two outbuildings ; the barn and the remains of an old windmill foundation . Constructed in 1861 , the Glidden House adheres mostly to a French Colonial style of architecture . The raised basement and full @-@ length porch are two of the architectural elements found on the Glidden House that are consistently found in French Colonial homes . The barn , a building of high historical significance , was not included as part of the National Register listing for the property until 2002 , nearly 30 years after the original nomination was approved . = = House = = The land that the Glidden House stands on is what remains of Joseph Glidden 's once large DeKalb County farm . His holdings stretched along Lincoln Highway , both the north and south sides , from the Kishwaukee River in the east to present @-@ day Annie Glidden Road on the west . The Glidden Farm went as far north as today 's Lucinda Avenue . The farm 's south border , near where Glidden would grant the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad right @-@ of @-@ way through DeKalb in the early 1990s was near present @-@ day Taylor Street . The two @-@ story Joseph F. Glidden House is constructed from locally fired brick , which is relatively soft . The softness of the brick has caused it to weather in a non @-@ uniform fashion . The brick is said to have been fired at a small brickyard which once existed on the Kishwaukee River in DeKalb , near the present @-@ day Lincoln Highway bridge . The home stands on a stone foundation and was designed by local carpenter and eventual barbed wire competitor to Glidden , Jacob Haish . Construction was completed in 1861 and the home is a prominent example of Illinois French Colonial architecture . = = = History = = = The land where the Glidden House stands once held a log structure , which Glidden lived in when he first came to DeKalb at the beckoning of his cousin Russell Huntley . The house was built in 1861 for barbed wire entrepreneur Joseph Farwell Glidden . As his personal residence , the house , and its accompanying barn , were closely associated with his invention , really just an improvement , of barbed wire . Glidden 's improvement upon a wire board fence developed by Henry Rose was of vast importance in the settlement of the United States west of the Mississippi . It was after Glidden saw Rose exhibit his wire at a fair in 1873 that he was struck with the idea of attaching barbs to wire strand fencing . Glidden is said to have experimented with some of his ideas in the basement kitchen of the Glidden House . He noticed that whenever he tried to attach barbs directly to strands of wire they slid along the length of the wire ; Glidden realized he needed a way to crimp the barbs . He began tinkering around the home 's kitchen . Glidden fit two hair pins to the shaft of a coffee mill , one centered and the other off @-@ center . He found that by placing the wire between the pins and turning the crank a uniform barb resulted . How to crimp the barbs to the wire was solved , in the barn , by tying one end of the wire and another length of wire to a poplar tree on the grounds of the Glidden House and the other ends of the wires to a grindstone . The grindstone was used to twist the wires together and prevent the barbs from slipping . Day @-@ to @-@ day life at the Glidden House was mostly carried out in the home 's basement which contained a full kitchen , dining room , and living room . The upper floors were used for guests and for sleeping quarters . In 1877 Glidden 's daughter , Elva , married William H. Bush in the homestead . As of 2006 extensive restoration work had been completed on the home . The front porch was repaired and restored and inside , the hardwood floors have been replaced and refinished . In addition , the front parlors have been repainted and restored . = = = Architecture = = = The home was mostly designed in a French Colonial style , though it contains some elements of Greek Revival architecture . French Colonial architecture was more popular in the American South than it ever was in the northern tier of states . = = = = Exterior = = = = The two @-@ story brick structure is supported by a fieldstone foundation and still features its original front porch . The porch spans the length of the building 's front ( south ) facade , at a height of about 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) . The porch is supported by four wooden pillars , which rest on stone bases . The stairs leading to the front porch are supported by two similar wooden posts , which , like the house , are set into fieldstone bases . The first step on the stairs was originally a limestone block embedded in the ground . The porch roof is supported by six wooden , bracketed pillars . The pillars are simple , with the brackets coming from the boxed capitals . At the rear of the porch wooden pilasters set at each end help to support the roof . Differentiating the home from the traditional French Colonial design is the porch roof , which is separate from the main roof . The house stands mostly as it did in 1861 save a few alterations . The front porch was screened in at the time the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places , the screens have since been removed . At the rear of the house a small porch was enclosed . In 1909 or 1910 there were major subtractions and replacements . Removed were a cast @-@ iron widow 's walk along the roof ridge and a large gable dormer , decorated in the same manner as the cornice decorating the roof trim . The present dormer replaced the larger one and is more of a low @-@ shed type . The roof itself is a low gable and dominated by single stack , straddle ridge chimneys at its east and west ends . The boxed roof trim is a decorated cornice . The low @-@ shed dormer is covered with green asphalt . The old widow 's walk , which a neighbor dubbed Glidden 's " obscuratory " , was balustraded and set just above the dormer . = = = = Interior = = = = The interior of the building is also similar to how it appeared when the house was constructed . However , a few changes have been made . In 1910 the two marble fireplaces were replaced by brick . The flooring has been replaced as needed . The home 's basement , once the main living area , has since been converted several times for other uses . On the first floor of the home the rooms remain much the same as they were when Glidden lived in the house . An original multi @-@ paneled wooden door remains at the entry from the porch to the central hall . The door , however , was altered , having glass panels installed to admit more light . The staircase is	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
With no money , Cho was stranded and had to work at a kolkhoz in Omsk for the summer to get some . The rector of the Omsk University , Aleksandr Sergeevitch Slivko was touched by his fate and decided to admit him in the university . Thus , from 1933 until his graduation in 1937 , he attended the Faculty of Literature of the Gorky Omsk State Pedagogical University . Although he was not fluent in Russian upon entering the university , he graduated with excellent marks , and his time spent there amplified his Russian and Soviet sides . He returned to the Far East and took up teaching responsibilities at the Korean Pedagogical Institute in Vladivostok until all ethnic Koreans were forcibly moved to Central Asia , and the Institute along with Cho were relocated to Kzyl @-@ Orda , Kazakh SSR in 1937 . The following year Cho went to Moscow and tried to enroll at the Moscow Literature University , only to find himself arrested on the spot for breaking the law confining Koreans to Central Asia . He then returned to the Institute in Kzyl @-@ Orda and worked there until 1941 . Between 1942 and 1943 , Cho served in the Soviet 25th Army 's headquarters in Voroshilov @-@ Ussuriysk in desk duty , and in a similar assignment in the Pacific Navy in Khabarovsk between 1943 and 1945 and in the First Far Eastern Front from October 1945 . A part of his job was to write propaganda leaflets spread by the Soviet Red Army in Korea . Tatiana Gabroussenko thinks it is probable that he also translated the first speech given by Kim Il @-@ sung after the liberation , on 14 October 1945 , called " Every Effort for the Building of a New Democratic Korea " , into Korean . The original speech was written by Soviet officers . Cho entered North Korea with the Red army that year . = = = Creating model literature in North Korea = = = Immediately after the liberation of Korea , Soviet authorities sent Cho , who was fluent in both Korean and Russian , to North Korea in order to shape the country 's literary institutions on the Soviet model . Cho diligently followed the Workers ' Party 's instructions to " immerse [ oneself ] in the masses " and would visit factories , villages and farms and write poems based on these experiences . His experiences in the Soviet Union helped him in producing explicitly political works . Many other authors were not equally adept to write about political subjects and were reluctant to visit places of work . His role in shaping North Korean literature was to be pivotal . Cho 's early works Mt . Paektu ( MR : Paektusan , 1947 ) and Land ( MR : Ttang , 1946 ) would point out the direction that North Korean literature was about to take . These very works would soon become models for North Korean literature . Upon his return , he started writing for Chosŏn Sinmun , the Soviet Red Army 's Korean @-@ language paper , working as a correspondent and translator . He translated works of such Soviet poets as Mayakovsky , Gribachev , and Jambyl Jabayev . The literary circles of the time were divided based on divisions in North Korean politics as a whole . Cho associated himself with the other ethnic Koreans who had come from the Soviet Union . This literary group was close to the political Soviet Koreans faction . During the Korean War , Cho worked for Rodong Sinmun and also wrote propaganda poems . Before the war , he had been a member of the Standing Committee of the North Korean Literary and Art Federation . In 1951 , he was selected the vice @-@ chairman of the unified Korean Federation of Literature and Arts ( MR : Chosŏn munhakyesul ch 'ongdongmaeng , KFLA ) which was chaired by Han Sorya . He was a member of its subdivision called the Literature Organization ( MR : Munhak tongmaeng ) . = = Works = = = = = In the Soviet Union = = = While still at the Pedagogical Institute , Cho released a novel . The novel describes anti @-@ Japanese armed struggle , and is similar in content to his later work Mt . Paektu . The novel might have acted as a prototype for it . In addition to poetry and poetic criticism , Cho was interested in drama . Cho contributed to the creation of a drama called Hong Beom @-@ do , about the revolutionary Hong Beom @-@ do , by Tae Jang @-@ chun and other Koreans living in the Soviet Union . Mt . Paektu retains elements from this work , too . He published his first poem the age of 17 in a Korean newspaper , Sŏnbong , in Russia . Between 1930 and 1933 he wrote poems such as " The Morning of the Construction " , " To the Advanced Workers " , " The Military Field Study " and " Paris Commune " . While still in the Soviet Union , he also wrote poems " To Rangers " and " Outdoor Practice " . = = = In North Korea = = = After moving to North Korea , he released " New Year " . Other poems by Cho include : " Tuman River " ( MR : Tumanggang , 1946 ) about the sufferings of Koreans under Japanese rule and " Our Way " ( Uri @-@ ŭi kil , 1949 ) on Soviet @-@ Korean friendship . The Song of Life ( Saeng 'ai @-@ ŭi Norae , 1950 ) is a long epic about industrialization . It praises the country 's developing industry but fails to take note of its roots in Japanese projects during the occupation . It also features a theme often found in Stalinist fiction : " class enemies " that seek to hamper progress . Other poems include : Land , " Aircraft Hunters " , " On the Burning Street " ( Pul 'anŭn kŏriesŏ , 1950 ) , " Korean Mother " ( Chosŏn @-@ ŭi ŏmŏni , 1950 ) , " My Heights " ( Na @-@ ŭi koji , 1951 ) , " We are Korean Youth " ( Urinŭn Chosŏn Ch 'ŏngnyŏnida , 1951 ) as well as lyric poems " Swing " ( Kŭne ) and " Sitting On a White Rock " ( Hŭin pauie anjaso , 1947 ) . The serial poem Resistance in Yosu ( Hangjaeng @-@ ŭi yŏsu ) tells about the Yosu uprising in South Korea . The lyric epic Land was written on the Workers ' Party 's orders on producing works about the land reform in North Korea after the liberation , and was the first poem to describe the topic . Cho wrote lyrics for " Mungyong Pass " , a song about Korean People 's Army soldiers fighting their way through Kyonggi to Ryongnam . While all of the poems are thoroughly ideological , some South Korean scholars such as Yi Chang @-@ ju of the North Research Institution , have sought to emphasize Cho 's lyrical side in order to " domesticate " him to serve rapprochement between the two countries ' cultural orientations . Some of Cho 's poems have been adapted into popular music lyrics that enjoy popularity in the South as well as the North . " Whistle " ( Hŭip 'aram ) , " Willow " ( Suyang pŏtŭl ) and " Swing " are love songs that were inspired by a more relaxed cultural atmosphere following the translation of Russian @-@ language poetry into Korean . These influence include Mikhail Isakovsky 's " Katyusha " , to which " Whistle " in particular bears likeness . " Whistle " , adapted as a popular song in 1990 , is often seen in the South as a non @-@ political song . However , according to Gabroussenko , South Korean observers often fail to notice the political and cultural elements borrowed from Isakovsky and Soviet lyrical poetry . In " Whistle " , for instance , the couple embodies exemplary socialist traits : = = = = Mt . Paektu = = = = Cho 's long epic poem Mt . Paektu was written in February 1947 and published in 1948 in Rodong Sinmun . It was the first poem written about Kim Il @-@ sung , whom the original version of the poem simply refers to as " Commander Kim " . The poem is a classic in literature portraying the anti @-@ Japanese struggle and tells the story of the Battle of Pochonbo which took place in 1937 . The poem inextricably links Kim Il @-@ sung 's person with Paektu Mountain , the namesake height of the poem ; a connection that has remained central in North Korean propaganda to this day . The poem has its origins in Cho 's fascination with the anti @-@ Japanese guerrillas , including Rim Chun @-@ chu and Ch 'oe Hyŏn , with whom he had met . The creation of the epic was politically motivated , too , as the Soviets , who had dispatched Cho to North Korea , wanted to strengthen Kim Il @-@ sung 's grip on power . Publications presenting him as a legendary anti @-@ Japanese hero were needed , and so Mt . Paektu was born . The work is dedicated " to the glorious Soviet Army that liberated Korea " , and is written with the Soviets and not the Koreans in mind . Due to vigorous promotion of a " mass culture " in both the output and readership of literature , copies of Mt . Paektu were printed by the hundreds of thousands , more than any work in the history of Korean literature before that . Generally speaking , the poem was well received . The public was interested and young readers acclaimed it . It was liked in the KFLA as it employed revolutionary romanticism in its portrayal of Kim . Kim personally liked the poem , too , and began visiting Cho 's home . In his memoirs With the Century , Kim writes that he was the first person to listen to Cho recite the poem and liked its " jewel @-@ like sentences " . More than aesthetic , Kim says he was attracted to the content and they both " shed tears " when Cho chanted a passage about fallen comrades . In truth , the content of Mt . Paektu exaggerates Kim Il @-@ sung 's activities during the liberation struggle . The poem presents Kim as having heroic , transcendental , humane and warm qualities . He is represented as a popular hero that the people look up to , suggesting that he is the right person to lead the newly established state . Politically , Mt . Paektu was very effective in the newly founded state . As such , it became a " new classic " , a model for the cult of personality of Kim Il @-@ sung perpetuated by subsequent works of literature in North Korea . According to B. R. Myers , the work exemplifies particular traits of an early cult of personality built upon Soviet Marxism – Leninism and bloc conformity , which were soon replaced by Korean ethnic nationalism of writers like Han Sorya . While Cho 's Kim Il @-@ sung is a brilliant strategist who has masculine qualities like strength and intellect , in Han 's works he embodies traditional Korean virtues of innocence and naivity having " mastered Marxism – Leninism with his heart , not his brain " . The ethnically inspired style of Han would establish itself as the standard of propaganda over Jo 's . Benoit Berthelier , however , sees continuity in Cho 's work and contemporary propaganda . According to him , Cho can be credited with having created a genre of " revolutionary romanticism " , which systematized the use of legends and supernatural imagery in Kim and his followers ' cult of personality . Long epic poetry was not a popular genre in North Korea before Mt . Paektu , but it was in the Soviet Union where Cho had immigrated from . Poema and Mayakovsky 's prosody and poetry were also among Cho 's influences that can be seen in Mt . Paektu . These Russian stylistic influences gave Mt . Paektu its peculiar characteristics that prompted mixed reactions from the North Korean public . For instance , some in the literature circles were unfamiliar with the concept of a lyrical epic and thought of it as an improbable amalgam of genres , criticizing the work for being indistinguishable from ordinary prose . According to Alzo David @-@ West , lecturer at Aichi Prefectural University and North Korea Review newsbrief editor , the relatively favorable reaction to Mt . Paektu compared to some other literature testifies to North Korean readership being capable at being both a receptive and a dismissive audience . South Korean scholars have presented two competing views about Mt . Paektu : academics of the older generation typically dismiss Mt . Paektu as " personality cult literature " . Younger generation minjung and leftist scholars , however , see guerrillas other than Kim Il @-@ sung — such as Ch 'ŏl @-@ ho , Kkot @-@ pun , and Sŏk @-@ jun — and by extension , the people , as the " hero " of the story . For some of them , like Sin Tong @-@ ho , excluding the role of others than Kim Il @-@ sung is an outright obstruction for creating a national unity in literature . The 1947 text has been revised three times because of changes within the political system of North Korea to produce " heavily revised chuch 'e [ Juche ] editions " : in 1955 , 1986 and 1995 . The original version of the poem invokes Russian Civil War heroes Vasily Chapayev , Nikolay Shchors and Sergey Lazo , while a newer revision omits them and concentrates on indigenous assets : The work was adapted on stage by Han T 'ae @-@ ch 'ŏn . It has been translated into English , Arabic , French , German , Russian , Spanish , Chinese , Japanese , and Mongolian . Of these , the Mongolian one was deemed " distorted " by North Koreans and sparked a diplomatic crisis in 1976 , resulting in expulsion of the Mongolian ambassador to the country . = = Death and legacy = = Cho died on 31 July 1951 in his office room in Pyongyang during a United Nations forces ' bombing raid in the war . Mt . Paektu received the National Prize , first class , in 1948 . Cho 's works were awarded the Festival Prize , the country 's highest literary honor , modeled after the Stalin Prize . He also was awarded the Order of the National Flag , second class , for his work during the war in 1951 , as well as a posthumous National Prize , first class , in 1952 for his cycle of poems Korea is Fighting ( MR : Chosŏnŏn Ssaunda , 1951 ) . His resting place is at the Patriotic Martyrs ' Cemetery , in Pyongyang . Today , Cho is regarded as the founding father of North Korean socialist realist poetry , or indeed poetry in general , or even North Korean literature as a whole . In the mid @-@ 1950s many Soviet Koreans , including Cho 's close friends , were discredited in purges . According to Gabroussenko , Cho 's untimely death in 1951 may have spared him his reputation and ensured his continued popularity in North Korea today . = Cyclone Ivy = Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivy ( Fiji Meteorological Service designation : 05F , Joint Typhoon Warning Center designation : 13P ) was a tropical cyclone that affected about 25 % of the population of Vanuatu in February 2004 . It was first classified as a tropical disturbance on February 21 between Vanuatu and Fiji . The system tracked northwestward , gradually organizing and intensifying . After attaining tropical storm status on February 23 , Ivy strengthened more quickly as it turned southwestward toward Vanuatu . It attained peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) while moving over Vanuatu , making it an intense Category 4 cyclone on the Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale . By the time it passed through Vanuatu , Ivy had turned southeastward , and it gradually weakened while accelerating . After becoming extratropical on February 28 , it passed just east of New Zealand and eventually dissipated on March 2 . The third significant cyclone in 14 months to affect the region , Ivy produced heavy rainfall and high winds in Vanuatu . Due to advance warning , only two people were killed , and several people were injured . The high winds damaged about 11 @,@ 000 houses , leaving many people homeless . The cyclone passed very close to the Vanuatu capital city of Port Vila , forcing the evacuation of about 2 @,@ 000 people and shutting down the main port . Cyclone Ivy also affected the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia with rainfall , and later it produced high waves in New Zealand that killed two people . Because of its severe damage on Vanuatu , the name Ivy was retired following its usage . = = Meteorological history = = In the middle of February 2004 , a monsoon trough formed in the southwest Pacific Ocean during the middle of a Madden – Julian oscillation pulse . A low pressure area developed along the trough , and the Fiji Meteorological Service ( FMS ) designated it Tropical Disturbance 5F on February 21 about halfway between Vanuatu and Fiji . Initially , the system was moving little and had a circulation that was detached from the primary area of convection . On February 22 after the thunderstorms increased , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) initiated advisories on the disturbance with the designation Tropical Cyclone 13P . Shortly thereafter , the FMS reported that the disturbance developed into a tropical depression , although the convection was transient and displaced from the circulation . The system tracked west @-@ northwestward , due to a ridge located to its south . With low wind shear and good outflow , the system gradually organized , with the circulation becoming situated underneath the convection . At 0300 UTC on February 23 , the FMS upgraded it to a tropical cyclone and gave it the name Ivy while the storm was about 510 km ( 315 mi ) northeast of Port Vila , Vanuatu . After being named , Ivy quickly intensified after its convection was drawn into the circulation . Late on February 23 , the JTWC upgraded Ivy to the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale , and the FMS followed suit the following day by upgrading Ivy to a severe tropical cyclone as continued favorable conditions allowed for rapid deepening . On February 24 the cyclone began a turn to the southwest as it moved around the ridge , and the next day it turned to the south toward Vanuatu as an approaching shortwave trough passed to the south and created a weakness in the ridge . A nearby upper @-@ level low temporarily cut off outflow , although once it moved further away the low enhanced ventilation . Strengthening continued and , late on February 25 , the FMS reported that Ivy attained peak 10 – minute sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) over the Vanuatu archipelago ; this made it a Category 4 on the Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale . Around the same time , the JTWC estimated peak 1 – minute sustained winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) , after a 19 km ( 12 mi ) eye developed . After passing slowly through Vanuatu , Ivy began accelerating to the southeast and its eye passed very close to the capital city of Port Vila , after moving over the island of Epi . As the cyclone moved away from the island group , it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle . In addition , the combination of cooler water temperatures , greater wind shear , less outflow , and land interaction with Vanuatu caused gradual weakening . Late on February 27 , Ivy entered the area of warning responsibility of the Wellington Regional Specialized Meteorological Center . The convection rapidly diminished and left the circulation exposed , and Ivy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on February 28 . It remained strong and maintained a well @-@ defined circulation as it passed just east of East Cape , New Zealand . Continuing southeastward , the extratropical remnants crossed the International Dateline on February 29 , and Ivy dissipated about 1800 km ( 1100 mi ) southeast of New Zealand on March 2 . = = Preparations and impact = = While Ivy was reaching peak intensity , it passed through Vanuatu , becoming the third major cyclone in 14 months to affect the region , after Cyclone Zoe and Cyclone Gina . Its threat prompted over 2 @,@ 000 people in Port Vila to evacuate . While Ivy moved through the country , a station on Anatom island recorded winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) , which were the highest sustained winds observed in the nation . In addition , the cyclone dropped heavy rainfall , reaching 254 @.@ 4 mm ( 10 @.@ 02 in ) at Bauerfield International Airport in Port Vila . The central area of deep convection moved across every island in the archipelago . As the cyclone moved through Vanuatu , it cut off communications between the various islands , and also knocked Radio Vanuatu offline . Overall there was widespread moderate damage , with small areas of heavier damage . The cyclone affected more than 54 @,@ 000 people – about 25 % of the population – on various islands , including Paama , Epi , Ambrym , eastern Malekula , northern Aoba , and northern Maewo . On Ambrym island , the winds wrecked the roofs of houses and downed trees and vegetables . Overall , about 11 @,@ 000 houses were damaged , and a large proportion of the 24 @,@ 000 people in Ivy 's path became homeless due to the destruction of their houses , with many buildings made of iron and bamboo wrecked . In addition , the winds downed trees and power lines . Heavy damage occurred in the capital city of Port Vila , where flooding washed out small bridges . Strong waves wrecked the main port there and also capsized two boats . High winds downed trees and blocked roads across the capital , with 70 % of the nation 's roads affected . Several people were injured due to flying debris , and one person was severely injured due to the storm . The high winds affected 80 % of the nation 's food crops , including the loss of much of the mango and banana crops as well as the ruination of about 75 % of the coconut and cocoa crops . The latter loss was significant due to its status as a cash crop . The cyclone damaged 90 % of the water facilities across the archipelago . It also damaged about 60 % of the health centers , as well as 112 schools , some of which were completely destroyed . Monetary damage was estimated at VT427.6 million ( 2004 VUV , $ 3 @.@ 8 million 2004 USD ) . Due to advance warning , there were only two deaths in Vanuatu , including one when a landslide killed a woman on Malakula island . In addition to affecting Vanuatu , Ivy produced heavy rainfall in Tikopia and Anuta , two small islands in the southeastern Solomon Islands . Later , intense rainbands spread across the Loyalty Islands in New Caledonia . Along the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand , the extratropical remnants of Ivy produced high waves that killed two people in Whakatane . The storm produced a 1 in 10 year storm surge as it passed the country that peaked at 1 @.@ 04 m ( 3 @.@ 4 ft ) at Omaio . The surge , in combination with waves , reached about 5 m ( 16 ft ) at Papamoa , based on the position of debris on the beach . Wind gusts reached 79 @.@ 7 km / h ( 49 @.@ 5 mph ) at the Whakatane Airport , and the combination of winds and waves produced beach erosion along the coast . = = Aftermath = = The local Red Cross offices in Port Vila and Luganville prepared general relief supplies before the storm 's arrival , including tents , tool kits , and first aid units . By four days after the cyclone 's passage , the main wharf in Port Vila was re @-@ opened and the two sunken boats were removed . Additionally , the evacuees were allowed to return to their homes , and communications between the various islands were restored . The Red Cross distributed various relief supplies to the affected citizens , including candles , matches , water , and blankets . By about two weeks after the storm , about 30 @,@ 000 household relief packages were distributed . The Vanuatu government allocated VT25 million ( 2004 VUV , $ 236 @,@ 000 2004 USD ) for the affected citizens . Overall , the cyclone severely affected the daily lives of the Vanuatu citizens . On Tanna island , the cyclone 's passage produced a malaria outbreak . In the immediate aftermath , the New Zealand Red Cross provided $ 10 @,@ 000 ( 2004 NZD ) for essential relief supplies . In addition , the New Zealand government provided $ 70 @,@ 000 for assistance in the most affected areas , after the country 's Air Force dispatched a plane over Vanuatu to determine the extent of damage . The Government of Australia similarly sent a helicopter reconnaissance mission to determine damage , as well as two planes with $ 200 @,@ 000 ( 2004 AUD ) in relief supplies , including 2 @,@ 400 tarps , 2 @,@ 600 water containers , and 5 @,@ 200 packets of water purification tablets . The French government also sent a helicopter and assistance as per the 1992 FRANZ Agreement between New Zealand , Australia , and France . Due to the severity of damage wrought by the cyclone , the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Ivy following its usage and replaced it with Irene . Ivy was retired along with earlier Cyclone Heta ; the two were the only named storms to form within the basin that season . = Solipskier = Solipskier is a sports video game for Adobe Flash , iOS , and Android developed and published by Mikengreg , a two @-@ man independent development team consisting of Michael Boxleiter and Greg Wohlwend . In Solipskier , the player draws the snowy slope for an on @-@ screen skier to pass through slalom gates and tunnels . The character accelerates with downhill sections and can launch into the air to perform tricks and earn a higher score . The idea came from a brainstorming session about parallax scrolling with speedy action in the foreground and the ability for the player to " paint " the terrain . It was Boxleiter and Wohlwend 's first game to receive public appreciation . It was released August 29 , 2010 to generally favorable reviews and was a runner @-@ up in the 2011 Game Developers Conference Independent Games Festival 's Best Mobile Game category . = = Gameplay = = In the sports game Solipskier , the player draws the ground for the on @-@ screen skier to pass through a level filled with gates , tunnels , and walls . Drawing an incline , for example , will launch the skier into the air to perform tricks , and a downhill section will accelerate the skier . Upcoming obstacles are indicated at the right of the screen along with the necessary altitude and distance . A streak of successful passes through gates will accrue a bonus score . The skier 's speed also increases with time . As an endless runner ( compared to Canabalt ) , the characters advance until they die , as there is no end . If the skier travels fast enough , he loses his headphones , which cuts out the background music to the sound of the wind passing by . The player receives " All Star Dunk Contest @-@ like scorecards " after landing big jumps . Solipskier also has an online leaderboard , and offers tips for new players to improve their scores . It focuses on style and emotion from the player @-@ character 's terminal speed rather than on jumps and tricks . It also has a hard rock guitar soundtrack . = = Development = = Solipskier was designed for the Adobe Flash platform . Michael Boxleiter and Greg Wohlwend had worked on Flash games earlier as Intuition Games . The idea for the game came from a brainstorming session about parallax scrolling , and was revised in fits of creativity . They paired the parallax scrolling with speed , and eventually Boxleiter " blurted out with wide @-@ eyes " that the player could " paint the terrain to determine the speed of the character " . They chose a snow or snowmobile theme and began to prototype that same night . Boxleiter used skills he had acquired from previous games ( heightmaps from Dinowaurs and bitmap drawing from EON ) to make a mockup within hours : a red ball that moved along with a slope ( made with the mouse ) and floated down slowly when suspended in air . He added three gates to create a slalom skiing course and a sense of distance and speed , which was not apparent otherwise . Boxleiter then set up indicators to show the incoming gates , though he thought it was odd to have the indicators move to the right as the gate moved to towards the player ( to the left ) . There was no parallax scrolling implemented in this phase . Meanwhile , Wohlwend mocked up a 2D course in grayscale , with humps of mountains . He originally designed the visuals such that there would be nothing on the screen where the player had not painted , which was later cut . After seeing Boxleiter 's draft , he used crisp colors to make distinct gate markers and made the foreground highly contrast with the background . Their early drafts had a nighttime theme and included an aurora that was later cut due to difficulty of implementation in Flash . Wohlwend left the character design for last as his " weak point " . Boxleiter was particularly inspired by the idea of a skier replacing the snowmobile , and set up the parallax scrolling and motion blur , which made the skier appear to go faster . He also added the " tunnel " idea as a series of gates . They animated the skier , who they gave an " ego @-@ tastic " large head on a stick figure body , and decided to not use tutorials , opting for a game that began with the player 's first click . Wohlwend 's rainbow trail effect was added as a scarf or cape ( which later became a rainbow burst behind the player ) , and the scoring mechanics were refined to reward players who took risks by letting the skier fly through the air without touching the screen . This was partly inspired by the Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater series . The title refers to a combination of solipsism and skiing . The game was their first to receive public appreciation . Boxleiter first understood its potential when publishers fought for the bid to the game . At the time , it was solely designed for Flash and not iOS , though they were interested in making bigger games outside the Flash market . They announced the game in mid August 2010 , where they revealed that the game would release on Flash ( through Kongregate ) and iOS simultaneously , which happened on August 29 , 2010 . Joe Bergeron , a programmer who had previously worked on Dinowaurs with Mikengreg , helped with the iOS version of the game . Solipskier made around $ 70 @,@ 000 in its first two months ( as compared to $ 15 @,@ 000 from the Flash release ) , which let them work in other non @-@ Flash mediums in the future . They released an Android version three months later . = = Reception = = The game received " generally favorable " reviews , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . It was a runner @-@ up in the 2011 Game Developers Conference Independent Games Festival 's Best Mobile Game category . IGN 's Levi Buchanan praised the art direction , especially the rainbow scarf against the gray , monotone background . Chris Hall of 148Apps called it " the most original since Fastar " . Hall praised the touch of having the headphones fall off , with the contrast between the hard rock guitar and the rushing natural wind , but criticized the complex scoring system . Edge 's Chris Donlan , on the other hand , appreciated the trade @-@ offs between the different opportunities to score higher . Hall of 148Apps added that Solipskier did not look as great on a Retina Display . Tim Rattray of Slide to Play called the graphics " pure eye candy " . He felt that the game was " unique , but a ' one @-@ trick pony ' combination of fast Canabalt and platform @-@ drawing Line Racer " . Likewise , IndieGames.com felt Solipskier 's novelty was ephemeral . Pocket Gamer 's Mark Brown called its difficulty " steeper than the Alps " . Pocket Gamer listed the game as one of the toughest and best indie games in 2011 , one of the best endless runners in 2012 , and a " hidden gem " in 2013 . = The Botanic Garden = The Botanic Garden ( 1791 ) is a set of two poems , The Economy of Vegetation and The Loves of the Plants , by the British poet and naturalist Erasmus Darwin . The Economy of Vegetation celebrates technological innovation , scientific discovery and offers theories concerning contemporary scientific questions , such as the history of the cosmos . The more popular Loves of the Plants promotes , revises and illustrates Linnaeus 's classification scheme for plants . One of the first popular science books , the intent of The Botanic Garden is to pique readers ' interest in science while educating them at the same time . By embracing Linnaeus 's sexualized language , which anthropomorphizes plants , Darwin makes botany interesting and relevant to his readers , but his reliance on conventional images of women when describing plants and flowers reinforces traditional gender stereotypes . Darwin emphasizes the connections between humanity and plants , arguing that they are all part of the same natural world and that sexual reproduction is at the heart of evolution ( ideas that his grandson , Charles Darwin , would later turn into a full @-@ fledged theory of evolution ) . This evolutionary theme continues in The Economy of Vegetation which contends that scientific progress is part of evolution and urges its readers to celebrate inventors and scientific discoveries in a language usually reserved for heroes or artistic geniuses . Because amateur botany was popular in Britain during the second half of the eighteenth century , The Botanic Garden , despite its high cost , was a bestseller . Nevertheless , the poem 's radical political elements , such as its support of the French revolution and its criticism of slavery , angered conservative British readers . Darwin 's attempt to popularize science and to convey the wonders of scientific discovery and technological innovation through poetry helped initiate a tradition of popular science writing that continues to the present day . = = Historical background = = In the 1760s and 1770s , botany became increasingly popular in Britain because of the translation of Linnaeus 's works into English . One of the most prominent books about botany was William Withering 's Botanical Arrangement of all the Vegetables Naturally Growing in Great Britain ( 1776 ) , which used Linnaeus 's system for classifying plants . Withering 's book went through multiple editions and became the standard text on British plants for a generation . The book delighted and intrigued experts , amateurs , and children alike . One of the effects of Withering 's book was that it provoked a debate over the translation of Linnaeus 's works . Withering aimed for an Anglicized translation of Linnaeus 's Latin that also stripped the nomenclature of its sexualized language . Although he wanted to make botany widely available , he believed that women readers should be protected from any mention of sexuality . In his preface he writes : " from an apprehension that botany in an English dress would become a favourite amusement with the ladies , . . . it was thought proper to drop the sexual distinctions in the titles to the Classes and Orders . " Darwin held the opposite position ; he maintained that Linnaeus 's works should be translated as literally as possible and that the sexual references in the nomenclature should be retained . In 1783 and 1787 , the Botanical Society of Lichfield , founded by Darwin and several of his friends specifically to translate Linnaeus 's works , issued their own English translation , A System of Vegetables , that categorized over 1400 plants . Assisted by Samuel Johnson , they coined over fifty new botanical words ; it is this work , along with the group 's The Families of Plants that introduced the words stamen and pistil into the English language , for example . By 1796 their translation had prevailed and Withering was forced to adopt their vocabulary in later editions of his work . = = = Linnaean system = = = The reliability and usefulness of the Linnaean system was a subject of much debate when Darwin was composing The Loves of the Plants , leading scholars to conclude that one of his intentions in publishing the poem was to defend the Linnaean classification scheme . Linnaeus had proposed that , like humans , plants are male and female and reproduce sexually ; he also described his system using highly sexualized language . Therefore , as scholar Janet Browne writes , “ to be a Linnaean taxonomist was to believe in the sex life of flowers . ” In his poem , Darwin not only embraced Linnaeus 's classification scheme but also his metaphors . At the same time that he was defending Linnaeus 's system , however , Darwin was also refining it . Linnaeus classified plants solely on the number of reproductive organs they had , but Darwin 's poem also emphasized “ proportion , length , and arrangement of the [ sexual ] organs ” . = = Writing and publication = = Inspired by his enjoyment of his own botanical garden but primarily by Anna Seward 's poem “ Verses Written in Dr. Darwin 's Botanic Garden ” ( 1778 ) , Darwin decided to compose a poem that would embody Linnaeus 's ideas . ( Darwin would later include an edited version of Seward 's poem in The Loves of the Plants without her permission and without acknowledgment . Seward was rankled by this treatment and complained of Darwin 's inattention to her authorial rights in her Memoirs of Erasmus Darwin . ) According to Seward , Darwin said that “ the Linnean System is unexplored poetic ground , and an [ sic ] happy subject for the muse . It affords fine scope for poetic landscape ; it suggests metamorphoses of the Ovidian kind , though reversed . ” Darwin may have also thought of The Love of the Plants “ as a kind of love song ” to Elizabeth Pole , a woman with whom he was in love and would eventually marry . Concerned about his scientific reputation and curious to see if there would be an audience for his more demanding poem The Economy of Vegetation , he published The Loves of the Plants anonymously in 1789 ( see 1789 in poetry ) . He was stunned at its success and therefore published both Loves of the Plants and Economy of Vegetation together as The Botanic Garden in 1791 . Joseph Johnson , his publisher , eventually bought the copyright for The Botanic Garden from him for the staggering sum of ₤ 800 . When Johnson published The Botanic Garden in 1791 , he charged twenty @-@ one shillings for it , a hefty price at the time . Seward wrote that " the immense price which the bookseller gave for this work , was doubtless owing to considerations which inspired his trust in its popularity . Botany was , at that time , and still continues a very fashionable study . " However , the high price would also have discouraged government prosecution for a book that contained radical political views . Any subversive ideas that the poem contained were therefore limited to an audience of the educated elite who could afford to purchase the book . = = The Loves of the Plants = = = = = Structure and poetic style = = = Suggesting the passing of a single day , The Loves of the Plants is divided into four cantos , all written in heroic couplets . A preface to the poem outlines the basics of the Linnaean classification system . Guiding the reader through the garden is a “ Botanic Muse ” who is described as Linnaeus 's inspiration . Interspersed between the cantos are dialogues on poetic theory between the poet and his bookseller . The poem is not a narrative ; instead , reminiscent of the picaresque tradition , it consists of discrete descriptions of eighty @-@ three separate species which are accompanied by extensive explanatory footnotes . In The Loves of the Plants , Darwin claims " to Inlist Imagination under the banner of Science " . A believer in Enlightenment ideals , he wanted not only to participate in scientific discovery but also to disseminate its new knowledge in an accessible format . As Darwin scholar Michael Page has written , “ Darwin sought to do for Linnaeus . . . what Pope had done for Newton and celestial mechanics in the Essay on Man ” = = = = Personification = = = = In one of the interludes of The Loves of the Plants , the voice of the Poet , which would seem to be Darwin 's voice as well , argues that poetry is meant to appeal to the senses , particularly vision . Darwin 's primary tool for accomplishing this was personification . Darwin 's personifications were often based on the classical allusions embedded with Linnaeus 's own naming system . However , they were not meant to conjure up images of gods or heroes ; rather , the anthropomorphized images of the plants depict more ordinary images . They also stimulate the readers ' imaginations to assist them in learning the material and allow Darwin to argue that the plants he is discussing are animate , living things — just like humans . Darwin 's use of personification suggests that plants are more akin to humans than the reader might at first assume ; his emphasis on the continuities between mankind and plantkind contributes to the evolutionary theme that runs throughout the poem . The Loves of the Plants argues that human emotion is rooted in physiology rather than Christian theology . Darwin would take his materialism even further in The Economy of Vegetation and The Temple of Nature , works that have been called atheistic . In describing plants through the language of love and sex , Darwin hoped to convey the idea that humans and human sexuality are simply another part of the natural world . Darwin writes that his poem will reverse Ovid who “ did , by art poetic , transmute Men , Women , and even Gods and Goddesses , into trees and Flowers ; I have undertaken , by similar art , to restore some of them to their original animality ” = = = Themes = = = = = = = Evolution = = = = In his Phytologia ( 1800 ) , Darwin wrote “ from the sexual , or amatorial generation of plants new varieties , or improvements , are frequently obtained ” . He insisted in The Loves of the Plants that sexual reproduction was at the heart of evolutionary change and progress , in humans as well as plants . Browne writes that the poem may be seen as " an early study in what was to be Darwin 's lifelong commitment to the idea of transmutation . ” Darwin illustrated not only organic change , but social and political change as well . Throughout The Botanic Garden , Darwin endorses the ideals of the American and French revolutions and criticizes slavery . His celebration of technological progress in The Economy of Vegetation suggests that social and scientific progress are part of a single evolutionary process . Humanity was improving , moving towards perfection , as evidenced by abolitionism and the broadening of political rights . = = = = Gender = = = = The Love of the Plants , however , while opening up the world of botany to the non @-@ specialist and to women in particular , reinforced conventional gender stereotypes . Darwin 's images “ remained deeply polarized between the chaste , blushing virgin and the seductive predatory woman , the modest shepherdess and the powerful queen . ” Although Darwin gives plant @-@ women the central role in each vignette ( a reversal of Linnaeus 's classification scheme , which focuses on the male ) , few of the representations stray from stereotypical images of women . When the female and male reproductive organs are in a 1 : 1 ratio in a plant , Darwin represents traditional couplings . The women are “ playful ” , “ chaste ” , “ gentle ” and “ blooming ” . When the ratio is 1 : 2 @-@ 4 , the female becomes a “ helpmate ” or “ associate ” to the males , who have separate bonds to their “ brothers ” . Once he reaches 1 : 5 @-@ 6 , however , Darwin presents women as “ seductive or wanton ” or , at the other extreme , “ needing protection ” . By 1 : 8 + , he presents “ unambiguous metaphors of power and command , [ with the woman ] being pictured as a saint , a reigning sovereign , a sorceress , a proto @-@ industrialist . . . a priestess ” . The images also present a largely positive view of the relationship between the sexes ; there is no rape or sexual violence of any kind , elements central to much of Ovid and Linnaeus . There is also no representation of the marriage market , divorce or adultery ( with one exception ) ; the poem is largely pastoral . There are also no representations of intelligent women or women writers , although Darwin knew quite a few . The exception is the “ Botanic Muse ” , who has the botanical knowledge that the poem imparts ; however , as Browne argues , few readers in the eighteenth century would have seen this as a liberating image for women since they would have been skeptical that a woman could have written the poem and inhabited the voice of the muse ( they would have assumed that the anonymous writer was a man ) . Despite its traditional gender associations , some scholars have argued that the poem provides “ both a language and models for critiquing sexual mores and social institutions ” and encourages women to engage in scientific pursuits . = = The Economy of Vegetation = = While The Loves of the Plants celebrates the natural world , The Economy of Vegetation celebrates scientific progress and technological innovation , such as the forging of steel , the invention of the steam engine and the improvements to gunpowder . It also advances several scientific hypotheses regarding the formation of the cosmos , the moon and the earth . Moreover , Darwin 's poem represents the scientists and inventors , such as Benjamin Franklin , responsible for this progress as the heroes of a new age ; he “ mythologizes ” them . Although the two poems seem separated , they both endorse an evolutionary view of the world . Darwin did not see a distinction between nature and culture ; industrialization and technological progress were part of a single evolutionary process . Much of The Economy of Vegetation deals with mining and the use of minerals . For example , Darwin describes the great mining capability of the steam engine : As such examples demonstrate , The Economy of Vegetation is part of an Enlightenment paradigm of progress while The Loves of the Plants , with its focus on an integrated natural world , is more of an early Romantic work . Darwin also connected scientific progress to political progress ; “ for Darwin the spread of revolution meant that reason and equity vanquished political tyranny and religious superstition . ” Criticizing British imperialism and slavery , he writes : = = Reception and legacy = = The Botanic Garden was reissued repeatedly in Britain , Ireland and the United States throughout the 1790s . Until the publication of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's Lyrical Ballads in 1798 , Darwin was considered one of England 's preeminent poets . His poems , with their “ dynamic vision of change and transformation ” , resonated with the ideals of the French revolution . However , when the revolution entered its more radical and bloody phase , scientific progress became associated with what many started to see as a failed revolution . Anti @-@ Jacobins , who were opposed to the French revolution , denounced the sexual freedom gaining ground in France and linked it to the scientific projects of men like Darwin . George Canning and John Frere published a parody of The Loves of the Plants in the Anti @-@ Jacobin Review in 1798 titled “ Loves of the Triangles ” , suggesting just these connections . Darwin 's poems were not published during the first two decades of the nineteenth century as conservative reaction solidified in Britain , although bowdlerized and sentimentalized poems imitating Darwin 's became increasingly popular . The analogy between plants and humans lasted well into the nineteenth century ; Alice in Wonderland was one of the many books to employ the image . Darwin 's unique poetic style impressed some while it revolted others . Wordsworth called it “ dazzling " while Coleridge said , “ I absolutely nauseate Darwin 's poem ” . Darwin 's “ visionary temperament ” is similar in some ways to modern popular science writing . = Norah Head Light = Norah Head Light is an active lighthouse located at Norah Head , a headland on the Central Coast , New South Wales , Australia , close to Toukley . It is the last lighthouse of the James Barnet style to be built , and the last staffed lighthouse constructed in New South Wales . Officially displayed for the first time in 1903 , the original vapourized kerosene burner was upgraded in 1923 , electrified in 1961 and automated and demanned in 1994 , after more than 90 years of being staffed . It celebrated its centenary in 2003 . The concrete block tower is 27 @.@ 5 metres ( 90 ft ) high , topped by a bluestone gallery . On top of the gallery is the original Chance Bros. lantern . This lantern holds the original housing of the Chance Bros. 1st order bivalve dioptric Fresnel lens . Other important structures include the chief lightkeeper 's cottage and assistant keeper 's duplex , and a flag house . = = History = = Calls for construction of a lighthouse at Norah Head ( then " Bungaree Noragh Point " ) were made as early as 1861 due to many wrecks occurring in the area . A notable supporter in the end of the 19th century was local landholder Edward Hargraves from Noraville . However , these efforts were fruitless for many years . The first formal recommendation to construct the lighthouse was made by the Newcastle Marine Board , just prior to its abolition , in 1897 . The lighthouse was designed in a style similar to the style of James Barnet , by his successor Charles Assinder Harding , who also designed Cape Byron Light and Point Perpendicular Light . It is the last to be designed in this style . Construction commenced in 1901 , undertaken by day labour . Materials were brought by boat and unloaded on a wharf constructed at Cabbage Tree Harbour for that purpose . It was officially lit on 15 November 1903 , two years after Cape Byron Light . The first keepers were N. H. Williams as chief keeper , with N. Hanson and S. Kells as assistant keepers . The cost of the tower and cottages was nearly £ 24 @,@ 000 , £ 19 @,@ 000 for the construction of the tower and £ 5 @,@ 000 for the optical apparatus , a Chance Bros. 1st order bivalve dioptric Fresnel lens with 700 prisms The original light source was a vapourized kerosene burner and mantle generating a light intensity of 438 @,@ 000 cd , visible for 18 nautical miles ( 33 km ; 21 mi ) . The original mechanism was a grandfather clock @-@ type mechanism with the counterweights going down a 100 feet ( 30 m ) central column . The weights went down gradually as the light turned and had to be wound every half an hour . The light revolved every 10 seconds , and was floating in a mercury bath of more than 15 @,@ 000 pounds ( 6 @,@ 800 kg ) to lessen the friction . The high speed of rotation made operating the light while it was active very difficult . On 13 April 1923 the light source was upgraded to a Ford @-@ Schmidt kerosene burner with an intensity of 700 @,@ 000 candlepower . It was changed to revolve every thirty seconds in 1928 , to east the operation . The stables originally constructed at the complex were converted to a garage in 1960 . On 28 March 1961 the light was electrified , with mains electricity as the power source , and an intensity of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cd . The drive was replaced with a 0 @.@ 3 amp electric motor . At the same time the staff was cut from three lightkeepers to two . The light was automated and demanned in 1994 . It was one of the last stations in Australia to demanned , after over 90 years of being staffed . The current light source is a 1000 Watt 120 Volt tungsten @-@ halogen lamp , which flashes white every 15 seconds ( Fl.W. 15s ) and can be seen for 26 nautical miles ( 48 km ; 30 mi ) . It also shows a fixed red ( F.R. ) and green ( F.G. ) lights for coastal shipping . The lighthouse celebrated its centenary on 15 November 2003 , and the lighthouse appeared on the cover of the Wyong Shire Council annual report for 2003 . = = Structures = = The lighthouse is a 27 @.@ 5 metres ( 90 ft ) tower , made from concrete blocks . The concrete blocks were made on the ground using a local aggregate , lifted and cemented into position and finally cement rendered inside and out with deep ashlar coursing , and painted white . This technique was used in the period to reduce the cost of construction . On the inside of the tower there are 96 steps leading to the gallery in 4 stages , the first 3 of the same grade and the last stage a bit steeper and narrower . The staircase is made of concrete with slate treads and cast iron and brass balustrade . On top of the tower is a bluestone gallery and balcony with gunmetal railings . The gallery has a painted cast iron floor grate with a cast iron stair leading to the outdoor gallery . The lantern room is atop this gallery , made of metal and glass , encircled and protected by perspex and aluminium panels . It has a decorative iron catwalk encircling the glass to allow for cleaning . The lantern house is the original 3 @,@ 700 millimetres ( 150 in ) Chance Bros. cast iron and copper lantern house , one of about 21 known to exist in Australia . On the ground floor there is an entrance door made of cedar set with sidelights and fanlight , with an etching on the door glass saying Olim Periculum Nunc Salus , Latin for " Once Perilous , Now Safe " . Above the door is the writing " • A1903D • " , stating the year of official lighting . There is also a " ghost door " on the outside which was planned but never completed . The first floor comprises an entry hallway and two rooms . The hallways is set with tessellated tiles and still has the original desk for the visitor 's book . Of the two rooms , one was the report room used for administrative work , record keeping and logbooks . It is currently used as a radio room . The second room housed a spare mantle holder . It currently houses the electrical controls , including the sensors responsible for starting the light . It also houses the backup batteries , backup diesel generator and fuel tank , as well as a small workshop . The accommodations in the complex consist of a lightkeepers cottage with garden and Assistant Keeper 's duplex , both constructed from concrete blocks , unpainted from construction , and originally having " Marseilles pattern " terracotta tile roofs . The keeper 's cottage includes an open verandah on three sides , with cast iron posts and curved timber beams . The hipped roof is still the original terracotta tiles and one chimney remains . As for the duplex , circa 1970 the roof was replaced with concrete tiles and the chimneys have been demolished . Also constructed were a small fuel store , workshop , paint store and earth closet near the keeper 's cottage , and two fuel stores with earth closet and sink for the assistant cottages . All were constructed in the same form , from unpainted concrete blocked and the same terracotta tile roofs . All still remain in the complex , pretty much intact . As of 2010 , one of the cottages is occupied by a resident keeper and another two are available for overnight accommodations . Another structure at the complex is a small signal house , which was constructed as a flag house for the timber flagstaff , both constructed with the original structures in 1903 . The flag house was constructed to match the lighthouse , from precast concrete blocks , rendered walls , with the same plinth and deep ashlar coursing . The roof is made of concrete in a shallow hipped form , in contrast to the concrete dome proposed in the original drawings . The flag locker now houses maritime signal flags . The timber flagstaff was removed at an unknown date , and what remains of it are a concrete and steel base , a concrete apron , and four concrete and iron anchor points . A stable was also constructed at the premises from the same concrete blocks with Marseilles pattern terracotta tiles . In 1960 , as the stables were being converted to a garage , the roof tiles were replaced with a concrete tiles . Three timber doors to the former stable , tack and carriage rooms remain . Also at the complex are underground fresh water tanks and sealed off condensation water tank beneath the tower . About 100 metres ( 330 ft ) up the hill there used to be a weather station , a mother station for Montague Island in the south and South Solitary Island in the north . Reports used to be collected and sent to the Weather Bureau in Sydney . This is all done now electronically . = = Site operation = = The light is operated by Roads and Maritime Services ( formerly NSW Maritime ) , while the lighthouse reserve is managed by the New South Wales Department of Landssince 1997 . The Norah Head Reserve Lighthouse Trust is a government appointed trust " Dedicated to the preservation , conservation and management of the Norah Head Lighthouse Reserve . " = = Visiting = = The lighthouse is on a narrow strip of land that separates the sea from Tuggerah Lake . The site is accessible and the lighthouse is open for guided tours on weekends and for group bookings during the week . Two cottages are available for overnight staying , housing eight people each . It is also available for weddings . = Hurricane Fay ( 2014 ) = Hurricane Fay was the first hurricane to make landfall on Bermuda since Emily in 1987 . The sixth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 2014 Atlantic hurricane season , Fay evolved from a broad weather disturbance several hundred miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles on October 10 . Initially a subtropical cyclone with an expansive wind field and asymmetrical cloud field , the storm gradually attained tropical characteristics as it turned north , transitioning into a tropical storm early on October 11 . Despite being plagued by disruptive wind shear for most of its duration , Tropical Storm Fay steadily intensified . Veering toward the east , Fay briefly achieved Category 1 hurricane status while making landfall on Bermuda early on October 12 . Wind shear eventually took its toll on Fay , causing the hurricane to weaken to a tropical storm later that day and degenerate into an open trough early on October 13 . A few tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued in anticipation of Fay 's impact on Bermuda , and public schools were closed as a precaution . Despite its modest strength , Fay produced extensive damage on Bermuda . Winds gusting over 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) clogged roadways with downed trees and utility poles , and left a majority of the island 's electric customers without power . The terminal building at L.F. Wade International Airport was flooded after the storm compromised its roof and sprinkler system . Along the coast , the storm unmoored and destroyed numerous boats . Immediately after the hurricane , 200 Bermuda Regiment soldiers were called to clear debris and assist in initial damage repairs . Cleanup efforts overlapped with preparations for the approach of the stronger Hurricane Gonzalo , which struck the island less than six days later and compounded the damage . Fay and Gonzalo marked the first recorded instance of two Bermuda hurricane landfalls in one season . = = Meteorological history = = Hurricane Fay originated in a disturbance calved from a mid- to upper @-@ level trough over the east @-@ central Atlantic . On October 7 , a broad region of showers and thunderstorms formed around it , possibly enhanced by moisture from a tropical wave to the south . Tracking westward , the energy coalesced into an upper @-@ level cold @-@ core low on the following day , and an associated trough formed at the surface . Southwesterly wind shear initially hindered development , but as the system became more vertically aligned on October 9 , the hostile winds calmed . In turn , a curved banding feature was able to take form . Early on October 10 , satellite imagery indicated that the center of circulation had become better @-@ defined , with a swath of deep convection to the north and west of the low . It became a subtropical storm at 06 : 00 UTC on October 10 , though it was not named " Fay " until later that day , after initially being classified Subtropical Depression Seven . Its involvement with the upper @-@ level low and wide radius of maximum winds precluded designation as a fully tropical cyclone . Immediately after forming , the storm moved northwestward around the periphery of a ridge of high pressure in the central Atlantic . As Fay moved away from its parent upper low , wind shear once again increased . The National Hurricane Center originally expected the cyclone to remain weak , but Fay began organizing more quickly than anticipated . Relatively strong winds sampled by a Hurricane Hunters aircraft necessitated a special off @-@ hour advisory to raise the cyclone 's intensity estimate . The storm started to acquire characteristics of a fully tropical system , and despite strong southerly wind shear preventing thunderstorms from developing near the center , Fay 's wind speeds steadily increased . Upper @-@ level air divergence from the nearby non @-@ tropical low may have contributed to the storm 's resilience . After convection became more symmetrical and the wind field contracted , Fay transitioned into a tropical storm at 06 : 00 UTC on October 11 . At the same time , the system turned toward the north around the central Atlantic ridge , soon gaining an easterly component to its movement . Fay remained heavily sheared , with the deepest convection still displaced from the center . Forecasters originally believed Fay to have only briefly been a hurricane , but post @-@ season reanalysis revealed that the system had actually strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane by early on October 12 and maintained that strength for 12 hours . The upgrade was confirmed by buoy and land observations and weather radar data . At 08 : 10 UTC , the cyclone made landfall on Bermuda with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , the hurricane 's peak intensity . Fay was the first hurricane to make landfall on the island since Emily in 1987 . Its satellite presentation improved as a mid @-@ level eye feature formed , though the system remained lopsided . Fay then accelerated toward the east @-@ northeast ahead of a shortwave trough to the north , which also acted to further enhance shear in the area . The hurricane finally succumbed to the persistent wind shear when the low @-@ level center decoupled from the mid @-@ level low and became elongated . By the early morning hours of October 13 , Fay started transitioning into an extratropical cyclone as it entered a baroclinic environment and ingested colder , drier air . The circulation rapidly deteriorated ; consequently , the NHC issued its last operational advisory on the system at 21 : 00 UTC on October 12 . Early the following day , the storm degenerated into an open trough , ending its existence as a tropical cyclone . Shortly after , the system became reestablished as a frontal cyclone , which lost its definition over the northeastern Atlantic on October 15 . = = Preparations = = In advance of Fay , a tropical storm watch was issued on October 10 and upgraded to a tropical storm warning the next day . Additionally , in response to the storm 's unexpected strengthening , a hurricane watch was posted at 21 : 00 UTC on October 11 . All public schools on the island were closed for the storm . Bus and ferry services were canceled , and two cruise ships delayed their arrival into port to avoid the cyclone . = = Impact = = Fay produced unexpectedly strong winds across Bermuda , especially over western and southern parts of the territory . L.F. Wade International Airport reported 10 @-@ minute sustained winds of 61 mph ( 98 km / h ) , with gusts to 82 mph ( 132 km / h ) . Several stations at higher elevations recorded gusts in excess of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , reaching 123 mph ( 198 km / h ) at Commissioner 's Point , about 150 ft ( 46 m ) above sea level . The most intense winds occurred in a relatively quick burst on the backside of the storm , within a large band of thunderstorms that affected the island a couple hours after the official landfall . Local radar imagery indicated possible tornadic activity coinciding with the period of most damaging winds , though this could also have been an artifact of radar velocity folding . A gauge at St. George 's recorded a 1 @.@ 78 ft ( 0 @.@ 54 m ) storm surge , though higher water rises may have affected the southern and western sides of the island . Rainfall unofficially amounted to 3 @.@ 70 in ( 94 mm ) as reported by a member of the public , and the airport recorded 1 @.@ 87 in ( 47 mm ) of rain , though the observing equipment was compromised in both cases . The hurricane brought down thousands of trees and tree limbs , making streets impassable . The winds also toppled utility poles and inflicted roof damage on buildings . Over 27 @,@ 000 of the Bermuda Electric Light Company 's 36 @,@ 000 customers lost power at the height of the storm . Several roads , including Front Street in Hamilton , were flooded . Many boats up to 60 ft ( 18 m ) in length broke free from their moorings and were damaged or destroyed upon being driven aground . Hamilton city parks sustained considerable damage , and were closed due to safety hazards . The combined effects of Fay and Gonzalo forced the Botanical Gardens and Arboretum to stay closed until mid @-@ November , while cleanup of vegetation damage was underway . Fay damaged the roof of the airport 's terminal building , causing the sprinkler system to malfunction and inundate parts of the structure with water ; the resultant flooding crippled computer systems crucial to processing passenger information . The airport 's radar was also impacted by the storm . In response to the damage , the airport was closed to all flights , though it quickly reopened to emergency diversions and non @-@ commercial flights . Including subsequent damage from Gonzalo , about $ 2 million was spent on airport repairs , and the storms were later cited as evidence of the need for a newer terminal in a more protected location . Overall , the cyclone 's effects were greater than anticipated , with destruction at least partially facilitated by saturated soils from nearly 14 inches ( 360 mm ) of rain in August and above @-@ normal precipitation in September . Farmers reported that much of their autumn and winter crops had been lost , along with a few head of livestock . Fay and Gonzalo had a significant cumulative impact on Bermuda 's agriculture and fishing industries , contributing to a slight GDP decline . By about a week after Fay 's landfall , a local insurance company had received nearly 400 claims resulting from the storm , accounting for $ 3 @.@ 8 million in damage . However , with several insurers on the island , the actual damage total was likely much higher ; in a report to the World Meteorological Organization , the Bermuda Weather Service speculated that all insurance claims from Fay totaled " tens of millions of dollars " . Ten people suffered minor storm @-@ related injuries , but no fatalities were attributed to the storm . = = Aftermath = = Cleanup efforts after the storm were hastened as Hurricane Gonzalo approached from the south , amid concerns that strewn debris from Fay could become airborne and exacerbate future destruction . The unanticipated heavy damage from Fay prompted residents to prepare more thoroughly for Gonzalo , as evidenced by stores reporting an influx of customers purchasing emergency supplies . Two hundred Bermuda Regiment soldiers helped clear debris and began repairing structural damage . On October 13 , crews of soldiers put tarpaulins on 30 homes with roof damage , as well as distributing another 150 tarps to homeowners . Early on October 16 , the Bermuda Electric Light Company ( BELCO ) switched its focus from service restoration after Fay to preparations for the onslaught of Gonzalo , leaving about 1 @,@ 500 households without power . The remaining affected customers were asked to refrain from calling in to report outages , as further repairs would not be attempted before Gonzalo 's passage unless " an easy fix can be made [ and ] resources are available " . With the same 1 @,@ 500 customers still without electricity by October 23 , BELCO tasked several crews with restoring the residual Fay outages on a priority basis , aided by Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation linemen who arrived in the aftermath of Gonzalo . Following the two hurricanes , service was not completely restored to the island until November 3 ; BELCO ultimately spent $ 2 @.@ 9 million on system repairs , having replaced 228 utility poles and over 4 mi ( 6 @.@ 5 km ) of wire . = Harriet Bosse = Harriet Sofie Bosse ( 19 February 1878 – 2 November 1961 ) was a Swedish – Norwegian actress . A celebrity in her own day , Bosse is today most commonly remembered as the third wife of the playwright August Strindberg . Bosse began her career in a minor company run by her forceful older sister Alma Fahlstrøm in Kristiania ( now Oslo , the capital of Norway ) . Having secured an engagement at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( " Dramaten " ) , the main drama venue of Sweden 's capital Stockholm , Bosse caught the attention of Strindberg with her intelligent acting and exotic " oriental " appearance . After a whirlwind courtship , which unfolds in detail in Strindberg 's letters and diary , Strindberg and Bosse were married in 1901 , when he was 52 and she 23 . Strindberg wrote a number of major roles for Bosse during their short and stormy relationship , especially in 1900 – 01 , a period of great creativity and productivity for him . Like his previous two marriages , the relationship failed as a result of Strindberg 's jealousy , which some biographers have characterized as paranoid . The spectrum of Strindberg 's feelings about Bosse , ranging from worship to rage , is reflected in the roles he wrote for her to play , or as portraits of her . Despite her real @-@ life role as muse to Strindberg , she remained an independent artist . Bosse married Swedish actor Anders Gunnar Wingard in 1908 , and Swedish screen actor , director , and matinee idol Edvin Adolphson in 1927 . All three of her marriages ended in divorce after a few years , leaving her with a daughter by Strindberg and a son by Wingård . On retiring after a high @-@ profile acting career based in Stockholm , she returned to her roots in Oslo . = = Early career = = Bosse was born in Norway 's capital Kristiania , today called Oslo , as the thirteenth of fourteen children of Anne @-@ Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . Her German father was a publisher and bookseller , and his business led to the family 's alternating residence in Kristiania and Stockholm , the capital of Sweden . Bosse was to experience some confusion of national identity throughout her life , and to take the 512 kilometres ( 318 mi ) rail trip between the cities many times . A bold , independent child , she first made the journey alone when she was only six years old . Two of Bosse 's older sisters , Alma ( 1863 – 1947 ) and Dagmar ( 1866 – 1954 ) , were already successful performers when Harriet was a small child . Inspired by these role models , Harriet began her acting career in a Norwegian touring company run by her sister Alma and Alma 's husband Johan Fahlstrøm ( 1867 – 1938 ) . Invited to play Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , the eighteen @-@ year @-@ old Harriet reported in a letter to her sister Inez that she had been paralysed by stage @-@ fright before the premiere , but had then taken delight in the performance , the curtain @-@ calls , and the way people stared at her in the street the next day . Alma was Harriet 's first and only — rather authoritarian — acting teacher . Their harmonious and sisterly teacher – pupil relationship became strained when Alma discovered that her husband Johan and Harriet were having an affair . Both Bosse parents were now dead , and Harriet , ordered by Alma to leave , used a modest legacy from her father to finance studies in Stockholm , Copenhagen , and Paris . The Paris stage — at that time in dynamic conflict between traditional and experimental production styles — was inspirational for Bosse and convinced her that the low @-@ key realistic acting style in which she was training herself was the right choice . Returning to Scandinavia , she was hesitant as to whether she should carve out a career in Stockholm , with its greater opportunities , or in Kristiania , to which she had closer emotional ties . In spite of the disadvantage of speaking Swedish with a Norwegian accent , Bosse let herself be persuaded by her opera @-@ singer sister Dagmar to try her luck in Stockholm . She applied for a place at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( " Dramaten " ) , the main drama venue of Stockholm , governed by the conservative tastes of King Oscar II and his personal advisors . After working hard at elocution lessons to improve her Swedish , which was Dramaten 's condition for employing her , Bosse was eventually to become famous on the Swedish stage for her beautiful speaking voice and precise articulation . Having trained her Swedish to a high level , she was engaged by Dramaten in 1899 , where the sensation of the day was the innovative play Gustaf Vasa by August Strindberg . = = Marriage to August Strindberg = = = = = August Strindberg = = = Although Bosse was a successful professional , she is chiefly remembered as the third wife of Swedish dramatist August Strindberg ( 1849 – 1912 ) . Strindberg , an important influence on the development of modern drama , had become nationally known in the 1870s as an angry young socialist muckraker and had risen to fame with his satire on the Swedish establishment , The Red Room ( 1879 ) . In the 1890s , he had suffered a long and miserable psychotic interlude , known as the " Inferno Crisis " , and , emerging from this ordeal , he remained marked by it . He turned from naturalism to symbolism in his prolific literary output , and his convictions and interests at the turn of the 20th century focused less on politics and more on theosophy , mysticism , and the occult . When Bosse met him in 1899 – 1900 , he was , at age 51 , at the height of his creative powers , his name " red @-@ hot " on the stage . Strindberg had the reputation of a misogynist , something which all of his wives stoutly denied . Bosse wrote in an unpublished statement which she left to her daughter with Strindberg , Anne @-@ Marie : " During the years I knew and was married to Strindberg I saw only a completely natural , kind , honorable , faithful man — a ' gentleman ' " . However , all of Strindberg 's marriages were blighted by his jealousy and a sensitivity which has sometimes been considered paranoid and delusional . = = = Courtship = = = Bosse later published Strindberg 's letters from their courtship and marriage . Incidents narrated in those letters and in Bosse 's own interspersed comments have been analysed at length by biographers and psychiatrists , and have become part of the " Strindberg legend " . Even before their first meeting , Bosse had been inspired by the newness and freshness of Strindberg 's pioneering plays ; an iconoclast and radical with two turbulent marriages already behind him presented an intriguing and irresistible mix to her . Strindberg was susceptible to strong , independent career women , as well as to dainty , delicate @-@ looking young girls ; like his first and second wives — Siri von Essen and Frida Uhl — Bosse combined these qualities . He was entranced when he saw the dark , exotic @-@ looking , petite 22 @-@ year @-@ old Bosse ( who was often cast in sprite roles or what were conceptualized as " Oriental " roles ) play her first major part , an impish Puck in A Midsummer Night 's Dream . He immediately picked her out as a suitable actress for the part of The Lady in his coming play To Damascus , and invited her to his bachelor establishment to discuss the role . At this famous first meeting , Strindberg , according to Bosse 's narrative of the event , met her at the door all smiles and charm . Offering her wine , flowers , and beautifully arranged fruit , he shared with her his fascination with alchemy , showing her a golden brown mixture he told her was gold he had made . When she got up to leave , Bosse claims Strindberg asked for the feather in her hat to use for writing his plays . Bosse gave it to him , and he used this feather , with a steel nib insert , to write all his dramas during their marriage . It is now in the Strindberg Museum in Stockholm . Strindberg wooed Bosse by sending her books about theosophy and the occult , by attempting to mould her mind , and by furthering her career . Throwing himself into writing plays with central parts he considered suitable for her , he tried to persuade her to act them , and the Dramaten management to cast her in them . Bosse asserts in her edition of the Letters that she tended to hang back , as did the management , being in agreement that she lacked the experience for major and complex roles . Strindberg , a power in the theatre , nevertheless often prevailed . The role of Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ) , which intimidated Bosse by its sensitivity and delicacy , but which she finally undertook to play , turned out to be Bosse 's most successful and beloved role , and a turning @-@ point in Bosse 's and Strindberg 's relationship . They became engaged in March 1901 , during the rehearsals of Easter , in what in Bosse 's narrative may be the best @-@ known incident of the Strindberg legend . Bosse relates how she went to see Strindberg to ask him to give the part to a more experienced actress , but he assured her she would be perfect for it . " Then he placed his hands on my shoulders , looked at me long and ardently , and asked : ' Would you like to have a little child with me , Miss Bosse ? ' I made a curtsey and answered , as though hypnotized : ' Yes , thank you ! ' — and we were engaged . " = = = Marriage and divorce = = = Bosse and Strindberg were married on 6 May 1901 . Strindberg insisted that Bosse bring none of her possessions to the home he had furnished for her , creating a " setting in which to nurture and dominate her " . In this setting , his taste in interior decoration was revealed to be Oscarian and old @-@ fashioned , with pedestals , aspidistras , and dining @-@ room furniture in hideous imitation of German renaissance , to Bosse 's modern judgment . Striving towards the life beyond , Strindberg explained , he could permit nothing in the apartment that would lead the thoughts towards the earthly and material . In her comments in the Letters , Bosse described with loyalty and affection Strindberg 's protectiveness and his efforts to bring his young wife with him along his own spiritual paths ; nevertheless , she chafed under these efforts , pointing out that she herself , at 22 , was not even remotely finished with this world . Increasingly agoraphobic , Strindberg attempted to overcome his anxieties and allow his young wife the summer excursions she longed for . He planned sunny drives in hired victorias , but often the mystical " Powers " which governed him intervened . A crisis came as early as June 1901 , when Strindberg arranged , and then at the last moment called off , a honeymoon trip to Germany and Switzerland . Bosse wrote in the Letters that she had nothing to do but stay at home and choke down the tears while Strindberg attempted consolation by giving her a Baedeker " to read a trip in " . The cancelled journey was the beginning of the end . A crying , defiant Bosse went off by herself to the seaside resort Hornbæk in Denmark , a much shorter trip , but to her senses , a delightfully refreshing one . There , she was soon followed by Strindberg 's letters , full of agonized remorse at having given her pain , and then by Strindberg himself , steeling himself to bear the social life Bosse relished . However , the relationship quickly foundered on jealousy and suspicion , as when Strindberg struck a photographer over the head with his stick , unable to endure any attention to Bosse . In August , when Bosse discovered that she was pregnant , even Strindberg 's delight ( he was a fond parent of the four children of his previous marriages ) could not save a marriage full of distrust and accusation . This was illustrated in Strindberg 's increasingly frantic letters to Bosse When their daughter Anne @-@ Marie was born on 25 March 1902 , they were already living apart . " For the sake of us both it is best that I do not return " , wrote Bosse in a letter to Strindberg . " A continuation of life together with suspicion of every word , every act of mine , would be the end of me . " At her insistence , Strindberg began divorce proceedings . = = = Strindberg 's roles for Bosse = = = The relationship of Strindberg and Bosse was highly dramatic . Strindberg would lurch back and forth from adoration of Bosse as the regenerator of his creativity ( " lovely , amiable , and kind " ) to a wild jealousy ( calling her " a small , nasty woman " , " evil " , " stupid " , " black " , " arrogant " , " venomous " , and " whore " ) . His letters show that Bosse inspired several important characters in his plays , especially during the course of 1901 , and that he manipulated her by promising to pull strings so that she could play them . During the brief , intense , creative 1901 period , the roles Strindberg wrote as artistic vehicles for Bosse , or that were based on their relationship , reflect this combination of adoration and " suspicion of every word , every act " . Carla Waal counts eight minor and six major roles written for Bosse to act , or as portraits of her , several of them classics of Western theatre history . The major roles enumerated by Waal are The Lady in To Damascus ( 1900 ; mainly already written when Bosse and Strindberg met , but used between them to enhance their intimacy ) ; Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ; modelled on Strindberg 's sister Elisabeth , but intended for Bosse to star in ) ; Henriette in Crimes and Crimes ( 1901 ) ; Swan White in Swan White ( 1901 ) ; Christina in Queen Christina ( 1901 ) ; and Indra 's daughter in A Dream Play ( 1902 ) . The years refer to dates of publication ; Bosse never played in Swan White , even though Strindberg kept proposing it , and though she was many years later to describe this play as Strindberg 's wedding present to her . Strindberg claimed that Queen Christina was an " explanation " of Bosse 's character as being that of an actress in real life , flirtatious and deceitful . In his influential Strindberg biography , Lagercrantz describes this play as a synopsis of the entire course of the Bosse – Strindberg marriage . He sees the courtiers as representing various stages of Strindberg 's own emotions : Tott , in the first glow of love ; de la Gardie , betrayed but loyal ; Oxenstierna , who has rejected her . Each of the three men has words to speak which Strindberg himself had spoken to Bosse . A Dream Play is positioned at the median of Strindberg 's series of portrayals of his own marriage , the Bosse role imbued with both light and darkness . With its associative dream structure , this play is a milestone of modernist drama , described by Strindberg as a lawless reflection of The Dreamer 's ( Strindberg 's ) consciousness , limited only by his imagination which " spins and weaves new patterns … on an insignificant basis of reality " . Agnes , played by and representing Bosse , is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra , descending to earth to observe human life and bring its disappointments to the attention of her divine father . The " Oriental " aspect of the play is based on Bosse 's dark , exotic looks . Yet she is also drawn into mere humanity and into a claustrophobic marriage to The Lawyer , one of the versions of The Dreamer and , thereby , of Strindberg . Shut up indoors by a possessive husband , Agnes can not breathe ; she despondently watches the servant working to exclude light and air from the house by pasting insulating strips of paper along the windows ' edges . Recognizably , the " insignificant basis of reality " of Agnes ' marriage to The Lawyer is the frustration of the newly married Bosse , yearning for fresh air , sunshine , and travel but fobbed off with a Baedeker . = = Independence = = Both before and after the divorce from Strindberg , Bosse was a Stockholm celebrity in her own right . Her independence and self @-@ supporting status gained her a reputation for being strong @-@ willed and opinionated , insisting on , and receiving , high pay and significant roles . She left Dramaten with its conventional repertoire and began working at Albert Ranft 's Swedish Theatre , where she and the skillful but more modest actor ( Anders ) Gunnar Wingård ( 1878 – 1912 ) formed a popular co @-@ star team . She travelled frequently , particularly for guest performances in Helsinki , leaving little Anne @-@ Marie with Strindberg , a competent and affectionate father . In 1907 , Bosse made theatrical history as Indra 's daughter in Strindberg 's epoch @-@ making Dream Play . She and Strindberg met weekly for dinner at his house , and remained lovers until she severed connections in preparation for her marriage with Gunnar Wingård in 1908 . In 1909 the Wingårds had a son , Bo . This marriage was also brief , ending in divorce in 1912 . According to rumour , the cause of the divorce was Wingård 's infidelity . However , Strindberg also heard gossip that Wingård 's large debts threatened Bosse 's finances . In 1911 , a divorced woman with two children to care for and support , Bosse returned to Dramaten . Strindberg was at that time fatally ill with cancer ; he died on 14 May 1912 . 1912 was altogether a year of death and disaster for the Bosse and Strindberg families : Alma Fahlstrøm 's son Arne went down with the Titanic on 15 April ; Strindberg 's first wife Siri von Essen died later the same month ; von Essen 's and Strindberg 's daughter Greta , a promising young actress , was killed in a train crash in June ; and Bosse 's divorced husband Gunnar Wingård shot himself on 7 October . Strindberg 's funeral was a national event . Gunnar Wingård , a popular and charming actor , was also the subject of public grief . Throughout these shattering events , which left both her children fatherless , Bosse kept up her busy schedule , apart from a few days off , distraught and grief @-@ stricken , after Wingård 's suicide . For months after it , she received anonymous letters and threatening phone @-@ calls , blaming her for Wingård 's depression and death . Bosse 's third marriage , 1927 – 32 , was to Edvin Adolphson ( 1893 – 1979 ) , fifteen years her junior . Adolphson had abandoned his stage career in order to become instead a film director and one of the best @-@ known Swedish film actors , a ruggedly handsome matinée idol whose screen persona Nils Beyer referred to as a combination of " apache , gangster and gigolo " . Bosse made two films , ambitiously shot and directed and based on novels by well @-@ known writers . The artistic achievement of Sons of Ingmar ( 1919 ) has been highly praised . Directed by and co @-@ starring Victor Sjöström , it was based on a novel by Swedish Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf ; many years later , Ingmar Bergman referred to Sons of Ingmar as a " magnificent , remarkable film " and acknowledged his own debt to Sjöström . Bosse , who played the female lead Brita , called Sons of Ingmar " the only worthwhile Swedish film I was involved in . " However , the film failed to give her career the kind of fresh start that the Swedish film industry had given Edvin Adolphson , and it was seventeen years before she made another film . This was Bombi Bitt and I ( 1936 ) , her only talkie , based on Fritiof Nilsson Piraten 's popular first novel with the same title and directed by Gösta Rodin . Bombi Bitt was a successful , though more lightweight , production with a smaller Bosse role ( " Franskan " ) . = = Retirement = = After many years of ambitious and successful free @-@ lance acting , Bosse found her options narrowing in the 1930s . The Great Depression brought her economic hardship , and , even though she looked younger than her age , most important women 's roles were out of her age range . Her technique was still often praised , but also sometimes perceived as old @-@ fashioned and mannered , in comparison with the more ensemble @-@ oriented style of the times . Finding herself unneeded by any Swedish repertory theatre , she only managed to return as a member of Dramaten by means of skillful persuasion and pointed reminders of her long history there . A humble employee at a humble salary , she played only fifteen roles , all minor , during her last ten years at Dramaten , 1933 – 43 . Retiring from the stage during World War II , Bosse considered moving back to Norway 's capital Oslo , the home of her childhood and youth . Both her children had settled there . The move was delayed for ten years , during which she travelled whenever possible , and when it took place in 1955 , she perceived it to be a mistake . Her brother Ewald 's death in 1956 left her the only survivor of the fourteen children of Anne @-@ Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . " How I long desperately for Stockholm " , she wrote to a friend in 1958 . " My whole life is there . " She became chronically melancholy , enduring failing health and bitter memories of the final phase of her career at Dramaten . Bosse always guarded her privacy , so much so that the memoir she wrote of her life with Strindberg was deemed to be too uninterestingly discreet to be publishable . = Kalpavriksha = Kalpavriksha ( Devanagari : कल ् पवृक ् ष ) , also known as kalpataru , kalpadruma or kalpapādapa , is a wish @-@ fulfilling divine tree in Hindu mythology . It is mentioned in Sanskrit literature from the earliest sources . It is also a popular theme in Jain cosmology and Buddhism . Sage Durvasa and Adi Shankaracharya , meditated under the Kalpavriksha . The birth of Ashokasundari , the daughter of Shiva and Parvati , is attributed to the Kalpavriksha tree . Another daughter Aranyani was also gifted to Kalpavriksha for safekeeping . The Kalpavriksha originated during the Samudra manthan or " churning of the ocean of milk " along with the Kamadhenu , the divine cow providing for all needs . The king of the gods , Indra , returned with this tree to his paradise . Kalpavriksha is also identified with many trees such as Parijata ( Erythrina variegata ) , Ficus benghalensis , coconut tree ( Cocos nucifera ) , Madhuca longifolia , Prosopis cineraria , Bassia butyracea , and mulberry tree ( Morus nigra tree ) . The tree is also extolled in iconography and literature . = = Religious beliefs = = Kalpavriksha is an artistic and literary theme common to the Hindu Bhagavatas , the Jains and the Buddhists . = = = In Hinduism = = = Kalpavriksha , the tree of life , also meaning " World Tree " finds mention in the Vedic scriptures . In the earliest account of the Samudra manthan or " churning of the ocean of milk " Kalpavriksha emerged from the primal waters during the ocean churning process along with Kamadhenu , the divine cow that bestows all needs . The tree is also said to be the Milky way or the birthplace of the stars Sirius . The king of the gods , Indra returned with this Kalpavriksha to his abode , the paradise and planted it there . Tree also finds mention in the Sanskrit text Mānāsara , part of Shilpa Shastras.Another myth says that Kalpavriksha was located on earth and was transported to Indra 's abode after people started misusing it by wishing evil and wrong things . In Indra 's " Devaloka " it is said that there are five Kalpavrikshas , which are called Mandana , Parijata , Santana , Kalpavriksha and Harichandana , all of which fulfill various wishes . Kalpavriksha , in particular , is said to be planted at Mt . Meru peak in the middle of Indra 's five paradise gardens . It is on account of these wish @-@ granting trees that the asuras waged a perpetual war with the devas as the heavenly gods who exclusively benefited freely from the " divine flowers and fruits " from the Kalpavriksha , whereas the demigods lived comparatively in penury at the lower part of its " trunk and roots " . The Parijata is often identified with its terrestrial counterpart , the Indian coral tree ( Eyrthrina indica ) , but is most often depicted like a magnolia or frangipani ( Sanskrit : champaka ) tree . It is described as having roots made of gold , a silver midriff , lapislazuli boughs , coral leaves , pearl flower , gemstone buds , and diamond fruit . It is also said that Ashokasundari was created from a Kalpavriksha tree to provide relief to Parvati from her loneliness . In Hindu mythology Shiva and Parvati after much painful discussions while parting with their daughter Aranyani gave her away to the divine Kalpavriksha for safe keeping when the demon Andhakasura waged war . Parvati requested Kalpavriksha to bring up her daughter with " safety , wisdom , health and happiness , " and to make her Vana Devi , the protector of forests . = = = In Jainism = = = Kalpavrikshas are wish @-@ granting trees which fulfill the desires of people in initial stages of worldly cycle as per Jain Cosmology . In initial times children are born in pairs ( boy and girl ) and don 't do any karma . There are 10 Kalpavrikshas which grant 10 distinct wishes such as an abode to reside , garments , utensils , nourishment including fruits and sweets , pleasant music , ornaments , fragrant flowers , shining lamps and a radiant light at night . According to Jain cosmology , in the three Aras ( unequal periods ) of the descending arc ( Avasarpini ) , Kalpavrikshas provided all that was needed , but towards the end of the third ara , the yield from them diminished . Eight types of these trees are described in some texts , each of which provided different objects . Thus from the " Madyanga tree " delicious and nutritious drinks could be obtained ; from the " Bhojananga " , delicious food ; from " yotiranga " , light more radiant than the sun and the moon ; while from " Dopanga " came indoor light . Other trees provided homes , musical devices , table ware , fine garments , wreaths and scents . The Tiloya Panatti give the following list : Pananga , Turiyanga , Bhusananga , Vatthanga , Bhoyanga , Alayanga , Diviyanga , Bhayananga , Malanga , Tejanga with excellent drinks , music , ornaments , garments , edibles and ready @-@ made dishes , mansions to live in , lamps , utensils and garlands of flowers respectively while the last type , namely Tejanga , seems to be self @-@ luminous , serving the purpose of heavenly luminaries . = = = In Buddhism = = = In Buddhism a small wish granting tree is depicted decorating the upper part of the " long @-@ life vase " held by " longevity deities " like Amitayus and Ushnishavijaya . The goddess Shramana devi holds jeweled branch of Kalpavriksha in her left hand . Worship of the Nyagrodha tree as a form of non @-@ human worship is depicted in a Buddhist sculpture at Besnagar . This sculpture in Besnagar , also known as Vidisa ( Bhilsa ) , is dated to third century BC and is exhibited in the Calcutta Museum . In Myanmar , where Theravada Buddhism is practiced , the significance of the Kalpavriksha is in the form of an annual ritual known as Kathina ( presenting a robe ) in which the laity present gifts to the monks in the form of money trees . = = Identification with other trees = = In different states of India some trees are specifically referred to as the Kalpavriksha . These are stated below . The banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis ) , also called Nyagrodha tree , which grows throughout the country is referred to as Kalpavriksha or Kaplaptaru because of its ability to amply provide for human needs . The coconut tree ( Cocos nucifera ) found in most regions of the country is called " Kalpavriksha " , as every part of it is useful in one way or the other . The coconut water inside the nut is a delicious drink . In dried form it is called copra and is used to manufacture oil . The coconut husk , called coir , is used to make rope . Leaves are used to make huts , fans , mats . Palm sugar is made from budding flower . The dried midrib is used to make boats . Ashwatha tree ( sacred fig tree ) is also known as Kalapvriksha where the deities and Brahma are stated to reside , and it is where sage Narada taught the rishis on the procedure for worshipping the tree and its usefulness . Mahua tree ( Madhuca longifolia ) holds an important place in the day @-@ to @-@ day life of the tribal people . It is like the Kalpavriksha wish tree called madhu ( Madhuca indica ) . Shami tree ( Prosopis cineraria ) , found in desert areas of the country , called in local dialect as khejari or jaant is called Kalpavriksha . In Rajasthan desert area its roots go deep to a depth of 17 – 25 metres ( 56 – 82 ft ) . This checks the erosion of the sandy soil of the desert . For this reason the tree stays green even drought conditions of weather . People of Rajasthan hence regard this tree as Kalpavriksha , because at the time of drought when no grass or fodder is found anywhere the animals are able to sustain by eating its green leaves . Chyur tree in the high altitudes of the Himalayas growing at an altitude between 500 to 1000 m , known as the Indian butter tree ( Diploknema butyracea ) , is called a Kalpavriskha , or tree of paradise by the people of the mountainous region as it yields honey , jaggery and ghee . It is in the shape of an umbrella . In Joshimath in Uttarakhand a mulberry tree , which is said to be 2400 years old , is renowned and revered as the Kalpavriksha as it was the location where , in the 8th century , Adi Sankaracharya did " penance " under the tree as he considered it an incarnation of Lord Shiva . It is also believed that sage Durvasa meditated under this tree , in Urgam . The mountain slopes of Kailasa are stated to have a profusion of Kalpavrikshas . At Mangaliyawas near Ajmer , Rajasthan , there are two revered trees ( Male and Female ) which are more than 800 years old , known as Kalpavrikshas . They are worshipped on an Amavasya day in the Hindu month of Shraavana . In Tamil Nadu 's culture , tala ( Borassus flabellifer ) a variety of Palmyra palm ( Borassus ) , also known as toddy , is referred to as Kalpataru as all its parts have a use . This tree is also native to Asia and South East Asia , has normally a life span of 100 years , grows up to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) height ; its leaves in the shape of a fan are rough texture . The leaves were used for writing in the ancient times . In the Harivansh Puraan , the Parijata , baobab tree , is called a Kalpavriksha , or wish bearing tree , which apart from the village of Kintoor , near Barabanki , Uttar Pradesh , is only found in heaven . The tree has mythological link with prince Arjuna of the Pandava clan who is said to have brought it from heaven . His mother Kunti after whom the village Kintoor is named used to offer flowers from this tree to worship Lord Shiva . It is also said that Lord Krishna brought this tree from heaven to please his wife Satyabhama . Kalpalatha is another wish fulfilling tree , a creeper , which was extolled during the later part of the Aryan period . It is said that a person standing below this tree would be blessed with beautiful ornaments , dresses and even unmarried girls . = = In iconography = = In iconography , Kalpavriksha , the wish @-@ fulfilling tree , is painted within a picture of a landscape , decorated with flowers , silks , and suspended with jewelry . It is a pattern which has a prominent symbolic meaning . Ornamental Kalpavriksha design was a feature that was adopted on the reverse of the coins and sculptures in the Gupta period . Kalpavriksha is also dated to the Dharmachakra period of Buddhism . The paintings of this period depicting the tree with various branches and leaves have a female figure painted on its top part . The female figure is painted from mast upwards holding a bowl in her hand . Similar depiction of female figure with tree representing it as presiding deity was a notable feature during the Sunga period as seen in the image of " Salabhanvka " in the railing pillars . In most paintings of Kalpavriksha Shiva and Parvati are a common feature . It forms a canopy over Shiva . In one painting Paravati is paying obeisance to Lord Shiva with her hands held up in adoration when she is blessed with a stream of water from the Kalpavriksha . = = In literature = = A Kalpavriksha is mentioned in the Sanskrit work Mānāsara as a royal insignia . In Hemādri 's work Caturvargacīntama , the Kalpavriksha is said to be a tree of gold and gem stones . In poetry Kalpavriksha is compared to Lakshmi as its sister emerging from the sea . It is born to the Naga King Kumuda , the fifth descendant of Takshaka , along with his sister Kumudavati . It emerged from below the bed of the Sarayu River challenging Kusa considered an incarnation of Vishnu just in the disguise as a son . Kalidasa , in his poetry Meghadūta epitomizing wish @-@ fulfilling trees found in the capital of the Yaksha king extols the virtues of Kalpavriksha as " the dainties and fineries for the fair women of Alaka , coloured clothes for the body , intoxicating drinks for exciting glances of the eyes , and flowers for decorating the hair and ornaments of various designs " . = Coat of arms of Basque Country ( autonomous community ) = The current Basque coat of arms ( Spanish : Escudo del País Vasco , Basque : Euskal autonomi erkidegoaren armarria ) is the official coat of arms of the Basque Country , Autonomous community of Spain . It consists of a party per cross representing the three historical territories of Álava , Gipuzkoa and Biscay , as well as a fourth , void quarter . The arms are ringed by a regal wreath of oak leaves , symbolic of the Gernikako Arbola . The fourth quarter constituted since the late 19th century the linked chains of Navarre ; however , following a legal suit by the Navarre Government claiming that the usage of the arms of a region on the flag of another was illegal , the Constitutional Court of Spain ordered the removal of the chains of Navarre in a judgement of 1986 . = = Origin = = After the end of home rule in 1839 @-@ 1841 , the Basque governments started a mutual approach out of common concerns in face of their exposure to Spanish centralism . The movement intensified after 1866 , and a motto was coined , the " Laurac bat " , ' the four make one ' , echoing the " Irurac bat " of the Royal Basque Company , which in turn crystallized in a coat of arms including the four historic Basque districts in Spain ( called variously the Sister Provinces , the Chartered Territories , the Basque Country , the Basque @-@ Navarrese Country , etc . ) , to represent their common bonds , as claimed during that period by the chartered provincial governments , or the 1931 draft Statute of the Basque Country . In 1936 , the Provisional Government of Euzkadi , presided over by the first president , José Antonio Aguirre , adopted the shield with the arms of the three provinces of Álava , Gipuzkoa , Biscay comprised in the 1936 Statute ( the Basque Provinces , as established in the 1833 administrative design ) , and Navarre . The president of the government affirmed in the preamble to the Decree of 19 October 1936 , and thereby approved , the emblem and flag that was to be used by the Basque Country . Thus the shield of the Government of Euzkadi contained the arms of Álava , Gipuzkoa , Biscay and Navarre in a single blazon of four quarters surrounded by a crown of oak leaves . The Provisional Government of Euzkadi stated that " the flag must be that which gathers Basque unity and which the use , ever more frequent in the Basque lands , has sanctioned as such symbol of their unity . " As an official shield , like the 1936 Basque Autonomous Community , disappeared after the pro @-@ Franco victory in the Spanish Civil War , but the coat of arms continued in unofficial use , it was even used in its flag by the rightist pro @-@ rebel newspaper from Donostia El Diario Vasco during wartime ( data for 2 May 1937 ) . On 2 November 1978 , the Consejo General del País Vasco ( General Council of the Basque Country ) , restored the republican shield , albeit modified as follows : The Álava quarter lost the motto " En aumento de la justicia contra malhechores " and both the designs of the castle and of the arm with sword were changed . The castle is now on top of a grey rock and the arm and sword are light blue in colour . In the Biscay quarter , the wolves of the arms of the Haro family were suppressed in 1986 and the field changed from gules to argent , the bordure from argent to gold , the crosses from sinople to gules , and the ground ( terrase ) from sinople to maroon . In the Gipuzkoa quarter , the field changed from argent to gold , and the ground ( terrase ) was removed , leaving only the trees and the waves . The fourth quarter once contained the linked chains of Navarre ; however , following a legal suit by the Navarre government claiming that the usage of the arms of a region on the flag of another was illegal , the Constitutional Court of Spain forced the Basque government to remove the chains of Navarre , leaving the red background . In 1991 the Basque Government standardised the colours used in the shield . Basque nationalists , but not only , have used an unofficially recognised Basque coat of arms , the Zazpiak Bat . It has been argued that it differs from the original one by being divided into six squares and by including the coat of arms of the Basque regions in France . The motto " Zazpiak bat " was coined by Antoine @-@ Thomson d 'Abbadie in the late 19th century . = = The quarters = = = Olav Meisdalshagen = Olav Meisdalshagen ( 17 March 1903 – 21 November 1959 ) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party best known for serving as the Norwegian Minister of Finance from December 1947 to November 1951 and as the Norwegian Minister of Agriculture from January 1955 to May 1956 . He was also a Member of Parliament for a long time , being elected for the first time in parliamentary election of 1936 and serving until his death , except for the period between 1940 and 1945 when the Parliament of Norway was de facto defunct due to the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany . His death in 1959 came halfway through his fifth term in Parliament , and shortly after a parliamentary speech . A jurist by profession , Meisdalshagen came from a humble family background , growing up at a former crofter 's farm in rural Nord @-@ Aurdal , and losing his father in the 1920s . After studying he moved back to Nord @-@ Aurdal , worked as an attorney and built the Labour Party organization in the region . The background formed him in that his main political goal was to improve the economy of dwellers in rural farming districts . He was a proponent of economic regulation , which marked his period as Minister of Finance . However , his period was also marked by the dominance of Erik Brofoss and the Ministry of Trade in deciding the country 's overall financial policy . When Trygve Bratteli succeeded Meisdalshagen as Minister of Finance , the ministry regained its dominance , but also set out on a gradual deregulation . This , in addition to Meisdalshagen 's discontent with increased spendings on defence , made him an oppositional figure within the Labour Party . He did return briefly to cabinet as Minister of Agriculture , and also cooperated with the government through the position as chairman of Norges Kooperative Landsforening , a national association of consumer co @-@ operatives . However his oppositional tendencies grew stronger in his later life . He was a part of the " Easter Uprising " in 1958 , and in 1958 and 1959 there were rumours of Meisdalshagen worked behind the scene to facilitate a change of personnel — and policy — in the Labour Party . His death came in this period . = = Early life and career = = = = = Early life and education = = = Meisdalshagen was born on 17 March 1903 in Nord @-@ Aurdal as a son of smallholder and joiner Ole Meisdalshagen and Marit Myren . The family lived at the former crofter 's farm Hagen in Skrautvål . Meisdalshagen attended Valdres Folk High School from 1920 to 1921 , and took secondary education at Voss between 1921 and 1925 with financial support from his brothers ; his father died in 1924 . Meisdalshagen took the examen artium in 1925 , and enrolled in law studies at the Royal Frederick University ( now : University of Oslo ) . While studying he was involved in the students ' branch of Noregs Mållag . He came also under the influence of the revolutionary group Mot Dag , though he was never a member . He graduated from university with a cand.jur. degree in 1932 . = = = Pre @-@ war political career = = = Meisdalshagen became involved in politics while attending school in Voss , and chaired the Labour Party chapter in Nord @-@ Aurdal from 1927 to 1940 . He also chaired the local chapters of Valdres , from 1930 to 1932 , and Fagernes , from 1931 to 1934 . From 1931 to 1940 he was a board member of the Labour Party county chapter . He was elected as a member of Nord @-@ Aurdal municipal council in 1931 , and was re @-@ elected to serve until 1940 .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
From 1934 he served in the council 's executive committee . He spent his professional life in Fagernes , where he had opened an attorney 's office in 1933 . He also headed the municipal board of arbitration in debt matters , from 1935 to 1940 . This had a significant influence on his further political career , in that he sought to improve the economy of rural Norwegian districts , especially through a centralized increase of farmers ' income . He also favoured ensuring a low interest , preferably at 2 @,@ 5 % . During the term 1934 – 1936 he served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Oppland ; in the election of 1936 , he was elected to a regular seat in the parliament . He was the youngest member of Parliament at the time . = = = World War II = = = As the Parliament amended the Constitution in 1938 to introduce four @-@ year terms instead of three @-@ year terms , the representatives elected in 1936 were still active in 1940 . On 9 April that year , Norway was invaded and occupied by Germany as a part of World War II . With the German invasion , a radio broadcast coup d 'état by Vidkun Quisling followed , and German diplomat Curt Bräuer was sent to Norway to demand the abdication of the Norwegian King Haakon VII and Nygaardsvold 's Cabinet . This was initially refused , as the Parliament , meeting at Elverum on 9 April , issued the Elverum Authorization where it empowered the King and government to continue representing Norway . Norway and Germany was at war that time , and fighting continued for some months . However , when mainland Norway capitulated on 10 June 1940 , new negotiations with Nazi Germany were opened , resulting in a request being submitted from the Presidium of the Parliament of Norway to the now @-@ exiled King and government to abdicate . The case had been controversial , splitting the parliamentary group of the Labour Party . Olav Meisdalshagen agreed that the King should abdicate , as did the majority of the parliamentary group . When the King broadcast his refusal to abdicate via BBC Radio on 8 July 1940 , this became famous as " The King 's No " . Germany gradually tightened the grip of Norwegian society , and the Parliament became defunct during the rest of the German occupation of Norway . In 1941 Meisdalshagen became a prominent figure in the Norwegian resistance movement against German rule , in the position of district leader of Milorg in Valdres . In 1944 he left Norway and fled to Sweden , where he was a secretary at Flyktningskontoret in Stockholm until 1945 . Briefly in 1945 he served as an advisor in London for the coordination of Milorg cells . = = Post @-@ war career = = = = = First post @-@ war years = = = In the first parliamentary election after the war , in 1945 , Meisdalshagen was re @-@ elected for a second term in Parliament . It was not clear that he would be nominated for the ballot , as this was not at all usual for those Labour Party members who in the summer of 1940 had agreed to the King 's abdication . However , Meisdalshagen 's service in Milorg probably tipped the scales in his favour . He was a member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Customs and secretary of the Preparatory Credentials Committee , and also became a member of the Standing Committee on Justice in December 1946 . Meisdalshagen was also board chairman of the Norwegian State Housing Bank from 1946 to 1953 . = = = Minister of Finance = = = Midway through his four @-@ year term , Meisdalshagen was appointed Minister of Finance in Gerhardsen 's Second Cabinet . He served from 6 December 1947 to 19 November 1951 , when Torp 's Cabinet was formed . Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen and former party secretary Martin Tranmæl were the architects behind his appointment . Ultimately , Meisdalshagen 's opposition to the Labour Party 's foreign and defence policy in general , and extraordinary monetary grants for defence measures specifically , was cited as the reason for his resignation from the cabinet , and even for the entire cabinet shift . During his period as minister , Meisdalshagen 's parliamentary seat was occupied by Gunnar Kalrasten until June 1948 and then by Thorvald Ulsnæs . He was succeeded as Minister of Finance by Trygve Bratteli ; other candidates were discussed but rejected , including Meisdalshagen 's old acquaintance Klaus Sunnanå . As a politician , Meisdalshagen has been noted as being an opposite figure to his predecessor as Minister of Finance , Erik Brofoss . Still , earlier in 1947 he had argued strongly in favour of " Lex Brofoss " , the law proposed by Brofoss which meant that the elected politicians gave temporary authority to the Norwegian Price Directorate to regulate the economy . Meisdalshagen even stated that a majority in Parliament probably agreed that such a law should have permanent effect , not be renewed from time to time . Historian Einar Lie has stated that Brofoss left Meisdalshagen in charge of the price policy with a " very easy heart " . On the other hand , the new Ministry of Trade , where Brofoss was appointed as Minister , clearly became more important than the Ministry of Finance in this period . The higher importance of the Ministry of Trade ended after 1951 , and Meisdalshagen 's period was thus an exception in the history of the Ministry of Finance . Meisdalshagen was ultimately criticized by Brofoss for " lack of economical insight " , and he also ran afoul with Central Bank of Norway Governor Gunnar Jahn . According to Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen , it took long to persuade Meisdalshagen to even take the post as Minister of Finance , and he was more interested in agro @-@ economical questions than traditional planning of the economy . It was even said that Gerhardsen 's Cabinet had an interest in luring Meisdalshagen away from the Parliament , where he had driven through significant increases in farmer 's income , threatening the overall balance and planning of the state finances . In fact the income from farming , measured in the amount of money earned per decare , was doubled between the war 's end in 1945 and 1950 , when the Main Agreement for Agriculture , Hovedavtalen for jordbruket , was introduced . It regulated future price negotiations , and institutionalized the negotiating partners : the state on one side of the table , the Norwegian Agrarian Association and the Norwegian Farmers and Smallholders Union on the other . During Meisdalshagen 's time the lines between various parts of government were somewhat blurred . When the state budget was presented by the cabinet , and subsequently treated by the standing committees of the Parliament , committee members would contact the Ministry of Finance directly to ask whether a proposed budgetary change was feasible ( after Meisdalshagen 's resignation this practice was altered , in that the contact was initiated by the Labour Party committee fraction , not by the committee as a whole ) . Meisdalshagen also became known for nontraditional arrangements when it came to the Ministry 's bureaucrats : assistant secretary Egil Lothe , who had a " very good relationship " with Meisdalshagen , doubled as assistant secretary and State Secretary from 1948 until Meisdalshagen 's resignation in 1951 . Such a double role , where a person was both bureaucrat and politician at the same time , was very uncommon , probably unique . Lothe was not formally appointed , either , and thus does not appear on historical lists of state secretaries . According to Einar Lie , there was no clear division of tasks between Meisdalshagen and Lothe when it came to the Ministry 's daily work . In addition to Lothe , the consultant Karl Trasti , another friend of Meisdalshagen , had influence in this period , especially in budgetary questions . = = = Return to Parliament = = = Since 1913 , parliamentarians who are appointed to the cabinet may return to Parliament later , provided that the four @-@ year term has not expired . After leaving as Minister of Finance , Meisdalshagen returned to Parliament as a member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Customs , which he even chaired from January 1952 to January 1953 . While being Minister of Finance , Meisdalshagen had been re @-@ elected on the Labour Party parliamentary ticket in 1949 , and was elected for a fourth time in 1953 . He was still a member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Customs . On 22 January 1955 the Gerhardsen 's Third Cabinet was formed , and Meisdalshagen served as Minister of Agriculture until 14 May 1956 . During this period his parliamentary seat was occupied by Per Mellesmo . Meisdalshagen then returned to Parliament , this time as a member of the now @-@ defunct Standing Committee on Agriculture . He was elected for a fifth time in 1957 . This time , he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence as well as the Enlarged Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence . From 1957 to 1959 he was also a member of the Labour Party 's central committee ( sentralstyre ) . Meisdalshagen was also chairman of the Norges Kooperative Landsforening ( NKL ) from 1952 to his death . NKL was the national association of consumer co @-@ operatives . This way , he represented trade interests in meetings with the government , at the same time as being a parliament member . = = = Internal opposition = = = Meisdalshagen was regarded as an internal opponent of the Labour Party 's foreign affairs and defence policy . His obituarist in Verdens Gang writes that he was " more controversial in his own party than outside of it " . This tendency had surfaced already in the 1940s , when he very reluctantly accepted the Norwegian signing of the North Atlantic Treaty . Meisdalshagen remained skeptic to a non @-@ neutral foreign policy in the 1950s , and in February 1951 a conflict with Minister of Defence Jens Chr . Hauge arose . Meisdalshagen formally dissented against a proposal to grant an extra NOK 250 million to the Norwegian Armed Forces for the years 1951 and 1952 , and he became furious when he entered a budgetary debate without being notified of a certain press release , issued by Jens Chr . Hauge , where another grant of NOK 125 million was declared . According to Haakon Lie , Meisdalshagen influenced persons in the newspaper Oppland Arbeiderblad to write and print an editorial titled La Hauge gå ( " Let Hauge Go " ) . Meisdalshagen was a member of the board of Oppland Arbeiderblad from 1945 to 1957 , and had spent some time working there before the war . Meisdalshagen was also discontented with the deregulation policy to which the Labour Party gradually adhered in the 1950s . Trygve Bratteli , on the other hand , was viewed as a proponent of gradual deregulation . In November 1958 there were rumours that Meisdalshagen would return to the cabinet , probably as Minister of Transport of Communications . Some believed that Meisdalshagen worked together with Karl Trasti to have Trygve Bratteli removed from the cabinet ; Trasti would succeed Bratteli as Minister of Finance , according to the rumour , with was told to Bratteli by Meisdalshagen 's predecessor as Minister of Agriculture , Rasmus Nordbø . At the time Karl Trasti was a member of the ad @-@ hoc Paulson Committee , which worked with questions regarding the Ministry of Finance 's policy . It was thought that some of the committee 's policy proposals could be undesirable to Bratteli , and thereby compromise his minister position . This information was given to Trygve Bratteli from parliamentary secretary Haakon Bingen in January 1959 . Binge had heard it from Egil Lothe , at the time a deputy under @-@ secretary of state in the Ministry of Finance . A friend of Meisdalshagen , Lothe was thereby tied to the alleged intriguers . Jens Haugland noted the scheme of Trasti and Meisdalshagen in his diary , and that this caused Bratteli to keep himself " in the background " . This was a part of a broader schism in the party , where Meisdalshagen was the " strongest man in the group " consisting of parliamentarians who deviated in questions of foreign policy : Finn Moe , Trygve Bull , Hans Offerdal , Sverre Løberg and Meisdalshagen . Meisdalshagen had been a supporter of the " Easter Uprising " of 1958 , a voicing of dissent within the Labour Party , where the socialist students ' association gained the signatures of Labour MPs on a NATO @-@ critical resolution . In Meisdalshagen 's obituary , he was likened to Olav Oksvik , another NATO @-@ critical Labour politician . Halfway through his fifth term in Parliament , on 21 November 1959 , Meisdalshagen suffered from a sudden indisposition after a parliamentary speech . He was hospitalized , but died later that same day . The cause of death was intracranial hemorrhage . In Parliament he was replaced by Per Mellesmo , who advanced from deputy to regular representative . He was biographized in 1982 by Nils Oddvar Bergheim . = Love Don 't Live Here Anymore = " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " is a song written by Miles Gregory and originally recorded by Rose Royce . It was produced by former Motown songwriter and producer Norman Whitfield for the Whitfield Records . Lead vocals were sung by Gwen Dickey and the song was released as the second single from their third studio album Rose Royce III : Strikes Again ! The song was developed as a result of producer Whitfield 's interest to work with Paul Buckmaster , the British arranger and composer . Together they asked songwriter Miles Gregory to write a song for them . Gregory was undergoing medications for his drug overuse problem , and this situation and his deteriorating physical health became the inspiration behind the song . " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " incorporated the use of the Electronic LinnDrum machine , and was one of the first songs to effectively use the sound reverbs of the instrument . The song was mainly recorded at music contractor Gene Bianco 's house , where Dickey was present during the recording . After its release , the song was critically appreciated , but was only moderately successful commercially . It reached a peak of 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 and five on the Hot Black Singles chart . Its highest position was in the United Kingdom , where it reached two . " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " has been covered by a number of artists , including Madonna , Morrissey – Mullen and Faith Evans . Madonna 's version was included in her second studio album Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) , and it was the idea of Michael Ostin , the head of the A & R department of Warner Bros. Records , that Madonna record a cover version of the song to include in the album . It was further included in her 1995 ballad compilation album Something to Remember , in a remixed form . The original and the remixed version of the Madonna song differs in the usage of more classical instruments in the latter . The 1995 version also received a number of club remix treatments . Critics were not impressed with the version present in Like a Virgin , calling it " awful " , while they warmed to the version present in Something to Remember . However , it was a commercial disappointment , reaching a peak of only 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was promoted by a music video shot by Jean @-@ Baptiste Mondino , which portrayed Madonna in an empty suite of an abandoned hotel , and was shot in a single take . = = Background and music = = Producer Norman Whitfield had always wanted to work with Paul Buckmaster , the British arranger and composer . One day he called Buckmaster and invited him to work on some recordings he had finished . After meeting , they decided to contact songwriter Miles Gregory to use one of his songs for Whitfield 's record group Rose Royce . Buckmaster found that Gregory was under medication from overuse of drugs and " was in considerable discomfort , if not in outright pain . He didn 't write a song and dance about his pain , but I remember him sitting at the piano and wincing . So before jumping on the thing that Miles was merely indulging himself and writing , one has to remember that the guy was in a lot of pain . " Nevertheless , Whitfield and Buckmaster encouraged Gregory to write the song and the result was " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " , inspired by Gregory 's own situation and his deteriorating physical health . " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " incorporated the use of the Electronic LinnDrum machine , and was one of the first songs to effectively use the sound reverbs of the instrument . LinnDrum had been used sparingly in their previous single " Do Your Dance " , but in " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " its use was more spontaneous , which Dave Thompson , author of Funk noted as if " it virtually duetted with Dickey , creating one of the most distinctive records of the year — and one of the most imitated of the age . " The song was mainly recorded at music contractor Gene Bianco 's house , where Rose Royce lead singer Gwen Dickey was present during the recording . Buckmaster recalled : " I was over at [ Gene 's ] place almost every day with Norman , and some days I stayed away to write , or to mix the music . Gene had given me the keys to his apartment , and also let me use the piano to record the song . I didn 't want to work on at Miles ' because his piano was falling to bits . " = = Reception = = Kenny Hill from The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune said that the song " was a lasting impression of Rose Royce 's brilliance as a group " and it proved that disco and R & B soul music was not dead . " Frederick Douglas from The Baltimore Sun complimented the song saying that " with their soul ballad ' Love Don 't Live Here Anymore ' , Rose Royce is poised to take their place in the musical landscape as the greatest soul group . " Bob Kostanczuk from Post @-@ Tribune listed " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " as Rose Royce 's greatest song . Jim Mortimer from Deseret News felt that " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " was a perfect example of how gospel and soul music can be clubbed together and complimented producer Buckmaster . Shannon Kingly from Los Angeles Daily News felt that " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " is " a tad bit overrated , and is full of shouting . " " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " debuted at 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and made a slow climb , ultimately reaching a peak of 32 . It was more successful on the Hot Black Singles chart , where it reached five , and stayed there for four weeks . In Canada , the song debuted at 100 on the RPM Singles Chart on December 23 , 1978 . The song began a slow climb , and after nine weeks reached a peak of 41 on the chart . It was present for a total of 12 weeks on the chart . In the United Kingdom , " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " became Rose Royce 's biggest hit , reaching two on the UK Singles Chart while in Ireland it reached a peak of number seven . Across Europe , the song failed to chart except in Netherlands , where it reached eleven . The song was successful in Australia and New Zealand , where it reached positions four and two on the charts , respectively . = = Track listing = = 7 " Single Warner " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " – 3 : 56 " Do It , Do It " – 4 : 09 = = Credits and personnel = = Gwen Dickey – lead vocals Norman Whitfield – producer , acoustic guitar Paul Buckmaster – producer , piano , bass drum , LinnDrum Miles Gregory – writer Rose Royce – background vocals = = Charts and certification = = = = Cover versions = = An instrumental cover was recorded by the UK jazz @-@ funk duo Morrissey – Mullen at EMI 's London Abbey Road Studios in 1979 and was the first digital recording to be made of a non @-@ classical ensemble . It was released as the first of the EMI Digital series in a limited edition 12 " single . Jimmy Nail 's version was released in 1985 in his native United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK Singles Chart . Coincidentally , Australian band I 'm Talking also released a version in late 1985 . British dance music producers Double Trouble released a version of ‘ Love Don ’ t Live Here Anymore ’ as a single in 1990 . Their arrangement had the vocals mixed over a House @-@ influenced backing track . A reggae version was released in 1997 by dancehall artist Bounty Killer and Swedish singer Robyn . Faith Evans recorded it on her 1995 album Faith . = = Madonna version = = = = = Background = = = Madonna covered " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " for her second studio album , Like a Virgin , in 1984 . It was originally given a single release in March 1986 as a 7 " vinyl in Japan only and was given a full release in 1996 as it was included on the 1995 ballads hits compilation Something to Remember . The idea to cover the song was actually Michael Ostin 's , the head of the A & R department of Warner Bros. Records . In author Warren Zanes book Revolutions in Sound : Warner Bros. Records , the First 50 Years , he recalled : " I had the good fortune of finding material that Madonna really responded to , ' Love Don 't Live Here Anymore ' for instance , which was the old Rose Royce record . I was driving into work one day and heard it on the radio , I called producer Nile Rodgers and Madonna , they were in the studio . I said , ' I have an idea , . You know the old Rose Royce record , ' Love Don 't Live Here Anymore ' ? Why don 't you try and record a version of it for Like a Virgin ? " Initially both Rodgers and Madonna were apprehensive of tackling an already well @-@ known ballad , but in the last minute they decided that if Madonna wanted to bring diversity to the album , there could be no better song than " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " . According to Rodgers , although Like a Virgin was mainly driven by Madonna , he was instrumental in adding " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " to the track list . The song was a favorite of Madonna , so when in 1995 she released the compilation , she included a remixed and reworked version of " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " produced by David Reitzas . The version was released as the second single from the album in North America and the third single in Europe and Australia . The original 1986 release was included in the 1996 Japanese box set CD Single Collection on 3 " CD single and includes the track listing from the 7 " vinyl version . = = = Composition = = = Madonna 's version of the song begins with the sound of acoustic guitars and synth strings . Madonna 's voice sounds high @-@ pitched , eluding the deeper resonance of the tune . After the first verse , Tony Thompson starts playing the drums , which moves along the rhythm of the song . Towards the end , Madonna sings the song like a soul singer and the song ends with a gasp of breath . The song was recorded at Power Station Studio in Manhattan , New York . Rodgers recalled : " Madonna had never performed with a live orchestra before . I was very much into doing everything live , so I just said , ' Madonna , you go out there and sing and we will follow you . ' At first Madonna was hesitant , but the live setting ended up producing memorable results . She sang and she was overcome with emotions and she started crying , but I left it on the record . " The 1995 remix was quite different from the 1984 version . It began with the sound of violins and Uilleann pipes , followed by Madonna beginning the first verse . As the song progresses , the sound of the violin fades in and the drum machine starts , and the piano is played along with it . As the chorus is sung the third time , a bass drum is also added in the flow . The violin again fades in as Madonna sings " Through the windmills of my eye , Everyone can see the loneliness inside me . " Near the end , she utters the chorus a number of times , emphasizing on the word " anymore " and the phrase " live here anymore " . It ends with the Uilleann pipes fading out . The song was also treated with remixes in various formats . SoulShock & Karlin made an R & B styled remix ; while Marcus Schulz created a house remix . Madonna 's voice was paired with an energetic beat , coupled with vibrant organ lines and blipping synth effects . The remixes were released as promotional 12 " and CD singles on May 6 , 1996 . = = = Critical response = = = Author Rikky Rooksby wrote in his book The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna that Madonna 's singing in the song " deserved a commendation for bravery and was a sign that she was going to set herself challenges . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic , while reviewing Like a Virgin , wrote that the cover of the song was " well worth hearing " . Debbie Bull from Rolling Stone , meanwhile , opined that " her torchy ballad ' Love Don 't Live Here Anymore ' is awful . " Larry Flick from Billboard complimented both the versions of the song , calling the first version " a lush slice of symphonic pop " , and the other an " old @-@ school , jeep @-@ soul cruiser . Both arrangements perfectly suit her vocal , which is rife with emotional belts and theatrical gasps . [ ... ] David Reitzas string @-@ laden version will please those who never got enough of the previous single ' You 'll See ' . The bottom line is that this will likely be another smash for an artist whose stock as a credible musical entity deservedly rises with each release . " He also complimented the dance remixes of the song , saying that " when combined , [ Marcus Schultz house remix ] keyboard lines add up to a very pastel , tea @-@ dance ready twirler . His five mixes lean largely towards the middle of the club road . " Liz Smith , while reviewing the Something to Remember album in Newsday , felt that all of Madonna 's vocal trainings that she received while shooting for the film Evita , had " paid off , because the La M 's second single sounds wonderful , and is a step up from the previous haunting ' You 'll See ' . " Dorothy Holmes from Telegram & Gazette said that " ' Love Don 't Live Here Anymore ' sounds like her perfect adult contemporary staple . " = = = Chart performance = = = In the United States , " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " debuted at the top of the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , a position comparable to 101 on the main Billboard Hot 100 . After two weeks , it debuted at 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Madonna 's 36th entry on the chart , and her first entry with a remake of someone else 's single . The song ultimately reached only a peak of 78 , and was present for only eight weeks on the chart . On June 8 , 1996 , the song was one of the breakout tracks for the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . It debuted at 39 on the chart and reached 30 the next week , becoming the Power Pick song of the chart . It ultimately reached a peak of 16 on the chart . It debuted on the Hot Adult Contemporary Chart at 30 , and reached a peak of 29 , the next week . In Canada , the song debuted at 99 on the RPM Singles Chart , on May 6 , 1996 . After eight weeks , the song reached a peak of 24 on the chart . It was present on the chart for 12 weeks . Across Europe , the song charted in France at 48 , and also reached 27 in Australia . = = = Music video and live performance = = = The music video was directed by Jean @-@ Baptiste Mondino , who worked with Madonna in her videos for " Open Your Heart " , " Justify My Love " and " Human Nature " , and shot on March 4 , 1996 , at the Confitería El Molino in Buenos Aires , Argentina , during her day off from filming Evita . Maria Gallagher was the producer , with Jean @-@ Yves Escoffier serving as director of photography . It was a Bandits Production . In her Evita diaries , published by Vanity Fair magazine in 1996 , Madonna made reference to the video shoot . In her writings , she specifically mentioned forgetting the lyrics of the song , suggesting she was having an identity crisis of sorts , trying to juggle her own identity with that of her role of Eva Perón in Evita . Madonna was also in the early stages of her pregnancy with daughter Lourdes while making the video . Hence , she felt great stress while shooting it , which led her to forget the lyrics . She said , " There are no words to describe the weariness I feel today . I have not slept well in days , and when I do , there is no comfort . My dreams are violent and full of betrayal . Like my life , there 's no escape . I feel the responsibility of this film . I cannot talk about Evita and her life without defending myself ... Dear God , what have I gotten myself into ? What is happening to me ? Today we went to shoot a music video for my next song . But I kept forgetting the lyrics , and felt like crying each and every time I did it . It was so frustrating . It 's my own song ! " The video features Madonna at the empty suite of an abandoned hotel , a similar setting to her " Like a Virgin " music video . It was shot in a single frame , with the camera approaching Madonna , as she stands behind a pillar . She rotates around it and sings the song , as air blows through the room . The video ends with Madonna looking up towards the camera the last time , and then closing her eyes . It was treated with sepia color . Carol Vernallis , author of Experiencing music video : aesthetics and cultural context felt that the video was a good example of how image can direct the viewer 's attention towards the shift in instrumentation and arrangement of the song . She noted the aimless movement of the camera towards her as " bringing focus to the main subject , with the viewer 's attention fully captured . " A mashup of " HeartBreakCity " , a track from her 13th studio album Rebel Heart , and " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " was performed on Madonna 's 2015 – 16 Rebel Heart Tour . It began with the singer dancing with a male back @-@ up dancer as she sang " HeartBreakCity " ; then , she chased him up a long spiral staircase and pushed him backwards before merging into " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " . Erik Kabik from The Las Vegas Sun , praised the performance for its simplicity . = = = Credits and personnel = = = Madonna – vocals , background vocals Nile Rodgers – producer , electric and acoustic guitars , musical arrangement Bernard Edwards – bass Rob Sabino – assorted synthesizers , bass synthesizer Tony Thompson – drum machine Curtis King – background vocals Frank Simms – background vocals George Simms – background vocals Karen Milne – string instruments David Reitzas – remix producer , remix engineer Jan Mullaney – remix keyboards Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = = Charts = = = = 1880 Greenback National Convention = The 1880 Greenback Party National Convention convened at the Interstate Exposition Building in Chicago from June 9 to 11 , 1880 , to select presidential and vice presidential nominees and write a party platform for the Greenback Party in the United States presidential election of 1880 . Delegates chose James B. Weaver of Iowa for President and Barzillai J. Chambers of Texas for Vice President . The Greenback Party was a newcomer to the political scene in 1880 , having arisen , mostly in the nation 's West and South , as a response to the economic depression that followed the Panic of 1873 . During the American Civil War , Congress had authorized " greenbacks , " a form of money redeemable in government bonds , rather than in gold , as was traditional . After the war , many Democrats and Republicans in the East sought to return to the gold standard , and the government began to withdraw greenbacks from circulation . The reduction of the money supply , combined with the economic depression , made life harder for debtors , farmers , and industrial laborers ; the Greenback Party hoped to draw support from these groups . Six men were candidates for the presidential nomination . Weaver , an Iowa congressman and Civil War general , was the clear favorite , but two other congressmen , Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts and Hendrick B. Wright of Pennsylvania , also commanded considerable followings . Weaver triumphed quickly , winning a majority of the 850 delegates ' votes on the first ballot . Chambers , a Texas businessman and Confederate veteran , was likewise nominated on the initial vote . More tumultuous was the fight over the platform , as delegates from disparate factions of the left @-@ wing movement clashed over women 's suffrage , Chinese immigration , and the extent to which the government should regulate working conditions . Votes for women was the most contentious of these , with the party ultimately endorsing the suffragists ' cause , despite a vocal minority 's opposition . Weaver and Chambers left the convention with high hopes for the third party 's cause , but in the end they were disappointed . The election was a close contest between the Republican , James A. Garfield , and the Democrat , Winfield Scott Hancock , with Garfield being the narrow victor . The Greenback ticket placed a distant third , netting just over three percent of the popular vote . = = Background = = = = = Origins = = = The Greenback Party was a newcomer to politics in 1880 , having first nominated candidates for national office four years earlier . The party had arisen , mostly in the West and South , as a response to the economic depression that followed the Panic of 1873 . During the Civil War , Congress had authorized " greenbacks , " a new form of fiat money that was redeemable not in gold but in government bonds . The greenbacks had helped to finance the war when the government 's gold supply did not keep pace with the expanding costs of maintaining the armies . When the crisis had passed , many in both the Democratic and Republican parties , especially in the East , wanted to return the nation 's currency to a gold standard as soon as possible ( candidates who favored the gold @-@ backed currency were called " hard money " supporters , while the policy of encouraging inflation was known as " soft money " ) . The Specie Payment Resumption Act , passed in 1875 , ordered that greenbacks be gradually withdrawn and replaced with gold @-@ backed currency beginning in 1879 . At the same time , economic depression had made it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable . Neither the Democrats nor the Republicans offered a home to those who favored retaining the greenbacks , so many looked to create a third party that would address their concerns . Greenbackers drew support from the growing labor movement in the nation 's Eastern cities as well as Western and Southern farmers who had been harmed by deflation . Beyond their support for a larger money supply , they also favored an eight @-@ hour work day , safety regulations in factories , and an end to child labor . As one author put it , they " anticipated by almost fifty years the progressive legislation of the first quarter of the twentieth century " . In 1876 , various independent delegates gathered in Indianapolis to nominate a presidential ticket to campaign on those issues . For president , they chose Peter Cooper , an eighty @-@ five @-@ year @-@ old industrialist and philanthropist from New York , with Samuel Fenton Cary , a former Congressman from Ohio , as his running mate . The Greenback ticket fared poorly in the election that November , attracting just 81 @,@ 740 votes — less than 1 % of the total . As bad economic times continued , however , the party gained momentum . Labor unrest the following year , culminating in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , added to many laborers ' alienation from the two major parties . Local movements , like California 's Workingmen 's Party , began to agitate for laws to improve the condition of laborers ( and for an end to Chinese immigration ) . By 1878 , the third @-@ party movement had become strong enough to elect 22 independents to the federal House of Representatives , most tied in some way to the Greenback movement . As the 1880 presidential election approached , members of the Greenback Party ( or Greenback @-@ Labor Party , as it was sometimes known ) had reason to believe that they could improve on the results of 1876 . = = = Party split = = = Attempts to fuse the disparate state and local parties into a national force led to friction between party leaders . By 1879 , there was a clear split , as a group led by Marcus M. " Brick " Pomeroy formed their own " Union Greenback Labor Party . " Pomeroy 's group of mostly Southern and Western Greenbackers was opposed to electoral fusion with either of the two major parties and took more radical positions on monetary policy , including payment of all federal bonds in greenbacks , rather than the gold dollars originally promised investors . They also differed from the Eastern @-@ centered rump party ( often called the " National Greenback Party " ) in calling for the popular election of postmasters and the death penalty as punishment for corruption in public office . After a January 1880 conference in Washington , D.C. failed to unite the factions , each party called for its own national convention to nominate candidates for president . The Union Greenbackers held their convention first , meeting in St. Louis in March 1880 . Although much of the young party 's leadership remained with the Eastern faction , the March gathering included Solon Chase and Kersey Graves , among other third party notables . They nominated Stephen D. Dillaye , a New Jersey lawyer and journalist , for President and Barzillai J. Chambers , a Texas merchant and surveyor , for Vice President . Because Dillaye had previously declared he was not interested in the nomination , many delegates protested , seeing Dillaye as a placeholder for eventual re @-@ unification with the National Greenbackers . Dillaye , himself , supported reunification , and Pomeroy also urged the delegates to send representatives to the Easterners ' convention , which was set for June 1880 in Chicago . The majority agreed with the sentiment , and Union Greenbackers gathered in Chicago along with National Greenbackers as their convention began a few months later . = = Candidates = = = = = Weaver = = = James Baird Weaver grew up on the Iowa frontier and was involved with the Republican Party from its early days in the late 1850s . At the outbreak of Civil War , he joined the Union Army . Weaver saw action at the battles of Fort Donelson , Shiloh , and Resaca , and rose to the rank of brevet brigadier general . After the war , he continued to be active in Iowa Republican politics . Weaver sought nomination to the House of Representatives and the Governorship , but each time was defeated by candidates from the party 's more conservative faction , led by William B. Allison . He campaigned for the Republican presidential candidate , Rutherford B. Hayes , in 1876 , but also attended the 1876 Greenback National Convention as an observer . By 1877 , differences with party leadership on the money question led him to consider other options . After initially supporting the Republican candidate for governor that year , Weaver joined the Greenback Party in August . In 1878 , Weaver accepted the Greenback nomination for Iowa 's 6th congressional district . Although Weaver 's political career up to then had been as a staunch Republican , Democrats in the 6th district considered that endorsing him was likely the only way to defeat Ezekiel S. Sampson , the incumbent Republican . Despite objections from some hard @-@ money Democrats , the Greenback @-@ Democrat ticket prevailed , and Weaver was elected with 16 @,@ 366 votes to Sampson 's 14 @,@ 307 . Weaver entered the 46th Congress in March 1879 . Although the House was closely divided , neither major party included the Greenbackers in their caucus , leaving them few committee assignments and little input on legislation . Weaver gave his first speech in April 1879 , criticizing the use of the army to police Southern polling stations , while also decrying the violence against black Southerners that made such protection necessary ; he then described the Greenback platform , which he said would put an end to the sectional and economic strife . The next month , he spoke in favor of a bill calling for an increase in the money supply by allowing the unlimited coinage of silver , but the bill was easily defeated . Weaver 's oratorical skill drew praise , and while he was unable to advance Greenback policy ideas , he was soon considered the front @-@ runner for the presidential nomination in 1880 . = = = Butler = = = Benjamin Franklin Butler was born in Deerfield , New Hampshire , and later moved to Massachusetts to pursue a legal career . He built a successful practice in the 1840s and 1850s and became involved in local politics as a Democrat . A compelling public speaker , Butler was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1853 . He successfully ran for a Massachusetts Senate seat in 1859 . Despite his Protestant upbringing , he gained a faithful following among Massachusetts Catholics and also built support among laborers . In the 1860 presidential campaign , Butler sought compromise with the slave power and believed Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi should be the Democratic Party 's nominee for president . Butler had been elected a brigadier general of the Massachusetts militia , and when the Civil War began in 1861 , he quickly organized his men and marched south . Butler 's men occupied Baltimore to ensure that Maryland did not follow its fellow Southern states into secession . In May of that year , he was promoted to major general and sent to command at Fort Monroe in Virginia , where he pioneered the tactic of seizing and freeing slaves as " contraband of war " . When Union forces captured New Orleans , Butler was sent to command there . Butler 's rule was harsh , and he became especially reviled among Southern whites , to whom he was known as " Beast " Butler . He was transferred to the Virginia theater in 1863 , where he worked under General Ulysses S. Grant 's direction in the campaigns that led to the Confederacy 's defeat . After the war , Butler was elected to Congress as a Republican , and soon came to identify with that party 's more radical element . In 1868 , he was among the leaders in President Andrew Johnson 's impeachment . Butler 's wartime exploits earned him support among blacks and abolitionists , which , combined with his existing base among laborers , ensured his reelection for several terms . His radicalism made him enemies among conservative Republicans , however , and when he lost his seat in the Democratic wave of 1874 , he began to shift his allegiance to the nascent Greenback Party . In 1876 , he returned to the House as a Republican , but in 1878 he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts as an independent Greenbacker with Democratic support . Butler had supporters across the political spectrum — he was often said to be " a member of all parties and false to each " — and was considered a presidential possibility when the Greenbackers convened in Chicago in 1880 . = = = Wright = = = Hendrick Bradley Wright was born and raised in northeastern Pennsylvania . After studying law at Dickinson College , Wright returned to Wilkes @-@ Barre and quickly became known as a gifted attorney and orator . His powers of speech earned him notice in Pennsylvania Democratic Party circles , as well as the nickname " Old @-@ Man @-@ Not @-@ Afraid @-@ To @-@ Be @-@ Called @-@ A @-@ Demagogue " . He became a district attorney for Luzerne County in 1834 and was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1841 . Wright was reelected in 1842 and 1843 , serving as Speaker in his final term . He served as president of the 1844 Democratic National Convention , working with the anti @-@ Van Buren faction to prevent that former President 's nomination . After the convention , he sought a seat in the United States Senate , but was unsuccessful . Wright was defeated for election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1850 , but was successful in 1852 . Defeated for reelection in 1854 , he ran in 1860 as a Democrat with Republican support , and was elected to represent Pennsylvania 's 12th congressional district . He spoke against the Peace Democrats early in the Civil War , but by 1864 , believing the Union war aims had changed for the worse , he supported Democrat George B. McClellan for the presidency . Wright did not run for reelection , returning to private life in 1863 . He continued his legal career and published writings on the relationship between labor and capital . His book , A Practical Treatise on Labor , was published in 1871 . In 1876 , Wright was elected to his old seat in Congress as a Democrat , but with support from the small Greenback movement . In 1878 , the situation was reversed : Wright ran as a Greenbacker , but was reelected with support by Democrats . He attracted attention in Congress with his proposal to amend the Homestead Act of 1862 to establish government loans to would @-@ be settlers of the West , making it easier for landless Easterners to claim homesteads there . Congress was , on the whole , not receptive to Wright 's proposal . Wright proposed it again in 1879 and emphasized the conservatism of his proposal , that it was a loan secured by the homestead , not a gift from the state ; even so , the bill went down to overwhelming defeat . Despite his failure , Wright , like Weaver , had raised his profile as a potential presidential nominee by attempting to advance Greenback ideas in Congress . = = = Other contenders = = = Several favorite son candidates had delegates interested in their nomination , although they were seen as having less of a chance of gaining the nomination . Alexander Campbell had represented Illinois in the House of Representatives several years earlier . He was seen as a pragmatist who represented the Greenback Party 's more conservative members . Henly James was the head of the Grange in Indiana and had served in the state legislature there , but attracted little support outside his own delegation . In the Wisconsin delegation , many favored Edward P. Allis , an industrialist who owned the Reliance Iron Works . Allis was a longtime supporter of soft money , but had no experience in elected office . Finally , Solon Chase of Maine had some support from the New England delegations . Chase was a publisher of a Greenback newspaper , Chase 's Inquirer , and had narrowly lost a House election in 1878 . Chase was among the most radical of the Greenbackers , attracting support from the party 's left @-@ wing members . = = Convention = = = = = Preliminaries = = = The National Greenback Party delegates assembled in the Interstate Exposition Building in Chicago on Wednesday , June 9 , 1880 . The Republican convention took place in the same building and had only just ended after a record 36 rounds of balloting . When the Greenbackers arrived , the Republicans ' banners still hung from the walls , so the delegates were greeted by images of Abraham Lincoln and Thaddeus Stevens as they entered . The building , popularly known as the " Glass Palace " , had been built in 1873 for an Interstate Industrial Exposition . Franklin P. Dewees of the party 's executive committee called the convention to order at 12 : 30 p.m. on June 9 . Reverend Pearl P. Ingalls of Iowa said a brief prayer , and the convention was opened . Gilbert De La Matyr , a Methodist minister and Greenback congressman from Indiana , was unanimously chosen as temporary chairman . After De La Matyr gave a brief , fiery speech , they proceeded to call the roll , which included delegates from every state except Oregon . As the roll call finished , Matilda Joslyn Gage , a suffragist , mounted the stage , provoking cheers from some delegates and howls of outrage from others . She called for the new party to recognize women 's right to vote , but the issue was avoided temporarily when the delegates voted to send her petition to a committee for further study . = = = Reunification = = = The Union Greenback convention had reconvened at nearby Farwell Hall and sent an emissary to the National Greenbackers . The delegates voted to join the other faction in a special conference committee to work for reunification , then adjourned until 7 : 30 that evening . While they waited for the committees to finish their work , the delegates listened to speeches by several prominent Greenbackers , including Denis Kearney , a California labor leader , and William Wallace , a Canadian parliamentarian and advocate for currency reform . Meanwhile , the Credentials Committee voted narrowly to admit the Union Greenbackers , as well as a delegation from the Socialist Labor Party . The Committee on Permanent Organization voted to recommend Richard F. Trevellick , a Michigan trade union organizer , as the permanent chairman of the convention . None of the reports were finished by the appointed time , so the convention adjourned again until 10 : 45 Thursday morning . When they reconvened , the Credentials Committee announced that there were 608 regularly selected delegates , and recommended the admission of 185 Union Greenbackers and 44 Socialist Laborites , along with a handful of others . After a spirited and chaotic discussion , the convention voted to admit the other delegates in a voice vote : the party was reunified . Messages were sent to the Union Greenbackers and Socialist Laborites informing them of the results . In the meantime , the women 's suffrage supporters again tried to convince the delegates to endorse their cause . Sarah Andrews Spencer mounted the stage to give an impassioned argument for women 's right to vote , while Kearney climbed a nearby platform to shout his disapproval . Their informal debate was interrupted by a brass band announcing the arrival of the Union Greenbackers and Socialist Laborites . The convention erupted in prolonged cheering and a banner with the word " Reunion " was hoisted . The convention broke for a brief recess as the delegates renewed their acquaintance with the erstwhile schismatics . = = = Platform = = = The delegates voted to address the platform before deciding on nominees , and debate began when they reconvened at 8 : 45 p.m. Many fights and compromises had been hashed out in the Resolutions Committee already , but the delegates insisted on debating several provisions . On many planks , there was widespread agreement among the delegates . On the monetary issue , the platform declared that all money , whether metal or paper , should be issued by the government , not by banks ( as was common for paper money at the time ) . They also called for the unlimited coinage of silver and the repayment of the national debt in bonds , rather than gold dollars . Other planks of the platform called for a graduated income tax , laws to mandate safe working conditions in factories , the regulation of interstate commerce , and an end to child and convict labor ; all of these were familiar parts of Greenback platforms from earlier elections , and provoked no serious dissent . Social issues provoked greater disagreement . Kearney 's Western faction gained a victory when the platform was made to include a call for an end to Chinese immigration . They also turned , at last , to the issue of suffrage . They eventually agreed on a vague statement in the platform , that the party would " denounce as dangerous , the efforts everywhere manifest to restrict the right of suffrage " . Many of the delegates found this unsatisfying , and called for a separate resolution on the subject . After more debate , a resolution calling for the enfranchisement of " every citizen " passed by a vote of 528 to 124 . The Socialist Labor faction proposed another resolution declaring " that land , air , and water are the grand gifts of nature to all mankind " , and that no person had a right to monopolize them ; the convention applauded , but the proposal was shunted off to a committee . = = = Nominations and balloting = = = It was nearly midnight Thursday night when the platform fights were finished , but the delegates voted to proceed immediately to nominations for President . At 1 : 00 Friday morning , the roll call began . S.F. Norton proposed his fellow Illinoisan , Alexander Campbell , proclaiming his great financial knowledge and association with Lincoln . James Buchanan , the editor of the Indianapolis Sun , proposed Benjamin Butler . Iowa Congressman Edward H. Gillette nominated Weaver , and Frank M. Fogg of Maine proposed " the farmer 's friend " , Solon Chase . Perry Talbot of Missouri nominated the Union Greenbackers ' nominee , Stephen D. Dillaye , who immediately asked that his name be withdrawn . Pennsylvania 's delegation nominated Hendrick Wright , and Wisconsin 's closed with the nomination of Edward P. Allis . Now 3 : 25 a.m. , the delegates took an informal ballot . Weaver led the pack with about 30 % of the votes , with Wright , Dillaye , and Butler trailing at about 15 % each and the remaining votes scattered among the remaining candidates . Supporters of Wright and Butler talked of combining their forces , but the momentum favored Weaver . In the first formal ballot , at 4 : 10 a.m. , Weaver gained votes , and delegates began shifting their ballots to him . Without any official motion , the nomination was made unanimous , and the brass band again began to play . Weaver , who was staying at the nearby Palmer House hotel , was summoned to the convention . As they waited , the delegates turned to the vice presidential nomination . Some of Butler 's supporters proposed nominating Absolom M. West of Mississippi , a more conservative Greenbacker , to balance the ticket against Weaver , whom they regarded as radical . West , who was present at the convention , had already disappointed the radicals by opposing women 's suffrage and the eight @-@ hour day . They instead proposed Barzillai J. Chambers of Texas , who had been the Union Greenbackers ' nominee for vice president . The majority agreed , as Chambers took 403 votes to West 's 311 . Weaver had still not arrived , and the Socialist Labor delegates took the opportunity to call for a re @-@ vote on their land plank and the women 's suffrage issue . The delegates overruled the chairman 's holding that the question was out of order and overwhelmingly voted that the " land , air , and water " plank and a plank explicitly supporting women 's suffrage should be considered " part of the platform " . Finally , at 6 : 00 a.m. , Weaver arrived . To thunderous applause , the nominee thanked the convention for its decision and accepted the nomination . At 6 : 45 a.m. , the exhausted delegates adjourned . = = Aftermath = = Three weeks later , Weaver published his formal letter of acceptance , calling for all party members to " go forth in the great struggle for human rights " . In a departure from the political traditions of the day , Weaver himself campaigned , making speeches across the South in July and August . As the Greenbackers had the only ticket that included a Southerner , Weaver and Chambers hoped to make inroads in the South . Chambers 's own participation was limited , as before reaching home from the convention , he fell as he exited his train and broke two ribs . He was confined to bed for several weeks and considered withdrawing from the race , but decided against it ; his efforts were limited by his injuries , and his only contribution to the campaign was to publish his newspaper . As the campaign progressed , Weaver 's message of racial inclusion drew violent protests in the South , as the Greenbackers faced the same obstacles the Republicans did in the face of increasing black disenfranchisement . In the autumn , Weaver campaigned in the North , but the Greenbackers ' lack of support was compounded by Weaver 's refusal to run a fusion ticket in states where Democratic and Greenbacker strength might have combined to outvote the Republicans . The Greenback ticket received 305 @,@ 997 votes and no electoral votes , compared to 4 @,@ 446 @,@ 158 for the winner , Republican James A. Garfield , and 4 @,@ 444 @,@ 260 for Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock . The party was strongest in the West and South , but in no state did Weaver receive more than 12 % of the vote , and his nationwide total was just 3 % . That figure represented an improvement over the Greenback vote of 1876 , but to Weaver , who expected twice as many votes as he received , it was a disappointment . = Cyclone Pat = Severe Tropical Cyclone Pat was a small but strong tropical cyclone that passed directly over Aitutaki , Cook Islands , in southern Pacific Ocean on February 10 , 2010 . Part of a series of storms to impact the group of islands early that year , Pat was first identified as a tropical depression on February 6 well to the northeast of the Samoan Islands . The storm steadily organized as it moved generally southeast , becoming a tropical cyclone on February 8 . Turning to the south , intensification began in earnest and the system acquired hurricane @-@ force winds within 48 hours of being named . The 445 km ( 275 mi ) wide system displayed annular characteristics and a 19 km ( 12 mi ) wide eye . Pat reached its peak strength early on February 10 as a severe tropical cyclone with winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 960 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 35 inHg ) . Hours later it struck Aitutaki , producing gusts in excess of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) on the island . Hostile wind shear then prompted rapid weakening of the cyclone . The system degraded below gale @-@ intensity on February 11 , just 24 hours after it peaked , and was last noted early on February 12 . Battering Aitutaki with wind gusts in excess of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , Cyclone Pat devastated the island . Approximately 78 percent of homes were damaged , with 72 structures destroyed . The electrical grid was left completely offline and supply of water was largely lost . Agriculture also experienced tremendous impact , with most crops completely lost . Damage on Aitutaki amounted to US $ 13 @.@ 7 million ; however , casualties were minimal with only eight minor injuries reported . Recovery efforts began immediately after the storm , with the Red Cross and the Government of New Zealand aiding the local government . A reconstruction plan was enacted by the Cook Islands within a month and subsequently funded by New Zealand . Owing to its destructive effects , the name Pat was later retired and replaced with Pili . = = Meteorological history = = Between January and March 2010 , the Australian monsoon trough extended unusually far east over the southern Pacific Ocean . With above @-@ average sea surface temperatures , stemming from a moderate @-@ strength El Niño , multiple low pressure systems were able to develop across the region . An unusual spree of tropical cyclogenesis in rapid succession ensued , including four hurricane @-@ strength storms : Oli , Pat , Rene , and Tomas . On February 6 , the Fiji Meteorological Service ( FMS ) began monitoring a tropical depression , dubbed 09F , well to the northeast of the Samoan Islands . Embedded within a well @-@ developed trough , the system displayed curved convective banding features . Environmental conditions in the area , including low wind shear , high ocean heat content , and upper @-@ level outflow , favored cyclogenesis . Additionally , an active Madden – Julian oscillation phase moving into the region was expected to bolster development . Steady improvement of the system 's convective structure ensued and early on February 7 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert . The low trekked generally east @-@ southeast in response to a near @-@ equatorial ridge anchored to the north . The storm 's appearance continued to improve and Dvorak classifications rose to T2.5 , indicating gale @-@ force winds were likely present . Accordingly , the JTWC began issuing advisories on the system at 18 : 00 UTC and dubbed it Tropical Cyclone 14P . Forecasters noted , however , that the small size of the cyclone could lead to erroneously low Dvorak estimates . The FMS followed suit six hours later and assigned the name Pat to the cyclone , assessing it as a Category 1 on the Australian cyclone scale . Convection became increasingly symmetric on February 8 , and a small eye feature appeared on microwave satellite imagery . Spanning no more than 445 km ( 275 mi ) , the developing storm began a gradual turn to the south as steering currents shifted from the equatorial ridge to a subtropical ridge . Based on increasing Dvorak numbers , the JTWC assessed Pat to have reached hurricane @-@ intensity by 06 : 00 UTC on February 9 . The eye feature became more pronounced throughout the day , with convection consolidating inward and becoming more symmetric . Accordingly , the FMS accordingly upgraded Pat to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 18 : 00 UTC . The system became annular in nature on February 10 , characterized by a lack of prominent banding features and uniform convection which surrounded its 19 km ( 12 mi ) wide eye . Pat reached its peak intensity at 06 : 00 UTC that day as it began turning to the southwest . Maximum winds were estimated at 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) alongside a barometric pressure of 960 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 35 inHg ) . At the same time , the JTWC assessed Pat to have been a Category 2 @-@ equivalent on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale with one @-@ minute sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . Weakening began shortly thereafter as wind shear over the system increased . Pat passed directly over the island of Aitutaki between 12 : 00 and 18 : 00 UTC . The low @-@ level center of Pat began decoupling from convection late on February 10 once it cleared Aitutaki . The storm rapidly weakened amid strong shear , with the center being left completely exposed early on February 11 . A solitary band remained along the south side of the storm by that time , and the FMS no longer considered it a tropical cyclone after 06 : 00 UTC . The lone band of convection dissipated later that day and with no residual thunderstorm activity , the skeletal low turned westward in response to westerly flow . The JTWC maintained Pat as a tropical storm until 18 : 00 UTC and as a tropical depression until its dissipation early on February 12 . = = Preparations = = Starting on February 7 , tropical cyclone alerts and later gale warnings were issued for the northern Cook Islands under the anticipation of gale @-@ force winds impacting populated islands . The first of these islands were Manihiki , Rakahanga , and Suwarrow . As the storm moved southward , the advisories shifted accordingly . Strong wind warnings were raised for Pukapuka , Nassau , and Penryhn on February 8 ; however , they were dropped later that day as Cyclone Pat moved away . Alerts on potential gales in the southern Cook Islands also began on February 8 , including the islands of Atiu , Aitutaki , Manuae , Mitiaro , and Takutea . Gale warnings for Aitutaki , Palmerston , and Rarotonga began on February 9 and extended to Mauke the next day . Early on February 10 , a hurricane warning was issued for Aitutaki . With the core of Pat 's destructive winds forecast to pass close to or over the island , sustained winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) and gusts of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) were anticipated . The aforementioned warnings were allowed to expire once Pat cleared the Cook Islands on February 11 and was no longer a threat . Emergency centers were prepped across the northern Cook Islands on February 8 . The Cook Islands Chapter of the Red Cross took early action with Cyclone Pat and began stockpiling relief supplies on February 9 . Volunteers from the organization assisted elderly residents with preparation and evacuation on Aitutaki . Anticipating high winds , residents tied down homes with rope and wire and boarded up windows with shutters . Similar preparations took place on Rarotonga , though the main concern there was storm surge . Government offices and schools there were closed on February 11 . Most residents and all tourists along the coast in Aitutaki evacuated inland to designated shelters . Authorities later announced that they were under @-@ prepared for Cyclone Pat . The lack of an official process during an emergency was cited as a core issue . = = Impact = = Passing directly over Aitutaki on February 10 , Pat produced wind gusts in excess of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) making it one of the most powerful storms ever experienced by residents on the island . It is also considered among the most damaging on the island . Aitutaki Mayor Tai Herman claimed the winds to be much stronger , with gusts up to 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) during the worst of the storm . These winds were above building codes at the time , which required structures to be able to withstand winds of 176 km / h ( 109 mph ) . Numerous trees and power lines fell amid the powerful winds , cutting power to the entirety of the island and severing communications . According to the Government of the Cook Islands , 78 percent of the homes on the island sustained damage . Of the 277 affected homes , 59 sustained minor damage , 51 moderate , 95 major , and 72 were destroyed . Severity of damage correlated with the age of each home , with buildings over 25 years old suffering the greatest impact . Collateral damage took place when debris from damaged or destroyed structures became airborne and struck other buildings . Hardest hit were the villages of Nikaupara and Tautu . Costs to homes amounted to NZ $ 15 million ( US $ 10 @.@ 6 million ) . One building at the Seventh Day Adventist church primary school collapsed while another sustained severe damage . Although damage occurred at Vaitau School , it was utilized as an evacuation shelter . The primary school and college in Araura also suffered damage . The island 's electrically run water supply was substantially effected . A total of 568 homes lost access to clean water , with many waters tanks damaged or destroyed . Aitutaki 's only hospital fared well through the storm , with some roof damage and flooded rooms . Infrastructural losses totaled to NZ $ 2 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 6 million ) , mainly stemming from the power grid . The agricultural sector sustained extensive damage , amounting to US $ 1 @.@ 5 million , with some crops experiencing a total loss . The severity of damage raised concerns about food security in the months after the storm . Particularly hard @-@ hit was the mango crop , which was to be harvested two weeks after Pat struck . Approximately 60 – 75 percent of the coconut trees and 75 percent of java plum , mango , and kapok trees sustained damage . Most trees had at least one branch torn off and in most cases , multiple branches . Additionally , the blue lorikeet ( Vini peruviana ) , a bird native to French Polynesia and the Cook Islands , population suffered dramatic losses due to the storm , with the population on Aitutaki dropping by more than 50 percent . All told , losses from Pat amounted to US $ 13 @.@ 7 million . However , Dr. Russell Howorth from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community ( SPC ) stated that damage reached US $ 8 @.@ 2 million . In comparison , the collective damage from cyclones in the Cook Islands since 1955 was US $ 47 million according to the SPC . In contrast to the severity of damage , no fatalities and only eight minor injuries took place . Fearing similar damage to Aitutaki , a pre @-@ emptive state of emergency was issued for Rarotonga . This was soon lifted as Pat ultimately spared Rarotonga and little damage took place there . Gale @-@ force winds and heavy rains impacted Rarotonga and Palmerston islands . Large swells affected the uninhabited Penrhyn atoll , interfering with a study of marine turtles . = = Aftermath = = Immediately following Pat 's passage , the Government of the Cook Islands declared Aitutaki a disaster zone . In accordance with the FRANZ agreement , the Government of New Zealand made an initial donation of NZ $ 350 @,@ 000 for recovery efforts prior to the formal request for assistance on February 13 . Following said request , New Zealand prepped a C @-@ 130 Hercules aircraft with emergency supplies and New Zealand Defense Force ( NZDF ) personnel which arrived in Aitutaki on February 15 . The aircraft made four trips in all which provided several tonnes of aid to the island . The NZDF priority was repair of schools and hospitals , though they assisted the Red Cross with clearing debris , restoring power , and setting up temporary shelters for affected residents . The lack of access to clean water prompted significant concern , and a water and sanitation expert from the Australian Red Cross flew in on February 12 to assist with restoration efforts . Immediate provisions of 600 water bottles were sent to the island on February 16 . The Red Cross subsequently began pumping and filtering water , using a truck to distribute it to the island 's villages . Through September 24 , they provided over 100 @,@ 000 litres of clean water . Distribution of 2 @,@ 050 collapsible containers and 200 hygiene kits lessened dependency on the Red Cross 's water pump . An extensive repair and recovery plan was enacted by the Government of the Cook Islands within a month of Cyclone Pat , which covered agricultural , infrastructural , and societal sectors . Financial restraints hindered the expected progress of this operation , with more than two @-@ thirds of it not being funded by the final plan report on March 4 . Of the NZ $ 15 million ( US $ 10 @.@ 6 million ) in home damage , NZ $ 7 @.@ 2 million ( US $ 5 @.@ 1 million ) was covered . New Zealand later provided a NZ $ 5 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 9 million ) grant to assist in this effort . Priority was placed on repairing damaged homes , with lesser emphasis on destroyed ones . Labor costs would ultimately reach NZ $ 6 million ( US $ 4 @.@ 2 million ) for this project . Finalization of the funding for reconstruction was delayed and had not started by early June , with some residents still living in tents . Farmers were provided with NZ $ 195 @,@ 000 ( US $ 138 @,@ 000 ) worth of seeds , seedlings , and various supplies to jump @-@ start agricultural recovery . Since the majority of the island 's electrical grid was destroyed , an earlier plan to convert the network to underground cables was accelerated due to a convenience factor . By February 17 , 80 percent of the grid was restored ; however , only 10 percent homes were actually connected . The presence of dead vegetation left behind by the storm created fire hazards across the island , prompting the government to issue a ban on burning . The Seventh Day Adventist church primary school resumed classes on February 15 despite losing a building . All other schools suspended activities until February 22 ; however , the approach of Tropical Depression 11F delayed this until the following day . On February 23 , the European Union provided US $ 110 @,@ 000 in emergency funds to the Cook Islands . Habitat for Humanity later sought to assist in the rebuilding process in April , with a funding goal of NZ $ 300 @,@ 000 ( US $ 210 @,@ 000 ) . Depression set in among members throughout the storm @-@ battered community once the rebuilding process began . Fears of possible emigration stemming soon arose . Mayor Tai Herman feared that survivors would consider selling their homes and leave the Cook Islands altogether . Even Prime Minister Jim Marurai was reported to be left in shock by the scale of damage . The government enacted a three @-@ month psychological support plan accordingly to help residents cope with the disaster and maintain social integrity among victims . Through September , 265 people took advantage of this program . = Indian Head eagle = The Indian Head eagle was a ten @-@ dollar gold piece , or eagle struck by the United States Mint continuously from 1907 until 1916 , and then irregularly until 1933 . The obverse and the reverse , designed by the sculptor Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens , were originally commissioned for use on other denominations . Saint @-@ Gaudens was suffering from cancer , and did not survive to see the coins released . Beginning in 1904 , President Theodore Roosevelt proposed the introduction of new , more artistic designs on US coins , prompting the Mint to hire Saint @-@ Gaudens to create them . Roosevelt and Saint @-@ Gaudens at first considered a uniform design for the four denominations of US coin which were struck in gold , but in 1907 Roosevelt decided to use a model for the obverse of the eagle that the sculptor had meant to use for the cent . For the reverse of the ten @-@ dollar coin the President decided on a design featuring a standing bald eagle , which had been developed for the twenty @-@ dollar piece designed by Saint @-@ Gaudens . The coin , as sculpted by Saint @-@ Gaudens , was in too high relief for the Mint to strike readily ; completion of the design modifications necessary to make the coin sufficiently flat to be struck by one blow of the Mint 's presses took months . Following the sculptor 's death on August 3 , 1907 , Roosevelt insisted that the new eagle be finished and struck that month . New pieces were given to the President on August 31 , which differ from the coins struck later for circulation . The omission of the motto " In God We Trust " on the new coins caused public outrage , and prompted Congress to pass a bill mandating its inclusion . Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber added the words and made minor modifications to the design . The Indian Head eagle was struck regularly until 1916 , and then intermittently until President Franklin Roosevelt directed the Mint to stop producing gold coins in 1933 . Its termination ended the series of eagles struck for circulation begun in 1795 . Many Indian Head eagles were melted by the government in the late 1930s ; the 1933 issue is a particular rarity , as few were distributed . = = Inception = = In 1904 , President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to his Secretary of the Treasury , Leslie Mortier Shaw , complaining that U.S. coinage lacked artistic merit , and enquiring if it would be possible to engage a private artist , such as sculptor Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens , to prepare new coin designs . At Roosevelt 's direction , the Mint hired Saint @-@ Gaudens to redesign the cent and the four gold pieces : the double eagle ( $ 20 ) , eagle ( $ 10 ) , half eagle ( $ 5 ) , and quarter eagle ( $ 2 @.@ 50 ) . The Liberty Head design had been first struck for the eagle in 1838 ; the last addition to the Liberty Head gold series , the double eagle , was first struck for circulation in 1850 . The designs of those pieces had remained unchanged for more than 25 years , hence they could be changed without an act of Congress . In 1905 , Mint Engraver Charles E. Barber engraved the obverse of Roosevelt 's inauguration medal , while his assistant , George T. Morgan , engraved the reverse . Roosevelt disliked the work , and engaged Saint @-@ Gaudens to design an unofficial medal commemorating the inauguration . Saint @-@ Gaudens foresaw resistance from Barber on the question of the new coinage ; he wrote to his brother , Louis Saint @-@ Gaudens , " Barber is a S.O.A.B. [ son of a bitch ] but I had a talk with the President who ordered Secretary Shaw in my presence to cut Barber 's head off if he didn 't do our bidding " . Roosevelt was impressed by some models Saint @-@ Gaudens had prepared for the cent showing a head of Liberty . In early 1907 , he wrote to Saint @-@ Gaudens proposing that a Native American or Indian headdress be added to the obverse of the cent : " I feel very strongly that on at least one coin we ought to have the Indian feather headdress . It is distinctly American , and very picturesque . Couldn 't you have just such a head as you have now , but with the feather headdress ? " Numismatic historian Walter Breen described this as " the absurd addition of a feathered warbonnet , such as neither Ms. Liberty nor any Native American woman would ever have worn " . Art historian Cornelius Vermeule stated that the Indian Head eagle " missed being a great coin because Roosevelt interfered with the choice of headdress ( or no headdress ) for Liberty " . In February 1907 , Saint @-@ Gaudens added the headdress to the head of Liberty . The sculptor was undecided about which design to use for the gold pieces ( which were still intended to have a uniform appearance ) , and after he proposed using the headdress Liberty for the double eagle , Roosevelt tentatively decided to use different designs on the eagle and double eagle , with the eagle to bear the headdress Liberty . The double eagle would show a Liberty striding forward , with a flying eagle on the reverse . The President was prepared to meet personally with Saint @-@ Gaudens if the sculptor objected , but unknown to Roosevelt he was seriously ill with cancer , and no meeting took place . Mint Director George E. Roberts wrote to Saint @-@ Gaudens on May 25 , 1907 , " It is now settled ... the design for the Eagle shall be the feather head of Liberty with the standing eagle " . Saint @-@ Gaudens and his assistants moved quickly on the revision . On June 1 , Saint @-@ Gaudens sent models of the new coin , with the designs at a relief that Saint @-@ Gaudens believed the Mint could coin , together with a letter stating that the relief of the new models should be coinable by the Mint . The double eagles were then being delayed because Saint @-@ Gaudens had twice sent the Mint models with too high a relief , which could not be struck in one blow , as required for circulating coinage . Saint @-@ Gaudens 's letter was sent to the Philadelphia Mint , where Superintendent John Landis had Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber read and initial it . On June 7 , Barber responded to Landis , I beg to report that I have received two models in plaster and also a copy of a letter from Mr. Saint @-@ Gaudens to the Director , in which there are certain statements that are somewhat misleading ... the relief of the design must conform to the fixed conditions and therefore , the only relief that I knew of was coin relief ; the models now sent are not coin relief ... The date of the year is in Roman notation , there is no provision made for even next year , there being no place left , and as these coins have to stand for twenty @-@ five years before another change can be made , I feel it necessary to state that within a few years it would be impossible to date the dies . Roberts wrote to Saint @-@ Gaudens on June 11 suggesting there might be problems with the date and the relief ; when he received no response he wrote again on June 18 . This time the sculptor responded , writing that he had been awaiting the return of his assistant , Henry Hering , who had handled much of the dealings with the Mint . He agreed that Roman numerals were ill @-@ advised for the eagle , and on June 24 , new models were sent to the Mint by Hering . These models , along with a bronze casting which was produced privately , were used by Barber to prepare a die , and experimental pieces were struck on July 19 . These " high relief " pieces required multiple strikes of the press to fully bring up the design . Saint @-@ Gaudens wrote to the Mint in mid @-@ July , " I am waiting to know about this in order to proceed with the other reliefs " , and he was sent one of the new pieces , along with a Liberty Head eagle for comparison , for which he paid by check . On July 19 , Roberts sent a similar pair of coins to Secretary of the Treasury George Cortelyou , noting that Saint @-@ Gaudens 's use of a smooth finish to the design , rather than the sharp die work characteristic of the Liberty gold pieces , might encourage counterfeiting . Roberts communicated these concerns to Saint @-@ Gaudens , who requested casts of the dies used to strike the new pieces , which were sent to his house in Cornish , New Hampshire on July 28 . Saint @-@ Gaudens died there of cancer on August 3 , 1907 , and Roosevelt wrote to his widow Augusta , " I count it as one of the privileges of my administration to have had him make two of our coins " . = = Preparations = = Roberts left office on July 31 , 1907 to become president of the Commercial National Bank of Chicago . As his successor , San Francisco Mint Superintendent Frank A. Leach , did not take office until November 1 , former Mint Director Robert Preston served as acting director in the interim . On August 7 , Roosevelt ordered Secretary Cortelyou to have the designs for the eagle and double eagle finalized and in production by September 1 . With Landis on vacation , Cortelyou passed the President 's letter on to the acting Philadelphia Mint superintendent , Dr. Albert A. Norris , instructing him to " have this matter taken up at once and the President 's instructions carried out ; and everything possible must be done to expedite the work . " Preston wrote to Roberts , asking for information about the new coinage , and the former Mint director responded on August 12 , outlining the correspondence with Saint @-@ Gaudens , and noting that " no instructions have been received from the President as to the half and quarter eagle , but I expected that the eagle design would be used upon them ... The President concluded to leave the One Cent piece unchanged , and there has been no discussion about any change in the Nickel piece . " In response to the President 's instructions , Barber wrote to Norris informing him that the design for the eagle had been awaiting approval since July , making no mention of the Mint 's desire for sharper die work . Norris noted in his subsequent letter to Acting Director Preston that the Mint had been having trouble with the collar , which would strike the edge of the coin and impress 46 stars , representing the number of states there would be after Oklahoma 's already scheduled admission to the Union later in 1907 . Mint authorities had turned unsuccessfully to their counterparts in Paris for advice , but the Mint 's machine shop was able to perfect the collar . Norris defended Barber in his letter to Preston , I think the President does Mr. Barber an injustice when he speaks of " a certain cumbersomeness of mind and inability to do the speediest modern work , as shown by these delays , " here . The making of the models for these coins was given to Saint Gaudens , who was a sculptor and had no experience with coinage designs . When the models were received , the Bureau [ of the Mint ] was notified that the dies made from them would not work in the coining press ... the models were returned to Saint Gaudens , at his request and a modified set furnished after some time . The Bureau was informed that even these would not make dies satisfactory for coinage , but the dies were made and it was found they could not be used in the coining press . How are we going to strike coins	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
from these for the President ? In late August , Augusta Saint @-@ Gaudens sent new models for the eagle to Acting Director Preston . When Barber examined them , he noted , " dies made from these models would be a great improvement over those already made " and stated that with these models , the Mint could have the eagle in full production within a month . Homer Saint @-@ Gaudens , the sculptor 's son , wrote to Preston , " Mr. Hering has finally finished the eagle at a relief slightly lower than that on the French [ gold ] coin by Chaplin , [ sic , actually Chaplain ] which is the lowest relief that Mr. Hering knew my father would abide by , and which I understand Mr. Barber can mint . " In the meantime , Cortelyou ordered 500 pieces struck on the Mint 's high @-@ pressure medal press from the dies the Mint had from Saint @-@ Gaudens 's earlier efforts , thus complying with the letter of the President 's August 7 order . Preston sent a note to Norris , warning that the President would likely order 100 pieces and suggesting that he have the coins available " so you can furnish them without a moment 's delay " . According to numismatic historian Roger Burdette , " these were an ' insurance policy ' , put in place by Cortelyou against additional presidential rage " . The President viewed sample eagle coins on August 31 , and expressed his satisfaction with them and his desire to see more struck . As Saint @-@ Gaudens 's design did not include a rim ( the raised surface which surrounds each side of a coin ) , excess metal was forming a " fin " or extrusion from the coin . The fin was easily broken off , and there was a threat that the eagles would quickly become underweight , diminishing their usefulness as a trade coin . Barber engraved a rim onto the die , eliminating the problem . About five hundred pieces had been struck from Saint @-@ Gauden 's original dies ; these were struck on the medal press and were for the most part distributed to government officials . They are referred to as " wire rim " pieces , denoting the sharp angle at which the field of the coin meets the edge without the intermediary of a rim . They remained available for purchase from the Mint for face value at least until 1912 . One sold at auction in January 2011 for $ 230 @,@ 000 . A total of 32 @,@ 000 eagles were struck using the Barber @-@ modified Saint @-@ Gaudens dies , for the most part using ordinary coinage presses . These are known as the " rounded rim " pieces . On November 9 , 1907 , with the dies made from the low relief Saint @-@ Gaudens models in full production , Frank Leach , the new Mint director , decided to have 31 @,@ 950 of the rounded rim specimens melted , saving only fifty . According to Leach in his memoirs , these " were given to museums of art and officials and others connected with the work " . The surviving rounded rim specimens can be readily distinguished from later 1907 strikes , as they have dots before , between , and after the words " Ten Dollars " on the reverse . One , which had been in the possession of the Leach family for a century , sold in January 2011 for $ 2 @,@ 185 @,@ 000 . = = Design = = Still believing that the design would be considered for the cent , Saint @-@ Gaudens based his head of Liberty on a model he had sculpted , but ultimately not used , for the statue of Victory in the Sherman Monument in New York City . That bust , of South Carolinian Harriet ( Hettie ) Eugenia Anderson , also inspired Saint @-@ Gaudens in his model and bas @-@ relief , NIKΗ EIPHNH ( Ancient Greek for victory and peace ) . Saint @-@ Gaudens 's reverse design , with an eagle standing on a bundle of arrows with an olive branch at its feet , was his original concept for the reverse of the double eagle , and bears a close similarity to his reverse for the inaugural medal . Saint @-@ Gaudens 's ultimate inspiration for the reverse , by one account , was a coin of Ptolemy I of Egypt portraying a standing eagle , which was illustrated in a book he owned and had lent to Roosevelt . Jeff Garrett and Ron Guth , in their work on American gold coins , call the details of the coin " a trifle fantastic " . They point to the unlikeliness of any female wearing a headdress only donned by a male warrior , and describe the word " LIBERTY " on the headdress as " placed incongruously " . Mint Director Leach described the pieces in a report to Cortelyou summarizing the redesign project : The obverse of the eagle bears the feathered head of Liberty which was originally intended for the one cent piece . The President was so pleased with this design that he decided to have it placed on the eagle . The head , the artist stated , was designed in accordance with the suggestions of the President . The reverse bears the standing eagle , and on the edge of the coins there are forty @-@ six stars , one for each State . = = Release and production = = The new eagles entered circulation around November 4 , 1907 , although Leach did not receive formal approval to issue the pieces until December 19 . As early as November 7 , articles were appearing in newspapers noting the omission of the motto " In God We Trust " on the eagle , and the Mint soon began to receive many complaints . Roosevelt believed that using God 's name on coins was sacrilegious , and had confirmed with government lawyers that no law required the motto 's use . Saint @-@ Gaudens wanted to include only the minimum of lettering on the new coins , and was content to omit the motto . According to his son Homer , as Saint @-@ Gaudens considered " the motto ' In God We Trust ' as an artistic intrusion not required by law , he wholly discarded [ it ] and thereby drew down on himself the lightning of public comment " . The House of Representatives passed a bill ordering the use of the motto on the new eagle and double eagle ( which also lacked the phrase ) in March 1908 ; the Senate followed suit in May . Roosevelt , finding public opinion against him , signed the bill into law that month . Barber duly placed the motto on the reverse , to the left of the eagle 's breast . On the " No Motto pieces " struck at the Denver Mint in 1908 ( catalogued as 1908 @-@ D ) , the mintmark " D " appears above the leaves near the eagle 's feet on the reverse ; on the pieces with motto struck both at Denver and at San Francisco ( mintmark S ) beginning in 1908 , the mintmark appears to the left of the arrow on which the bird stands . Barber also made other , minor changes in the coin ; according to Breen , " Aside from the addition of the motto , none of Barber 's niggling changes are defensible as improvements , unless one insists that more of the first U of UNUM had to show . Nor is striking quality increased . " Denver mintmarks from 1908 to 1910 are much larger than those in subsequent years ; San Francisco mintmarks are consistently small . With the admission of New Mexico and Arizona as states in 1912 , the number of stars on the edge was increased from 46 to 48 . The coin was struck every year from 1907 to 1916 . During World War I , with gold coins commanding a premium above face value and many gold pieces returning from Europe to pay for war materials , there was little need for new gold coins ; coinage of eagles was discontinued after 1916 . Subsequently , Indian Head eagles were struck only in 1920 ( at San Francisco ) , 1926 ( at Philadelphia ) , 1930 ( at San Francisco ) , and final Philadelphia issues in 1932 and 1933 . In March 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered that no more gold in the form of coins be released from the Treasury ; the Mint subsequently stopped its production of gold coins , ending the eagle series that had begun in 1795 . On December 28 , 1933 , Acting Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau ordered Americans to turn in all gold coins and gold certificates , with limited exceptions , receiving paper money in payment . Millions of gold coins were melted down by the Treasury in the following years . Many of the gold coins seen today had been exported to Europe before 1933 and repatriated once restrictions on holding gold were ended . = = Collecting = = With the exception of the 1907 high relief pieces , no date or mintmark of the circulation strikes of the Indian Head eagle before 1920 is particularly rare . The 1911 @-@ D , with a mintage of 30 @,@ 100 commands a significant premium in mint state or uncirculated condition , but only a modest one in circulated grades . Despite its mintage of 126 @,@ 500 , the 1920 @-@ S is a major rarity . It was little collected at the time , and with Europe still recovering from the war , few coins were exported there ; accordingly , most were melted post @-@ 1933 . Only a handful of 1933 eagles were distributed before Roosevelt ended the paying out of gold , and virtually the entire mintage of 312 @,@ 500 was melted . One sold in 2004 , graded MS @-@ 66 ( the finest example of this date known ) for $ 718 @,@ 750 . Approximately forty 1933 eagles are known to have survived . Proof coins were struck from 1907 until 1915 , all at Philadelphia . Not all quantities are known , but the highest for which the number struck is known is 1910 , with a mintage of 204 ( one sold for $ 80 @,@ 500 in 2006 ) . One of the surviving specimens of the mostly melted rounded rim pieces is in proof ; this unique specimen is in private hands . Numismatic expert Mike Fuljenz , in his book on the gold pieces with Indian designs struck in the early 20th century , suggests that this coin was a trial piece , resulting from the test of new dies . Different finishes are known for the proof coins . The unique 1907 piece is in satin proof ( the raised designs appear like satin ) , but later proof eagles were struck in a dark matte finish . Some 1908 – 1910 proof eagles were struck in a lighter " Roman finish " . = Boletopsis nothofagi = Boletopsis nothofagi is a fungus in the family Bankeraceae . The fungus forms grey fruit bodies that grow in clusters . Like all species of Boletopsis , it has a porous spore @-@ bearing surface on the underside of the cap , but differs from other species of Boletopsis by having characteristics such as elongated spores and a green discoloration when stained with potassium hydroxide . Boletopsis nothofagi is endemic to New Zealand and has a mycorrhizal association with red beech ( Nothofagus fusca ) . It is unknown when exactly the fungus forms its fruit body , but it has so far been found solely in May , during autumn in the Southern Hemisphere . The first description of B. nothofagi was published in 2012 by Jerry A. Cooper and Patrick Leonard . DNA studies of the fungus suggest that it is a somewhat basal member of the genus Boletopsis . The fungus is most likely a native species of New Zealand and was present there before the arrival of Europeans . As it is very rare and possibly threatened , B. nothofagi is listed in the Red List of Threatened Species as an endangered species . = = Taxonomy = = In 2009 , an unknown species of Boletopsis was discovered in the Orongorongo valley near Wellington , New Zealand . In 2010 , the fungus was found again in the same place and also discovered on the South Island . Morphological comparisons and molecular analysis of other species of the genus suggested that the fungus could not be attributed to any known representative of the genus , and so it was described by mycologists Jerry A. Cooper and Patrick Leonard as a new species . The species description of Boletopsis nothofagi appeared in the journal MycoKeys in 2012 . The two authors chose the epithet nothofagi based on the characteristic of the fungus as mycorrhizal symbiont of Nothofagus fusca . Swollen hyphae and smooth spores show that B. nothofagi is a member of the subgenus Boletopsis in the genus Boletopsis . Boletopsis nothofagi is a genetically clearly differentiated representative of the genus Boletopsis , which according to the investigations of Cooper and Leonard separated relatively early from the precursor of most other known species . Only a North American species , B. leucomelaena , branches off from their phylogenetic tree even earlier . However , the relationships between many of the species were not fully resolved in the study , so in the future , new species may be described . = = Description = = The fruit bodies of Boletopsis nothofagi usually grow in tufts and only rarely individually . They have a centrally stalked cap . The cap is convex , measuring 10 – 80 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 1 in ) wide and 5 – 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 9 in ) high . In young specimens , the cap 's edge is slightly bent , whereas the cap of older fruit bodies often curl . The cap cuticle is gray in color , and its texture ranges from smooth to slightly fibrous . Pressure- or scrape @-@ spots are stained darker and eventually blacken . The stipes are club @-@ shaped to cylindrical , slightly tapering towards both base and cap , with a height of about 20 – 60 mm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) and a thickness of 10 – 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 0 in ) . The stipe is smooth and dry on the surface and has a firm texture on the inside . The stipes have a similar color as the cap and shows the same responses to damage . The white , porous hymenium has a thickness of 1 – 2 mm and turns brown when bruised . Per millimeter , there are two to three square pores . When dried , the hymenium 's color becomes pinkish @-@ brown . The hymenium extends slightly down the stipe , and is sharply defined . Dried tissue smells similar to fenugreek . The morphology of the mycorrhiza has not yet been described ; however , as with all other types of Boletopsis it is likely to be ectomycorrhizal . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = Boletopsis nothofagi has a monomitic hyphal structure , whereby all hyphae are generative hyphae , which serve the growth of the fungus . The cap , when viewed under a microscope , is clearly differentiated and consists of a cutis , a layer of oriented hyphae lying radially . They are up to 2 µm thick , pigmented brown and covered with small , irregularly shaped granules . They become green when stained with potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) , a diagnostic characteristic of the genus . The subcutis consists of swollen hyphae up to 6 µm thick . These are thin @-@ walled , filled with oil droplets and have clamp connections in the septa . The hymenial layer has porous cystidium structures measuring 4 by 80 µm . The basidia of B. nothofagi are pleurobasidia arising on the sides of the hyphae . They are cylindrical to club shaped , 5 – 10 by 20 – 30 µm in size , and clamped at the base . The basidia always have four sterigmata , on which light brown , thin spores are situated . The spores are uneven , with flattened ends and elongated in shape . On average , they measure 5 @.@ 3 by 4 @.@ 1 µm . = = Distribution = = The known range of Boletopsis nothofagi is limited to two narrowly defined areas of New Zealand , one on the North Island and the other on the South Island . These areas are in Rimutaka Forest Park near Wellington , and Saint Arnaud in the northern part of the South Island . These locations are relatively far away from each other and isolated , which , together with its absence in the rest of New Zealand , makes it unlikely that the species is a recent import . It is more likely that the species is native to New Zealand and has been overlooked in earlier surveys due to its rarity . Boletopsis nothofagi is the most southern member of the genus Boletopsis , and as of 2013 the sole known member of the genus in the Southern Hemisphere ; its closest relatives are found in Asia and Costa Rica . = = Ecology = = The occurrence of Boletopsis nothofagi seems to be strongly connected to the occurrence of the southern beech Nothofagus fusca , a species of Fagales that is endemic to New Zealand . B. nothofagi has been found exclusively in N. fusca forests spread through New Zealand below 37 ° S. The fungus forms a mycorrhizal association with the trees of N. fusca , in which the hyphae of the fungal mycelium wrap around the roots of the tree and penetrate the cortex , but not its cells . Subsequently , B. nothofagi takes over the function of the root hair and directs water and soil nutrients to the tree . In return , the fungus can , through contact with the root tissue , access the products of the tree 's photosynthesis . The fruit bodies of the species have so far always been found in May , the end of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere . Little is known about the habitat requirements – such as humidity , temperature , soil composition and water content – of B. nothofagi . However , as the species seems to only occur together with N. fusca , it should largely conform to their demands . The tree species prefers lowlands and hills along river valleys and usually grows on nutrient @-@ rich , well @-@ drained soil . The species is more likely to be found inland than in the coastal regions . = = Status = = According to Cooper and Leonard , the fact that Boletopsis nothofagi was only found 200 years after the European settlement of New Zealand illustrates the rarity of this species , although it is also possible that the late discovery was caused by rare or infrequent fructification . The authors assume that the species occurs very sparsely and that this cannot be attributed to human activity . Although no data on population trends or historical distribution of the fungus exists , Cooper and Leonard consider the species in accordance to the New Zealand Threat Classification System as " naturally uncommon " . = = = Cited literature = = = Cooper , Jerry ; Patrick Leonard ( 2012 ) . " Boletopsis nothofagi sp. nov. associated with Nothofagus in the Southern Hemisphere " . MycoKeys 3 : 13 – 22 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 3897 / mycokeys.3.2762. ISSN 1314 @-@ 4057 . = Crime and Punishment = Crime and Punishment ( Russian : Преступлéние и наказáние , tr . Prestupleniye i nakazaniye ; IPA : [ prʲɪstʊˈplʲenʲɪɪ ɪ nəkɐˈzanʲɪɪ ] ) is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky . It was first published in the literary journal The Russian Messenger in twelve monthly installments during 1866 . It was later published in a single volume . It is the second of Dostoyevsky 's full @-@ length novels following his return from 10 years of exile in Siberia . Crime and Punishment is considered the first great novel of his " mature " period of writing . Crime and Punishment focuses on the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov , an impoverished ex @-@ student in St. Petersburg who formulates and executes a plan to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker for her cash . Raskolnikov , in attempts to defend his actions , argues that with the pawnbroker 's money he can perform good deeds to counterbalance the crime , while ridding the world of a vermin . He also commits the murder to test a theory of his that dictates some people are naturally capable of such actions , and even have the right to perform them . Several times throughout the novel , Raskolnikov compares himself with Napoleon Bonaparte and shares his belief that murder is permissible in pursuit of a higher purpose . = = Creation = = Dostoyevsky conceived the idea of Crime and Punishment in the summer of 1865 . At the time the author owed large sums of money to creditors , and was trying to help the family of his brother Mikhail , who had died in early 1864 . Projected under the title The Drunkards , it was to deal " with the present question of drunkness ... [ in ] all its ramifications , especially the picture of a family and the bringing up of children in these circumstances , etc . , etc . " Once Dostoyevsky conceived Raskolnikov and his crime , now inspired by the case of Pierre François Lacenaire , this theme became ancillary , centering on the story of the Marmeladov family . Dostoyevsky offered his story or novella ( at the time Dostoyevsky was not thinking of a novel ) to the publisher Mikhail Katkov , whose monthly journal , The Russian Messenger , was a prestigious publication of its kind , and the outlet for both Ivan Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy . However , Dostoyevsky , having carried on quite bruising polemics with Katkov in early 1860s , had never published anything in its pages . Nonetheless , forced by his situation , after all other appeals elsewhere failed , Dostoyevsky turned as a last resort to Katkov , urging for an advance on a proposed contribution . In a letter to Katkov written in September 1865 , Dostoyevsky explained to him that the work was to be about a young man who yields to " certain strange , ' unfinished ' ideas , yet floating in the air " ; he had thus embarked on his plan to explore the moral and psychological dangers of the ideology of " radicalism " . In letters written in November 1865 an important conceptual change occurred : the " story " has become a " novel " , and from here on all references to Crime and Punishment are to a novel . Dostoyevsky had to race against time , in order to finish on time both The Gambler and Crime and Punishment . Anna Snitkina , a stenographer who would soon become his second wife , was a great help for Dostoyevsky during this difficult task . The first part of Crime and Punishment appeared in the January 1866 issue of The Russian Messenger , and the last one was published in December 1866 . In the complete edition of Dostoyevsky 's writings published in the Soviet Union , the editors reassembled and printed the notebooks that the writer kept while working on Crime and Punishment , in a sequence roughly corresponding to the various stages of composition . Because of these labors , there is now a fragmentary working draft of the story , or novella , as initially conceived , as well as two other versions of the text . These have been distinguished as the Wiesbaden edition , the Petersburg edition , and the final plan , involving the shift from a first @-@ person narrator to the indigenous variety of third @-@ person form invented by Dostoyevsky . The Wiesbaden edition concentrates entirely on the moral and psychological reactions of the narrator after the murder . It coincides roughly with the story that Dostoyevsky described in his letter to Katkov , and written in a form of a diary or journal , corresponds to what eventually became part II . Why Dostoyevsky abandoned his initial version remains a matter of speculation . According to Joseph Frank , " one possibility is that his protagonist began to develop beyond the boundaries in which he had first been conceived " . The notebooks indicate that Dostoyevsky was aware of the emergence of new aspects of Raskolnikov 's character as the plot action proceeded , and he structured the novel in conformity with this " metamorphosis , " Frank says . Dostoyevsky thus decided to fuse the story with his previous idea for a novel called The Drunkards . The final version of Crime and Punishment came into being only when , in November 1865 , Dostoyevsky decided to recast his novel in the third person . This shift was the culmination of a long struggle , present through all the early stages of composition . Once having decided , Dostoyevsky began to rewrite from scratch , and was able to easily integrate sections of the early manuscript into the final text — Frank says that he did not , as he told Wrangel , burn everything he had written earlier . The final draft went smoothly , except for a clash with the editors of The Russian Messenger , about which very little is known . Since the manuscript Dostoyevsky turned in to Katkov was lost , it is unclear to what the editors had objected in the original . = = Plot = = Raskolnikov , a conflicted former student , lives in a tiny , rented room in Saint Petersburg . He refuses all help , even from his friend Razumikhin , and devises a plan to murder and to rob an unpleasant elderly pawn @-@ broker and money @-@ lender , Alyona Ivanovna . His motivation comes from the overwhelming sense that he is predetermined to kill the old woman by some power outside of himself . While still considering the plan , Raskolnikov makes the acquaintance of Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov , a drunkard who recently squandered his family 's little wealth . Raskolnikov also receives a letter from his sister and mother , speaking of their coming visit to Saint Petersburg , and his sister 's sudden marriage plans which they plan to discuss upon their arrival . After much deliberation , Raskolnikov sneaks into Alyona Ivanovna 's apartment , where he murders her with an axe . He also kills her half @-@ sister , Lizaveta , who happens to stumble upon the scene of the crime . Shaken by his actions , Raskolnikov manages to steal only a handful of items and a small purse , leaving much of the pawn @-@ broker 's wealth untouched . Raskolnikov then flees and , due to a series of coincidences , manages to leave unseen and undetected . After the bungled murder , Raskolnikov falls into a feverish state and begins to worry obsessively over the murder . He hides the stolen items and purse under a rock , and tries desperately to clean his clothing of any blood or evidence . He falls into a fever later that day , though not before calling briefly on his old friend Razumikhin . As the fever comes and goes in the following days , Raskolnikov behaves as though he wishes to betray himself . He shows strange reactions to whoever mentions the murder of the pawn @-@ broker , which is now known about and talked of in the city . In his delirium , Raskolnikov wanders Saint Petersburg , drawing more and more attention to himself and his relation to the crime . In one of his walks through the city , he sees Marmeladov , who has been struck mortally by a carriage in the streets . Rushing to help him , Raskolnikov gives the remainder of his money to the man 's family , which includes his teenage daughter , Sonya , who has been forced to become a prostitute to support her family . In the meantime , Raskolnikov 's mother , Pulkheria Alexandrovna , and his sister , Avdotya Romanovna ( or Dunya ) have arrived in the city . Dunya had been working as a governess for the Svidrigaïlov family until this point , but was forced out of the position by the head of the family , Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigaïlov . Svidrigaïlov , a married man , was attracted to Dunya 's physical beauty and her feminine qualities , and offered her riches and elopement . Mortified , Dunya fled the Svidrigaïlov family and lost her source of income , only to meet Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin , a man of modest income and rank . Luzhin proposes to marry Dunya , thereby securing her and her mother 's financial safety , provided she accept him quickly and without question . It is for these very reasons that the two of them come to Saint Petersburg , both to meet Luzhin there and to obtain Raskolnikov 's approval . Luzhin , however , calls on Raskolnikov while he is in a delirious state and presents himself as a foolish , self @-@ righteous and presumptuous man . Raskolnikov dismisses him immediately as a potential husband for his sister , and realizes that she only accepted him to help her family . As the novel progresses , Raskolnikov is introduced to the detective Porfiry , who begins to suspect him of the murder purely on psychological grounds . At the same time , a chaste relationship develops between Raskolnikov and Sonya . Sonya , though a prostitute , is full of Christian virtue and is only driven into the profession by her family 's poverty . Meanwhile , Razumikhin and Raskolnikov manage to keep Dunya from continuing her relationship with Luzhin , whose true character is exposed to be conniving and base . At this point , Svidrigaïlov appears on the scene , having come from the province to Petersburg , almost solely to seek out Dunya . He reveals that his wife is dead , and that he is willing to pay Dunya a vast sum of money in exchange for nothing . She , upon hearing the news , refuses flat out , suspecting him of treachery . As Raskolnikov and Porfiry continue to meet , Raskolnikov 's motives for the crime become exposed . Porfiry becomes increasingly certain of the man 's guilt , but has no concrete evidence or witnesses with which to back up this suspicion . Furthermore , another man admits to committing the crime under questioning and arrest . However , Raskolnikov 's nerves continue to wear thinner , and he is constantly struggling with the idea of confessing , though he knows that he can never be truly convicted . He turns to Sonya for support and confesses his crime to her . By coincidence , Svidrigaïlov has taken up residence in a room next to Sonya 's and overhears the entire confession . When the two men meet face to face , Svidrigaïlov acknowledges this fact , and suggests that he may use it against him , should he need to . Svidrigaïlov also speaks of his own past , and Raskolnikov grows to suspect that the rumors about his having committed several murders are true . In a later conversation with Dunya , Svidrigaïlov denies that he had a hand in the death of his wife . Raskolnikov is at this point completely torn ; he is urged by Sonya to confess , and Svidrigaïlov 's testimony could potentially convict him . Furthermore , Porfiry confronts Raskolnikov with his suspicions and assures him that confession would substantially lighten his sentence . Meanwhile , Svidrigaïlov attempts to seduce Dunya , but when he realizes that she will never love him , he lets her go . He then spends a night in confusion and in the morning shoots himself . This same morning , Raskolnikov goes again to Sonya , who again urges him to confess and to clear his conscience . He makes his way to the police station , where he is met by the news of Svidrigaïlov 's suicide . He hesitates a moment , thinking again that he might get away with a perfect crime , but is persuaded by Sonya to confess . The epilogue tells of how Raskolnikov is sentenced to eight years of penal servitude in Siberia , where Sonya follows him . Dunya and Razumikhin marry and are left in a happy position by the end of the novel , while Pulkheria , Raskolnikov 's mother , falls ill and dies , unable to cope with her son 's situation . Raskolnikov himself struggles in Siberia . It is only after some time in prison that his redemption and moral regeneration begin under Sonya 's loving influence . = = Characters = = In Crime and Punishment , Dostoyevsky fuses the personality of his main character , Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov , with his new anti @-@ radical ideological themes . The main plot involves a murder as the result of " ideological intoxication , " and depicts all the disastrous moral and psychical consequences that result from the murder . Raskolnikov 's psychology is placed at the center , and carefully interwoven with the ideas behind his transgression ; every other feature of the novel illuminates the agonizing dilemma in which Raskolnikov is caught . From another point of view , the novel 's plot is another variation of a conventional nineteenth @-@ century theme : an innocent young provincial comes to seek his fortune in the capital , where he succumbs to corruption , and loses all traces of his former freshness and purity . However , as Gary Rosenshield points out , " Raskolnikov succumbs not to the temptations of high society as Honoré de Balzac 's Rastignac or Stendhal 's Julien Sorel , but to those of rationalistic Petersburg " . Raskolnikov ( Rodion ) is the protagonist , and the novel focuses primarily on his perspective . A 23 @-@ year @-@ old man and former student , now destitute , Raskolnikov is described in the novel as " exceptionally handsome , above the average in height , slim , well built , with beautiful dark eyes and dark brown hair . " Perhaps the most striking feature of Raskolnikov , however , is his dual personality . On the one hand , he is cold , apathetic , and antisocial ; on the other , he can be surprisingly warm and compassionate . He commits murder as well as acts of compulsive charity . His chaotic interaction with the external world and his nihilistic worldview might be seen as causes of his social alienation or consequences of it . Despite its title , the novel does not so much deal with the crime and its formal punishment , as with Raskolnikov 's internal struggle ( the book shows that his punishment results more from his conscience than from the law ) . Believing society would be better for it , Raskolnikov commits murder with the idea that he possessed enough intellectual and emotional fortitude to deal with the ramifications , [ based on his paper / thesis , " On Crime " , that he is a Napoleon ] , but his sense of guilt soon overwhelms him to the point of psychological and somatic illness . It is only in the epilogue that he realizes his formal punishment , having decided to confess and end his alienation from society . Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova , variously called Sonya and Sonechka , is the daughter of a drunkard named Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov , whom Raskolnikov meets in a tavern at the beginning of the novel . She is often characterized as self @-@ sacrificial , shy , and even innocent despite the fact that she is compelled into prostitution to help her family . She also , as Raskolnikov discerns , shares the same feelings of shame and alienation as he does and becomes the first person to whom Raskolnikov confesses his crime , and she supports him even though she was friends with one of the victims ( Lizaveta ) . Throughout the novel , Sonya is an important source of moral strength and rehabilitation for Raskolnikov , and in some interpretations , even considered a Christ @-@ like figure . She is forced to prostitute herself to provide for her family , leading some critics to make comparisons with Mary Magdalene . Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova – Raskolnikov 's dominant and sympathetic sister , called Dunya or Dunechka for short . She initially plans to marry the wealthy , yet smug and self @-@ possessed , Luzhin , to free the family from financial destitution . She has a habit of pacing across the room while thinking . She is followed to Saint Petersburg by the disturbed Svidrigailov , who seeks to win her back through blackmail . She rejects both men in favour of Raskolnikov 's loyal friend , Razumikhin . Pulkheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova – Raskolnikov 's relatively clueless , hopeful and loving mother . Following Raskolnikov 's sentence , she falls ill ( mentally and physically ) and eventually dies . She hints in her dying stages that she is slightly more aware of her son 's fate , which was hidden from her by Dunya and Razumikhin . Dmitry Prokofyich Vrazumikhin , often referred to as Razumikhin , is Raskolnikov 's loyal friend and also a former law student . In terms of Razumikhin 's contribution to Dostoyevsky 's anti @-@ radical thematics , he is intended to represent something of a reconciliation of the pervasive thematic conflict between faith and reason . The fact that the name Razumikhin means " reason " shows Dostoyevsky 's desire to employ this faculty as a foundational basis for his Christian faith in God . Other characters of the novel are : Praskovya Pavlovna Zarnitsyna – Raskolnikov 's landlady ( called Pashenka ) . Shy and retiring , Praskovya Pavlovna does not figure prominently in the course of events . Raskolnikov had been engaged to her daughter , a sickly girl who had died , and Praskovya Pavlovna had granted him extensive credit on the basis of this engagement and a promissory note for 115 roubles . She had then handed this note to a court councillor named Chebarov , who had claimed the note , causing Raskolnikov to be summoned to the police station the day after his crime . Porfiry Petrovich – The head of the Investigation Department in charge of solving the murders of Lizaveta and Alyona Ivanovna , who , along with Sonya , moves Raskolnikov towards confession . Unlike Sonya , however , Porfiry does this through psychological games . Despite the lack of evidence , he becomes certain Raskolnikov is the murderer following several conversations with him , but gives him the chance to confess voluntarily . He attempts to confuse and to provoke the unstable Raskolnikov in an attempt to coerce him to confess . According to the creators of the TV series Columbo ( William Link and Richard Levinson ) , the title character was based on Porfiry . Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigaïlov – Sensual , depraved , and wealthy former employer and current pursuer of Dunya , Svidrigaïlov is suspected of multiple acts of murder , and overhears Raskolnikov 's confessions to Sonya . With this knowledge he torments both Dunya and Raskolnikov but does not inform the police . When Dunya tells him she could never love him ( after attempting to shoot him ) he lets her go and commits suicide . Despite his apparent malevolence , Svidrigaïlov is similar to Raskolnikov in regard to his random acts of charity . He fronts the money for the Marmeladov children to enter an orphanage ( after both their parents die ) , gives Sonya five percent bank notes totalling three thousand rubles , and leaves the rest of his money to his juvenile fiancée . There is an interesting fact : Svidrigaïlov has blue eyes ; blue color in Russian culture symbolizes purity , kindness , and innocence , implying that Svidrigaïlov is a good person beneath his philandering exterior . ( It is noteworthy that Sonya also has blue eyes . ) Marfa Petrovna Svidrigaïlova – Arkady Svidrigaïlov 's deceased wife , whom he is suspected of having murdered , and who he claims has visited him as a ghost . Her bequest of 3 @,@ 000 rubles to Dunya allows Dunya to reject Luzhin as a suitor . Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova – Semyon Marmeladov 's consumptive and ill @-@ tempered second wife , stepmother to Sonya . She drives Sonya into prostitution in a fit of rage , but later regrets it , and beats her children mercilessly , but works ferociously to improve their standard of living . She is obsessed with demonstrating that slum life is far below her station . Following Marmeladov 's death , she uses Raskolnikov 's money to hold a funeral . She later succumbs to her illness . The character is partially based on Polina Suslova . Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov – Hopeless drunk who indulges in his own suffering , and father of Sonya . Marmeladov could be seen as a Russian equivalent of the character of Micawber in Charles Dickens ' novel , David Copperfield . Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin – A well @-@ off lawyer who is engaged to Raskolnikov 's sister Dunya in the beginning of the novel . His motives for the marriage are rather despicable , as he states more or less that he chose her since she will be completely beholden to him financially . Andrey Semyonovich Lebezyatnikov – Luzhin 's utopian socialist and feminist roommate who witnesses his attempt to frame Sonya and subsequently exposes him . He is proven right by Raskolnikov , the only one knowing of Luzhin 's motives . Alyona Ivanovna – Suspicious old pawnbroker who hoards money and is merciless to her patrons . She is Raskolnikov 's intended target , and he kills her in the beginning of the book . Lizaveta Ivanovna – Alyona 's handicapped , innocent and submissive sister . Raskolnikov murders her when she walks in immediately after Raskolnikov had killed Alyona . Lizaveta was a friend of Sonya . Zosimov ( Зосимов ) – A friend of Razumikhin and a doctor who cared for Raskolnikov . Nastasya Petrovna ( Настасья Петровна ) – Raskolnikov 's landlady 's servant who often brings Raskolnikov food and drink . Nikodim Fomich ( Никодим Фомич ) – The amiable chief of police . Ilya Petrovich ( Илья Петрович ) – A police official and Fomich 's assistant , nicknamed " Gunpowder " for his very bad temper . Alexander Grigorievich Zamyotov ( Александр Григорьевич Заметов ) – Head clerk at the police station and friend to Razumikhin . Raskolnikov arouses Zamyotov 's suspicions by explaining how he , Raskolnikov , would have committed various crimes , although Zamyotov later apologizes , believing , much to Raskolnikov 's amusement , that it was all a farce to expose how ridiculous the suspicions were . Nikolai Dementiev ( Николай Дементьев ) – A self @-@ sacrificial painter and sectarian who admits to the murder , since his sect holds it to be supremely virtuous to suffer for another person 's crime . Polina Mikhailovna Marmeladova ( Полина Михайловна Мармеладова ) – Ten @-@ year @-@ old adopted daughter of Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov and younger stepsister to Sonya , sometimes known as Polechka . = = Structure = = Crime and Punishment has a distinct beginning , middle and end . The novel is divided into six parts , with an epilogue . The notion of " intrinsic duality " in Crime and Punishment has been commented upon , with the suggestion that there is a degree of symmetry to the book . Edward Wasiolek who has argued that Dostoyevsky was a skilled craftsman , highly conscious of the formal pattern in his art , has likened the structure of Crime and Punishment to a " flattened X " , saying : Parts I @-@ III [ of Crime and Punishment ] present the predominantly rational and proud Raskolnikov : Parts IV @-@ VI , the emerging " irrational " and humble Raskolnikov . The first half of the novel shows the progressive death of the first ruling principle of his character ; the last half , the progressive birth of the new ruling principle . The point of change comes in the very middle of the novel . This compositional balance is achieved by means of the symmetrical distribution of certain key episodes throughout the novel 's six parts . The recurrence of these episodes in the two halves of the novel , as David Bethea has argued , is organized according to a mirror @-@ like principle , whereby the " left " half of the novel reflects the " right " half . For her part , Margaret Church discerns a contrapuntal structuring : parts I , III and V deal largely with the main hero 's relationship to his family ( mother , sister and mother surrogates ) , while parts II , IV and VI deal with his relationship to the authorities of the state " and to various father figures " . The seventh part of the novel , the Epilogue , has attracted much attention and controversy . Some of Dostoyevsky 's critics have criticized the novel 's final pages as superfluous , anti @-@ climactic , unworthy of the rest of the work , while others have rushed to the defense of the Epilogue , offering various ingenious schemes which conclusively prove its inevitability and necessity . Steven Cassedy argues that Crime and Punishment " is formally two distinct but closely related , things , namely a particular type of tragedy in the classical Greek mold and a Christian resurrection tale " . Cassedy concludes that " the logical demands of the tragic model as such are satisfied without the Epilogue in Crime and Punishment ... At the same time , this tragedy contains a Christian component , and the logical demands of this element are met only by the resurrection promised in the Epilogue " . Crime and Punishment is written from a third @-@ person omniscient perspective . It is focalized primarily from the point of view of Raskolnikov ; however , it does at times switch to the perspective of Svidrigailov , Razumikhin , Peter Petrovich , or Dunya . This narrative technique , which fuses the narrator very closely with the consciousness and point of view of the central characters of the plot , was original for its period . Franks notes that his identification , through Dostoyevsky 's use of the time shifts of memory and his manipulation of temporal sequence , begins to approach the later experiments of Henry James , Joseph Conrad , Virginia Woolf , and James Joyce . A late nineteenth @-@ century reader was , however , accustomed to more orderly and linear types of expository narration . This led to the persistence of the legend that Dostoyevsky was an untidy and negligent craftsman and to critical observations like the following by Melchior de Vogüé : A word ... one does not even notice , a small fact that takes up only a line , have their reverberations fifty pages later ... [ so that ] the continuity becomes unintelligible if one skips a couple of pages . Dostoevsky uses different speech mannerisms and sentences of different length for different characters . Those who use artificial language — Luzhin , for example — are identified as unattractive people . Mrs. Marmeladov 's disintegrating mind is reflected in her language , too . In the original Russian text , the names of the major characters have something of a double meaning , but in translation the subtlety of the Russian language is predominately lost due to major differences in the language structure and culture . For example , the original title ( " Преступление и наказание " ) is not the direct equivalent to the English . " Преступление " is literally translated as a stepping across . The physical image of crime as a crossing over a barrier or a boundary is lost in translation . So is the religious implication of transgression , which in English refers to a sin rather than a crime . = = Symbolism = = = = = Dreams = = = Raskolnikov 's dreams have a symbolic meaning , which suggests a psychological view . The dream of the mare being whipped has been suggested as the fullest single expression of the whole novel , symbolizing gratification and punishment , contemptible motives and contemptible society , depicting the nihilistic destruction of an unfit mare , the gratification therein , and Rodion 's disgust and horror , as an example of his conflicted character . Raskolnikov 's disgust and horror is central to the theme of his conflicted character , his guilty conscience , his contempt for society , his rationality of himself as an extraordinary man above greater society , holding authority to kill , and his concept of justified murder . His reaction is pivotal , provoking his first taking of life toward the rationalization of himself as above greater society . The dream is later mentioned when Raskolnikov talks to Marmeladov . Marmeladov 's daughter , morally chaste and devout Sonya , must earn a living as a prostitute for their impoverished family , the result of his alcoholism . The dream is also a warning , foreshadowing an impending murder and holds several comparisons to his murder of the pawnbroker . The dream occurs after Rodion crosses a bridge leading out of the oppressive heat and dust of Petersburg and into the fresh greenness of the islands . This symbolizes a corresponding mental crossing , suggesting that Raskolnikov is returning to a state of clarity when he has the dream . In it , he returns to the innocence of his childhood and watches as a group of peasants beat an old mare to death . After Raskolnikov awakes , he reflects on it as a “ such a hideous dream , ” the same term he earlier used to describe his plot to kill the old woman ( 62 ) . This diction draws a parallel between the two , suggesting that the child represents the part of him that clings to morality and watches horrified as another facet , represented by the peasants , is driven by hardship and isolation to become cold and unfeeling . The constant laughing of the peasants in the face of brutal slaughter reveals the extent to which they have been desensitized by their suffering , which is a reflection of Raskolnikov ’ s own condition . This interpretation is further supported by fact that the main peasant , Mikolka , feels that he has the right to kill the horse , linking his actions to Raskolnikov ’ s theory justifying murder for a select group of extraordinary men . The comparison between the cruel slaughter of the old mare and the plan to murder Alyona Ivanovna delineates the brutality of Raskolnikov ’ s crime , which is often downplayed by his habitual dehumanizing referral to the old woman as simply a “ louse . ” While awake , Raskolnikov ’ s view of the old woman is spiteful , defined by his tenacious belief in his extraordinary man theory . However , the dream acts as a conduit for Raskolnikov ’ s subconscious , and without the constraints of his theory the horrific nature of his crime becomes apparent . Therefore , in order for Raskolnikov to find redemption , he must ultimately renounce his theory . In the final pages , Raskolnikov , who at this point is in the prison infirmary , has a feverish dream about a plague of nihilism , that enters Russia and Europe from the east and which spreads senseless dissent ( Raskolnikov 's name alludes to " raskol " , dissent ) and fanatic dedication to " new ideas " : it finally engulfs all of mankind . Though we don 't learn anything about the content of these ideas they clearly disrupt society forever and are seen as exclusively critical assaults on ordinary thinking : it is clear that Dostoyevsky was envisaging the new , politically and culturally nihilist ideas which were entering Russian literature and society in this watershed decade and with which Dostoyevsky would be in debate for the rest of his life ( cp . Chernyshevsky 's What Is to Be Done ? , Dobrolyubov 's abrasive journalism , Turgenev 's Fathers and Sons and Dostoyevsky 's own The Possessed ) . Janko Lavrin , who took part in the revolutions of the World War I era , knew Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky and many others , and later would spend years writing and researching on Dostoyevsky and other Russian classics , called this final dream " prophetic in its symbolism " . = = = Cross = = = Sonya gives Rodya a cross when he goes to turn himself in and symbolizes the burden Raskolnikov must bear . Sonya tells him they will bear the cross together and is taking part of his burden onto herself , encouraging him to confess . Sonya and Lizaveta had exchanged crosses , so originally the cross was Lizaveta 's — whom Rodya didn 't intend to kill , making it an important symbol of redemption . Sonya 's face reminds him of Lizaveta 's face , another example of his guilty conscience and symbolizes a shared grief . Self @-@ sacrifice , along with poverty , is a larger theme of the novel . The desperation of poverty creates a situation where the only way to survive is through self @-@ sacrifice , which Raskolnikov consistently rejects , as part of his philosophical reasoning . For example , he rejects Razumikhin 's offer of employment and the idea of his sister 's arranged marriage . Raskolnikov originally rejects Sonya 's offer to accompany him to the confession but , in a feverish state of mind , sees her following him through the market , and finds power in that idealism . = = = Twice Two is Four = = = A certain detail that comes up in the novel is whether we are limited to certain realities , such as 2 + 2 = 4 , a theme that also comes up in Yevgeny Zamyatin 's We and George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four . = = = The environment of Saint Petersburg = = = On an exceptionally hot evening early in July a young man came out of the garret in which he lodged in S. Place and walked slowly , as though in hesitation , towards K. bridge . The above opening sentence of the novel has a symbolic function : Russian critic Vadim K. Kozhinov argues that the reference to the " exceptionally hot evening " establishes not only the suffocating atmosphere of Saint Petersburg in midsummer but also " the infernal ambience of the crime itself " . Dostoyevsky was among the first to recognize the symbolic possibilities of city life and imagery drawn from the city . I. F. I. Evnin regards Crime and Punishment as the first great Russian novel " in which the climactic moments of the action are played out in dirty taverns , on the street , in the sordid black rooms of the poor " . Dostoyevsky 's Petersburg is the city of unrelieved poverty ; " magnificence has no place in it , because magnificence is external , formal abstract , cold " . Dostoyevsky connects the city 's problems to Raskolnikov 's thoughts and subsequent actions . The crowded streets and squares , the shabby houses and taverns , the noise and stench , all are transformed by Dostoyevsky into a rich store of metaphors for states of mind . Donald Fanger asserts that " the real city ... rendered with a striking concreteness , is also a city of the mind in the way that its atmosphere answers Raskolnikov 's state and almost symbolizes it . It is crowded , stifling , and parched . " The inner turmoil suffered by Raskolnikov can also be perceived as a Shakespearean pathetic fallacy . For example , the great storm in Shakespeare 's King Lear reflects the state of the titular character 's mind , much like the chaos , disorder and noise of St. Petersburg reflects the state of Raskolnikov 's mind . = = = Yellow = = = The colour yellow is used throughout the novel to signify suffering and mental illness . Examples include Sonya 's yellow ticket , a license to practice prostitution , the walls of Raskolnikov 's garret , and the walls of the old pawnbroker , among numerous other examples . Of note , the Russian term for lunatic asylum , " zholti dom " , is literally translated as " yellow house " . Yellow is also mentioned as the color of Luzchin 's ring . = = Themes = = Dostoyevsky 's letter to Katkov reveals his immediate inspiration , to which he remained faithful even after his original plan evolved into a much more ambitious creation : a desire to counteract what he regarded as nefarious consequences arising from the doctrines of Russian nihilism . In the novel , Dostoyevsky pinpointed the dangers of both utilitarianism and rationalism , the main ideas of which inspired the radicals , continuing a fierce criticism he had already started with his Notes from Underground . A Slavophile religious believer , Dostoyevsky utilized the characters , dialogue and narrative in Crime and Punishment to articulate an argument against westernizing ideas in general . He thus attacked a peculiar Russian blend of French utopian socialism and Benthamite utilitarianism , which had led to what revolutionaries , such as Nikolai Chernyshevsky , called " rational egoism " . The radicals refused , however , to recognize themselves in the novel 's pages ( Dimitri Pisarev ridiculed the notion that Raskolnikov 's ideas could be identified with those of the radicals of his time ) , since Dostoyevsky pursued nihilistic ideas to their most extreme consequences . The aim of these ideas was altruistic and humanitarian , but these aims were to be achieved by relying on reason and suppressing entirely the spontaneous outflow of Christian pity and compassion . Chernyshevsky 's utilitarian ethic proposed that thought and will in Man were subject to the laws of physical science . Dostoyevsky believed that such ideas limited man to a product of physics , chemistry and biology , negating spontaneous emotional responses . In its latest variety of Bazarovism , Russian nihilism encouraged the creation of an élite of superior individuals to whom the hopes of the future were to be entrusted . Raskolnikov exemplifies all the potentially disastrous hazards contained in such an ideal . Frank notes that " the moral @-@ psychological traits of his character incorporate this antinomy between instinctive kindness , sympathy , and pity on the one hand and , on the other , a proud and idealistic egoism that has become perverted into a contemptuous disdain for the submissive herd " . Raskolnikov 's inner conflict in the opening section of the novel results in a utilitarian @-@ altruistic justification for the proposed crime : why not kill a wretched and " useless " old moneylender to alleviate the human misery ? Dostoyevsky wants to show that this utilitarian type of reasoning and its conclusions had become widespread and commonplace ; they were by no means the solitary invention of Raskolnikov 's tormented and disordered mind . Such radical and utilitarian ideas act to reinforce the innate egoism of Raskolnikov 's character and , likewise , contempt for the lower qualities in Man and for His ideals . He even becomes fascinated with the majestic image of a Napoleonic personality who , in the interests of a higher social good , believes that he possesses a moral right to kill . Indeed , his " Napoleon @-@ like " plan drags him to a well @-@ calculated murder , the ultimate conclusion of his self @-@ deception with utilitarianism . In his depiction of the Petersburg background , Dostoyevsky accentuates the squalor and human wretchedness that pass before Raskolnikov 's eyes . He also uses Raskolnikov 's encounter with Marmeladov to present both the heartlessness of Raskolnikov 's convictions and the alternative set of values to be set against them . Dostoyevsky believes that the " freedom " propounded by the aforementioned ideas is a dreadful freedom " that is contained by no values , because it is before values " . The product of this " freedom " , Raskolnikov , is in perpetual revolt against society , himself , and God . He thinks that he is self @-@ sufficient and self @-@ contained , but at the end " his boundless self @-@ confidence must disappear in the face of what is greater than himself , and his self @-@ fabricated justification must humble itself before the higher justice of God " . Dostoyevsky calls for the regeneration and renewal of the " sick " Russian society through the re @-@ discovering of its country , its religion , and its roots . = = Reception = = The first part of Crime and Punishment published in the January and February issues of The Russian Messenger met with public success . Although the remaining parts of the novel had still to be written , an anonymous reviewer wrote that " the novel promises to be one of the most important works of the author of The House of the Dead " . In his memoirs , the conservative belletrist Nikolay Strakhov recalled that in Russia Crime and Punishment was the literary sensation of 1866 . The novel soon attracted the criticism of the liberal and radical critics . G.Z. Yeliseyev sprang to the defense of the Russian student corporations , and wondered , " Has there ever been a case of a student committing murder for the sake of robbery ? " Pisarev , aware of the novel 's artistic value attempted in 1867 another approach : he argued that Raskolnikov was a product of his environment , and explained that the main theme of the work was poverty and its results . He measured the novel 's excellence by the accuracy and understanding with which Dostoyevsky portrayed the contemporary social reality , and focused on what he regarded as inconsistencies in the novel 's plot . Strakhov rejected Pisarev 's contention that the theme of environmental determinism was essential to the novel , and pointed out that Dostoyevsky 's attitude towards his hero was sympathetic : " This is not mockery of the younger generation , neither a reproach nor an accusation — it is a lament over it . " = = English translations = = Frederick Whishaw ( 1885 ) Constance Garnett ( 1914 ) David Magarshack ( 1951 ) Princess Alexandra Kropotkin ( 1953 ) Jessie Coulson ( 1953 ) Michael Scammell ( 1963 ) Sidney Monas ( 1968 ) Julius Katzer ( 1985 ) David McDuff ( 1991 ) Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky ( 1992 ) Oliver Ready ( 2014 ) The Garnett translation was the dominant translation for more than 80 years after its publication in 1914 . Since the 1990s , McDuff and Pevear / Volokhonsky have become its major competitors . = = Film adaptations = = There have been over 25 film adaptations of Crime and Punishment . They include : Raskolnikow ( aka Crime and Punishment ) ( 1923 , directed by Robert Wiene ) Crime and Punishment ( 1935 , starring Peter Lorre , Edward Arnold and Marian Marsh ) Eigoban Tsumi to Batsu ( 1953 , manga by Tezuka Osamu , under his interpretation ) Crime and Punishment ( 1970 film ) ( Soviet film , 1970 , starring Georgi Taratorkin , Tatyana Bedova , Vladimir Basov , Victoria Fyodorova ) dir . Lev Kulidzhanov Rikos ja Rangaistus ( 1983 ; Crime and Punishment ) , the first movie by the Finnish director Aki Kaurismäki , with Markku Toikka in the lead role . The story has been transplanted to modern @-@ day Helsinki , Finland . Elu Suttina Kote ( 1987 Kannada film starring Ambareesh , Ramesh Aravind and Gautami Tadimalla ) , an Indian Kannada @-@ language film which is primarily based on the novel . Few differences can be noted such as the lead actor wants to surrender to police however is said persuaded by his lover not to do so as there is no evidence . In the climax , the lead actor goes running himself to the police when he sees him on the way promising her that he will return with a clear conscience . Although this was an intellectual film with good expectations , it did not see huge commercial success as other films where Ambareesh was the lead actor . Crime and Punishment in Suburbia ( 2000 , an adaptation set in modern America and " loosely based " on the novel ) Crime and Punishment ( 2002 film ) , 2002 , starring Crispin Glover and Vanessa Redgrave . Crime and Punishment was a 2002 television serial produced by the BBC , starring John Simm as Raskolnikov and Ian McDiarmid as Porfiry Petrovich . Match Point ( 2005 ) , a film by Woody Allen borrows many elements from the novel , in fact it is loosely based on it . In the movie the name of Dostoyevsky is referred to in several occasions . Crime and Punishment ( 2007 Russian TV serial ) was a 2007 television serial directed by Dmitry Svetozarov starring Vladimir Koshevoy as Raskolnikov . Classic Alice embarked on a 6 @-@ episode arc in 2014 that covered Crime & Punishment . It was the series ' first book . When Crime and Punishment came up in an interview , Alfred Hitchcock told French director Francois Truffaut that he would never consider filming it . Hitchcock explained that he could make a great film out of a good book , and even ( or especially ) a mediocre book , but never a great book , because the film would always suffer by comparison . = Maraba coffee = Maraba coffee ( Kinyarwanda : Ikawa ya Maraba ; French : Café de Maraba ) is grown in the Maraba area of southern Rwanda . Maraba 's coffee plants are the Bourbon variety of the Coffea arabica species and are grown on fertile volcanic soils on high @-@ altitude hills . The fruit is handpicked , mostly during the rainy season between March and May , and brought to a washing station in Maraba , where the coffee beans are extracted and dried . At several stages , the beans are sorted according to quality . The farmers receive credits based on the amount and quality of the beans they provide . The beans are sold to various roasting companies , with the best beans going to Union Coffee Roasters of the United Kingdom , who produce a Fairtrade @-@ certified brand and Community Coffee of the United States . Rwanda Specialty Coffee Roasters buys from Maraba and sells to the domestic market . Maraba coffee is also brewed into a beer . About 2 @,@ 000 smallholder farmers grow the coffee plants under the Abahuzamugambi cooperative , founded in 1999 . Since 2000 , the cooperative has been supported by the National University of Rwanda ( NUR ) and the PEARL . The cooperative has improved coffee quality and penetrated the speciality market . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = Rwandans have been growing coffee since colonial times , but until 1999 the product was classed below Grade C , making it unsalable on the global markets . The farmers did not have the means to wash and prepare their coffee cherries to specifications in a timely manner . Buyers paid US $ 0 @.@ 33 per kilogram , a price that kept the farmers poor . In 1999 , 220 coffee growers formed an association in the Maraba district ( part of the former Butare Province ) to tackle this problem . Many of these farmers had lost family members during the 1994 genocide , while others had husbands in prison , accused of participating in the killings and due to face trial in the traditional gacaca courts . They named the association Abahuzamugambi , a Kinyarwanda word for people who work together to achieve a goal . The farmers hoped that by forming the association , they would increase revenue by selling directly to exporters in Kigali instead of through an intermediary transport company . They divided their profits and used them to buy tools , fertilisers and seeds to increase yields . In 2000 , the mayor of Maraba requested development aid from the National University of Rwanda ( UNR ) , based in nearby Butare ; the following year UNR helped found the Partnership for Enhancing Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages ( PEARL ) . Several entities supported the PEARL project : USAID , Michigan State University , Texas A & M University and various Rwandan bodies including UNR , the national agricultural research institute ( ISAR ) and the Kigali Institute of Science , Technology and Management ( KIST ) . PEARL started working with Abahuzamugambi in February 2001 to improve the coffee quality to standards required by the specialty coffee market in the United States . The coffee farmers of Maraba first needed a washing station to remove sugar from the coating of the coffee bean , under the skin . If this sugar is not removed within 12 hours of picking , the flavour of the coffee is impaired . They built the first station in July 2001 in the Cyarumbo sector , close to the main road , with funding from UNR , the Office des Cultures Industrielles du Rwanda ( OCIR @-@ Café ) , ACDI / VOCA , and the Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda ( ISAR ) . The opening was late in the harvest season , so only 200 kilograms ( 441 lb ) of that year 's harvest were suitable for washing . However , the results were reasonably good , and the station was upgraded to allow more coffee to be processed in 2002 . To bring mineral water from Mount Huye to the upgraded station , ACDI / VOCA helped fund a pipeline , which opened in March 2002 . A new certification system was introduced for the 2002 harvest to ensure that beans brought to the station were of suitable quality . Around half of the Abahuzamugambi membership attained the certification , which allowed the cooperative to look for serious buyers in the specialty markets of Europe and North America . = = = International acceptance = = = PEARL brought a specialty coffee expert to Rwanda , who put them in touch with a seller , Louisiana @-@ based Community Coffee , to help market Maraba . They sent samples to Louisiana , and in June 2002 a representative from Community visited Maraba . Rwandan president Paul Kagame was also present , as the government placed great importance on the project . Community purchased an 18 @,@ 000 kilogram ( 40 @,@ 000 lb ) container of Maraba beans at the above @-@ average rate of US $ 3 per kilogram . The beans were transported to Louisiana , where they were roasted and blended into one of the company 's gourmet coffees . This was the first direct contract between an American roaster and an African coffee cooperative . Comic Relief also took an interest in Maraba . The 2001 Red Nose Day campaign had brought in £ 55 million for projects in the UK and Africa , some of which they pledged to the Association des Veuves du Genocide ( AVEGA ) , an association of widows of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide . The charity discovered that many of the Maraba smallholders were also members of AVEGA and could thus provide funding and support . They contacted Union Coffee Roasters ( UCR ) , a British roasting company , whose representatives visited Maraba in 2002 with officials from the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation ( FLO ) . This group inspected the Maraba site and granted certification , making Maraba coffee the first Rwandan cooperative to gain Fairtrade status . UCR described the coffee as containing " sparkling citrus flavours complemented by deep , sweet chocolate notes " and bought all the remaining produce from the 2002 harvest . UCR distributed its Maraba Coffee in early 2003 via Sainsbury 's supermarkets , which sold the product in all 350 of its stores in the run up to that year 's Red Nose Day . In 2003 , the Abahuzamugambi Cooperative made US $ 35 @,@ 000 in net profits . Of this , 70 percent was divided among the farmers at US $ 0 @.@ 75 per kilogram provided , an amount more than three times that paid to other coffee growers in Rwanda and sufficient to pay for health care and education services which were not previously affordable . The remaining 30 percent was invested back into the cooperative and spent on buying calcium carbonate , an agricultural lime used to reduce acidity in the soil caused by run off of minerals during rainfall . = = = Recent years : independence and coffee beer = = = Beginning in 2003 , PEARL deemed the operation self @-@ sufficient and reduced financial support for the Abahuzamugambi Cooperative . The cooperative provided its growers with loans that helped improve living standards and allowed for livestock investments , affordable medical insurance , and education . A cooperative bank was opened in the village in March , enabling farmers to maintain and manage their own funds locally , rather than having to trek the long distance to Butare . In late 2004 , London @-@ based Meantime Brewing began offering a coffee beer made out of beans grown in Maraba . The drink is intended as an alcoholic iced cappucino or digestif . The head brewer tasted coffees from around the world but decided that the hints of vanilla and chocolate in Maraba coffee made it more suitable than the nutty and bitter coffees from South America . The original beer had an alcohol content of 4 percent and the same caffeine content as coffee , and was described as having a " silky , velvety character " . It is sold in larger branches of Sainsbury 's and in some pubs and clubs . The beverage was one of only two Fairtrade beers available on the UK market until 2006 , when a reduction in the proportion of coffee and an increased alcohol content ( now 6 percent ) cost it its Fairtrade status . It is still made from Maraba beans . It is the only coffee beer available in the British Isles , and it won the Gold medal for the coffee @-@ flavoured beer category at the 2006 Beer World Cup . In 2006 , the Swedish Minister for Development Co @-@ operation and Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs , Carin Jamtin , visited Maraba to extend cooperation between Sweden and Rwanda and expose Maraba coffee to the Swedish specialty market . In July 2006 , a telecentre was opened in Maraba under the coordination of PEARL . USAID , NUR and Washington State University ( WSU ) Extension 's Center to Bridge the Digital Divide ( CBDD ) provided funding and resources . Three WSU students spent six weeks in Rwanda helping to set up the centre and train the local staff , who now operate it . = = Geography and climate = = Maraba coffee is grown in the south of Rwanda at coordinates 2 ° 35 ′ S 29 ° 40 ′ E , roughly 12 kilometres ( 7 mi ) from Butare and 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) from the capital , Kigali . The project began in the Maraba District of Butare Province , but these entities were replaced under local government organisation in 2006 , and the area is now part of Huye District in the Southern Province . The area is very hilly , due to its proximity to the Western Rift Valley and the montane Nyungwe Forest , and features rich volcanic soils . The coffee is grown at altitudes between 1 @,@ 700 and 2 @,@ 100 metres ( 5 @,@ 577 – 6 @,@ 889 ft ) above sea level , often on steep hillsides with terrace farming . The area experiences an average of 115 centimetres ( 45 in ) of rainfall annually . The majority of this falls during the rainy season of March to May , the major coffee harvesting season . The high altitude lowers the temperature slightly to an average of about 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) . There is little seasonal variation . = = Production cycle = = The main harvesting season for coffee in Rwanda is during the major rainy season , running from March to the end of May . At harvest time , farmers spend most of the day picking cherries by hand . In the evening , they carry them in traditional baskets woven from banana leaves to the washing station , which may be several hours away . Technicians hand @-@ sort the beans to pick out the best cherries , those with a deep red colour , and return the remainder to the grower to be sold on to markets outside the Maraba process at a lower price . The technicians pay the grower US $ 0 @.@ 10 per kilogram . This money accumulates , and the association pays it each fortnight into farmers ' bank accounts . The technicians start the washing process immediately , since delay can cause fermentation of the sugary coating surrounding the bean and ruination of the coffee flavour . The beans are first thrown into a deep tank . The best cherries sink to the bottom and pass through a machine that removes their skin . The technicians remove any floating cherries and process them in the same way as the others for the cooperative to sell on the domestic market for less than specialty @-@ coffee price . The beans are fed through one of the cooperative 's three de @-@ skinning and selection machines to remove their skins and most of the sugary coating before running the individual beans through a vibrating colander . The colander separates the very highest quality Grade A beans from those labeled Grade B ; the two grades are sent separately down the hill in a water chute with a 1 percent gradient . This process allows for further separation of beans based on quality , with around 15 tanks available at the bottom for capture of the different types . The beans are kept submerged , two days for the best and 15 – 20 hours for the lesser beans , which causes a small amount of fermentation to convert the remainder of the sugar without significantly impairing the flavour . The technicians wash the beans several times to remove the remains of the skin and coating and put them out on shaded racks to dry . Cooperative employees turn the beans regularly as technicians spot and remove bad beans . A longer drying process of up to two weeks in the sun follows ( with provision for quick covering in the event of rain ) , again with constant turning . This last process reduces the water content of the bean from 40 percent to 12 percent . The technicians then move the beans to the technical centre in nearby Kizi . Certain machines , housed in a warehouse up the side of the hill , remove the parchment skins from the beans . Employees take the beans into the adjacent laboratory for the final quality control process – hand sorting – which is carried out by several experienced women . The beans are bagged and labeled according to their quality , and stored in the compound 's warehouse to await sale . = = Products and customers = = As of 2006 , Maraba produces 80 short tons ( 73 @,@ 000 kg ) of export @-@ quality coffee per year , of which 40 tons go to roasters and sellers in the United Kingdom and 40 tons to the United States . The coffee appears in the following products : Maraba Bourbon coffee , produced by Union Coffee for Sainsbury 's and other UK @-@ based outlets . " New Orleans Jazz " Blend and Hotel blend , two Community Coffee brands containing a blend of Maraba and other coffees . As of 2006 , Community are considering launching Maraba as a single origin brand . Café de Maraba , the brand produced by Rwanda Roasters and sold in upmarket shops in Rwanda , including all Total petrol stations and the Intercontinental Hotel . Meantime Coffee , the beer produced by Meantime Breweries of London . Intelligentsia have used the coffee in various blends in 2005 , due to their shipment arriving late , but intends also to launch it as a single @-@ origin brand in the future . = William Howe , 5th Viscount Howe = General William Howe , 5th Viscount Howe , KB , PC ( 10 August 1729 – 12 July 1814 ) was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence . Howe was one of three brothers who had distinguished military careers . Having joined the army in 1746 , Howe saw extensive service in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years ' War . He became known for his role in the capture of Quebec in 1759 when he led a British force to capture the cliffs at Anse @-@ au @-@ Foulon , allowing James Wolfe to land his army and engage the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . Howe also participated in the campaigns to take Louisbourg , Belle Île and Havana . He was appointed Lieutenant @-@ Governor of the Isle of Wight , a post he would hold until 1795 . Howe was sent to North America in March 1775 , arriving in May after the American War of Independence broke out . After leading British troops to a costly victory in the Battle of Bunker Hill , Howe took command of all British forces in America from Thomas Gage in September of that year . Howe 's record in North America was marked by the successful capture of both New York City and Philadelphia . However , poor British campaign planning for 1777 contributed to the failure of John Burgoyne 's Saratoga campaign , which played a major role in the entry of France into the war . Howe 's role in developing those plans and the degree to which he was responsible for British failures that year ( despite his personal success at Philadelphia ) have both been subjects of contemporary and historic debate . He resigned his post as Commander in Chief , North America , in 1778 , and returned to England , where he was at times active in the defence of the British Isles . He served for many years in Parliament , and was knighted after his successes in 1776 . He inherited the Viscountcy of Howe upon the death of his brother Richard in 1799 . He married , but had no children , and the viscountcy was extinguished with his death in 1814 . = = Early life and career = = William Howe was born in England , the third son of Emanuel Howe , 2nd Viscount Howe and Charlotte , the daughter of Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Leinster and Darlington , an acknowledged illegitimate half @-@ sister of King George I. His mother was a regular in the courts of George II and George III . This connection with the crown may have improved the careers of all four sons , but all were also very capable officers . His father was a politician , who served as Governor of Barbados where he died in 1735 . William 's eldest brother , General George Howe , was killed just before the 1758 Battle of Carillon at Fort Ticonderoga . Another brother , Admiral Richard Howe , rose to become one of Britain 's leading naval commanders . A third brother , Thomas , commanded ships for the East India Company , Winchelsea in 1762 – 4 and Nottingham in 1766 , and made observations on Madeira and on the Comoro Islands . William entered the army when he was 17 by buying a cornet 's commission in the Duke of Cumberland 's Dragoons in 1746 . He then served for two years in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession . After the war he was transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot , where he became a friend of James Wolfe . = = Seven Years ' War = = During the Seven Years ' War Howe 's service first brought him to America , and did much to raise his reputation . He joined the newly formed 58th ( Rutlandshire ) Regiment of Foot in February 1757 , and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December of that year . He commanded the regiment at the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758 , leading an amphibious landing under heavy enemy fire . This action won the attackers a flanking position and earned Howe a commendation from Wolfe . Howe commanded a light infantry battalion under General Wolfe during the 1759 Siege of Quebec . He was in the Battle of Beaufort , and was chosen by Wolfe to lead the ascent from the Saint Lawrence River up to the Plains of Abraham that led to the British victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on 13 September 1759 . After spending the winter in the defence of Quebec City , his regiment fought in the April 1760 Battle of Sainte @-@ Foy , and led a brigade in the capture of Montreal under Jeffery Amherst before returning to England . Howe led a brigade in the 1761 Capture of Belle Île , off the French coast , and turned down the opportunity to become military governor after its capture so that he might continue in active service . He served as adjutant general of the force that captured Havana in 1762 , playing a part in a skirmish at Guanabacoa . In 1758 , Howe was elected a member of parliament for Nottingham , succeeding to the seat vacated by his brother George 's death . His election was assisted by the influence of his mother , who campaigned on behalf of her son while he was away at war , and may very well have been undertaken because service in Parliament was seen as a common way to improve one 's prospects for advancement in the military . In 1764 he was promoted to colonel of the 46th ( South Devonshire ) Regiment of Foot , and in 1768 he was appointed lieutenant governor of the Isle of Wight . As tensions rose between Britain and the colonies in the 1770s , Howe continued to rise through the ranks , and came to be widely regarded as one of the best officers in the army . He was promoted to major general in 1772 , and in 1774 introduced new training drills for light infantry companies . In Parliament he was generally sympathetic to the American colonies . He publicly opposed the collection of legislation intended to punish the Thirteen Colonies known as Intolerable Acts , and in 1774 assured his constituents that he would resist active duty against the Americans and asserted that the entire British army could not conquer America . He also let government ministers know privately that he was prepared to serve in America as second in command to Thomas Gage , whom he knew was unpopular in government circles . In early 1775 , when King George called on him to serve , he accepted , claiming publicly that if he did not , he would suffer " the odious name of backwardness to serve my country in distress . " He sailed for America in March 1775 , accompanied by Major Generals Henry Clinton and John Burgoyne . In May 1775 his colonelcy was transferred to the 23rd Fusiliers . = = American War of Independence = = Along with fellow British Army Generals Clinton and Burgoyne , Howe arrived at Boston aboard the " H.M.S. Cerberus " on 25 May 1775 , having learned en route that war had broken out with the skirmishes at the marches to Lexington and Concord in April . It provided naval reinforcement at the Battle of Bunker Hill . He led a force of 4 @,@ 000 troops sent to reinforce the 5 @,@ 000 troops under General Thomas Gage who were besieged in the city after those battles . Gage , Howe , and Generals Clinton and Burgoyne discussed plans to break the siege . They formulated a plan to seize high ground around Boston and attack the besieging colonial militia forces , setting its execution for 18 June . However , the colonists learned of the plan and fortified the heights of Breed 's Hill and nearby Bunker Hill on the Charlestown peninsula across the Charles River from Boston on the night of 16 – 17 June , forcing the British leadership to rethink their strategy . = = = Bunker Hill and Boston = = = In a war council held early on 17 June , the generals developed a plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification , and Gage gave Howe command of the operation . Despite a sense of urgency ( the colonists were still working on the fortifications at the time of the council ) , the attack , now known as the Battle of Bunker Hill , did not begin until that afternoon . With Howe personally leading the right wing of the attack , the first two assaults were firmly repulsed by the colonial defenders . Howe 's third assault gained the objective , but the cost of the day 's battle was appallingly heavy . The British casualties , more than 1 @,@ 000 killed or wounded , were the highest of any engagement in the war . Howe described it as a " success ... too dearly bought . " Although Howe exhibited courage on the battlefield , his tactics and overwhelming confidence were criticised . One subordinate wrote that Howe 's " absurd and destructive confidence " played a role in the number of casualties incurred . Although Howe was not injured in the battle , it had a pronounced effect on his spirit . According to British historian George Otto Trevelyan , the battle " exercised a permanent and most potent influence " especially on Howe 's behaviour , and that Howe 's military skills thereafter " were apt to fail him at the very moment when they were especially wanted . " Despite an outward appearance of confidence and popularity with his troops , the " genial six @-@ footer with a face some people described as ' coarse ' " , privately often exhibited a lack of self @-@ confidence , and in later campaigns became somewhat dependent on his older brother Richard ( the admiral in the Royal Navy , also on station in the Colonies ) for advice and approval . On 11 October 1775 , General Gage sailed for England , and Howe took over as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the British Army in America . British military planners in London had , with the outbreak of hostilities , begun planning a massive reinforcement of the troops in North America . Their plans , made with recommendations from Howe , called for the abandonment of Boston and the establishment of bases in New York and Newport , Rhode Island in an attempt to isolate the rebellion to New England . When orders arrived in November to execute these plans , Howe opted to remain in Boston for the winter and begin the campaign in 1776 . As a result , the remainder of the Siege of Boston was largely a stalemate . Howe never attempted a major engagement with the Continental Army , which had come under the command of Major General George Washington . He did , however , spend a fair amount of time at the gambling tables , and allegedly established a relationship with Elizabeth Lloyd Loring , the wife of Loyalist Joshua Loring , Jr . Loring apparently acquiesced to this arrangement , and was rewarded by Howe with the position of commissary of prisoners . Contemporaries and historians have criticised Howe for both his gambling and the amount of time he supposedly spent with Mrs. Loring , with some going so far as to level accusations that this behaviour interfered with his military activities ; historian John Alden does not give these ideas credence . The alleged relationship is also mentioned in The Battle of the Kegs , an American propaganda ballad written by Francis Hopkinson . In January 1776 Howe 's role as commander in chief was cemented with a promotion to full general in North America . The siege was broken in March 1776 when Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox brought heavy artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston during the winter , and General Washington used them to fortify Dorchester Heights , overlooking Boston and its harbour . Howe at first planned an assault on this position , but a snowstorm interfered , and he eventually decided to withdraw from Boston . On 17 March , British troops and Loyalists evacuated the city , and sailed for Halifax , Nova Scotia . = = = New York campaign = = = Howe and his troops began to arrive outside New York Harbour and made an uncontested landing on Staten Island to the west in early July . Howe , whose orders from Lord George Germain , the Secretary of State responsible for directing the war from Westminster , were fairly clear that he should avoid conflict before the arrival of reinforcements , then waited until those reinforcements arrived in mid @-@ August , along with the naval commander , his brother Richard . This delay proved to be somewhat costly , since the Americans used this time to improve fortifications on northwestern Long Island ( at Brooklyn Heights along the East River shoreline ) and increased the size of their Continental Army with additional militia . After moving most of his army by amphibious barges across the Verazzano Narrows to southwestern Long Island without opposition , he attacked the American positions on 27 August in what became known as the Battle of Long Island . In a well @-@ executed manoeuvre , a large column led by Howe and Clinton passed around the American left flank , through the lightly guarded Jamaica Pass far to the east , ( a ridge of hills running east to west bisected the island , with a series of lower entrances that were all guarded by Continentals except inexplicably to the farthest east at Jamaica ) , catching the Patriots off @-@ guard and routing the Americans from their forward positions back into the entrenchments on Brooklyn Heights . Despite the urging of Clinton and others , Howe decided against an immediate assault on these fortifications , claiming " the Troops had for that day done handsomely enough . " He instead began siege operations , methodically advancing on the entrenched Americans . This decision allowed General Washington to successfully orchestrate a nighttime strategic withdrawal across the East River on the night of 29 – 30 August , aided by a thick morning fog . Historian George Bilias notes that had Howe attacked Brooklyn Heights , the capture of even half of Washington 's army , and possibly Washington himself , might have had a significant effect on the rebellion . Some officers , notably General Clinton , were critical of Howe 's decision not to storm the American works . Howe was knighted as a reward for his victory on Long Island . Howe and his brother Richard had , as part of their instructions , been assigned roles as peace commissioners , with limited authority to treat with the rebels . After Long Island , they pursued an attempt at reconciliation , sending the captured General John Sullivan to Philadelphia with a proposal for a peace conference . The meeting that resulted , conducted by Admiral Howe , was unsuccessful . The Howes had been given limited powers , as had the Congressional representatives , and the latter were insistent that the British recognise the recently declared colonial independence . This was not within the Howe 's powers , so the conference failed , and Howe then continued the campaign . He first landed troops on Manhattan on 15 September , and occupied New York City ( which then occupied only Lower Manhattan ) , although his advance northward on Manhattan was checked the next day at Harlem Heights . He then paused , spending nearly one month consolidating control of New York City and awaiting reinforcements . During this time he ordered the execution of Nathan Hale for espionage , and had to deal with the effects of a major fire in the city . He then attempted a landing on the mainland at Throgs Neck , intending to flank Washington 's position at Harlem Heights . However , the narrow causeway between the beach and the mainland was well @-@ defended , and he ended up withdrawing the troops . He then made a successful landing of troops at Pell 's Point in Westchester County ; Washington managed to avoid being flanked , retreating to White Plains . Howe successfully forced Washington out of the New York area in the 28 October Battle of White Plains , and then turned his attention to consolidate British hold on Manhattan . In November he attacked the remaining Continental Army stronghold in the Battle of Fort Washington , taking several thousand prisoners . Washington then retreated across New Jersey , followed by Howe 's advance forces under Charles Cornwallis . At this point , Howe prepared troops under the command of General Clinton for embarkation to occupy Newport , the other major goal of his plan . Clinton proposed that these troops instead be landed in New Jersey , either opposite Staten Island or on the Delaware River , trapping Washington or even capturing the seat of the Continental Congress , Philadelphia . Howe rejected these proposals , despatching Clinton and General Hugh , Earl Percy , two vocal critics of his leadership , to take Newport . In early December Howe came to Trenton , New Jersey to arrange the disposition of his troops for the winter . Washington had retreated all the way across the Delaware , and Howe returned to New York , believing the campaign to be ended for the season . When Washington attacked the Hessian quarters at Trenton on 26 December 1776 , Howe sent Cornwallis to reform the army in New Jersey and chase after Washington . Cornwallis was frustrated in this , with Washington gaining a second victory at Trenton and a third at Princeton . Howe recalled the army to positions much closer to New York for the winter . Howe has been criticised by contemporaries and historians for failing to decisively defeat the Continental Army during the New York campaign . Contemporaries complained that his landing in Westchester failed to trap Washington , but failed to understand that his goal in the campaign was to secure Manhattan , and not necessarily to defeat Washington . However , historian George Billias observes that Howe 's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalise on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action . = = = Philadelphia campaign = = = On 30 November 1776 , as Washington was retreating across New Jersey , Howe had written to Germain with plans for the 1777 campaign season . He proposed to send a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ man force up the Hudson River to capture Albany , New York , in conjunction with an expedition sent south from Province of Quebec . He again wrote to Germain on 20 December 1776 with more elaborate proposals for 1777 . These again included operations to gain control of the Hudson River , and included expanded operations from the base at Newport , and an expedition to take Philadelphia . The latter Howe saw as attractive , since Washington was then just north of the city : Howe wrote that he was " persuaded the Principal Army should act offensively [ against Philadelphia ] , where the enemy 's chief strength lies . " Germain acknowledged that this plan was particularly " well digested " , but it called for more men that Germain was prepared to provide . After the setbacks in New Jersey , Howe in mid @-@ January 1777 proposed operations against Philadelphia that included an overland expedition and a sea @-@ based attack , thinking this might lead to a decisive victory over the Continental Army . This plan was developed to the extent that in April , Howe 's army was seen constructing pontoon bridges ; Washington , lodged in his winter quarters at Morristown , New Jersey , thought they were for eventual use on the Delaware River . However , by mid @-@ May Howe had apparently abandoned the idea of an overland expedition : " I propose to invade Pennsylvania by sea ... we must probably abandon the Jersies . " When the campaign season opened in May 1777 , General Washington moved most of his army from its winter quarters in Morristown , New Jersey to a strongly fortified position in the Watchung Mountains . In June 1777 , Howe began a series of odd moves in New Jersey , apparently in an attempt to draw Washington and his army out of that position onto terrain more favourable for a general engagement . His motives for this are uncertain ; historian John Buchanan argues that Howe was determined to attempt to draw Washington into a major engagement while both were in northern New Jersey , writing that " Washington 's shift in position had whetted Howe 's appetite for a major action when , if everything went right , he would finally accomplish what he and his brother 's policies had denied him the previous year : the destruction of the Continental Army " , but that Howe 's underlying campaign goal for the season was Philadelphia . One British major wrote that " [ t ] he report circulated by those in power is that it was thought necessary to march to Hilsborough [ sic ] to offer Washington battle . " Americans like Henry Knox were perplexed but also concluded that was its purpose : " It was unaccountable that [ the British ] should stop short when they had gone only nine miles ... In the course of a day or two [ we ] discovered that they ... had come out with an intention of drawing us into the plain . " Washington had intelligence that Howe had moved without taking the heavy river @-@ crossing equipment , and was apparently not fooled at all . When Washington failed to take the bait , Howe withdrew the army to Perth Amboy , under harassment by Colonel Daniel Morgan 's elite light unit , Morgan 's Riflemen , who used their superior weapons to snipe at and harry his forces as they moved . Washington moved down to a more exposed position , assuming Howe was going to embark his army on ships . Howe then launched a lightning strike designed to cut Washington 's retreat off . This attempt was foiled by the Battle of Short Hills , which gave Washington time	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
are common problems . Particularly the statistical issue of multiple testing wherein it has been noted that " the GWA approach can be problematic because the massive number of statistical tests performed presents an unprecedented potential for false @-@ positive results " . Ignoring these correctible issues has been cited as contributing to a general sense of problems with the GWA methodology . In addition to easily correctible problems such as these , some more subtle but important issues have surfaced . A high @-@ profile GWA study that investigated individuals with very long life spans to identify SNPs associated with longevity is an example of this . The publication came under scrutiny because of a discrepancy between the type of genotyping array in the case and control group , which caused several SNPs to be falsely highlighted as associated with longevity . The study was subsequently retracted . In addition to these preventable issues , GWA studies have attracted more fundamental criticism , mainly because of their assumption that common genetic variation plays a large role in explaining the heritable variation of common disease . This aspect of GWA studies has attracted the criticism that , although it could not have been known prospectively , GWA studies were ultimately not worth the expenditure . Alternative strategies suggested involve linkage analysis . More recently , the rapidly decreasing price of complete genome sequencing have also provided a realistic alternative to genotyping array @-@ based GWA studies . It can be discussed if the use of this new technique is still referred to as a GWA study , but high @-@ throughput sequencing does have potential to side @-@ step some of the shortcomings of non @-@ sequencing GWA . = = Fine @-@ mapping = = Genotyping arrays designed for GWAS rely on linkage disequilibrium to provide coverage of the entire genome by genotyping a subset of variants . Because of this , the reported associated variants are unlikely to be the actual causal variants . Associated regions can contain hundreds of variants spanning large regions and encompassing many different genes , making the biological interpretation of GWAS loci more difficult . Fine @-@ mapping is a process to refine these lists of associated variants to a credible set most likely to include the causal variant . Fine @-@ mapping requires all variants in the associated region to have been genotyped or imputed ( dense coverage ) , very stringent quality control resulting in high @-@ quality genotypes , and large sample sizes sufficient in separating out highly correlated signals . There are several different methods to perform fine @-@ mapping , and all methods produce a posterior probability that a variant in that locus is causal . Because the requirements are often difficult to satisfy , there are still limited examples of these methods being more generally applied . = Tropical Storm Carlos ( 2003 ) = Tropical Storm Carlos was the first of five tropical cyclones to make landfall during the 2003 Pacific hurricane season . It formed on June 26 from a tropical wave to the south of Mexico . It quickly strengthened as it approached the coast , and early on June 27 Carlos moved ashore in Oaxaca with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . The storm rapidly deteriorated to a remnant low , which persisted until dissipating on June 29 . Carlos brought heavy rainfall to portions of southern Mexico , peaking at 337 mm ( 13 @.@ 3 in ) in two locations in Guerrero . Throughout its path , the storm damaged about 30 @,@ 000 houses , with a monetary damage total of 86 @.@ 7 million pesos ( 2003 MXN , $ 8 million 2003 USD ) . At least nine people were killed throughout the country , seven due to mudslides and two from river flooding ; there was also a report of two missing fishermen . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Carlos were from a tropical wave that exited the west coast of Africa on June 14 . The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea , with little evidence of its existence on satellite imagery . By June 20 it crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean , later spawning an area of convection , or thunderstorms , south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . The National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) first mentioned the system in its tropical weather outlook on June 24 , by which time a low pressure center developed . Gradually , the system continued to develop due to light wind shear , with rainbands and convection located near the broad center . By early on June 26 , the disturbance had organized enough for the NHC to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression Three @-@ E , about 130 miles ( 210 km ) south @-@ southwest of Puerto Escondido , Oaxaca . Upon first being classified as a tropical cyclone , the depression had a slightly elongated circulation . An anticyclone to its north was forecast to track westward , which would allow the depression to track west @-@ northwestward and remain offshore ; however , the NHC noted uncertainty in its motion . The cloud pattern gradually organized , with warm water temperatures and lessening wind shear . At 1200 UTC on June 26 , it is estimated the depression attained tropical storm status ; upon doing so , the NHC named the storm Carlos . As it reached tropical storm intensity , Carlos began an erratic northward track toward the Mexican coast , under the influence of a trough . It quickly strengthened , developing a well @-@ defined eye feature in the center of the convection . Based on the eye , it is estimated Carlos made landfall early on June 27 with peak winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) , about 60 miles ( 95 km ) west of Puerto Escondido , Oaxaca , or about 150 miles ( 245 km / h ) east @-@ southeast of Acapulco , Guerrero . As Carlos moved inland , it turned to the northwest in response to the anticyclone over Mexico , and it quickly weakened to tropical depression status . By 12 hours after landfall , there was little evidence of a circulation on satellite imagery . Late on June 27 , Carlos degenerated into a non @-@ convective remnant low pressure area near Acapulco . The circulation turned to the southwest and emerged into the Pacific Ocean ; by 0000 UTC on June 29 , the system dissipated completely . = = Preparations and impact = = When the cyclone first formed , the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Acapulco , Guerrero to Punta San Telmo , Michoacán , although initially it was forecast to remain offshore . After Carlos attained tropical storm status and when it was correctly anticipated to make landfall , the warning area was adjusted from Salina Cruz , Oaxaca to Zihuatanejo , Guerrero . Although the storm moved ashore in Oaxaca , its rainbands also affected the Mexican states of Chiapas , Tabasco , Veracruz , Puebla , and Guerrero . On the day when Carlos made landfall , it dropped heavy rainfall , with 24 ‑ hour statewide maxima of 254 mm ( 10 in ) in Río Verde , Oaxaca , and 112 mm ( 4 @.@ 42 in ) in Petatlán , Guerrero . Throughout the country , rainfall peaked at 337 mm ( 13 @.@ 3 in ) in both Marquelia and Azoyú in Guerrero . Tropical Storm Carlos affected 79 municipalities in Oaxaca with flooding or rainfall , and much of the region was declared a disaster area ; as a result , disaster funds were opened . Across the region , the combination of rainfall and strong winds downed power lines , disrupted phone service , and flooded two major highways ; additionally , the storm left widespread damage to other roads and airstrips . In northwestern Oaxaca , seven people were killed when the heavy rainfall triggered a mudslide . Mudslides were reported elsewhere in the state , and about 30 @,@ 000 homes were damaged . In one town , the flooding forced 150 families to evacuate to shelters . In Guerrero , a flooded river killed two people . Four fishermen were reported missing , possibly swept out to sea due to the storm ; the Mexican army searched offshore for several days , rescuing two of the four fishermen by four days after the storm . Overall , the storm affected about 148 @,@ 000 people , and monetary damage totaled 86 @.@ 7 million pesos ( 2003 MXN , $ 8 million 2003 USD ) . = At the Movies ( Rugrats ) = " At the Movies " is the third episode of the animated television series Rugrats . It originally aired on the television network Nickelodeon on August 25 , 1991 , during the series ' first season . In the episode , Didi and Stu take The Rugrats to a movie theatre to see The Dummi Bears and the Land Without Smiles , but Tommy is infatuated with seeing the monster movie Reptar ! . He and the babies sneak out of the theater room to catch a showing of Reptar ! while leaving a wake of accidental mayhem and destruction as they do . " At the Movies " was written by Craig Bartlett and series co @-@ creator Paul Germain and directed by Dan Thompson . The episode introduced the characters of the Dummi Bears and Reptar . The Dummi Bears were inspired by non @-@ violent children 's characters such as the Care Bears and Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears , whereas Reptar was heavily inspired by the Japanese monster Godzilla and satirized the ever growing domination of Japanese culture into children 's society . The character appeared in countless media tie @-@ ins for the series , including a cereal brand , t @-@ shirts , and video games , and would be reused in several other episodes of the series throughout its run . Author Jan Susina gave a generally positive review of " At the Movies " in the book , The Japanification of Children 's Popular Culture : From Godzilla to Miyazaki . In 1997 , it became available on the VHS Rugrats : Return of Reptar , which was nominated for Video Software Dealers Association 's Home Entertainment Award in the " Outstanding Marketing Campaign for a Major Direct @-@ to @-@ Video Release " category in 2000 . = = Plot = = Didi and Stu decide to take Tommy and co. to go see The Dummi Bears and the Land Without Smiles at West Side Octaplex . The kids really want to see their first movie Reptar , which was rated MGR : Minor Guidance Recommended . When they go to the theater and the movie starts , the kids sneak off to try to find the room showing Reptar at the theater . The first room they attempt to get into is showing a romance film , so they move on and end up accidentally creating a huge mess at the concession stand . They look in the popcorn popper , eating candy bars , and playing with the orange and grape soda dispensers , ketchup and mustard pumps , and straws . They also find hot dogs , hot dog buns , popcorn tubs , lids , napkins , and cups . They find their way up to the projection booth and finally find the room where Reptar is playing . As they are watching the film through the booth window , they fall down on some film , and they decide to ride on the projectors for fun . In the process , though , all of the projectors in the room become unraveled , and various films break so they exit the room . They soon run into Grandpa , who is getting popcorn at the concession stand and are led back into the theater . As they arrive , The Dummi Bears and the Land Without Smiles is about to reach its climax ; however , the film burns as a result of the kids ' earlier tomfoolery , and everyone leaves the Octaplex disgruntled . = = Production = = " At the Movies " was written by Craig Bartlett and Paul Germain — creator of Rugrats along with Arlene Klasky and Gábor Csupó — and directed by Dan Thompson . Germain additionally served as animation director , a role he played for all early episodes of the series . Recording sessions for the episode , located in Hollywood , California , for each actor individually took one day to complete , taking anywhere from fifteen minutes to four hours depending on the scene or role . The episode marked the first appearance of the character Reptar . Reptar was modeled visually to resemble a Tyrannosaurus rex , but his mannerisms and actions were meant to parody that of the fictional monster , Godzilla , who first appeared in the 1954 film Godzilla , released in Japan as Gojira . Though he is portrayed comically , his name was based on a child 's mispronunciation of Velociraptor , a ferocious dinosaur made iconic for its appearance in the Steven Spielberg film Jurassic Park . As noted by W. J. T. Mitchell in his book The Last Dinosaur Book , children generally begin fascination with dinosaurs between ages four and seven , while at other times during pre @-@ school and elementary school . This demographic was the general age of Rugrats ' viewers , and likely the reason behind Reptar 's species . " At the Movies " became available on the VHS release entitled Rugrats : Return of Reptar in 1997 . The release included several other Reptar themed episodes , including " Reptar 2010 " and " Reptar on Ice . " It was released both as part of a special promotional deal between Paramount Home Entertainment and Oral @-@ B and as a re @-@ promotion of Rugrats videos during the holiday season . = = Cultural impact and references = = " At the Movies " introduced characters such as Reptar and the Dummi Bears — each of whom would become recurring characters throughout the series — and marked the first time in the series that the rugrats had seen a movie . Reptar , in particular , would appear in several episodes throughout the series in different manifestations . During different episodes , he has appeared as a toyline , a focal point in a marketing campaign , cereal brands , and a character in television series . In The Rugrats Movie , released in 1998 , Reptar appears as a mechanical wagon built by Stu , voiced by rapper Busta Rhymes . In its sequel , Rugrats in Paris : The Movie , released in 2000 , the central setting is located at a vast Reptar theme park in France called " EuroReptarland , " similar to Disneyland Paris , which features a stage production with a robotic Reptar created by Stu . Reptar himself become an actual merchandising piece and became the basis of several Rugrats promotional works . Several videos , books , toylines , and clothing have been marketed by Nickelodeon , serving as both a high @-@ profit margin and a parody of the character 's fictional success in the series . Bed sheets , lamps , and a cereal brand have all become available in stores and feature Reptar . A Rugrats video game entitled Rugrats : Search for Reptar , followed Tommy looking for missing pieces of a Reptar puzzle . The game was widely successful and become a part of PlayStation 's " Greatest Hits " label in 1999 . The Dummi Bears are parodies of the Care Bears franchise , and the film they are featured in , The Land Without Smiles , is a parody of the feature length 1985 film The Care Bears Movie based on the franchise , while the title of the film is a reference to the Care Bears ' first TV special from 1983 , The Care Bears in the Land Without Feelings . The Dummi Bears ' name is a reference to the TV series Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears . One scene in The Land Without Smiles details the Dummi Bears firing valentines from the clouds for all the sad , bullied and lonely , teased children in the world references a similar scene from The Care Bears Movie . = = Reception = = " At the Movies " was originally broadcast on the television network Nickelodeon on August 25 , 1991 . It was paired with the episode " Slumber Party . " In 2000 , Rugrats : Return of Reptar , in which the episode featured , was nominated for Video Software Dealers Association 's Home Entertainment Award for " Outstanding Marketing Campaign for a Major Direct @-@ to @-@ Video Release . In 2001 , Nickelodeon allowed viewers to vote for their favorite Rugrats episode on Nick.com as part of the series 10th anniversary . When the poll results were announced , " At the Movies " ranked at number 39 . The episode received a generally positive response . In the book The Japanification of Children 's Popular Culture : From Godzilla to Miyazaki , Jan Susina opted that it was " appropriate " to introduce Reptar in the episode via a television commercial , as " Throughout the series , Reptar 's power and popularity increases , so that by Rugrats in Paris a Euro @-@ Reptarland exists . " Susina also noted that his existence in the series was " one of the more unexpected " treatments of Japanese culture in " contemporary American children 's culture . " = Phan Đình Phùng = Phan Đình Phùng ( 1847 – January 21 , 1896 ) was a Vietnamese revolutionary who led rebel armies against French colonial forces in Vietnam . He was the most prominent of the Confucian court scholars involved in anti @-@ French military campaigns in the 19th century and was cited after his death by 20th @-@ century nationalists as a national hero . He was renowned for his uncompromising will and principles — on one occasion , he refused to surrender even after the French had desecrated his ancestral tombs and had arrested and threatened to kill his family . Born into a family of mandarins from Hà Tĩnh Province , Phan continued his ancestors ' traditions by placing first in the metropolitan imperial examinations in 1877 . Phan quickly rose through the ranks under Emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn Dynasty , gaining a reputation for his integrity and uncompromising stance against corruption . Phan was appointed as the Imperial Censor , a position that allowed him to criticise his fellow mandarins and even the emperor . As the head of the censorate , Phan 's investigations led to the removal of many incompetent or corrupt mandarins . Upon Tự Đức 's death , Phan almost lost his life during a power struggle in the imperial court . The regent Tôn Thất Thuyết disregarded Tự Đức 's will of succession , and three emperors were deposed and killed in just over a year . Phan protested against Thuyet 's activities , was stripped of his honours and briefly jailed , before being exiled to his home province . At the time , France had just conquered Vietnam and made it a part of French Indochina . Along with Thuyet , Phan organised rebel armies as part of the Cần Vương movement , which sought to expel the French and install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi at the head of an independent Vietnam . This campaign continued for three years until 1888 , when the French captured Hàm Nghi and exiled him to Algeria . Phan and his military assistant Cao Thắng continued their guerrilla campaign , building a network of spies , bases and small weapons factories . However , Cao Thắng was killed in the process in late 1893 . The decade @-@ long campaign eventually wore Phan down , and he died from dysentery as the French surrounded his forces . = = Court official = = Phan was born in the village of Đông Thái in the northern central coast province of Hà Tĩnh . Đông Thái was famous for producing high @-@ ranking mandarins and had been the home of senior imperial officials since the time of the Lê Dynasty . Twelve consecutive generations of the Phan family had been successful mandarinate graduates . All three of Phan 's brothers who lived to adulthood passed the imperial examinations and became mandarins . Early on , Phan indicated his distaste for the classical curriculum required of an aspiring mandarin . He nevertheless persevered with his studies , passing the regional exams in 1876 and then topping the metropolitan exams the following year . In his exam response , Phan cited Japan as an example of how an Asian country could make rapid military progress given sufficient willpower . Phan was never known for his scholarly abilities ; it was his reputation for principled integrity that led to his quick rise through the ranks under the reign of Emperor Tự Đức . He was first appointed as a district mandarin in Ninh Bình Province , where he punished a Vietnamese Roman Catholic priest , who , with the tacit support of French missionaries , had harassed local non @-@ Catholics . Amid the diplomatic controversy that followed , he avoided blaming the unpopular alliance between Vietnamese Catholics and the French on Catholicism itself , stating that the partnership had arisen out of the military and political vulnerabilities of Vietnam 's imperial government . Despite this , the Huế court eventually removed Phan from this post . Phan was transferred to the Huế court as a member of the censorate , a watchdog body that monitored the work of the mandarinate . He earned the ire of many of his colleagues , but the trust of the emperor , by revealing that the vast majority of the court mandarins were making a mockery of a royal edict to engage in regular rifle practice . Tự Đức later dispatched Phan on an inspection trip to northern Vietnam . His report led to the ousting of many officials who were deemed corrupt or incompetent , including the viceroy of the northern region . He rose to become the Ngu Su , or Imperial Censor , a position which allowed him to criticise other high officials and even the emperor for misconduct . Phan openly criticised Tôn Thất Thuyết , the foremost mandarin of the court , believing him to be rash and dishonest . Aside from his work in rooting out corruption , Phan also compiled a historical geography of Vietnam , which was published in 1883 . Despite his prominent position in the Nguyễn Dynasty , little is known about Phan 's personal stance on Vietnamese relations with France , which was in the process of colonising Vietnam . France had first invaded in 1858 , beginning the colonisation of southern Vietnam . Three provinces were ceded under the 1862 Treaty of Saigon , and a further three in 1867 to form the colony of Cochinchina . During the period , there was debate in the Huế court on the best strategy to regain the territory . One group advocated military means , while another believed in the use of diplomacy in addition to financial and religious concessions . By the time of Tự Đức 's death in 1883 , the whole of Vietnam was colonised , henceforth incorporated with Laos and Cambodia into French Indochina . Upon his death in 1883 , the childless Tự Đức had named his nephew , Kiến Phúc , as his successor , rather than Dục Đức , his most senior heir . Tự Đức had written in his will that Dục Đức was depraved and unworthy of ruling the country . However , led by Thuyet , the regents enthroned Dục Đức under the pressure of the ladies of the court . Phan protested against the violation of Tự Đức 's will of succession and refused to sanction anyone other than Kien Phuc . Lucky to escape the death penalty , Phan was stripped of his positions . Later , Dục Đức was deposed and executed by Thuyet on the grounds of ignoring court etiquette , ignoring the mourning rites for Tự Đức and having affairs with the late emperor 's consorts . Phan again protested the regents ' actions and was briefly imprisoned by Thuyet , before being exiled to his home province . = = Revolutionary career = = = = = Cần Vương = = = Phan rallied to the cause of the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi — the fourth monarch in little over a year — after an abortive royal uprising at Huế in 1885 . Thuyet and fellow regent Nguyễn Văn Tường had enthroned Hiệp Hòa after disposing of Dục Đức . However , the new emperor was wary of the regents ' behaviour and attempted to avoid their influence , leading Thuyet to organise his execution . The teenage Kiến Phúc ascended the throne , but was poisoned by his adoptive mother Học Phi — one of Tự Đức 's wives — whom he caught having intercourse with Tuong . Kien Phuc was thus replaced by his 14 @-@ year @-@ old brother Hàm Nghi . In the meantime , the French concluded that the regents were causing too much trouble and had to be disposed of . Thuyet had already decided to place Hàm Nghi at the head of the Phong Trào Cần Vuơng ( Loyalty to the Emperor Movement ) , which sought to end French rule with a royalist rebellion . Phan helped the cause by setting up bases in Hà Tĩnh and creating his own guerrilla army . Thuyet had hoped to secure support from the Qing Dynasty of China , but Phan thought that Vietnam 's best chance of effective support came from Siam . Gia Long , the founder of the Nguyễn Dynasty and great @-@ grandfather of Tự Đức , had married his sister off to the King of Siam . He had also used Siam as a base @-@ in @-@ exile during his quest for the throne in the 1780s . However , direct appeals to the Siamese government only yielded a few pack trains of firearms and ammunition . In preparation for the revolt , Thuyet had been building up an armed base at Tan So for over a year . In any case , the Cần Vương revolt started on July 5 , 1885 when Thuyet launched a surprise attack against the colonial forces after a diplomatic confrontation with the French . Thuyet took Hàm Nghi northwards to the Tan So mountain base near the border with Laos after the attack failed . The campaign was launched when the emperor issued the Can Vuong edict that had been prepared by the regent . Phan initially rallied support from his native village and set up his headquarters on Mount Vũ Quang , which overlooked the coastal French fortress at Hà Tĩnh . Phan 's organisation became a model for future insurgents . For flexibility , he divided his operational zone into twelve districts . His forces upheld military discipline and wore uniforms . Phan initially used the local scholar @-@ gentry as his military commanders . Their first notable attack targeted two nearby Catholic villages that had collaborated with French forces . Colonial troops arrived a few hours later , quickly overwhelming the rebels and forcing them to retreat to their home village , where the retribution was heavy . Phan managed to escape but his elder brother was captured by the same former viceroy of northern Vietnam who had been removed from office as a result of Phan 's critical report . The disgraced official was now a French collaborator , serving as the governor of Nghệ An Province . The strategy of attempting to pressure Phan into capitulating was a classical strategy of coercion . The French used an old friend and fellow villager to make an emotional and deeply Confucian appeal for Phan to surrender in order to save his brother , his ancestral tombs and his entire village . Phan was reported to have replied : From the time I joined with you in the Can Vuong movement , I determined to forget the question of family and village . Now I have but one tomb , a very large one , that must be defended : the land of Vietnam . I have only one brother , very important , that is in danger : more than twenty million countrymen . If I worry about my own tombs , who will worry about defending the tombs of the rest of the country ? If I save my own brother , who will save all the other brothers of the country ? There is only one way for me to die now . Phan was later reported to have simply retorted , " If anyone carves up my brother , remember to send me some of the soup " . However , he held no illusions about the prospect of successfully driving out the French , stating " It is our destiny . We accept it . " This incident and Phan 's response are often cited as one of the reasons why he was so admired by the populace and among future generations of Vietnamese anti @-@ colonialists : he adhered to the highest personal standards of patriotism . He identified with a countrywide cause , far removed from the questions of family and region . Phan 's men were well @-@ trained and disciplined , and the military inspiration behind his rebellion was derived from Cao Thang , a bandit leader who had been protected from royal forces by Phan 's brother a decade earlier . They operated in the provinces of Thanh Hóa in the north , Hà Tĩnh , Nghệ An in the centre and Quảng Bình in the south , with their strongest areas being the two central provinces . In 1887 , Phan concluded that his tactics were misguided , ordering his subordinates to cease open combat and resort to guerrilla tactics . His men built up a network of base camps , food caches , intelligence agents and peasant supply contacts . Phan traveled to the north in the hope of coordinating strategic and tactical plans with other leaders . In the meantime , Cao Thang led a force of around 1 @,@ 000 men with some 500 firearms between them . Cao Thang produced around 300 rifles by disassembling and copying 1874 @-@ model French weapons that had been captured . For the purpose of creating such replica guns , they captured Vietnamese artisans . According to French officers who later captured some of the Vietnamese copies , the weapons were proficiently reproduced . The only details in which they were regarded as being defective were in the tempering of the springs , which were improvised with umbrella spokes , and the lack of rifling in the barrels , which curtailed range and accuracy . Nevertheless , the weaponry used by Phan 's rebels was far inferior to that of their adversaries , and their inland positions were within firing range of the French Navy . The Vietnamese could not rely on China to give them material support , and other European powers such as Portugal , The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were unwilling to sell them weapons for various reasons . Thus , Phan had to explore overland routes to procure weapons from Siamese sources — using seafaring transport was impossible due to the presence of the French Navy . He instructed his followers to create a secret route from Hà Tĩnh through Laos into northeastern Siam ; one such route from Mount Vu Quang was believed to have been created around 1888 . It is unclear if Phan himself went to Thailand , but a young female supporter named Co Tam was his designated arms buyer in Tha Uthen , which boasted a substantial expatriate Vietnamese community . In 1890 , the Siamese Army transported around 1 @,@ 000 Austrian repeating @-@ rifles from Bangkok to Luang Prabang in Laos . However , it is unclear whether the weapons found their way into Vietnamese hands or whether they were related to Co Tam 's activities . = = = After Cần Vương = = = In 1888 , Hàm Nghi 's Muong bodyguard Truong Quang Ngoc betrayed him , leading to the emperor 's capture and deportation to Algeria . Phan and Cao Thang fought on in the mountainous areas of Hà Tĩnh , Nghệ An and Thanh Hóa . Another 15 bases were built along the mountain to complement the headquarters at Vu Quang . Each base had a subordinate commander leading units numbering between 100 and 500 men . The operations were funded by local villagers , who were levied with a land tax in silver and rice . Local bases were supported by nearby villages and excess funds were sent to Vu Quang . Phan 's men foraged and sold cinnamon bark to raise funds , while lowland peasants donated spare metals for the production of weapons . When Phan returned from the north in 1889 , his first order was to track down Hàm Nghi 's betrayer Ngoc . When he was found , Phan personally executed Ngoc in Tuyên Hóa . He then began a series of small @-@ unit attacks on French installations through the summer of 1890 , but these proved indecisive . The French relied mostly on district and provincial colonial units to man their perpetually increasing line of forts , which were usually commanded by a French lieutenant . In late 1890 , a French effort to move into the low @-@ lying villages and isolate the populace from the mountainous rebel bases failed . In the spring of 1892 , a major French sweep of Hà Tĩnh failed , and in August , Cao Thang seized the initiative with a bold counterattack on the provincial capital . The rebels broke into the prison and freed their compatriots , killing a large number of the Vietnamese soldiers who defended the penitentiary as members of the French colonial forces . This caused the French to intensify their efforts against Phan , and a counteroffensive was conducted throughout the remainder of 1892 , forcing the rebels to retreat back into the mountains . Two of their bases fell and steady French pressure began to break their covert resistance links with lowland villages . This compounded the problems of securing food , supplies , intelligence data and recruits . A ring of French forts continued to be erected , increasingly pinning down Phan 's men . The only notable gain for Phan 's forces during this period was the acquisition of gunpowder supplies from Siam . This enabled them to mix foreign and local powder in a 50 : 50 ratio , rather than their previous weaker mixture of 20 : 80 . Late in the year , the burden on Phan increased after the loss of two Can Vuong allies . In September , Tong Duy Tân — who led the royalists in Thanh Hóa — was captured and publicly executed . Nguyen Thien Thuat , who had been active in the northern provinces of Hưng Yên and Hải Dương , fled to Guangxi in China . The supporters of Tan and Tuat moved south and integrated into Phan 's force . In mid @-@ 1893 , Cao Thang proposed a full @-@ scale attack on the provincial seat of Nghệ An and the surrounding posts . The plan proposed to Phan included diversions to the south and the training of almost 2 @,@ 000 men in conventional military tactics . Unconvinced of its viability , Phan reluctantly approved the plan . The troops were eager , but after overpowering several small posts en route , the main force was pinned down while attacking the French fort of No on September 9 , 1893 . Along with his brother , Cao Thang was mortally wounded while leading a risky frontal attack with 150 men , and the forces retreated in disarray . Phan regarded the loss of Cao Thang as a significant one , admitting as much in delivering the eulogy and funeral oration . According to the historian David Marr , there was evidence that Phan clearly realised the advantages and limitations of prolonged resistance . Although Phan had previously stated that he was not expecting ultimate success , the guerrilla leader thought that it was important to keep pressuring the French in order to demonstrate to the populace that there was an alternative to what he felt was a defeatist attitude from the Huế court . = = = Downfall = = = Hoàng Cao Khải , the French @-@ installed viceroy of Tonkin , perceived Phan 's intent to a degree that his French masters did not . Khai was from a scholar @-@ gentry family from the same village as Phan . He became the main backer of a determined effort to crush Phan 's forces , using every means available : political , psychological and economic . By late 1894 , relatives and suspected sympathisers of the insurgents were intimidated and more resistance commanders had been killed . Communications were disrupted , and the rebel hideouts became increasingly insecure . In an attempt to force Phan to surrender , the French arrested his family and desecrated the tombs of his ancestors , publicly displaying the remains in Hà Tĩnh . Khai delivered a message to Phan via a relative . Phan sent a written reply , allowing their exchange to be studied . Khai recalled the common origins of the pair and promised Phan that he would lobby Governor @-@ General Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan and other French officials for an amnesty in return for Phan 's surrender . Khai credited Phan with righteousness , loyalty and dedication towards the monarchy . The situation has changed and even those without intelligence or education have concluded that nothing remains to be saved . How is it that you , a man of vast understanding , do not realise this ? ... You are determined to do whatever you deem to be righteous ... All that matters indeed is giving of one 's life to one 's country . No one therefore can deter you from your goal . I have always been taught that superior men should consider the care of the people as fundamental ; who has ever heard of men who were loyal to their King but forgot the people 's aspirations ? ... As of now , hundreds of families are subject to grief ; how do you have the heart to fight on ? I venture to predict that , should you pursue your struggle , not only will the population of our village be destroyed but our entire country will be transformed into a sea of blood and a mountain of bones . According to Marr , " Phan Dinh Phung 's reply was a classic in savage understatement , utilizing standard formalism in the interest of propaganda , with deft denigration of his opponent " . Phan appealed to Vietnamese nationalist sentiment , recalling his country 's stubborn resistance to Chinese aggression . He cited defensive wars against the Han , Tang , Song , Yuan and Ming dynasties , asking why a country " a thousand times more powerful " could not annex Vietnam . Phan concluded that it was " because the destiny of our country has been willed by Heaven itself " . Phan placed the responsibility for the suffering of the people at the feet of the French , who " acted like a storm " . After analysing his own actions , Phan concluded with a thinly veiled attack on Khai and his collaborators . If our region has suffered to such an extent , it was not only from the misfortunes of war . You must realise that wherever the French go , there flock around them groups of petty men who offer plans and tricks to gain the enemy 's confidence . These persons create every kind of enmity ; they incriminate innocent persons , blaming one one day , punishing another the next . They use every expedient to squeeze the people out of their possessions . That is how hundred of misdeeds , thousands of offenses have been perpetrated . Khai 's appeal was rebutted with an appeal to history , nationalist sentiment and a demand that the blame for death and destruction lay with the colonial forces and their Vietnamese assistants . Phan raised the stakes above family and village to the entire nation and its populace . With Phan 's rebuke in his hands , Khai translated both documents into French and presented them to de Lanessan , proposing that it was time for the final " destruction of this scholar gentry rebellion " . In July 1895 , French area commanders called in 3 @,@ 000 troops to tighten the cordon around the three remaining rebel bases . The insurgents were able to execute ambushes at night , but Phan contracted dysentery and had to be carried on a stretcher whenever his unit moved . A collaborator mandarin named Nguyen Than , who had previous experience in pacification in Quảng Ngãi and Quảng Nam , was drafted in to isolate the insurgents from their supporters in the villages . Cut off from their supplies , the insurgents were left to survive by eating roots and occasional handfuls of dried corn . Their shoes were worn through and most were without blankets . Phan died of dysentery on January 21 , 1896 , and his captured followers were executed . A report submitted by the de Lanessan to the Minister of Colonies in Paris stated that " the soul of resistance to the protectorate was gone " . = = Legacy = = Phan 's remains were disturbed after his death . Ngô Đình Khả , a Catholic mandarin and father of Ngo Dinh Diem — the first President of South Vietnam — was a member of the French colonial administration . Kha had Phan 's tomb exhumed and used the remains in gunpowder used for executing revolutionaries . Phan is widely regarded by Vietnamese people as a revolutionary hero . Phan Bội Châu , regarded as the leading Vietnamese anti @-@ colonial figure of the early 20th century , strongly praised Phan in his writing , with particular emphasis on his defiance of Khai . During Phan Boi Chau 's career as a teacher , he strongly emphasised Phan 's deeds to his students . In 1941 , after returning to Vietnam after decades in exile , the Marxist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh , then using the name Nguyen Ai Quoc ( Nguyen the Patriot ) , invoked the memory of Phan in appealing to the public for support for his independence movement . Like Phan , Ho was a native of Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh . In the 1940s , Ho 's Vietminh named their self @-@ produced style of grenades in honour of Phan . Since then , Ho 's communists have portrayed themselves as the modern day incarnations of revered nationalist leaders such as Phan , Trương Định and Emperors Lê Lợi and Quang Trung , who expelled Chinese forces from Vietnam . Both North and South Vietnam had prominent thoroughfares in their capital cities ( Hanoi and Saigon , respectively ) named in Phan 's honour . = French battleship Liberté = Liberté was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the French Navy , and the lead ship of her class . She was laid down in November 1902 , launched in April 1905 , and completed in March 1908 , over a year after the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought made ships like Liberté obsolete . After her commissioning , Liberté was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet . She served for only three and a half years ; while moored in Toulon in September 1911 , an explosion of badly degraded propellant charges detonated the forward ammunition magazines . Some 250 officers and men were killed , and the ship was totally destroyed . The wreck remained in the harbor until 1925 , when it was raised and broken up for scrap . = = Design = = Liberté was laid down at the Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire shipyard in November 1902 , launched on 19 April 1905 , and completed in March 1908 . This was over a year after the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought , which rendered the pre @-@ dreadnoughts like Liberté outdated before they were completed . The ship was 133 @.@ 81 meters ( 439 ft 0 in ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 24 @.@ 26 m ( 79 ft 7 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 8 @.@ 41 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) . She displaced up to 14 @,@ 860 metric tons ( 14 @,@ 630 long tons ; 16 @,@ 380 short tons ) at full load . She had a crew of between 739 and 769 officers and enlisted men . The battleship was powered by three vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines with twenty @-@ two Belleville boilers . They were rated at 18 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 1 @,@ 800 t ( 1 @,@ 800 long tons ; 2 @,@ 000 short tons ) . Liberté 's main battery consisted of four Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 / 96 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of ten Canon de 194 mm Modèle 1902 guns ; six were mounted in single turrets , and four in casemates in the hull . She also carried thirteen 9 @-@ pounder guns and ten 3 @-@ pounders . The ship was also armed with two 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . The ship 's main belt was 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 350 mm ( 13 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower had 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides . = = Service history = = After commissioning , Liberté was assigned to the Active Squadron of the French Mediterranean Fleet . In September 1909 , Liberté , Justice , and Vérité visited the United States for the Hudson @-@ Fulton Celebration . The three battleships , commanded by Admiral Jules le Pord , were the first foreign contingent to arrive . On 25 September 1911 , as Liberté was moored in Toulon harbor , an accidental explosion in one of her forward ammunition magazines for the secondary guns destroyed the ship . After the initial explosion of propellant charges , the ship 's commander , Captain Louis Jaurès , tried to organize damage control teams at the stern . He sent a party forward to flood the magazines to prevent an explosion in the main magazines , but the flooding valves were located under the magazines , and the path was blocked by fires and smoke . After two failed attempts to reach the valves , the men returned to the captain , who ordered them to try again ; they were killed when the main magazines exploded shortly thereafter . The explosion hurled a 37 @-@ metric @-@ ton ( 36 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 41 @-@ short @-@ ton ) chunk of armor plate from the ship into the battleship République moored some 210 m ( 690 ft ) away , which caused significant damage . The French Navy had earlier suffered a series of fatal accidents in Toulon , beginning with an explosion aboard a torpedo boat in February 1907 , in which nine men were killed . The following month , the battleship Iéna blew up , killing 107 men . An explosion aboard a gunnery training ship killed six in August 1908 , and an explosion on a cruiser killed 13 . Six more men were killed aboard the cruiser Gloire a year later , on 10 September 1911 . The explosion aboard Liberté killed some 250 officers and men . The culprit was unstable Poudre B , a nitrocellulose @-@ based propellant that was also responsible for the destruction of Iéna , and possibly the other explosions as well . The wreck remained in Toulon until 1925 , when she was raised and broken up for scrap . After the accidental explosion , the high number of victims justified state funerals with president Armand Fallières , which occurred on the following 3 October . The tragedy also raised an emotional wave of solidarity throughout France , with even small villages sending their financial support to help the families of the victims . Captain Jaurès was exonerated of responsibility for the disaster by a subsequent naval board of enquiry . He did not however hold a further sea @-@ going command . = Ohio State Route 666 = State Route 666 ( SR 666 ) is a 14 @.@ 17 @-@ mile ( 22 @.@ 80 km ) state route that runs between Zanesville and Dresden in the US state of Ohio . Most of the route is a rural two @-@ lane highway and passes through both woodland and farmland . For much of its path , SR 666 runs generally parallel to the east of the Muskingum River . The highway was first signed in 1937 on the same alignment as today . The whole highway was paved by 1955 . = = Route description = = SR 666 begins at a traffic signal with SR 60 and SR 146 , on the northeast side of Zanesville . The route heads east as a two @-@ lane highway , before curving northeast . While passing through Zanesville the route passes woodland , with some commercial businesses . The highway makes a sharp curve due west , before another sharp curve northeast . After the second curve the route leaves Zanesville , running parallel to the Muskingum River and an Ohio Central Railroad track . The road makes a sharp curve northwest and passes under the Ohio Central Railroad track . After passing under the railroad track the route curves north @-@ northeast and the railroad track curves due east . The roadway passes through the Zanesville State Forest Nursery , followed by a curve northwest , passing through the state forest nursery again . After leaving the state forest nursery , the highway passes through farmland heading due north . The route curves northeast passing through the state forest nursery for the last time and the highway has an intersection with County Road 40 ( CR 40 ) , in rural Jefferson Township . Following this intersection , SR 666 turns due west , before curving towards the north . This section of roadway passes mostly through farmland , with wooded areas when the route is close to the river . SR 666 ends at an intersection with SR 208 near Dresden , on the east bank of the Muskingum River . SR 666 is not part of the National Highway System , a system of routes important to the nation 's economy , mobility and defense . The highway is maintained by the Ohio Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) . ODOT 's 2010 annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) calculations showed that the lowest traffic levels were present on the section that is at the intersection with Washington Township Road 112 ( Bateman Road ) , where only 510 vehicles used the highway daily ; the peak traffic volume was 5 @,@ 340 vehicles AADT along a section of SR 666 near its southern terminus . = = History = = SR 666 was established in 1937 along the same alignment between Zanesville and near Dresden within Muskingum County that it utilizes today . Between 1953 and 1955 the highway was paved . The highway has not experienced any major changes to its routing since 1955 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Muskingum County . = Aubrey Huff = Aubrey Lewis Huff III ( born December 20 , 1976 ) is an American former professional baseball player . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays , Houston Astros , Baltimore Orioles , Detroit Tigers , and San Francisco Giants . Huff is 6 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) tall and weighs 225 pounds ( 102 kg ) . He batted left @-@ handed but threw right @-@ handed . Huff attended Vernon College and the University of Miami , where he finished his career second in school batting average . He was drafted by the Devil Rays in the sixth round in 1998 . After a couple years in the minor leagues , he debuted with the Devil Rays in 2000 . His first full season in the majors came in 2001 . In 2002 , he finished tenth in the American League ( AL ) in batting average . He set a career high in 2003 with 34 home runs and batted .311 with 107 runs batted in ( RBI ) . Next season , he batted .297 with 24 home runs and 104 RBI . In 2005 , he was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career , but he batted .261 with 22 home runs and 92 RBI . During the 2006 season , he was traded to the Astros . In 2007 , Huff signed a three @-@ year contract with the Orioles . He hit 15 home runs his first season with the Orioles , his lowest total since 2001 . In 2008 , he won the Silver Slugger Award for the designated hitter position after batting .304 with 32 home runs and a career @-@ high 108 RBI . During the 2009 season , he was traded to the Tigers . He became a free agent after the season and signed a one @-@ year deal with the Giants . He batted .290 with 26 home runs in 2010 , reached the playoffs for the first time , and won his first World Series . He signed a two @-@ year deal with the Giants in 2011 and hit 12 home runs , his lowest total since 2001 . In 2012 , he was used mostly as a pinch hitter and appeared in a career @-@ low 52 games but won his second World Series with the Giants . On January 4 , 2014 , Huff officially announced his retirement from baseball and took a position as a baseball color commentator , but in 2015 , he announced coming out of retirement at age 38 . = = Early life = = Although he was born in Marion , Ohio , Huff grew up in Mineral Wells , Texas . When he was six years old , his father , Aubrey II , was killed as an innocent bystander in a domestic dispute while working as an electrician . That left Huff 's mother Fonda in charge of raising him and his sister Angela . Growing up , Huff regularly practiced baseball in his yard , which had a batting cage with lights and a pitching machine . He said , " [ My mother bought ] it more to keep me out of trouble . " He grew up rooting for the Texas Rangers and frequently attended their games . One of his favorite players was Nolan Ryan . Huff initially attended Mineral Wells High School but then transferred to Brewer High School when his family moved to Fort Worth . Although he was selected to the All @-@ District baseball team in high school , he was better known as a basketball player . He graduated in 1995 . = = = College career = = = Huff attended Vernon College for two years and was named the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of its baseball team in 1996 . Huff transferred to the University of Miami for his final two years of college baseball . As a junior , he tied team single @-@ game records for runs in a game ( five against Harvard University on March 28 ) and most doubles in a game ( four on May 16 against Georgia Tech ) . As a senior , Huff hit for a .412 batting average , the fourth highest single @-@ season average in school history . His .768 slugging percentage is the second highest in school history . He also hit 21 home runs ( fifth in school history ) and a school record of 95 runs batted in ( RBI ) . Baseball America , The Sporting News and the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association named him a first @-@ team All @-@ American . Huff finished his college career with a .400 batting average ( second in school history ) and a .719 slugging percentage ( third in school history ) . In 2009 , he was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame . = = Minor league career = = Huff was the Tampa Bay Devil Rays ' fifth @-@ round selection in the 1998 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) draft . He spent 1998 with the Charleston RiverDogs of the single @-@ A South Atlantic League , where he batted .321 with 85 hits , 19 doubles , 13 home runs , and 54 RBI in 69 games . In 1999 , Huff played for the Orlando Rays of the double @-@ A Southern League and was named a Southern League postseason All @-@ Star . In 133 games with the Rays ( tied with three players for fourth in the league behind Brady Clark 's 138 , Brent Abernathy 's 136 , and Kurt Airoso 's 134 ) , Huff batted .301 ( eighth ) with 148 hits ( fourth , behind Abernathy 's 168 , Clark 's 165 , and Tim Giles 's 157 ) , 40 doubles ( third , behind Scott Vieira 's 44 and Abernathy 's 42 ) , 22 home runs ( tied with John Curl for second behind Javier Cardona 's 26 ) , and 78 RBI ( tied with Bry Nelson for ninth in the league ) . Huff began 2000 with the Durham Bulls of the triple @-@ A International League . In 108 games , he batted .316 ( fifth ) with 129 hits , 36 doubles ( fourth , behind Clark 's 41 , Ryan Jackson 's 38 , and José Fernández 's 37 ) , 20 home runs , and 76 RBI . He was named the International League Rookie of the Year and was named to the postseason All @-@ Star team . = = Major league career = = = = = Tampa Bay Devil Rays = = = = = = = 2000 = = = = Huff was called up by the Devil Rays at the beginning of August to be the starting third baseman after Vinny Castilla suffered an injury . He had an RBI in his debut on August 2 , a 5 – 3 loss to the Cleveland Indians . Two days later , he got his first career hit against José Mercedes in a 10 – 9 loss to the Baltimore Orioles . On August 10 , he had a season @-@ high three RBI by hitting his first career home run , a game @-@ winning three @-@ run hit against Jason Ryan in a 10 – 4 victory over the Minnesota Twins . In 39 games , Huff hit .287 with 35 hits , seven doubles , four home runs , and 14 RBI . = = = = 2001 = = = = Huff began the 2001 season with Durham but was called up on April 13 when Ariel Prieto was sent to the minors . He became the starting third baseman on May 11 when Castilla was released . On June 29 , he had three RBI in a 7 – 5 loss to the New York Yankees . Huff was moved from third base to first base on August 6 following an injury to Steve Cox . After batting .243 with 6 home runs and 33 RBI in his first 92 games , he was optioned to Durham on August 23 when Cox came off the disabled list ( DL ) . In September , he was called up to replace Greg Vaughn as the Devil Rays ' designated hitter ( DH ) . On September 19 , he had three hits and five RBI , including a game @-@ winning single against David Cone , in a 12 – 2 victory over the Boston Red Sox . He finished the season batting .248 with 102 hits , 25 doubles , eight home runs , and 45 RBI in 111 games . In 17 games at Durham , he batted .288 with 19 hits , six doubles , three home runs , and 10 RBI . = = = = 2002 = = = = Huff missed the first month of 2002 with a broken cheekbone and began the season in the minor leagues before getting called up on May 28 to replace the struggling Jason Tyner on the roster . He started for the rest of the season as a first baseman , a third baseman , or a DH . On June 9 , he hit a three @-@ run home run against Bobby Jones in a 9 – 6 loss to the San Diego Padres . He hit a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run against Félix Heredia on June 26 in a 4 – 2 victory over the Toronto Blue Jays . On July 19 , he had four hits , including a home run against Esteban Loaiza , and three RBI in an 11 – 8 loss to the Blue Jays . On August 5 , his three @-@ run home run against Jon Garland accounted for all of the Devil Rays ' scoring in a 4 – 3 loss to the Chicago White Sox . On August 18 , he had three hits and three RBI , including a home run against Jeff Suppan , as the Devil Rays defeated the Kansas City Royals 8 – 6 . He had a 17 @-@ game hitting streak from August 23 to September 10 , the second @-@ longest streak in franchise history at the time ( behind Quinton McCracken 's 18 @-@ game streak in 1998 ) and as of 2012 the third @-@ longest ( behind Jason Bartlett 's 19 @-@ game streak in 2009 ) . In 113 games , Huff finished tenth in the American League ( AL ) with a .313 batting average and had 142 hits , 25 doubles , 23 home runs , and 59 RBI . He led the Devil Rays in home runs , marking the first time a player led his team in home runs after starting the season in the minors since 1996 , when Tony Clark led the Detroit Tigers . In 32 games with Durham , he batted .325 with 41 hits , nine doubles , three home runs , and 20 RBI . = = = = 2003 = = = = On April 26 , 2003 , Huff had four hits in a 10 – 7 victory over the Baltimore Orioles . After playing mostly first and third base in April , he took over from George Lombard as the Devil Rays ' right fielder for the remainder of the season on April 29 . On May 3 , he had the first multihomer game of his career by hitting two two @-@ run home runs against Adam Bernero in an 8 – 6 victory over the Tigers . He had four hits on June 4 in a 5 – 2 victory over the Chicago Cubs . In the first game of a doubleheader on June 17 , Huff had four RBI in an 11 – 2 victory over the Yankees . On July 2 , he had all four Devil Rays ' RBI and hit a three @-@ run home run against Pedro Martínez in a 5 – 4 loss to the Red Sox . On September 3 , he hit a three @-@ run home run against Freddy García and had four RBI in a 7 – 0 victory over the Seattle Mariners . On September 6 , he stole home plate in a 7 – 4 victory over the Oakland Athletics . On September 23 , he had four hits and hit a home run against Josh Towers in an 8 – 5 loss to the Blue Jays . In 162 games ( tied for second in the AL with Miguel Tejada behind Hideki Matsui 's 163 ) , he batted .311 ( ninth ) with 47 doubles ( third behind Garret Anderson 's and Vernon Wells 's 49 ) , 34 home runs ( ninth ) , and 107 RBI ( tied for eighth with Jason Giambi ) . Huff 's single @-@ season totals in hits , doubles , home runs , and RBI have been matched by eleven players in major league history as of 2012 . He was tied for 24th in AL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) voting along with Esteban Loaiza and Jason Varitek . Defensively , he tied with Tim Salmon for the lead in errors by AL right fielders with six . = = = = 2004 = = = = In 2004 , Huff spent most of the season playing third base . On May 12 , he had five RBI , including a three @-@ run home run against Chan Ho Park , in a 9 – 8 victory over the Texas Rangers . On May 28 , he had four hits , three runs scored , and two RBI including a home run against Javier Vázquez in a 7 – 5 victory over the Yankees . Two days later , he hit two home runs against Jon Lieber and had three hits and RBI in a 7 – 6 victory over the Yankees . Four days later , he hit a game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run against Johan Santana in a 5 – 2 victory over the Twins . On June 15 , he hit a game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run against Brian Lawrence in a 5 – 2 victory over the San Diego Padres . On July 2 , he had three RBI and hit a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run against Carl Pavano in a 4 – 2 victory over the Florida Marlins . He saw a streak of 398 consecutive games played snapped on August 22 when he was forced to miss a game with a minor back injury . He told reporters afterwards , " You guys care more about the streak than I do . " On August 27 , he had four hits in an 8 – 7 loss to the Athletics . Four days later , he had three hits , two home runs , and four RBI in a 12 @-@ inning , 10 – 6 loss to the Orioles . He had four hits on September 23 in a 7 – 3 loss to the Yankees . Huff finished the season batting .297 with 178 hits , 27 doubles , 29 home runs , and 104 RBI in 157 games . His average , home runs , and RBI were the highest totals among Devil Rays ' players . = = = = 2005 = = = = In 2005 , Huff spent most of the year in right field . On April 18 , Huff had four RBI and hit the 100th home run of his career , a three @-@ run shot against Jaret Wright in a 19 – 8 loss to the Yankees . He had three hits and four RBI , including a game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run against Aaron Sele , on June 3 in a 6 – 1 victory over the Mariners . After hitting 5 home runs in the first three months , Huff hit 17 home runs through the rest of the season . On July 22 , he hit the first grand slam of his career , a game @-@ winning home run against Bruce Chen in a 7 – 5 victory over the Orioles . Three days later , he had a walk @-@ off double against Curt Schilling in a 10 @-@ inning , 4 – 3 victory over the Red Sox . The next day , he hit a grand slam against Chad Bradford in a 10 – 8 loss to the Red Sox . Three days later , he had two hits and four RBI , including a three @-@ run home run against D. J. Carrasco in a 6 – 3 victory over the Royals . He was named the AL Player of the Week from July 25 to 31 after he batted .409 with two home runs and 10 RBI . On August 28 , Huff drove in all the runs for the Devil Rays with a two @-@ run home run against Jarrod Washburn in a 2 – 1 victory over the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . On September 30 , he had two hits and hit a three @-@ run home run against John Maine in a 7 – 6 loss to the Orioles . In 148 games , Huff batted .261 with 150 hits , 26 doubles , 22 home runs , and 92 RBI . = = = = 2006 = = = = For 2006 , Huff was moved back to third base . He was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career on April 12 with a sprained left knee suffered in a collision with Nick Green the day before . On May 4 , he was activated from the DL . On May 19 , he hit his first career walk @-@ off home run against Yusmeiro Petit in a 10 @-@ inning , 5 – 4 win over the Marlins . He had three hits and three RBI on June 22 , including a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run against Édgar González in a 4 – 1 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . On July 9 , he hit a three @-@ run home run against Kris Wilson in a 6 – 5 victory over the Yankees . Through July 9 , Huff batted .283 with 65 hits , 15 doubles , 8 home runs , and 28 RBI in 63 games . = = = Houston Astros = = = On July 12 , 2006 , the Houston Astros acquired Huff from Tampa Bay for minor leaguers Mitch Talbot and Ben Zobrist . Huff was used at third base for the Astros until August 1 , when he was moved to right field following regular third baseman Morgan Ensberg 's return from the DL . In his debut with the Astros on July 13 , the first game after the All @-@ Star break , Huff had two hits , including a three @-@ run home run against Randy Messenger in a 5 – 1 victory over the Marlins . On August 9 , he had three hits , two home runs , and six RBI in a 14 – 1 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . He hit a game @-@ winning home run against José Capellán on September 8 in a 4 – 3 victory over the Milwaukee Brewers . In 68 games with Houston , Huff batted .250 with 56 hits , 10 doubles , 13 home runs , and 38 RBI . He combined to bat .267 with 121 hits , 25 doubles , 21 home runs , and 66 RBI in 131 games in 2006 . On October 31 , he filed for free agency . = = = Baltimore Orioles = = = = = = = 2007 = = = = On January 3 , 2007 , Huff officially signed a 3 @-@ year $ 20 million contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He began the year getting most of the starts at first base , but in mid @-@ May he became the Orioles regular DH as Kevin Millar was moved to first base . On May 9 , he hit a walk @-@ off home run against Brian Stokes to account for the game 's only scoring in a 10 @-@ inning , 1 – 0 win over Tampa Bay . In a 9 – 7 loss to the Angels on June 29 , he hit for the cycle and got his 1000th hit and 200th double ( both against Kelvim Escobar ) . He is one of four Orioles to hit for the cycle ( along with Brooks Robinson , Cal Ripken , Jr . , and Félix Pie ) and the first player to do so at Oriole Park at Camden Yards . On August 3 , his three @-@ run home run against James Shields accounted for all the Orioles ' runs in a 3 – 1 victory over Tampa Bay . On August 14 , Huff had two hits and five RBI , including a grand slam against Jeff Karstens in a 12 – 0 victory over the Yankees . He had four hits on September 15 in an 8 – 3 loss to the Blue Jays . In 151 games , Huff batted .280 with 154 hits , 34 doubles , 15 home runs , and 72 RBI . = = = = 2008 = = = = Before the 2008 season , Huff switched his uniform number from 19 to 17 in honor of his former teammate Joe Kennedy , who died during the offseason . He angered fans in the offseason when he called Baltimore a " horse---- " town when compared to Tampa , but he regained fan support by the end of the year by posting one of his best seasons . He was the Orioles ' designated hitter for most of the season , although he was moved to third base at the end of August following an injury to Melvin Mora . On April 2 , he hit a two @-@ run home run against Matt Garza and a game @-@ winning two @-@ run double against Al Reyes in a 9 – 6 victory over Tampa Bay . On April 8 , he had four hits and four RBI in an 8 – 1 victory over the Rangers . On July 3 , he had three hits , three RBI , and two home runs against Kyle Davies in a 10 – 7 loss to the Royals . He was named AL Player of the Week from June 30 to July 6 after hitting .345 with three home runs and nine RBIs . On August 27 , he had three hits and three RBI , including a two @-@ run home run against Lance Broadway in an 11 – 3 victory over the White Sox . Two days later , he had two hits , including a three @-@ run home run against Andy Sonnanstine in a 10 – 9 loss to Tampa Bay . He was named the Player of the Week again from August 25 – 31 after batting .478 with two home runs and seven RBI . He hit a grand slam against Juan Rincón on September 8 in a 14 – 3 victory over Cleveland . In 154 games , Huff batted .304 with 182 hits ( tied with Nick Markakis for 10th in the league ) , 48 doubles ( tied with Markakis for third in the league behind Dustin Pedroia 's 54 and Brian Roberts 's 51 ) , 33 home runs ( tied for eighth with Jason Giambi and Josh Hamilton ) , and 108 RBI ( sixth ) . He finished 16th in AL MVP voting and was named " Most Valuable Oriole " by Baltimore sportswriters . He won the Silver Slugger Award for DH and the Edgar Martínez Award , becoming the first Oriole to win the award since Tommy Davis in 1974 . = = = = 2009 = = = = Huff moved to first base in 2009 following the departure of Millar . On April 13 , he had four hits and three RBI in a 10 – 9 victory over Texas . On April 21 , he hit two home runs and had four RBI in a 10 – 3 victory over the White Sox . He hit a game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run against Phil Hughes on May 9 in a 12 – 5 victory over the Yankees . The next day , he hit a three @-@ run home run against Joba Chamberlain in a 5 – 3 loss to the Yankees . On June 17 , he had three RBI , including a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run against Pedro Feliciano in a 6 – 4 victory over the New York Mets . Through August 17 , Huff batted .253 with 109 hits , 24 doubles , 13 home runs , and 72 RBI in 110 games . = = = Detroit Tigers = = = On August 17 , 2009 , Huff cleared waivers and was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for pitching prospect Brett Jacobson . He began his time with the Tigers as the team 's DH , but in September he only played against right @-@ handed pitchers as Marcus Thames began playing against left @-@ handed pitchers . He hit his first career pinch @-@ hit home run against Jason Frasor on September 14 , a game @-@ tying three @-@ run hit in a 10 @-@ inning , 6 – 5 victory over Toronto . In 40 games with the Tigers , Huff batted .189 with 20 hits , six doubles , two home runs , and 13 RBI . His season totals were a .241 batting average , 129 hits , 30 doubles , 15 home runs , and 85 RBI in 150 games . Following the season , Huff filed for free agency . = = = San Francisco Giants = = = = = = = 2010 = = = = On January 13 , 2010 , Huff signed a one @-@ year , $ 3 million contract with the San Francisco Giants . He spent most of the season playing first base for the Giants , although he played left field and right field when Buster Posey played first base from May 29 – June 30 and Travis Ishikawa made most of the starts at first base from July 3 – August 14 . On April 14 , Huff hit his first career inside @-@ the @-@ park home run ( his first home run with the Giants ) , a game @-@ winning hit against Charlie Morton in a 6 – 0 victory over the Pirates . On June 4 , he hit a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run against Zach Duke in a 6 – 4 victory over Pittsburgh . He hit two two @-@ run home runs on June 13 , including a game @-@ winning home run against Vin Mazzaro in a 6 – 2 victory over Oakland . On July 8 , he had four RBI and a two @-@ run home run against Manny Parra in a 9 – 3 victory over the Milwaukee Brewers . He hit a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run against Blake Hawksworth on August 20 in a 6 – 3 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals . On August 28 , he got his 1,500th career hit against Alex Sanabia in a 10 @-@ inning , 10 – 9 victory over the Marlins . In 157 games , Huff batted .290 with 165 hits , 35 doubles , 26 home runs , and 86 RBI while scoring 100 runs ( tied for seventh in the league with Brandon Phillips , Martín Prado , and Dan Uggla ) for the first time in his career . Huff finished seventh in the voting for the NL MVP award . Huff , in the 11th year of his career , reached the playoffs for the first time as the Giants won the NL West . In Game 4 of the NL Division Series ( NLDS ) against the Atlanta Braves , he had a ninth @-@ inning , two @-@ out , game @-@ tying RBI single against Mike Dunn in a 3 – 2 Giants ' victory . He batted .267 with four hits and one RBI in the series as the Giants defeated the Braves in four games . In Game 4 of the NL Championship Series ( NLCS ) against the Philadelphia Phillies , on October 20 , he had three hits , two runs scored , and an RBI in a 6 – 5 Giants ' victory . He batted .250 with six hits and three RBI in the series as the Giants defeated the Phillies in six games . In Game 1 of the World Series against the Texas Rangers , on October 27 , he had three hits and an RBI in an 11 – 7 Giants ' victory . In Game 4 of the series on October 31 , he hit a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run against Tommy Hunter in a 4 – 0 Giants ' victory . He batted .294 with five hits , a home run , and four RBI in the series , winning his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Rangers in five games to win their first World Series in 56 years . = = = = 2011 = = = = Huff filed for free agency after the 2010 season , but on November 23 , 2010 , he re @-@ signed a $ 22 million contract with the Giants for two years with a club option for 2013 . Coming off the team 's 2010 World Series success and his new contract , Huff arrived at 2011 spring training out of shape . He began 2011 in right field due to an injury to Cody Ross , but he returned to first base when Ross was activated from the disabled list on April 20 . He drew a pinch @-@ hit , game @-@ winning , bases loaded walk on April 30 against John Lannan in a 2 – 1 victory over the Washington Nationals . Three days later , he hit a game @-@ winning home run against Taylor Buchholz in a 10 @-@ inning , 7 – 6 victory over the New York Mets . He had a walk @-@ off RBI single against Brian Fuentes on May 20 in a 10 @-@ inning , 2 – 1 victory over Oakland . On June 2 , his wife 's birthday , Huff hit three home runs and drove in a career @-@ high six runs in the Giants ' 12 – 7 win over the St. Louis Cardinals . He said after the game , " [ My wife ] wanted me to hit her a homer . I hit three . Brownie points . " Those home runs accounted for a quarter of his season total , as his overall production dropped from the previous season . Compared to 2010 , his batting average dropped 44 points , his homers fell from 26 to 12 , and his walks went from 83 to 47 as he grew impatient . His On @-@ base plus slugging ( OPS ) dropped 215 points to .676 , last among Major League first baseman in 2011 . Giants ' manager Bruce Bochy said , " [ Huff 's ] struggles helped cause our struggles " ; the Giants failed to return to the playoffs in 2011 . = = = = 2012 = = = = In 2012 spring training , Huff competed with Brandon Belt and Brett Pill for the Giants ' first base job . Belt won the job , and Huff opened the season as the Giants ' left fielder . He had two hits and three RBI on April 13 , including a two @-@ run home run against Joel Hanrahan in a 5 – 0 victory over Pittsburgh . On April 21 , because the Giants did not have any infielders available , Huff was positioned at second base for the first time in his career in the ninth inning of a tied game against the Mets . He failed to cover second base in a potential double play situation , and the Mets went on to win the first game of the doubleheader 5 – 4 . After the game , on April 25 , Huff was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list with anxiety issues . He returned from the DL on May 7 but was used mainly as a pinch hitter for the rest of the season . On June 15 , he was placed on the DL with a sprained right knee which he suffered jumping over a dugout railing to celebrate Matt Cain 's perfect game . He returned from the DL on July 28 but was placed on it four days later with right knee tendinitis which kept him out until August 31 . In 52 games , Huff batted .192 with 15 hits , four doubles , one home run , and seven RBI . In the playoffs , Huff was used exclusively as a pinch hitter . In 10 games , he had one hit in nine at @-@ bats but won his second career World Series as the Giants swept the Tigers in four games . On November 1 , Huff 's $ 10 million club option was declined , making him a free agent . He instead earned a $ 2 million buyout . = = Legacy = = Huff ranks among the top ten in several career and single @-@ season records in the history of the Tampa Bay Rays ( Devil Rays from 1998 – 2007 ) as of 2012 . Through 2012 , he ranks third behind Carl Crawford and B. J. Upton in games played ( 799 ) , at bats ( 3 @,@ 028 ) , plate appearances ( 3 @,@ 322 ) , hits ( 870 ) , and doubles ( 172 ) . His .287 batting average ranks fourth ( behind Crawford 's .296 , Fred McGriff 's .291 , and Jason Bartlett 's .288 ) , his 128 home runs rank second ( behind Carlos Peña 's 161 ) , his 449 RBI rank third ( behind Crawford 's 592 and Peña 's 458 ) , and his 400 runs scored rank fifth . He and Delmon Young are the only Devil Rays to appear in 162 games in a season . He holds Devil Rays ' record for hits in a season and doubles in a season , both set in 2003 . His batting averages in 2002 and 2003 rank sixth and seventh , respectively ; his home run totals in 2003 and 2004 are tied for third ( with Jose Canseco 's 1999 total behind two of Peña 's totals ) and ninth , respectively ; and his RBI totals in 2003 and 2004 are fourth and tied for sixth ( with Evan Longoria 's 2010 total and McGriff 's 1999 total ) , respectively . Through the 2012 season , Huff had hit 242 career home runs , tying him for 217th all @-@ time with Dusty Baker , Sal Bando , Wally Berger , Roy Campanella , and J. D. Drew . In addition to being used as a designated hitter , he has played at five different positions in his career : first base , third base , left field , right field , and second base . = = Personal life = = On January 27 , 2007 , Huff married Barbara " Baubi " Heaton . The couple has two sons : Jayce ( born September 4 , 2008 ) and Jagger ( born September 15 , 2010 ) . During Huff 's playing days , they resided in Tampa , Florida , in the off @-@ season . Baubi Huff filed for divorce on January 31 , 2012 . Huff 's mother lives in Largo , Florida , where she teaches math . His sister , Angela , is a store manager there . As of 2015 , Huff and his family reside in Carmel Valley , San Diego . Huff has several tattoos . A noted Transformers fan , he has the logos of the Autobots and Decepticons tattooed on his shoulder blades . On his left shoulder , he also has a tattoo of a guitar with his father 's name under it in memory of his father . During the Giants ' 2010 playoff race and postseason , Huff became known for wearing a red " rally thong " , which he joked would help the team win . When he was slumping in 2011 , fans sent him thongs throughout the season in hopes of improving his performance . = = = Post @-@ playing career = = = On January 4 , 2014 , Huff officially announced his retirement from baseball and took a position as a baseball color commentator for the Pac @-@ 12 Network . On March 31 , 2014 , Huff started co @-@ hosting a morning radio show on Bay Area sports radio station 95 @.@ 7 The Game with Chris Townsend and Ric Bucher titled Bucher , Towny and Huff . Huff left the show in August 2014 . Currently , Huff is working on a comeback to baseball and hopes to join a club for MLB Spring training . Huff is an assistant baseball coach at Canyon Crest Academy in San Diego , California . = Azteca horse = The Azteca is a horse breed from Mexico , with a subtype , called the " American Azteca " , found in the United States . They are well @-@ muscled horses that may be of any solid color , and the American Azteca may also have pinto coloration . Aztecas are known to compete in many western riding and some English riding disciplines . The Mexican registry for the original Azteca and the United States registries for the American Azteca have registration rules that vary in several key aspects , including ancestral bloodlines and requirements for physical inspections . The Azteca was first developed in Mexico in 1972 , from a blend of Andalusian , American Quarter Horse and Mexican Criollo bloodlines . From there , they spread to the United States , where American Paint Horse blood was added . = = Breed characteristics = = The three foundation breeds of the Azteca are the Andalusian ( defined by the Mexican registry as either Pura Raza Española or Lusitano ) , American Quarter Horse , and Mexican Criollo or Criollo militar . They were chosen to produce a breed that combined athletic ability with a good temperament and certain physical characteristics . Azteca stallions and geldings measure between 15 and 16 @.@ 1 hands ( 60 and 65 inches , 152 and 165 cm ) at the withers , while mares stand between 14 @.@ 3 and 16 hands ( 59 and 64 inches , 150 and 163 cm ) . The ideal height is 14 @.@ 3 – 15 @.@ 1 hands ( 59 – 61 inches , 150 – 155 cm ) . Both sexes usually weigh from 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 200 pounds ( 450 to 540 kg ) . The facial profile of the breed is straight or convex and the neck slightly arched . Overall , they are well @-@ muscled horses , with broad croup and chest , as well as long , sloping shoulders . Gaits are free and mobile , with natural collection derived from the Andalusian ancestry of the breed . The breed is found in all solid colors , although gray is most often seen . White markings are allowed on the face and lower legs by breed associations . The American Azteca registry also allows non @-@ solid pinto coloration . = = = Registration = = = According to the breed standard of the Mexican registry , Azteca horses cannot have more than 75 percent of their parentage from any one of the foundation breeds ( Andalusian , Quarter Horse and Mexican Criollo ) ; Criollo blood may be no more than 50 % , and only from unregistered mares within Mexico . Horses are classified in one of six registration categories , designated with letters A through F , depending on their parentage . Only certain crosses between the different classes are permitted . In Mexico , Azteca horses must conform to a strict phenotype standard established by the Secretaría de Agricultura , Ganadería , Desarrollo Rural , Pesca y Alimentación ( SAGARPA ) , the Mexican agriculture ministry , which requires inspection of foals at seven months for the issue of a " birth certificate " ; a foal that does not meet the breed standards may be denied registration even if both parents are registered Aztecas approved for breeding . Full registration and approval for breeding are subject to a second and more detailed inspection at age three or more , and granted only to those horses that fully satisfy the requirements of the standard . In the American Azteca registry , horses with American Paint Horse ( APHA ) breeding are also allowed . However , horses with more than 25 percent Thoroughbred blood in their pedigrees ( common in many Paints and Quarter Horses ) within four generations cannot be registered . American Aztecas have four categories of registration based on the relative degree of blood from each foundation breed , seeking an ideal blend of 3 / 8 Quarter Horse and 5 / 8 Andalusian . Unlike their Mexican counterparts , they do not have to go through physical inspections before being registered . = = History = = The Azteca was first bred in 1972 as a horse for charros , the traditional horsemen of Mexico . Antonio Ariza Cañadilla , along with others , was instrumental in the creation of the Azteca horse as the national horse of Mexico and with its official recognition by the Mexican Department of Agriculture on November 4 , 1982 . Ariza used imported Andalusians , crossed with Quarter Horses and Criollos and began to breed the foundation horses of the Azteca breed at Rancho San Antonio near Texcoco , Mexico . Early in the Azteca 's history , breeders realized the need for a unified breeding program in order to produce horses that met the required characteristics . The Azteca Horse Research Center was created at Lake Texcoco , and in partnership with breeders developed the phenotype of the breed today . The first official Azteca was a stallion named Casarejo , who was a cross between an Andalusian stallion named Ocultado and a Quarter Horse mare named Americana . He was foaled at the Centro de Reproduccion Caballar Domecq in 1972 . The Associacion Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca , or Mexican Breeders Association for the Azteca Horse , is the original breed registry and still maintains the international registry . The International Azteca Horse Association and its regional affiliates was formed in 1992 . The majority of Aztecas are found in Mexico , and the Mexican association had registered between 10 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 horses as of 2005 , according to the Texas Department of Agriculture . The Mexican registry adds approximately 1 @,@ 000 horses per year . The Azteca Horse Registry of America was formed in 1989 for registering the US portion of the breed , followed by the Azteca Horse Owners Association in 1996 as an owners association . This registry has slightly different registration and breeding rules , and is not approved by the Mexican government to register Azteca horses . The American registry , now called the American Azteca Horse International Association , allows the use of American Paint horses , which are essentially Quarter Horses with pinto coloration , if they have less than 25 percent Thoroughbred breeding . However , the US registry does not incorporate Criollo bloodlines . The Mexican registry allows only the blood of Quarter Horses , Andalusians and Criollos in its registered Aztecas . = = Uses = = Because of the breeds that make up the Azteca , they are known for their athleticism . They have been seen in competition in western riding events such as reining , cutting , team penning and roping , as well as English riding events such as dressage and other events such as polo and bullfighting . They are also used for pleasure riding . = Gunslinger ( film ) = Gunslinger is a 1956 American western film starring Beverly Garland as Rose Hood , the widow of a slain town marshal who inherits his job . Directed by Roger Corman from a screenplay by Mark Hanna and Charles B. Griffith , the film , shot in colour , also features Allison Hayes as Erica Page , the owner of a saloon , who hires a gunslinger assassin ( John Ireland ) to kill Rose . The film began production in February 1956 , as director Corman wanted to shoot one final film in six days before a change in union contracts meant that actors were limited to working only five days a week . Filming of Gunslinger was marred by several inconveniences ; rain caused the filming location to become muddy , and the two lead actresses were both injured on set . Eventually , Gunslinger was released to mixed reviews , and , in 1993 , was featured in a fifth season episode of the movie @-@ mocking comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 . = = Plot = = After her husband Scott ( William Schallert ) , the marshal of Oracle , Texas , is killed by two assailants , his widow Rose ( Beverly Garland ) is named temporary marshal . That night , Rose asks Erica Page ( Allison Hayes ) to close her saloon at 3 AM in accordance with town regulations , but Erica insists her saloon is open for business 24 hours . The women fight , but eventually Erica , who loses the fight , closes for the night . After Rose exits , Erica tells lackey Jake ( Jonathan Haze ) to hire a killer , which he does , finding a man named Cane Miro ( John Ireland ) . As Cane enters town , Rose shoots at him , mistaking him for a man she has been searching out . She apologizes . Cane tells Rose that he has come to Oracle to see town mayor Gideon Polk ( Martin Kingsley ) . Cane enters Erica 's saloon , where Polk has been telling her that she has overextended herself by buying property along a proposed railroad track . Cane confronts Polk until Erica requests he stop . Erica reveals that Rose is the woman whom she paid Cane to kill ; however , if the proposed railroad track is a success , she admits that Rose may not have to die . Rose follows Cane as he exits town . When he stops to let her catch up , they talk and eventually kiss . Jake watches and reports to Erica , who becomes irate . She demands he kill Rose immediately . Cane reminds her that they cannot change the deal they made . Cane later explains to Rose that Polk had been his commander of an artillery battery at a battle which could have been a victory but that Polk panicked and ran , depressing his men , with those who didn 't desert their positions being decimated , including Cane 's brothers , or captured like Cane himself . Rose makes Cane promise not to harm Polk , but still has Polk placed in protective custody . Cane becomes intoxicated . Erica enters his room , and Jake , who has been spying , sees the two kiss , but leaves before he sees Cane reject Erica . An embarrassed Erica orders Cane to kill Rose no matter what . When she returns to her saloon , Jake slaps her . Jake goes to Rose 's office and tells her everything he knows . Back at the saloon , Jake draws a gun on Cane , who kills him . Rose does not arrest him as Erica claims it was self @-@ defense . After receiving a letter from the Pony Express , informing her that the railroad will not be built , Erica rides into town , intending to have Cane kill Rose . Deputy Joshua Tate ( Chris Alcaide ) is killed when he confronts them . Cane goes after Polk , killing his wife when she shields him . Cane then shoots and kills Polk . Rose enters town and Erica aims at her , but Erica is shot by Cane before she can pull the trigger . Rose and Cane exchange fire . After he is shot , Cane asks if Rose loved him , and she replies that she did . Cane 's wound is fatal , and Rose rides out of Oracle , declaring she will never come back . = = Cast = = Beverly Garland ... Marshal Rose Hood John Ireland ... Cane Miro Allison Hayes ... Erica Page Martin Kingsley ... Mayor Gideon Polk Jonathan Haze ... Jake Hayes Margaret Campbell ... Felicity Polk Bruno VeSota ... Zebelon Tabb Chris Alcaide ... Deputy Joshua Tate Dick Miller ... Jimmy Tonto William Schallert ... Marshal Scott Hood Kermit Maynard ... Barfly = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Gunslinger 's screenplay was written by Mark Hanna and Charles B. Griffith , from an idea by Corman , who proposed a Western film where a sheriff is murdered while on duty , and the sheriff 's widow inherits the job . Griffith was hired when Jonathan Haze showed several of Griffith 's screenplays to Corman , with Corman being impressed enough to hire him . Griffith had written two Westerns for Corman which had not been made . " He took me out to see Three Hours to Kill [ Alfred L. Werker , 1954 ] with Dana Andrews and said to me , ' I want you to do the same picture but with a woman as the sheriff ' , " said Griffith . It was originally known as The Yellow Rose of Texas . = = = Filming = = = Gunslinger began production in February 1956 , as the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees and the film studios renegotiated for a five @-@ day work week instead of six . Director Roger Corman decided to film a low @-@ budget Western in six days before the new contract took effect , with Gene Corman providing half of the financing . Shot at the Jack Ingram Western Movie Ranch in Topanga , California , it rained for five days during the shoot . Corman had to go over schedule , taking seven days instead of six , which he recounted as the only time he had ever done so . The rain made the area muddy , causing trucks , cameras , and lighting equipment to sink . When the crew left the set , Corman did not hire a guard , telling the film 's assistant director that " anyone who 'd come out here , steal the equipment , and carry it through this mud is welcome to get it . " Due to the quick shooting schedule , the rain forced several exterior scenes to be re @-@ written to be shot inside . Other scenes were shot with a large tarp draped over the actors . Due to the fact that the rainfall was audible in the background , Corman used the film 's score and an assortment of sound effects to drown out the noise . The first scene shot was Beverly Garland and John Ireland 's love scene in a tree . The tree was home to a colony of red ants , who crawled all over the actors and repeatedly bit them . Actors were injured several times on set . One day , Allison Hayes ' horse slipped in the mud , causing her to fall off . Hayes broke her arm . While the crew waited for an ambulance to arrive , Corman shot a reel of close @-@ ups of Hayes looking left and right , with the intent of splicing them in to the final cut while using a double to shoot other scenes . When shooting wrapped , the crew all signed Hayes ' orthopedic cast . In another instance , a scene called for Garland to exit the saloon , jump on a horse , and ride out of town . When the scene was shot , Garland jumped over the horse instead of on it , so the scene had to be shot again . During the second take , she twisted her ankle running down the stairs in the saloon , but continued the scene . When Garland returned home , she thought it would feel good to put her ankle in a warm bath and did . She left it there for about an hour , but when she took it out , she found that it had swollen to twice its normal size . When she returned to the set , Corman said , " Well , we have to start shooting . " In order to fit her ankle into her boot , the crew cut the back of it and taped it to her foot . Garland was unable to walk for nearly a week after Gunslinger finished shooting , writing that " I had screwed up my ankle so bad ! " While Corman described the production of Gunslinger as " one of the worst experiences of my life " and Hayes wanted to leave the film during shooting , Garland considered Rose Hood one of her favorite roles , noting that : I think I was the first woman to play a marshal in a movie western . Roger would often cast against type in those days . I could never resist a plum role like a lady marshal in a genre that would never have considered such a gender reversal like that before . However , working with Roger was always an adventure and this film was no exception . = = Release = = = = = Reception = = = Released in October 1956 , Gunslinger has received mixed reviews from critics . The Hollywood Reporter called it " quite a startling Western " and praised the two lead actresses , saying " Miss Garland and Hayes are good as the feuding ladies from different sides of the tracks . " Variety wrote that " with such a twist to the conventional western plot , this Roger Corman production should get its share of playing time attention in the program market . " VideoHound 's Golden Movie Retriever praised Gunslinger for being a " unique western with a surprise ending . " In The Encyclopedia of Western Movies , Gunslinger was praised for exploring the potential of a woman gunfighter , and that it was " the most assured of Corman 's quartet of Westerns . " In his book Western Movies : A Guide to 5 @,@ 105 Feature Films , Michael R. Pitts said that it was an " early six day Roger Corman cheapie that is rather appealing . " Adversely , Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Verdict , gave Gunslinger a negative review , writing , " Roger Corman was responsible for a lot of smoldering cinematic cowflops over the course of his economically sound career , but Gunslinger has got to be one of the most overripe and ridiculous . " While he stated that " Beverly Garland , who plays our dispassionate Rose , and John Ireland , as the cool and callous Cane Myro , are decent enough , " he wrote that " there isn 't much to recommend in this movie , " saying that " there 's too much unresolved intrigue , too many easy answers to rotten questions , to make heads or tails of what is supposed to matter . " TV Guide gave Gunslinger two stars , and said that " it 's a strange little Corman film , made before he went wholeheartedly for horror films , and this too has a semi @-@ sense of the strange . " Film reviewer Leonard Maltin gave Gunslinger one star and a half . = = = Home video = = = Gunslinger was released on DVD by Optimum Home Entertainment on September 15 , 2008 , as part of Roger Corman : The Collection , which included five other Corman @-@ directed films : Five Guns West , The Haunted Palace , The Premature Burial , The Masque of Red Death and Wild Angels . The Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode featuring Gunslinger has been released twice : once as part of Rhino Home Video 's Mystery Science Theater 3000 Collection , Volume 6 which included three other episodes from the series , and once by Shout ! Factory as a standalone disc . = = In popular culture = = Gunslinger was featured in a fifth season episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 , a comedy television series . The show features a human and his robot creations watching bad films while providing a running commentary which mocks it . Gunslinger was the eleventh episode of the fifth season , which was broadcast on Comedy Central on October 9 , 1993 . Gunslinger was the penultimate episode for series creator and host Joel Hodgson , who left the show at the end of the next episode , Mitchell . Actor and writer Kevin Murphy , who provides the voice and puppetry of Tom Servo in the series , spoke disparagingly about the film in the book Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Amazing Colossal Episode Guide , writing , " One of my darkest fears is that I 'll one day make my own film , my story , my direction , my own crystalline vision of something so universal , it must needs be shared with the world on the silver screen . And I make the movie , and it turns out like Gunslinger , or any other Corman film — turgid , insipid , clichéd , confusing , every opportunity for artistic expression intentionally ignored . " = White Night riots = The White Night riots were a series of violent events sparked by an announcement of the lenient sentencing of Dan White for the assassinations of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and of Harvey Milk , a member of the city 's Board of Supervisors who was among the first openly gay elected officials in the United States . The events took place on the night of May 21 , 1979 ( the night before what would have been Milk 's 49th birthday ) in San Francisco . Earlier that day , White had been convicted of voluntary manslaughter , the lightest possible conviction for his actions . That White was not convicted of first @-@ degree murder ( of which he was originally charged ) had so outraged the city 's gay community that it set off the most violent reaction by gay Americans since the 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City ( which is credited as the beginning of the modern gay rights movement in the United States ) . The gay community of San Francisco had a longstanding conflict with the San Francisco Police Department . White 's status as a former police officer intensified the community 's anger at the SFPD . Initial demonstrations took place as a peaceful march through the Castro district of San Francisco . After the crowd arrived at the San Francisco City Hall , violence began . The events caused hundreds of thousands of dollars ' worth of property damage to City Hall and the surrounding area , as well as injuries to police officers and rioters . Several hours after the riot had been broken up , police made a retaliatory raid on a gay bar in San Francisco 's Castro District . Many patrons were beaten by police in riot gear . Two dozen arrests were made during the course of the raid , and several people later sued the SFPD . In the following days , gay leaders refused to apologize for the events of that night . This led to increased political power in the gay community , which culminated in the election of Mayor Dianne Feinstein to a full term , the following November . In response to a campaign promise , Feinstein appointed a pro @-@ gay Chief of Police , which increased recruitment of gay people in the police force and eased tensions . = = Background = = = = = Gay history of San Francisco = = = The American settlers who moved west toward California in the 18th and 19th centuries were largely male prospectors and miners . Events such as the California Gold Rush created a broadly male society in that region . Romantic friendships were common , and often tolerated . As San Francisco was settled the ratio of men to women remained disproportionately high , resulting in the growth of a culture that was more open @-@ minded towards homosexuality . The city 's notorious brothel district – named the Barbary Coast – earned the city a reputation as a lawless and amoral society leading to San Francisco becoming known as " Sodom by the Sea . " The end of Prohibition prompted the opening of several gay bars along North Beach . The most notable of these were the Black Cat where female impersonation shows became the main draw , and a lesbian bar known as Mona 's . During World War II , San Francisco became a major debarkation point for servicemen stationed in the Pacific Theater . The U.S. military , which was concerned about male homosexuality , had a policy of dismissing servicemen caught in known gay establishments with blue discharges . As many of these men faced ostracism from their communities and families , they chose to remain in the city . The number of men that remained was a significant factor in the creation of a homosexual community in San Francisco . = = = Gay activism in San Francisco = = = In 1951 , the California Supreme Court affirmed in Stoumen v. Reilly the right of homosexuals to assemble peacefully . To assist homosexuals with legal problems , in 1951 labor activist Harry Hay started the Mattachine Society , from his living room in Los Angeles . A few years later , Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin started the Daughters of Bilitis with six other women in San Francisco , initially to have a place to socialize without fear of harassment or arrest . Within a few years , both organizations learned of each other and grew to have similar goals : helping assimilate homosexuals into general society , working for legal reform to repeal sodomy laws , and assisting those who were arrested . Both groups were headquartered in San Francisco by 1957 . Police continued to arrest homosexuals in large numbers , routinely bringing paddy wagons to gay bars and arresting their patrons . Charges were usually dismissed but those arrested often lost their anonymity when newspapers printed their names , addresses and places of employment . Officers also notified the employer and family of the accused , causing serious damage to their reputations . In 1964 , a New Year 's Eve benefit event was held for the Council on Religion and the Homosexual . Police stood outside with large floodlights , and in an effort to intimidate took photographs of anyone entering the building . Later , several officers demanded that they be allowed inside . Three lawyers explained to them that under California law , the event was a private party and they could not enter unless they bought tickets . The lawyers were then arrested . Several ministers who were in attendance held a press conference the next morning , likening the SFPD to the Gestapo . Even the Catholic archbishop strongly condemned the actions of the police . In an attempt to reduce such harassment two officers were tasked with improving the police department 's relationship with the gay community . The Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis promoted non @-@ confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals , hoping to prove that homosexuals were respectable and normal . Living beyond the mostly white , middle class scope of these groups was an active community of cross @-@ dressers , hustlers , and " street queens " who worked primarily in the Tenderloin district of the city . After being denied service at Gene Compton 's Cafeteria , a few activists picketed the restaurant in 1966 . A few days later , early in the morning , the police arrived to arrest patrons in drag . A riot ensued when a drag queen threw the contents of a cup of coffee in the face of a police officer in response to the officer 's grabbing of her arm . The cafe 's plate glass windows were shattered in the melée , and then again a few days later after they had been replaced . Although three years later the Stonewall Riots would have a more significant impact , the Compton 's Cafeteria riots were among the first in American history where homosexuals and the newly forming transgender community fought against the authorities . = = = Political clout = = = San Francisco continued to grow as a haven for homosexuals . North Beach and Polk Street had been quiet neighborhoods each with a large homosexual population , but in the 1960s the growth of the Castro District outpaced either of them . Thousands of gay men migrated to San Francisco , turning the quiet Irish working @-@ class neighborhood around Castro Street into a bustling center of activity . New Yorker Harvey Milk resettled on Castro Street in 1972 , and opened Castro Camera the following year . Dissatisfied with the level of bureaucratic apathy and indifference toward the gay community , Milk decided to run for city supervisor . Through his multiple campaigns , culminating in his 1977 election , he became the political voice for the gay community ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
his police .38 Smith & Wesson revolver and 10 extra cartridges in his coat pocket . To avoid the metal detector he entered the building through a basement window , and proceeded to the office of Mayor George Moscone . Following a brief argument , White shot the Mayor in the shoulder and chest , and then twice in the head . White then walked to his former office , reloading his gun , and asked Milk to join him . White then shot Milk in the wrist , shoulder and chest , and then twice in the head , execution style . Supervisor Dianne Feinstein heard the gunshots and called the police , who found Milk on his stomach , blood pouring out of his head wounds . = = Riots = = = = = Dan White verdict = = = On May 21 , 1979 , White was found guilty of the voluntary manslaughter of Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Milk . The prosecutor asked for a finding of first @-@ degree murder with " special circumstances " , which would have permitted the death penalty under the terms of a recently adopted capital punishment law in California , Proposition 7 . The " special circumstances " alleged in this case were that Mayor Moscone had been killed in order to block the appointment of someone to fill the City Supervisor seat from which Dan White had resigned , and also that multiple people were killed . White 's sentence was reduced due in part to the so @-@ called Twinkie defense , a judgment that provoked outrage in the community . The " Twinkie " defense was presented by a psychiatrist to the jury , stating that White had a diminished capacity due to depression . The copious amounts of junk food White consumed are cited as a symptom of his mental state . It has also been stated that the refined sugars present in White 's diet preceding the killings may have fueled the depression . The jury was also composed of persons whom were predominantly Roman Catholic , working @-@ class , heterosexual , and white — essentially , the same demographic in the city who felt sympathy for White . The jury heard a tape recording of White 's confession , which consisted of highly emotional ranting about the pressure he was under , and members of the jury wept in sympathy for the defendant . White represented the " old guard " of San Francisco , who were wary of the influx of minority groups into the city and represented a more conservative , traditional view that the more liberal forces in the city , like Moscone and Milk , were perceived to be eroding . The San Francisco Police Department had , in conjunction with the fire department , raised more than $ 100 @,@ 000 to defend White , which earned the anger of the gay community . He received a conviction for the least serious offense , voluntary manslaughter , and sentenced to seven years and eight months in Soledad prison . With good behavior he had the chance to be released after serving two @-@ thirds of his sentence , about five years . Upon hearing the verdict , District Attorney Joseph Freitas , Jr . , said " It was a wrong decision . The jury was overwhelmed by emotions and did not sufficiently analyze the evidence that this was deliberate , calculated murder . " In defense of his client , White 's attorney Douglas Schmidt stated that White " is filled with remorse and I think he 's in a very bad condition . " White would later confirm that the killings were premeditated . In 1984 , he told former police Inspector Frank Falzon that not only had he planned to kill Moscone and Milk , but also had plans to kill Assemblyman Willie Brown and Supervisor Carol Ruth Silver . He believed that the four politicians were attempting to block his reinstatement as Supervisor . Falzon quoted White as having said , " I was on a mission . I wanted four of them . Carol Ruth Silver , she was the biggest snake ... and Willie Brown , he was masterminding the whole thing . " = = = March through the Castro = = = When told of the verdict , Milk 's friend and activist Cleve Jones addressed an audience of about 500 people that had gathered on Castro Street , telling them of the verdict . With shouts of " Out of the bars and into the streets " Jones led a crowd down Castro street , its numbers bolstered by people emerging from each bar . The crowd circled around and marched through the Castro again , by now numbering about 1 @,@ 500 people . In a 1984 interview , Jones gave a voice to the feeling in the crowd as they began to group together on Castro Street after news of the verdict spread , stating , " The rage in people ’ s face — I saw people I ’ d known for years , and they were so furious . That to me was the scariest thing . All these people I ’ d know from the neighborhood , boys from the corner , these people I ’ d ridden the bus with , just out there , screaming for blood . " = = = Violence at City Hall = = = By the time the crowd reached City Hall its numbers had increased to over 5 @,@ 000 . Protesters shouted slogans such as " Kill Dan White ! " and " Dump Dianne ! " , a reference to Mayor Dianne Feinstein . The handful of police officers on duty at the scene were uncertain about how to deal with the situation , and the Police Department , which was unaccustomed to an angry gay crowd , was similarly uncertain of how to proceed . The protesters were convinced that the police and prosecution had conspired to avoid a severe sentence for White , although Prosecutor Thomas Norman denied this repeatedly until his death . Members of the crowd tore gilded ornamental work from the building 's wrought iron doors and then used it to break first floor windows . Several of Harvey Milk 's friends monitored and attempted to hold back the crowd , including former lover Scott Smith . A formation of police appeared on the north side of the Civic Center Plaza , and those attempting to hold back the mob sat down , grateful for the reinforcements . The officers however did not restrain themselves to holding back the crowd , and instead attacked them with night sticks . One young man kicked and smashed the window of a police car , lit a pack of matches , and set the upholstery on fire . After burning for a short time , the fuel tank exploded ; a dozen more police cars and eight other automobiles would be destroyed in a similar fashion . The photo on the front cover of the Dead Kennedys 1980 album Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables , which shows several police cars on fire , was taken that night . Several crowd members threw tear gas , which they had stolen from police vehicles . Riots began to break out , with one mob disrupting traffic . Electric trollies were disabled when their overhead wires were pulled down , and violence broke out against the police officers , who were outnumbered . Police Chief Charles Gain , standing inside City Hall , ordered officers not to attack and to simply stand their ground . Mayor Feinstein and Supervisor Carol Ruth Silver addressed the demonstrators in an attempt to defuse the situation . Mayor Feinstein said that she had received news of the verdict " with disbelief " , and Supervisor Silver stated , " Dan White has gotten away with murder . It 's as simple as that . " Silver was injured when struck by a flying object . More than 140 protesters were also injured . = = = Police retaliation = = = After nearly three hours of shouts from the angry crowd , officers moved in to quell the riot . Police reportedly covered their badges with black tape — preventing any identification — and attacked rioters . Dozens of police officers swept into the crowd , using tear gas to force protesters away from the building . Police were surprised at the resistance they faced from the protesters , who attempted to push them back using tree branches , chrome torn off city buses , and asphalt ripped from the street , as weapons . As one man ignited the last police car he shouted to a reporter " Make sure you put in the paper that I ate too many Twinkies . " Sixty officers were injured , and about two dozen arrests were made . The second stage of the violence was a police raid / riot hours later in the predominantly gay Castro neighborhood , which vandalized the Elephant Walk bar and injured many of its occupants . After order was restored at City Hall , SFPD cars carrying dozens of officers headed into the Castro District . Officers entered a gay bar called the Elephant Walk , despite their orders not to do so . They shouted " dirty cocksuckers " and " sick faggots " , shattered the large plate glass windows of the bar , and attacked patrons . After 15 minutes police withdrew from the bar and joined other officers who were indiscriminately attacking gays on the street . The incident lasted nearly two hours . When Police Chief Charles Gain heard about the unauthorized Elephant Walk raid , he immediately went to the location and ordered his men to leave . Later that night , freelance reporter Michael Weiss saw a group of police officers celebrating at a downtown bar . " We were at City Hall the day [ the killings ] happened and we were smiling then , " one officer explained . " We were there tonight and we 're still smiling . " At least 61 police officers and an estimated 100 members of the public were hospitalized in the course of the riot . A civil grand jury convened to find out who ordered the attack , but it ended inconclusively with a settlement covering personal injury claims and damages . = = = Aftermath = = = The next morning gay leaders convened in a committee room in the Civic Center . Supervisor Harry Britt , who had replaced Milk , along with the more militant gays of the Harvey Milk Democratic Club , made it clear that nobody was to apologize for the riots . Britt informed a press conference , " Harvey Milk 's people do not have anything to apologize for . Now the society is going to have to deal with us not as nice little fairies who have hairdressing salons , but as people capable of violence . We 're not going to put up with Dan Whites anymore . " Reporters were surprised that a public official would condone the violent acts of the previous night , expecting an apology from Britt . Subsequent attempts to find a gay leader who would give an apologetic statement proved unsuccessful . That evening , May 22 , would have been the 49th birthday of Harvey Milk . City officials had considered revoking the permit for a rally planned for that night , but decided against it for fear of sparking more violence . Officials stated that the rally could channel the community 's anger into something positive . Police from San Francisco and its neighboring towns were placed on alert by Mayor Feinstein , and Cleve Jones coordinated contingency plans with the police , and trained 300 monitors to keep an eye on the crowd . Approximately 20 @,@ 000 people gathered on Castro and Market streets , where the mood was " angry , but subdued . " Officers monitored the crowd from a distance , however the crowd engaged in a peaceful celebration of Milk 's life . Attendees danced to popular disco songs , drank beer , and sang a tribute to Milk . On the same night , for over three hours about a hundred people held a demonstration at Sheridan Square in Manhattan , to protest the verdict . About 20 officers observed the protest , which began at 8 pm , but no arrests were made . A candlelight vigil was planned for two days ahead , sponsored by the Coalition for Lesbian and Gay Rights and the National Gay Task Force . On October 14 , 1979 , between 75 @,@ 000 and 125 @,@ 000 people marched on Washington for gay rights . Many carried portraits of Milk , and placards honoring his legacy . The rally , something that Milk had intended to organize , was instead a tribute to his life . Dan White was released from prison on January 14 , 1984 after serving five years of a seven @-@ year , eight @-@ month sentence . On the evening following his release , 9 @,@ 000 people marched down Castro street and burned his effigy . State authorities reportedly feared an assassination attempt , and in response Scott Smith urged people not to retaliate with violence . He stated , " Harvey was against the death penalty . He was a nonviolent person . " White committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning on October 21 , 1985 . He connected a rubber hose to his car 's exhaust system and routed it to the interior of the vehicle , which he let fill with carbon monoxide . Mayor Feinstein said , " This latest tragedy should close a very sad chapter in this city 's history . " According to Orange County lawyer Jeff Walsworth , White had expressed remorse for the killings in February 1984 . White reportedly stated that it would always cause him inner turmoil . Inspector Falzone said the contrary , however , commenting that at no time did White express remorse in any form at the deaths of Moscone and Milk . = = Analysis = = = = = Causes = = = The community had a long history of conflict with the San Francisco Police Department . Following World War II , gay bars were subject to frequent raids and attempts by the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control to revoke their alcohol licenses . They were accused of serving alcohol to homosexuals , a criminal act at the time . The growing political and economic power of the city 's gay community conflicted with the established but dwindling numbers of the conservative institutions , such as the police and fire departments . By 1971 , police were arresting an average of 2 @,@ 800 men per year on public sex charges ; by contrast , 63 such arrests were made in New York City , although up to a quarter of San Francisco was reported to be gay at the time . Many charges were dismissed due to entrapment , but several men were given harsh sentences . When Dan White was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter , his successful diminished capacity defense enraged the gay community . That the police and fire departments had raised money for his defense gave their anger a focus , turning it against the city government and especially the SFPD . = = = Effects on San Francisco politics = = = With the 1979 municipal elections occurring only months after the riot , prominent gay leaders feared a backlash at the polls . The elections continued without incident , and the gay community fared better than expected , wielding unprecedented influence . Although the virtually unknown gay Mayoral candidate David Scott finished third in the election , his showing was strong enough to force Mayor Feinstein into a runoff election against conservative City Supervisor Quentin Kopp . Feinstein 's promises to appoint more gay people to public office , and her heavy campaigning in the Castro , ensured that she won enough support from the gay community to give her a full term as Mayor . One of Mayor Feinstein 's first actions upon being elected was to announce the appointment of Cornelius Murphy as the new Chief of Police . Murphy declared that police cars would no longer be colored powder blue , but instead would be repainted as " macho black @-@ and @-@ whites . " This pleased the rank and file , and restored confidence in police leadership . Murphy also vowed to maintain the progressive policy towards gays that his predecessor had implemented . By 1980 , one in seven new police recruits was either gay or lesbian . In one of his last public appearances , outgoing Police Chief Charles Gain stated that he fully expected to see the day when San Francisco would have both a gay mayor and Chief of Police . By October 1985 , an organization for gay law enforcement personnel in California , the Golden State Peace Officers Association , had incorporated as a non @-@ profit organization . It was founded by Art Roth , an Oakland police officer who was present on the night of the riots . Thirty years after the announcement of Dan White 's guilty verdict , the Supreme Court of California prepared their decision on Strauss v. Horton . The case was an attempt to overturn Proposition 8 , which had added the statement " Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California " to Article I , section 7 @.@ 5 of the California State Constitution . This ballot initiative , which was approved in 2008 , eliminated the right of same @-@ sex couples to marry in the state . In late May 2009 , while the Court was preparing its announcement , rumors surfaced on the Internet that San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom had asked the court not to announce the decision on May 21 . They suggested that he made this request so that the announcement would not coincide with the 30th anniversary of the White Night riots . On May 26 , the court upheld the validity of Proposition 8 , but ruled that the 18 @,@ 000 marriages that had already been performed would remain valid . = = = Effects on the AIDS movement = = = Cleve Jones played a major role in the investigation of the riots , and had since become a prominent activist . He dropped out of school to work as a legislative consultant to California State Assembly Speakers Leo McCarthy and Willie Brown . He also spent time organizing political campaigns . In 1981 , while working as a consultant to the California State Assembly Health Committee , he became aware of gay men in San Francisco contracting unusual diseases , such as Kaposi 's sarcoma . The gay community was eventually seriously affected by the AIDS epidemic , and Jones became a key AIDS activist . Jones co @-@ founded the Kaposi 's Sarcoma Research & Education Foundation , which in 1982 became the San Francisco AIDS Foundation . On November 27 , 1985 , at a candlelight vigil on the anniversary of the Moscone @-@ Milk assassinations , Jones learned that 1 @,@ 000 people had died of AIDS . He proposed the creation of a quilt , in remembrance of those who had died . In 1987 , Jones , by then HIV @-@ positive himself , launched the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt . As of 2009 , the quilt consists of over 44 @,@ 000 individual panels . In a 2004 interview , Jones said " I thought , what a perfect symbol ; what a warm , comforting , middle @-@ class , middle @-@ American , traditional @-@ family @-@ values symbol to attach to this disease that 's killing homosexuals and IV drug users and Haitian immigrants , and maybe , just maybe , we could apply those traditional family values to my family . " = Ashita , Haru ga Kitara = " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " ( 明日、春が来たら , " Tomorrow , If Spring Comes " ) is a song by Japanese entertainer Takako Matsu from her debut album , Sora no Kagami ( 1997 ) . It was released on March 21 , 1997 , through BMG Japan as her debut single . The song was written by Yūji Sakamoto and Daisuke Hinata , while Hinata produced the song . Following the wrap @-@ up of the drama Long Vacation , she decided to give singing a try upon the suggestion of one of its directors . The track was recorded in Santa Monica , California , and is a mid @-@ tempo J @-@ pop song composed in the key of B minor . Its lyrics recite a young girl 's memories of her love for a boy in her high school days . It has been praised by critics and associated with the onset of spring in Japan , having re @-@ entered the airplay charts in Japan around that time , even years after its initial release . It has also been covered by many other artists like Namie Amuro , Masaharu Fukuyama , and Ayumi Shibata . The single peaked at number 8 on the Oricon singles chart and spent 20 weeks in the top 20 of the chart . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments exceeding 400 @,@ 000 copies . Ten years after its initial release , Matsu released a new version of the song titled " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara 97 – 07 " in March 2007 . The re @-@ release contains updated lyrics reflecting changes in the artist 's mind . By intermixing her vocals with her vocals from 10 years before , new version contrasts the two . The new version was featured on her album Cherish You ( 2007 ) and also on her compilation album Footsteps : 10th Anniversary Complete Best ( 2008 ) . As of 2014 , Matsu has performed the song on all of her concert tours as well as other events , including NHK 's Kōhaku Uta Gassen in 1997 . = = Background and release = = Growing up , Takako Matsu practiced piano and took vocal training as a child . Prior to releasing music , she acted in various television drama and plays . In 1996 , she acted in the drama Long Vacation , which became very popular in Japan . At the wrap up party of the drama , the director of the series at that time heard her perform karaoke and suggested that she try singing . Although taken aback and hesitant at first , she later agreed , as she felt it was not a chance that everyone received and because she liked singing ; she felt it might work out somehow . " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " was written by Yūji Sakamoto and Daisuke Hinata , both of whom had worked with Matsu . Sakamoto had been Tokyo Love Story 's screenwriter and Hinata had been in charge of the music of Long Vacation . Hinata provided the music and arrangement to " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " . The track was recorded at the Hyper Image Studio in Santa Monica , California , in January 1997 . Hinata himself mixed the audio while Steve Hall mastered it . Cagnet provided instrumentation to the song . The record was produced by Kozo Nagayama , who had also produced Long Vacation . Initially , another song was selected to be released as Matsu 's debut single . However , it was scrapped for unknown reasons and " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " was selected instead . Matsu debuted the song on radio on February 14 , 1997 , and the single was physically released on March 21 , 1997 through BMG Japan as an 8 cm CD single . = = Composition = = " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " is a mid @-@ tempo J @-@ pop track with a " gentle melody " , that lasts for 4 minutes and 13 seconds . According to the original score published by Doremi Music Publishing , it is composed in the key of B minor and in the common verse @-@ chorus song structure with a tempo of 110 beats per minute . The track opens with an instrumental introduction with a chord progression of Gmaj7 – F ♯ m7 – Bm . As it reaches the chorus , the progression shifts to G – A – F ♯ m – Bm7 . The same pattern is repeated throughout the song . The lyrics of the song , written from the perspective of a girl , sees her recollect the memories of her love with a member of her high school baseball team and how she hopes to meet him again " tomorrow , if spring comes " . Upon the album 's release , Yoshitake Maeda , writing for BMG Japan , commented that Sakamoto probably reminisced on his teenage years through the song . The b @-@ side of the single " Zutto ... Iyō yo " was written by Matsu and produced by Hinata . Matsu decided to give it the theme of three girls going out for a drive . However , she commented that no matter how others looked at it , it seemed as if the song is about two girls . The song opens with an " electro " introduction and utilizes a warped guitar throughout . In addition to the two songs , the single also featured the original karaoke track to " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " . An LP titled Remix Hyper Bug containing remixes of " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " by DJ Craig William — " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " ( Hyper Bug Mix ) and " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " ( Techno Dub Mix ) was released on August 21 , 1997 through BMG Victor . It also features a remix of the album track " Love Sick " , titled " Love Sick ( Deep Sick Mix ) " . = = Reception = = A reviewer for CD Journal commended " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " for being " pure " and noted that Matsu 's " unobtrusive [ and ] naked voice " is like " sitting in a sunny spot on early spring day " . Similarly , Rolling Stone Japan wrote that the song has a " heartwarming " production , which they noted has become synonymous with Takako Matsu . Another reviewer for CD Journal said that the b @-@ side , " Zutto ... Iyō yo " ' s arrangement makes it an " impressive pop song " . Since its release , " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " has often been associated with the onset of spring in Japan . The song also entered the top requests list of many FM radio stations around the same time . Since the introduction of Billboard Japan in 2010 , the song has spiked on its airplay charts during the time of spring . It was also included on the compilation True Love : Spring Memorial Songs in 2003 . In a web poll conducted in 2013 by MyNavi news asking people about their favorite spring song , " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara " was ranked at number 10 . The single debuted at number 15 on the Oricon singles chart during the week following its release in March 1997 , selling 35 @,@ 640 copies . A few weeks later , it moved to number 8 , moving 46 @,@ 400 copies , which became its peak position . The single spent nine weeks in the top 20 , including two in the top 10 , and finished at number 75 on the yearly chart , due to sales of 428 @,@ 170 copies . As of May 2014 , it has sold 431 @,@ 540 copies in Japan and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for shipments of over 400 @,@ 000 copies . = = Live performances and covers = = In 1997 , Matsu performed the song at the 48th Kōhaku Uta Gassen in 1997 , representing the " Red " team in the event . The previous year , before her debut as a singer , she had hosted the " Red " team . This made Matsu , who was 19 at that time , the youngest person to reach that position in the event . In June of the same year , she appeared on the show Love Love Aishiteru , her first music talk show appearance , and performed the song along with a cover of Seiko Matsuda 's " Hitomi wa Diamond " ( 1983 ) . She has performed the song on all of her concert tours — from the Piece of Life ( 2001 ) through Time for Music ( 2010 ) . On the Cherish You ( 2007 ) and Time for Music concert tours , she performed the 97 – 07 version of the song . A footage of performance from the Piece of Life tour was used to promote the DVD release of the concert . Apart from the tours , she has also performed the song on various televised appearances . In 2003 , she appeared on the talk show hosted by Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki and performed the song and " Ashita ni Kuchizuke o " ( 2003 ) alongside Hamasaki . Three years later , Matsu sang the song on Music Fair , alongside Sukima Switch . In 2009 , Matsu performed the song on the FM802 sponsored event Radio Magic , with Yoshiyuki Sahashi directing the backing band to a crowd of about 12 @,@ 000 people . A writer for Barks wrote that Matsu 's vocals sounded " transparent " and the whole performance had a " refreshing feeling " . Oricon magazine commented that Matsu sang " cheerfully " while " running around the stage " . The same year , she performed it on the Christmas no Yakusoku 2009 ( クリスマスの約束2009 ) show organized by TBS . In 2014 , she performed the song again for NHK , at the J @-@ Pop Heisei Music Graffiti ( J @-@ POP 平成ミュージック・グラフィティー ) event . The song was covered by Hiromi Hirata as Makoto Kikuchi of The Idolmaster series as a " Special Request " song . It was later included in the album , The Idolmaster Special Spring ( 2010 ) , released through Nippon Columbia . The album peaked at number 18 on the Oricon Albums Chart . It was also covered for the spring compilation Cafe de Nagareru Sweet Jazz 20 the Best Sakura Songs , which peaked at number 39 on the Oricon albums chart . The song has also been covered by many mainstream pop artists like Namie Amuro in 1997 , for the show The Yoru mo Hippare ( THE夜もヒッパレ , " The Night of Hit Parade " ) , in 1998 by Masaharu Fukuyama for All Night Nippon , and in 2008 by Ayumi Shibata for Uta Doki ! Pop Classics ( 歌ドキッ ! 〜ポップクラシックス〜 ) . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Adapted from Sora no Kagami liner notes . Takako Matsu – vocals Daisuke Hinata – keyboards , programming , mixing Bud Rizzo – guitars , bass , programming Shinnosuke Soramachi – acoustic guitar Steve Hall – mastering = = Re @-@ release = = A re @-@ recorded version of the song was released as a single to commemorate Matsu 's tenth anniversary in music industry , to digital outlets like iTunes , mora , and also in Chaku @-@ Uta format , both as ringtone and the full song on March 21 , 2007 . The new version titled , " Ashita , Haru ga Kitara 97 – 07 " ( 明日、春が来たら 97 – 07 ) was recorded at the Mouri Art Works Studio in Tokyo . Its modified lyrics penned by Yūji Sakamoto , the writer of the original song , are meant to convey the emotions of the singer ten years into her debut . In addition , Matsu 's vocals from the original version are intermixed with the new vocals to contrast the difference between the current Matsu and the Matsu of ten years ago . While talking to NHK at the time of the single 's release , Matsu commented that the new lyrics not only reflect the changes she had made over the past 10 years , but also of Yūji Sakamoto . The new version , running 4 minutes and 54 seconds , was arranged by musician and future husband Yoshiyuki Sahashi . The song was included in her eighth studio album , Cherish You ( 2007 ) . and also on Matsu 's compilation album , Footsteps : 10th Anniversary Complete Best ( 2008 ) . A TV commercial for the new track was also directed by Hiroyuki Itaya . The song was used as the ending theme to the Fuji TV drama , Matsumoto Kisaburō Ikka Monogatari : Ojisan no Daidokoro ( 松本喜三郎一家物語〜おじいさんの台所〜 , " The Story of Matsumoto Kisaburo 's Family : Grandfather 's Kitchen " ) . = = = Reception = = = While reviewing Cherish You , Takayuki Saito of HotExpress magazine noted that the track has a " novel " arrangement and Matsu 's current voice " calls out " to her " innocent " self of ten years ago . He further commented that Matsu 's voice , " full of strength " , helps the listeners realize how much she has grown over the years . CD Journal 's reviewer wrote that the lyrics of the new version are more " positive " than the original version . They further noted that the song " overflows with adventurous spirit " woven with " nostalgia and freshness " . = = = Track listing = = = = = Charts and certifications = = = Italian ironclad Enrico Dandolo = Enrico Dandolo was the second of two Caio Duilio @-@ class ironclad turret ships built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1870s . They were fitted with the largest guns available , 17 @.@ 72 in ( 450 mm ) rifled , muzzle @-@ loading guns , and were the largest , fastest and most powerful ships of their day . Enrico Dandolo was built in La Spezia , with her keel laid in January 1873 and her hull launched in July 1878 . Construction was finally completed in April 1882 when the ship , named for the 42nd Doge of Venice , was commissioned into the Italian fleet . Enrico Dandolo spent much of her career in the Active Squadron of the Italian fleet , primarily occupied with training exercises . She was heavily modernized in 1895 – 98 , receiving a new battery of fast @-@ firing 10 in ( 254 mm ) guns in place of the old 17 @.@ 72 in guns . The ship served in the Reserve Squadron after 1905 , and then became a gunnery training ship . During the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 12 , Enrico Dandolo was among the few ships of the Italian fleet to see no action . She was employed as a harbor defense ship , first in Tobruk , Libya in 1913 and then in Brindisi and Venice during World War I. The ship was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1920 . = = Design = = Enrico Dandolo was 109 @.@ 16 meters ( 358 @.@ 1 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 19 @.@ 65 m ( 64 @.@ 5 ft ) and an average draft of 8 @.@ 36 m ( 27 @.@ 4 ft ) . She displaced 11 @,@ 025 metric tons ( 10 @,@ 851 long tons ; 12 @,@ 153 short tons ) normally and up to 12 @,@ 037 t ( 11 @,@ 847 long tons ; 13 @,@ 269 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight coal @-@ fired , rectangular boilers . Her engines produced a top speed of 15 @.@ 6 knots ( 28 @.@ 9 km / h ; 18 @.@ 0 mph ) at 8 @,@ 045 indicated horsepower ( 5 @,@ 999 kW ) . She could steam for 2 @,@ 875 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 324 km ; 3 @,@ 308 mi ) at a speed of 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) . She had a crew of 420 officers and men , which later increased to 515 . Enrico Dandolo was armed with a main battery of four 17 @.@ 72 in ( 450 mm ) 20 @-@ caliber guns , mounted in two turrets placed en echelon amidships . As was customary for capital ships of the period , she carried three 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . Enrico Dandolo was protected by belt armor that was 21 @.@ 5 in ( 546 mm ) thick at its strongest section , which protected the ship 's magazines and machinery spaces . Both ends of the belt were connected by transverse bulkheads that were 15 @.@ 75 in ( 400 mm ) thick . She had an armored deck that was 1 @.@ 1 to 2 in ( 28 to 51 mm ) thick . Her gun turrets were armored with 17 in ( 432 mm ) of steel plate . The ship 's bow and stern were not armored , but they were extensively subdivided into a cellular " raft " that was intended to reduce the risk of flooding . = = Service history = = Enrico Dandolo , named after Enrico Dandolo , the 42nd Doge of Venice , was laid down at La Spezia on 6 January 1873 and was launched on 10 July 1878 . Fitting @-@ out work was completed on 11 April 1882 . During the annual fleet maneuvers held in 1885 , Enrico Dandolo served as the flagship of the 1st Division of the " Western Squadron " , with Vice Admiral Martini commanding . She was joined by her sister Caio Duilio , the protected cruiser Giovanni Bausan , and a sloop . The " Western Squadron " attacked the defending " Eastern Squadron " , simulating a Franco @-@ Italian conflict , with operations conducted off Sardinia . During the following year 's fleet maneuvers , which began on 10 June , Enrico Dandolo was assigned to the " defending squadron " , along with the ironclads Palestro , Castelfidardo , and Affondatore , the protected cruiser Dogali , the torpedo cruiser Folgore , and several smaller vessels . The first half of the maneuvers tested the ability to attack and defend the Strait of Messina , and concluded in time for a fleet review by King Umberto I on the 21st . The second phase consisted of joint maneuvers with the Italian Army ; the fleet was tasked with attempting to force an amphibious landing , which it effected at San Vicenzo on 30 July , the last day of the exercises . Enrico Dandolo took part in the annual 1888 fleet maneuvers , along with the ironclads Lepanto , Italia , Caio Duilio , and San Martino , one protected cruiser , four torpedo cruisers , and numerous smaller vessels . The maneuvers consisted of close @-@ order drills and a simulated attack on and defense of La Spezia . The ship served as the flagship of the 3rd Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers , along with the ironclad Affondatore , the torpedo cruiser Goito , and four torpedo boats . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet . For the rest of the year , Enrico Dandolo was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Italian fleet , along with the protected cruiser Vesuvio and the torpedo cruiser Partenope . She was thoroughly reconstructed between 1895 and 1898 to a design created by Inspector Engineer Giacinto Pulino . The ship 's old , slow @-@ firing 17 @.@ 7 in guns were replaced with new quick @-@ firing 10 in ( 250 mm ) guns , and she received a new secondary battery to defend the ship against torpedo boats . The battery consisted of five 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) 40 @-@ caliber guns , sixteen 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) 43 @-@ caliber quick @-@ firing guns , eight 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 20 @-@ caliber revolver cannon , and four machine guns . The main battery guns were placed in significantly smaller turrets that had 8 @.@ 8 in ( 220 mm ) of armor plating ; the lighter guns and turrets reduced the ship 's displacement to 10 @,@ 679 t ( 10 @,@ 510 long tons ; 11 @,@ 772 short tons ) normally and 11 @,@ 264 t ( 11 @,@ 086 long tons ; 12 @,@ 416 short tons ) at full load . Enrico Dandolo also received a new engine , though her performance remained the same . The ship 's crew increased to 495 . In 1901 , Enrico Dandolo was joined in the 2nd Division by the ironclads Andrea Doria and Francesco Morosini , the armored cruiser Carlo Alberto , Partenope , and three torpedo boats . She remained in service in the Active Squadron the following year , with Andrea Doria , Francesco Morosini , the three Re Umberto @-@ class ironclads , and the new pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Ammiraglio di Saint Bon . In 1905 , Enrico Dandolo was transferred to the Reserve Squadron , along with the three Ruggiero di Laurias and the three Re Umbertos , three cruisers , and sixteen torpedo boats . This squadron only entered active service for two months of the year for training maneuvers , and the rest of the year was spent with reduced crews . She thereafter served in the Gunnery School as a training ship , along with the torpedo cruiser Saetta . At the start of the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 12 , Italia was assigned to the 5th Division of the Italian fleet , the ironclads Italia and Lepanto , but she saw no action during the conflict . She became the guardship at Tobruk , Libya in 1913 and was transferred to Brindisi and Venice during World War I. While stationed at Brindisi , six of her 37 mm guns were removed . She was stricken on 23 January 1920 and later broken up for scrap . = Deusdedit of Canterbury = Deusdedit ( died c . 664 ) , perhaps originally named Frithona , Frithuwine or Frithonas , was a medieval Archbishop of Canterbury , the first native @-@ born holder of the see of Canterbury . By birth an Anglo @-@ Saxon , he became archbishop in 655 and held the office for more than nine years until his death , probably from plague . Deusdedit 's successor as archbishop was one of his priests at Canterbury . There is some controversy over the exact date of Deusdedit 's death , owing to discrepancies in the medieval written work that records his life . Little is known about his episcopate , but he was considered to be a saint after his demise . A saint 's life was written after his relics were moved from their original burial place in 1091 . = = Life = = A post @-@ Norman Conquest tradition , originating with Goscelin , gives Deusdedit 's original name as Frithona , possibly a corruption of Frithuwine . He was consecrated by Ithamar , Bishop of Rochester , on 26 March or perhaps 12 March 655 . He was the sixth archbishop after the arrival of the Gregorian missionaries , and the first to be a native of the island of Great Britain rather than an Italian , having been born a West Saxon . One reason for the long period between the Christianization of the Kentish kingdom from Anglo @-@ Saxon paganism in about 600 and the appointment of the first native archbishop may have been the need for the schools established by the Gregorian missionaries to educate the natives to a sufficiently high standard for them to take ecclesiastical office . Deusdedit probably owed his appointment to the see of Canterbury to a collaboration between Eorcenberht of Kent and Cenwalh of Wessex . The name Deusdedit means " God has given " in Latin , and had been the name of a recent pope , Deusdedit , in office from 615 to 618 ; it was the practice of many of the early medieval Saxon bishops to take an adopted name , often from recent papal names . It is unclear when Deusdedit adopted his new name , although the historian Richard Sharpe considers it likely to have been when he was consecrated as an archbishop , rather than when he entered religious life . The see of Canterbury seems at this time to have been passing through a period of comparative obscurity . During Deusdedit 's nine years as archbishop , all the new bishops in England were consecrated by Celtic or foreign bishops , with one exception : Deusdedit consecrated Damianus , Ithamar 's successor as Bishop of Rochester . Deusdedit did , however , found a nunnery in the Isle of Thanet and helped with the foundation of Medeshamstede Abbey , later Peterborough Abbey , in 657 . He was long overshadowed by Agilbert , bishop to the West Saxons , and his authority as archbishop probably did not extend past his own diocese and that of Rochester , which had traditionally been dependent on Canterbury . The Synod of Whitby , which debated whether the Northumbrian church should follow the Roman or the Celtic method of dating Easter , was held in 664 . Deusdedit does not appear to have been present , perhaps because of an outbreak of the plague prevalent in England at the time . = = Death = = Deusdedit died at some time around the Synod of Whitby , although the exact date is disputed . Bede , in the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , states that " On the fourteenth of July in the above mentioned year , when an eclipse was quickly followed by plague and during which Bishop Colman was refuted by the unanimous decision of the Catholics and returned to his own country , Deusdedit the sixth Archbishop of Canterbury died . " A solar eclipse occurred on 1 May 664 , which would appear to make the date of Deusdedit 's death 14 July 664 . But that conflicts with Bede 's own information earlier in the Historia , where he claims that Deusdedit 's predecessor , Honorius , " died on the 30th of September 653 , and after a vacancy of 18 months , Deusdedit , a West Saxon was elected to the archiepiscopal see and became the 6th Archbishop . He was consecrated by Ithamar , Bishop of Rochester , on the 26th of May , and ruled the see until his death nine years , four months , and two days later . " If this information is accurate , then Deusdedit must have died on 28 July 664 . Various methods of reconciling these discrepancies have been proposed . Frank Stenton argues that Bede began his years on 1 September ; thus the date of Honorius ' death should be considered 30 September 652 in modern reckoning . Further , Stenton argued that medieval copyists had introduced an error into the manuscripts of the Historia , and that Bede meant that the length of Deusdedit 's reign was 9 years and 7 months , rather than 9 years and 4 months as stated in the manuscripts . From this , he concludes that Deusdedit 's death occurred in the year September 663 to September 664 . This would make the year of death correct according to the eclipse , but still leave a discrepancy on the specific day of death , for which Stenton asserted the length calculations given by Bede were more correct than the actual death date given . Thus Stenton concluded that Deusdedit died on 28 October 663 . Other historians , including Richard Abels , P. Grosjean , and Alan Thacker , state that Deusdedit died on 14 July 664 . The main argument was put forward by Grosjean , who claimed that Bede had the consecration date wrong , as 26 May was Maundy Thursday in 655 , not a date that would normally have been chosen for a consecration . Grosjean argues that the best method for resolving the conflicts is to just take 14 July 664 as the date of death , and figure backwards with the length of reign given by Bede , which gives a consecration date of 12 March 655 . Thacker and Abels agree generally , although Thacker does not give a specific consecration date beyond March . Abels adds to Grosjean 's arguments Bede 's association of Deusdedit 's death with that of King Eorcenberht , which Bede gives as occurring on the same day . Bede states that the plague of 664 began soon after the eclipse on 1 May . Nothing in Bede contradicts the date of 14 July 664 for Eorcenberht ; therefore , Abels considers that date to be the best fit for the available data . The historian D. P. Kirby agrees that Deusdedit died in 664 , although he does not give a precise date within that year . Most historians state that Deusdedit died of the plague that was prevalent in England at the time . Because Bede records the death of Deusdedit shortly after he mentions the outbreak of the plague , the historian J. R. Maddicott asserts that both Deusdedit and Eorcenberht were struck suddenly with the disease and died quickly . Bede is not specific on the type of plague , but Maddicott argues that because of the time of its eruption and the way it arrived in England it was probably bubonic plague . Although Bede does not describe either Eorcenberht or Deusdedit 's symptoms he does discuss another victim of the 664 disease , who suffered from a tumour on his thigh , resembling the characteristic groin swellings of bubonic plague . = = Legacy = = Except for the bare facts of his life , little is known about Deusdedit . Deusdedit 's successor as Archbishop of Canterbury , Wighard , had been one of his clergy . Deusdedit was regarded as a saint after his death , with a feast day of 14 July , although the Bosworth Psalter , a late 10th or early 11th @-@ century psalter produced at St Augustine 's Abbey , gives a date of 15 July . His feast day is designated as a major feast day , and is included along with those of a number of other early Canterbury archbishops in the Bosworth Psalter . Deusdedit was buried in the church of St Augustine 's in Canterbury , but was translated to the new abbey church in 1091 . A hagiography , or saint 's biography , on Deusdedit was written by Goscelin after the translation of his relics , but the work was based mainly on Bede 's account ; the manuscript of the De Sancto Deusdedit Archiepiscopo survives as part of British Library manuscript ( ms ) Cotton Vespasian B.xx. Because of the late date of the Sancto , Bede 's Historia is the main source for what little is known about Deusdedit . Other than the hagiography , there is scant evidence of a cult surrounding him . His shrine survived until the dissolution of the monasteries in the 1530s . = = Note = = = Dresden @-@ class cruiser = The Dresden class was a pair of light cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy in the early part of the 20th century . The class comprised SMS Dresden , the lead ship , and SMS Emden . Both ships were laid down in 1906 ; Dresden was launched in 1907 , and Emden followed in 1908 . They entered service in 1908 and 1909 , respectively . The design for the ships was an incremental improvement over the preceding Königsberg class , being slightly larger and slightly faster , but with the same primary armament of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns . Dresden and Emden were powered by steam turbines and triple expansion engines , respectively , as part of continued experiments with the new turbine technology . Both ships served extensively on foreign stations ; Emden was assigned to the East Asia Squadron from her commissioning , and Dresden was sent to Caribbean waters in 1913 . Dresden was due to return to Germany for periodic maintenance shortly before the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but this became impossible with the onset of hostilities . She therefore operated as a commerce raider , before linking up with Vizeadmiral Maximilian von Spee 's East Asia Squadron . Dresden thereafter participated in the Battle of Coronel in November 1914 and the Battle of the Falkland Islands the following December . She was the only German vessel to escape destruction at the latter engagement , and she remained at large for several more months . Dresden finally put into the Chilean island of Más a Tierra in March 1915 owing to worn @-@ out engines . A pair of British cruisers violated Chilean neutrality and attacked Dresden while she lay at anchor ; the Germans scuttled their ship to prevent her capture . Emden , meanwhile , had been detached from the East Asia Squadron to pursue an independent commerce raiding campaign in the Indian Ocean . She captured or sank numerous Entente vessels , including the steamer Ryazan , which was converted into the auxiliary cruiser Cormoran . In September 1914 , Emden raided Penang and caught the Russian protected cruiser Zhemchug and the French destroyer Mousquet and quickly destroyed both ships . Shortly thereafter , Emden was caught by the Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney off the Cocos Islands and forced to beach after a ferocious engagement . = = Design = = The two ships of the Dresden class were ordered in the 1905 – 1906 construction program . Their design represents an incremental improvement over the earlier Königsberg class . They carried the same main battery of 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns on a slightly greater displacement . Like the Königsbergs , one ship — Dresden — was fitted with a steam turbine engine to compare its performance with the traditional triple @-@ expansion engine in an otherwise @-@ identical sister ship . All subsequent designs of German cruisers utilized turbine propulsion systems . = = = General characteristics = = = The two Dresden @-@ class cruisers were 117 @.@ 90 meters ( 386 ft 10 in ) long at the waterline and 118 @.@ 30 m ( 388 ft 1 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 13 @.@ 50 m ( 44 ft 3 in ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 53 m ( 18 ft 2 in ) forward . They displaced 3 @,@ 664 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 606 long tons ) as designed and up to 4 @,@ 268 t ( 4 @,@ 201 long tons ) at full combat load . Their hulls were constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames . The hulls contained thirteen watertight compartments and had a double bottom that extended for 47 percent of the length of the keel . The ships were good sea boats , but they were crank and rolled up to twenty degrees . They were also very wet at high speeds and suffered from a slight weather helm . Nevertheless , the ships turned tightly and were very maneuverable . In a hard turn , their speed fell up to 35 percent . They had a transverse metacentric height of .59 m ( 1 ft 11 in ) . Dresden and Emden had a crew of 18 officers and 343 enlisted men . They carried a number of smaller boats , including one picket boat , one barge , one cutter , two yawls , and two dinghies . = = = Machinery = = = Dresden 's propulsion system consisted of two Parsons steam turbines , designed to give 15 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 11 @,@ 185 kW ) . Emden , instead , was equipped with two triple expansion engines rated at 13 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 067 kW ) . Both ships had a top speed of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) . In both vessels , the engines were powered by twelve coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Both ships carried up to 860 metric tons ( 850 long tons ) of coal , though their ranges were slightly different , owing to their different propulsion systems . Dresden could steam for 3 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 700 km ; 4 @,@ 100 mi ) at 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) , while Emden had a range of 3 @,@ 760 nmi ( 6 @,@ 960 km ; 4 @,@ 330 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Electrical power was supplied by three turbo @-@ generators that provided a total of 125 kilowatts at 110 volts . = = = Armament and armor = = = The ships were armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were side by side aft . The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees , which allowed them to engage targets out to 12 @,@ 700 m ( 13 @,@ 900 yd ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . The ships were also equipped with eight 5 @.@ 2 cm SK L / 55 guns with 4 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition . Both ships were also equipped with a pair of 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ships were protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick amidships with 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick sloping armor on the sides . The deck was reduced to 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) further aft and then again to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) toward the stern . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm thick shields . = = Construction = = = = Service history = = = = = Dresden = = = Dresden spent most of her career on foreign stations . After her commissioning , she visited the United States in 1909 as part of Germany 's delegation to the Hudson @-@ Fulton Celebration . She returned to North American waters in late 1913 , when she was stationed off the Mexican coast to protect German nationals during the Mexican Revolution . Following the rebels ' victory the following year , Dresden evacuated the former dictator Victoriano Huerta to Jamaica , where the British had granted him asylum . In need of repairs , the cruiser was scheduled to return to Germany in July 1914 , but the outbreak of World War I prevented this from taking place . Instead , Dresden operated as a commerce raider in South American waters in the Atlantic in the first months of the war before moving to the Pacific Ocean in September and thereafter joining Maximilian von Spee 's East Asia Squadron . Dresden participated in two major battles with the East Asia Squadron . The first , the Battle of Coronel , took place in November , and Dresden engaged the British cruiser HMS Glasgow . The second , the Battle of the Falkland Islands , followed in December , where British battlecruisers annihilated the German squadron ; Dresden was the only vessel to escape . She eluded her British pursuers for several more months , until she put into Más a Tierra in March 1915 . Her engines were worn out and she had almost no coal left for her boilers ; the ship 's captain contacted the local Chilean authorities to have his vessel interned for the duration of the conflict . There , she was trapped by British cruisers , including her old opponent Glasgow ; the British violated Chilean neutrality and opened fire on the ship . The Germans scuttled Dresden and the majority of the crew escaped to be interned in Chile for the duration of the war . The wreck remains in the harbor and was first surveyed in 2002 . = = = Emden = = = Following her commissioning into the fleet , Emden was assigned to the East Asia Squadron . In 1913 , Korvettenkapitän ( Corvette Captain ) Karl von Müller became the ship 's commander . At the outbreak of war , Emden was the only major German warship in Tsingtao , the main German naval base in Asia . Müller immediately began to operate as a commerce raider , and captured one ship , the Russian steamer Ryazan . Emden was thereafter ordered to rendezvous with the rest of Spee 's cruisers . She remained with the East Asia Squadron for only a few days , as Müller convinced Spee to detach Emden as an independent raider in the Indian Ocean . After arriving in the Indian Ocean in September , Emden captured several British merchantmen along the sea lanes from India to Aden . On 22 September , the ship bombarded Madras , before resuming the hunt for merchant ships . She captured several more vessels , and then raided the port of Penang . There , Emden caught the Russian protected cruiser Zhemchug in the harbor and quickly destroyed her . As Emden was departing , she encountered and sank the French destroyer Mousquet . Emden thereafter proceeded to the Cocos Islands , where Müller intended to destroy a wireless station . The Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney reacted to British wireless signals warning of the Germans ' presence . After a fierce gunnery duel , Sydney caused serious damage to Emden and forced her to beach on North Keeling island . Most of her surviving crew , including Müller , were thereafter taken into captivity . The wreck was eventually broken up in situ in the early 1950s by a Japanese salvage company , though parts of the ship remain scattered around the area . = Green Lake ( Texas ) = Green Lake is a natural tidal lake in Calhoun County , Texas , on the Guadalupe River flood basin . Known for its greenish waters , from which its name derives , the lake is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west of Port Lavaca and 22 miles ( 35 km ) south of Victoria on the Gulf Coastal Plain . Despite being less than 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from the coast of San Antonio Bay , its waters are fresh . It is the largest natural freshwater lake entirely in Texas , covering an area of approximately 10 @,@ 000 acres ( 40 km ² ) . Separated from San Antonio Bay by the Guadalupe River delta around 2 @,@ 200 years ago , a wetland ecosystem supporting a wide variety of waterfowl developed along the lake shore and the Guadalupe River delta . Archaeological evidence supports claims of Karankawa settlement . An affluent 19th @-@ century agricultural community of the same name established near the lakeside in the mid @-@ 19th century , but dwindled in status , becoming virtually abandoned in the aftermath of the American Civil War . It was strategically important during the early stages of the war , due to its proximity to fresh water and the Gulf of Mexico . After reaching its low point during the Great Depression , the lakeside community modestly rebounded in 1947 following the nearby discovery of oil . A fictional lake of the same name and with a similar history is featured in the 1998 novel Holes . = = Hydrology = = Green Lake is about 13 miles ( 21 km ) in circumference and about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) wide . The water level is shallower near the shoreline , but is deepest towards the center of the lake several hundred feet from the shore . The bottom is generally flat and averages about 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in depth . The nearby Guadalupe River frequently floods the plain , and is the main source of fresh water renewal . The shoreline is naturally grassy and poorly drained with coastal marshes between the lake and San Antonio Bay . To improve drainage , a levee was constructed in 1967 , separating the lake from the Victoria Barge Canal , which runs along the bay 's northern and eastern shores ; cutting off several bayous from the lake . The canal begins north at an industrial plant outside Victoria and empties in San Antonio Bay in Seadrift . Hog Bayou runs along the western shore of Green Lake , through the Guadalupe Delta Wildlife Management Area to the south , before its confluence with Mission Lake . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = Green Lake formed initially as a northern inlet of San Antonio Bay . As the Guadalupe River shifted westward about 2 @,@ 500 years ago , it deposited silt , developing a delta that prograded into San Antonio Bay . Around 2 @,@ 200 years ago the delta discharge extended completely across the bay , severing the northern extension from the system , which formed present @-@ day Green Lake . Pottery and burial grounds found in the area suggest a presence of Karankawa Indians at the time of formation . Middens uncovered north of the lake contained shells from the brackish water @-@ species of rangia clams ( rangia cuneata ) . = = = Settlement = = = Wealthy cotton farmers from Kentucky established plantations and settled the fertile lands near the lake during the 1850s , establishing the town of Green Lake , Texas . First @-@ hand accounts described it as " the locality of a neighborhood characterized by [ the ] wealth and social standing of the residents . " After the American Civil War , returning residents found that their slaves , livestock and farm equipment had been taken . Most residents relocated . However , in the early 20th century , farmers returned and the town of Green Lake modestly grew to an approximate population of 300 in 1914 . At the time , much of the land in the vicinity was used for livestock grazing . The only profitable commercial uses for the lake itself included transportation of lumber and fishing . Approximately US $ 100 @,@ 000 worth of fish were caught in the lake from 1900 to 1915 . Nevertheless , the lake bed remained dry for extended periods and vegetation covered certain areas . Local residents soon began to use the bed to grow cotton . In 1917 , Texas filed a trespass to try title suit to reclaim the lake bed for the state . In Welder v. State , the Texas Court of Civil Appeals in Austin declared the lake permanent and navigable @-@ in @-@ fact , granting the bed to the state under the purview of the Texas Game , Fish and Oyster Commission ( later Texas Parks and Wildlife Department ) . Without permission from the Texas Attorney General , the Texas Land Commissioner then sold the bed to a private buyer for agricultural use in 1918 . In the 1948 case of State v. Bryan , the Texas Court of Civil Appeals in Austin upheld the sale as valid under color of law , and immune from a trespass to try title suit due to the one @-@ year statute of limitations on land sales . However , under the Texas Water Rights Adjudication Act of 1967 , Green Lake was classified as a public body of water . The Supreme Court of Texas affirmed this classification in 1988 , rejecting the argument of the bed 's then @-@ owner that it was not a lake by definition , but a natural depression flooded with surface runoff . During the Great Depression , the population of the Green Lake settlement dwindled to 25 . It remained low until the discovery of oil in 1947 . Twenty wells were constructed at the Green Lake oilfield , although as of 1984 , only one still operated . By 2000 , the population of Green Lake was 51 , the same number reported in 1970 and 1990 . = = = Civil War = = = The lake played a role in the evacuation of federal troops from Texas at the onset of the American Civil War . As Texas considered whether to secede from the United States , General David E. Twiggs , commander of federal troops in Texas negotiated with state leaders concerning the transfer of federal property . After learning of such negotiations , the United States military moved to decommission Twiggs , and replace him with Colonel Carlos Waite . Texas viewed this move as a rejection of the negotiations and proceeded to forcefully claim the federal property . Twiggs , while awaiting relief from Waite , surrendered the property on the condition that federal troops could peacefully evacuate . They were allowed to depart , but only from the Texas coast . Waite arrived and relocated troops near Green Lake , where they could await coastal departure near an adequate source of freshwater . During the stay , Fort Sumter fell under siege , and Texas grew concerned about the concentration of armed federal troops in the area . With their respective nations now at war , Texas considered the deal with Twiggs void , and began to capture federal troops to force them to either join the Confederacy or be Prisoners of War . Some of the remaining uncaptured companies elsewhere in the state attempted to flee to Green Lake . Several regiments camped by the lake later in the war , and complained about mosquitos . = = Flora and fauna = = In the area around Green Lake there are forests of pecan , black willow , cedar , American elm , hackberry and green ash . To the south , the Guadalupe Delta Wildlife Management Area serves as a wetland habitat for thousands of permanent egrets , and other birds , including the brown pelican , reddish egret , white @-@ faced ibis , wood stork , bald eagle , white @-@ tailed hawk , peregrine falcon , and the whooping crane . American alligators reside in the area as well . Redfish and trout were once the main species of fish living in the lake , until the construction of an embankment reduced their populations . A large quantity of silt is now deposited in the lake from the Guadalupe River , after the dredging of a freshwater channel that supplies farmers and the Union Carbide plant in Seadrift . The channel has negatively affected the delta ecosystem by diminishing the river 's nutritional input . = = In popular culture = = Green Lake , Texas is the setting for Louis Sachar 's 1998 novel Holes , and the 2003 film adaptation . It is described as a dry lake that had once been the largest in the state , surrounded by an affluent community . After a long drought , the lake dried up and the area became a ghost town . Juvenile delinquents were sent to Camp Green Lake to dig holes in the lakebed as punishment . = X @-@ Men ( film series ) = The X @-@ Men film series is an American series of superhero films based on the fictional superhero team of the same name , who originally appeared in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and published by Marvel Comics . 20th Century Fox obtained the film rights to the characters in 1994 , and after numerous drafts , Bryan Singer was hired to direct X @-@ Men ( 2000 ) and its sequel , X2 ( 2003 ) , while Brett Ratner directed X @-@ Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) . After each film earned higher box @-@ office grosses than its predecessor , several spin @-@ off films were released , X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) , X @-@ Men : First Class ( 2011 ) and The Wolverine ( 2013 ) . X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past , a sequel to both X @-@ Men : The Last Stand and X @-@ Men : First Class , was released in 2014 . Deadpool and X @-@ Men : Apocalypse followed in 2016 . X @-@ Men , X2 , X @-@ Men : First Class , X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past and the spin @-@ offs The Wolverine and Deadpool were all met with positive reviews , with X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past as the best @-@ received film in the series . In the cases of X @-@ Men and X2 , critics especially highlighted their dark , realistic tones and subtexts dealing with discrimination and intolerance , while Deadpool was highlighted for its " faithful " interpretation of the source material and for its R rating . X @-@ Men : The Last Stand , X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine and X @-@ Men : Apocalypse were met with mixed reviews from critics . With nine films released , the X @-@ Men film series is the seventh highest @-@ grossing film franchise of all @-@ time , having grossed over US $ 4 @.@ 3 billion worldwide . It is set to continue with the release of a third Wolverine film in 2017 . = = Films = = = = = X @-@ Men ( 2000 ) = = = The film introduces Wolverine and Rogue into the conflict between Professor Xavier 's X @-@ Men , and the Brotherhood of Mutants , led by Magneto . Magneto intends to mutate world leaders at a United Nations summit with a machine he has built , to bring about acceptance of mutantkind , but Xavier realizes this forced mutation will only result in their deaths . In 1994 , 20th Century Fox and producer Lauren Shuler Donner bought the film rights to the X @-@ Men . Andrew Kevin Walker was hired to write and James Cameron expressed interest in directing . Eventually , Bryan Singer signed on to direct in July 1996 . Although he was not a comic book fan , Singer was fascinated by the analogies of prejudice and discrimination that X @-@ Men offered . John Logan , Joss Whedon , Ed Solomon , Christopher McQuarrie and David Hayter wrote the script , with Hayter receiving sole credit . Principal photography began in September 1999 in Toronto , Canada and ended in March 2000 . The film was released on July 14 , 2000 . = = = X2 ( 2003 ) = = = In the film , Colonel William Stryker brainwashes and questions the imprisoned Magneto about Professor Xavier 's mutant @-@ locating machine , Cerebro . Stryker attacks the X @-@ Mansion , and brainwashes Xavier into locating every mutant on the planet to kill them . The X @-@ Men must team up with the Brotherhood to prevent Stryker 's worldwide genocide . Hayter and Zak Penn were hired to write their own scripts for the sequel which Singer would pick , with an aim to release the film in December 2002 . Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris were hired to re @-@ write the script in February 2002 , writing around 26 drafts and 150 on set . Principal photography began in June 2002 in Vancouver , Canada and ended in November 2002 . The film was released on May 2 , 2003 . = = = X @-@ Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) = = = In the film , a pharmaceutical company has developed a suppressor of the mutant gene , provoking controversy in the mutant community . Magneto declares war on the humans and retrieves his own weapon : Phoenix , who is the resurrected former X @-@ Man , Jean Grey . A final battle between the X @-@ Men ( now led by Storm ) and the Brotherhood ensues , and Wolverine must accept that in order to stop Grey , he will have to kill her . Singer initially intended to shoot the film back @-@ to @-@ back with a fourth film , though he left in 2004 to direct Superman Returns . Penn and Simon Kinberg were hired the following month . Whedon 's Astonishing X @-@ Men story " Gifted " , featuring a mutant cure was suggested for the primary story . Matthew Vaughn came on board as director in February 2005 , but left due to the rushed production schedule . Brett Ratner was later hired as director in June . Principal photography began in August 2005 in Vancouver , Canada and ended in January 2006 . The film was released on May 26 , 2006 . = = = X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) = = = The film is a prequel and a spin @-@ off focusing on the character Wolverine and his relationship with his half @-@ brother Victor Creed , as well his time with Stryker 's Team X , before and shortly after his skeleton was bonded with the indestructible metal adamantium . David Benioff was hired to write the screenplay for the spin @-@ off film Wolverine in October 2004 . Hugh Jackman became producer as well as star , and worked with Benioff on the script . Ratner was negotiated by the studio to take the helm of Wolverine after directing X @-@ Men : The Last Stand , but no agreement was made . In July 2007 , Gavin Hood was hired as director . Principal photography began in January 2008 in Queenstown , New Zealand and ended in May . The film was released on May 1 , 2009 . = = = X @-@ Men : First Class ( 2011 ) = = = The film is a prequel set primarily in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis , and focuses on the relationship between Charles Xavier and Erik Lehnsherr , and the origin of their groups — the X @-@ Men and the Brotherhood , respectively . Producer Lauren Shuler Donner first thought of a prequel based on the young X @-@ Men during the production of X2 , and later producer Kinberg suggested to 20th Century Fox an adaptation of the comic @-@ book series X @-@ Men : First Class . Singer signed on to direct the film in December 2009 , however , in March 2010 it was announced that Singer would be producing instead of directing . Vaughn , who was previously attached to direct X @-@ Men : The Last Stand , became the director , and co @-@ wrote the final script with his writing partner Jane Goldman . The film superseded a planned X @-@ Men Origins : Magneto , and the Writer 's Guild of America arbitration still credited Magneto writer Sheldon Turner for the film 's story . Principal photography began in August 2010 in London , England and ended in December . The film was released on June 3 , 2011 . = = = The Wolverine ( 2013 ) = = = Set after the events of X @-@ Men : The Last Stand , the film features Wolverine heading to Japan for a reunion with a soldier named Ichirō Yashida whose life he saved years before . Wolverine must defend the man 's granddaughter Mariko Yashida from all manner of ninja and Yakuza assassins . Christopher McQuarrie , who went uncredited for his work on X @-@ Men , was hired to write the screenplay for the second Wolverine film in August 2009 . Darren Aronofsky was chosen to direct the film , though bowed out , stating the project would keep him out of the country for too long . James Mangold was later chosen to direct the film . Mark Bomback was then hired to rewrite McQuarrie 's script . Principal photography began in August 2012 in Sydney , Australia and ended in November . The film was released on July 26 , 2013 . = = = X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) = = = Set years after the events of The Wolverine , the film features the cast of the original X @-@ Men trilogy and X @-@ Men : First Class . The story , inspired by Chris Claremont and John Byrne 's X @-@ Men comic book storyline " Days of Future Past " , features Wolverine going back in time to 1973 to prevent an assassination that , if carried out , will lead to the creation of a new weapons system called the Sentinels that threatens the existence of mutants — and potentially , all of humanity . Matthew Vaughn was attached to direct the film , but left in October 2012 to focus on the film Kingsman : The Secret Service . Singer , who directed the first two X @-@ Men films and produced X @-@ Men : First Class , replaced Vaughn as the director of the film . The screenplay was written by Kinberg . Principal photography began in April 2013 in Montreal , Canada and ended in August . The film was released on May 23 , 2014 . = = = Deadpool ( 2016 ) = = = In the film , former Special Forces operative Wade Wilson is subjected to an experiment that leaves him with new abilities . He adopts the alter ego Deadpool to hunt down the man who nearly destroyed his life . In May 2000 , Marvel Studios attempted to produce a Deadpool film as part of a distribution deal with Artisan Entertainment . However , by 2004 , Marvel was developing the film with New Line Cinema . David S. Goyer was set to write and direct and courted actor Ryan Reynolds for the lead role , but lost interest within months in favor of other projects . 20th Century Fox acquired Deadpool the following year after New Line placed it in turnaround , and was considering the spin @-@ off in the development of X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine , with Reynolds being cast for the role . After the opening weekend success of X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine in May 2009 , Fox lent Deadpool out to writers with Donner acting as a producer . Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick were hired to write the script in January 2010 . Robert Rodriguez was sent a draft of the screenplay the following June , but did not pursue it , and Adam Berg emerged as a top contender to direct . In April 2011 , visual effects specialist Tim Miller was hired to direct . Principal photography began in March 2015 in Vancouver , Canada and ended in May . The film was released on February 12 , 2016 . = = = X @-@ Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) = = = In the film , En Sabah Nur , the first and most powerful mutant awakens after thousands of years . He is disillusioned with the world as he finds it and recruits a team of powerful mutants to cleanse mankind and create a new world order , over which he will reign . As the fate of the Earth hangs in the balance , Raven , with the help of Professor X , must lead the X @-@ Men to stop their nemesis and save mankind from destruction . In December 2013 , Singer announced the upcoming X @-@ Men film , titled X @-@ Men : Apocalypse , a sequel to X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past . Directed by Singer from a script by Simon Kinberg , Dan Harris , and Michael Dougherty , the film is said to focus on the origin of the mutants . Kinberg said that it will take place in 1983 and will complete a trilogy that began with X @-@ Men : First Class . Principal photography began in April 2015 in Montreal , Canada and ended in August . The film was released on May 27 , 2016 in North America . = = = Future = = = = = = = Untitled Wolverine film ( 2017 ) = = = = By November 2013 , 20th Century Fox had begun negotiations for the treatment for another solo film starring Wolverine with director James Mangold while Donner is attached to produce . Mangold has said that it will be inspired by other Wolverine stories from the comic books and it will be made after X @-@ Men : Apocalypse . In March 2014 , David James Kelly was hired to write the script . In April 2015 , Michael Green was hired to work on the film 's script . The film will star Hugh Jackman in his final performance as Wolverine along with Patrick Stewart as Charles Xavier / Professor X , Boyd Holbrook , Stephen Merchant , Richard E. Grant , Eriq La Salle and Elise Neal . Jackman hinted at the film being an adaptation of the Old Man Logan storyline , a status confirmed by said comic 's writer , Mark Millar . In February 2016 , Liev Schreiber was in talks to return as Victor Creed / Sabretooth , whom he played in X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine . Principal photography commenced in May 2016 for a March 3 , 2017 release . = = = = In development = = = = In October 2014 , Josh Zetumer was hired to write the screenplay for a film about the character Remy LeBeau / Gambit based on the treatment by comic @-@ book writer Chris Claremont . In June 2015 , Rupert Wyatt was hired to direct but left in September due to schedule conflicts . In November , Doug Liman was in final negotiations to direct the film . The film will star Channing Tatum in the lead role . Donner , Kinberg , Tatum and Reid Carolin are attached as producers . Kinberg said that he hopes to start filming in spring 2016 . Principal photography is scheduled to commence in late 2016 , while filming is reported to start at the beginning of Spring 2017 . In September 2015 , Kinberg said that a sequel for Deadpool was in development . By the release of Deadpool , 20th Century Fox had already greenlit the sequel , with Rheese and Wernick returning to write , and Miller being looked at to return as director . According to an Easter Egg at the end of the largely tongue in cheek first film , the character Nathan Summers / Cable will appear in the film . In May 2015 , Josh Boone was hired to direct and write a film adaptation of The New Mutants comic @-@ book series . Acting as a spin @-@ off to the X @-@ Men films , the film will be written by Boone and Knate Gwaltney , while Donner and Kinberg are attached to produce . In May 2016 , Boone confirmed the characters that will appear in the film such as Illyana Rasputin / Magik , Rahne Sinclair / Wolfsbane , Danielle " Dani " Moonstar / Mirage , Samuel " Sam " Guthrie / Cannonball , Roberto da Costa / Sunspot , and Warlock . Kinberg has stated that the film will be very loyal to the comics . Professor X is confirmed to make an appearance in the film , while filming potentially begins in early 2017 . In May 2016 , Kinberg said the next X @-@ Men film will be set in the 1990s . In May 2016 , screenwriter Simon Kinberg acknowledged the possibility of re @-@ adapting " The Dark Phoenix Saga " , which had been adapted in the original X @-@ Men trilogy films . In July 2013 , 20th Century Fox hired Jeff Wadlow to write a film adaptation of the X @-@ Men spin @-@ off comic @-@ book series X @-@ Force , with Donner attached to produce . Mark Millar , the creative consultant for 20th Century Fox 's Marvel Comics based films , stated that the film will feature five characters as protagonists . After the release of Deadpool , Reynolds felt that Deadpool would soon be in an X @-@ Force film , while Kinberg stated that there was potential for X @-@ Force to be R @-@ rated like Deadpool . Kinberg has since reportedly been working on another draft of the script . = = Recurring characters = = List indicator ( s ) This table only shows characters that have appeared in three or more films in the series . A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film or that the character 's presence in the film has yet to be announced . A Y indicates a role as a younger version of the character . An O indicates a role as an older version of the character . A U indicates an uncredited role . A C indicates a cameo role . A V indicates a voice @-@ only role . An A indicates an appearance through archival footage or stills . = = Crew = = = = Home media release = = 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the first seven films on DVD , Blu @-@ ray and digital download . The first two films were also released on VHS . The films were also released on VHS , DVD and Blu @-@ ray box sets : As of May 2014 , the DVD and Blu @-@ ray sales of the first six films in the United States earned more than $ 620 million . = = Reception = = = = = Box office performance = = = The first three X @-@ Men films and Deadpool set opening records in North America : X @-@ Men had the highest July opening yet , while X2 and X @-@ Men : The Last Stand earned the fourth highest opening weekends yet and Deadpool got the largest opening weekend in February . The records for the first three films have since been surpassed . The next three X @-@ Men films after X @-@ Men : The Last Stand opened lower than their predecessor and didn 't set opening records . In North America , Deadpool is the highest @-@ grossing film in the series , and it also has the highest opening weekend . Outside North America , X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past has the highest opening weekend and is the highest @-@ grossing film in the series . Worldwide , Deadpool is the highest grossing film in the series . The X @-@ Men film series is the second highest @-@ grossing film series based on Marvel Comics characters after Marvel Cinematic Universe . In North America , it is the seventh highest @-@ grossing film franchise , having earned over $ 1 @.@ 8 billion . Worldwide , it is the seventh highest @-@ grossing film franchise of all time , having grossed over $ 4 @.@ 3 billion . = = = Critical and public response = = = Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe praised the first three X @-@ Men films as " more than a cash @-@ guzzling wham @-@ bang Hollywood franchise ... these three movies sport philosophy , ideas , a telethon @-@ load of causes , and a highly elastic us @-@ versus @-@ them allegory . " Morris praised X @-@ Men : The Last Stand for " put [ ting ] the heroes of a mighty summer blockbuster in a rare mortal position . Realism at this time of year ? How unorthodox ! " Roger Ebert gave the films mostly positive reviews , but criticized them for the amount of mutants , stating " their powers are so various and ill @-@ matched that it 's hard to keep them all on the same canvas . " The first two films were highly praised due to their cerebral tone . However , when director Bryan Singer left the series , many criticized his successor , Brett Ratner . Colin Colvert of the Star Tribune felt " Singer 's sensitivity to [ the discrimination themes ] made the first two X @-@ Men films surprisingly resonant and soulful for comic @-@ based summer extravaganzas ... Singer is adept at juggling large casts of three @-@ dimensional characters , Ratner makes shallow , unimaginative bang @-@ ups . " James Berardinelli felt , " X @-@ Men : The Last Stand isn 't as taut or satisfying as X @-@ Men 2 , but it 's better constructed and better paced than the original X @-@ Men . The differences in quality between the three are minor , however ; despite the change in directors , there seems to be a single vision . " David Denby of The New Yorker praised " the liquid beauty and the poetic fantasy of Singer 's work " , but called Ratner 's film " a crude synthesizer of comedy and action tropes . " Singer 's third film in the series , X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past was also highly praised . Alonso Duralde of The Wrap felt that " Singer keeps things moving along briskly enough that you can just go along with the ride of Superhero Stuff without getting bogged down " . The X @-@ Men films were well @-@ received by fans of the comic books , but there was criticism of the large cast , and the limited screentime for all of them . Richard George of IGN praised the depictions of Wolverine , Professor X , Magneto , Jean Grey , Storm , William Stryker , Mystique , Beast and Nightcrawler ; however , George thought many of the younger X @-@ Men characters , such as Rogue , Iceman , Pyro and Kitty Pryde were " adjectiveless teenager [ s ] " , and was disappointed by Cyclops ' characterization . He observed the filmmakers were " big fans of silent henchmen " , due to the small roles of the various villainous mutants ; such as Lady Deathstrike . Spider @-@ Man director Sam Raimi said he was a fan of the series , particularly Singer 's films . Film historian Kim Newman also tonally compared Batman Begins to Singer 's films . = = = Impact = = = Richard George of IGN stated that the success of the first X @-@ Men film paved the way for comic @-@ book film adaptations such as the Spider @-@ Man series , Fantastic Four , V for Vendetta and Singer 's Superman Returns . Chris Hewitt of Empire magazine called the first X @-@ Men film as the " catalyst " for films based on Marvel Comics characters stating " Singer ’ s 2000 movie is the catalyst for everything that ’ s come since , good and bad . Without it , there ’ s no Marvel Studios . " Comic @-@ book writer Mark Millar said that Singer 's X @-@ Men " revolutionized " superhero films . = = Tie @-@ in material = = = = = Books = = = In June 2000 , Marvel Comics published a comic book prequel to the first film , titled X @-@ Men : Beginnings , featuring the back @-@ stories of Magneto , Rogue and Wolverine . A novel adaptation for the film was also released . In 2003 , Marvel released a comic @-@ book for X2 , which contained prequels detailing Nightcrawler 's backstory and Wolverine 's time searching for Alkali Lake . Del Rey Books also published novelizations for the first three films ; the latter two were written by Chris Claremont . = = = Video games = = = In July 2000 , X @-@ Men : Mutant Academy was released for PlayStation and Game Boy Color . It shared the title fonts and costumes from the first film . The game also contains behind @-@ the @-@ scenes material from the first film . In April 2003 , X2 : Wolverine 's Revenge which served as a tie @-@ in to X2 was released for GameCube , Game Boy Advance , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 and Xbox . Patrick Stewart served as the voice actor for Professor X. In May 2006 , X @-@ Men : The Official Game was released for GameCube , Game Boy Advance , Microsoft Windows , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 , Xbox and Xbox 360 . The story was set between X2 and X @-@ Men : The Last Stand and also explained Nightcrawler 's departure from the X @-@ Men . In May 2009 , the video game X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine based on the film of the same name was released for Microsoft Windows , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Wii and Xbox 360 . In September 2011 X @-@ Men : Destiny was released for consoles to coincide with the X @-@ Men : First Class 's home @-@ media release , containing costumes from the latter as unlockable content . All video games were released by Activision . = = = Television series = = = In October 2015 , Marvel Television announced that two television series based on X @-@ Men characters , Legion and Hellfire are in development . Legion , based on the character David Haller , was ordered by FX for a pilot . Noah Hawley was attached to write the pilot . Produced by FX Productions and Marvel Television . Hawley will also serve as an executive producer along with Lauren Shuler Donner , Bryan Singer , Simon Kinberg , Jeph Loeb , Jim Chory and John Cameron . It is set to air in 2017 for an eight @-@ episode season . Hellfire meanwhile was in development with Fox Broadcasting Company and was to be produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Marvel Television . Set in the late 1960s , the show was supposed to follow an agent who learns that a power @-@ hungry woman with " extraordinary " abilities is working with a clandestine society of millionaires , known as the Hellfire Club to take over the world . Evan Katz , Manny Coto , Patrick McKay and JD Payne were to be credited as the co @-@ creators of the show while McKay and Payne were hired to write the pilot , based on a story by Katz , Coto , McKay and Payne . Katz and Coto were also hired to act as showrunners but left along with McKay and Payne in January 2016 to focus on 24 : Legacy . Singer , Donner , Kinberg , Loeb and Chory were also attached as executive producers for the show . It was scrapped in July 2016 . = Ding Dong , Ding Dong = " Ding Dong , Ding Dong " is a song by English musician George Harrison , written as a New Year 's Eve singalong and released in December 1974 on his album Dark Horse . It was the album 's lead single in Britain and some other European countries , and the second single , after " Dark Horse " , in North America . A large @-@ scale production , the song incorporates aspects of Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound technique , particularly his Christmas recordings from 1963 . In addition , some Harrison biographers view " Ding Dong " as an attempt to emulate the success of two glam rock anthems from the 1973 – 74 holiday season : " Merry Xmas Everybody " by Slade , and Wizzard 's " I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday " . The song became only a minor hit in Britain and the United States , although it was a top @-@ twenty hit elsewhere in the world . Harrison took the lyrics to " Ding Dong " from engravings he found at his nineteenth @-@ century home , Friar Park , in Oxfordshire – a legacy of its eccentric founder , Sir Frank Crisp . The song 's " Ring out the old , ring in the new " refrain has invited interpretation as Harrison distancing himself from his past as a member of the Beatles , and as the singer farewelling his first marriage , to Pattie Boyd . As on much of the Dark Horse album , Harrison 's vocals on the recording were hampered by a throat condition , due partly to his having overextended himself on business projects such as his recently launched record label , Dark Horse Records . Recorded at his Friar Park studio , the track includes musical contributions from Tom Scott , Ringo Starr , Alvin Lee , Ron Wood and Jim Keltner . On release , the song met with an unfavourable response from many music critics , while others considered its musical and lyrical simplicity to be a positive factor for a contemporary pop hit . For the first time with one of his singles , Harrison made a promotional video for " Ding Dong " , which features scenes of him miming to the track at Friar Park while dressed in a variety of Beatle @-@ themed costumes . The song still receives occasional airplay over the holiday season . The video appears on the DVD in Harrison 's eight @-@ disc Apple Years 1968 – 75 box set , released in September 2014 . = = Background and composition = = George Harrison purchased the 33 @-@ acre Friar Park estate , in Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames , Oxfordshire , in January 1970 , and soon afterwards composed " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) " as a tribute to the property 's original owner , an eccentric Victorian lawyer and horticulturalist named Frank Crisp . Harrison included the song on his All Things Must Pass triple album , released in November 1970 , by which time he had begun incorporating into his new compositions some of the homilies and aphorisms that Crisp had inscribed around the property , 70 or more years before . A four @-@ line verse beginning " Scan not a friend with a microscopic glass " particularly resonated with Harrison , who eventually used it in his 1975 song " The Answer 's at the End " . It similarly took Harrison several years to turn two inspirational lines of verse from carvings in the house 's drawing room into song lyrics . These lines provided the repeated verse in " Ding Dong , Ding Dong " : " Ring out the old , ring in the new " – which he took from the carving to the left of the fireplace – and " Ring out the false , ring in the true " – from the one to the right . In his 1980 autobiography , I , Me , Mine , Harrison credits English poet Lord Tennyson as the original source for these lines . Authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter describe " Ding Dong " as the " quickest song " that Harrison ever wrote , in terms of time spent on the composition . The words for the song 's middle eight – " Yesterday , today was tomorrow / And tomorrow , today will be yesterday " – came from another pair of inscriptions from Crisp 's time at Friar Park . Harrison found these lines in what he called " the garden building " , carved in stone around two matching windows . The only other lyrics in " Ding Dong , Ding Dong " are the song title , repeated four times to serve as its chorus . Sung in imitation of a clock chiming , the chorus lyrics , combined with the message of those of the verse , lend the composition an obvious New Year 's theme . Harrison later described the song as " very optimistic " , and suggested : " Instead of getting stuck in a rut , everybody should try ringing out the old and ringing in the new … [ People ] sing about it , but they never apply it to their lives . " Harrison 's other singles from the early 1	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
a statement saying that Pistorius is always 1 @.@ 84 meters tall , regardless of what prostheses he wears , and that the decision to maintain this height for his running blades was an issue of fairness . = HMS Argus ( I49 ) = HMS Argus was a British aircraft carrier that served in the Royal Navy from 1918 to 1944 . She was converted from an ocean liner that was under construction when the First World War began , and became the first example of what is now the standard pattern of aircraft carrier , with a full @-@ length flight deck that allowed wheeled aircraft to take off and land . After commissioning , the ship was heavily involved for several years in the development of the optimum design for other aircraft carriers . Argus also evaluated various types of arresting gear , general procedures needed to operate a number of aircraft in concert , and fleet tactics . The ship was too top @-@ heavy as originally built and had to be modified to improve her stability in the mid @-@ 1920s . She spent one brief deployment on the China Station in the late 1920s before being placed in reserve for budgetary reasons . Argus was recommissioned and partially modernised shortly before the Second World War and served as a training ship for deck @-@ landing practice until June 1940 . The following month she made the first of her many ferry trips to the Western Mediterranean to fly off fighters to Malta ; she was largely occupied in this task for the next two years . The ship also delivered aircraft to Murmansk in Russia , Takoradi on the Gold Coast , and Reykjavík in Iceland . By 1942 , the Royal Navy was very short of aircraft carriers and Argus was pressed into front @-@ line service despite her lack of speed and armament . In June , she participated in Operation Harpoon , providing air cover for the Malta @-@ bound convoy . In November , the ship provided air cover during Operation Torch , the invasion of French North Africa , and was lightly damaged by a bomb . After returning to the UK for repairs , Argus was used again for deck @-@ landing practice until late September 1944 . In December , she became an accommodation ship and was listed for disposal in mid @-@ 1946 . Argus was sold in late 1946 and scrapped the following year . = = Design , description and construction = = Argus had her genesis in the Admiralty 's desire during the First World War for an aircraft carrier that could fly off wheeled aircraft and land them aboard . Existing carriers could launch wheeled aircraft , but had no way to recover them as they lacked flight decks . In 1912 , the ship builder William Beardmore had proposed to the Admiralty an aircraft carrier design with a continuous , full @-@ length flight deck , but it was not accepted . As the limitations of existing carriers became more apparent , this design was dusted off and the Admiralty located two large , fast hulls suitable for conversion into an aircraft carrier . Construction of the Italian ocean liners Conte Rosso and Giulio Cesare had been suspended by William Beardmore and Company at the outbreak of the war , and both met the Admiralty 's criteria . Conte Rosso was purchased on 20 September 1916 , possibly because her machinery was more complete than that of Giulio Cesare , and the company began work on converting the ship . The initial design had two islands with the flight deck running between them . Each island contained one funnel ; a large net could be strung between them to stop out @-@ of @-@ control aircraft . The islands were connected by braces and the bridge was mounted on top of the bracing , which left a clear height of 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) for the aircraft on the flight deck . Fairly early in the design process , the decision was made to delete the funnels to reduce turbulence over the flight deck . The exhaust gases were , instead , ducted aft in the space between the roof of the hangar deck and the flight deck and were enclosed by a casing through which cooler air was driven by electric fans . They normally exhausted underneath the aft end of the flight deck , but the exhaust could be vented through openings on the rear side of the hull by two large electric fans . In November 1916 , the ship 's design was tested in a wind tunnel by the National Physical Laboratory to evaluate the turbulence caused by the twin islands and the bridge over them . They were found to cause problems , but no changes were made until the ship was nearly complete . In April 1918 , Argus was ordered to be modified to a flush @-@ decked configuration after the sea trials of the carrier Furious had revealed severe turbulence problems caused by her superstructure . The ship was given a bridge underneath her flight deck , extending from side to side , and she was fitted with a retractable pilot house in the middle of the flight deck for use when not operating aircraft . Argus 's stability had been a concern from the beginning . Despite having been originally conceived as a liner with a hull designed to minimise rolling , most of the changes made to the ship during her conversion added topside weight , raising her centre of gravity . Even the addition of 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of ballast still left the ship with a very low metacentric height of only 1 @.@ 6 feet ( 0 @.@ 49 m ) lightly loaded and 3 @.@ 8 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) at deep load . This meant that she was very steady , but heeled noticeably when turning . The ship proved to be very manoeuvrable at medium and high speeds , but steered badly at low speeds and in wind due to her large surface area . Argus had an overall length of 565 feet ( 172 @.@ 2 m ) , a beam of 68 feet ( 20 @.@ 7 m ) , and a draught of 23 feet 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . She displaced 14 @,@ 450 long tons ( 14 @,@ 680 t ) at standard load and 15 @,@ 575 long tons ( 15 @,@ 825 t ) at deep load . Each of the ship 's four sets of Parsons geared steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . Steam was supplied by 12 cylindrical Scotch boilers . The turbines were designed for a total of 20 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 15 @,@ 000 kW ) , but they produced 21 @,@ 376 shaft horsepower ( 15 @,@ 940 kW ) during her sea trials in September 1918 , and gave Argus a speed of 20 @.@ 506 knots ( 37 @.@ 977 km / h ; 23 @.@ 598 mph ) . The ship carried 2 @,@ 500 long tons ( 2 @,@ 500 t ) of fuel oil , which gave her a range of 3 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 700 km ; 4 @,@ 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship 's flight deck was 549 feet ( 167 @.@ 3 m ) long and her hangar was 330 feet ( 100 @.@ 6 m ) long , 48 – 68 feet ( 14 @.@ 6 – 20 @.@ 7 m ) wide , and 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) high . Aircraft were transported between the hangar and the flight deck by two aircraft lifts ( elevators ) ; the forward lift measured 30 by 36 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m × 11 @.@ 0 m ) and the rear 60 by 18 feet ( 18 @.@ 3 m × 5 @.@ 5 m ) . Argus was the only British carrier serving in the Second World War capable of striking down ( stowing away ) aircraft with non @-@ folding wings because of her wide lifts and tall hangar ceiling . Three fire curtains divided the hangar and another separated the hangar and the quarterdeck . She could accommodate between 15 and 18 aircraft . No arresting gear was fitted as completed . Two large cranes were positioned on the quarterdeck , beneath the rear of the flight deck . Petrol storage consisted of 8 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 36 @,@ 000 l ; 9 @,@ 600 US gal ) in 2 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 9 @.@ 1 l ; 2 @.@ 4 US gal ) tins stowed below the waterline . The ship 's crew totalled 495 officers and men . The ship was armed with four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) anti @-@ aircraft guns , two on the quarterdeck and one on each side of the hull . She was also fitted with two low @-@ angle 4 @-@ inch guns , one also on each side of the hull . The rear magazine and the torpedo warhead storage magazine were protected by a total of 2 inches ( 51 mm ) of protective plating on all sides , but the forward magazine and bomb storage rooms only had a 2 @-@ inch thick deck to protect them . Argus was laid down in 1914 by William Beardmore and Company in Dalmuir , as the Conte Rosso . She was renamed after her purchase in September 1916 and was launched on 2 December 1917 , her building having been slowed by labour shortages . The ship was commissioned on 16 September 1918 . Formally named after Argus of the 100 Eyes from Greek mythology , Argus was nicknamed the Hat Box or the Flatiron due to her flat @-@ topped appearance . = = Service history = = = = = 1918 – 1939 = = = After commissioning too late to participate in World War I , Argus was tasked to conduct deck @-@ landing trials with longitudinal arresting gear transferred from Furious . The first landing on the ship was made on 1 October 1918 by a Sopwith Ship Strutter . The same month , the ship was used in trials to evaluate the effects which an island superstructure would have on flying operations , with a canvas @-@ and @-@ wood dummy island being installed with a smoke box to simulate funnel gases . By 19 December 36 successful landings had been made by Ship Strutters and Sopwith Pups . Argus was refitted from 23 December to 21 March 1919 with modified arresting gear . The wires of the arresting gear had been lifted off the deck so they could engage the hooks on the undercarriages of the aircraft , but this prevented the use of the flight deck for any other purpose . The after lift was therefore lowered 9 inches ( 229 mm ) , which allowed aircraft to use the area when the lift was raised flush with the rest of the flight deck . Trials began in April and the lift was widened in October . Argus joined the Atlantic Fleet in January 1920 for its Spring Cruise carrying eight Ship Strutters , four Sopwith Camel fighters , two Airco DH.9As and two Fairey floatplanes . Operational experience confirmed that the aircraft should attempt to land directly onto the arresting gear lest they be blown over the side of the carrier , as happened three times during the cruise . After the ship 's return from its cruise , a conference was convened aboard Argus on 19 May to consider revised landing arrangements . It was decided that a longer system of wires was needed , and the landing well system was abandoned in favour of ramps that could be raised and lowered as needed . Powered palisades were also needed on the side of the flight deck to help retain aircraft aboard that had not engaged a wire . The revised system was successfully tested aboard the carrier Eagle later in the year and Argus ' arresting gear was modified accordingly in time for the 1921 Spring Cruise , during which the ship carried ten Parnall Panther spotter and reconnaissance aircraft and three Fairey IIIC reconnaissance aircraft . In addition , the ship 's after lift was permanently locked in the raised position and 150 long tons ( 150 t ) of ballast were added to compensate for the additional weight of the equipment high in the ship . This cruise was deemed very successful as 45 landings were made , only two of which resulted in serious accidents , an accident rate comparable to those of land @-@ based units . The time required to launch two aircraft and land one aboard was forty minutes during this cruise , primarily because the rotary engines of the time were very difficult to start . On September 1922 , Argus , equipped with Gloster Nightjar fighters , was deployed to the Dardanelles as a response to the Chanak crisis . As well as operating her own aircraft , Argus was used to fly off Bristol Fighters that had been ferried to the Dardanelles aboard the seaplane carrier Ark Royal to an airfield at Kilia on the European side of the straits . ( The aircraft could not be flown off Ark Royal since it was a seaplane carrier with no flight deck . The Bristol Fighters were transferred to Argus by crane ) . In July 1922 , Argus was inclined to evaluate her stability in light of the additional weights that had been added since her completion and it was discovered that her metacentric height had been reduced by 0 @.@ 83 feet ( 0 @.@ 3 m ) . The Director of Naval Construction proposed to fit her with a girdle at her waterline to increase her beam and thus her stability . He intended to do this under the 1923 – 1924 Naval Programme , but this was delayed several times as the ship was needed for training and when she was finally modified it was under the 1925 – 1926 Naval Programme . Girdling increased her deep displacement to 16 @,@ 750 long tons ( 17 @,@ 020 t ) and her beam to 74 feet ( 22 @.@ 6 m ) , and reduced her draught to 22 feet 10 inches ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) and her speed by a quarter of a knot . The ship was also fitted with bulk petrol storage , new four @-@ inch guns that used fixed ammunition , and new radio masts . Argus usually operated about 15 aircraft during the 1920s . This was commonly divided up between one small flight of fighters ( Gloster Nightjars or Fairey Flycatchers ) , one of spotters ( Parnall Panthers or Avro Bisons ) , and one spotter reconnaissance flight with Fairey IIIs . The ship 's hull was surveyed in 1927 and anticipated to be sound for another 15 years , and she relieved Hermes on the China Station from 1 September to 20 March 1928 . Sometime after her return , Argus was laid up at Plymouth at 14 @-@ days readiness to save money . Since she was completed before 9 December 1921 , the Washington Naval Treaty classified her as an experimental aircraft carrier and thus she did not need to be scrapped to release treaty @-@ limited tonnage for new construction . The ship was reduced to Extended Reserve ( four months readiness ) at Rosyth in September 1932 . In February 1936 , it was decided to refit the ship as a tender for Queen Bee target drones . The opportunity was taken to widen her flight deck by 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) and replace her old boilers with six new destroyer @-@ type boilers which could generate more steam than her turbines could handle . The ship was intended to have one hydro @-@ pneumatic aircraft catapult , but this was instead diverted to Ark Royal . Since Argus was now classified as a naval auxiliary , her four @-@ inch guns were removed . Her refit was completed on 30 July 1938 and she underwent sea trials the following month . = = = Second World War = = = After recommissioning , Argus served as a training carrier to allow pilots to practice their deck @-@ landing skills . She was carrying out this duty in the Gulf of Lion when the Second World War began . By April 1940 , the ship had been rearmed with two QF Mk V 4 @-@ inch anti @-@ aircraft guns on her quarterdeck , as well as three quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun mounts ; one of these was on each side of her hull and the third was on the centreline of the quarterdeck . Together with the battlecruiser Hood and six destroyers , Argus escorted Convoy US @-@ 3 , loaded with Australian and New Zealand troops , to the United Kingdom in mid @-@ June . A week later , she ferried Supermarine Walrus amphibians of 701 Squadron to Reykjavík , Iceland . Argus loaded a dozen Hawker Hurricane and two Blackburn Skua fighters of 418 Flight RAF in late July for delivery to Malta as part of Operation Hurry . Escorted by Ark Royal , three battleships , two cruisers and 10 destroyers , the ship flew them off without incident on 2 August 1940 from a point west of Sicily , although two of the Hurricanes crashed on landing . Accompanied by the battleship Valiant and escorted by two destroyers , she returned to Liverpool to load 30 Hurricanes with their wings removed . Argus sailed on 22 August and arrived at Takoradi on the Gold Coast on 5 September where her aircraft were off @-@ loaded . After her return to the United Kingdom , the ship was briefly refitted and she ferried 701 Squadron back to the United Kingdom in late October . On 11 November , Argus sailed again from Liverpool with a deck @-@ load of a dozen Hurricanes and two Skuas for delivery to Malta ( Operation White ) . She rendezvoused with Force H four days later and launched the aircraft on the morning of 17 November . Eight of the Hurricanes ran out of fuel en route due to headwinds and one Skua was forced to crash land on Sicily after it had been damaged by Italian flak . In mid @-@ December , the ship embarked six Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers of 821X Squadron for delivery to Gibraltar and another pair of Swordfish from 825 Squadron for self @-@ defence . The carrier rendezvoused with Furious and Convoy WS @-@ 5A before the combined force was discovered by the German cruiser Admiral Hipper on 25 December , but little damage was inflicted by Hipper before she was driven off by the escorts . No air strike could be flown against the German cruiser because the Swordfish were embarked in Argus with bombs that they could not carry and the torpedoes were aboard Furious . After Furious 's Skuas had flown off to search for Hipper , space was cleared to allow Argus 's Swordfish to load the torpedoes , but the Skuas could not locate Hipper because of the poor visibility . Argus delivered 821X Squadron to Gibraltar and was back in the United Kingdom by 14 January 1941 . In March , the carrier loaded a dozen Hurricane IIs and three Skuas and delivered them to Gibraltar on 29 March , where they were loaded onto Ark Royal and flown off to Malta a few days later . She returned to the United Kingdom on 11 April and loaded six replacement Swordfish as well as six Swordfish of 812 Squadron for self @-@ defence . After a brief refit , Argus sailed on 14 April for Gibraltar to transfer the replacements to Ark Royal . She arrived on 24 April and began a two @-@ week refit after the aircraft were transferred . The ship was back in the United Kingdom , loading another batch of Hurricanes bound for Gibraltar . Three Fulmars of 800X Squadron were also embarked to protect the ship against the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 200 Condors that patrolled the Bay of Biscay and the Eastern Atlantic . The carrier arrived on 31 May and disembarked all her aircraft , including 800X Squadron . On her return to the United Kingdom she began a refit . In late August to early September , Argus transported 24 Hurricanes of No. 151 Wing RAF to Murmansk , Russia . She then ferried a dozen Fairey Albacore torpedo bombers of 828 Squadron to Gibraltar on 30 September for eventual delivery to Malta . She was to ferry the fighters of 804 Squadron on her return trip to England , but this was cancelled . Eventually , the ship loaded some damaged aircraft and accompanied Eagle back to the United Kingdom on 20 October . Argus loaded more Hurricanes for Gibraltar and also embarked a pair of Swordfish from 818 Squadron and two Sea Hurricanes from 804X Squadron for self @-@ defence . The ship arrived on 8 November and she transferred some of her Hurricanes to Ark Royal . Two days later , the two carriers , in Operation Perpetual , sailed to the west of Sicily and flew off their 37 Hurricanes ; three of the fighters were lost en route . Ark Royal was torpedoed and sunk during the return to Gibraltar , which forced Argus to remain there to provide cover for Force H as the sole carrier available . Force H was recalled to the United Kingdom in January and Argus loaded 12 Swordfish of 812 Squadron for her own protection . Whilst in the United Kingdom , she loaded some Supermarine Spitfire fighters and returned to Gibraltar on 24 February . There , the ship transferred the Spitfires to Eagle and embarked nine Fairey Fulmar fighters of 807 Squadron . The plan for Operation Spotter I was for Argus to provide fighter cover for Eagle as she flew off the Spitfires for Malta , but the operation had to be cancelled when the long @-@ range fuel tanks of the Spitfires proved defective . The problems were not rectified until 7 March , when the 15 Spitfires were successfully flown off . During Operation Picket I , nine more Spitfires were flown off by Eagle on 21 March whilst a dozen Sea Hurricane IIBs from 804 Squadron provided air cover from Argus . The two carriers repeated the delivery on 29 March when Eagle flew off seven more Spitfires whilst 807 Squadron provided air cover from Argus . The latter ship also carried six Albacores bound for Malta as well , but the weather deteriorated over Malta and their fly @-@ off was cancelled . Another attempt to deliver the Albacores and more Spitfires was made during Operation LB . As usual , Argus provided the air cover with a dozen Fulmars from 807 Squadron and Eagle ferried the Albacores and 17 Spitfires to their take @-@ off point for Malta on 19 May . The Spitfires were flown off successfully , but the engines of the Albacores all began to overheat and they were forced to return to the carrier . Examination of the aircraft revealed that their air coolers had been set to " Winter " rather than " Summer " . One of the Fulmars was shot down by Vichy French Dewoitine D.520 fighters as it attempted to protect the crew of a Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat that had been shot down earlier . By this time the ship 's Vickers .50 @-@ calibre machine guns had been replaced by 13 Oerlikon 20 mm light anti @-@ aircraft guns . Afterwards , the ship returned to the UK to ferry 801 Squadron to Gibraltar and delivered the unit on 7 June . Together with Eagle , Argus was tasked to provide air cover over Force H as it covered a convoy attempting to get desperately needed supplies through to Malta later in June ( Operation Harpoon ) . The carrier embarked two Fulmars from 807 Squadron , nine Swordfish from 813 Squadron and four more Swordfish from 824 Squadron to protect the convoy from submarines while Eagle loaded 20 Fulmars and Sea Hurricanes from three different squadrons . One Swordfish crashed while landing on 13 June and the wreckage was pushed over the side . Both Fulmars from 807 Squadron were shot down on 14 June by Italian bombers , but they likely shot down one Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.79 and one CANT Z.1007 bomber . Eagle transferred her Fulmars to Argus over the course of the battle and two more were lost later in the day . The ship was attacked multiple times by bombs and torpedoes during the battle without effect . As part of the preparations for another resupply convoy for Malta ( Operation Pedestal ) , Argus returned to the United Kingdom in late June to load reserve aircraft , including six Sea Hurricanes of 804 Squadron , for the other aircraft carriers involved in the operation and left the Clyde on 2 August for Gibraltar . The ship rendezvoused with the other carriers on 5 August for a three @-@ day training exercise to work out coordination procedures before the operation commenced and 804 Squadron was deemed not ready for combat . It was ordered to return to the UK aboard Argus . In November 1942 , Argus was assigned to the Eastern Naval Task Force that invaded Algiers , Algeria , during the Allied landings in French North Africa with 18 Supermarine Seafire IICs of 880 Squadron aboard . The ship was hit by a bomb on 10 November that killed four men . She and the escort carrier Avenger joined a convoy returning to the United Kingdom on the evening of 14 / 15 November that was spotted by the Germans . The German submarine U @-@ 155 torpedoed Avenger , right behind Argus in the convoy , later that morning . The ship was under repair for a month after she reached the United Kingdom , but she required a more thorough refit that lasted from February to May 1943 . Reclassified as an escort carrier after the completion of her refit , she was relegated to deck @-@ landing training . She was ordered to be paid off on 27 January 1944 , but this order was apparently revoked as she continued training until 27 September 1944 when the last take @-@ off was made from her deck . In March , she was ordered to be converted to an aircraft freighter around the end of the year , but this plan was also apparently cancelled . Argus became an accommodation ship at Chatham in December and she was approved for scrapping on 6 May 1946 . She was sold to Thomas W. Ward on 5 December 1946 and arrived at Inverkeithing later that month to be broken up . = Tapestry ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) = " Tapestry " is the 15th episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , the 141st overall . It was originally released on February 15 , 1993 , in broadcast syndication . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship Enterprise . Ronald D. Moore was credited with writing the episode , but the basis of the story was a collaborative effort from the writing crew . " Tapestry " was directed by Les Landau , with the title coming from executive producer Michael Piller . In this episode , Q ( John de Lancie ) allows a supposedly deceased Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) to re @-@ visit a pivotal event in his youth that he since regrets . Picard changes the past , but upon returning to the present he finds that it made him the man he became . He returns once more to the past and returns it to the way it originally took place . Picard wakes up in the present , unsure if the events took place or if it was as a result of his injury . A number of previously screen used props were used , including some from the 1956 film The Ten Commandments , and from previous episodes . The white room scenes were problematic as there were concerns that the all @-@ white robe worn by de Lancie would make him appear to be a floating head on camera . While Moore was pleased with the episode , Piller was not and some fans complained that it glorified violence . " Tapestry " received Nielsen ratings of 13 @.@ 8 percent , and critics responded very positively with praise directed to the chemistry between Stewart and de Lancie . = = Plot = = During a diplomatic mission , Captain Picard is shot by terrorists and dies . He awakes to find himself in an otherwordly realm , where he is greeted by Q. Q explains that the energy blast that hit Picard destroyed his artificial heart , and that a natural heart would have survived . Picard lost his original heart during his cadet years when he was stabbed through the chest during a bar brawl , an event that he regrets and led to him becoming the disciplined and restrained man he is today . When Picard remarks that he would do things differently if he could relive that moment , Q sends Picard back in time to two days before the brawl , where he meets with fellow cadets and friends Corey Zweller and Marta Batanides . They are surprised by the personality changes in Picard . Zweller is cheated by a group of Nausicaans at a bar game , and he plans his revenge by rigging the next match . When the Nausicaans lose , they are enraged and goad Zweller . But instead of joining the fight as he did before , Picard holds Zweller back , averting tragedy but humiliating his friend . Picard then is returned to the present by Q. Instead of being the captain , Picard is now a junior lieutenant in the astrophysics department of the Enterprise . In this new life , he has led an unremarkable career doing routine work . Picard consults Commander Riker and Counselor Troi , who explain that his aversion to risk means he never distinguishes himself . Picard confronts Q , who tells him that although the bout with the Nausicaan nearly cost him his life , it also gave him a sense of his mortality . It taught him that life was too precious to squander by playing it safe . Picard realizes that his attempts to suppress and ignore the consequences of his indiscretions have resulted in him losing a part of himself . Picard then declares that he would rather die as captain of the Enterprise than live as a nobody . Q sends him back to the bar fight and events unfold as they did originally , with Picard being stabbed through the heart and laughing as he collapses to the floor . In the present , Picard awakens in sickbay , a Captain again . As Picard recovers from his injury , he wonders if his journey into the past was one of Q 's tricks or merely a dream . Nevertheless , he is grateful for the insight the experience gave him . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = This was the first time that Ronald D. Moore wrote a Q @-@ based episode , and he was excited by the idea of giving Picard a near death experience and Q appearing to the Captain as if he were God . His plan for " Tapestry " was to follow a similar path to Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol , but with Q playing a similar role to the three ghosts in Dickens ' story . Moore envisaged three stages to the story , one where Picard is attacked and needs an artificial heart , another with Picard as a child and a third based on the USS Stargazer . He pitched the idea to executive producer Michael Piller , who wasn 't enthusiastic about the premise . The combination of that disapproval and the expected cost of filming because of the additional sets required meant that the episode had to be trimmed . Moore discussed the idea with other members of the writing staff ; they focused on the incident which caused Picard to require an artificial heart . It had previously been mentioned in the episodes " Samaritan Snare " and " Final Mission " . They compared Picard to Captain James T. Kirk , describing them as opposites in terms of development . They saw Picard being a wildchild during his time at Starfleet Academy , only to become more serious later . The reverse for true for Kirk , with the staff describing him as a " bookworm " while at the Academy and only becoming " crazy " once posted to a starship . Together , they sought for a way to support Picard 's claim in " Samaritan Snare " that he laughed when he was stabbed . Story editor René Echevarria said that " It made us all think we had really come up with the right story for the premise and tying that together , I think it 's one of the finest efforts ever . " While Moore called the episode " A Q Carol " based on the original premise , but Piller was the one to suggest " Tapestry " as he said " you have to learn to set your part of the tapestry of your life " . However the writers could not remember the source of the " white room " idea , and it was only after the episode aired that James Mooring contacted the staff . He had submitted a spec script featuring a similar idea . Producer Jeri Taylor admitted that the similarity was unintentional , and after both she and Moore spoke to Mooring , the matter was settled . Mooring was paid , and his contribution to the episode was acknowledged by the staff . There were several changes made to the script prior to filming , including the removal of Edward Jellico as the Captain of the Enterprise in Picard 's alternative future and clarification that the stabbing of Picard was not the major event in his life which Boothby described in " The First Duty " . = = = Casting and filming = = = John de Lancie returned to the series in " Tapestry " as Q , having appeared on a regular basis since his first appearance in the pilot , " Encounter at Farpoint " . He had already appeared twice during the 1992 / 93 television series as the character , both earlier in the season in " True Q " as well as the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode " Q @-@ Less " . De Lancie thought that the script for " Tapestry " was " terrific " , and praised the speech he got to perform at the end of the episode . Appearing for the first time in Star Trek was J.C. Brandy as Marta Batanides . She was nervous and intimidated to work with Patrick Stewart , but said that everyone on the cast and crew made her feel welcome . However , there were concerns when she first arrived on set for costume fitting as she looked quite young , and Stewart was worried about the age difference on screen . Director Les Landau requested that the hair and make @-@ up on Brandy should make her look older . Brandy said that this " worked nicely " , but they still " downplayed the sex " . She was pleased with her scenes with Stewart , as they managed to capture a " nervousness and innocence " in Picard and Marta 's relationship . The episode marked the first appearance of the Nausicaans on screen with Clint Carmichael playing the lead alien , although they had been mentioned earlier in the episode " Samaritan Snare " . The two non @-@ speaking members of the race were portrayed by stunt men Tom Morta and Dick Dimitri , they duo appeared on screen without make @-@ up in the episodes " A Fistful of Datas " and " Emergence " respectively . A significant number of previously created costumes and make @-@ up were included in the bar room scenes in " Tapestry " . There were notes from the producers not to include any Ferengi , as at that point the Federation had not yet made first contact with them . The scene featured both Anticans and Selay close to one another , despite being at war at the time that this flashback scene was set and only making peace earlier in The Next Generation in the episode " Lonely Among Us " . Several of the glasses and other props in this scene were from a collection that Paramount had stored from the 1956 Charlton Heston film , The Ten Commandments . There were problems with the audio recordings of some scenes with Stewart and Brandy , as the camera dolly was noisy which required them to re @-@ record their lines later so that they could be dubbed over the originals . Brandy was " amazed " that there was no difference she could tell in Stewart 's performance , but felt that it took away an element from her performance . The scenes with Q and Picard together on a white background were compared to those in the Warren Beatty and Buck Henry 1978 film Heaven Can Wait by producer Merri Howard and director of photography Jonathan West . These particular scenes caused some problems as there were concerns by the director of photography that Q 's white robes would not show up on camera well against the all @-@ white background . They were worried that he might appear simply as a floating head . With both de Lancie and Stewart anticipating re @-@ shoots for these scenes , they were both unhappy as they shot those appearances . However this was filmed late on the last day ; de Lancie said that it resulted in both of them looking quite tired . Some scenes were cut in order to reduce the episode down to the required length . This included a one @-@ page monologue by Marta which would have taken place on the morning after her liaison with Picard , a scene where Picard was to report to La Forge in engineering , audio mention of Dr. Selar and a mention of Scobee Hall – a reference to Dick Scobee , the commander of the Space Shuttle Challenger at the time of the destruction of the vessel . = = Themes = = Michele and Duncan Barrett describe in their book Star Trek : The Human Frontier , that " Tapestry " has " complex implications " as it demonstrates who a person is by the experiences they have had throughout their life as well as who that person truly is . They also wrote that Picard was not required to pay a price for his resurrection at the hands of Q due to " popular narrative being what it is " . In Atara Stein 's The Byronic Hero in Film , Fiction , and Television , the author describes " Tapestry " as showing a change in Q from his usual satanic stance and instead taking on the role of Picard 's guardian angel . Stein also references the alien 's increasing influence on the personal lives of the Enterprise crew , a path which Q began in the episode " Hide and Q " . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Tapestry " was originally released in broadcast syndication on February 15 , 1993 . It received Nielsen ratings of 13 @.@ 8 percent , placing it in third place in its timeslot . This was the joint second highest rating received by an episode during the sixth season , alongside the second part of " Time 's Arrow " . The only episode which had higher Nielsen Ratings during that season was " Aquiel " , which aired two weeks prior to " Tapestry " . = = = Crew and fan reception = = = While the majority of the staff were pleased with " Tapestry " , Piller felt that the premise was tired and was concerned that it was simply a take on the film It 's a Wonderful Life . He said that some scenes were " very talky " , and the direction and some performances were " flat " . Moore participated in an AOL chat in 1997 , where he described " Tapestry " as " one of the best things I wrote and one of TNG 's finest episodes " . Some fans wrote in to the staff to complain that the episode glorified violence , and was against the principles of Star Trek . Jeri Taylor admitted that the episode could be seen as violent , but it never crossed the mind of any of the staff during production . She went on to say that if they had realised that " Tapestry " could be considered to promote violence , then they would have corrected it to ensure that it wouldn 't be viewed as such . = = = Critical reception = = = Reviewers responded positively to " Tapestry " . Zack Handlen , while writing for the A.V. Club , compared " Tapestry " to the television series Quantum Leap with the older Picard jumping into the younger man 's body . He also said it had the " feel " of A Christmas Carol , and that it was a " modest episode , with a modest goal : to remind us that the we are the sum of all our parts , even the ones we aren 't very proud of . " He gave the episode a rating of " A " . In DeCandido 's review of " Tapestry " for Tor.com , he compared the episode to It 's a Wonderful Life , and called it one of the " finest hours " of the series . He praised " Tapestry " for endorsing the Q / Picard chemistry at the heart of Q episodes , and said that Stewart and de Lancie " play off each other magnificently " . He gave it a rating of 9 out of 10 . In their book The Unauthorized Trek : The Complete Next Generation , James Van Hise and Hal Schuster described the scene where Picard was stabbed through the chest as " particularly violent " , and overall said that " Tapestry " was a good story . They also described the view of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry towards religion , saying that in his world the Q Continuum aren 't gods but are instead an " evolutionary niche higher than mere mortals " . Mark Clark , in his book Star Trek FAQ 2 @.@ 0 , called Stewart 's performance " richly nuanced " and " soul searching " . Clark said that this episode was as important to Picard as the events in " The Best of Both Worlds " , " The Inner Light " and " Chain of Command " . He said that the events of " Tapestry " explored Picard 's soul . The episode has been included in " best of " lists for both specifically The Next Generation and more generally for the entire franchise . It ranked fourth in Entertainment Weekly 's list of top 10 Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes , 22nd out of the top 100 of the entire franchise in Charlie Jane Anders ' list for io9 , and 7th out of the various Star Trek episodes involving time travel by James Hunt at Den of Geek . Witney Seibold , on the website Crave Online said that " Tapestry " was the best instalment of The Next Generation , describing it as " one of the more philosophical episodes " . = = Home media and related releases = = " Tapestry " was released in the UK on a two @-@ episode VHS tape in 2003 , alongside the first part of " Birthright " . The first home media release of " Tapestry " in the United States was on the VHS box set entitled Star Trek – The Next Generation : The Q Continuum on June 18 , 1996 . It later received an individual release on August 4 , 1998 . Paramount deliberately delayed the individual release of Star Trek episodes on VHS within the United States in order to allow for the syndicated series to be shown once more in full . The inclusion of " Tapestry " in The Q Continuum boxed set ahead of the individual release of the episode was intended as an incentive to purchase the set . The episode was released as part of the Star Trek : The Next Generation season six DVD box set in the United States on December 3 , 2002 . It received a further releases on DVD as part of compilation collections of episodes . This included the The Jean @-@ Luc Picard Collection , which was released in the United States on August 3 , 2004 , also the Star Trek : Q Fan Collective , which was released in the United States on June 6 , 2006 , and later that year in the UK on September 4 . A further DVD release came as part of The Best of Star Trek : The Next Generation – Volume 2 on November 17 , 2009 , in the United States . The most recent release was the first on Blu @-@ ray disc , which took place on June 24 , 2014 ; this also added an audio commentary track for the episode for the first time . Keith DeCandido described Picard 's laugh at being stabbed in " Tapestry " as being " critical to the plot " of his non @-@ canon Star Trek novel Q & A. The novel also includes Q 's white room , and features a similar alternative universe where Picard followed a career in the sciences . A figure of Captain Picard based on " Tapestry " was released by Playmates Toys in 1996 , which was a limited edition release of 1 @,@ 701 . = Scott Zolak = Scott David Zolak ( born December 13 , 1967 ) is a broadcaster and retired American football quarterback who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for nine seasons . Over the course of his career , he played in 55 games for the New England Patriots and Miami Dolphins , completed 124 of 248 passes for 1 @,@ 314 yards , threw eight touchdowns and seven interceptions , and finished his career with a passer rating of 64 @.@ 8 . A graduate of Ringgold High School and the University of Maryland , Zolak was selected 84th in the 1991 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots . He did not play in 1991 , but started a few games in 1992 and had his most productive season statistically . When Drew Bledsoe was drafted in 1993 , Zolak became his backup for the next six seasons . He appeared as a replacement for Bledsoe when he was hurt , but only started three games during this time . He was released at the end of the 1998 season , and signed with the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins in 1999 , playing in one game for Miami before retiring . After his retirement , he became a sportscaster and football analyst in the New England area . = = Early life = = = = = High school = = = Zolak was born on December 13 , 1967 in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . As a child , he acted as the waterboy for the football team at Ringgold High School in Monongahela , Pennsylvania , where his father , Paul , worked as head coach and athletic director . Future NFL quarterback Joe Montana played for Ringgold during this time and gave Zolak a football , which he later rubbed for good luck before every game . When Zolak attended Ringgold High School himself , he was the team 's starting quarterback and punter , and lettered four times . Zolak also played on the Ringgold basketball team as a forward , and was a four @-@ time letterman in that sport as well . As a result of his football performance , he was invited to participate in the Big 33 Football Classic , which featured the top high school football players in Pennsylvania . = = = College = = = After graduating from high school , Zolak played college football at the University of Maryland . He sat out his freshmen year , and became the third @-@ string quarterback behind Dan Henning and Neil O 'Donnell after two quarterbacks transferred . By the end of his sophomore season , Zolak was challenging O 'Donnell for the starting job after Henning graduated . As his junior year began , in the summer of 1988 , offensive coordinator Bob Valesente said that Zolak was making tremendous strides as a quarterback , but O 'Donnell was the starting quarterback that year . Zolak 's first collegiate appearance came against West Virginia . He completed four of six passes for 28 yards , but had an interception returned for a touchdown by Bo Orlando in a 55 – 24 loss . He appeared in four games for Maryland that season . Zolak was again the backup behind O 'Donnell in 1989 . He played in eight games , completing 33 of 69 passes for 407 yards and two touchdowns . In 1990 , after O 'Donnell graduated and began his NFL career , Zolak became the starter for Maryland , and head coach Joe Krivak had high hopes for him heading into the season . In his first start as a senior , Zolak completed a school record 28 passes in 46 attempts for 303 yards and two touchdowns , including a 51 @-@ yard pass to Gene Thomas with 61 seconds left that gave Maryland the win against Virginia Tech , 20 – 13 . The following week , he once more featured in a dramatic conclusion , throwing a 59 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Gene Thomas with 2 : 27 left to beat 25th ranked West Virginia , 14 – 10 . However , he was struggling in other aspects of his game . In an October game against Georgia Tech , Zolak was sacked 10 times . In four games , he had been sacked 23 times and had a pass intercepted 12 times . By the end of the season , as Maryland was preparing to face Louisiana Tech in the 1990 Independence Bowl , he had thrown 225 completed passes in 418 attempts for 2 @,@ 589 yards and 10 touchdowns . The teams tied , 34 – 34 , in Zolak 's final collegiate appearance . At the time of his graduation , he ranked fifth in school history with 270 pass completions , seventh with 3 @,@ 124 career passing yards , and second with 2 @,@ 589 passing yards in a season . He was also named Atlantic Coast Conference Offensive Player of the Week four times . = = Professional career = = = = = New England Patriots = = = With the 84th pick in the fourth round of the 1991 NFL Draft , Zolak was selected by the New England Patriots . Scouting reports noted that his size and arm strength were great for the NFL , though there were concerns about his accuracy . Upon drafting him , Patriots Vice President of Player Operations Joe Mendes agreed that his size and arm would translate to the NFL , and he was not worried about any accuracy issues . His drafting led to a shakeup with the Patriots ' current quarterbacks , as Marc Wilson announced his retirement and longtime starting quarterback Steve Grogan was released . Zolak agreed on a contract with the Patriots in July , and was the second @-@ to @-@ last person to hold out after Leonard Russell . Zolak spent the 1991 season as the third @-@ string quarterback , behind Hugh Millen and Tom Hodson , and did not take the field . At the start of the 1992 season , Zolak also looked unlikely to appear , being behind Hodson and Millen on the depth chart . Millen started the first five games before being injured , and then Hodson became the starter . In early November , Zolak made his professional debut in the fourth quarter against the New Orleans Saints . Relieving Hodson , he completed five of nine passes and threw an interception as the Patriots lost , 31 – 14 . The next week , Zolak made his first career start when the still winless Patriots faced the Indianapolis Colts . He completed 20 of 29 passes for 261 yards , two touchdowns , and an interception in the Patriots ' first win of the season , 37 – 34 . As a result of his performance , he was named the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Player of the Week . The next week , Zolak led his team to their second victory of the season against the New York Jets . He completed seven of 16 passes for 102 yards , getting help from Jon Vaughn who had 110 rushing yards , and the Patriots won , 24 – 3 . However , the following week 's performance against the Atlanta Falcons was less impressive . He completed nine of 16 passes for 58 yards and two interceptions in the Patriots ' losing effort , and he said it felt like he was " on a desert island by myself . " After Zolak 's performance against Atlanta , he lost the starting job , and Millen again filled that role . However , Millen suffered a shoulder injury against the Colts , and after Zolak played part of the game against Indianapolis , he again became the starter for the game against the Kansas City Chiefs . Zolak injured his ankle at the end of the third quarter , making the appearance against Kansas City his last for the season as Jeff Carlson took over quarterbacking duties . Zolak finished the season with 52 pass completions in 100 attempts , 561 yards , two touchdowns , four interceptions , and a quarterback rating of 58 @.@ 8 . In 1993 , the Patriots and new head coach Bill Parcells were looking to improve the quarterback spot on their roster . They signed Scott Secules , and attempted to sign Steve Beuerlein , but the latter deal did not happen . They also gave Hugh Millen permission to seek a trade . In April , Millen was traded to the Dallas Cowboys , and the Patriots chose Drew Bledsoe with the first pick in the 1993 NFL Draft . During the offseason , Carlson was released , leaving Secules , Zolak , Bledsoe , and Hodson to compete for the three spots on the roster . By the end of the preseason , Bledsoe had won the starting job and Hodson had been cut , with Secules as the backup and Zolak as the third @-@ string quarterback . Zolak saw playing time in three games in 1993 , and threw two incomplete passes . He became a restricted free agent in the offseason , but re @-@ signed with the Patriots for three years . As Secules was released during preseason , Zolak was set as Bledsoe 's backup as the 1994 season began . As was the case in the 1993 season , he did not make a starting appearance , as Bledsoe played the full 16 games , however Zolak did see action in every game , primarily as the holder for extra point and field goal attempts . Over the course of the season , he completed five of eight passes for 28 yards in the two games in which he saw time at quarterback . The 1995 season was similar , with Bledsoe starting and Zolak backing him up . In September , Bledsoe separated his left shoulder in a game and sat out a week to heal , allowing Zolak to make his first start since 1992 . On October 1 , 1995 , Zolak took the field against the Atlanta Falcons , and completed 24 of 45 passes for 252 yards and a touchdown , though the Patriots lost the game , 30 – 17 . Although Bledsoe 's doctors wanted him to sit out another week , he refused and played the next week 's game against the Denver Broncos . This again relegated Zolak to the backup position , where he remained for the rest of the season . He finished the season with 28 completed passes in 49 attempts for 282 yards , a touchdown , and a quarterback rating of 80 @.@ 5 . The 1996 season began well for Zolak , whose contract was extended through 1998 . However , to remain with the Patriots , Zolak took a $ 250 @,@ 000 pay cut to work around the salary cap . While he appeared set to keep his backup job heading into training camp , he faced tough competition from Jay Barker . While Zolak welcomed the challenge , his status as the backup quarterback began to seem uncertain a few weeks into training camp . By the end of training camp , Barker had been cut , and Zolak 's quarterback job was safe . He took the role of emergency quarterback throughout the 1996 season , with Bledsoe taking nearly all the snaps and Tom Tupa serving as the backup upon his signing . Zolak played in three games , completing one pass for five yards . He saw some playing time in the playoffs against the Pittsburgh Steelers , but did not play in Super Bowl XXXI . Parcells ordered Zolak to lose weight , which Zolak did throughout much of the season . The 1997 season was more of the same for Zolak , backing up Bledsoe , though the Patriots did have a new coach in Pete Carroll . As training camp ended , Zolak gained significantly more playing time during drills and the preseason matchups then he had under Parcells . As the regular season came and went , however , he had minimal playing time . Zolak saw action in four games , completing six of nine passes for 67 yards and two touchdowns , giving him a quarterback rating of 128 @.@ 2 . With Zolak coming to the final year of his contract in 1998 , he sat in his usual spot on the depth chart , in between starter Bledsoe and third stringer Tupa . He saw playing time in three games during the first three months of the season in relief of Bledsoe . His most significant appearance during this time came against the Atlanta Falcons on November 8 , 1998 , where he completed three of ten passes for 33 yards and an interception in a 41 – 10 loss . Near the end of the month , Bledsoe was sidelined with an injury and was questionable for the final November game . Bledsoe played in three more games , but his injury kept him from playing in the final two , giving Zolak his first starting appearance since 1995 . Zolak 's first start came against the San Francisco 49ers on December 20 . He completed 14 of 30 passes for 205 yards , two touchdowns and two interceptions and won the game , 24 – 21 . He faced the New York Jets the following week , completing 14 of 31 passes for 127 yards and a touchdown , but lost the game 31 – 10 . Zolak finished the season with his most productive totals since 1992 . He played in six games and started two , completed 32 of 75 passes for 371 yards , three touchdowns , 3 interceptions , and had a passer rating of 61 @.@ 8 . Zolak 's last appearance for the Patriots occurred in the playoffs , as Bledsoe was still injured , against the Jacksonville Jaguars . He completed 21 of 44 passes as the Jaguars eliminated the Patriots from playoff contention in a 25 – 10 loss . He became an unrestricted free agent after the season ended , but was not asked back by the Patriots , ending his tenure there . = = = Miami Dolphins = = = After leaving the Patriots , Zolak was signed to a one @-@ year contract by the New York Jets . With Vinny Testaverde considered the starter , Zolak was competing against Ray Lucas for a backup job . He was the second @-@ string quarterback as training camp began , but his competition increased when the Jets signed Rick Mirer and left three quarterbacks to battle for two open spots on the team . Two days after acquiring Mirer from the Green Bay Packers , the Jets released Zolak . In October , Zolak was signed to a one @-@ year deal by the Miami Dolphins to serve as the backup quarterback behind Damon Huard and Jim Druckenmiller . He was later made the backup behind Huard , and made his only appearance of the season on November 21 , failing to complete a pass in four attempts against the Patriots . As the 1999 season wrapped up , the Dolphins signed Zolak to a contract extension , keeping him on the team for another year . Despite the retirement of Dan Marino , the Dolphins cut Zolak in May 2000 . Zolak trained for the Detroit Lions during the summer after they lost Mike Tomczak for the season , but instead he signed on as a host for Patriots Gameday alongside Bob Lobel in August , ending his professional football career . His career ended after an unfortunate accident shagging fly balls at a charity softball event . = = Life after football = = Zolak resides in Massachusetts with his wife Amy and his three children ( Hadley , Samantha , and Brody ) . His daughter , Samantha , was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes , and Zolak has since been investigating causes of the disease . After retirement , Zolak became a co @-@ host of a morning sports radio talk show on Rhode Island sportstalk station " The Score " ( WSKO / 790 & WSKO @-@ FM / 99 @.@ 7 ) until the show was canceled in 2008 . He was also a football analyst for the CBS College Sports Network , as well as on the New England sports program Out of Bounds on the Comcast channel hosted by Gregg Murphy . In addition , Scott was a frequent guest host on The Big Show on WEEI in Boston before joining Gary Tanguay for the midday slot on " The Sports Hub " 98.5FM WBZ @-@ FM , which covers the Boston area . Zolak is currently co @-@ host of " Zolak and Bertrand " on " The Sports Hub " with Marc " Beetle " Bertrand . For the 2008 NFL season , Zolak joined WCVB ( ABC Boston ) as the station 's Patriots analyst and also appeared on " SportsCenter 5 OT " on Sundays with Mike Lynch . The previous year , he had worked with Lynch covering high school games . In September 2010 , the United Football League announced that Zolak would do color commentary during live games on the New England Sports Network . Zolak also contributes to " Patriots All Access " , part of the New England Patriots ' website . On August 8 , 2012 , Zolak was named the new color analyst for Patriots radio broadcasts joining Gil Santos and replacing Gino Cappelletti . During a game versus the New Orleans Saints on October 13 , 2013 , Zolak 's unbridled reaction to a comeback game @-@ winning Patriots touchdown pass from Tom Brady to Kenbrell Thompkins alongside play @-@ by @-@ play announcer and broadcast partner Bob Socci went viral . He and Socci were the Patriots radio broadcasting team for the team 's fourth Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks ( Santos and Cappelletti had been the broadcasters for the first three . ) = James McCune Smith = James McCune Smith ( April 18 , 1813 – November 17 , 1865 ) was an American physician , apothecary , abolitionist , and author . He is the first African American to hold a medical degree and graduated at the top in his class at the University of Glasgow , Scotland . He was the first African American to run a pharmacy in the United States . In addition to practicing as a doctor for nearly 20 years at the Colored Orphan Asylum in Manhattan , Smith was a public intellectual : he contributed articles to medical journals , participated in learned societies , and wrote numerous essays and articles drawing from his medical and statistical training . He used his training in medicine and statistics to refute common misconceptions about race , intelligence , medicine , and society in general . Invited as a founding member of the New York Statistics Society in 1852 , which promoted a new science , he was elected as a member in 1854 of the recently founded American Geographic Society . But , he was never admitted to the American Medical Association or local medical associations . He has been most well known for his leadership as an abolitionist ; a member of the American Anti @-@ Slavery Society , with Frederick Douglass he helped start the National Council of Colored People in 1853 , the first permanent national organization for blacks . Douglass said that Smith was " the single most important influence on his life . " Smith was one of the Committee of Thirteen , who organized in 1850 in New York City to resist the newly passed Fugitive Slave Law by aiding fugitive slaves through the Underground Railroad . Other leading abolitionist activists were among his friends and colleagues . From the 1840s , he lectured on race and abolitionism and wrote numerous articles to refute racist ideas about black capacities . Both Smith and his wife were of mixed @-@ race African and European ancestry . As he became economically successful , he built a house in a good neighborhood ; in the 1860 census he and his family were classified in that neighborhood as white , whereas in 1850 they were classified as mulatto . He served for nearly 20 years as the doctor at the Colored Orphan Asylum in New York but , after it was burned down in July 1863 by a mob in the New York Draft Riots , in which nearly 100 blacks were killed , Smith moved his family and practice out to Brooklyn for safety . The parents stressed education for their children . In the 1870 census , his widow and children continued to be classified as white . To escape racial discrimination , his children passed into white society : the four surviving sons married white spouses ; his unmarried daughter lived with a brother . They worked as teachers , a lawyer , and business people . Smith 's unique achievements as a pioneering African @-@ American doctor were rediscovered by twentieth @-@ century historians . They were relearned by his descendants in the twenty @-@ first century when a three @-@ times @-@ great @-@ granddaughter took a history class and found his name in her grandmother 's family bible . In 2010 , several Smith descendants commissioned a new tombstone for his grave in Brooklyn . They gathered to honor him and their African @-@ American ancestry . = = Early life and education = = Smith was born free in 1813 in New York City ( New York state had passed gradual abolition in 1799 ; children of slave mothers were born free but had to serve an indenture until early adulthood . ) His mother , believed to be Lavinia Smith , achieved her freedom later in life ; she said she was a " self @-@ emancipated woman . " She was born into slavery South Carolina and had been brought to New York as a slave . His father was Samuel Smith , a white merchant and his mother 's master , who had brought her with him to New York from South Carolina . The boy grew up only with his mother . As an adult , James Smith alluded to other white ancestry through his mother 's family , saying he had kin in the South , some of whom were slaveholders and others slaves . Smith attended the African Free School ( AFS ) # 2 on Mulberry Street in Manhattan , where he was described as an " exceptionally bright student " . He was among numerous boys who went on to have brilliant careers , some of whom he worked with in the abolitionist cause . In the course of his studies , Smith was tutored by Rev. Peter Williams , Jr . , a graduate of the African Free School who had been ordained in 1826 as the second African @-@ American priest in the Episcopal Church . ( Williams had founded St. Philip 's African Church in New York City . ) Upon graduation , Smith applied to Columbia University and Geneva Medical College in New York State , but was denied admission due to racial discrimination . Williams encouraged Smith to attend the University of Glasgow in Scotland . He and abolitionist benefactors of the AFS provided Smith with money for his trip overseas and his education . Smith kept a journal of his sea voyage that expressed his sense of mission . After arriving in Liverpool and walking along the waterfront , he thought , " I am free ! " Through abolitionist connections , he was welcomed there by members of the London Agency Anti @-@ Slavery Society . According to the historian Thomas M. Morgan , Smith enjoyed the relative racial tolerance in Scotland and England , which officially abolished slavery in 1833 . ( New York had finally abolished all slavery in 1826 . ) He studied and graduated at the top of his class . He obtained a bachelor 's degree in 1835 , a master 's degree in 1836 , and a medical degree in 1837 . He also completed an internship in Paris . = = Marriage and family = = After his return to New York and getting established , in the early 1840s Smith married Malvina Barnet ( c.1825 - ) , a free woman of color who was a graduate of the Rutger Female Institute . They had eleven children and five survived to adulthood . The name of one of the children is unknown : Frederick Douglass ( d . 1854 ) , not to be confused with Frederick Douglass Peter Williams ( d . 1854 ) Mary S. James W. ( born 1845 ) became a teacher ; he married and had an independent household by 1870 . Henry M. ( 1847 - d. before 1859 ) Amy G. ( c.1848 @-@ 1849 - d . December 1849 ) Mary ( also called Maude ) , born c.1855 @-@ 56 ; never married ; became a teacher and was living with her widowed brother Donald in 1900 in Queens . ( Note : In the 1900 census , her birth was reported as September 1842 , but this is not consistent with her age in the 1860 and 1870 censuses , and she did not appear in the 1850 census . ) Donald ( born 1858 ) became a lawyer , married and was a widower by 1900 , living in Queens . His household included his older sister Maude and two siblings of his late wife : his widowed brother @-@ in @-@ law Edward , a physician born in England , and sister @-@ in @-@ law Emma Callaghan , an unmarried teacher . John M. ( born February 1860 ) worked in Florida in an orange grove in the 1880s , per the Florida 1885 census . He married in 1888 , and their three children were born in Florida . By 1900 had returned with his family to Brooklyn , where he worked as a printer . Guy B. , born 1862 , first worked as a seaman . By 1900 , he was married with several children and worked as a salesman . His youngest daughter was named Antoinette . In 1850 , the senior Smith 's household included four older women : Lavinia Smith , age 67 ( his mother : b. c.1783 - d. bet.1860 @-@ 1870 ) , born in South Carolina and listed first as head of household ; Sarah Williams , 57 ; Amelia Jones , 47 ; and Mary Hewlitt , 53 , who were likely relatives or friends . By then Smith and his wife Malvina had three children : James , Henry and Amy . Each member of the household was classified as mulatto ( or of mixed ancestry ) , and all but Lavinia Smith were born in New York . They lived in a mixed neighborhood in the Fifth Ward ; in the census , nearly all other neighbors on the page were classified as white ; many were immigrants from England , Ireland , and France . By 1860 , Smith was doing very well ; he had moved to Leonard Street within the Fifth Ward and had a mansion built by white workmen . His total real property was worth $ 25 @,@ 000 . His household included a live @-@ in servant , Catherine Grelis from Ireland . Listed as a separate household at his address were Sara D. Williams , 57 , and Mary Hertell ( should be Hewlitt , as above ) , 50 . ( These were likely the same Sara and Mary as in the 1850 census , although their ages did not change . ) No one on this census page had a racial designation . By the conventions of the time , this means that they were classified as white by the census enumerator ; totals of white persons only are given at the bottom of the page . After the 1863 draft riots , Smith and his family were among prominent blacks who left New York and moved to Brooklyn , then still a separate city . He no longer felt safe in his old neighborhood . In the 1870 census , Malvina and her four children were living in Ward 15 , Brooklyn . All were listed as white . James W. Smith , who had married a white woman , was living in a separate household and working as a teacher ; he was also classified as white . The Smith children still at home were Maud , 15 ; Donald , 12 ; John , 10 ; and Guy , 8 ; all were attending school . Five Smith children survived to adulthood : James , Maud , Donald , John and Guy . The men married white spouses , but Maud never married . All were classified as white from 1860 on . = = Career = = = = = Medicine = = = When he returned to New York City in 1837 with his degrees , Smith was greeted as a hero by the black community . He said at a gathering , " I have striven to obtain education , at every sacrifice and every hazard , and to apply such education to the good of our common country . " He was the first university @-@ trained African @-@ American physician in the United States . During his practice of 25 years , he was also the first black to have articles published in American medical journals , but he was never admitted to the American Medical Association or local ones . He established his practice in Lower Manhattan in general surgery and medicine , treating both black and white patients . He also started a school in the evenings , teaching children . He established what has been called the first black @-@ owned and operated pharmacy in the United States , located at 93 West Broadway ( near Foley Square today ) . His friends and activists gathered in the back room of the pharmacy to discuss issues related to their work in abolitionism . In 1846 , Smith was appointed as the only doctor of the Colored Orphan Asylum ( also known as the Free Negro Orphan Asylum ) , at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue . ( Before that time , the directors had depended on pro bono services of doctors . ) He worked there for nearly 20 years . The asylum was founded in 1836 by Anna and Hannah Shotwell and Mary Murray , Quaker philanthropists in New York . Trying to protect the children , Smith regularly gave vaccinations for smallpox . Leading causes of death were infectious diseases : measles ( for which there was no vaccine ) , smallpox and tuberculosis ( for which there was no antibiotic at the time ) . In addition to caring for orphans , the home sometimes boarded children temporarily when their parents were unable to support them , as jobs were scarce for free blacks in New York . Waves of immigration from Ireland and Germany in the 1840s and 1850s meant there were many new immigrants competing for work . Smith was always working for the asylum . In July 1852 , he presented the trustees with 5 @,@ 000 acres provided by his friend Gerrit Smith , a wealthy white abolitionist . The land was to be held in trust and later sold for benefit of the orphans . In July 1863 , during the three @-@ day New York Draft Riots , in which most participants were ethnic Irish , rioters attacked and burned down the orphan asylum . The children were saved by the staff and Union troops in the city . During its nearly 30 years , the orphan asylum had admitted 1310 children , and typically had about 200 in residence at a time . After the riots , Smith moved his family and business out of Manhattan , as did other prominent blacks . Numerous buildings were destroyed in their old neighborhoods , and estimates were that 100 blacks were killed in the rioting . No longer feeling safe in the lower Fourth Ward , the Smiths moved to Williamsburg , Brooklyn . = = = Abolitionist movement = = = While in Scotland , Smith joined the Glasgow Emancipation Society and met people in the Scottish and English abolitionist movement . In 1833 Great Britain abolished slavery . When Smith returned to New York , he quickly joined the American Anti @-@ Slavery Society and worked for the cause in the United States . He worked effectively with both black and white abolitionists , for instance maintaining a friendship and correspondence with Gerrit Smith that spanned the years from 1846 @-@ 1865 . Publishing articles quickly brought him to the attention of the national abolitionist movement . His " Destiny of the People of Color " , " Freedom and Slavery for Africans " , and " A lecture on the Haytien Revolution ; with a note on Toussaint L 'Ouverture " , established him as a new force in the field . He directed the Colored People 's Educational Movement ( to the Memory of Abraham Lincoln ) . In 1850 as a member of the Committee of Thirteen , Smith was one of the key organizers of resistance in New York City to the newly passed Fugitive Slave Act , which required states to aid federal law enforcement in capturing escaped slaves . As did similar groups in Boston , his committee aided fugitive slaves to escape capture and helped connect them to people of the Underground Railroad and other escape routes . During the mid @-@ 1850s , Smith worked with Frederick Douglass to establish the National Council of Colored People , one of the first permanent black national organizations , beginning with a three @-@ day convention in Rochester , New York . At the Convention in Rochester , he and Frederick Douglass emphasized the importance of education for their race and urged the founding of more schools for black youth . Smith wanted choices available for both industrial and classical education . Douglass valued his rational approach and said that Smith was " the single most important influence on his life . " Smith tempered the more radical people in the abolitionist movement and insisted on arguing from facts and analysis . He wrote a regular column in Douglass ' paper , published under the pseudonym , ' Communipaw.' Opposing the emigration of American free blacks to other countries , Smith believed that native @-@ born Americans had the right to live in the United States and a claim by their labor and birth to their land . He gathered supporters to go to Albany and testify to the state legislature against proposed plans to support the American Colonization Society , which had supported sending free blacks to the colony of Liberia in Africa . Smith contributed money to revive the Weekly Anglo @-@ African in 1861 , as an anti @-@ emigrationist newspaper . His own writings were important for refuting commonly held racist assumptions of the time , as noted below . Smith was also a prominent leader in the battle for the civil rights of the northern black minority . In the mid @-@ 1850s , he joined James W.C. Pennington and other black leaders in establishing the Legal Rights Association ( LRA ) in New York City . A pioneering minority @-@ rights association , the LRA waged a nearly ten @-@ year campaign against segregated public transportation in New York City . This organization successfully defeated segregation in New York and served as a model for later rights organizations , including the National Equal Rights League and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) . = = = Professional associations and writings = = = Smith was a prolific writer and essayist . The historian John Stauffer of Harvard University says : " He was one of the leaders within the movement to abolish slavery , and he was one of the most original and innovative writers of his time . " In 1840 he wrote the first case report by a black doctor , which his associate John Watson read at a meeting of the New York Medical and Surgical Society . ( It acknowledged Smith was qualified , but would not admit him because of racial discrimination . ) Soon after , Smith published an article in the New York Journal of Medicine , the first by a black doctor in the US . He drew from his medical training to discredit popular ideas about differences among the races . In 1843 he gave a lecture series , Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Races , to demonstrate the failings of phrenology , which was a so @-@ called scientific practice of the time that was applied in a way to draw racist conclusions and attribute negative characteristics to ethnic Africans . He rejected the practice of homeopathy , an alternative to the scientific medicine being taught in universities . Although he had a successful medical career , he was not admitted to the American Medical Association or local associations because of racial discrimination . At Glasgow , Smith had been trained in the emerging science of statistics . He published numerous articles applying his statistical training . For example , he used statistics to refute the arguments of slave owners , who wrote that blacks were inferior and that slaves were better off than free blacks or white urban laborers . To do this , he drew up statistical tables of data from the census . When John C. Calhoun , then US Secretary of State and former US Senator from South Carolina , claimed that freedom was bad for blacks , and that the 1840 U.S. Census showed	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
who continued into Greece . As the Ostrogoths left for Italy , the Gepids took over the city . In 539 it was retaken by the Byzantines . In 577 , some 100 @,@ 000 Slavs poured into Thrace and Illyricum , pillaging cities and settling down . The Avars under Bayan I conquered the whole region by 582 . According to Byzantine chronicle De Administrando Imperio , the White Serbs had stopped in Belgrade on their way back home , asking the strategos for lands ; they received provinces in the west , towards the Adriatic , which they would rule as subjects to Heraclius ( 610 – 641 ) . In 829 Khan Omurtag was able to add Singidunum and its environs to the First Bulgarian Empire . The first record of the name Belograd appeared on April , 16th , 878 , in a Papal letter to Bulgarian ruler Boris I. Later , this name appeared in several variants : Alba Graeca ( Greek city ) , Griechisch Wiessenburg ( Greek white castle ) , Nandor Alba ( City of the Bulgarians ) , Nandor Fejervar ( The white castle of the Bulgarians ) - still named like this in the Hungarian transltation of the city , Castelbianco ( White Castle ) , Alba Bulgarica ( Bulgarian City ) . For about four centuries , the city remained a battleground between the Byzantine Empire , the Kingdom of Hungary and the Bulgarian Empire . Basil II ( 976 – 1025 ) installed a garrison in Belgrade . The city hosted the armies of the First and the Second Crusade ; while passing through during the Third Crusade , Frederick Barbarossa and his 190 @,@ 000 crusaders saw Belgrade in ruins . Stefan Dragutin ( r . 1276 – 1282 ) received Belgrade from his father @-@ in @-@ law , Stephen V of Hungary in 1284 ; it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Syrmia , and Dragutin is regarded as the first Serbian king to rule over Belgrade as a vassal to the Kingdom of Hungary . Following the battles at Maritsa ( 1371 ) and Kosovo field ( 1389 ) , Serbia began to crumble as the Ottoman Empire conquered its southern territory . The north resisted through the Serbian Despotate , which had Belgrade as its capital . The city flourished under Stefan Lazarević , son of Serbian prince Lazar Hrebeljanović . Lazarević built a castle with a citadel and towers , of which only the Despot 's tower and west wall remain . He also refortified the city 's ancient walls , allowing the Despotate to resist the Ottomans for almost 70 years . During this time , Belgrade was a haven for many Balkan peoples fleeing Ottoman rule , and is thought to have had a population of 40 @,@ 000 to 50 @,@ 000 people . In 1427 , Stefan 's successor Đurađ Branković had to return Belgrade to the Hungarian king , and Smederevo became the new capital . Although the Ottomans captured most of the Serbian Despotate , Belgrade , known as Nándorfehérvár in Hungarian , was unsuccessfully besieged in 1440 and 1456 . As the city presented an obstacle to the Ottoman advance into Hungary and further , over 100 @,@ 000 Ottoman soldiers besieged it in 1456 , in which the Christian army successfully defended it . The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world to this day . = = = Ottoman conquest and Austrian invasions = = = Seven decades after the initial siege , on 28 August 1521 , the fort was finally captured by Ottoman Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent and his 250 @,@ 000 soldiers ; subsequently , most of the city was razed to the ground and its entire Orthodox Christian population was deported to Istanbul , to an area that has since become known as the Belgrade forest . Belgrade was made the seat of the district ( Sanjak ) , becoming the second largest Ottoman town in Europe at over 100 @,@ 000 people , surpassed only by Constantinople . Ottoman rule also introduced Ottoman architecture , including numerous mosques , increasing the city 's Oriental influences . In 1594 , a major Serb rebellion was crushed by the Ottomans . Later , Grand vizier Sinan Pasha ordered the relics of Saint Sava to be publicly torched on the Vračar plateau ; in the 20th century , the Temple of Saint Sava was built to commemorate this event . Occupied by the Habsburgs three times ( 1688 – 1690 , 1717 – 1739 , 1789 – 1791 ) , headed by the Holy Roman Princes Maximilian of Bavaria and Eugene of Savoy , and field marshal Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon respectively , Belgrade was quickly recaptured by the Ottomans and substantially razed each time . During this period , the city was affected by the two Great Serbian Migrations , in which hundreds of thousands of Serbs , led by two Serbian Patriarchs , retreated together with the Austrians into the Habsburg Empire , settling in today 's Vojvodina and Slavonia . = = = Capital of independent Serbia = = = During the First Serbian Uprising , the Serbian revolutionaries held the city from 8 January 1807 until 1813 , when it was retaken by the Ottomans . After the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815 , Serbia reached semi @-@ independence , which was formally recognized by the Porte in 1830 . In 1841 , Prince Mihailo Obrenović moved the capital from Kragujevac to Belgrade . In May 1868 , Prince Mihailo was assassinated with his cousin Anka Konstantinović while riding in a carriage through the park of his country residence With the Principality 's full independence in 1878 , and its transformation into the Kingdom of Serbia in 1882 , Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans , and developed rapidly . Nevertheless , conditions in Serbia as a whole remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country , even with the opening of a railway to Niš , Serbia 's second city , and in 1900 the capital had only 70 @,@ 000 inhabitants ( at the time Serbia numbered 1 @.@ 5 million ) . Yet by 1905 the population had grown to more than 80 @,@ 000 , and by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , it had surpassed the 100 @,@ 000 citizens , not counting Zemun which then belonged to Austria @-@ Hungary . The first @-@ ever projection of motion pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe was held in Belgrade , in June 1896 by Andre Carr , a representative of the Lumière brothers . He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year ; however , they have not been preserved . = = = World War I and the Interbellum = = = The First World War began on 28 July 1914 when Austria @-@ Hungary declared war on Serbia . Most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade . Austro @-@ Hungarian monitors shelled Belgrade on 29 July 1914 , and it was taken by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Army under General Oskar Potiorek on 30 November . On 15 December , it was re @-@ taken by Serbian troops under Marshal Radomir Putnik . After a prolonged battle which destroyed much of the city , between 6 and 9 October 1915 , Belgrade fell to German and Austro @-@ Hungarian troops commanded by Field Marshal August von Mackensen on 9 October 1915 . The city was liberated by Serbian and French troops on 1 November 1918 , under the command of Marshal Louis Franchet d 'Espérey of France and Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia . Since Belgrade was decimated as the front @-@ line city , Subotica overtook the title of the largest city in the Kingdom for a short while . After the war , Belgrade became the capital of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 . The Kingdom was split into banovinas , and Belgrade , together with Zemun and Pančevo , formed a separate administrative unit . During this period , the city experienced fast growth and significant modernisation . Belgrade 's population grew to 239 @,@ 000 by 1931 ( incorporating the town of Zemun , formerly in Austria @-@ Hungary ) , and 320 @,@ 000 by 1940 . The population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4 @.@ 08 % a year . In 1927 , Belgrade 's first airport opened , and in 1929 , its first radio station began broadcasting . The Pančevo Bridge , which crosses the Danube , was opened in 1935 , while " King Alexander Bridge " over the Sava was opened in 1934 . On 3 September 1939 the first Belgrade Grand Prix , the last Grand Prix motor racing race before the outbreak of World War II , was held around the Belgrade Fortress and was followed by 80 @,@ 000 spectators . The winner was Tazio Nuvolari . = = = World War II = = = On 25 March 1941 , the government of regent Crown Prince Paul signed the Tripartite Pact , joining the Axis powers in an effort to stay out of the Second World War and keep Yugoslavia neutral during the conflict . This was immediately followed by mass protests in Belgrade and a military coup d 'état led by Air Force commander General Dušan Simović , who proclaimed King Peter II to be of age to rule the realm . Consequently , the city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe on 6 April 1941 , killing up to 24 @,@ 000 people . Yugoslavia was then invaded by German , Italian , Hungarian , and Bulgarian forces . Belgrade was occupied by the German Army later the same month and Belgrade became the seat of the puppet Nedić regime , headed by General Milan Nedić . During the summer and fall of 1941 , in reprisal for guerrilla attacks , the Germans carried out several massacres of Belgrade citizens ; in particular , members of the Jewish community were subject to mass shootings at the order of General Franz Böhme , the German Military Governor of Serbia . Böhme rigorously enforced the rule that for every German killed , 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot . The resistance movement in Belgrade was led by Major Žarko Todorović from 1941 until his arrest in 1943 . Just like Rotterdam , which was devastated twice , by both German and Allied bombing , Belgrade was bombed once more during World War II , this time by the Allies on 16 April 1944 , killing at least 1 @,@ 100 people . This bombing fell on the Orthodox Christian Easter . Most of the city remained under German occupation until 20 October 1944 , when it was liberated by the Red Army and the Communist Yugoslav Partisans . On 29 November 1945 , Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaimed the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia in Belgrade ( later to be renamed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 7 April 1963 ) . Higher estimates from the former secret police place the victim count of political persecutions in Belgrade at 10 @,@ 000 . = = = After World War II = = = During the post @-@ war period , Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the renewed Yugoslavia , developing as a major industrial center . In 1948 , construction of New Belgrade started . In 1958 , Belgrade 's first television station began broadcasting . In 1961 , the conference of Non @-@ Aligned Countries was held in Belgrade under Tito 's chairmanship . In 1962 , Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport was built . In 1968 , major student protests led to several street clashes between students and the police . In 1960 , architect Svetislav Tisa Milosavljević died there of natural causes . = = = Breakup of Yugoslavia = = = On 9 March 1991 , massive demonstrations led by Vuk Drašković were held in the city against Slobodan Milošević . According to various media outlets , there were between 100 @,@ 000 and 150 @,@ 000 people on the streets . Two people were killed , 203 injured and 108 arrested during the protests , and later that day tanks were deployed onto the streets to restore order . Further protests were held in Belgrade from November 1996 to February 1997 against the same government after alleged electoral fraud at local elections . These protests brought Zoran Đinđić to power , the first mayor of Belgrade since World War II who did not belong to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia or its later offshoot , the Socialist Party of Serbia . In 1999 , during the Kosovo War , NATO bombings caused substantial damage to the city . Among the sites bombed were the buildings of several ministries , the RTS building , which killed 16 technicians , several hospitals , the Hotel Jugoslavija , the Central Committee building , the Avala Tower , and the Chinese embassy . Several of these buildings have been left in their bombed states to serve as a memorial for the bombings . After the 2000 presidential elections , Belgrade was the site of major public protests , with over half a million people on the streets . These demonstrations resulted in the ousting of president Milošević . = = = In modern Serbia = = = In 2015 , an agreement was reached with Eagle Hills ( a UAE company ) on the Belgrade Waterfront deal , for the construction of a new part of the city on currently undeveloped wasteland by the riverside . This project , officially started in September 2015 and is the biggest construction project in Europe , will cost at least 3 @.@ 5 billion euros . = = Administration = = Belgrade is a separate territorial unit in Serbia , with its own autonomous city authority . The City Assembly of Belgrade has 110 members , elected on four @-@ year terms . A 13 @-@ member City Council , elected by the Assembly and presided over by the mayor and his deputy , has the control and supervision of the City Administration , which manages day @-@ to @-@ day administrative affairs . It is divided into 14 Secretariats , each having a specific portfolio such as traffic or health care , and several professional services , agencies and institutes . The 2014 Belgrade local elections were won by the Serbian Progressive Party , which formed a wide ruling coalition with the Socialist Party of Serbia and Democratic Party of Serbia . These elections ended the long @-@ time rule of the Democratic Party , which elected mayors from 2004 to 2013 . The Mayor of Belgrade is Siniša Mali , a political independent affiliated with the Serbian Progressive Party . The city 's budget for 2013 was 82 @.@ 8 billion dinars ( approximately $ 1 billion US dollars ) . As the capital city of Serbia , Belgrade hosts many governmental institutions including the National Assembly and Government of Serbia , as well as 75 diplomatic missions . = = = Municipalities = = = The city is divided into 17 municipalities . Previously , they were classified into 10 " urban " ( lying completely or partially within borders of the city proper ) and 7 " suburban " municipalities , whose centres are smaller towns . With the new 2010 City statute , they were all given equal status , with the proviso that suburban ones ( except Surčin ) have certain autonomous powers , chiefly related with construction , infrastructure and public utilities . Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the Danube and Sava rivers , in the Šumadija region . Three municipalities ( Zemun , Novi Beograd , and Surčin ) , are on the northern bank of the Sava , in the Syrmia region , and the municipality of Palilula , spanning the Danube , is in both the Šumadija and Banat regions . = = Demographics = = According to the 2011 census , the city has a population of 1 @,@ 166 @,@ 763 , while the urban area of Belgrade ( with adjacent urban settlements of Borča , Ovča , and Surčin included ) has 1 @,@ 233 @,@ 796 inhabitants , and the population of the metropolitan area ( the administrative area of the City of Belgrade ) stands at 1 @,@ 659 @,@ 440 people . The main population groups according to nationality in the city municipality of Belgrade are : Serbs ( 1 @,@ 505 @,@ 448 ) , Roma ( 27 @,@ 325 ) , Montenegrins ( 9 @,@ 902 ) , Yugoslavs ( 8 @,@ 061 ) , Croats ( 7 @,@ 752 ) , Macedonians ( 6 @,@ 970 ) , and Muslims by nationality ( 3 @,@ 996 ) . Belgrade is home to many ethnicities from all over the former Yugoslavia . Many people came to the city as economic migrants from smaller towns and the countryside , while hundreds of thousands arrived as refugees from Croatia , Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina and Kosovo , as a result of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s . Between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 Chinese are estimated to live in Belgrade ; they began immigrating in the mid @-@ 1990s . Block 70 in New Belgrade is known colloquially as the Chinese quarter . Many Middle Easterners , mainly from Syria , Iran , Jordan and Iraq , arrived in order to pursue their studies during the 1970s and 1980s , and have remained in the city . In 2007 , a group of Iraqi Kurdish families stayed in UN Barracks in New Belgrade . Although there are several historic religious communities in Belgrade , the religious makeup of the city is relatively homogenous . The Serbian Orthodox community is by far the largest , with 1 @,@ 429 @,@ 170 adherents . There are also 3 @,@ 996 Muslims , 16 @,@ 305 Roman Catholics , and 3 @,@ 796 Protestants . There once was a significant Jewish community in Belgrade , but following the World War II Nazi occupation of the city , and subsequent Jewish emigration , their numbers have fallen to 2 @,@ 200 from over 10 @,@ 000 . The largest settlements in Belgrade region are : = = Economy = = Belgrade is the financial centre of Serbia and Southeast Europe with total 17 @.@ 000 @.@ 000 m ² office space , and is home to the country 's central bank . Currently , over 600 @,@ 000 people are employed in 120 @,@ 286 companies , 22 @,@ 600 enterprises and 50 @,@ 000 shops . City of Belgrade owns 267 @.@ 147 m ² office space available for rent . With 6 @,@ 924 companies in the IT sector ( 2013 data ) , Belgrade is one of the information technology centers in this part of Europe , with strong growth . Microsoft Development Center located in Belgrade was at the time of its establishment fifth such center in the world . Many world IT companies choose Belgrade as regional or European center such as Asus , Intel , Dell , Huawei , NCR etc . What brought companies like Microsoft in the first place was a large pool of talented engineers and mathematicians in a lower wage country and these major investments had in 2015 generated over € 678 @.@ 3 million in Serbia 's exports . New Belgrade is the main business district in the country . It offers a range of facilities such as hotels , congress halls ( Sava Centar ) , class A and class B office buildings , sporting facilities ( Belgrade Arena ) , shopping malls ( Ušće and Delta City ) and business parks ( Airport City Belgrade ) . Currently , over 1 @.@ 2 million square meters of land is under construction in New Belgrade and the estimated value of construction in the next two and half years is over 1 @.@ 5 billion Euros . The Belgrade Stock Exchange is also located in New Belgrade . Currently , the Belgrade Stock Exchange is a full member of Federation of Euro @-@ Asian Stock Exchanges ( FEAS ) and an associate member of Federation of European Securities Exchanges ( FESE ) . As of December 2014 , it has a market capitalization of € 6 @.@ 5 billion ( US $ 9 billion ) . Serbia overcame the problems of inflation in the mid @-@ 1990s , and Belgrade has been growing strongly ever since . As of 2009 , over 40 % of Serbia 's GDP is generated by the city , which also has 31 @.@ 4 % of Serbia 's employed population . The city of Belgrade 's 2014 nominal GDP is estimated at 16 @.@ 97 USD , which amounts to 859 @,@ 329 RSD ( $ 10 @,@ 086 ) per capita . GDP at purchasing power parity is estimated at $ 36 @.@ 1 Billion USD , which is $ 21 @,@ 461 per capita in terms of purchasing power parity . In September 2013 , the average monthly net salary in Belgrade was 53 @,@ 564 RSD ( $ 635 ) , while gross salary was 73 @,@ 970 RSD ( $ 877 ) . In the annual Economist Intelligence Unit survey in 2013 , Belgrade ranked 86th most expensive among 131 world cities . According to the Eurostat methodology , and contrasting sharply to the Balkan region , 66 @.@ 2 % of the city 's households owned a computer in 2012 . According to the same survey , 60 @.@ 5 % of households have an internet connection ; 90 @.@ 4 % at least one mobile phone , and 71 @.@ 7 % cable television. these figures are above those of the regional capitals such as Sofia , Bucharest and Athens . = = Culture = = Belgrade hosts many annual international cultural events , including the Film Festival , Theatre Festival , Summer Festival , Music Festival , Book Fair , Eurovision Song Contest 2008 , and the Beer Fest . The Nobel Prize winning author Ivo Andrić wrote his most famous work , The Bridge on the Drina , in Belgrade . Other prominent Belgrade authors include Branislav Nušić , Miloš Crnjanski , Borislav Pekić , Milorad Pavić and Meša Selimović . Internationally Belgrade prominent artist : Marina Abramović and Milovan Destil Marković . Most of Serbia 's film industry is based in Belgrade . FEST is an annual film festival that held since 1971 , and , through 2013 , had been attended by four million people and had presented almost 4 @,@ 000 films . The city was one of the main centers of the Yugoslav New Wave in the 1980s : VIS Idoli , Ekatarina Velika , Šarlo Akrobata and Električni Orgazam were all from Belgrade . Other notable Belgrade rock acts include Riblja Čorba , Bajaga i Instruktori and Partibrejkers . Today , it is the center of the Serbian hip hop scene , with acts such as Beogradski Sindikat , Škabo , Marčelo , and most of the Bassivity Music stable hailing from or living in the city . There are numerous theatres , the most prominent of which are National Theatre , Theatre on Terazije , Yugoslav Drama Theatre , Zvezdara Theatre , and Atelier 212 . The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is also based in Belgrade , as well as the National Library of Serbia . Other major libraries include the Belgrade City Library and the Belgrade University Library . Belgrade 's two opera houses are : National Theatre and Madlenianum Opera House . There are many foreign cultural institutions in Belgrade , including the Spanish Instituto Cervantes , the German Goethe @-@ Institut and the French Institut français , which are all located in the central pedestrian area of Knez Mihailova Street . Other cultural centers in Belgrade are American Corner , Austrian Cultural Forum , British Council , Chinese Confucius Institute , Canadian Cultural Center , Hellenic Foundation for Culture , Italian Istituto Italiano di Cultura , Iranian Culture Center , Azerbaijani Culture Center and Russian Center for Science and Culture . European Union National Institutes for Culture operates a cluster of cultural centres from the EU . Following the victory of Serbia 's representative Marija Šerifović at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 , Belgrade hosted the Contest in 2008 . = = = Museums = = = The most prominent museum in Belgrade is the National Museum , founded in 1844 and currently closed for reconstruction . The Museum houses a collection of more than 400 @,@ 000 exhibits , ( over 5600 paintings and 8400 drawings and prints , including many foreign masters like Bosch , Juan de Flandes , Titian , Tintoretto , Rubens , Van Dyck , Cézanne , G.B.Tiepolo , Renoir , Monet , Lautrec , Matisse , Picasso , Gauguin , Chagall , Van Gogh , Mondrian etc . , and also the famous Miroslav 's Gospel . The Ethnographic Museum , established in 1901 , contains more than 150 @,@ 000 items showcasing the rural and urban culture of the Balkans , particularly the countries of former Yugoslavia . The Museum of Contemporary Art was the first Contemporary art museum in Europe founded in 1958 and has a collection of around 35 @,@ 000 works including Roy Lichtenstein , Andy Warhol , Joan Miró , David Hockney , Ivan Meštrović and others since 1900 . The Museum is currently closed due to renovation . The Military Museum houses a wide range of more than 25 @,@ 000 military exhibits dating as far back as to the Roman period , as well as parts of a F @-@ 117 stealth aircraft shot down by the Serbian army . The Museum of Aviation in Belgrade has more than 200 aircraft , of which about 50 are on display , and a few of which are the only surviving examples of their type , such as the Fiat G.50. This museum also displays parts of shot down US and NATO aircraft , such as the F @-@ 117 and F @-@ 16 The Nikola Tesla Museum , founded in 1952 , preserves the personal items of Nikola Tesla , the inventor after whom the Tesla unit was named . It holds around 160 @,@ 000 original documents and around 5 @,@ 700 personal other items including his urne . The last of the major Belgrade museums is the Museum of Vuk and Dositej , which showcases the lives , work and legacy of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and Dositej Obradović , the 19th century reformer of the Serbian literary language and the first Serbian Minister of Education , respectively . Belgrade also houses the Museum of African Art , founded in 1977 , which has the large collection of art from West Africa . With around 95 @,@ 000 copies of national and international films , the Yugoslav Film Archive is the largest in the region and among the 10 largest archives in the world . The institution also operates the Museum of Yugoslav Film Archive , with movie theatre and exhibition hall . The archive 's long @-@ standing storage problems were finally solved in 2007 , when a new modern depository was opened . The Yugoslav Film Archive also exhibits original Charlie Chaplin 's stick and one of the first movies by Auguste and Louis Lumière . The Belgrade City Museum moved into a new building in downtown in 2006 . The Museum hosts a range of collections covering the history of urban life since prehistory . The Museum of Yugoslav History has collection from Yugoslav era . Beside paintings , the most valuable are Moon rocks donated by Apollo 11 crew Neil Armstrong , Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins while visiting Belgrade in 1969 and from mission Apollo 17 donated by Richard Nixon in 1971 . Museum also houses Joseph Stalin 's sabre with 260 brilliants and diamonds , donated by Stalin himself . Museum of Science and Technology moved to the building of the first city 's power plant in Dorćol in 2005 . = = = Architecture = = = Belgrade has wildly varying architecture , from the center of Zemun , typical of a Central European town , to the more modern architecture and spacious layout of New Belgrade . The oldest architecture is found in Kalemegdan Park . Outside of Kalemegdan , the oldest buildings date only from the 18th century , due to its geographic position and frequent wars and destructions . The oldest public structure in Belgrade is a nondescript Turkish türbe , while the oldest house is a modest clay house on Dorćol , from late 18th century . Western influence began in the 19th century , when the city completely transformed from an oriental town to the contemporary architecture of the time , with influences from neoclassicism , romanticism , and academic art . Serbian architects took over the development from the foreign builders in the late 19th century , producing the National Theatre , Old Palace , Cathedral Church and later , in the early 20th century , the National Assembly and National Museum , influenced by art nouveau . Elements of Neo @-@ Byzantine architecture are present in buildings such as Vuk 's Foundation , old Post Office in Kosovska street , and sacral architecture , such as St. Mark 's Church ( based on the Gračanica monastery ) , and the Temple of Saint Sava . Architectural styles in Belgrade : During the period of Communist rule , much housing was built quickly and cheaply for the huge influx of people fleeing the countryside following World War II , sometimes resulting in the brutalist architecture of the blokovi ( blocks ) of New Belgrade ; a socrealism trend briefly ruled , resulting in buildings like the Trade Union Hall . However , in the mid @-@ 1950s , the modernist trends took over , and still dominate the Belgrade architecture . Belgrade has the second oldest sewer system in Europe . = = = Tourism = = = The historic areas and buildings of Belgrade are among the city 's premier attractions . They include Skadarlija , the National Museum and adjacent National Theatre , Zemun , Nikola Pašić Square , Terazije , Students ' Square , the Kalemegdan Fortress , Knez Mihailova Street , the Parliament , the Church of Saint Sava , and the Old Palace . On top of this , there are many parks , monuments , museums , cafés , restaurants and shops on both sides of the river . The hilltop Avala Monument and Avala Tower offer views over the city . Elite neighborhood of Dedinje is situated near the Topčider and Košutnjak parks . The beli dvor ( White Palace ) , house of royal family Karađorđević , is open for visitors . The palace has many valuable artworks . Nearby , Josip Broz Tito 's mausoleum , called The House of Flowers , documents the life of the former Yugoslav president . Ada Ciganlija is a former island on the Sava River , and Belgrade 's biggest sports and recreational complex . Today it is connected with the right bank of the Sava via two causeways , creating an artificial lake . It is the most popular destination for Belgraders during the city 's hot summers . There are 7 kilometres ( 4 miles ) of long beaches and sports facilities for various sports including golf , football , basketball , volleyball , rugby union , baseball , and tennis . During summer there are between 200 @,@ 000 and 300 @,@ 000 bathers daily . Extreme sports are available , such as bungee jumping , water skiing , and paintballing . There are numerous tracks on the island , where it is possible to ride a bike , go for a walk , or go jogging . Apart from Ada , Belgrade has total of 16 islands on the rivers , many still unused . Among them , the Great War Island , at the confluence of Sava , stands out as an oasis of unshattered wildlife ( especially birds ) . These areas , along with nearby Small War Island , are protected by the city 's government as a nature preserve . Tourist income in 2012 amounted to nearly 500 million euros ; in 2013 , Belgrade was visited by 660 @,@ 000 registered tourists , of which 520 @,@ 000 were foreign . Of those , more than 70 @,@ 000 arrived by 550 river cruisers . In 2013 , growth of foreign tourists was recorded 24 % . = = = Nightlife = = = Belgrade has a reputation for offering a vibrant nightlife ; many clubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city . The most recognizable nightlife features of Belgrade are the barges ( splav ) , spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers . Many weekend visitors — particularly from Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia — prefer Belgrade nightlife to that of their own capitals , due to a perceived friendly atmosphere , plentiful clubs and bars , cheap drinks , the lack of language difficulties , and the lack of restrictive night life regulation . Famous alternative clubs include Akademija and the KST ( Klub Studenata Tehnike ) , located in the basement of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering . One of the most famous sites for alternative cultural happenings in the city is the SKC ( Student Cultural Centre ) , located right across from Belgrade 's highrise landmark , the Beograđanka . Concerts featuring famous local and foreign bands are often held at the center . SKC is also the site of various art exhibitions , as well as public debates and discussions . A more traditional Serbian nightlife experience , accompanied by traditional music known as Starogradska ( roughly translated as Old Town Music ) , typical of northern Serbia 's urban environments , is most prominent in Skadarlija , the city 's old bohemian neighborhood where the poets and artists of Belgrade gathered in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Skadar Street ( the centre of Skadarlija ) and the surrounding neighbourhood are lined with some of Belgrade 's best and oldest traditional restaurants ( called kafanas in Serbian ) , which date back to that period . At one end of the neighbourhood stands Belgrade 's oldest beer brewery , founded in the first half of the 19th century . One of the city 's oldest kafanas is the Znak pitanja ( " ? " ) . The Times reported that Europe 's best nightlife can be found in Belgrade . In the Lonely Planet " 1000 Ultimate Experiences " guide of 2009 , Belgrade was placed at the 1st spot among the top 10 party cities in the world . = = = Sport = = = There are approximately one @-@ thousand sports facilities in Belgrade , many of which are capable of serving all levels of sporting events . Belgrade has hosted several major sporting events recently , including Eurobasket 2005 , the 2005 European Volleyball Championship , the 2006 European Water Polo Championship , the European Youth Olympic Festival 2007 , and the 2009 Summer Universiade . The city is home to Serbia 's two biggest and most successful football clubs , Red Star Belgrade and Partizan Belgrade . Red Star won the 1991 UEFA Champions League ( European Cup ) . The two major stadiums in Belgrade are the Marakana ( Red Star Stadium ) and the Partizan Stadium . The rivalry between Red Star and Partizan is one of the fiercest in world football . According to the European Arenas Association , the Belgrade Arena is the largest European indoor arena with capacity of 25 @,@ 000 . It is used for major sporting events and large concerts . In May 2008 it was the venue for the 53rd Eurovision Song Contest . The Pionir Hall is the main venue of basketball clubs KK Partizan , European champion of 1992 and KK Crvena zvezda . In recent years , Belgrade has also given rise to several world @-@ class tennis players such as Ana Ivanović , Jelena Janković and Novak Đoković . Ivanović and Đoković are the first female and male Serbian players , respectively , to win Grand Slam singles titles . The Serbian national team won the 2010 Davis Cup , beating the French team in the finals played in the Belgrade Arena . = = = Fashion = = = Since 1996 , biannual ( autumn / winter and spring / summer seasons ) fashion weeks are held citywide . Numerous Serbian and international designers and fashion brands have their shows on the fashion week . Belgrade Fashion Week is on the list of 40 most significant fashion weeks in the world . = = Media = = Belgrade is the most important media hub in Serbia . The city is home to the main headquarters of the national broadcaster Radio Television Serbia ( RTS ) , which is a public service broadcaster . The most popular commercial broadcaster is RTV Pink , a Serbian media multinational , known for its popular entertainment programs . One of the most popular commercial broadcaster is B92 , another media company , which has its own TV station , radio station , and music and book publishing arms , as well as the most popular website on the Serbian internet . Other TV stations broadcasting from Belgrade include 1Prva ( formerly Fox televizija ) , Nova , N1 and others which only cover the greater Belgrade municipal area , such as Studio B. High @-@ circulation daily newspapers published in Belgrade include Politika , Blic , Alo ! , Kurir and Danas . There are 2 sporting dailies , Sportski žurnal and Sport , and one economic daily , Privredni pregled . A new free distribution daily , 24 sata , was founded in the autumn of 2006 . Also , Serbian editions of the world @-@ famous magazines such as Playboy , Cosmopolitan , Elle , National Geographic , Men 's Health , The Best Shop , Grazia and others have their headquarters based in the city . = = Education = = Belgrade has two state universities and several private institutions of higher education . The University of Belgrade , founded in 1808 as the " Great School " , is the oldest institution of higher learning in Serbia . Having developed with the city in the 19th century , quite a few University buildings are a constituent part of Belgrade 's architecture and cultural heritage . With enrollment of nearly 90 @,@ 000 students , the University is one of the Europe 's largest . There are also 195 primary ( elementary ) schools and 85 secondary schools . Of the primary schools , there are 162 regular , 14 special , 15 art , and 4 adult schools . The secondary school system has 51 vocational schools , 21 gymnasiums , 8 art schools and 5 special schools . The 230 @,@ 000 pupils are managed by 22 @,@ 000 employees in over 500 buildings , covering around 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 m ² . = = Transportation = = Belgrade has an extensive public transport system based on buses ( 118 urban lines and more than 300 suburban lines ) , trams ( 12 lines ) , and trolleybuses ( 8 lines ) . It is run by GSP Beograd and SP Lasta , in cooperation with private companies on various bus routes . The BusPlus ticketing system based on contactless smart cards began operating in February 2012 . Belgrade also has a commuter rail network , Beovoz , now run by the city government . The main railway station connects Belgrade with other European capitals and many towns in Serbia . Travel by coach is also popular , and the capital is well @-@ served with daily connections to every town in Serbia and to many other European destinations through the central bus station . The city is placed along the Pan @-@ European corridors X and VII . The motorway system provides for easy access to Novi Sad and Budapest , in the north ; Niš to the south ; and Zagreb , to the west . Situated at the confluence of two major rivers , the Danube and the Sava , Belgrade has 7 bridges — the two main ones are Branko 's bridge and the Gazela Bridge , both of which connect the core of the city to New Belgrade . With the city 's expansion and a substantial increase in the number of vehicles , congestion has become a major problem ; this is expected to be alleviated by the construction of a bypass connecting the E70 and E75 motorways . Further , an " inner magistral semi @-@ ring " is planned , including a new Ada Bridge across the Sava river , which is expected to ease commuting within the city and unload the Gazela and Branko 's bridge . The Port of Belgrade is on the Danube , and allows the city to receive goods by river . The city is also served by Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport , 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) west of the city centre , near Surčin . At its peak in 1986 , almost 3 million passengers travelled through the airport , though that number dwindled to a trickle in the 1990s . Following renewed growth in 2000 , the number of passengers reached approximately 2 million in 2004 and 2005 , over 2 @.@ 6 million passengers in 2008 , reaching over 3 million passengers . All @-@ time peak , with over 4 million passengers , was accomplished in 2014 , when Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport became the second fastest growing major airport in Europe . Beovoz is the suburban / commuter railway network that provides mass @-@ transit services in the city , similar to Paris ' RER and Toronto 's GO Transit . The main usage of today 's system is to connect the suburbs with the city centre . Beovoz is operated by Serbian Railways . Belgrade suburban railway system connects suburbs and nearby cities to the west , north and south of the city . It began operation in 1992 and currently has 5 lines with 41 stations divided in two zones . Belgrade was one of the last big European capitals and cities with over a million people to have no metro / subway or other rapid transit system . The Belgrade Metro is considered the third most important project in the country , after work on roads and railways . The two projects of highest priority are the Belgrade bypass and the Pan @-@ European Corridor X. = = International cooperation and honours = = List of Belgrade 's sister and twin cities : Ljubljana , Slovenia , since 2010 Chicago , USA , since 2005 Coventry , UK , since 1957 Other friendships and cooperations , protocols , memorandums : Some of the city 's municipalities are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities ; for details see their respective articles . Belgrade has received various domestic and international honors , including the French Légion d 'honneur ( proclaimed 21 December 1920 ; Belgrade is one of four cities outside France , alongside Liège , Luxembourg and Volgograd , to receive this honour ) , the Czechoslovak War Cross ( awarded 8 October 1925 ) , the Yugoslavian Order of the Karađorđe 's Star ( awarded 18 May 1939 ) and the Yugoslavian Order of the People 's Hero ( proclaimed on 20 October 1974 , the 30th anniversary of the overthrow of Nazi German occupation during World War II ) . All of these decorations were received for the war efforts during the World War I and World War II . In 2006 , Financial Times ' magazine Foreign Direct Investment awarded Belgrade the title of City of the Future of Southern Europe . = Iowa Highway 85 = Iowa Highway 85 ( Iowa 85 ) is a short state highway in east @-@ central Iowa . The route begins at the eastern city limit of Montezuma and ends at Iowa 21 east of Deep River . Created in 1920 as a spur route connecting What Cheer to Primary Road No. 2 , it is an original route in the Iowa primary highway system . In the early 1930s , the route was extended north to Deep River and west to Montezuma . By the end of the decade , Iowa 21 had taken over the north – south portion of the route . Except for both endpoints shifting slightly , Iowa 85 has largely stayed the same since the 1930s . = = Route description = = Iowa 85 begins at the eastern city limit of Montezuma . It heads east through the rolling farmland of Poweshiek County . Near the midpoint of the route , it intersects County Road V18 ( CR V18 ) . As it approaches Deep River , the route briefly curves to the north @-@ northeast before turning to the southeast . The terrain becomes hillier as the route crosses a creek leading to the eponymous river just north of Deep River . On the south side of Deep River , Iowa 85 turns back to the east . It ends one @-@ half mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) east of Deep River at an intersection with Iowa 21 . = = History = = Primary Road No. 85 was created in 1920 with the advent of Iowa 's primary highway system . At the time , it was a short spur route connecting What Cheer to Primary Road No. 2 in Keokuk County . In 1931 , Iowa 85 was significantly lengthened north to Deep River and west to US 63 in Montezuma . In 1939 , the route was shortened to its east – west section between Montezuma and Deep River as Iowa 21 was extended and it supplanted Iowa 85 south of Deep River . Iowa 85 was paved in the mid @-@ 1950s ; until then , the highway had been a gravel road . In the early 1960s , Iowa 21 was straightened through Keokuk County near Guernsey and Deep River . This caused the eastern end of Iowa 85 to move east back to the point where it had turned into an east – west route in the 1930s . The route would remain this way for nearly thirty years . In 1994 , the westernmost one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of Iowa 85 was turned over to the City of Montezuma . The route now begins at the eastern city limits . Along US 63 , signs at the former intersection of Iowa 85 now say " To Iowa 85 " . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Poweshiek County . = Malouma = Malouma Mint El Meidah ( Arabic : المعلومة منت الميداح , also simply Maalouma or Malouma ; born October 1 , 1960 ) is a Mauritanian singer , songwriter and politician . Raised in the south @-@ west of the country by parents versed in traditional Mauritanian music , she first performed when she was twelve , soon featuring in solo concerts . Her first song " Habibi Habeytou " harshly criticized the way in which women were treated by their husbands . Though an immediate success , it caused an outcry from the traditional ruling classes . After being forced into marriage while still a teenager , Malouma had to give up singing until 1986 . She developed her own style combining traditional music with blues , jazz , and electro . Appearing on television with songs addressing highly controversial topics such as conjugal life , poverty and inequality , she was censored in Mauritania in the early 1990s but began to perform abroad by the end of the decade . After the ban was finally lifted , she relaunched her singing and recording career , gaining popularity , particularly among the younger generation . Her fourth album , Knou ( 2014 ) , includes lyrics expressing her views on human rights and women 's place in society . Alongside her singing , Malouma has also fought to safeguard her country 's music , urging the government to create a music school , forming her own foundation in support of musical heritage , and in 2014 creating her own music festival . She has also been active in politics since the 1990s , when she began to campaign for more democracy . She was elected a senator in 2007 , the first politician in her caste , but was arrested the following year after a coup d 'état . When elections were again held in 2009 , she became a senator for the opposition Ech @-@ Choura party where she was given special responsibilities for the environment . This led in 2011 to her appointment as the IUCN 's Goodwill Ambassador for Central and West Africa . In December 2014 , she announced she was moving from the opposition to join the ruling party , the Union for the Republic , where she felt she could be more effective in contributing to the country 's progress . Her work has been recognized by the French , who decorated her as a Knight of the Legion of Honor , and the Americans , whose ambassador to Mauritania named her a Mauritanian Woman of Courage . = = Early life = = Malouma Mint Moktar Ould Meidah was born in Mederdra in the Trarza Region of south @-@ western Mauritania , on October 1 , 1960 , the year the country gained independence from France . Born into a griot family , she grew up in the small desert village of Charatt , just south of Mederdra in West Africa . Her father , Mokhtar Ould Meidah , was a celebrated singer , tidinet player and poet while her grandfather , Mohamed Yahya Ould Boubane , is remembered as a talented writer and tidinet virtuoso . Her mother also came from a family of well @-@ known traditional singers . She taught her daughter to play the ardin , a ten @-@ stringed harp traditionally played by women , when she was six . Malouma commenced her education at elementary school in 1965 in Mederdra . She qualified as an elementary school teacher in 1974 in Rosso . According to the traditions of her country , those of the Meidah family are required to carry on the art of their ancestors . As a result , she had to give up her aspirations to teach . Members of each caste are allowed only to marry other members of society within the same caste and the entire society is divided by castes politically , economically , and culturally . Movement outside of a particular caste is forbidden . She learned to play the traditional stringed instruments only women play , especially the ardin harp , and was taught traditional Mauritanian music by her father , who enjoyed an eclectic mix of music . As a result , she grew up listening to classical western works such as Beethoven , Chopin , Mozart , Vivaldi and Wagner , as well as the music of traditional Berber , Egyptian , Lebanese and Senegalese artists . She often accompanied her parents who sang traditional griots . Malouma began singing as a child , first performed on the stage when she was twelve and began appearing in solo concerts with a traditional repertoire by age fifteen . In addition to her father 's guidance , she was inspired by other traditional artists including Oum Kalthoum , Abdel Halim Hafez , Fairouz , Dimi and Sabah . As she matured , she increasingly became interested in blues music , which appealed to her as it bore a resemblance to the traditional music she knew . Malouma wrote her first song , " Habibi Habeytou " ( My beloved , I loved him ) when she was sixteen . It was a song protesting the tradition of men turning their wives out of their homes to marry younger women . It brought her instant recognition , but created a backlash , causing physical attacks from the established Muslim community . Soon after she wrote it , her family moved to Nouakchott , the capital , to help her launch her music career , but in the strongly traditional society , Malouma was forced to marry , abandoning singing until the late 1980s . She was later accused by her father of ruining his reputation . In addition to the criticisms stemming from her songs , she had disgraced her family by divorcing twice : her first husband had been forced upon her , while the second came from a noble family , who would not allow her to sing . Yet after hearing one of her songs , her father commented : " You have created something new and I find it touching . Unfortunately , I will not live long enough to be able to protect you . " = = Music career = = = = = Background = = = Malouma 's first major appearance was in 1986 , when she revealed her fusion style , combining traditional interpretations with more modern developments including blues , jazz , and electro . Her early songs " Habibi habeytou " , " Cyam ezzaman tijri " and " Awdhu billah " , which openly addressed love , conjugal life and the inequalities between men and women , contrasted strongly with what was considered acceptable in her home country . Nevertheless , they had strong popular appeal , especially for young women . Malouma carefully developed her approach , blending traditional themes with the rich repertoire and instrumentation of modern popular music . Typically , her compositions are based on the traditions of classical Arab poets , such as Al @-@ Mutanabbi and Antarah ibn Shaddad , whose verses cover political criticism , personal sacrifice and support for the weak and oppressed . She has also drawn on traditional Mauritanian themes , modernizing both the lyrics and musical presentation . From the beginning , Malouma sang in a variety of languages , including traditional Arabic , Hassania ( Mauritanian Arabic ) , French and Wolof . By singing in various languages , she sought to air her message to a broader audience . It was not long before she appeared on television together with her sister , Emienh , and her brother , Arafat , an instrumentalist . Their style was controversial , especially after the release of her song " Habibi Habeytou " and a 1988 appearance at the Carthage Festival in Tunis , as she addressed social issues , such as poverty , inequality and disease which were not generally acceptable in Mauritania . Her participation in the Carthage event led to her subsequent appearance on Arab satellite channels , giving her greater exposure . Malouma became nationally known and was a sought after performer until a 1991 song about freedom of speech . After being censored for writing songs promoting women 's rights and challenging apartheid , she was banned from appearing on television and radio , holding concerts , and was even denied a permanent address . She did not perform anywhere for a lengthy period but in the late 1990s she began to sing in other African countries , in Europe , and in the United States . While she won audiences among the people , Malouma was persecuted by both the moral authorities and authoritarian governments , her music being completely banned until 2003 when a crowd of 10 @,@ 000 successfully called on President Ould Taya to cancel her censorship . Some restrictions still remained until the overthrow of the Ould Taya regime in 2005 . The traditional griots are songs of praise , but Malouma used her voice to speak out against child marriages , racial and ethnic discrimination , slavery and other divisive issues facing a country at the crossroads of the Arab world and Africa . She also sang about illiteracy , HIV / AIDS awareness and in support of children 's vaccinations . = = = Albums and bands = = = Malouma 's first album , Desert of Eden was released by Shanachie Records in 1998 . When it was produced , she felt that the traditional elements were taken out during production , resulting in " bland electronic pop " , though it received good reviews from JazzTimes . In the early 2000s , she began working with a group called the Sahel Hawl Blues made up of ten young Mauritian musicians of different ethnic origins ( Moor , Fula , Toucouleur , Sonike , Wolof and Haratin ) , demonstrating her desire to overcome racial differences . In so doing , she was also able to extend music based on the traditional string instruments of the Moors to include the beat of the djembe , the darbouka , and the bendir frame drum . Led by Hadradmy Ould Meidah , the group supported her desire to modernize traditional music , making it more accessible to the wider world . They toured with her in 2004 and 2005 and worked with her on her second album , Dunya ( Life ) , which sought to reclaim her musical heritage . Produced by Marabi Records in 2003 , the album contained twelve songs which blended harps , lutes and skin drums with electric guitar and bass , and traditional genres like serbat , which usually focuses on a single minor chord , with jazz . Malouma 's album , Nour ( Light ) , was released in France on 8 March 2007 in celebration of International Women 's Day . Produced by Marabi / Harmonia Mundi , it featured a broad mix of music from lullabies to dance music . Malouma 's singing was supported by a group of fifteen studio musicians on a variety of electronic and traditional instruments . Reviews were mixed , but the CD ranked as number 14 on the World Music Charts Europe by September 2007 . After a hiatus from music to focus on politics , Malouma relaunched her musical career on October 5 , 2014 . Dressed in a blue toga , she presented her new album , Knou , at a special event , appearing on stage for the first time since her election seven years earlier . She chose to call it " Knou " , which is the name of a dance usually performed by women in western Mauritania . The album focused on traditional dancing melodies , but bridged generations by adding modern twists . Weaving jazz , rock and reggae rhythms , into the traditional songs , it was well received . = = = Music festivals = = = Music festival appearances have been a large part of Malouma 's career . The first time she participated in an international festival was in Carthage , Tunisia in 1988 ; her performance proved to be highly successful . Malouma returned to the stage in August 2003 , appearing at the Festival des Musiques Métisses in Angoulême , France , combining traditional Moorish music with a more modern approach in numbers from her album Dunya . She was not only selected as " artiste de l 'année " ( artist of the year ) but was nicknamed " Diva des Sables " ( Diva of the Sands ) . Her success continued in October of the same year at the World Music Expo in Seville , Spain , where she was selected by the jury as a featured performer . One of the highlights of Angoulême 's Festival des Musiques Métisses was her nostalgic rendering of " Mreïmida " . The song proved equally popular in Mauritania at the 2004 Nouakchott Festival of Nomadic Music . She was finally permitted to take part after her ban had been lifted . She appeared there with another female Mauritanian star , Dimi Mint Abba , and was accompanied by the French pianist Jean @-@ Philippe Rykiel on a synthesizer . Malouma toured in the United States in 2005 with appearances in Ann Arbor , Michigan , Chicago , Illinois , Boston and Cambridge , Massachusetts , Lafayette , Louisiana ( for the Festival International de Louisiane ) , before finishing in New York City . Two years later , Malouma participated in the 32nd Paléo Festival in Nyon , Switzerland , which focused on musicians from North Africa . She also appeared in the 2010 edition of the Førde International Folk Music Festival , held in Førde , Norway under the theme of " freedom and oppression " . At the 2012 Festival International des Arts de l ’ Ahaggar in Abalessa , Algeria , she was chosen as one of the three artists to perform in the grand finale , receiving acclaim for the balance of instrumentals and vocals , the composition , and her two back @-@ up vocalists . Her 2013 performance at the World of Music , Arts and Dance Festival ( WOMAD ) , held in Wiltshire , England included a " Taste The World " event where performers not only sang , but prepared a dish from their country . Malouma 's lamb @-@ filled pancakes were a highlight of the festival presenting an up @-@ front and personal encounter with the musician for the audience . Her second stage appearance at the event also brought praise for her rock @-@ star performance embracing modern music . In 2014 , Malouma participated in the Meeting of the Arts of the Arab World , a festival in Montpellier , France , as well as at the Parisian Festival Rhizomes . = = Politics = = Malouma , officially Malouma Meidah , first became politically active as a member of the opposition party in 1992 , speaking out against dictatorships and in favor of democratization . In 2007 , in what was widely considered the first freely held and fair election in the country , she was elected to the Senate of Mauritania , as one of the six women senators in a legislature of 56 members . She was the first person from the musician iggawen caste to serve in politics . Shortly after she was elected , a coup d 'état took place in Mauritania in 2008 and deposed the first democratically @-@ elected head of state , Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi . Because she had written songs criticizing the coup , Malouma was arrested and over a thousand cassettes and CDs of her recordings were seized . After the coup , the leader , Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz , allowed elections to proceed with only minor delays . He was elected president in July 2009 and the Senate elections in which one @-@ third of the members faced re @-@ election also were held . The parliamentary opposition group , called " Ech @-@ Choura " , of which Malouma was a member and served as the First Secretary , constituted 12 members of the 56 @-@ member Senate after the 2009 election . She also served on the Parliamentary Group for the Environment and as 2nd Secretary of the Committee on Foreign Affairs , Defence and Armed Forces . Malouma announced in April 2014 that she no longer felt she could keep up her political fight for democracy , although she would continue to support cultural and environmental causes . Even so , her Knou lyrics included allusions to her favorite political causes : equality and rights for all , women 's place in society , and education for the young , all under threat , as well as environmental protection . Referring to her political role as a senator for the opposition party Assembly of Democratic Forces , in August 2014 she commented : " I use my presence and speaking time in the chamber to extend the effect of my texts and my songs . Whenever I run into ministers or important personalities , I tell them what the people expect of them . " She has also continued to speak out about issues such as Palestine and the Iraqi War in her songs . At a press conference on December 16 , 2014 , Malouma announced she was leaving the opposition and joining the ruling party , the Union for the Republic , on the grounds that she could participate more effectively in building Mauritania by standing behind the policies of the current leader Aziz . = = Environment and culture = = In addition to her work in her music career and political activism , Malouma is involved in both environmental protection and cultural preservation projects . = = = Environmental activism = = = Malouma Mediah was involved in a project in 2009 , to relocate 9 @,@ 000 slum @-@ dwelling families from the outskirts of the city into inner city neighborhoods . She insisted that for health reasons , improvements would first have to be made to the infrastructure . In August 2011 , the International Union for Conservation of Nature appointed Malouma as Goodwill Ambassador for Central and West Africa . The position required her to raise awareness of environmental problems with a view to introducing sustainable solutions . On her appointment she commented : " I am delighted at the confidence that IUCN just placed in me . I am deeply honored . I will do my best to fulfill this great responsibility . " In September 2012 , she performed in a concert given during the 2012 IUCN World Conservation Congress held on Jeju Island , South Korea . = = = Cultural preservation = = = As a result of the Mauritanian caste system , the development of traditional music in Mauritania has been supported by just a few families , threatened by a closed culture in which there are limited opportunities for support . As families have no means of preserving their music , or recording it , their creations are often forgotten owing to the absence of family members interested in ensuring their survival . The situation has been compounded by rules forbidding their support from outside the family environment . Concerned that the musical traditions of the country were vanishing , in 2006 , Malouma urged the government to create a school to preserve the country 's music heritage , even introducing a measure to Parliament . In 2011 , she created the Malouma Foundation in support of the preservation of the national musical heritage . The foundation aims to protect and preserve the Arab , African , and Berber roots of music in Mauritania and , to that end , is collecting and storing music from throughout the country to both preserve it and make it available for other uses , including education . Long concerned that the Moorish music traditions of her country were being replaced by the Malian and Moroccan music preferred by younger people , in 2014 , she created a Mauritanian Music Festival . When she produced Nour in 2007 , Malouma collaborated with the painter , Sidi Yahia , hoping to create visual images to illustrate the songs in the album . Eleven paintings resulted from the joint venture and Malouma and Yahia presented cultural discussions about their works titled " Regarder la musique , écouter la peinture ? " ( Watch the music , listen to the painting ? ) In 2013 a month @-@ long exhibit was presented to showcase the paintings and the music which inspired them at a gallery in Nouakchott . In 2015 , after receiving a grant from the Arab Culture Fund , Malouma convinced musicians to collaborate with artists when recording their music . The project aimed at collecting music from six artists and producing an album of their works . Malouma has continued to press for the establishment of a music school , though it would require overcoming taboos on family restrictions in regard to musical legacy . = = Awards and recognition = = Malouma was selected in 2003 by the jury as one of the World Music Expo ( WOMEX ) showcase artists and two years later she was selected by BBC musicologist Charlie Gillett , for his 2005 selected compilation Favorite Sounds of the World CD . That same year , N 'Diaye Cheikh , a Mauritanian filmmaker , produced a documentary about her , entitled Malouma , diva des sables ( Malouma , Diva of the Sands ) with Mosaic Films , which won Best Documentary at the Festival international du film de quartier ( FIFQ ; Dakar , Senegal ) and a 2007 Prize of Distinction from Festival International de Programmes Audiovisuels ( FIPA ) , held in Biarritz , France . She was a runner @-@ up for the Middle East and North Africa in the 2008 BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music . The griot @-@ artist community of Mauritania has also acclaimed her by calling her the " first true composer in Mauritania " . Malouma was decorated in 2013 as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French ambassador , Hervé Besancenot , acting on behalf of President Nicholas Sarkozy of France . On January 20 , 2015 , Malouma , Mauritania 's " singer of the people and Senator " , was honored by the American ambassador , Larry André , at a lunch attended by notable leaders , especially women , from the country 's civil society . Presenting Malouma with the Mauritanian Woman of Courage award , the ambassador noted her " exceptional courage and leadership in advocating human rights , women , gender equality and harmony amongst the cultural traditions of Mauritania " . = = Selected works = = 1998 , Desert of Eden ( album ) , a mix of West @-@ African and Arabic @-@ Berber sounds , released in the West 2003 , Dunya ( Life ) , 12 @-@ track album , recorded on the Marabi label in Nouakchott ; a mix of blues , rock , and traditional melodies from southern Mauritanian and Indo @-@ Pakistani , all sung in Hassaniya Arabic 2007 , Nour ( Light ) , 12 @-@ track album , recorded on the Marabi label during her stay in Angloulême in 2003 with the support of festival organizer Christian Mousset ; a collection of dance beats featuring electric guitars but without the traditional instruments of the Moors 2008 , Malouma received accolades for her blues song " Yarab " on the album Desert Blues 3 — Entre Dunes Et Savanes released by Network Medien 2009 , Malouma was a featured composer and vocalist on two songs , " Missy Nouakchott " and " Sable Émouvant " on the 2009 Ping Kong album by DuOud 2014 , Knou ( album ) , a collection of ethno @-@ pop tunes woven through with traditional tidinit lute and ardin harp instruments = Gery Chico = Gery J. Chico ( / ˈɡɛri ˈtʃiːkoʊ / GERR @-@ ee CHEE @-@ koh ; born August 24 , 1956 ) is a Chicago lawyer , public official , former Democratic primary candidate for United States Senate , and former candidate for Mayor of Chicago . Chico served as the Chief of Staff to Mayor Richard M. Daley from 1992 to 1995 , and board president of the Chicago Public Schools from 1995 to 2001 . He was named Outstanding School Board President by the Illinois State Board of Education in 1997 . From 2007 to 2010 , he was board president of the Chicago Park District , and in 2010 he was board president of the City Colleges of Chicago . On June 7 , 2011 , Chico was named Chairman of the Illinois State Board of Education by Illinois Governor Pat Quinn . = = Early life and education = = Gery Chico was born on August 24 , 1956 , to a Mexican @-@ American father , Jesse , and a Greek @-@ Lithuanian mother , Jacqueline ( née Kopulos ) . With his two younger brothers , he grew up in Chicago 's McKinley Park neighborhood . His mother also worked as a secretary at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry . Chico attended a now @-@ closed parochial school , Our Lady of Good Counsel Catholic Elementary School at 35th and Hermitage , where he headed the altar boys and patrol boys , and also played baseball for two years . A hip injury kept him in a wheelchair during his freshman year at Thomas Kelly High School . Chico pursued a pre @-@ medical degree at the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign , but after his sophomore year he transferred to the University of Illinois at Chicago . A political science major , he volunteered in the 11th Ward . He later secured an externship in the city 's Department of Planning during his senior year , and he worked there from 1977 to 1980 . He received his bachelor 's degree in 1978 . From 1980 to 1987 , he worked for the City Council Finance Committee . Finance Committee chair Alderman Edward M. Burke promoted Chico to research manager , and he became senior research assistant for the Department of Planning and Economic Development . At that time , he took night classes at the Loyola University Chicago School of Law . He earned his law degree in 1985 and became a member of the Loyola Law Review . Chico has been married twice ; his first wife was Jeryl Minow , with whom he had three daughters . He is currently married to Sunny Penedo Chico , who has a son and daughter from a previous marriage . A former U.S. Department of Education employee , Sunny runs a consulting firm that focuses on , among others , tutoring services and curriculum advice . = = Legal career = = = = = Sidley & Austin = = = Chico began working as an associate of the Chicago @-@ based law firm Sidley Austin in 1987 , and served as General Counsel to the Chicago Development Council , a real estate development association . He left the firm in 1991 to become the Deputy Chief of Staff for Mayor Richard M. Daley , but he later returned as partner in 1995 and 1996 , leading the firm 's practice related to state and local government . = = = Altheimer & Gray = = = In 1996 Chico left Sidley & Austin to become a senior partner of Altheimer & Gray . Oscar D ’ Angelo , a friend of Richard M. Daley and a former Altheimer partner , suggested to the firm ’ s managing partner that the firm hire Chico . In 2000 , just four years later , at age 44 , Chico became chairman of Altheimer . In 2002 , the firm gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to Governor Rod Blagojevich and Attorney General Lisa Madigan 's campaigns . In 2003 , while Chico was chairman and simultaneously running for the US Senate , Altheimer became insolvent and dissolved . Some partners blamed the bankruptcy on poor management by Chico , while an attorney who sat on two financial committees blamed an economic downturn . Chico also served as Special Counsel to Arnstein & Lehr in 2003 and 2004 . = = = Chico & Nunes = = = In 2004 , Chico , along with Planning Department colleague Marcus Nunes , formed the general practice law firm Chico & Nunes , which lobbies for clients seeking government business . = = Chief of Staff to Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley = = In 1991 Chico was a Deputy Chief of Staff for Mayor Richard M. Daley . He coordinated efforts to drain freight tunnels that were flooded with water from the Chicago River . Chico was later promoted to Chief of Staff , a position he held from 1992 to 1995 . As part of his duties , he oversaw the completion of the International Terminal of O 'Hare International Airport , preparations for the 1994 FIFA World Cup , and the construction of new schools . Along with Budget Director Paul Vallas , Chico helped add 1 @,@ 000 officers to the police force and improved neighborhoods throughout the city through a program called Neighborhoods Alive . = = Chicago Public Schools board = = In 1995 , the Illinois state legislature passed the Chicago School Reform Act , which gave the Mayor of Chicago unprecedented new control over Chicago Public Schools . Daley asked Chico to become the CEO , but Chico declined because he was resuming his law career . Chico instead recommended that Daley appoint colleague Paul Vallas as CEO , and Chico was named chairman of the School Reform Board of Trustees . In 1997 Chico was named Outstanding School Board President by the Illinois State Board of Education for his reforms in education and fiscal policies . Chico was responsible for efforts to preserve and restore hundreds of murals in the public schools , which had been commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Progressive and New Deal eras . They had since been hidden under layers of dirt and paint . Under his administration , CPS appointed an Arts Education Task Force and a Bureau of Cultural Arts . = = 2004 campaign for U.S. Senate = = In 2004 , Chico ran for the Democratic nomination to succeed retiring Republican U.S. Senator Peter Fitzgerald . He was the first Democrat to declare his candidacy , doing so on July 30 , 2002 , during a rally with Hispanic leaders . His Senate committee preferences included education , transportation , and foreign relations . He also criticized the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act and the No Child Left Behind Act , but supported gay marriage , abortion rights , stem cell research , the death penalty , and universal healthcare . Chico was the only candidate who supported gay marriage out of all seven Democrats and eight Republicans . Then @-@ State Senator Barack Obama ultimately won the nomination over six other candidates including Chico . = = Chicago Park District board = = In October 2007 , Mayor Daley appointed Chico as president of the Chicago Park District Board of Commissioners . Chico supported the construction of a new soccer field in Lincoln Park despite opposition from local residents . In 2010 , he stepped down . = = City Colleges of Chicago board = = In March 2010 , Mayor Daley nominated Chico as chairman of the board of trustees of the City Colleges of Chicago and the board elected Chico chairman . Along with Chancellor Cheryl Hyman , Chico reformed the City Colleges budget by laying off 225 employees , removing unfilled jobs , and reducing executive spending to increase spending on technology and training for students . Furthermore , Chico and Hyman reduced taxation on property for two straight years , and cancelled nursing programs . He resigned 8 months later to run for Mayor of Chicago . = = 2011 campaign for Mayor of Chicago = = On September 27 , 2010 , Chico announced that he would run for mayor of Chicago in 2011 . He was one of six candidates on the ballot . Chico raised $ 4 @.@ 4 million in campaign funds . Chico pledged to hire 2 @,@ 000 police officers but did not offer specifics on how he would raise the funds . He opposed making the school board an elected body , and he favored extending the school day and school year . Chico picked up endorsements from unions that represented , among others , police officers , firefighters , laborers , painters , operating engineers , iron workers , roofers , and sheet metal workers . Rahm Emanuel was considered to be the leading candidate before the election . Chico was considered " the rival with the best chance of forcing him into a runoff " . During the election on February 22 , Emanuel 's 55 % support dwarfed Chico 's 24 % support . Chico won in 10 of Chicago 's 50 wards , while Emanuel won 40 . The campaign 's communications director claimed that controversy over Emanuel 's eligibility to run for mayor may have diverted the focus of the press away from the other candidates . After the election , Chico remained involved in the runoff elections for other city offices , endorsing a candidate for 25th Ward alderman . = = State Board of Education = = Chico was named chairman of the Illinois State Board of Education in June , 2011 . His confirmation was delayed as a result of questions regarding his ties to the Save @-@ A @-@ Life Foundation , a failed charity that was undergoing investigation by Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan ’ s office . = Battle of the Notch = The Battle of the Notch was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces early in the Korean War on August 2 , 1950 in southern South Korea . The fight ended in a victory for the United States after North Korean forces attempting to assault the US position were blocked and repelled repeatedly , suffering heavy casualties . Reeling from the Hadong Ambush and being driven from the city of Chinju , the US Army 's 19th Infantry Regiment , 24th Infantry Division scrambled to protect the pass into Masan , the final South Korean city before the Naktong River , where the UN was holding its Pusan Perimeter in place . North Korean and US forces unexpectedly ran into one another and a confused battle ensued . American forces were better equipped with heavy weapons and armor thanks to newly arrived equipment in the country , and their better ground during the battle allowed them to repel North Korean advances . The North Korean force eventually withdrew after several unsuccessful attacks , having suffered heavy casualties . As it was disengaging from Masan , US Air Force aircraft caught the North Korean truck columns as they were retreating , inflicting significant damage on them and producing further casualties . This fight , with a number of smaller engagements in the region , effectively stopped the North Korean offensive on the southern flank of the Pusan Perimeter . It also gave both sides a reprieve from the fighting to resupply and re @-@ enforce before engaging in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter shortly after . = = Background = = = = = Outbreak of war = = = Following the outbreak of the Korean War after the invasion of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) by its northern neighbor , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ) , the United Nations decided to commit troops to the conflict on behalf of South Korea . The United States subsequently committed ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and to prevent South Korea from collapsing . However , US forces in the Far East had been steadily decreasing since the end of World War II , five years earlier , and at the time the closest forces were the 24th Infantry Division of the Eighth United States Army , which was headquartered in Japan . The division was understrength , and most of its equipment was antiquated due to reductions in military spending . Regardless , the 24th Infantry Division was ordered into South Korea . The 24th Infantry Division was the first US unit sent into Korea with the mission to take the initial " shock " of North Korean advances , delaying much larger North Korean units to buy time to allow follow on forces to arrive . The division was consequently alone for several weeks as it attempted to delay the North Koreans , making time for the 7th Infantry Division , 25th Infantry Division , 1st Cavalry Division , and other Eighth Army supporting units to move into position . Advance elements of the 24th Infantry Division were badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on July 5 , during the first battle between American and North Korean forces . For the first month after the defeat of Task Force Smith , 24th Infantry Division soldiers were repeatedly defeated and forced south by the North Korean force 's superior numbers and equipment . The regiments of the 24th Infantry Division were systematically pushed south in battles around Chochiwon , Chonan , and Pyongtaek . The 24th Infantry Division made a final stand in the Battle of Taejon , being almost completely destroyed but delaying North Korean forces from advancing until July 20 . By that time , the Eighth Army 's force of combat troops were roughly equal to North Korean forces attacking the region , with new UN units arriving every day . = = = North Korean advance = = = With Taejon captured , North Korean forces began the effort of surrounding the Pusan Perimeter from all sides in an attempt to envelop it . The North Korean 4th Infantry Division and the North Korean 6th Infantry Division advanced south in a wide maneuver . The two divisions were coordinating to envelop the UN 's left flank and were extremely spread out . They advanced on UN positions pushing back US and South Korean forces repeatedly . Forces of the 3rd Battalion , 29th Infantry Regiment , newly arrived in the country , were wiped out at Hadong in a coordinated ambush by North Korean forces on July 27 , leaving open a pass to the Pusan area . Soon after , Chinju to the west was taken , pushing back the 19th Infantry Regiment and leaving routes to the Pusan open for North Korean forces . Reeling from the loss , UN planners hastily moved reserve forces to the southwest to repel North Korean advances . Several US infantry regiments as well as the command post of the 24th Infantry Division moved to establish new positions to prevent North Korean forces from advancing from Chinju . American forces moved to defend the city of Masan , the last key city before the North Koreans reached the perimeter . Located in the mountainous region along South Korea 's southern coast , Masan was accessible by two routes from the west . Major General John H. Church , the 24th Infantry Division 's commander , emplaced the 19th Infantry Regiment and the 27th Infantry Regiment in the area to defend Masan . Eventually , the 27th set up along the southern entrance while the 19th Infantry covered the north , in a pass known as " The Notch , " southwest of Chungam @-@ ni . The entire 19th Infantry Regiment , reeling from the fight at Chinju and attempting to hold back North Korean advances , fell back to the Notch . = = Battle = = The 1st Battalion , 19th Infantry was assigned to hold the Notch and the high ground on the right flank , to the northwest . Republic of Korea troops led by Colonel Min would hold the high ground to the southwest of the Notch . Meanwhile , 2nd Battalion , 19th Infantry withdrew to reserve positions at the northern base of the pass . During the evening of July 31 , 1st Battalion , 29th Infantry also arrived in the region . More importantly , A Company of the 8072nd Medium Tank Battalion , armed with M4 Sherman medium tanks rebuilt in Japan , arrived at Masan , some of the first heavy armor the UN had in the war . One platoon of A Company 's tanks went to the 27th Infantry in the south while the 19th Infantry in the north got the other half . This put the force of the 19th Infantry and supporting units at 2 @,@ 335 under the command of Colonel Ned D. Moore , excluding the South Korean forces . The number of North Korean forces committed to the region is not known , however later research suggests that the North Korean 6th Division committed at least a battalion to the fight , and it is likely that an entire regiment was ordered to advance on the Notch and Masan . This would put the range of North Korean forces involved in the battle between 500 and 2 @,@ 000 . = = = Attack = = = At 06 : 45 on August 2 , C Company , 1st Battalion , 19th Infantry began to move out from its positions on a reconnaissance patrol supported by tanks and armored cars . Before the armored column left the lines , it ran head @-@ on into a North Korean attack starting on the Notch , as mortar fire and three heavy machine guns opened up on it from 200 yards ( 180 m ) below the crest of the pass . The road before the pass erupted into a frantic and confused struggle , C Company in the lead was struck with machine gun fire , killing most of its 1st Platoon before the men could disembark from their trucks . American soldiers who dove for cover in the ditches along the road found North Korean soldiers already in cover there . The lead M4 was struck with mortar fire and destroyed , while anti @-@ tank weapons set at least one American truck on fire . During this fight , advancing North Korean troops captured at least a few of the surprised American soldiers , using them as human shields when advancing up the high ground where the rest of the UN force was firing down at them . In the end , the initial ambush cost the Americans about 30 casualties . C Company overcame several North Korean attempts to cut them off before withdrawing back to the American lines . American forces were quick to counter the attack . M20 recoilless rifles destroyed the machine gun positions , and American mortars began firing on any North Korean positions they could locate . However , North Korean forces were quick to advance up the Notch , to the crest of the hill that made up the pass . There , the discovered B Company , 19th Infantry , encamped . The 19th Infantry was apparently not prepared for combat , as North Korean forces were able to hit the American force and drive it off the hill , killing several of the American soldiers with bayonets . At about 12 : 00 , B Company was driven from the crest of the Notch , and further confusion erupted when US Air Force aircraft accidentally strafed the retreating B Company . Neighboring positions also mistakenly attacked B Company , which retreated with 12 killed . South Korean forces , meanwhile , had emplaced in the wrong position , a mile too far south , and were not in contact with 19th Infantry . The South Korean forces were subsequently hit with friendly and enemy fire , and in the confusion the 19th Infantry attempted to block the South Koreans from advancing , thinking them enemy forces . North Korean snipers were able to infiltrate the rear of the position and kill five UN soldiers with shots to the back of the head . However American forces repelled several advances on the right flank . The M4 Shermans gave the American force a superiority in armor over the North Koreans for the first time , and were crucial in pushing back each attempted North Korean advance . North Korean infantry , unsupported by armor of their own , suffered heavy casualties from the American forces in their positions on the high ground . = = = North Korean withdrawal = = = Fighting at the Notch continued through the afternoon , but , the attack still unsuccessful , the North Korean troops withdrew suddenly in the mid @-@ afternoon , allowing American forces to recover most of the casualties and vehicles from the Notch . In the meantime , they set up roadblocks to prevent further North Korean attacks from moving down the road . North Korean forces disengaged from the fight without attempting to flank the Americans , and by nightfall they were out of the region . In the meantime , the 27th Infantry Regiment surprised a large column of North Korean forces advancing on the south road and captured many trucks of supplies . During the North Koreans ' retreat from the two roads , US Air Force planes mounted an airstrike against the North Koreans and inflicted heavy casualties . = = Aftermath = = The American forces reported 57 killed , 37 wounded , 17 missing and 6 captured , for a total of 117 casualties from the 19th and 29th Infantry Regiments . This number was far lighter than casualties for other unit actions of similar size so far in the war . North Korean casualties are unknown but believed to be far heavier than the American force . Actions in the Notch , as well as attacks on the region for the next few days are known to have largely destroyed the North Korean 6th Division , and over 50 percent of its force became casualties in the fighting . The fight was one of the first victories for American forces in repelling the North Korean advance . In stopping the North Korean advance at the Notch and around Masan , the UN forces were able to halt the progress of the North Korean 4th and 6th Divisions , grounding their flanking moves to a halt and forcing them to withdraw to rebuild and re @-@ supply . In the meantime , the American forces along the perimeter were being reinforced by heavier infantry and armor formations every day . The North Korean defeat and retreat around the Masan region allowed both sides several critical days of reprieve from battle . This would end when the North Korean force began its final offensive on the UN forces in its coordinated assault on the Pusan Perimeter . = Laika = Laika ( Russian : Лайка ; c . 1954 – November 3 , 1957 ) was a Soviet space dog who became one of the first animals in space , and the first animal to orbit the Earth . Laika , a stray dog from the streets of Moscow , was selected to be the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 that was launched into outer space on November 3 , 1957 . Little was known about the impact of spaceflight on living creatures at the time of Laika 's mission , and the technology to de @-@ orbit had not yet been developed , and therefore Laika 's survival was not expected . Some scientists believed humans would be unable to survive the launch or the conditions of outer space , so engineers viewed flights by animals as a necessary precursor to human missions . The experiment aimed to prove that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and endure micro @-@ gravity , paving the way for human spaceflight and providing scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms react to spaceflight environments . Laika died within hours from overheating , possibly caused by a failure of the central R @-@ 7 sustainer to separate from the payload . The true cause and time of her death were not made public until 2002 ; instead , it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six or , as the Soviet government initially claimed , she was euthanised prior to oxygen depletion . On April 11 , 2008 , Russian officials unveiled a monument to Laika . A small monument in her honour was built near the military research facility in Moscow that prepared Laika 's flight to space . It features a dog standing on top of a rocket . She also appears on the Monument to the Conquerors of Space in Moscow . = = Sputnik 2 = = After the success of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 , Nikita Khrushchev , the Soviet leader , wanted a spacecraft launched on November 7 , 1957 , the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution . Construction had already started on a more sophisticated satellite , but it would not be ready until December ; this satellite would later become Sputnik 3 . Meeting the November deadline meant building a new craft . Khrushchev specifically wanted his engineers to deliver a " space spectacular " , a mission that would repeat the triumph of Sputnik 1 , stunning the world with Soviet prowess . Planners settled on an orbital flight with a dog . Soviet rocket engineers had long intended a canine orbit before attempting human spaceflight ; since 1951 , they had lofted 12 dogs into sub @-@ orbital space on ballistic flights , working gradually toward an orbital mission set for some time in 1958 . To satisfy Khrushchev 's demands , they expedited the orbital canine flight for the November launch . According to Russian sources , the official decision to launch Sputnik 2 was made on October 10 or 12 , leaving less than four weeks to design and build the spacecraft . Sputnik 2 , therefore , was something of a rush job , with most elements of the spacecraft being constructed from rough sketches . Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space , Sputnik 2 also contained instrumentation for measuring solar radiation and cosmic rays . The craft was equipped with a life @-@ support system consisting of an oxygen generator and devices to avoid oxygen poisoning and to absorb carbon dioxide . A fan , designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , was added to keep the dog cool . Enough food ( in a gelatinous form ) was provided for a seven @-@ day flight , and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste . A harness was designed to be fitted to the dog , and there were chains to restrict her movements to standing , sitting , or lying down ; there was no room to turn around in the cabin . An electrocardiogram monitored heart rate and further instrumentation tracked respiration rate , maximum arterial pressure , and the dog 's movements . = = Training = = Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow . Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger . This specimen was an eleven @-@ pound mongrel female , approximately three years old . Another account reported that she weighed about 6 kg ( 13 lb ) . Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames , among them Kudryavka ( Russian for Little Curly ) , Zhuchka ( Little Bug ) , and Limonchik ( Little Lemon ) . Laika , the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky , was the name popularized around the world . The American press dubbed her Muttnik ( mutt + suffix -nik ) as a pun on Sputnik , or referred to her as Curly . Her true pedigree is unknown , although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed , and possibly part terrier . NASA refers to Laika as a " part @-@ Samoyed terrier . " A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic , saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs . Vladimir Yazdovsky , who led the program of test dogs used on rockets , in a later publication wrote that “ Laika was quiet and charming ” . The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on sub @-@ orbital flights . Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik 2 flight : Albina , Mushka , and Laika . Soviet space @-@ life scientists Vladimir Yazdovsky and Oleg Gazenko trained the dogs . To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2 , they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to 20 days . The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating , made them restless , and caused their general condition to deteriorate . Laxatives did not improve their condition , and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective . The dogs were placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft . This caused their pulses to double and their blood pressure to increase by 30 – 65 torr . The dogs were trained to eat a special high @-@ nutrition gel that would be their food in space . Before the launch , one of the scientists took Laika home to play with his children . In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine , Dr. Vladimir Yazdovsky wrote , " Laika was quiet and charming ... I wanted to do something nice for her : She had so little time left to live . " = = Preflight preparations = = Vladimir Yazdovsky made the final selection of dogs and their designated roles . Laika was to be the " flight dog " — a sacrifice to science on a one @-@ way mission to space . Albina , who had already flown twice on a high @-@ altitude test rocket , was to act as Laika 's backup . The third dog Mushka was a " control dog " — she was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and life support . Before leaving for the Baikonur Cosmodrome , Yazdovsky and Gazenko conducted surgery on the dogs - they routed the cables from the transmitters to the sensors that would measure breathing , pulse , and blood pressure . Because the existing airstrip at Turatam near the cosmodrome was small , the dogs and crew had to be first flown aboard a Tu @-@ 104 plane to Tashkent . From there , a smaller and lighter Il @-@ 14 plane took them to Turatam . Training of dogs continued upon arrival ; one after another they were placed in the capsules to get familiar with the feeding system . According to a NASA document , Laika was placed in the capsule of the satellite on October 31 , 1957 — three days before the start of the mission . At that time of year the temperatures at the launch site were extremely cold , and a hose connected to a heater was used to keep her container warm . Two assistants were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch . Just prior to liftoff on November 3 , 1957 from Baikonur Cosmodrome , Laika 's fur was sponged in a weak alcohol solution and carefully groomed , while iodine was painted onto the areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions . One of the technicians preparing the capsule before final liftoff states that " after placing Laika in the container and before closing the hatch , we kissed her nose and wished her bon voyage , knowing that she would not survive the flight . " = = Voyage = = The exact time of the liftoff varies from source to source and is mentioned as 05 : 30 : 42 Moscow Time or 07 : 22 Moscow Time . At peak acceleration Laika 's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre @-@ launch rate . The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats / min before launch and increased to 240 beats / min during the early acceleration . After reaching orbit , Sputnik 2 's nose cone was jettisoned successfully ; however the " Block A " core did not separate as planned , preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly . Some of the thermal insulation tore loose , raising the cabin temperature to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . After three hours of weightlessness , Laika 's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats / min , three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests , an indication of the stress she was under . The early telemetry indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food . After approximately five to seven hours into the flight , no further signs of life were received from the spacecraft . The Soviet scientists had planned to euthanize Laika with a poisoned serving of food . For many years , the Soviet Union gave conflicting statements that she had died either from asphyxia , when the batteries failed , or that she had been euthanized . Many rumors circulated about the exact manner of her death . In 1999 , several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated on the fourth orbit . In October 2002 , Dimitri Malashenkov , one of the scientists behind the Sputnik 2 mission , revealed that Laika had died by the fourth circuit of flight from overheating . According to a paper he presented to the World Space Congress in Houston , Texas , " It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system in such limited time constraints . " Over five months later , after 2 @,@ 570 orbits , Sputnik 2 — including Laika 's remains — disintegrated during re @-@ entry on April 14 , 1958 . = = Ethics of animal testing = = Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet vs. U.S. Space Race , the ethical issues raised by this experiment went largely unaddressed for some time . As newspaper clippings from 1957 show , the press was initially focused on reporting the political perspective , while the health and retrieval — or lack thereof — of Laika only became an issue later . Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable , and Laika had always been intended to die . The mission sparked a debate across the globe on the mistreatment of animals and animal testing in general to advance science . In the United Kingdom , the National Canine Defence League called on all dog owners to observe a minute 's silence , while the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) received protests even before Radio Moscow had finished announcing the launch . Animal rights groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at Soviet embassies . Others demonstrated outside the United Nations in New York ; nevertheless , laboratory researchers in the U.S. offered some support for the Soviets , at least before the news of Laika 's death . In the Soviet Union , there was less controversy . Neither the media , books in the following years , nor the public openly questioned the decision to send a dog into space . It was not until 1998 , after the collapse of the Soviet regime , that Oleg Gazenko , one of the scientists responsible for sending Laika into space , expressed regret for allowing her to die : Work with animals is a source of suffering to all of us . We treat them like babies who cannot speak . The more time passes , the more I 'm sorry about it . We shouldn 't have done it ... We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog . In other Warsaw Pact countries , open criticism of the Soviet space program was difficult because of political censorship ; however , there were notable cases of criticism in Polish scientific circles . A Polish scientific periodical , " Kto , Kiedy , Dlaczego " , published in 1958 , discussed the mission of Sputnik 2 . In the periodical 's section dedicated to astronautics , Krzysztof Boruń described the Sputnik 2 mission as " regrettable " and criticized not bringing Laika back to Earth alive as " undoubtedly a great loss for science " . = = Legacy = = Laika is memorialized in the form of a statue and plaque at Star City , Russia , the Russian Cosmonaut training facility . Created in 1997 , Laika is positioned behind the cosmonauts with her ears erect . The Monument to the Conquerors of Space , constructed in 1964 , also includes Laika . On April 11 , 2008 at the military research facility where staff had been responsible for readying Laika for the flight , officials unveiled a monument of her poised on top of a space rocket . Future space missions carrying dogs would be designed to be recovered . Four other dogs died in Soviet space missions : Bars and Lisichka were killed when their R @-@ 7 rocket exploded shortly after launch on July 28 , 1960 ; Pchyolka and Mushka died when Korabl @-@ Sputnik 3 was purposely destroyed with an explosive charge to prevent foreign powers from inspecting the capsule after a wayward atmospheric reentry trajectory on December 1 , 1960 . = Devil 's Due ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) = " Devil 's Due " is the 13th episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , originally aired on February 4 , 1991 in broadcast syndication in the United States . Based on an episode written by William Douglas Lansford for the planned Star Trek : Phase II ( 1978 ) television series , it was adapted for The Next Generation by Philip Lazebnik and directed by Tom Benko . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise @-@ D. In " Devil 's Due " , the crew of the Enterprise confront an individual claiming to be Ardra ( Marta DuBois ) , a mythological entity from the planet Ventax II . She claims that the planet , and the orbiting Enterprise , are her legal property due to an agreement signed a thousand years earlier . Together , Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) and the crew reveal Ardra to be a con artist , leading to her arrest by the Ventaxian authorities . Numerous changes were made from the original Phase II script , with only the general theme of the episode remaining . Originally pitched for use during season three , following changes made it was added to season four . Critical reception of the episode has been mixed , with it generally being thought to be very reminiscent of Star Trek : The Original Series . = = Plot = = The USS Enterprise receives a distress call from Dr. Howard Clarke ( Paul Lambert ) , the leader of a Federation scientific delegation on Ventax II , where the population is in a state of panic because they are convinced that their world will soon end . After the Enterprise arrives , they rescue Dr. Clarke who brings them up to date : a thousand years ago , according to Ventaxian history , the population entered a Faustian deal with Ardra , their mythology 's devil . In exchange for ending wars and restoring the ecological balance , and improving their heavily polluted planet , the population would become the personal slaves of Ardra a thousand years later . As the millennium is about to come to a close , the planet has recently begun experiencing mild earthquakes as well as seeing images of Ardra in the skies . These were said to be signs of her arrival . As Captain Picard and Commander Data ( Brent Spiner ) discuss the matter with the Ventaxian leader ( Marcelo Tubert ) , a woman appears in the chamber , announcing herself as Ardra . She proves her identity by starting an earthquake at will , and transforming into both the Christian and then the Klingon devil . Ardra states that she has come to claim the planet . Picard is instantly suspicious and orders Data to examine the contract that supposedly was signed by Ardra and the leaders of the planet a thousand years ago . Picard returns to the Enterprise afterwards , and Ardra appears on the bridge sitting in the Captain 's chair . Security Chief Worf ( Michael Dorn ) tries to remove her without success , Data returns just then and confirms the language of the contract as well as Ardra 's claim to the planet , including anything in orbit , including the Enterprise . Later , in a meeting with the senior staff , Picard expresses his belief that she is a con @-@ artist and points out that all of her " powers " can be recreated with theatrically delivered technology . After the meeting , Picard goes to bed for the evening . As Picard sleeps , Ardra appears and tries to seduce him but he rejects her . She transports him to the planet dressed in his pyjamas . Data comes to collect Picard by shuttle after Worf is unable to transport him back the normal way . When Picard and Data attempt to return to the Enterprise , the ship disappears . Not knowing what to do , they return to the planet . Citing old legal precedent , Picard calls for a Ventaxian arbitration hearing , which Ardra agrees to as long as Data acts as the arbitrator , as he will act with impartiality , to which Picard agrees . During the course of the hearing , Chief Engineer La Forge ( LeVar Burton ) and Clarke discover that Ardra has a cloaked ship nearby , that she is indeed using technology to simulate magic , and that she is a known criminal . Picard has an away team led by Commander Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) take control of Ardra 's ship , giving Picard control of Ardra 's " powers " . He demonstrates the fraud and she is taken into custody by local authorities . Picard explains to the leader of the planet that the people themselves improved their planet gradually through hard work and dedication . = = Production = = The episode was originally developed from a premise for the cancelled Star Trek : Phase II , although it underwent significant changes . It first appeared in a memo dated August 16 , 1977 , as part of a status update for the cancelled series . The only other episode of Phase II to be redeveloped for The Next Generation was " The Child " from season two . In the original version , the Enterprise visits Naterra and meets the planet 's leader , Zxolar , who is concerned that Captain Kirk is an	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
alien called Komether who is due to return within twenty days to destroy their world . Zxolar suddenly collapses and Doctor McCoy tries to help him but an energy surrounds the doctor 's head and he runs at a wall and disappears . The landing party search for McCoy but to no avail and Zxolar is beamed to the Enterprise . Doctor Chapel attempts to help him but the energy appears around her and she passes out . Xon and Kirk discuss the energy and realise it wants Zxolar to die as it has attacked anyone who helps him . The pair beam back down the planet to investigate the palace they met Zxolar in and discover an archive which shows them the original agreement made by six philosophers , including a much younger Zxolar , and Komether a thousand years earlier . They note one of the philosophers is Zxolar and the Komether is the energy being which attacked the two doctors . As in the later version used on Star Trek : The Next Generation , the agreement was that the being would correct the pollution of the planet in return for ownership of the planet a thousand years later . Xon and Kirk decide to move Zxolan to a life support table and ask for other volunteers as it is apparent that Komether will attack them as they attempt to save him . Scotty , Sulu and Chekov all volunteer as well , and the alien disables each of them as they move Zxolar . It is only because of Xon 's strength as he is being attacked that they manage to attach Zxolar to a life support machine and his life signs immediately improve . Zxolar tells Kirk about the contract , who retrieves it from the planet 's surface and challenges it . Komethar appears and agrees to a trial with the Enterprise 's computer acting as an impartial judge . Kirk realises that Komethar was created by the six philosophers and so as the last remaining , Zxolar is in control of it . Zxolar manages to defeat the creature using his will and releases the stunned crewmen . He finds that McCoy was trapped in the wall itself and releases him too , the Enterprise departing shortly thereafter . The story was once again brought up during a story pitch for season three of Next Generation , and it was modified by several staff writers . Michael Piller made several changes , including making the devil character female . Marta DuBois was cast as Ardra , after Stella Stevens and Adrienne Barbeau were also considered . Paul Lambert had previously appeared in the episode " When the Bough Breaks " as a member of the Aldean race . This episode illustrates Arthur C. Clarke 's Third Law : " any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic . " = = Reception and home media = = Several reviewers re @-@ watched Star Trek : The Next Generation after the end of the series . Keith DeCandido watched the episode for Tor.com , and thought that Marta DuBois ' performance was " the only reason why this episode is in any way watchable . Barely " . He thought that the episode felt more similar to an original series story than a normal Next Generation story , and that was due to the episode 's origins . He said " overall , it ’ s just dumb " and gave it a score of two out of ten . Zack Handlen thought more positively of the episode when he reviewed it for the A.V. Club . He did think that Captain Picard was pretending to be Captain Kirk for most of the episode and that it didn 't have any real drama but that it was " silly , goofy fun for the most part " . He thought the episode was " cute " and gave it an overall score of B + . Robert Blackman was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series for his work in this episode . It was instead awarded to Bill Hargate for his work on the Murphy Brown episode " Eldin Imitates Life " . Blackman would go on to win the award for the following two years for the episodes " Cost of Living " and " Time 's Arrow , Part II " . The episode was first released on VHS cassette on May 21 , 1996 . The episode was later included on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season four DVD box set , released in the United States on September 3 , 2002 . The first Blu Ray release was in the United Kingdom on July 29 , 2013 , followed by the United States on July 30 . = Lemmings ( video game ) = Lemmings is a puzzle @-@ platformer video game originally developed by DMA Design and first published by Psygnosis for the Amiga , Atari ST and PC in 1991 . The game was programmed by Mike Dailly and David Jones , and was inspired by a simple animation that Dailly created while experimenting with Deluxe Paint . The objective of the game is to guide a group of anthropomorphised lemmings through a number of obstacles to a designated exit . To save the required number of lemmings to win , one must determine how to assign a limited number of eight different skills to specific lemmings that allow the selected lemming to alter the landscape , to affect the behaviour of other lemmings , or to clear obstacles to create a safe passage for the rest of the lemmings . Lemmings was one of the best @-@ received video games of the early 1990s . It was the second highest rated game in the history of Amstrad Action , and was considered the eighth greatest game of all time by Next Generation in 1996 . Lemmings is also one of the most widely ported video games , and is estimated to have sold over 15 million copies between its various ports . The popularity of the game also led to the creation of several sequels , remakes and spin @-@ offs , and has also inspired similar games . = = Gameplay = = Lemmings is divided into a number of levels , grouped into four difficulty categories . Each level begins with a trap door opening from above , releasing a steady line of lemmings who all follow each other . Levels include a variety of obstacles that prevent lemmings from reaching the exit , such as large drops , booby traps and pools of lava . The goal is to guide at least a certain percentage of the green @-@ haired , blue @-@ robed lemmings from the entrance to the exit by clearing or creating a safe passage through the landscape for the lemmings to use . Unless assigned a special task , each lemming will walk in one direction ignoring any other lemming in its way ( except " Blockers " ) , falling off any edges and turning around if they hit an obstacle they cannot pass . A lemming can die in a number of ways : falling from a great height , falling into water or lava , disappearing off the top , bottom or side of the level map , being caught in a trap or fire , or being assigned the Bomber skill . Every level has a time limit ; if the clock counts down to zero , the level automatically ends . To successfully complete the level , the player must assign specific skills to certain lemmings . Which skills and how many uses of each are available to the player varies from level to level , and the player must assign the skills carefully to successfully guide the lemmings . There are eight skills that can be assigned : ' Climbers ' climb vertically though fall down if they hit an overhang . ' Floaters ' use a parachute to fall safely from heights . ' Bombers ' explode after a five @-@ second timer , destroying themselves and any destructible landscape in close proximity , though not damaging other Lemmings or traps . ' Blockers ' stand still and prevent other Lemmings from passing ; Lemmings that hit a Blocker simply reverse direction . ' Builders ' build a stairway of 12 steps . ' Bashers ' , ' Miners ' and ' Diggers ' dig horizontally , diagonally downwards or directly downwards respectively . While the player is able to paws ( wordplay in the game ) the game to inspect the level and status of the lemmings , skills can only be assigned in real @-@ time . Lemmings are initially released at a rate predetermined by the level ( from 1 to 99 ) . The player can increase the rate as desired to a maximum of 99 , and later decrease it down to , but not lower than , the initial rate . The player also has the option to " nuke " all the remaining lemmings on the screen , converting them to Bombers . This option can be used to abort a level when in a no @-@ win situation , remove any Blockers that remain after the remaining lemmings have been rescued , or end a level quickly once the required percentage of saved lemmings has been reached . The four difficulty groups – " Fun " , " Tricky " , " Taxing " and " Mayhem " – are used to organise the levels to reflect their overall difficulty . This rating reflects several factors , including the number of obstacles the player has to surpass , the limitation on the number of types of skills available to assign , the time limit , the minimum rate of lemming release , and the percentage of lemmings that must be saved . = = = Two @-@ player mode = = = The original Lemmings also has 20 two @-@ player levels . This took advantage of the Amiga 's ability to support two mice simultaneously , and the Atari 's ability to support a mouse and a joystick simultaneously . Each player is presented with their own view of the same map ( on a vertically split screen ) , can only give orders to their own lemmings ( green or blue ) , and had their own base . The goal is to get more lemmings ( regardless of colour ) into one 's own base than the other player . Gameplay cycles through the 20 levels until neither player gets any lemmings home . = = Development = = Mike Dailly , the first employee of DMA Design and one of the programmers for Lemmings , provided a detailed history of the development of the game entitled " The Lemmings Story " in 2006 . David Jones , founder of DMA Design , has also commented on the development and success of Lemmings . The inspiration for gameplay came as a result of a simple animated character sprite in an 8 × 8 pixel box created by Dailly using Deluxe Paint as part of development for Walker , then envisioned as a sequel to Blood Money . Dailly was able to quickly produce an animated graphic showing his creations moving endlessly , with additional graphical improvements made by Gary Timmons and other members of the DMA Design team to help remove the stiffness in the animation . One member , Russell Kay , observed that " There 's a game in that ! " , and later coined the term " lemmings " for these creations , according to Dailly . Allowing the creatures to move across the landscape was based on a Salamander weapon concept for Blood Money and demonstrated with the animations . Levels were designed based on a Deluxe Paint interface , which allowed several of the members to design levels , resulting in " hundreds of levels " . There were several internal iterations of the levels , each designer challenging the others . Dailly pointed out that David Jones " used to try and beat us , and after proudly stabbing a finger at the screen and saying ' There ! Beat that ! ' , we 'd calmly point out a totally new way of getting around all his traps , and doing it in a much simpler method . ' Oh ... ' , he 'd mutter , and scramble off to try and fix it . " They also sent internally tested levels to Psygnosis , getting back the results of their testing via fax . While most were solved quickly , Dailly commented that " Every now and again though , the fax would be covered in scribbles with the time and comments crossed out again and again ; this is what we were striving for while we were designing the levels , and it gave us all a warm fuzzy feeling inside . " Each of the designers had a somewhat different style in their levels : Dailly 's levels often had titles containing clues to what to do ( such as " It 's Hero Time " , suggesting that one lemming had to be separated from the crowd ) and generally required the player to perform several actions at once ; Gary Timmons 's levels were minimalistic , with popular culture references in the titles , and Scott Johnston 's ( whose mother was the first voice of the lemmings ) levels were generally tightly packed . Dailly was also responsible for the " custom " levels based on other Psygnosis and Reflections Interactive Amiga games , such as Shadow of the Beast , Menace , Awesome and Shadow of the Beast II . These " crossover " levels also used music from those games , though in ports these levels have been removed or altered to remove such references . After they developed most of the hard levels , they then created several simple levels either by copying the existing ones or creating new layouts ; as Dailly states , " This I believe is where many games fall down today , they do not spend the time making a good learning curve . " Timmons is credited with the official drawings of the lemmings , as necessitated by the need of Psygnosis for box cover artwork . Music was originally created by Brian Johnston ( Scott 's younger brother ) , who sampled bits of copyrighted music . This had been common practice , but at that point there was a growing awareness of music copyright . Psygnosis asked Tim Wright to replace the offending tracks , who often used arrangements and reworkings of classical and traditional music to avoid copyright problems . Music tracks in the game include : " Galop Infernal " from Orpheus in the Underworld ( the music by Offenbach often used for the can @-@ can ) , " Rondo alla Turca " from Mozart 's Piano Sonata No. 11 , " Dance of the Reed Flutes " from Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker Suite , " Dance of the Little Swans " from Tchaikovsky 's Swan Lake , " Ten Lemmings " ( a track that uses melodies from traditional song " Ten Green Bottles " ) , Chopin 's Piano Sonata No. 2 ( the part used as funeral march ) , Wagner 's " Bridal Chorus " ( popularly known as " Here Comes the Bride " ) , " London Bridge is Falling Down " , the English folk tune " Forest Green " ( adapted into the hymn " All Beautiful the March of Days " ) , the carol " O Little Town of Bethlehem " mixed with the melody from the film The Good , the Bad and the Ugly , " She 'll Be Coming ' Round the Mountain " and " ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window ? " . The two @-@ player option was inspired by then @-@ current games Populous and Stunt Car Racer . DMA Design initially wanted to use a null @-@ modem connection between two machines to allow competitive play , but ended up using the ability of the Amiga to have two mouse pointer devices usable at the same time and thus created the split @-@ screen mode . = = Ports and remakes = = The popularity of the game on the Amiga led to its rapid porting to many other platforms , and it is regarded as one of the most widely ported video games . Within a year of its release , the game had been ported to Atari ST , Sinclair Spectrum , PC and SNES . David Jones stated that after porting the game to 20 systems , he stopped keeping count of additional ports . Other commercial ports of the original game include 3DO , Acorn Archimedes , Apple II , Apple Macintosh , CDTV , Commodore 64 , NES , Sega Master System and Genesis , TurboGrafx @-@ 16 , Philips CD @-@ i and Sharp X68000 . In early 2006 , Sony released a remake of Lemmings for the PlayStation Portable , developed by Team17 . It features all 120 levels from the original game , 36 brand new levels as well as DataPack support ( similar to the Extra Track system featured in Wipeout Pure ) , and a user level editor . Every level in the game is a pre @-@ rendered 3D landscape , although their gameplay is still 2D and remains faithful to the original game . User levels can be constructed from pre @-@ rendered objects and distributed by uploading them to a PlayStation @-@ specific Lemmings online community . The soundtrack also marks the final video game score created by longtime composer Tim Follin after he announced his retirement from the industry in mid @-@ 2005 . In October 2006 the game was ported by developer Rusty Nutz for the PlayStation 2 with use of the EyeToy . The basic change in the concept is that the player must stretch and use his / her limbs in the recorded picture to aid the lemmings . In 2007 , Team17 produced a similar remake of Lemmings for the Sony PlayStation 3 for download through the PlayStation Network . The game has the similar graphical improvements as the PSP title , as well as on @-@ line scoreboards and additional levels developed for high @-@ definition display , but lacks the ability to create and share levels as the PSP version offers . = = = Expansions = = = Lemmings received some expansion packs following its launch . Oh No ! More Lemmings , originally released for the Amiga in 1991 both as a data disk or standalone game , added five varying difficulties — Tame , Crazy , Wild , Wicked and Havoc — each with 20 new levels . The game also features enhanced graphics and altered sound effects . The expansion was also ported to Acorn Archimedes , Atari ST , DOS , Macintosh , and Sam Coupé , and the levels were made available with the Game Boy Color , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation and Sega Genesis versions of Lemmings . Oh No ! More Lemmings received generally positive reviews . Dan Slingsby of CU Amiga found the game addictive , calling the puzzles " ingenious " , and Peter Lee of Amiga Action praised the quality and difficulty of the levels ; Stuart Campbell of Amiga Power was disappointed by the lack of fixes from the original game , and Ed Ricketts of ST Format criticised the difficulty gradient of the levels and the price of the expansion , but both ultimately gave positive reviews nonetheless . Christmas Lemmings , also known as Holiday Lemmings , was also released as a series of short games released between 1991 and 1994 . The gameplay remains unchanged from the base game , which is not required . First released as Xmas Lemmings as two four @-@ level demos in 1991 and 1992 , there were two later full retail releases on the Amiga and Atari ST in 1993 and 1994 , both with an additional 32 levels . The games were well @-@ received ; Rob Mead of Amiga Format described it as " funny , frustrating and incredibly addictive " , despite being disappointed by the number of levels , and Will Greenwald of PC Magazine ranked it among the best Christmas video games in 2014 . = = Reception = = The original sales for Lemmings on the Amiga topped 55 @,@ 000 copies on the first day of sales ; in comparison , Menace sold 20 @,@ 000 copies and Blood Money sold 40 @,@ 000 copies cumulatively . With all the ports included , it has been estimated that over 15 million copies of Lemmings have been sold between 1991 and 2006 . At the time of its first release , Lemmings received several high scores from gaming magazines , with only the level of graphics and sound receiving some small amount of criticism . David Sears of Compute ! , in his review of Lemmings for the PC , stated that " perhaps Psygnosis has tapped into the human instinct for survival in formulating this perfect blend of puzzle , strategy , and action . " Amiga Computing stated that " Lemmings is absolutely brilliant . Psygnosis have managed to produce a game that is not only totally original , but also features the kind of addicting gameplay that will keep the player coming back for more time and time again . " A review from the Australian Commodore and Amiga Review ( ACAR ) stated that " above all , the concept is simple , and the game is a lot of fun . " Computer Gaming World stated that " Not since Tetris has this reviewer been so addicted to , or completely fascinated with , a series of challenging puzzles ... follow the crowd and get Lemmings " . In 1992 the magazine named it its Action Game of the Year . The game was reviewed in 1991 in Dragon by Hartley , Patricia , and Kirk Lesser in " The Role of Computers " column . The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars . The Lessers reviewed the MacIntosh version of the game in 1993 in Dragon , also giving that version 5 stars . In 1994 Electronic Gaming Monthly complimented the Lynx version 's large number of options and password feature , and remarked , " Lemmings has always been a good strategy game , and the Lynx version continues the tradition . " The following year they reviewed the CD @-@ i version , criticising that it has nothing but the obligatory full motion video intro to set it apart from the numerous ports of the game that had already been released over the past four years . GamePro made the same criticisms , commenting that " this former 16 @-@ bit puzzler isn 't going anywhere new on the CD @-@ i . " Next Generation 's review of the 3DO version assessed that " If you 've played any version , you 've played this one , too , but if you haven 't tried it , this is one of the better ones , and it 's still one game that 's addictive as hell . " In 1996 , Next Generation declared it the 8th greatest game of all time , and " second only to Tetris " in the puzzle genre . In 2004 , readers of Retro Gamer voted Lemmings as the 21st top retro game , with the editors calling it " perhaps Psygnosis ’ finest hour and a turning point in the puzzle genre . " Lemmings for the PSP was warmly received , with a 76 / 100 average rating at Metacritic . According to the review by GameSpot , " Lemmings is a game @-@ design classic that is as compelling now in its newest iteration on the PlayStation Portable as it was 15 years ago . " Eurogamer complained that the game was the otherwise bare port of the game to yet another system . The PSN version 's inability to create levels or play competitively online resulted in the game receiving mediocre reviews , with an averaged Metacritic score of 59 / 100 . = = Legacy = = Lemmings inspired several sequels , including the Christmas Lemmings short games that were released between 1991 and 1994 , and the 1991 expansion Oh No ! More Lemmings . Stand @-@ alone sequels were Lemmings 2 : The Tribes ( 1993 ) , All New World of Lemmings ( 1994 ) , 3D Lemmings ( 1995 ) and Lemmings Revolution ( 2000 ) . Two spin @-@ off games were also made , both in 1996 ; Lemmings Paintball and The Adventures of Lomax . Numerous clones of Lemmings were made . One of the first was The Humans , released for the Amiga in 1992 . General game concepts have been included in the open source Pingus , where the player is required to safely guide penguins across landscapes using a similar array of tools . Other similar games include Clones . In 2010 , it was announced that Lemmings would be ported to the iOS operating system by developer Mobile 1UP . On 29 June 2010 , Mobile 1UP reported that Sony Computer Entertainment Europe had presented them with a cease @-@ and @-@ desist letter , forcing them to halt development of the port . In April 2011 , Mobile 1UP has released a re @-@ worked version of the work done in 2010 with a prehistoric setting ( new artwork , sfx , music , levels ) under the name Caveman , available for the iOS and webOS platforms . Brutal Deluxe , the developer who did the porting of the Apple IIgs version of Lemmings , has released the games ' source code . Lemmings has also been called a predecessor of the modern real @-@ time strategy ( RTS ) video game genre . A 1991 Amiga Power article claimed that Lemmings " was the first major game to introduce the ' indirect @-@ control ' concept , " an element that is now common in many RTS games . Lemmings ' introduction of RTS elements has been noted by fantasy author Terry Pratchett ; in his novel Interesting Times , an army of golems is controlled in a fashion reminiscent of the Lemmings user interface . When readers asked if this was deliberate , Pratchett responded : " Merely because the red army can fight , dig , march and climb and is controlled by little icons ? Can 't imagine how anyone thought that ... Not only did I wipe Lemmings from my hard disk , I overwrote it so 's I couldn 't get it back . " Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku , commenting on the 2014 game MouseCraft which incorporates elements of Lemmings and Tetris , speculated that games like Lemmings would not be very successful in the current gaming market , as the pace of the game is far too slow to satisfy most players . = = Computational Complexity = = In 2004 , Graham Cormode proved that decide whether it is possible to complete a level of Lemmings is NP @-@ complete . Later , Graham showed that it 's PSPACE @-@ complete to find the maximal possible number of lemmings saved in a level of Lemmings . Note that these two questions are different , since one asks for saving any number of lemmings that 's more than the minimal amount required to pass the level , while the other asks for saving as many as possible . Clearly , the later is harder than the former . = Matt Leto = Matt Leto ( born December 1 , 1983 ) , gamertag Zyos , is a former American professional player of the first @-@ person shooter video games Halo : Combat Evolved and Halo 2 . Zyos spent a year in his late teens accumulating video game records , and for a while was the holder of the most records . After dropping out of DigiPen Institute of Technology , Leto pursued a career in professional gaming . Leto won the 2003 and 2004 World Cyber Games , and was signed to become a professional game player that same year . He remained champion until he was defeated in 2005 , and was known for his quiet , patient style of play , and his skill in one @-@ on @-@ one matches . In 2006 he retired from professional gaming . He is currently working as a real estate agent in Texas . = = Early life and career = = Leto played his first video game at the age of five , playing Super Mario Bros. In his early teens he played and won local video game competitions . At the age of 17 , he broke the world record for points scored in the video game Crazy Taxi , and when Twin Galaxies , which records video game records , wanted more proof , he recorded a video of beating his own record . He then spent the next year focused on breaking video game records and eventually broke 742 of them . He had the highest number of records ever achieved until Tom Duncan surpassed him . Originally Zyos was interested in going to DigiPen Institute of Technology to learn how to create video games , but found it intense and that it was not his passion . Having dropped out of college , he later left his job at an ice cream shop at age 19 and began pursuing a career in professional gaming . In late 2002 Leto competed at AGP1 , his first video game tournament , and though his team placed fifth , he ranked second individually out of three hundred players . = = Professional career = = = = = 2003 = = = In the fall of 2003 , Leto was recruited to play professionally for Major League Gaming ( MLG ) at the age of 19 . That year , he was part of the four man team " Dream Team " . He won the top prize at the World Cyber Games 2003 held in Seoul , South Korea , winning $ 20 @,@ 000 . It was at that point that Zyos decided he could play video games as his career . That year , Zyos earned $ 30 @,@ 000 from professional gaming . He also signed an endorsement deal with ActiVision that placed an endorsing quote on an Xbox shooter game titled Greg Hasting 's Tournament Paintball . = = = 2004 = = = In 2004 , GameSpot described Leto as the " number one Halo player in the United States " . Leto came in second at the 2004 Dallas Midwestern Regional Tournament in the " Halo Free For All " category , and first in the N @-@ Gage Competition playing Tony Hawk . As part of Team FFA competing in Major League Gaming tournaments , he helped defeat Shoot to Kill in an upset victory in Chicago , and then also Atlanta . Later in the MLG tournament series he was part of the Florida Jackalopes and were defeated in New York by Team Domination . At the MLG San Francisco tournament Zyos agreed to split the prize money with his final competitor " Mighty " before the final game , and claimed to do so in order to make his opponent less hungry for victory . Leto participated in the World Cyber Games 2004 in San Francisco . In preparation for the World Cyber games , Zyos traveled for the two weeks prior to practice playing against his competitors . At the opening ceremony of the games , Leto was player representative , having been the previous year 's champion , and called on players to have good sportsmanship . In the final game , Leto led early 13 – 5 , but his opponent rallied to 13 – 10 before Zyos was able to also rally and defeat him . Zyos thus won the Gold medal for the second year in a row , defeating Canadian Nelson Triana 2 – 0 in the " best out of three " format . He said that his second victory was more important than his first , since he is now the third person to win two years in a row . = = = 2005 = = = At the Game Riot Conference in 2005 , amateur players had a chance to play against Zyos to win prizes ; Leto viewed the touring gaming exposition as a chance to build his reputation . In 2005 , Zyos did paid endorsements and had a managing team . He also came in third at the Major League Games Competition as part of team Str8 Rippin . That team went on to defeat rivals " Team3D " in Philadelphia . Later that summer , he joined Team " Trademark Gamers " , and later the " IGS Monglers " . On September 13 , 2005 Zyos was defeated by the Ogre twins in the third game of the World Cyber Games ' United States Finals . Leto attributed his loss to his weakness in two @-@ on @-@ two play , and stated his desire to continue playing one on one . In October 2005 , Zyos competed and won the DigitalLife Tournament Series Halo 2 tournament , defeating " PdgfProxa " in the final match . = = = 2006 = = = Leto competed professionally in Halo 2 and Project Gotham Racing 3 at the World Series of Video Games in July 2006 at the Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Center . He was also invited to attend the Championship Gaming Series that year . Following his defeat , he considered playing another first @-@ person shooter or a future Halo game . In September of that year he visited the Cyber World Games and attendees had the opportunity to be taught how to play Halo 2 . He was a part of team XiT Woundz , thought to be one of the top four Major League Gaming teams in 2006 . The team was defeated by teams " eX " and MoBDeep , and ultimately placed seventh . Following the defeats , Zyos exited his hotel where he was staying for the tournament and has not returned to professional gaming . His retirement was called the ninth most important event in professional gaming that year by Major League Gaming . = = Technique = = Zyos studied his opponent 's style of play in order to find weaknesses . He also practiced four to five hours to day , and the week before a tournament for ten . He stated that most of the stress of competing is mental , though physical fitness helps in tournaments that can last 16 hours per day . Talents he has suggested players need include quick reflexes , concentration , and the ability to play under pressure . The transition from Halo to Halo 2 was a mixed bag for Zyos , since he called it an " easier game " , but tournaments started being more focused on two @-@ on @-@ two . Once Halo 2 was released , Leto began to focus almost exclusively on it and did not play the original at all . While on Team Str8 Rippin in 2005 , Leto stated that their style was unique , since any team member might take on any role in their attack formation . They were also patient , content to wait their enemies out and force the opposing team to attack when Str8 Rippin is ahead . Zyos insisted upon his teammates being silent and not trash @-@ talking during matches in order to maintain focus . = You Never Give Me Your Money = " You Never Give Me Your Money " is a song by the Beatles , appearing on their 1969 album Abbey Road . It was written by Paul McCartney ( though credited to Lennon – McCartney ) and documented the financial and personal difficulties facing the band . The track is the first track of the medley on side two of Abbey Road and was recorded in stages between May and August 1969 . The song was the first one to be recorded for the medley , which was conceived by McCartney and producer George Martin as a finale for the Beatles ' career . The backing track was recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in Barnes , London , but the remainder of overdubs occurred at Abbey Road Studios . Musically , the song is made up of a suite of various segments , ranging from a piano ballad at the beginning through to guitar arpeggios at the end . = = Background = = The song was written by McCartney when he was staying with new wife Linda in New York in March 1969 , shortly after the Get Back sessions that ultimately resulted in Let It Be . John Lennon and McCartney were at risk of losing overall control of Northern Songs , the company that published their songs , after ATV Music bought a majority share . McCartney had been largely responsible for the group 's direction and projects since the death of manager Brian Epstein in 1967 , but began to realise that the group dynamic of the Beatles was coming to an end . He was particularly unhappy at the others wanting to draft in manager Allen Klein to help sort out their finances . McCartney later said that the song was written with Klein in mind , saying " it 's basically a song about no faith in the person " . He added that the line " One sweet dream , pack up the bags , get in the limousine " was based on his trips in the country with Linda to get away from the tense atmosphere with the Beatles , though author Walter Everett thought the line was also a nostalgic look at the Beatles ' touring years , which had ended in 1966 . The musical structure came from several song fragments , beginning with a piano ballad and moving to a number of different styles , including boogie @-@ woogie piano , arpeggiated guitars and nursery rhyme . Beatles author Ian MacDonald speculated that the guitar arpeggios at the end of the track were influenced by " I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) " and the middle section of " Here Comes the Sun " , and the overall structure was inspired by Lennon 's " Happiness Is a Warm Gun " from the previous year 's The Beatles , which also joined unrelated song fragments together . Realising that Abbey Road could be the group 's last album , McCartney and Martin decided to combine various portions of tracks into a medley , which would act as a climactic finale of the group 's career . McCartney later said that the idea of a song suite was inspired by Keith West 's " Excerpt from A Teenage Opera " . Some musical segments of " You Never Give Me Your Money " were reused for the " Golden Slumbers " / " Carry That Weight " portion of the medley , including the opening verses and later guitar arpeggios . = = Recording = = The basic backing track was recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in Barnes on 6 May 1969 . Recording started at 3pm and went on until 4am the next morning . McCartney sang lead and played piano , Lennon played an Epiphone Casino guitar , George Harrison played a Fender Telecaster guitar fed through a Leslie speaker , and Ringo Starr played drums . The group recorded 36 takes , selecting take 30 as the best , which was made into a rough stereo mix . The basic structure of the song as it appeared on Abbey Road had not been worked out at this stage , and the original recording ran onto a loose jam session , ending up as a fast rock @-@ and @-@ roll instrumental towards the end . The track was completed in Abbey Road Studios . McCartney overdubbed a lead vocal onto the basic track on 1 July , and further vocals and sound effects were added on 15 July . On 30 July , a reduction mix was made of the original eight track tape , so further overdubs could be made , and a rough mix of the Abbey Road medley was put together . The cross @-@ fade from " You Never Give Me Your Money " into the next track , " Sun King " , proved to be problematic , and the group made several attempts before deciding to merge the songs via an organ note . McCartney completed the instrumental overdubs the next day , on 31 July , by adding a bass guitar part and additional piano overdubs , including some punched @-@ in honky @-@ tonk piano in place of the original . The final recording session occurred on 5 August , when McCartney made a number of tape loops at Abbey Road , including bells , birds , bubbles and chirping crickets . Martin mixed the track into stereo on 13 August , and made 11 attempts at a final mix , combining the tape loops with the cross @-@ fade into " Sun King " , replacing the earlier organ note . He made another attempt at a final mix on 21 August , and this was used for the finished master . = = Personnel = = According to Ian MacDonald : Paul McCartney – lead and backing vocals , piano , bass , wind chimes , tape loops John Lennon – guitar , backing vocal George Harrison – guitar , backing vocal Ringo Starr – drums , tambourine = = Covers = = The track has been used on some albums featuring Beatles ' songs covered by other artists . In 2009 , Nine Below Zero with Glenn Tilbrook covered the song on Abbey Road Now ! , a CD of Abbey Road covers accompanying the October 2009 issue of Mojo magazine . = Jarlsberg Tunnel = The Jarlsberg Tunnel ( Norwegian : Jarlsbergtunnelen ) is a 1 @,@ 750 @-@ meter ( 5 @,@ 740 ft ) long double track railway tunnel which runs through Frodeåsen in Tønsberg , Norway . Located on the Vestfold Line , the tunnel was built as part of the 7 @.@ 8 @-@ kilometer ( 4 @.@ 8 mi ) double @-@ track high @-@ speed segment from Barkåker to Tønsberg . It is located just north of Tønsberg Station and runs between Frodegata and Tomsbakken . Most of the tunnel is blasted , although 223 meters ( 732 ft ) is in a concrete culvert . Planning of the tunnel started in the late 1990s . Several railway interest groups advised against building the isolated segment of upgraded track without a complete plan for upgrading the entire line . Construction started in April 2009 and the new section and the tunnel opened on 7 November 2011 . It was the fourth segment of the Vestfold Line to be upgraded . = = Specifications = = The Jarlsberg Tunnel runs roughly north – south through Frodeåsen , a hill just north of the town center of Tønsberg . The northern entrance is located at Tomsbakken , beside County Road 35 and the southern entrance is located at Frodegata in the town center . Just south of the tunnel lies Tønsberg Station . The tunnel is 1 @,@ 750 meters ( 5 @,@ 740 ft ) long , of which 1 @,@ 560 meters ( 5 @,@ 120 ft ) is blasted through bedrock and 223 meters ( 732 ft ) is concrete culvert . The portal on the Tønsberg side is 73 meters ( 240 ft ) long . The Jarlsberg Tunnel constitutes the southernmost part of the 7 @.@ 8 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 4 @.@ 8 mi ) double @-@ track segment of the Vestfold Line between Barkåker and Tønsberg . It is electrified at 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC , has an NSI @-@ 63 signaling system and is dimensioned for 200 kilometers per hour ( 120 mph ) . The crosscut serves as an emergency exit . The railway tunnel crosses 2 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 0 meters ( 8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in ) above the Frodeåsen Tunnel , a twin @-@ tube tunnel of County Road 300 . The tunnel 's single crosscut serves as an emergency exit . The line is owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . = = History = = The Vestfold Line opened in 1881 as a narrow @-@ gauge railway . Although later converted to standard gauge and electrified , the line retains poor capacity and many curves . The only previous tunnel north of Larvik is the 288 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 945 ft ) Smørstein Tunnel , which was completed in 1921 . In the early 1990s , work started on increasing speed , capacity and reliability by building shorter sections of double @-@ track with higher permitted speeds . During this period , there was very little investment funding for railways ; thus the Vestfold Line was split into a series of small segments , each which was planned individually . Between 1995 and 2003 , three sections with a combined length of 23 kilometers ( 14 mi ) were opened . The segment between Barkåker and Tønsberg was the fourth section of the line to be upgraded . When later projects are completed , it will allow travel time from Tønsberg to Oslo to be reduced from 90 to 60 minutes . Initial planning of the segment between Barkåker and Tønsberg considered 13 different initial route proposals . However , no analysis for possible rights @-@ of @-@ way south of Tønsberg or north of Barkåker were considered . In September 1999 , the government presented their proposal for National Transport Plan 2002 – 11 , which included three segments on the Vestfold Line : Holm – Nykirke , Barkåker – Tønsberg and Farriseidet – Porsgrunn . When Parliament passed the plan in February 2001 , the Barkåker – Tønsberg segment was prioritized second on the Vestfold Line , after a new passing loop at Nykirke . National Transport Plan 2002 – 11 proposed that construction start in 2005 , but by November 2002 , the National Rail Administration delayed the plans , following investment cuts by Bondevik 's Second Cabinet . In response , Minister of Transport Torild Skogsholm stated that she was considering financing the project as a public – private partnership paid through a surcharge on tickets fares . The route will give a time saving of between three and four minutes for trains heading north of Tønsberg , but two minutes of these will be saved by changing the direction the trains run through the loop through town . Thus , passengers traveling southwards from Tønsberg experience a two @-@ minute increase in travel time . The plan to make an isolated investment in the Barkåker – Tønsberg section was criticized by several pro @-@ railway interest organizations , including Norsk Bane , For Jernbane , the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature as well as the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) — who operates the train service . All recommended that the National Rail Administration place the investments on hold until more of the Vestfold Line was planned . NSB 's Tom Ingulstad called the plans " troublesome " and stated that the trains would have nearly no time or reliability @-@ gains from the investment . If the authority instead had built more double track in connection with the existing segment at Sande , trains could more efficiently catch up any delays before reaching Drammen . Long @-@ term plans for the line imply that the line will need to allow a through speed of at least 250 kilometers per hour ( 160 mph ) and be built so trains do not need to stop or slow down at all stations . The National Rail Administration had at the time of construction not made any plans for a route south of Tønsberg ; estimates from Norsk Bane show that Tønsberg will not be able to allow high through speeds and that a new through line would have be built with a different right @-@ of @-@ way , entirely avoiding the Jarlsberg Tunnel . Alternatively , the route would have to feature slow speeds or large encroachments on the local environment . By binding the Vestfold Line to run via Barkåker , it is not possible to build a high @-@ speed line with stations serving population centers such as Horten , Åsgårdstrand and Eik . For Jernbane advised against building the Barkåker – Tønsberg segment and instead recommended that the authorities wait until the entire Vestfold Line was planned . Following the appointment of Stoltenberg 's Second Cabinet in 2005 , the government started working with longer projects and increased funding . The go @-@ ahead for the project was given by Minister of Transport Liv Signe Navarsete on 31 March 2008 , with the entire project from Barkåker to Tønsberg estimated to cost 1 @.@ 37 billion Norwegian krone ( NOK ) . The main civil engineering advisor for the project was Norconsult . Six bids were issued to building the main segment , which included the tunnel and 2 @.@ 6 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) from Tomsbakken to Barkåker Industrial Park . The bidders were a joint venture between Reinertsen and Leonard Nilsen , Veidekke , Skanska , Hæhre Entreprenør , NCC and Mika . The contract was awarded on 5 March 2009 to Reinertsen / Leonard Nilsen , who had the lowest bid , NOK 377 @.@ 9 million , NOK 158 million less than the most expensive , from Mika . The joint venture was structured so Leonard Nilsen built the tunnel and Reinertsen the above @-@ ground section . Construction of the project started on 16 March 2009 ; work on the tunnel started in April and the first blasting began on 11 May . Construction ran from a crosscut in the center of the tunnel and outwards ; average speed was 35 to 40 meters ( 115 to 131 ft ) per week . Work on casting the concrete portals started on 18 September . For four weeks , starting in January 2010 , blasting was performed above the Frodeåsen Tunnel , and on each occasion that the 100 or so blasts were executed , the road was closed for safety reasons . Following a public naming competition , the National Rail Administration announced on 5 February 2010 that the tunnel be known as the Jarlsberg Tunnel . The first breakthrough of the tunnel was achieved on 30 June 2010 . The second and final breakthrough took place on 1 September . Construction proceeded without any injuries and nearly without any complications . The tunneling resulted in 235 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 231 @,@ 000 long tons ; 259 @,@ 000 short tons ) of earthwork , which was used to build the above @-@ ground section north of the tunnel . The last concrete casting was laid on 20 January 2011 . Laying of the track was performed by Wiebe , signaling was installed by Norsk Jernbanedrift , Structon Rail installed the overhead wire , and YIT installed the power supply and telecommunications systems . The tunnel has the NSI @-@ 63 relay @-@ based signaling system , although it is scheduled to be replaced by European Rail Traffic Management System shortly after 2015 . The last six weeks before opening , the Vestfold Line was closed to allow the new and old sections to be connected . This was the most hectic part of construction , as it saw the tracks south of the tunnel be rearranged to allow trains to operate the opposite direction through the loop in Tønsberg . The work was performed by Reinertsen and took 100 @,@ 000 man @-@ hours . The tunnel and the segment Barkåker – Tønsberg opened on schedule on 7 November 2011 . The segment cost NOK 1 @.@ 5 billion , which was within budget . However , at the time of the opening , double track was still not laid from the tunnel to Tønsberg Station . Previously , trains crossed each other at the passing loop at the closed Barkåker Station , with one train having to wait for the other . With the competition of the new segment , trains could pass at any point between Tønsberg and Barkåker , allowing increased reliability . However , the signaling system was not installed at the time of opening , so the tunnel remained only operated with single track , although a temporary signaling system allowed it to be used as a passing loop . If used as such , speed was limited to 70 kilometers per hour ( 43 mph ) . = Un @-@ American Graffiti = " Un @-@ American Graffiti " is the sixteenth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the sixtieth episode overall . Written by Robert Hull and directed by John T. Kretchmer , the episode premiered on The CW on May 1 , 2007 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica is hired by an Arab couple who own a Middle Eastern restaurant because their restaurant has recently had the word " terrorist " spray @-@ painted on it . Meanwhile , Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) , as acting Sheriff , looks into underage drinking regulations in local bars after the case of a drunk 19 @-@ year @-@ old getting hit by a car comes to Keith 's attention , eventually finding that Veronica is handing out convincing fake IDs to her fellow students . In addition , Veronica attends a birthday party run by Logan ( Jason Dohring ) for his new girlfriend Parker ( Julie Gonzalo ) . " Un @-@ American Graffiti " was the first episode of the series not to be part of a larger story arc . This was a change that had been decided upon midway through the season , and series creator Thomas thought that this would make the series more accessible to new viewers . In addition , the episode aired after a two @-@ month hiatus , during which period Thomas created the idea for season four taking place in the FBI Academy . In its original broadcast , the episode garnered 2 @.@ 35 million viewers and generally negative reviews from television critics , with many criticizing the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week as cliché and moralistic . Eric Goldman of IGN compared the episode negatively to an after school special , while Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club , disliked the portrayal of Rashad . = = Plot synopsis = = Logan invites Veronica to Parker ’ s birthday party . A woman ( Carole Raphaelle Davis ) comes into Mars Investigations and says that her restaurant was vandalized . Veronica stakes out the restaurant before the owner ’ s husband ( Anthony Azizi ) comes out and berates her to leave . However , while they are speaking , a group of troublemakers appear and shoot paintballs at Veronica and the married couple . The husband acquiesces to allow Veronica to investigate both incidents further . Keith , as acting Sheriff , is called in to look into a case involving a 19 @-@ year @-@ old who was hit while returning home drunk from a bar using an obviously fake ID . Veronica tracks down the family of the car that was used in the paintball incident and finds that it is under the control of a group of young people . Keith ’ s underlings state that the bars are actually good at keeping out minors . Veronica reviews security cameras at the restaurant and tracks a person down to be a Jewish man with whom the restaurant owner ’ s daughter has been having an affair . An employee named Nasir ( Haaz Sleiman ) has taken explicit photos of the two , and Amira ’ s father will disown her if the father finds out . Veronica goes to a photo @-@ developing store and retrieves the photos , but one is stuck in the printer and Nasir gets it . Amira ’ s father shows up at her door and angrily berates her and fires Veronica , although she says that her real employer is his wife . Keith catches Wallace and Piz , out for a night on the town , in a bar , discovering that they have high @-@ quality fake IDs from Veronica , leading Keith to reprimand her . Veronica discovers the true vandal after tracking a piece of bait . The vandal ’ s name is Derrick ( Cole Williams ) , who vandalized after seeing Nasir distributing a piece of anti @-@ American propaganda at a mall . Both owners want to meet Derrick before pressing charges . Keith sends Piz ( Chris Lowell ) and Wallace ( Percy Daggs III ) with clearly fake IDs into a bar as a test of his subordinates . He finds that the deputy does not check closely and resents Keith as well . Due to this fact , Keith fires the people who disobeyed his orders . The two restaurant owners meet with Derrick , who does not react politely to them . However , they decide not to turn in Derrick . The husband / father has an awakening about Amira as well and forgives her , turning in Nasir to the police for an expired visa . At Parker ’ s party , Mac ( Tina Majorino ) reconnects with Max ( Adam Rose ) , and Veronica shows mild jealousy when Piz shows her his new fling . Logan gets Parker a romantic cake . In order to escape from a awkward suitor whom Logan introduces her to , Veronica asks Piz to pretend to be her boyfriend . Afterwards , Wallace informs her that Piz does have a crush on her . Veronica realizes that she has not realized this because of her preoccupation with her breakup with Logan . She talks to Piz on the porch at the party , and he suddenly kisses her . Piz retreats to the elevator , but Veronica appears and kisses him back . The elevator opens , revealing Logan . = = Production = = " Un @-@ American Graffiti " was written by Robert Hull and directed by John T. Kretchmer , marking Hull 's second and final writing credit ( after " Show Me the Monkey " ) and Kretchmer 's fourteenth and final directing credit for the series . " Un @-@ American Graffiti " introduces a romantic storyline between Mac ( Tina Majorino ) and Max ( Adam Rose ) . Max had appeared in two previous episodes — as a suspect in " Hi , Infidelity " and as the main client in " Poughkeepsie , Tramps and Thieves " . From the very beginning of his appearances , Max was planned to begin a romantic relationship with Mac . Rose was roommates with the other main love interest for her , Bronson Pope ( Michael Mitchell ) . When Rose received the call that he would be appearing in more episodes for a romantic storyline with Mac , Rose stated , " But I thought that 's what my roommate was doing . " " Un @-@ American Graffiti " is the first episode of Veronica Mars not to be part of a broader story arc in the form of a mystery that Veronica solves over several episodes . The crew 's plan at the beginning of the season was to have the two @-@ part murder mystery of Hearst 's basketball coach , encapsulated in " Postgame Mortem " and " Mars , Bars " , to stretch over the rest of the season beginning with this episode , but this idea was changed around the airing of " Spit & Eggs " . Series creator Rob Thomas gave two rationales for the creative change . The first was that he believed that the story arcs alienated new or casual viewers , meaning that the change would solve the series ' low Nielsen ratings , while the other reason was that he noticed that after the first season , the show had garnered the most narrative criticism about the story arcs . On trying the new narrative structure , Thomas stated , " It seems like a good time to do it — a good fun test balloon . Try it over five [ episodes ] and see how fans and non @-@ fans react . " However , Thomas also commented that the show would continue to exhibit a degree of serialization through Veronica 's romantic and personal life . In addition , the new story formula was a way to have episodes focus on Veronica 's personal life instead of devoting most of the episode time to advancing rushed mysteries . The episode also features the first kiss of the characters of Piz ( Chris Lowell ) and Veronica , creating a love triangle between the two and Logan ( Jason Dohring ) that would last for the rest of the series and the Veronica Mars movie , dividing fans into " Team Logan " and " Team Piz " , depending on which relationship they preferred . The song " Rally " by alternative rock band Phoenix plays during Veronica and Piz 's kiss . Thomas highlighted the scene in Veronica returns home to find Keith reading classified ads as one of his favorite moments between the father / daughter pair in the season , stating that they both fulfilled the writers ' initial vision for the scene and that Kristen Bell in particular interpreted her lines well . The episode was the first to air after nearly a two @-@ month hiatus , during which Thomas came up for the idea for season four to take place in the FBI Academy . Possibly done as a last @-@ resort attempt to save the show from cancellation , the series was very much on the brink of cancellation at this point in production . Prior to the airing of " Un @-@ American Graffiti " , Enrico Colantoni stated that The CW had seen the filmed first ten pages and reacted negatively . However , Thomas denied this testimony and commented that The CW had not yet seen the FBI pitch and would on May 2 , the day after the series ' return , a statement that was confirmed to be true by a representative for the network . Prior to the episode 's airing , information was released stating that middle school students would be involved in the episode , leading BuddyTV to speculate that Logan 's young friend from " Postgame Mortem " would make an appearance . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original broadcast , " Un @-@ American Graffiti " received 2 @.@ 35 million viewers , ranking 95th of 98 in the weekly rankings . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Papa 's Cabin " , which garnered 2 @.@ 66 million viewers . = = = Reviews = = = " Un @-@ American Graffiti " received generally negative reviews from television critics , with many criticizing the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week as cliché and moralistic and opining that it was not a strong start for the show 's new episode formula . Eric Goldman of IGN graded the episode a 7 @.@ 0 out of 10 , indicating that it was " good " . He was very critical of the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week and Keith 's plotline as Sheriff , comparing them both negatively to an after school special . He disliked what he considered to be the cliché storyline and stereotyped characters of the restaurant plot , particularly the trope of the disapproving Arab @-@ American father and the plotline ending with a speech about the American dream , concluding that " even Veronica pointing out this cliché didn 't make it less so . " While opining that Logan 's actions were out of character , the reviewer was more positive towards the budding relationships of Veronica and Piz and Mac and Max . Television Without Pity graded the episode a " C " , with the reviewer stating that it was the only episode of the series that they did not like . Reviewer Alan Sepinwall , on his blog What 's Alan Watching ? , was very negative towards the episode . While stating that it was very preachy and generally boring , particularly in the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week , he believed that the episode was just a fluke because he had already been sent the next episode , " Debasement Tapes " , which he enjoyed . While being less critical of the episode 's other subplots , he concluded that " this wasn 't exactly [ a ] triumphant return . " Kelly West of Cinema Blend was mixed towards the episode . While calling the new formula " a breath of fresh air , " she was not entirely pleased with the final scene featuring Piz and Veronica 's kiss , opining that the location and the fact that Veronica ran after Piz and kissed him back were not in keeping with Veronica 's character . Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club was also critical of the case of the week and the episode in general . While admiring the show 's decision to address the controversial issue of Islamophobia in the United States , he did not like the show 's characterization of Rashad , the father , noting inconsistencies about whether his storyline was one of redemption or not . " There are three seemingly equal interpretations : that Veronica Mars writers believe that the cartoon is worth ruining someone 's life over ; that Rashad is a complex character who can be petty and vindictive ; or , it 's just a bunch of stuff that happens and there is no moral . " = Silicon nitride = Silicon nitride is a chemical compound of the elements silicon and nitrogen , with the formula Si 3N 4 . It is a white , high @-@ melting @-@ point solid that is relatively chemically inert , being attacked by dilute HF and hot H 2SO 4 . It is very hard ( 8 @.@ 5 on the mohs scale ) . It is the most thermodynamically stable of the silicon nitrides . Hence , Si 3N 4 is the most commercially important of the silicon nitrides and is generally understood as what is being referred to where the term " silicon nitride " is used . = = Production = = The material is prepared by heating powdered silicon between 1300 ° C and 1400 ° C in an atmosphere of nitrogen : 3 Si + 2 N 2 → Si 3N 4 The silicon sample weight increases progressively due to the chemical combination of silicon and nitrogen . Without an iron catalyst , the reaction is complete after several hours ( ~ 7 ) , when no further weight increase due to nitrogen absorption ( per gram of silicon ) is detected . In addition to Si 3N 4 , several other silicon nitride phases ( with chemical formulas corresponding to varying degrees of nitridation / Si oxidation state ) have been reported in the literature , for example , the gaseous disilicon mononitride ( Si 2N ) ; silicon mononitride ( SiN ) , and silicon sesquinitride ( Si 2N 3 ) , each of which are stoichiometric phases . As with other refractories , the products obtained in these high @-@ temperature syntheses depends on the reaction conditions ( e.g. time , temperature , and starting materials including the reactants and container materials ) , as well as the mode of purification . However , the existence of the sesquinitride has since come into question . It can also be prepared by diimide route : SiCl 4 + 6 NH 3 → Si ( NH ) 2 + 4 NH 4Cl ( s ) at 0 ° C 3 Si ( NH ) 2 → Si 3N 4 + N 2 + 3 H 2 ( g ) at 1000 ° C Carbothermal reduction of silicon dioxide in nitrogen atmosphere at 1400 – 1450 ° C has also been examined : 3 SiO 2 + 6 C + 2 N 2 → Si 3N 4 + 6 CO The nitridation of silicon powder was developed in the 1950s , following the " rediscovery " of silicon nitride and was the first large @-@ scale method for powder production . However , use of low @-@ purity raw silicon caused contamination of silicon nitride by silicates and iron . The diimide decomposition results in amorphous silicon nitride , which needs further annealing under nitrogen at 1400 – 1500 ° C to convert it to crystalline powder ; this is now the second @-@ most important route for commercial production . The carbothermal reduction was the earliest used method for silicon nitride production and is now considered as the most @-@ cost @-@ effective industrial route to high @-@ purity silicon nitride powder . Electronic @-@ grade silicon nitride films are formed using chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) , or one of its variants , such as plasma @-@ enhanced chemical vapor deposition ( PECVD ) : 3 SiH 4 ( g ) + 4 NH 3 ( g ) → Si 3N 4 ( s ) + 12 H 2 ( g ) 3 SiCl 4 ( g ) + 4 NH 3 ( g ) → Si 3N 4 ( s ) + 12 HCl ( g ) 3 SiCl 2H 2 ( g ) + 4 NH 3 ( g ) → Si 3N 4 ( s ) + 6 HCl ( g ) + 6 H 2 ( g ) For deposition of silicon nitride layers on semiconductor ( usually silicon ) substrates , two methods are used : Low pressure chemical vapor deposition ( LPCVD ) technology , which works at rather high temperature and is done either in a vertical or in a horizontal tube furnace , or Plasma @-@ enhanced chemical vapor deposition ( PECVD ) technology , which works at rather low temperature and vacuum conditions . The lattice constants of silicon nitride and silicon are different . Therefore , tension or stress can occur , depending on the deposition process . Especially when using PECVD technology this tension can be reduced by adjusting deposition parameters . Silicon nitride nanowires can also be produced by sol @-@ gel method using carbothermal reduction followed by nitridation of silica gel , which contains ultrafine carbon particles . The particles can be produced by decomposition of dextrose in the temperature range 1200 – 1350 ° C. The possible synthesis reactions are : SiO 2 ( s ) + C ( s ) → SiO ( g ) + CO ( g ) and 3 SiO ( g ) + 2 N 2 ( g ) + 3 CO ( g ) → Si 3N 4 ( s ) + 3 CO 2 ( g ) or 3 SiO ( g ) + 2 N 2 ( g ) + 3 C ( s ) → Si 3N 4 ( s ) + 3 CO ( g ) . = = Processing = = Silicon nitride is difficult to produce as a bulk material — it cannot be heated over 1850 ° C , which is well below its melting point , due to dissociation to silicon and nitrogen . Therefore , application of conventional hot press sintering techniques is problematic . Bonding of silicon nitride powders can be achieved at lower temperatures through adding additional materials ( sintering aids or " binders " ) which commonly induce a degree of liquid phase sintering . A cleaner alternative is to use spark plasma sintering where heating is conducted very rapidly ( seconds ) by passing pulses of electric current through the compacted powder . Dense silicon nitride compacts have been obtained by this techniques at temperatures 1500 – 1700 ° C. = = Crystal structure and properties = = There exist three crystallographic structures of silicon nitride ( Si 3N 4 ) , designated as α , β and γ phases . The α and β phases are the most common forms of Si 3N 4 , and can be produced under normal pressure condition . The γ phase can only be synthesized under high pressures and temperatures and has a hardness of 35 GPa . The α- and β @-@ Si 3N 4 have trigonal ( Pearson symbol hP28 , space group P31c , No. 159 ) and hexagonal ( hP14 , P63 , No. 173 ) structures , respectively , which are built up by corner @-@ sharing SiN 4 tetrahedra . They can be regarded as consisting of layers of silicon and nitrogen atoms in the sequence ABAB ... or ABCDABCD ... in β @-@ Si 3N 4 and α @-@ Si 3N 4 , respectively . The AB layer is the same in the α and β phases , and the CD layer in the α phase is related to AB by a c @-@ glide plane . The Si 3N 4 tetrahedra in β @-@ Si 3N 4 are interconnected in such a way that tunnels are formed , running parallel with the c axis of the unit cell . Due to the c @-@ glide plane that relates AB to CD , the α structure contains cavities instead of tunnels . The cubic γ @-@ Si 3N 4 is often designated as c modification in the literature , in analogy with the cubic modification of boron nitride ( c @-@ BN ) . It has a spinel @-@ type structure in which two silicon atoms each coordinate six nitrogen atoms octahedrally , and one silicon atom coordinates four nitrogen atoms tetrahedrally . The longer stacking sequence results in the α @-@ phase having higher hardness than the β @-@ phase . However , the α @-@ phase is chemically unstable compared with the β @-@ phase . At high temperatures when a liquid phase is present , the α @-@ phase always transforms into the β @-@ phase . Therefore , β @-@ Si 3N 4 is the major form used in Si 3N 4 ceramics . = = Applications = = In general , the main issue with applications of silicon nitride has not been technical performance , but cost . As the cost has come down , the number of production applications is accelerating . = = = Automobile industry = = = One of the major applications of sintered silicon nitride is in automobile industry as a material for engine parts . Those include , in diesel engines , glowplugs for faster start @-@ up ; precombustion chambers ( swirl chambers ) for lower emissions , faster start @-@ up and lower noise ; turbocharger for reduced engine lag and emissions . In spark @-@ ignition engines , silicon nitride is used for rocker arm pads for lower wear , turbocharger for lower inertia and less engine lag , and in exhaust gas control valves for increased acceleration . As examples of production levels , there is an estimated more than 300 @,@ 000 sintered silicon nitride turbochargers made annually . = = = Bearings = = = Silicon nitride bearings are both full ceramic bearings and ceramic hybrid bearings with balls in ceramics and races in steel . Silicon nitride ceramics have good shock resistance compared to other ceramics . Therefore , ball bearings made of silicon nitride ceramic are used in performance bearings . A representative example is use of silicon nitride bearings in the main engines of the NASA 's Space Shuttle . Since silicon nitride ball bearings are harder than metal , this reduces contact with the bearing track . This results in 80 % less friction , 3 to 10 times longer lifetime , 80 % higher speed , 60 % less weight , the ability to operate with lubrication starvation , higher corrosion resistance and higher operation temperature , as compared to traditional metal bearings . Silicon nitride balls weigh 79 % less than tungsten carbide balls . Silicon nitride ball bearings can be found in high end automotive bearings , industrial bearings , wind turbines , motorsports , bicycles , rollerblades and skateboards . Silicon nitride bearings are especially useful in applications where corrosion , electric or magnetic fields prohibit the use of metals . For example , in tidal flow meters , where seawater attack is a problem , or in electric field seekers . Si3N4 was first demonstrated as a superior bearing in 1972 but did not reach production until nearly 1990 because of challenges associated with reducing the cost . Since 1990 , the cost has been reduced substantially as production volume has increased . Although Si 3N 4 bearings are still 2 – 5 times more expensive than the best steel bearings , their superior performance and life are justifying rapid adoption . Around 15 – 20 million Si 3N 4 bearing balls were produced in the U.S. in 1996 for machine tools and many other applications . Growth is estimated at 40 % per year , but could be even higher if ceramic bearings are selected for consumer applications such as in @-@ line skates and computer disk drives . = = = High @-@ temperature material = = = Silicon nitride has long been used in high @-@ temperature applications . In particular , it was identified as one of the few monolithic ceramic materials capable of surviving the severe thermal shock and thermal gradients generated in hydrogen / oxygen rocket engines . To demonstrate this capability in a complex configuration , NASA scientists used advanced rapid prototyping technology to fabricate a one @-@ inch @-@ diameter , single @-@ piece combustion chamber / nozzle ( thruster ) component . The thruster was hot @-@ fire tested with hydrogen / oxygen propellant and survived five cycles including a 5 @-@ minute cycle to a 1320 ° C material temperature . In 2010 silicon nitride was used as the main material in the thrusters of the JAXA space probe Akatsuki . = = = Medical = = = Silicon nitride has many orthopedic applications . The material is also an alternative to PEEK ( polyether ether ketone ) and titanium , which are used for spinal fusion devices . It is silicon nitride ’ s hydrophilic , microtextured surface that contributes to the materials strength , durability and reliability compared to PEEK and titanium . = = = Metal working and cutting tools = = = The first major application of Si 3N 4 was abrasive and cutting tools . Bulk , monolithic silicon nitride is used as a material for cutting tools , due to its hardness , thermal stability , and resistance to wear . It is especially recommended for high speed machining of cast iron . Hot hardness , fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance mean that sintered silicon nitride can cut cast iron , hard steel and nickel based alloys with surface speeds up to 25 times quicker than those obtained with conventional materials such as tungsten carbide . The use of Si 3N 4 cutting tools has had a dramatic effect on manufacturing output . For example , face milling of gray cast iron with silicon nitride inserts doubled the cutting speed , increased tool life from one part to six parts per edge , and reduced the average cost of inserts by 50 % , as compared to traditional tungsten carbide tools . = = = Electronics = = = Silicon nitride is often used as an insulator and chemical barrier in manufacturing integrated circuits , to electrically isolate different structures or as an etch mask in bulk micromachining . As a passivation layer for microchips , it is superior to silicon dioxide , as it is a significantly better diffusion barrier against water molecules and sodium ions , two major sources of corrosion and instability in microelectronics . It is also used as a dielectric between polysilicon layers in capacitors in analog chips . Silicon nitride deposited by LPCVD contains up to 8 % hydrogen . It also experiences strong tensile stress , which may crack films thicker than 200 nm . However , it has higher resistivity and dielectric strength than most insulators commonly available in microfabrication ( 1016 Ω · cm and 10 MV / cm , respectively ) . Not only silicon nitride , but also various ternary compounds of silicon , nitrogen and hydrogen ( SiNxHy ) are used insulating layers . They are plasma deposited using the following reactions : 2 SiH 4 ( g ) + N 2 ( g ) → 2 SiNH ( s ) + 3 H 2 ( g ) SiH 4 ( g ) + NH 3 ( g ) → SiNH ( s ) + 3 H 2 ( g ) These SiNH films have much less tensile stress , but worse electrical properties ( resistivity 106 to 1015 Ω · cm , and dielectric strength 1 to 5 MV / cm ) . Silicon nitride is also used in xerographic process as one of the layer of the photo drum . Silicon nitride is also used as an ignition source for domestic gas appliances . Because of its good elastic properties , silicon nitride , along with silicon and silicon oxide , is the most popular material for cantilevers — the sensing elements of atomic force microscopes . = = History = = The first reported preparation was in 1857 by Henri Etienne Sainte @-@ Claire Deville and Friedrich Wöhler . In their method , silicon was heated in a crucible placed inside another crucible packed with carbon to reduce permeation of oxygen to the inner crucible . They reported a product they termed silicon nitride but without specifying its chemical composition . Paul Schuetzenberger first reported a product with the composition of the tetranitride , Si 3N 4 , in 1879 that was obtained by heating silicon with brasque ( a paste made by mixing charcoal , coal , or coke with clay which is then used to line crucibles ) in a blast furnace . In 1910 , Ludwig Weiss and Theodor Engelhardt heated silicon under pure nitrogen to produce Si 3N 4 . E. Friederich and L. Sittig made Si3N4 in 1925 via carbothermal reduction under nitrogen , that is , by heating silica , carbon , and nitrogen at 1250 – 1300 ° C. Silicon nitride remained merely a chemical curiosity for decades before it was used in commercial applications . From 1948 to 1952 , the Carborundum Company , Niagara Falls , New York , applied for several patents on the manufacture and application of silicon nitride . By 1958 Haynes ( Union Carbide ) silicon nitride was in commercial production for thermocouple tubes , rocket nozzles , and boats and crucibles for melting metals . British work on silicon nitride , started in 1953 , was aimed at high @-@ temperature parts of gas turbines and resulted in the development of reaction @-@ bonded silicon nitride and hot @-@ pressed silicon nitride . In 1971 , the Advanced Research Project Agency of the US Department of Defense placed a US $ 17 million contract with Ford and Westinghouse for two ceramic gas turbines . Even though the properties of silicon nitride were well known , its natural occurrence was discovered only in the 1990s , as tiny inclusions ( about 2 µm × 0 @.@ 5 µm in size ) in meteorites . The mineral was named nierite after a pioneer of mass spectrometry , Alfred O. C. Nier . This mineral might have been detected earlier , again exclusively in meteorites , by Soviet geologists . = Resident Evil 6 = Resident Evil 6 ( Japanese : バイオハザード6 , Hepburn : Baiohazādo Shikkusu ) is an action @-@ adventure third @-@ person shooter video game developed and published by Capcom . The ninth main instalment of the Resident Evil series , it was first released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on 2 October 2012 , and for Microsoft Windows on 22 March 2013 . It was re @-@ released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One with all downloadable content on 29 March 2016 . The story is told from the perspectives of Chris Redfield , a former member and founder of the Bio @-@ terrorism Security Assessment Alliance ( BSAA ) traumatised by a failed operation ; Leon S. Kennedy , a Raccoon City survivor and agent for the US government ; Jake Muller , an illegitimate son of Albert Wesker and associate of Sherry Birkin ; and Ada Wong , a freelance agent framed for the bio @-@ terrorist attacks by the antagonistic corporation Neo @-@ Umbrella . They must all confront the force behind a massive bio @-@ terrorist attack with the newly developed C @-@ virus in cities across the world . Gameplay is centred around their four interwoven storylines , in which each player @-@ character has unique abilities and styles . The game was first conceptualised in 2009 , with full development commencing the following year under Resident Evil 4 producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi . Resident Evil 6 had a development staff of more than 600 , making it Capcom 's largest production to date . The developers define the game 's genre as " dramatic horror " , although promotional materials for the Japanese version still classify the game as survival horror . The game received mixed reviews from critics upon release ; some reviewers praised the game 's storyline and themes , however the four interwoven campaigns were criticised , as well as the game 's departure from the survival @-@ horror genre . Despite the criticisms , it was a financial success ; with over 6 million copies sold , it currently stands as Capcom 's second best @-@ selling game . A sequel , Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard , is set to be released in January 2017 @,@ = = Gameplay = = Resident Evil 6 allows players to select between four scenarios with interwoven storylines . Each scenario follows one of four main protagonists : Leon S. Kennedy , Chris Redfield , Jake Muller and Ada Wong . The player @-@ characters from each scenario will have their own partners whom are controlled by either artificial intelligence ( AI ) or another player via local or online multiplayer . In addition , each scenario features a different play @-@ style ; for example , some player @-@ characters are more vulnerable to attacks whereas others are more resilient . Each central character has unique abilities , which vary from increased reload times and carrying more ammunition . Resident Evil 6 presents new innovations and gameplay mechanics such as rolling in any direction and running whilst shooting and sliding . The game also features a four @-@ player co @-@ operative mode . When playing in single player mode , the player can allow another player to join in online at any time . While performing certain actions , quick time events may occur , in which the player must follow onscreen prompts by pressing buttons or manipulating joysticks within a limited amount of time . A new feature comes in the form of tablets ; players may consume them in order to recover health , and more can be produced by mixing herbs . If one player runs out of health , that player will have a short time to try to defend themselves while their partners attempt to revive them . If any non @-@ AI players are killed , gameplay will resume at the last checkpoint . The game features several primary enemies , including zombies and the newly introduced J 'avo . Unlike zombies , J 'avo are able to interact with each other to plan an attack , use weapons , and heal themselves . Certain enemies drop skill points when killed , which can be picked up and spent on upgrades such as increased weapon effectiveness or specific ammunition drops . The campaigns feature a " Lone Wolf " ability which allows the player to remove their artificial intelligence companion character . Players can equip three of these upgrades which apply to all campaigns . The game also features a stamina bar ; which depletes once the player performs melee attacks , or uses a " quickshot " — which involves shooting a zombie with a headshot instantly . The overall gameplay of Resident Evil 6 is twice as long as its predecessor , Resident Evil 5 . The game features two new modes . " Mercenaries " mode involves players fighting for survival against hordes of enemies . In the PC version , the Mercenaries mode features an exclusive sub @-@ mode named " No Mercy " , which involves the cast from Left 4 Dead 2 fighting a total number of 300 enemies against a timer . " Agent Hunt " mode allows players to take control of random enemies in other people 's online sessions , however it is only unlocked after the player clears the three main campaigns . The longer the player stays in another online session , the more points they will earn . = = Plot = = On 24 December 2012 , Jake Muller , a mercenary of the fictional South @-@ Slavic Edonian Liberation Army and son of late bio @-@ terrorist Albert Wesker , flees from the authorities during a bio @-@ terrorist attack . He partners with Division of Security Operations ( DSO ) agent and Raccoon City survivor Sherry Birkin , who was sent to Edonia to ensure that Jake escapes safely from the country so his blood can be tested for anti @-@ bodies for the newly developed C @-@ Virus . At the same time , Bio @-@ terrorism Security Assessment Alliance ( BSAA ) Captain Chris Redfield and his team , including sniper Piers Nivans and demolitions expert Finn Macauley fight against rebels infected with the C @-@ Virus ( referred to as " J 'avo " ) . However , they are attacked by the leader of Neo @-@ Umbrella , who refers to herself as Ada Wong and kills most of the BSAA members using a device that injects them with the C @-@ virus turning them into monsters , except Chris and Piers . The aftermath causes Chris to go into self @-@ imposed exile , being afflicted with post @-@ traumatic amnesia . Meanwhile , Sherry and Jake 's extraction from Edonia by the BSAA is sabotaged , forcing the pair to crash into the mountains , eventually leading to their capture by Ada . On 29 June 2013 , US President Adam Benford has decided to officially reveal the truth behind the 1998 Raccoon City incident and the United States government 's dealings with Umbrella , believing that it will curb the current resurgence in bio @-@ terrorist activity . By the President ’ s side is his friend , DSO agent and Raccoon City survivor Leon S. Kennedy and United States Secret Service agent Helena Harper , but when the venue becomes host to another bio @-@ terrorist attack , Leon is forced to face the infected and mutated President , and kill him . Along the way , the two encounter Ada , and Helena then discloses to Leon that she was blackmailed by National Security Advisor Derek C. Simmons , into aiding the assassination of Benford . She also discloses Simmons 's affiliation with Neo @-@ Umbrella . Leon and Helena then decide to pursue Simmons into Lanshiang , China while faking their deaths with aid from Ingrid Hunnigan . Meanwhile , Jake and Sherry manage to escape captivity in Lanshiang after being held captive for six months . At the same time , Chris returns to duty in the BSAA with Piers and a new team , arriving in Lanshiang under the threat of a bio @-@ terrorist attack . Chris recovers from his amnesia and seeks revenge against Ada , resulting in casualties for his squad . Chris and Piers confront Ada , until Leon intervenes . After being informed by Leon , Chris and Piers pursue Ada to an aircraft carrier , destroying cruise missiles laden with the C @-@ virus . Leon , Helena , Sherry , and Jake confront Simmons over his involvement with the outbreaks , where Sherry covertly hands Jake 's medical data to Leon in case of their captivity . Leon and Helena corner Simmons , who has been infected by a J 'avo , where he confesses to having killed the President to keep him from disclosing the truth behind Raccoon City , which would have led to the US losing its authority . The two temporarily defeat a mutated Simmons while Sherry and Jake are captured once again . While attempting to leave the city , Leon and Helena are warned by Chris that a missile has been launched , however they are too late to stop it . Leon discloses Jake 's real identity to Chris and has him rescue Jake and Sherry in a remote oil platform . With the assistance of Ada , Leon and Helena finally kill Simmons . In the oil platform , Chris and Piers head underground , managing to free Jake and Sherry from captivity before preventing a large @-@ scale attack from the location . Heavily wounded , and in a desperate attempt to save Chris , Piers injects himself with a sample of the C @-@ virus to help turn the tide of the battle , temporarily defeating Haos before evacuating . Aware that the mutation would worsen , Piers sacrifices himself by pushing Chris to an escape pod . After Chris ' pod is launched , Haos makes one last attempt to kill Chris but is killed himself by a powerful lightning charge from Piers , which ensures Chris ' escape and the destruction of the Neo @-@ Umbrella base . In Ada 's story , it is revealed that the Ada Wong that interacted with Chris and Piers was actually a doppelgänger created by Simmons , a scientist named Carla Radames , and that the real Ada Wong was aiding Leon and Sherry while destroying the Neo @-@ Umbrella lab in Langshiang . Although presumed dead after being shot by one of Simmons ' soldiers , Carla attempts a final attack against the real Ada , after having injected herself with a powerful dose of the C @-@ virus , but is killed . After aiding Leon and Helena in their battle with Simmons , Ada reaches the lab where her clone was developed and destroys everything . She then receives a call from someone , accepting a new assignment . Meanwhile , Leon and Helena are cleared for duty ; Chris remains with the BSAA in command of a new squad , overcoming his guilt ; and Sherry continues her duty as a DSO agent , while Jake starts a new life fighting zombies in an underdeveloped country with his real identity covered up by the BSAA . = = Development and release = = The game was first conceptualised soon after the release of Resident Evil 5 , and began full development in 2010 . Resident Evil 5 producer Jun Takeuchi said that he considered a " completely new system " for Resident Evil 6 , but later ruled out his involvement with the game . In March 2009 , co @-@ producer Masachika Kawata stated that the new instalment was not decided upon , but admitted that it could take Capcom four to eight years to develop . Kawata later claimed that the new game will be drastically different from its predecessors . The game was directed by Eiichiro Sasaki , who also directed the Resident Evil Outbreak series . When development of the game first begun , producer Yoshiaki Hirabayashi wanted to revolve the game around the " ultimate horror entertainment " , bearing in mind that the team considered the upcoming Resident Evil 6 to be the flagship title of the horror genre . In a February 2012 interview , Hirabayashi stated that he went to lengths to balance " all of the things people love " about the series , so the team focused to orientate gameplay around horror themes . In March 2012 , Capcom admitted that the survival @-@ horror market was too small for Resident Evil , and issued a statement that the development team would instead choose to orientate the gameplay around the action genre . The development of the game was led by Hiroyuki Kobayashi , who was stated by Capcom to be aiming to " deliver the most impressive Resident Evil title ever both in terms of scope and production values " . Capcom also asserted that the game was meant to take an approach to " evolve " the series . The staff wanted to give the game a new setting with Sasaki wishing to place it in China . While the country of Edonia was not modelled from any country in Europe , it was given an Eastern European theme . According to Famitsu , the character of Jake Muller was designed to be " someone today ’ s young people can empathize with " . The game had a development staff of more than 600 , making it Capcom 's largest production to date . The decision to bring back zombies into Resident Evil 6 was made by Kobayashi , who felt that they were a popular component for the franchise , as well as complying per fans ' requests . Hirabayashi admitted that the game had radically changed at the end of the development cycle , due to the new concepts it introduced to the series . On 21 August 2012 , Resident Evil 6 went gold and initiated its online service . An official trailer was released on 19 January 2012 . At a Microsoft press briefing at E3 2012 , the first gameplay demonstration was shown , depicting Leon and Helena fighting hordes of zombies in China . A playable demo of Resident Evil 6 was scheduled for release on the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Marketplace on 5 September 2012 . Capcom later announced that the demo would become available for both Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 owners on 18 September 2012 . Early access to the demo was included with Dragon 's Dogma . As a result of criticism of the first demo , Capcom brought a different version of the demo to the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con , modifying various parts of its gameplay . Originally scheduled to be released on 20 November 2012 , the game 's release date was pushed forward to 2 October 2012 . Prior to the game 's launch , several copies of the game were stolen and went on sales in Poland . Resident Evil 6 was also contained in Biohazard Anniversary Package , a special edition for Resident Evil 's seventeenth anniversary , that was released in Japan on 22 March 2013 , alongside the release of the PC version . Resident Evil 6 was re @-@ released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One which included graphical enhancements and all DLC on 29 March 2016 . = = = Downloadable content = = = In response to a public backlash over classifying on @-@ disc content as downloadable content ( DLC ) , Capcom released a patch in December 2012 free of charge . The patch included new camera controls , a new difficulty mode named " No Hope " , an option to play Ada 's campaign without having to complete the other three , and the addition	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the Naval Board of Inquiry , it was decided that a full court @-@ martial would be unnecessary , and he was forced to retire and given an honorable discharge . In response to requests from the families of Ehime Maru 's victims and the government of Japan , the USN raised Ehime Maru from the ocean floor in October 2001 and moved her to shallow water near Oahu . Once there , Navy and Japanese divers located and retrieved the remains of eight of the nine victims from the wreck . Ehime Maru was then moved back out to sea and scuttled in deep water . The Navy compensated the government of Ehime Prefecture , Ehime Maru 's survivors , and victims ' family members for the accident . Waddle traveled to Japan in December 2002 to apologize to the ship 's survivors and victims ' families . The accident renewed calls by many in Japan for the United States to make more effort in reducing crimes and accidents involving U.S. military personnel who injure or kill Japanese citizens . In response to the accident , the Navy changed its policies regarding civilian visits to its ships . = = Incident = = = = = Prelude = = = On 10 January 2001 , Ehime Maru , a Japanese fishing trawler owned by the government of Ehime Prefecture , 191 feet ( 58 m ) in length and measuring 741 gross tons , departed from Uwajima Fisheries High School , a secondary school in Uwajima , Ehime Prefecture , Japan . The ship , captained by Hisao Ōnishi , headed for Hawaii on a planned 74 @-@ day voyage to train high school students who were interested in pursuing careers as fishermen . A total of 35 people were on board Ehime Maru : 20 crewmembers , 13 students , and two teachers . The ship 's curriculum included long @-@ line tuna fishing , maritime navigation , marine engineering , and oceanography . The ship docked at Honolulu Harbor on 8 February . On 9 February , the USS Greeneville , a U.S. Navy nuclear @-@ powered attack submarine , prepared to depart Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , to conduct a public relations mission under the USN 's Distinguished Visitor Embarkation ( DVE ) program . The program took civilians , members of Congress , journalists , and other " opinion makers " for rides on nuclear submarines to demonstrate the submarines ' capabilities ; its goal was to demonstrate the need to maintain a fleet of nuclear @-@ powered submarines . Greeneville had previously participated in several DVE missions , carrying notable civilians like Tipper Gore and James Cameron . For this mission , Greeneville was to carry 16 civilian DVs , including 14 CEOs and a sportswriter and his wife . The CEOs were in Hawaii to support a fundraising effort to restore the retired battleship Missouri . This DVE visit had originally been arranged by retired Admiral Richard C. Macke . Accompanying the DV civilians on the mission was Navy Captain Robert L. Brandhuber , Chief of Staff for Rear Admiral Albert H. Konetzni Jr . , the commander of the submarine component of the United States Pacific Fleet , abbreviated as COMSUBPAC . The captain of the Greeneville , Commander Scott Waddle , was considered a rising star in the U.S. Navy at the time and had led the submarine through several trips under the Distinguished Visitors ' Program . Before departing on the mission , Commander Waddle was informed that the ship 's Analog Video Signal Display Unit ( AVSDU ) was inoperative . The AVSDU was an analog video monitor , located forward of the submarine 's periscope in the control room , that displayed information from the sub 's three sonar stacks and screens . The monitor helped communicate sonar information to the officer of the deck . Waddle decided to continue with the mission without attempting to repair the monitor , believing that it was not a crucial piece of equipment . Greeneville departed Pearl Harbor on time at 08 : 00 local time ( HST ) with a crew of 106 in addition to the 16 DV passengers and Chief of Staff Brandhuber . As the submarine transited the ship channel from Pearl Harbor , Waddle noticed that the weather was " hazier than normal " , but he thought that the haze would burn off shortly . Greeneville reached its dive point south of Oahu ( 21 ° 6 ′ N 157 ° 55 ′ W ) slightly later than scheduled , at 10 : 17 , and submerged . The DVs were scheduled to be served lunch in two sittings , the first from 10 : 30 to 11 : 30 and the second from 11 : 30 to 12 : 30 . After lunch , the submarine was to display its operational abilities and then return the DVs to Pearl Harbor for a reception that was scheduled to begin at 14 : 30 . The lunch service ran late , and other Greeneville officers repeatedly reminded Waddle that the submarine needed to begin its demonstration maneuvers or it would be late back to port . Finally , at 13 : 10 , Waddle entered the submarine 's control room and prepared to execute the demonstration . Fifteen of the 16 DVs and Brandhuber entered the control room to observe the maneuvers . Meanwhile , at 12 : 00 , Ehime Maru had departed Honolulu harbor en route to fishing grounds about 300 nautical miles ( 560 km ) south ( 14 ° N 156 ° W ) of Oahu . By 12 : 50 , the ship was proceeding at 11 knots ( 13 mph ; 20 km / h ) about 8 nautical miles ( 15 km ) south of Oahu and was nearing the area where Greeneville was conducting the DV cruise . Three crewmen were on duty in Greeneville 's sonar room . At 12 : 30 , the submarine 's sonar operators detected a surface vessel in the vicinity and designated the contact as " Sierra 12 " ( S @-@ 12 ) . A few minutes later , they detected a second vessel about 20 nautical miles ( 37 km ) away , which was designated as " Sierra 13 " ( S @-@ 13 ) . S @-@ 13 was Ehime Maru . Also tracking the sonar contacts in the control room was Patrick Seacrest , Greeneville 's sole fire control technician on duty at the time . Seacrest was responsible for " determining the course , speed , and range of surface and submerged vessels ( or targets ) potentially posing a threat to the submarine . " At 12 : 58 , Seacrest designated the track of S @-@ 13 as heading away from Greeneville 's location . Beginning at 13 : 00 , Seacrest elected to discontinue updating the Contact Evaluation Plot ( CEP ) in the control room . The CEP is a " labor intensive " paper display that plots ship data and contact information for reference by control room personnel . Seacrest stated that one of the reasons that he decided to stop updating the CEP was that the DV guests were standing between his watchstation and the CEP . = = = Collision = = = Before beginning the maneuvers , Waddle checked the submarine 's sonar contacts and noted that there were several surface vessels in the vicinity , but none closer than 7 nautical miles ( 13 km ) away . Ehime Maru was one of these vessels . The civilians were spread throughout the control room , with three on the periscope platform and others in front of the fire control station , restricting free access to some of the displays . According to several crewmembers , Waddle , when informed that equipment preparations would further delay the start of the demonstration maneuvers , " seemed frustrated that he couldn 't start the maneuvers right away . " For 15 minutes , beginning at 13 : 15 , 46 minutes after the scheduled time , Greeneville performed a series of drastic maneuvers , including high @-@ speed , full @-@ rudder , 35 @-@ degree turns side to side , as well as rapid up @-@ and @-@ down movements . Waddle personally directed the maneuvers . According to Waddle , the DVs " were loving it . " Waddle adds , " I could barely suppress a smile as I watched the expressions of joy and amazement on the faces of our distinguished visitors . " During the maneuvers , several civilians in the sonar room conversed with the sonar technicians , who were at the same time trying to keep track of any sonar contacts in the vicinity . As the high @-@ speed maneuvers finished at 13 : 30 , Waddle called for Greeneville to perform an emergency dive ( called an " emergency deep " ) followed by an emergency main ballast blow , a maneuver that brings the submarine from a depth of about 400 feet ( 120 m ) to the surface in a few seconds by using high @-@ pressure air to force the water out of the ship 's ballast tanks as quickly as possible . The rise is so rapid that the submarine 's bow rises high out of the water upon surfacing . Before executing this maneuver , the submarine was required to go to periscope depth to check for ships or dangerous obstacles on the surface . After completing the high @-@ speed maneuvers , standing orders called for the submarine to hold a steady course for three minutes to reestablish sonar contact , which had been disrupted by the high speed maneuvers , with any vessels in the area . In this case , however , Waddle ordered the submarine to change course and go to periscope depth after holding the steady course for only 90 seconds . As Greeneville ascended to periscope depth , Waddle checked the sonar displays and the fire control station monitors , but reported later that he heard and saw nothing to suggest that the previously detected vessels in the area were now any closer to the submarine 's position than had been reported before the submarine began the high speed maneuvers . Because the AVSDU was not working , Greeneville 's executive officer , Lieutenant Commander Gerald K. Pfeifer , entered the sonar room and observed the contacts on the sonar screens . Pfeifer then stood in the doorway between the sonar and control rooms , but did not communicate any updated sonar information to Waddle in the control room . At 13 : 34 , sonar gained a new contact , designated S @-@ 14 . Because Greeneville had not maintained a steady , slow course for a sufficient amount of time , the sonar data available to the sonar operators did not show accurate information on Ehime Maru 's range or bearing . At 13 : 38 , Greeneville reached periscope depth ( about 60 feet ( 18 m ) below the surface ) . At this time , Ehime Maru was about 2 @,@ 315 yards ( 2 @.@ 117 km ) or 1 @.@ 14 nautical miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) away from the submarine and heading in her direction . Although sonar data began to more accurately depict Ehime Maru 's true range and bearing at this point , this was not evident to the sonar operators . Lieutenant , Junior Grade Michael J. Coen , the officer of the deck , conducted a periscope search of the area and sighted no nearby ships . Since waves were washing over the periscope , Waddle ordered the submarine to go up another few feet . Waddle then looked through the periscope at the area where sonar had previously reported surface contacts . Although Ehime Maru was at this point heading toward Greeneville 's location , Waddle failed to see the ship . Regulations mandated that Waddle conduct a three @-@ minute , 360 @-@ degree periscope scan before executing the emergency main ballast blow maneuver . Waddle , however , aware that they were still behind schedule , conducted a 66- to 80 @-@ second , 360 @-@ degree scan , noted that the haze was still present , and saw no ships in the vicinity . At the end of his scan , Waddle announced to the control room crew , " I hold no visual contacts . " Waddle later explained how he conducted his periscope search : I swept the scope in low power , went to high power , looked , then panned to the right , saw the island [ Oahu ] ... I can only see the mountain peak , I can 't see the mountains ... because of this white haze ... Then I could see an airplane taking off . ... I panned to the right where I thought I would see [ S @-@ 13 ] the Ehime Maru . I looked over at the remote repeater [ own @-@ ship 's data ] and I saw the numbers and [ thought ] that looks right . That 's where the guy is . Didn 't see him . Then went to low power and then turned to the right . I think ... the Ehime Maru was perhaps further to the right , and as I swept in low power ... missed her . And that 's the only explanation that I can think of as to why I missed the vessel . Meanwhile , Seacrest was monitoring the ship 's fire control console , which graphically displayed the relative position , bearing , and speed of any sonar contacts in the area . Seacrest had been monitoring three contacts on his screens , S @-@ 12 , S @-@ 13 ( Ehime Maru ) , and S @-@ 14 . Absorbed in trying to get a clearer picture on S @-@ 14 's location , Seacrest failed to report the bearing and range of S @-@ 13 ( Ehime Maru ) to Waddle during Waddle 's periscope search , which Seacrest 's monitors now showed was about 3 @,@ 000 yards ( 2 @.@ 7 km ) away and closing . During Waddle 's periscope search , Seacrest was busy operating other control room instruments and did not actively monitor his fire control displays . After the periscope search was over , and hearing Waddle 's report of no visual contacts , Seacrest decided that his information for S @-@ 13 was incorrect and manually respotted the S @-@ 13 contact on his screen to a distance of 9 @,@ 000 yards ( 8 @.@ 2 km ) away . After completing the emergency dive at about 13 : 40 , Waddle invited two of the civilian guests , John Hall , one of the CEOs , and Jack Clary , the sportswriter , to operate the controls for the emergency main ballast blow . One of them sat in the helmsman 's chair and the other stood at the high @-@ pressure air valve levers , under close supervision by Greeneville crewmen . After the two civilians had taken their positions , at 13 : 42 : 25 Waddle ordered the maneuver executed , and they threw the control levers as instructed . The submarine began its rapid ascent toward the surface . At 13 : 43 : 15 , the rapidly ascending Greeneville surfaced directly under Ehime Maru ( 21 ° 05 @.@ 5 ′ N 157 ° 49 @.@ 1 ′ W ) , and the submarine 's rudder sliced Ehime Maru 's hull from starboard to port . Personnel aboard Ehime Maru heard two loud noises and felt the ship shudder from two severe impacts . Ehime Maru 's bridge crew looked aft and saw the submarine broach the water next to their ship . Within five seconds Ehime Maru lost power and began to sink . As Waddle watched through Greeneville 's periscope , Ehime Maru stood almost vertically on its stern and sank in about five minutes as the fishing ship 's crewmembers scrambled to abandon ship . = = = Emergency response = = = At 13 : 48 , Greeneville radioed a distress call to COMSUBPAC at Pearl Harbor for assistance . COMSUBPAC notified the local United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) unit at 13 : 55 which began a search @-@ and @-@ rescue effort . The submarine maneuvered towards Ehime Maru 's survivors to attempt a rescue . Weather conditions were unhelpful : 15- to 20 @-@ knot winds , which , in turn , were producing waves of 8 to 12 feet . Due to these rough seas , the submarine 's main deck hatches could not be opened ; the only outside access was through the top of the sail via its access trunk . Greeneville , moreover , was still low in the water because it normally took 30 minutes to pump out the remaining water in the ballast tanks after an emergency blow . As the heavy , partially submerged submarine bobbed in the ocean , it also displaced large waves that , in Waddle 's opinion , threatened to capsize the life rafts in which Ehime Maru 's survivors were gathering . Waddle decided that it would be safer to stand off the submarine from the group of survivors and wait for assistance to arrive . Ehime Maru 's survivors , many of them struggling in the diesel fuel released from their sinking ship , were able to gather on several life rafts that had deployed automatically as their ship sank . A USCG helicopter arrived at 14 : 27 , noted the survivors in the life rafts , and began searching for any survivors who might still be in the water . At 14 : 31 and 14 : 44 respectively , a USCG rigid @-@ hulled inflatable boat and patrol boat arrived and administered first aid to the survivors in the rafts . Media helicopters also arrived during the rescue operation , and the incident was quickly reported on by major news organizations . The USCG rescued 26 from Ehime Maru 's crew and took them to Oahu for medical treatment . Only one of the survivors had a serious injury , a broken clavicle ; he was hospitalized for five days . Nine other crewmembers were missing , including four 17 @-@ year @-@ old high school students and two teachers . None of the nine missing were seen by any of the survivors , Greeneville crewmembers , or USCG personnel after the ship sank . Captain Ōnishi stated that the nine missing crewmembers were probably in the ship 's galley and engine rooms when the ship sank . USCG and USN aircraft and ships searched the ocean around Ehime Maru 's last location continuously for 22 days , until 2 March . Two Japanese civilian vessels also joined in the search . No remains of any of the missing crewmembers were discovered . = = Immediate aftermath = = Shortly after the incident occurred , Japanese Prime Minister Yoshirō Mori was informed of the accident as he was playing golf in Japan . Acknowledging the message , Mori resumed his round of golf , ending it an hour and a half after the first message , an action for which he was later heavily criticized , owing in part to the use of stock photographs taken the previous summer showing Mori enjoying his round of golf . Since the collision involved a commercial vessel , the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) had jurisdiction to conduct the investigation into the accident . An NTSB official , along with several USN and USCG officers , questioned Waddle and Pfeifer about the incident as soon as Greeneville moored at Pearl Harbor . That same day , Admiral Konetzni removed Waddle as captain of Greeneville and reassigned him to his staff pending the outcome of the accident investigation . Two days after the sinking , on 11 February , U.S. President George W. Bush apologized for the accident on national television , stating , " I want to reiterate what I said to the prime minister of Japan : I 'm deeply sorry about the accident that took place ; our nation is sorry . " Secretary of State Colin Powell and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld also publicly apologized . The U.S. ambassador to Japan , Tom Foley , personally apologized to both Prime Minister Mori and to the Emperor of Japan . The public apologies to the Japanese from the highest American officials stirred resentment among American veterans of the Pacific War and their families , as well as among Asian victims of Imperial Japanese aggression and occupation . Richard Cohen wrote a column in the Washington Post , saying " We 've Apologized Enough to Japan . " , denounced the " hypocrisy " of Japan 's recent gestures of compensation and remorse to some of its World War II victims , which he said were offered " grudgingly " , while noting that the U.S. had apologized profusely over the accidental collision . On 11 February , during an " extremely emotional exchange " , the commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet , Admiral Thomas B. Fargo , personally apologized to families of the Ehime Maru 's victims , who had arrived in Hawaii the day before . Several of the family members asked that Ehime Maru be raised from the ocean floor . Waddle had asked to accompany Fargo to apologize to the victims ' families as well , but the COMSUBPAC public affairs office told him that he could not . The next day , the family members were taken by boat to view the accident site . The perceived lack of remorse by Waddle , plus reports in the Japanese media that Greeneville had made no effort to assist Ehime Maru 's survivors as they waited for almost one hour for rescue angered many Japanese citizens , especially the family members of the missing . One Japanese family member publicly referred to Waddle as , " the most terrible criminal of them all . " Another family member , referring to Waddle said , " If you 're a man , you should fall on your knees and ask for our pardon ! " In response , Waddle delivered letters of apology to the Japanese consulate in Hawaii for delivery to the victims ' families during the last week of February . Japanese government officials publicly expressed concern over the reports that civilians had been at Greeneville 's controls during the collision . Japan 's foreign minister , Yōhei Kōno , complained that U.S. officials had not provided details on the civilians ' involvement , stating , " I cannot help but say it is an extremely grave situation if it were the case that the participation of civilians in the submarine 's surfacing maneuver led to the accident . " = = Damage to Greeneville = = Greeneville suffered some damage in the collision . Beginning at the 31 @-@ foot ( 9 m ) mark on the submarine 's rudder , surface tiles had been sheared off , exposing bare metal , and there were several dents on the rudder 's leading edge , one of which had punctured the metal skin . A 24 @-@ foot ( 7 m ) section of acoustic hull surface treatment tiles below the sail had been sheared off as well . Greeneville was repaired in a drydock at Pearl Harbor at a cost of US $ 2 million . After the repairs were completed on 18 April 2002 , the submarine returned to operational status . = = Court of inquiry convenes = = In addition to the NTSB investigation , the USN also initiated their own investigation on 10 February . USN Admiral Charles Griffiths was assigned to direct the investigation . Griffiths ' team completed a preliminary inquiry report and submitted it to Admiral Fargo on 16 February . The following day , Fargo announced that the USN would convene a court of inquiry , the USN 's highest form of administrative hearing . A USN court of inquiry is similar to a grand jury investigation in civil court . The court has subpoena power and provides legal safeguards for the affected parties , such as the right to be represented by counsel . The court is a military investigative process and as such has no judge . Instead , a panel of three admirals make up the court and make a report based on the evidence presented in the inquiry . Testimony and other evidence presented in the court can later be used in court @-@ martial proceedings . The inquiry panel into the accident consisted of Vice Admiral John B. Nathman and Rear Admirals Paul F. Sullivan and David M. Stone . At Fargo 's invitation the Japan Maritime Self @-@ Defense Force ( JMSDF ) sent Rear Admiral Isamu Ozawa to participate in the inquiry as a non @-@ voting adviser . The three named " affected " parties of the inquiry were Waddle , Pfeifer , and Coen , who were present in the hearing room throughout the inquiry . Commander Mark Patton , a classmate of Waddle 's at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis , Md . 20 years ago , was quoted as saying " The general opinion on the waterfront was that it was important that he stand up and take responsibility . We wanted to see that happen . It was important for the public to see that happen . And he did that very well . " The court of inquiry began on 5 March 2001 . Representing Waddle as counsel was Charles Gittins , who arrived in Hawaii on 4 March . Family members of the Ehime Maru victims were seated directly behind Waddle in the hearing room and throughout the inquiry frequently reacted very emotionally and vocally to evidence presented during the hearings . The court called numerous witnesses , including Griffiths , Brandhuber , and Ōnishi . Ōnishi testified that large waves swept him overboard and far from his sinking ship , preventing him from assisting the rest of Ehime Maru 's crew as they clung to the sinking ship . Afterwards , Waddle approached Ōnishi and apologized for the accident . Waddle also apologized to several groups of Ehime Maru family members on 8 and 16 March . One of them , Naoko Nakata , wife of one of the missing crewmembers , asked Waddle to " please tell the truth in court . " Shortly thereafter , Waddle also apologized again during an interview with a Japanese television network . Admiral Albert H. Konetzni testified during the inquiry that Waddle and his crew had rushed into Greeneville 's final maneuvers without taking enough time to ensure that no other vessels were in the vicinity . In a statement that was widely reported in the media , Konetzni looked at Waddle and said , " I 'd like to go over there and punch him for not taking more time . " Seacrest was given testimonial immunity in exchange for his testimony . Pfeifer and Coen submitted unsworn statements to the court and , therefore , did not have to face cross @-@ examination . Waddle requested immunity in exchange for his offer to testify , but Fargo denied the request , stating that Waddle 's testimony was not " essential " in determining the facts of the case . In spite of the denial of immunity , Waddle elected to testify for the court . Waddle stated later that he felt he needed to testify because he had promised some of the Ehime Maru family members that he would do so , he had heard that Greeneville 's crew expected him to , and he wanted to get his side of the story into the record . After hearing testimony from 31 witnesses , the court completed its hearings on 20 March . None of the civilian DVs were asked to testify . The inquiry report was submitted to Fargo on 20 April . = = Findings of the court = = The court made several findings , including that Waddle failed to take positive action in response to the non @-@ availability of the AVSDU , nine of the 13 watchstations in and around the control room were manned by substitute personnel , and that one of the sonar operators was unqualified to stand watch . The court also issued numerous opinions , including that the accident was caused by " a series and combination of individual negligence ( s ) onboard Greeneville , " " artificial urgency " by Waddle to rush the submarine through its demonstration schedule as it began to run late , failure to follow standard procedures , the abbreviated periscope search , distractions and obstruction caused by the presence of the civilian guests , crew training deficiencies , overconfidence and complacency , and Waddle 's not paying enough attention to ship contact information . The court found that , although Brandhuber was the senior officer present on Greeneville , Waddle as captain was solely responsible for the safe navigation of the submarine . The inquiry report went into great detail on the purpose and rules surrounding the USN 's DVE program . The court recommended against court @-@ martial for the officers involved because of an absence of any " criminal intent or deliberate misconduct . " Instead , the court recommended non @-@ judicial punishment for Waddle and Seacrest and administrative action for Brandhuber , Pfeifer , Coen , Greeneville 's chief of the boat Douglas Coffman , and sonar supervisor Edward McGiboney . The court recommended that the USN DVE program continue . Relatives of Ehime Maru 's crewmembers were angry that none of the USN personnel involved would face court @-@ martial and that Waddle could remain in the USN and would retain his retirement pension . Ryosuke Terata , father of one of the missing students , said with regard to Waddle , " If ( he were ) in Japan , he would be fired and indicted on charges such as professional negligence resulting in death . " On 23 April , Waddle received an admiral 's mast ( a form of USN non @-@ judicial punishment ) from Fargo at the USN Pacific Fleet headquarters in Pearl Harbor . Fargo pronounced Waddle guilty of dereliction of duty and improper hazarding of a vessel . He fined Waddle a half @-@ month 's pay for two months ( fine delayed for six months , and waived after the six months with good behavior ) , gave him a verbal reprimand , and " made clear that [ Waddle 's ] resignation was expected . " Coen also received an admiral 's mast in which he was " counseled for failing to execute his duties to ensure the safe navigation of the ship and to properly supervise watch personnel in the control room . " Seacrest was admonished at a captain 's mast , and Brandhuber , Pfeifer , Coffman , and McGiboney received formal administrative admonishments . The masts and administrative admonishments were documented and placed in the servicemembers ' military records , perhaps affecting their future chances for promotions and assignments . Waddle , who had been working at a Navy desk job since being relieved of command , formally retired from the USN on 1 October 2001 . Waddle did receive interviews from several private corporations who " put more value in the way Waddle handled himself during the grueling , 12 @-@ day court of inquiry than they did in any sort of blame for the collision . " . After 10 months of unemployment , Waddle worked as a project manager for an energy firm in North Carolina and , in July 2004 , started his own business as a consultant , executive coach , and public speaker . = = Salvage and recovery = = On 16 February , the USN Supervisor of Salvage and Diving ( SUPSALV ) and Submarine Development Squadron 5 ( SUBDEVRON 5 ) , using the Scorpio remotely piloted underwater vehicle ( ROV ) , located Ehime Maru in 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) of water on the ocean bottom ( 21 ° 04 @.@ 95 ′ N 157 ° 49 @.@ 58 ′ W ) . Over the next two weeks , the USN used the Scorpio and the Deep Drone ROVs to search the ocean bottom around Ehime Maru for the remains of any of her missing crewmembers , without success . After assessing the technical feasibility and environmental impact of raising Ehime Maru from the ocean bottom , the U.S. government , in June 2001 , decided to proceed with recovering the ship from the ocean floor . The USN contracted the Dutch company Smit International and Crowley Maritime Corp. , headquartered in Washington state , to salvage the wreck of Ehime Maru . After consultation between the contractors , representatives from the Japanese government , and U.S. government officials , the decision was made not to raise Ehime Maru all the way to the surface but to lift and carry it underwater to shallow water near Oahu . Once there , divers could enter the ship . The operation would be the first to lift something of that size from such a depth . USN Rear Admiral William Klemm directed the recovery operation . Using the Phoenix III ROV , contractors , beginning on 20 July 2001 , first removed Ehime Maru 's mast and other items on the ship 's decks that could interfere with the lifting operation . Assisted by technical experts from Japan , including one from the company that built Ehime Maru , the Rockwater II contract diving support vessel prepared the ship for lifting beginning the first week of August . After some difficulty , Ehime Maru was lifted off the ocean floor by Rockwater II on 5 October and slowly moved to a location closer to shore . On 14 October the wreck was set down in 115 ft ( 35 m ) of water one statute mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of Honolulu International Airport 's reef runway . On 15 October , the first team of divers from Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit ONE ( MDSU ONE ) began assessing the sunken vessel . Working in low- to zero @-@ visibility conditions , 66 MDSU ONE and 30 Japanese JMSDF divers from the submarine rescue ship ARS Chihaya conducted 526 dives over 29 days , searching the wreck . Ōnishi , relatives of some of the missing crewmembers , and several Japanese government officials observed the operation from the dive support ships . The divers recovered the bodies of eight of the nine missing crewmembers , many personal effects , and several items unique to the ship , such as its nameplate , bell , anchors , and helm . After the recovery was complete , on 25 November , Ehime Maru was lifted , towed back out to sea suspended about 90 feet ( 27 m ) below the towing barge , and scuttled in 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) of water 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ) south of Barbers Point . The event was witnessed by three of Ehime Maru 's victims ' families on board Chihaya . The total cost of the salvage operations was about $ 60 million . = = Compensation = = On 10 April 2002 , the USN signed an agreement to pay the Ehime Prefectural Government US $ 11 @.@ 47 million in compensation for the sinking of Ehime Maru . Some $ 8 @.@ 87 million was to help pay to replace the ship , and the remainder was to pay for counseling and financial aid for the survivors as well as to pay for a memorial ceremony for the victims . On 14 November 2002 , the USN agreed to pay $ 13 @.@ 9 million in compensation to 33 of the 35 families of victims or injured survivors . The remaining two family members accepted a $ 2 @.@ 6 million settlement from the USN on 31 January 2003 . Before accepting the settlement , the two family members had asked for face @-@ to @-@ face apologies from the USN and Waddle , a full investigation into the collision , a reasonable compensation offer , and a promise from the USN to help prevent similar accidents in the future . Masumi Terata , whose teenage son Yusuke died in the accident , said that she was happy that the settlement was behind them , but added that , " My true feeling is that if possible , I want to see my son one more time . " = = Waddle 's trip to Japan = = On 14 December 2002 , Waddle , accompanied by Charles Gittins , traveled to Japan to apologize personally to the victims ' families . On 15 December , Waddle visited the Ehime Maru memorial at Uwajima Fisheries High School and placed a wreath of white lilies before a monument to the dead , bowed in silence and then read the victims ' names aloud . No local officials were present during Waddle 's visit , citing statements from some victims ' families that they did not want Waddle to visit . Later that day , Waddle met with some of the families of the victims and with some of the survivors . The next day , in Tokyo , Waddle met with Masumi Terata . Speaking of her meeting with Waddle , Terata stated , " I am first and foremost the family member of a victim and Mr. Waddle is first and foremost a victimizer . But when I saw Mr. Waddle as a person who was crying and apologizing , I thought he was apologizing from the heart . " In a press conference on 17 December , Gittins criticized the USN for their continued insistence that Waddle not come to Japan to visit the victims ' families . Said Gittins , " For the life of me , I cannot understand why the Navy did not want Scott to come meet with the families and do what is morally right and what is understood in Japanese culture to be the right thing to do . " Gittins added that he had received emails from the USN as recently as the week before urging Waddle not to make the trip . Gittins stated that the reason that it took two years for Waddle to make the trip to Japan was because Waddle was forbidden to do so while he was still in the USN and because of financial constraints and fear of litigation after his retirement . = = Effect on Japanese – American relations = = After the sinking of Ehime Maru , many Japanese , including government officials , questioned why civilians were allowed in Greeneville 's control room during maneuvers that could place other , uninvolved , vessels at risk . Also , the Japanese expressed concern that the United States Navy did not immediately take full responsibility for the accident , appeared at first to try to conceal information about the DVE program , and did not court martial Waddle or have him personally apologize immediately after the accident . The subsequent effort by the U.S. government to retrieve the victims ' remains from the sunken wreck , numerous apologies from U.S. government representatives and Waddle , and the compensation paid to the Ehime government and to the victims ' families appear to have assuaged much of the anger directed toward the U.S. government and military . Many Japanese , both government and private citizens , however , continue to call for the U.S. government to make more effort to reduce or eliminate serious accidents and crimes involving U.S. military personnel . Although the United States and Japan have been strong allies since the end of World War II , the accident involving Ehime Maru showed that the relationship is not always completely harmonious , especially with regard to incidents in which U.S. military personnel or assets injure or kill Japanese citizens or damage their property . In response to crimes committed by U.S. servicemembers against Japanese citizens , such as the 1995 Okinawan rape incident , Japanese citizens and some Japanese government officials have questioned the equality of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and the issue of responsibility and accountability by the U.S. government concerning the actions of its military members in Japan . In addition , the Japanese have questioned the U.S. commitment to safe operations of its military assets in light of several accidents , including aircraft crashes and other ship collisions that have injured or killed Japanese citizens . = = Later events = = Acting on a request from the Japanese government , the state of Hawaii established a non @-@ profit group , the Ehime Maru Memorial Association , on 11 November 2001 , to coordinate the activities of placing an Ehime Maru memorial at a site in Hawaii . The monument to the ship was completed on 9 February 2002 , at Kakaako Waterfront Park near Honolulu . Each year since the accident , memorial ceremonies have been held on 9 February at Uwajima Fisheries High School in Ehime and at the Ehime Maru monument in Hawaii . Shipbuilders in Imabari , Ehime Prefecture , began construction on a new Ehime Maru on 17 April 2002 . Upon completion , the new ship sailed to Hawaii , arriving on 17 June 2003 . In a ceremony at the Ehime Maru monument , the principal of Uwajima Fishery at the time of the disaster , Kazumitsu Joko ( 上甲一光 Jōkō Kazumitsu ) , read a message from Moriyuki Kato , the governor of Ehime Prefecture , addressed to the Hawaiian people . The message stated , in part , " Since the Ehime Maru tragic accident two years ago , the people of Hawaii have shown compassion and warm support . " The NTSB released its report on the accident on 19 October 2005 . The NTSB report largely confirmed the USN 's inquiry findings , including that Waddle was primarily responsible for the collision . The NTSB report , however , was more critical of the distractions caused by the DV civilians on Greeneville that contributed to the accident . The report concluded that the USN had recognized the " detrimental operating conditions " aboard Greeneville and had taken " additional measures to address the safety of operations " on submarines , including additional restrictions on DVE visitors . = = = Books = = = Strauch , Barry ( 2004 ) . Investigating Human Error : Incidents , Accidents , and Complex Systems . Ashgate Pub Ltd . ISBN 0 @-@ 7546 @-@ 4122 @-@ 8 . Waddle , Scott ; Ken Abraham ( 2003 ) . The Right Thing . Brentwood , Tennessee : Integrity Publishers . ISBN 1 @-@ 59145 @-@ 036 @-@ 5 . = = = Web = = = = I Luv This Shit = " I Luv This Shit " ( clean version titled " I Luv This " ) is a song by American recording artist August Alsina . It features a guest appearance American rapper Trinidad James . It was released on February 19 , 2013 by Def Jam Recordings as the first single from Alsina 's debut EP Downtown : Life Under the Gun ( 2013 ) , and was included on his first studio album , Testimony ( 2014 ) . " I Luv This Shit " is an R & B song about partying with alcohol and drugs . Two remixes — one featuring Birdman and another featuring Trey Songz and Chris Brown — were released . The song was well received by music critics , and peaked at number fifty @-@ one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number fifteen on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It was promoted by a Motion Family @-@ directed music video and performances on The Wendy Williams Show , 106 & Park and The Arsenio Hall Show . = = Background and composition = = " I Luv This Shit " was written by August Alsina , The Exclusives ( Sean McMillion and Ralph Jeanty ) , Samuel Irving III , Christine Massa , and Trinidad James and was produced by Knucklehead . It was recorded by McMillion and Cody Sciara at Goldie 's Playhouse and Zac Recording Studios in Atlanta , Georgia , and mixed by Jaycen Joshua with assistance from Trehy Harris at Larrabee Sound Studios , North Hollywood . Vocals were produced by The Exclusives . Knucklehead told Vibe in 2014 that he created the song 's beat and knew it would be successful , stating : " I just knew what [ Alsina 's ] voice was gonna do over my beat . And that beat didn 't sound like [ any ] thing else at the time that was out ... When I made the beat , I called him immediately after I finished it . " After playing the beat to Alsina and The Exclusives , they recorded the song in one hour . It is an R & B song instrumented by guitar , synthesizer , synth @-@ horns and a heavy bassline . The production was compared by Spin 's Brandon Soderberg to the work of The @-@ Dream . It revolves around about partying with alcohol and drugs with the central hook " I love this shit " , and references the vodka Ciroc , yet there is an element of sorrow to Alsina 's vocals . James ' verse contemplates human nature , according to Gregory Adams of Exclaim ! . " I Luv This Shit " was originally recorded for Alsina 's mixtape The Product 2 ( 2013 ) , and was included on his debut EP Downtown : Life Under the Gun ( 2013 ) . It was also a bonus track on his first studio album , Testimony ( 2014 ) . = = Release = = " I Luv This Shit " was released as a digital download by Def Jam Recordings on February 19 , 2013 in Canada and the United States . A remix of the song , titled " I Luv This Shit ( G @-@ Mix ) " , was made available for streaming in May 2013 and features Birdman . The single impacted rhythmic contemporary radio in the United States on September 3 , 2013 . Trey Songz and Chris Brown appeared on another remix of " I Luv This Shit " ; it was released for digital download by Def Jam on October 4 , 2013 in the US . Songz and Brown wrote their verses of the remix . Alsina 's vocals for the remix were recorded by Macmillion at Upper Class Studios , Atlanta . Songz ' vocals were recorded by Anthony Daniels at Premier Studios in New York City and Brown 's were recorded by Brian Springer at Glenwood Studios in Burbank , California . = = Reception = = AllMusic 's Andy Kellman picked " I Luv This Shit " as one of the best tracks from both Downtown and Testimony . Gregory Adams of Exclaim ! praised Alsina 's " velvety " vocal delivery on the song . Brandon Soderberg from Spin called it " one of the more mazy and rewarding radio R & B songs in quite some time " , but was unimpressed with the Songz and Brown remix 's shift from partying to sexual intercourse , particularly the rewriting of the hook as " She loves this shit " or " You love this shit " . A panel of writers for Complex placed " I Luv This Shit " at number thirty @-@ three on its list of the 50 Best Songs of 2013 ; Claire Lobenfeld disapproved of James ' verse but lauded the " quivering beauty " of Alsina 's voice . At the 2014 BET Awards , " I Luv This Shit " won the award for Viewer 's Choice and was nominated for the award of Best Collaboration , losing to " Drunk in Love " by Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z. " I Luv This Shit " topped the Mainstream R & B / Hip @-@ Hop chart for two weeks in October 2013 , becoming the first R & B artist to reach number one with a debut single since Jeremih with " Birthday Sex " in 2009 . On the main Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , it reached number fifteen , and peaked at number nineteen on the Rhythmic chart . It spent three weeks atop the US Heatseekers Songs in October and November 2013 , then peaked at number fifty @-@ one on the Billboard Hot 100 . On March 6 , 2014 the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified " I Luv This Shit " gold for shipping 500 @,@ 000 copies . The certification was updated to platinum ( 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ) on October 2 , 2014 . = = Music video and live performances = = The music video for " I Luv This Shit " was filmed in Atlanta in January 2013 and directed by Motion Family . Alsina sleeps with two women , then James delivers his verse while a woman dances next to him . At the end of the song Alsina and James go to a strip club , where the two women see each other and engage in an argument while Alsina laughs . Alsina performed " I Luv This Shit " on The Wendy Williams Show on October 28 , 2013 . For the New Year 's Eve 2013 special of 106 & Park , titled 106 & Party , he performed the remix of the song with Songz and the remix of " Numb " . On April 1 , 2014 Alsina was interviewed and performed a medley of " Make It Home " and " I Luv This Shit " on late @-@ night talk show The Arsenio Hall Show . At the 2014 BET Awards , Alsina performed " Kissin ' on My Tattoos " before transitioning into " I Luv This Shit " . Songz and Brown joined him and sang their verses of the remix . Songz finished the performance with " Na Na " . = = Charts = = = SM U @-@ 4 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) = SM U @-@ 4 or U @-@ IV was a U @-@ 3 @-@ class submarine or U @-@ boat built for and operated by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( German : Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) before and during the First World War . The submarine was built as part of a plan to evaluate foreign submarine designs , and was the second of two boats of the class built by Germaniawerft of Kiel , Germany . U @-@ 4 was authorized in 1906 , begun in March 1907 , launched in November 1908 , and towed from Kiel to Pola in April 1909 . The double @-@ hulled submarine was just under 139 feet ( 42 m ) long and displaced between 240 and 300 tonnes ( 260 and 330 short tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . The design of the submarine had poor diving qualities and several modifications to U @-@ 4 's diving planes and fins occurred in her first years in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . Her armament , as built , consisted of two bow torpedo tubes with a supply of three torpedoes , but was supplemented with a deck gun , the first of which was added in 1915 . The boat was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in August 1909 , and served as a training boat — sometimes making as many as ten cruises a month — through the beginning of the First World War in 1914 . At the start of that conflict , she was one of only four operational submarines in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy U @-@ boat fleet . Over the first year of the war , U @-@ 4 made several unsuccessful attacks on warships and captured several smaller vessels as prizes . In July 1915 , she scored what Conway 's All the World 's Fighting Ships , 1906 – 1921 calls her greatest success when she torpedoed and sank the Italian armored cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi , the largest ship hit by U @-@ 4 during the war . In mid @-@ May 1917 , U @-@ 4 was a participant in a raid on the Otranto Barrage which precipitated the Battle of Otranto Straits . In a separate action that same month , U @-@ 4 sank her second largest ship , the Italian troopship Perseo . She scored her final success in July 1917 with the sinking of a French tug . In total , U @-@ 4 sank twelve ships totaling over 18 @,@ 000 gross register tons ( GRT ) . She survived the war as Austria @-@ Hungary 's longest serving submarine , was ceded to France as a war reparation , and scrapped in 1920 . = = Design and construction = = U @-@ 4 was built as part of a plan by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to competitively evaluate foreign submarine designs from Simon Lake , Germaniawerft , and John Philip Holland . The Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy authorized the construction of U @-@ 4 ( and sister ship , U @-@ 3 ) in 1906 by Germaniawerft of Kiel , Germany . U @-@ 4 was laid down on 12 March 1907 and launched on 20 November 1908 . After completion , she was towed via Gibraltar to Pola , where she arrived on 19 April 1909 . U @-@ 4 's design was an improved version of Germaniawerft 's design for the Imperial German Navy 's first U @-@ boat , U @-@ 1 , and featured a double hull with internal saddle tanks . The Germaniawerft engineers refined the design 's hull shape through extensive model trials . U @-@ 4 was 138 feet 9 inches ( 42 m ) long by 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) abeam and had a draft of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 81 m ) . She displaced 240 tonnes ( 260 short tons ) surfaced and 300 tonnes ( 330 short tons ) submerged . She was armed with two bow 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , and was designed to carry up to three torpedoes . = = Early career = = After U @-@ 4 's arrival at Pola in April 1909 , she was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy on 29 August 1909 as SM U @-@ 4 . During the evaluation of the U @-@ 3 class conducted by the Navy , the class ' poor diving and handling characteristics were noted . To alleviate the diving problems , U @-@ 4 's fins were changed in size and shape several times , and eventually , the front diving planes were removed and a stationary stern flap was affixed to the hull . U @-@ 4 served as a training boat between 1910 and 1914 and made as many as ten cruises per month in that capacity . = = World War I = = = = = 1914 – 1916 = = = At the beginning of World War I , she was one of only four operational submarines in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . On 27 September 1914 , U @-@ 4 began operating reconnaissance cruises out of the naval base at Cattaro under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Hermann Jüstel . U @-@ 4 attacked the cruiser Waldeck @-@ Rousseau on 17 October , but the French vessel escaped without serious damage . In late November , U @-@ 4 seized the 13 GRT Albanian sailing vessel Fiore del Mar as a prize off Montenegro . U @-@ 4 received her first radio set the following month . U @-@ 4 's next success was the capture of three Montenegrin boats on 19 February 1915 . Rudolph Singule , who was to become U @-@ 4 's most successful commander , assumed command of the boat in April 1915 . Around the same time , the boat was equipped with a 3 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) quick firing ( QF ) deck gun . On 24 May , in the Gulf of Drin , U @-@ 4 unsuccessfully attacked an Italian Lombardia @-@ class cruiser , but on 9 June , Singule spotted the British cruiser Dublin escorting a convoy along the Montenegrin coast . Despite a screen of six destroyers , U @-@ 4 was able to torpedo Dublin off San Giovanni de Medua . Twelve men on Dublin died in the attack , but the cruiser made her way safely , albeit damaged , back to port . On 18 July , U @-@ 4 chanced upon an Italian squadron of ships shelling the railroads at Dubrovnik . Singule selected the Italian armored cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi as a target and torpedoed her . Giuseppe Garibaldi — at 7 @,@ 234 GRT , the largest ship sunk by U @-@ 4 — sank with a loss of 53 men ; 525 men survived . Conway 's All the World 's Fighting Ships , 1906 – 1921 calls the sinking of Giuseppe Garibaldi as U @-@ 4 's greatest success . In August , she was sent out to search for her missing sister ship , U @-@ 3 , which was overdue , having been sunk on 13 August by the French destroyer Bisson . In November , U @-@ 4 made an unsuccessful attack on a British Topaze @-@ class cruiser . In early December , U @-@ 4 dispatched two small Albanian vessels in the Gulf of Drin . The 10 GRT sailing vessel Papagallo was sunk , and the Gjovadje was taken as a prize . New periscopes and a new gyrocompass were installed on U @-@ 4 later in the month . On 3 January 1916 , operating again near the Gulf of Drin , Singule and U @-@ 4 seized another Albanian sailing vessel , Halil , and sank two smaller boats . In early February , U @-@ 4 sank the 475 GRT French patrol vessel Jean Bart 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ) southwest of Cape Laghi , off Durazzo . Just five days later , U @-@ 4 made an unsuccessful attack on a British Birmingham @-@ class cruiser . Over 26 and 27 March , U @-@ 4 participated in a search for the lost Austro @-@ Hungarian submarine U @-@ 24 . Three days later , U @-@ 4 sank the British schooner John Pritchard Of Carnar with explosive charges off the island of Antipaxos . In July , U @-@ 4 was outfitted with a new 66 mm / 26 ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) deck gun , which equaled the main gun planned for the U @-@ 20 class , under construction at the time . On 2 August , U @-@ 4 missed an Italian Nino Bixio @-@ class cruiser in a torpedo attack , and three days later , was missed by two torpedoes in an attack by an enemy submarine . A week later , U @-@ 4 successfully torpedoed and sank the Italian schooner Ponte Maria off Brindisi and weathered another unsuccessful enemy submarine attack . Two days later , on 14 August , U @-@ 4 closed out her busy month of August by attacking the British steamer Inverbervie off Cape Nau . Some two months later , U @-@ 4 sank the Italian tanker Margaretha at position 40 ° 1 ′ N 17 ° 44 ′ E. Margaretha , originally the J.M.Lennard & Sons ship Atilla , went down without any reported loss of life on 13 October . = = = 1917 – 1918 = = = In early May 1917 , U @-@ 4 sank the steamer Perseo — the second largest ship sunk by the boat — in the Ionian Sea . Although Perseo was serving as an Italian troop transport at the time , there are no reports of casualties in the 4 May attack . In mid @-@ May 1917 , U @-@ 4 participated in a support role in a raid on the Otranto Barrage that precipitated the Battle of Otranto Straits . On the night of 14 / 15 May , the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers Helgoland , Saida , and Novara attacked the drifters that deployed the anti @-@ submarine nets that formed part of the Barrage , sinking 14 , damaging 5 , and taking 72 prisoners . Destroyers Csepel and Balaton were sent to simultaneously attack Italian transports shuttling between Italy and Valona , and sank an Italian destroyer and a munitions ship . U @-@ 4 , which was posted near Valona , was a part of a force of three U @-@ boats intended to intercept British and Italian ships responding to the attacks ; the other two were the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 27 ( assigned to patrol between Brindisi and Cattaro ) and the German UC @-@ 25 ( assigned to mine Brindisi ) . A squadron of British cruisers and Italian and French destroyers joined the battle against the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers on 15 May . Several ships on each side were damaged by the time the engagement was broken off . As a result of the attacks the drifter line of the Barrage was moved farther south and maintained only during the day , a success for the Central Powers . U @-@ 4 did not take any offensive action during the raid and ensuing battle . On 30 May at Corfu , U @-@ 4 torpedoed and sank the French passenger steamer SS Italia , in operation by the French Navy as an armed boarding ship . On 19 June , U @-@ 4 scored a triple victory when she sank the French steamers Edouarde Corbière and Cefira and the Greek ship Kerkyra off Taranto . U @-@ 4 sank what would be her final ship on 12 July , when she torpedoed the French tug Berthilde off Cape Stilo . In September , U @-@ 4 received a new bulwark on her conning tower . U @-@ 4 arrived at Pola for the final time on 1 November 1918 and was there at the war 's end . She was ceded to France as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920 . U @-@ 4 was the longest serving Austro @-@ Hungarian submarine , and sank a total of 18 @,@ 264 GRT enemy shipping during the war . = Herschel Greer Stadium = Herschel Greer Stadium is a former minor league baseball park located in Nashville , Tennessee , on the grounds of Fort Negley , an American Civil War fortification , approximately two miles ( 3 km ) south of the city 's downtown district . It can currently seat 10 @,@ 300 people . Built in 1978 to house the Nashville Sounds , an expansion franchise of the Double @-@ A Southern League , the stadium played host to the club until 2014 . In 1985 , the Sounds transitioned into a Triple @-@ A franchise , competing first in the American Association and later the Pacific Coast League . Amidst the Sounds ' 37 @-@ season run , Greer simultaneously hosted two professional baseball clubs in 1993 and 1994 , acting as a temporary home to a displaced Southern League franchise known during that period as the Nashville Xpress . The stadium has also seen occasional use as a field for college baseball and charity events . The stadium is best recognized by its distinctive guitar @-@ shaped scoreboard , which displays the line score across the neck . It has been the site of three minor league all @-@ star games , eight no @-@ hit games , including one perfect game , and a 24 @-@ inning game which tied the record for the longest game in PCL history . The subject of numerous upgrades and repairs to maintain its functionality , Greer became one of the oldest stadiums used by a Triple @-@ A team , and it now falls well below professional baseball 's standards for a stadium at that class level . For over a decade , the Sounds attempted to secure agreements with the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County for a new ballpark to replace Greer , eventually resulting in the construction of First Tennessee Park , which became the Sounds ' new home in 2015 . Greer Stadium has been closed and unused since the end of the 2014 baseball season , and virtually abandoned since the Sounds ' offices were moved to the new facility in early 2015 . Its future has not been officially determined , but a 2016 demolition has been proposed by the Metropolitan Nashville government . = = History = = = = = 1977 – 1979 = = = When Larry Schmittou decided to bring professional baseball back to Nashville in the late 1970s , he knew he would have to build a new ballpark for his team . He negotiated a lease with the city for a plot of land at the foot of St. Cloud Hill on the grounds of Fort Negley , an American Civil War fortification , approximately two miles ( three km ) south of downtown . At the time , this was the site of a city @-@ owned softball complex that the city planned to relocate . The city was prepared to lease him the land , but Schmittou would be responsible for building the stadium , paying the property taxes , and paying the city a portion of the team 's total revenue . The projected construction cost of the stadium was between US $ 300 @,@ 000 and $ 500 @,@ 000 ; but the actual cost was over $ 1 million . Schmittou looked to local suppliers to donate construction materials , took out a $ 30 @,@ 000 loan from a bank , and even mortgaged his own home to help pay for the ballpark . Country music star Conway Twitty helped Schmittou bring in fellow stars Jerry Reed , Richard Sterban , and Cal Smith as well as other members of the Nashville community as team shareholders . The stadium was posthumously named for Herschel Lynn Greer , a prominent Nashville businessman and the first president of the Nashville Vols baseball team , whose family donated $ 25 @,@ 000 for stadium construction . The home opener for Greer 's first tenants , the Southern League 's Nashville Sounds , Double @-@ A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds , was scheduled for April 25 , 1978 . Construction was underway , but Schmittou knew the ballpark would not be ready by that date . The team requested to open the season with road games and had to swap a series with the Chattanooga Lookouts in order to have more time to complete the stadium . Even with this extra time , the ballpark was still behind schedule . The original sod arrived dead , and by the time the replacement grass had arrived , the crew hired to lay the sod had left . General manager Farrell Owens organized a volunteer crew to lay the sod by calling a local radio station to announce the team was having a " sod party " . A group of approximately 50 people came out to lay and roll the sod the day before the scheduled opening game . The Sounds ' home opener , scheduled for April 25 , was rained out and pushed back to April 26 . After playing their first ten games away from home , and with tractors and grading machines still preparing the field on game day , the Sounds played their first home game at Herschel Greer Stadium on April 26 , 1978 . The 12 – 4 victory against the Savannah Braves was witnessed by a sellout crowd of 8 @,@ 156 spectators . Southern League president Billy Hitchcock was on hand to witness the event , and Conway Twitty threw out the first pitch . Though the stadium was opened on time , the late sod was not the only issue on opening day . The stadium 's seats , which had previously been installed in Atlanta 's Fulton County Stadium , arrived just in time . Construction of the backstop was still being completed on opening day . Players for both the Sounds and the visiting Braves had concerns about the safety of playing on the quickly installed infield , initially refusing to even play on the surface . Left fielders complained about the extra @-@ steep slope in left field that prevented them from seeing home plate . Only two women 's restrooms and one men 's restroom were functioning ; a few portable toilets were also available . Initially , Greer was capable of seating 7 @,@ 200 spectators , but was expanded to 8 @,@ 800 by the end of the inaugural season . Theater @-@ type seats with back support and armrests accounted for 3 @,@ 000 of the stadium 's seats ; bleacher seats made up the remainder . The press box included two radio broadcast booths and an organ booth . There were locker rooms for two teams , which each accommodated 25 people , as well as a locker room for umpires . The field measured 330 feet ( 100 m ) down the left and right field lines , 375 feet ( 114 m ) to left- and right @-@ center fields , and 405 feet ( 123 m ) to center field . Bullpens are located in foul territory in the outfield , with the home team occupying the third base dugout , and the visitors occupying the first base dugout . Eight lighting grids atop steel poles 100 feet ( 30 m ) high provided illumination for night games . Amenities for customers at the park included two men 's and women 's restrooms and seven concession stands . With the addition of 5 @,@ 000 permanent seats , Greer 's seating capacity was increased to 13 @,@ 000 for the 1979 season . Improvements to the playing field included new irrigation and drainage systems which raised the field 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) above its previous elevation . = = = 1980 – 1989 = = = Prior to the 1981 season , Greer underwent a number of renovations including the addition of over 1 @,@ 200 box seats and over 1 @,@ 000 new general admission seats . Two wooden general admission seating areas were replaced by 2 @,@ 000 contoured seats . The original backstop which consisted of several steel poles was upgraded to a steel cable system , eliminating most of the poles . Other stadium upgrades included two new dugouts , three entrance and exit ramps , a new sound system , doubling the size of the reader panel on the scoreboard , and enlarging the ticket booth . From February through mid @-@ summer 1984 , major renovations and additions were made to the stadium . A full @-@ service restaurant , The Hall of Fame Stadium Club , and a mini @-@ roof , to cover the last five rows of the reserved seating section and the main concourse , were built . A new press box included accommodations for members of the media , 2 separate booths for home and visiting radio broadcasts , and 2 separate booths for home and visiting television broadcasts . Ten sky boxes were built adjacent the press box ; by 1989 , the number of sky boxes had increased to 18 . On July 2 , 1984 , Schmittou purchased the Triple @-@ A Evansville Triplets of the American Association . The team moved from Evansville to Nashville for the 1985 season , upon which the Triplets ' legacy was retired and the franchise adopted the Sounds ' name and history , effectively elevating the organization from Double @-@ A to Triple @-@ A. The Double @-@ A Southern League franchise was moved to Huntsville , Alabama , where the team began play as the Huntsville Stars at the hastily constructed Joe W. Davis Stadium . To prepare for the move to Triple @-@ A , renovations continued prior to the 1985 season with the addition of 1 @,@ 200 box seats , which replaced some of the reserved grandstand seating , as well as more seating past the right field foul pole . A 4 @-@ line scoreboard 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) high replaced the stadium 's original , which was relocated to far left field to serve as an out @-@ of @-@ town scoreboard , providing scores for American League , National League , and American Association baseball games . Schmittou wanted " to put Nashville in contention for a future major league team . " Along with this goal , the need for more seating , and a desire to make Greer a more attractive ballpark , significant renovations began after the 1987 season . The number of box seats was increased by 40 % , the clubhouse and umpire facilities were upgraded , and the dugouts were entirely rebuilt . The new dugouts took up slightly more room than the previous ones , resulting in a minor contraction of the field 's dimensions : 327 feet ( 100 m ) down the left and right field lines , 371 feet ( 113 m ) to left and right @-@ center fields , and 400 feet ( 120 m ) to center field . The stadium 's main concourse entrance was redesigned to incorporate the stonemasonry of the adjacent Fort Negley . This expansion brought Greer 's total seating capacity up to 18 @,@ 000 . = = = 1990 – 1999 = = = In 1990 , Major League Baseball team owners met to demand that minor league owners improve their ballparks in order to meet their desired standards . Greer had already fallen behind other parks when it came to the quality of the field and clubhouse , and it also lacked a weight room and batting cages . Following his failed bid to secure an MLB team for Nashville in the 1993 Major League Baseball expansion process ( Nashville was one of ten cities considered , but was eliminated from contention very early in the process ; the two new franchises were eventually awarded to Denver and Miami ) , Schmittou focused on scaling @-@ back his proposed MLB stadium into a new Triple @-@ A facility for the Sounds . At a time when other Triple @-@ A cities were building new , relatively luxurious ballparks , Schmittou was unable to convince mayor Phil Bredesen or the Metro Council to pay for such a new park . He considered moving the team to a surrounding county , and even tried , unsuccessfully , to get the Metro Council to pass a referendum to let taxpayers vote on a temporary tax increase to pay off a proposed $ 40 million stadium in three years . In the end , Schmittou elected to keep the Sounds at Greer but make significant improvements to the stadium . Greer 's distinctive guitar @-@ shaped scoreboard was installed behind the left @-@ center field wall prior to the 1993 season . Another addition in 1993 was that of a second team to play at Greer . From 1993 to 1994 , the ballpark simultaneously served as the home field for the Sounds and the Nashville Xpress , the Double @-@ A affiliate of the Minnesota Twins which played in the Southern League . This came about when Charlotte , North Carolina acquired a Triple @-@ A expansion franchise in 1993 , leaving the city 's Double @-@ A team , the Charlotte Knights , without a home . Sounds President Larry Schmittou offered Greer Stadium as a temporary home for the team . In order to accommodate another club at Greer , the Xpress scheduled its home games during the Sounds ' road trips . This marked the first time since the New York Mets and Yankees shared Shea Stadium in 1975 that two teams shared a facility . Baseball America ranked the dual Nashville teams as number one on its list of the " top ten happenings in minor league baseball . " In April 1994 , Michael Jordan 's foray into minor league baseball attracted 16 @,@ 842 fans to Greer to see the Xpress face his team , the Birmingham Barons , for the first time that season . In 1995 , the Xpress relocated to Wilmington , North Carolina and became the Port City Roosters . Over $ 200 @,@ 000 was spent on renovations in the fall and winter before the 1995 season . The home clubhouse and weight room were remodeled , aisles behind the dugouts were resurfaced to reduce slippery areas , and the entire playing field was re @-@ sodded . This was the first replacement and upgrading of the field since the original sod was laid in 1978 . First , all of the old grass was stripped from the field . Then , the grounds crew installed a new drainage system . Four trenches were dug and laid with 2 @,@ 500 feet ( 760 m ) of drainage pipe to carry water away from the field and beyond the center field wall . A layer of gravel was laid over the pipe , and a 4 @-@ to @-@ 6 @-@ inch ( 10 to 15 cm ) layer of sand was placed above the gravel . After raising the level of the infield dirt and brick warning track to the same height of the new field , 100 @,@ 000 square feet ( 9 @,@ 300 m ² ) of Tifton 419 Bermuda Grass was installed on the field and edged into a baseball diamond configuration . Larry Schmittou sold his majority interest in the Sounds to Al Gordon , president of AmeriSports Companies LLC , before the 1997 season . The new ownership group refurbished every area of the stadium , including the concession stands , bathrooms , concourse , stadium exterior , home clubhouse ( a visitor 's clubhouse had been built under the third base bleachers for the 1996 season ) , and parking lots . Several sections of bleachers in left field past third base were removed and replaced by tents and a group picnic area . This brought the seating capacity to 11 @,@ 500 . Following the 1997 season , the American Association was dissolved , and the Sounds became a member of the Pacific Coast League . As a result , Greer became the second @-@ easternmost stadium in PCL history behind the Indianapolis Indians ' Bush Stadium when the team played in the PCL from 1964 to 1968 . Greer was the easternmost active PCL stadium from 1998 to 2014 . As consumer preferences changed and in an effort to attract larger groups to the ballpark , in the late 1990s , Greer Stadium 's fixed @-@ seating capacity was reduced to 10 @,@ 300 by eliminating the bleacher sections along the third base side and beyond right field , and constructing three party decks in their places . As a result , the general admission area became confined only to the existing bleachers behind the reserved seating along the first base line in right field . A fourth party area was created by repurposing unused space atop the grandstands behind home plate . Another deck was constructed behind the right @-@ field foul pole , which , at times , featured a rentable hot tub . = = = 2000 – 2009 = = = The aging Greer Stadium was not meant to last longer than 30 years , and was the subject of many renovations in the early 2000s to meet minimum Triple @-@ A standards . In 2003 , the Sounds proposed a new stadium to be built with a mix of public and private funds at the corner of 1st Avenue South and Gateway Boulevard ( now Korean Veterans Boulevard ) in Downtown Nashville on the former site of the city 's thermal transfer energy plant , targeting an opening date in April 2006 . After two years of the Sounds lobbying for the new park and threatening to leave town ( either for the suburbs or a new city altogether ) , Mayor Bill Purcell agreed to support preliminary plans for the stadium on October 25 , 2005 , and the Nashville Metro Council approved the new stadium on February 7 , 2006 , due in part to the Sounds securing construction financing through a consortium of banks and avoiding taxpayer expense . It was to be called First Tennessee Field . Opening day at the proposed new venue was repeatedly pushed back , eventually to as late as April 2009 . However , the Sounds and private developers Struever Brothers , Eccles , & Rouse were unable to finalize financing and design plans for the new stadium by the April 15 , 2007 , deadline set by the Metro Council . As a result , the First Tennessee Field construction project was canceled and the Sounds remained at Greer with an uncertain future . Following the dissolution of the plans for the new ballpark , and prior to the 2008 season , more than $ 1 million in upgrades and repairs were made to Greer Stadium . The improvements , which included a new clubhouse for the Sounds and visiting teams beyond the center field wall , improved field lighting , and improvements to restrooms , walkways , and seating , were made in order to keep the stadium functional for another three to five years . MFP Baseball , which purchased the Sounds in early 2009 , invested over $ 2 million to make repairs and upgrades to the aging stadium 's playing field , restrooms , concession stands , scoreboard , sound system , and seating . The infield was re @-@ sodded and leveled , protective railing was installed along the edge of the field , and the backstop netting was replaced . The entire concourse and guitar scoreboard were repainted , broken seats were replaced , and Sluggers Sports Bar & Grill was remodeled . A permanent concert stage and a family fun zone were constructed by the concourse entrance . = = = 2010 – present = = = In 2011 , MFP Baseball and the Mayor 's Office began working toward a new stadium , with the city identifying three potential sites for construction , and recruiting stadium @-@ builder Populous to study each . The three sites were an area on the north end of The Gulch , the site of Nashville 's first ballpark ( Sulphur Dell ) , and various areas directly adjacent to Nissan Stadium and the eastern terminus of the John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge . The Sounds still preferred the Thermal site due to its proximity to the city 's entertainment and central business districts , but the city was not willing to make a second attempt at a stadium in that location ( Ascend Amphitheater was eventually built there ) . Mayor Karl Dean preferred the Sulphur Dell site , in an attempt to bolster economic growth on downtown 's sluggish North side , while incorporating the ballpark into the surrounding neighborhoods . In late summer 2013 , the Sounds and the Nashville Metropolitan Government reached an agreement to build a new $ 37 million downtown ballpark at Sulphur Dell . Construction on First Tennessee Park began after necessary land @-@ swaps with the State of Tennessee , and the new ballpark opened in time for the start of the 2015 season . Knowing that the 2014 season would be the team 's 37th and final campaign at the old ballpark , the Sounds launched the " Last Cheer At Greer " , a season @-@ long celebration of the stadium that included nods to its history and promotional giveaways to commemorate the closing . On August 27 , 2014 , the Sounds hosted their final game at Greer Stadium : an 8 – 5 loss to the Sacramento River Cats . In his only plate appearance of the evening , Nashville catcher Lucas May struck out swinging with a full count and the bases loaded to end the game . Announced attendance at the game was a standing @-@ room @-@ only crowd of 11 @,@ 067 , the first sellout since 2010 , and the largest crowd since 2007 . As of May 2016 , the plans for preserving or redeveloping Greer Stadium have yet to be determined . The land on which Greer sits is currently owned by the Metro Parks department of Nashville 's government . Mayor Dean expressed interest in converting the facility to a community sporting complex or a new city park , but , nearing the end of his term , ultimately deferred the decision to the next mayor ( Megan Barry , elected 2015 ) . In February 2015 , The Tennessean reported on a few potential future uses for the stadium . These included a new home stadium for the United Soccer League 's Harrisburg City Islanders who , at one point , sought to relocate to the Nashville area , a Music City Rodeo , a Kroger grocery store , or a neighborhood park . Metro officials expect a one @-@ year public outreach and planning process before deciding what to do with the facility . Metropolitan Director of Parks Tommy Lynch has recommended that the stadium be demolished due to the potential costs for any renovation , including the removal of asbestos . The department asked Mayor Barry for $ 800 @,@ 000 to fund the demolition of the concourse and seating bowl so as to expand the green space at the property which could then be sold to private developers . Belmont University would like to turn the property into an indoor tennis facility . = = Notable events = = = = = All @-@ Star Games = = = The Southern League All @-@ Star Game was held twice at Greer Stadium , once in 1979 and again in 1983 . In 1979 , the All @-@ Star team competed against the major league Atlanta Braves . The All @-@ Stars defeated the Braves by a score of five to two . When the game returned to Nashville in 1983 , the All @-@ Star squad played against the hosting Nashville Sounds . The Sounds lost to the All @-@ Stars by a score of three runs to two . Greer played host to the Triple @-@ A All @-@ Star Game on July 14 , 1994 . Before a crowd of 11 @,@ 601 , and live television and radio audiences , the team of National League @-@ affiliated ( NL ) All @-@ Stars defeated the team of American League @-@ affiliated ( AL ) All @-@ Stars by a score of eight runs to five . Brad Woodall ( NL – Richmond Braves ) was the winning pitcher , Gary Buckels ( NL – Louisville Redbirds ) earned a save , and Kirt Ojala ( AL – Columbus Clippers ) was the losing pitcher . The " Stars of Stars " , or Most Valuable Players , were Luis Lopez ( International League – Richmond ) , Paul Faries ( PCL – Phoenix Firebirds ) , and Ray Durham ( American Association – Nashville ) . = = = Major league exhibitions = = = On April 16 , 1981 , the New York Yankees made a stop in Nashville to play an exhibition game against the Sounds . The 10 – 1 Yankees victory was played in front of a standing @-@ room only crowd of 17 @,@ 318 spectators . Some Yankees present at the game included owner George Steinbrenner , coach Yogi Berra , and players Reggie Jackson , Bucky Dent , Lou Piniella , Bobby Murcer , Goose Gossage , Tommy John , and Johnny Oates . The Yankees returned for another game against the Sounds on April 28 , 1983 . Former Sound Don Mattingly , as well as Yankees manager Billy Martin and pitcher Goose Gossage were in attendance . The Sounds , who trailed the Yankees , 4 – 0 , going into the bottom of the ninth inning , scored five runs to beat the Yankees , 5 – 4 , before a crowd of 13 @,@ 641 . The St. Louis Cardinals and Toronto Blue Jays played an exhibition game at Greer on April 3 , 1983 . Tennessee Governor Lamar Alexander was in attendance to watch the teams , which included players Ozzie Smith , George Hendrick , Rafael Santana , Keith Hernandez , Alfredo Griffin , former Sounds outfielder Willie McGee , and manager Bobby Cox . The Blue Jays defeated the Cardinals , 7 – 6 , before a crowd of 13 @,@ 742 . On April 4 – 5 , 1987 , the Cincinnati Reds ( managed by Pete Rose ) and Montreal Expos played a two @-@ game exhibition series at Greer . The first game ended with an 8 – 8 tie in the eleventh inning , but the Reds defeated the Expos , by a score of 5 – 3 , in the second game of the series . Three major league exhibitions were to take place at Greer prior to the 1988 season . On April 1 , the Cincinnati Reds were scheduled to play against the Chicago White Sox , but the game was rained out . The White Sox were defeated by the Cleveland Indians , 8 – 6 , on April 2 . On April 3 , the Pittsburgh Pirates won over the Indians by a score of 3 – 2 . The Cincinnati Reds visited Nashville to play against the Sounds on April 23 , 1990 . A crowd of 14 @,@ 012 witnessed the Reds defeat Nashville , 3 – 0 . The Reds returned April 6 , 1991 , to face the Cleveland Indians , resulting in a 4 – 3 Cincinnati victory in 10 innings . In March 1996 , Greer hosted eight major league teams competing in five games in what was billed as the Nashville Baseball Classic . On March 28 , the Chicago White Sox defeated the Texas Rangers by a score of 4 – 3 . The Cleveland Indians won over the St. Louis Cardinals , 9 @-@ 3 , in a second game played the same day . March 29 's doubleheader saw the White Sox defeat the Montreal Expos , 9 – 5 , and the Detroit Tigers beat the Cincinnati Reds , 7 – 4 . On March 31 , the Expos won over the Kansas City Royals , 3 – 1 . = = = No @-@ hitters and perfect games = = = Greer Stadium has been the setting for eight no @-@ hit games , including one perfect game . The first took place on May 16 , 1981 , when Jeff Cornell , of the visiting Jacksonville Suns , pitched a 4 – 0 no @-@ hit game against the Sounds . The second no @-@ hitter at Greer was Jim Deshaies ' 5 – 1 win over the Columbus Astros on May 4 , 1984 . In the second inning , Deshaies walked three batters and hit another , accounting for the only Astros run of the game , part of a seven @-@ inning doubleheader . The third , a 6 – 0 win over the Oklahoma City 89ers , was thrown by Nashville 's Bryan Kelly on July 17 , 1985 . In a rare occurrence , the Sounds and the Indianapolis Indians exchanged no @-@ hitters on back @-@ to @-@ back nights ( August 6 and August 7 , 1988 ) . First , Indianapolis ' Randy Johnson and Pat Pacillo combined for a no @-@ hit loss against the Sounds , a 1 – 0 Nashville win . Nashville won when Lenny Harris walked to first base , stole second base and third base , and then came home , scoring on a groundout . The next night , Nashville 's Jack Armstrong registered a no @-@ hit game against the Indians , a 4 – 0 Sounds victory . This was the first time in American Association history that teams played in back @-@ to @-@ back no @-@ hit games . On April 7 , 2003 , John Wasdin tossed a perfect game at Greer in a 4 – 0 win over the Albuquerque Isotopes . This was only the second nine @-@ inning perfect complete game in the 100 @-@ year history of the PCL . Wasdin threw 100 pitches , striking out 15 batters . Later in the year , on August 2 , Colorado Springs Sky Sox pitchers Chris Gissell ( 7 innings pitched ( IP ) ) and Jesús Sánchez ( 2 IP ) combined for a no @-@ hit 3 – 0 win against Nashville . The most recent no @-@ hit effort at Greer took place on July 15 , 2006 , when Nashville pitchers Carlos Villanueva ( 6 IP ) , Mike Meyers ( 2 IP ) , and Alec Zumwalt ( 1 IP ) combined on a 2 – 0 win over the Memphis Redbirds . = = = 24 @-@ Inning game = = = On May 5 – 6 , 2006 , Greer was the site of a game which tied the record for the longest game , in terms of innings played , in PCL history . The Sounds and the New Orleans Zephyrs competed in a 24 @-@ inning game , played over the course of two days , which lasted a total of eight hours and seven minutes . New Orleans defeated Nashville by a score of five runs to four . The record was originally set on June 8 , 1909 in a game between the San Francisco Seals and Oakland Oaks . A few years later , on September 10 , 1911 , the record was tied by a contest between the Sacramento Solons and Portland Beavers . Seven PCL records were broken in the game , and three were tied . = = Other events = = In 1979 and 1980 , Greer Stadium was the home of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) World Series . The Lipscomb Bisons of Nashville 's Lipscomb University won the 1979 series , and the Grand Canyon Antelopes of Grand Canyon University won in 1980 . In the early 1980s , Greer served as the home field for the Father Ryan High School football team . Father Ryan returned to playing at Greer from 2006 through 2008 , before moving to a new school athletic complex for the 200	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, both the 25 mm Bushmaster and the 30 mm RARDEN are deliberately designed with relatively low rates of fire . The typical rate of fire for a modern autocannon ranges from 90 to 1 @,@ 800 rounds per minute . Systems with multiple barrels , such as a rotary autocannon , can have rates of fire of more than several thousand rounds per minute . The fastest of these is the GSh @-@ 6 @-@ 23 , which has a rate of fire of over 10 @,@ 000 rounds per minute . Autocannons are often found in aircraft , where they replaced machine guns and as shipboard anti @-@ aircraft weapons , as they provide greater destructive power than machine guns . = = = = Aircraft use = = = = The first documented installation of a cannon on an aircraft was on the Voisin Canon in 1911 , displayed at the Paris Exposition that year . By World War I , all of the major powers were experimenting with aircraft mounted cannon ; however their low rate of fire and great size and weight precluded any of them from being anything other than experimental . The most successful ( or least unsuccessful ) was the SPAD 12 Ca.1 with a single 37mm Puteaux mounted to fire between the cylinder banks and through the propeller boss of the aircraft 's Hispano @-@ Suiza 8C . The pilot ( by necessity an ace ) had to manually reload each round . The first autocannon were developed during World War I as anti @-@ aircraft guns , and one of these - the Coventry Ordnance Works " COW 37 mm gun " was installed in an aircraft but the war ended before it could be given a field trial and never became standard equipment in a production aircraft . Later trials had it fixed at a steep angle upwards in both the Vickers Type 161 and the Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter , an idea that would return later . During this period autocannons became available and several fighters of the German Luftwaffe and the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service were fitted with 20mm cannon . They continued to be installed as an adjunct to machine guns rather than as a replacement , as the rate of fire was still too low and the complete installation too heavy . There was a some debate in the RAF as to whether the greater number of possible rounds being fired from a machine gun , or a smaller number of explosive rounds from a cannon was preferable . Improvements during the war in regards to rate of fire allowed the cannon to displace the machine gun almost entirely . The cannon was more effective against armour so they were increasingly used during the course of World War II , and newer fighters such as the Hawker Tempest usually carried two or four versus the six .50 Browning machine guns for US aircraft or eight to twelve M1919 Browning machine guns on British aircraft . The Hispano @-@ Suiza HS.404 , Oerlikon 20 mm cannon , MG FF , and their numerous variants became among the most widely used autocannon in the war. cannon , as with machine guns , were generally fixed to fire forwards ( mounted in the wings , in the nose or fuselage , or in a pannier under either ) ; or were mounted in gun turrets on heavier aircraft . Both the Germans and Japanese mounted cannon to fire upwards and forwards for use against heavy bombers , with the Germans calling guns so @-@ installed Schräge Musik . Schräge Musik derives from the German colloquialism for Jazz Music ( the German word schräg literally means slanted or oblique ) Preceding the Vietnam War the high speeds aircraft were attaining led to a move to remove the cannon due to the mistaken belief that they would be useless in a dogfight , but combat experience during the Vietnam War showed conclusively that despite advances in missiles , there was still a need for them . Nearly all modern fighter aircraft are armed with an autocannon and they are also commonly found on ground @-@ attack aircraft . One of the most powerful examples is the 30mm GAU @-@ 8 / A Avenger Gatling @-@ type rotary cannon , mounted exclusively on the Fairchild Republic A @-@ 10 Thunderbolt II . The Lockheed AC @-@ 130 gunship ( a converted transport ) can carry a 105mm howitzer as well as a variety of autocannons ranging up to 40mm . Both are used in the close air support role . = = Operation = = In the 1770s , cannon operation worked as follows : each cannon would be manned by two gunners , six soldiers , and four officers of artillery . The right gunner was to prime the piece and load it with powder , and the left gunner would fetch the powder from the magazine and be ready to fire the cannon at the officer 's command . On each side of the cannon , three soldiers stood , to ram and sponge the cannon , and hold the ladle . The second soldier on the left tasked with providing 50 bullets . Before loading , the cannon would be cleaned with a wet sponge to extinguish any smouldering material from the last shot . Fresh powder could be set off prematurely by lingering ignition sources . The powder was added , followed by wadding of paper or hay , and the ball was placed in and rammed down . After ramming , the cannon would be aimed with the elevation set using a quadrant and a plummet . At 45 degrees , the ball had the utmost range : about ten times the gun 's level range . Any angle above a horizontal line was called random @-@ shot . Wet sponges were used to cool the pieces every ten or twelve rounds . During the Napoleonic Wars , a British gun team consisted of five gunners to aim it , clean the bore with a damp sponge to quench any remaining embers before a fresh charge was introduced , and another to load the gun with a bag of powder and then the projectile . The fourth gunner pressed his thumb on the vent hole , to prevent a draught that might fan a flame . The charge loaded , the fourth would prick the bagged charge through the vent hole , and fill the vent with powder . On command , the fifth gunner would fire the piece with a slowmatch . When a cannon had to be abandoned such as in a retreat or surrender , the touch hole of the cannon would be plugged flush with an iron spike , disabling the cannon ( at least until metal boring tools could be used to remove the plug ) . This was called " spiking the cannon " . A gun was said to be honeycombed when the surface of the bore had cavities , or holes in it , caused either by corrosion or casting defects . = = Deceptive use = = Historically , logs or poles have been used as decoys to mislead the enemy as to the strength of an emplacement . The " Quaker gun trick " was used by Colonel William Washington 's Continentals , during the American Revolutionary War ; in 1780 , approximately 100 Loyalists surrendered to them , rather than face bombardment . During the American Civil War , Quaker guns were also used by the Confederates , to compensate for their shortage of artillery . The decoy cannon were painted black at the " muzzle " , and positioned behind fortifications to delay Union attacks on those positions . On occasion , real gun carriages were used to complete the deception . = = In popular culture = = = = = Music = = = Cannon sounds have sometimes been used in classical pieces with a military theme . Giuseppe Sarti is believed to be the first composer to orchestrate real cannon in a musical work . His Te Deum celebrates the Russian victory at Ochakov ( 1789 ) with the firing of a real cannon and the use of fireworks , to heighten the martial effect of the music . One of the best known examples of such a piece is another Russian work , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's 1812 Overture . The overture is properly performed using an artillery section together with the orchestra , resulting in noise levels requiring musicians to wear ear protection . The cannon fire simulates Russian artillery bombardments of the Battle of Borodino , a critical battle in Napoleon 's invasion of Russia , whose defeat the piece celebrates . When the overture was first performed , the cannon were fired by an electric current triggered by the conductor . However , the overture was not recorded with real cannon fire until Mercury Records and conductor Antal Doráti 's 1958 recording of the Minnesota Orchestra . Cannon fire is also frequently used annually in presentations of the 1812 on the American Independence Day , a tradition started by Arthur Fiedler of the Boston Pops in 1974 . The hard rock band AC / DC also used cannon in their song " For Those About to Rock ( We Salute You ) " , and in live shows replica Napoleonic cannon and pyrotechnics were used to perform the piece . = = = Film and television = = = In the 1961 film The Guns of Navarone In the 2000 film Chicken Run , Rocky is a rooster who is fired into the air by a cannon as part of a circus act . In the 2003 television series Survivor : Pearl Islands , the tribes transport their own cannon through a jungle course for their first challenge . = = Restoration = = Cannon recovered from the sea are often extensively damaged from exposure to salt water ; because of this , electrolytic reduction treatment is required to forestall the process of corrosion . The cannon is then washed in deionized water to remove the electrolyte , and is treated in tannic acid , which prevents further rust and gives the metal a bluish @-@ black colour . After this process , cannon on display may be protected from oxygen and moisture by a wax sealant . A coat of polyurethane may also be painted over the wax sealant , to prevent the wax @-@ coated cannon from attracting dust in outdoor displays . Recently archaeologists say six cannon recovered from a river in Panama that could have belonged to legendary pirate Henry Morgan are being studied and could eventually be displayed after going through a restoration process . = Guitar Hero II = Guitar Hero II is a music rhythm game developed by Harmonix , published by Activision and distributed by RedOctane . It is the second installment in the Guitar Hero series and is the sequel to Guitar Hero . It was first released for the PlayStation 2 in November 2006 , and then for the Xbox 360 in April 2007 , with additional content not originally in the PlayStation 2 version . Like in the original Guitar Hero , the player uses a peripheral in the shape of a solid @-@ body electric guitar to simulate playing rock music as notes scroll towards the player . Most of the gameplay from the original game remains intact , and provides new modes and note combinations . The game features more than 40 popular licensed songs , many of them cover versions recorded for the game , spanning five decades ( from the 1960s to the 2000s ) . The PlayStation 2 version of Guitar Hero II can be purchased individually or in a bundle that packages the game with a cherry red Gibson SG guitar controller . The Xbox 360 version of the game is offered in a bundle that packages the game with a white Gibson Explorer guitar controller . Since its release , Guitar Hero II has been met with both critical and commercial success , helping the Guitar Hero series become a cultural phenomenon . As of December 1 , 2007 , the game has sold 3 @.@ 1 million copies . It has spawned the " expansion " title Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s for the PlayStation 2 . A sequel , Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock , was released in 2007 . = = Development = = The surprise success of Guitar Hero readily led to the development of a sequel for the game . According to developer John Tam , the team felt they " hit the sweet spot " of genres and decades within the set list and wanted to maintain that for the sequel . The costs of obtaining licensing rights for music from " big bands " such as AC / DC , Led Zeppelin , Van Halen , and Metallica , in addition to the lack of understanding of how the music would be used prevented these groups from being used in Guitar Hero . However , Tam notes that with the success of Guitar Hero , " They understand that we 're not going to embarrass their music , we 're going to actually pay homage to their music and get it to the point where people are going to fall in love with their music and understand their music in a totally different way than they 've ever experienced it before . " They also had requests by artists to include master tracks within the game . In addition to working more directly with artists , RedOctane and Activision worked with various musical instrument and equipment companies to provide in @-@ game product placement . Such vendors include BOSS Effectors , DW Drums , Eden Bass Amplification , EMG , Epiphone , Ernie Ball Strings , Gibson Guitar Corporation , Guitar Center , Hofner , Kramer , Krank , Line 6 , Mesa Boogie , MusicMan Basses , Orange Amplifiers , Randall Amplifiers , Roland , Vans and the Vans Warped Tour , VHT , and Zildjian . Guitar Hero II was originally announced for the PlayStation 2 on April 17 , 2006 . A demo version of the PlayStation 2 version of Guitar Hero II was released with issue # 110 of Official PlayStation Magazine on October 5 , 2006 . Features of the demo included four playable songs on four difficulty levels for single player and co @-@ op modes . Demo releases do not feature the ability to flip the notes for left @-@ handed players . Demo versions feature the songs " Shout at the Devil " , " You Really Got Me " , " Strutter " and " YYZ " . The retail game was released for the PlayStation 2 on November 7 , 2006 in North America , November 15 , 2006 in Australia , and November 24 , 2006 in Europe . It was released as both a stand @-@ alone game , and as a bundle containing the game with a cherry Gibson SG guitar controller . = = = Xbox 360 version = = = When Activision purchased RedOctane in 2006 , the company expressed strong interest in bringing the Guitar Hero series to " every significant new format " in order to take advantage of the next generation of consoles . The Xbox 360 version was announced on September 27 , 2006 at Microsoft 's X06 . Dusty Welch of RedOctane stated that the Xbox 360 " provides an incredible platform for facilitating downloadable content " due to the integrated hard drive on the console . The Xbox 360 version of the game included 10 exclusive songs and additional content available for purchase through the Xbox Live Marketplace . The Xbox 360 version was released on April 3 , 2007 in North America and Australia , and then on April 6 , 2007 in Europe ( only as a bundle containing the game and a wired Gibson X @-@ Plorer guitar controller ) . It was released as a stand @-@ alone game for the Xbox 360 in the UK on January 25 , 2008 . = = Gameplay = = Gameplay is based on the successful formula created for the first Guitar Hero game ; the player may use the guitar peripheral to play scrolling notes by holding the corresponding fret button on the guitar neck and simultaneously pressing the strum bar . Alternatively , one can play with the DualShock 2 or Xbox 360 controller by using four shoulder buttons and a face button , mapped to specific fret keys . Several changes have been made to the gameplay mechanics for Guitar Hero II : hammer @-@ on and pull @-@ off functionality has been improved , and three note chords have been introduced , scored as triple points if played correctly . There are additional statistics available for a song upon completion , and the scores achieved in either Quick Play or Career mode are saved to the same in @-@ game high @-@ score list . The handedness of the guitar can now be toggled from the Pause menu when playing a song ( previously , this was only available from the game 's main menu ) . For the Xbox 360 version , scores can also be compared with other players through Xbox Live via the Leaderboard feature , and there are 50 Achievements that can be earned in the game . = = = Career mode = = = In Career mode , players create a band name and select a guitarist from among the available characters . Eight characters , each representing a unique genre of rock music - are available from the start of the game : Eddie Knox , Axel Steel , Casey Lynch , Lars Ümlaüt , Izzy Sparks , Judy Nails , Johnny Napalm , and Pandora . Additional characters can also be purchased , allowing them to be used in later sessions . Only the lead guitar is available to be played in the Career mode . Over the course of the Career mode the band plays at eight available venues . The venue system from the original game has been altered slightly and has the band traveling geographically from town to town in order to play at the next arena . The venues are Nilbog High School , The Rat Cellar Pub , The Blackout Bar , The RedOctane Club , the Rock City Theater , the Vans Warped Tour , Harmonix Arena and Stonehenge . The venues feature lighting and pyrotechnics that are synchronized with the music . Not all songs in the main setlist are available from the start . Once a song is unlocked for play within Career Mode , it becomes available for play in all other modes . When working through Career Mode at a specific difficulty level , the next tier of songs is unlocked once the required number of songs on the current tier ( 3 @-@ 5 , depending on difficulty and console ) are completed . Additionally , the encore song for a particular tier is only made available once its requirements are completed . On the Easy difficulty setting , there are no encores available , but the next tier will be unlocked immediately after completing the required songs in the previous tier . Successful completion of a song on Medium or higher difficulty during Career mode will earn the player in @-@ game cash . Higher difficulty levels and better scoring performances are rewarded with more cash . In @-@ game money can be used at The Store to buy various items . Some items are available only after completing all songs at higher difficulty levels or 5 @-@ star performances . Within The Store , the player can purchase new Gibson guitars , guitar finishes , three additional characters , alternate outfits for the eight characters available from the start , bonus songs , and videos . For unknown reasons , the bonus videos are absent from the PAL version of the game . Within the Xbox 360 version , there is also an option to access the Guitar Hero II content on the Xbox Live Marketplace . = = = Multiplayer = = = There are three different multiplayer modes available : Cooperative One player plays lead guitar while another plays either bass guitar or rhythm guitar , depending on the song . Both players share a score , rock meter , star power meter , and streak multiplier . Cooperative mode is the only multiplayer mode in which a song can be failed . Star power can only be activated by both players simultaneously . Face @-@ Off This is the same multiplayer mode as featured in the original game , though in Guitar Hero II both players can select their own level of difficulty . In this mode , players alternate between playing sections of the selected song . The scores are weighted so that a player who hits fewer notes on Easy difficulty may not necessarily lose against an opponent on Expert difficulty who hits more notes . Pro Face @-@ Off Players play the full lead guitar track on the same difficulty . For the PlayStation 2 mode , this is available upon completion of any career level , while for the Xbox 360 version , the mode is unlocked after completing the career mode at Easy level or higher . The score system is identical as the song could be played alone , but songs cannot be failed in this mode . Although , online multiplayer was not available at the release of Guitar Hero II for the Xbox 360 , RedOctane has stated that they hope to be able provide this later once they are able to work out the technical issues . = = = Practice mode = = = Practice mode is a new addition to the game , allowing a player to practice certain sections of a song ( " Verse 2 , " " Chorus , " " Bridge 3 , " " Gtr Solo 4 , " etc . ) on different difficulties and instruments . Practice mode gives the player the ability to toggle the speed of the notes ( Full Speed , Slow , Slower and Slowest ) and does not stop a song no matter how many mistakes are made . Players can play the bass guitar lines on most songs . On others , a rhythm guitar line is available instead . = = Soundtrack = = Both the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 versions of Guitar Hero II feature the same core 64 playable songs ( 40 licensed , 24 bonus songs ) . Among the featured tracks are " You Really Got Me " by Van Halen , " Sweet Child O ' Mine " by Guns N ' Roses , " Girlfriend " by Matthew Sweet , " Woman " by Wolfmother , " War Pigs " by Black Sabbath , and " Free Bird " by Lynyrd Skynyrd . The Xbox 360 version of the game contains 10 exclusive tracks not included in the PlayStation 2 version , including " Billion Dollar Babies " by Alice Cooper , " Rock and Roll , Hoochie Koo " by Rick Derringer , and " The Trooper " by Iron Maiden . Additionally , the Xbox 360 version allows for downloadable songs to be purchased on the Xbox Live Marketplace . The Xbox 360 version also features a reorganized set list that provides a more balanced progression in difficulty . Most of the songs featured in the main set list are cover versions , with the exception of " Stop ! " , " Possum Kingdom " , " Dead ! " , and " John the Fisherman " ; these four are based on master recordings . The unlockable bonus songs are all master recordings , including some specifically arranged for use within Guitar Hero II . Cover songs are credited on screen with the phrase " as made famous by " ( for example , " Heart @-@ Shaped Box , as made famous by Nirvana " ) , while the original songs are credited with " as performed by " ( for example , " John the Fisherman , as performed by Primus " ) . RedOctane stated that the Xbox 360 version of Guitar Hero II " planned to feature more downloadable content than any other 360 title " utilizing the Xbox Live Marketplace , including many of the songs from the original Guitar Hero a week after the release of the game . Four such packs have been released since April 11 , 2007 . Additionally , two packs featuring new content to the Guitar Hero series have also been released , including songs from My Chemical Romance , Protest the Hero , Trivium , and Atreyu . There have also been individual track downloads featuring songs from bands Los Rodríguez , Pleymo , and Soilwork . = = Featured instruments = = Guitar Hero II features many popular real world Gibson , Epiphone , and Kramer guitars , including the Gibson Les Paul , Gibson SG , Gibson Flying V , ( these three being the only ones available from the start ) Gibson Sonex 180 and Gibson Explorer . Oddities such as the double necked Gibson EDS @-@ 1275 and unusual looking Gibson Corvus also make an appearance . Several available finishes are also recognizable from popular guitarists , including Zakk Wylde 's bullseye Les Paul . As play progresses , several custom shaped guitars become available , although some are notable in the real world such as the USA and Battle Axe ( a similar looking bass is played by Gene Simmons , and the guitar was played by John Christ of Samhain / Danzig fame ) . Basses , such as the Music Man StingRay , Gibson Thunderbird , and the Höfner bass ( as made famous by Paul McCartney , the bassist for the Beatles ) are also available for co @-@ op play . The band itself plays with Orange amps and DW drum kits , along with more in @-@ game endorsements . When the player passes each set of songs in career mode , his / her band is rewarded with money and equipment endorsements , including Ernie Ball strings , Boss effects , Line 6 guitar amplifiers , VHT amplifiers , Mesa Boogie amplifiers , and Roland keyboards . These products then appear on stage while the band plays the ensuing setlists . = = Reception = = The PlayStation 2 version of Guitar Hero II was critically acclaimed . It received a 10 / 10 review in the December 2006 issue of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine and was awarded the Game of the Month award . The game received a rating of 9 @.@ 5 / 10 from IGN , ranking higher than the original game in the series and amongst IGN 's highest rated PlayStation 2 games ever . IGN would later include it on their 2007 list of " The Top 100 Games of All Time " at # 49 . GameSpot reviewed the PlayStation 2 version with a rating of 8 @.@ 7 / 10 , and the Xbox 360 version 8 @.@ 9 , both slightly lower than its predecessor . Game Informer gave it a 9 / 10 , while its " second opinion " rating was better , at 9 @.@ 25 / 10 . According to Game Rankings , the average critic score of Guitar Hero II is 93 % , making it the 9th best reviewed game of 2006 . The Australian video game talk show Good Game 's two reviewers gave the game a 9 / 10 and 10 / 10 . The Xbox 360 version has earned similarly positive reviews and slightly higher scores with a 9 @.@ 5 / 10 in the March issue of Official Xbox Magazine , a 4 @.@ 75 / 5 from GamePro , a 9 @.@ 5 / 10 from Play Magazine a 9 @.@ 6 / 10 from IGN , and a perfect score of 5 / 5 from Got @-@ Next . As of April 3 , 2007 , the Game Rankings score is 94 % . The popular G4 television show X @-@ Play gave both versions of the game a 5 / 5 . Additionally , the Australian Xbox Magazine has also awarded the game , for the first time , an 11 / 10 , in a reference to This Is Spinal Tap . Hyper 's Daniel Wilks commends the game for its " huge number of tracks " but criticises it for " some really average covers " . Common praise for the game by critics is aimed at the new multiplayer and practice modes . Common critiques concern the song list , which includes more hard rock and metal than the previous game , deeming it less accessible to casual players . Other common critiques concern the quality of the covers . The downloadable song packs for the Xbox 360 version have been criticized for being too pricey . The price was seen by many fans of the series as being far too expensive and was met with resistance and angst with a large number of people pledging to boycott the content . Microsoft 's Xbox Live Director of Programming , Major Nelson , defending the pricing and release scheme , and attributed the high cost of the content to " licensing issues " on the Xbox 360 platform , as all contracts drawn up for songs from the original game had to be rewritten , since they are playable on an additional console . In 1UP.com 's review for the Xbox 360 version of the game , the downloadable song packs are noted as a " mixed blessing " ; praise is given for retooling the songs with better gameplay elements such as the inclusion of co @-@ op modes , but the fact that the songs come in pricey packs of three " defeats much of the appeal " . In an interview with RedOctane president Kai Huang , Huang stated that the decision to pack the songs in three was made to keep the cost of the tracks down . Though Huang felt the pricing was fair , he noted afterward " we do listen to the fans and take any feedback we receive seriously . " = = = Sales = = = In December 2006 , Guitar Hero II for PlayStation 2 was the second best @-@ selling video game of the month , selling 805 @,@ 200 units . It was outsold only by Gears of War for Xbox 360 , which sold 815 @,@ 700 units . It was the fifth best @-@ selling video game of the fiscal year of 2006 , with 1 @.@ 3 million copies sold . It was also the third best @-@ selling game for the PlayStation 2 , behind Madden NFL 07 and Kingdom Hearts II . Total sales of the game during 2006 were $ 200 million . On July 12 , 2007 , Dusty Welch of RedOctane stated that there have been over 300 @,@ 000 downloads of the music packs until that point and that the prices were " very attractive and desirable for consumers . " On September 11 , 2007 , Activision reported that with over 650 @,@ 000 downloads , the music packs qualified as " multi @-@ platinum " under RIAA 's definitions . = = Technical issues = = No official statement from RedOctane or Activision were made about the discs or the game itself having any issues , but players have reported songs freezing or skipping , causing the audio to be unsynchronized ; unusually long loading screens ; and menus that freeze or lock up entirely causing the game to crash . The RedOctane Support Center Answer Guide states , " We ’ re already in the process of looking into this and testing to replicate the experience . We ’ ll notify everyone with our results shortly , and will have a positive resolution if need be . " Two models of the X @-@ Plorer controller were released for the Xbox 360 version of the game : model numbers 95055 and 95065 . Of the two versions , the 95055 has an RJ @-@ 11 jack for effect pedals near the controller cord and is subject to having an unresponsive whammy bar . RedOctane later responded , saying that they " isolated this issue to two model numbers that can be found on the guitar 's packaging " . Customers are able to exchange these models for new models . On April 13 , 2007 , Activision revealed that the issue was not a problem with the hardware , and that the guitars were not defective . The cause of the problem was anti @-@ cheat protection software , and Activision released a patch on Xbox Live on April 14 , 2007 to remedy it . However , this patch may have caused some unintended side effects . Starting on April 16 , 2007 , numerous users began reporting lockups and failures of their system after downloading and installing this patch . RedOctane stated , " We 're aware of the problem and we 're looking into it . " Numerous game players have also reported problems with static shocks to the X @-@ Plorer guitars causing various fret buttons ( usually the green one ) to permanently malfunction . Multiple exchanges of guitars have not solved the problem , as exchanged guitars also exhibit the problem . To date , RedOctane has not solved the problem , and has refused to extend warranties to replacement guitars , time limiting the warranty back to the original date of purchase . = Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 = The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 ( 42 Geo III c.73 ) , sometimes known as the Factory Act 1802 , was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom designed to improve conditions for apprentices working in cotton mills . The Act was introduced by Sir Robert Peel , who had become concerned in the issue after an 1784 outbreak of a " malignant fever " at one of his cotton mills , which he later blamed on ' gross mismanagement ' by his subordinates . The Act required that cotton mills and factories be properly ventilated and basic requirements on cleanliness be met . Apprentices in these premises were to be given a basic education and to attend a religious service at least once a month . They were to be provided with clothing and their working hours were limited to no more than twelve hours a day ( excluding meal breaks ) ; they were not to work at night . The Act was not effectively enforced , and did not address the working conditions of ' free children ' ( children working in mills who were not apprentices ) who rapidly came to heavily outnumber the apprentices . Regulating the way masters treated their apprentices was a recognised responsibility of Parliament and hence the Act itself was non @-@ contentious , but coming between employer and employee to specify on what terms a man might sell his labour ( or that of his child ) was highly contentious . Hence it was not until 1819 that an Act to limit the hours of work ( and set a minimum age ) for ' free children ' working in cotton mills was piloted through Parliament by Peel and his son Robert ( the future Prime Minister ) . Strictly speaking , it is Peel 's Cotton Mills and Factories Act of 1819 which ( although also ineffective for want of a means of proper enforcement ) paved the way for subsequent Factory Acts that would regulate the industry and set up effective means of regulation ; but it is Peel 's Act of 1802 which first recognised by legislation the evils of child labour in cotton mills that the Factory Acts addressed . = = Background = = During the early Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom , cotton mills were water @-@ powered , and therefore sprang up where water power was available . When , as was often the case , there was no ready source of labour in the neighbourhood , the workforce had to be imported . A cheap and importable source of labour was ' parish apprentices ' ( pauper children , whose parish was supposed to see them trained to a trade or occupation ) ; millowners would reach agreement with distant parishes to employ , house and feed their apprentices . . In 1800 there were 20 @,@ 000 apprentices working in cotton mills , . The apprentices were vulnerable to maltreatment by bad masters , to industrial accidents , to ill @-@ health from their work , ill @-@ health from overwork , and ill @-@ health from contagious diseases such as smallpox , typhoid and typhus which were then widespread . The enclosed conditions ( to reduce the frequency of thread breakage , cotton mills were usually very warm and as draught @-@ free as possible ) and close contact within mills and factories allowed contagious diseases such as typhus and smallpox to spread rapidly . Typhoid ( like cholera , which did not reach Europe until after the Napoleonic wars ) is spread not by poor working conditions but by poor sanitation , but sanitation in mills and the settlements round them often was poor . In about 1780 a water @-@ powered cotton mill was built for Robert Peel on the River Irwell near Radcliffe ; the mill employed child labour bought from workhouses in Birmingham and London . Children were unpaid and bound apprentice until they were 21 . They boarded on an upper floor of the building , and were locked in . Shifts were typically 10 – 10 @.@ 5 hours in length ( i.e. 12 hours after allowing for meal breaks ) , and the apprentices ' hot bunked ' : a child who had just finished his shift would sleep in a bed only just vacated by a child now just starting his shift . Peel himself admitted that conditions at the mill were " very bad " . In 1784 it was brought to the attention of the magistrates of the Salford Hundred that an outbreak of " low , putrid fever , of a contagious nature " had " prevailed many months in the cotton mills and among the poor , in the township of Radcliffe " . The doctors of Manchester , led by Dr Thomas Percival were commissioned to investigate the cause of the fever and to recommend how to prevent its spread . They could not identify the cause , and their recommendations were largely driven by the contemporary view that fevers were spread by putrid atmospheres and hence were to be combatted by removing smells and improving ventilation : Windows and doors should be left open every night and during the lunch break : when the mill was running as many windows as possible were to be left open . ( Natural ventilation was poor because there were too few opening lights in the mill windows , and they were all at the same height ( too high ) . The stoves currently used for heating did not give much airflow . Chimneys should be built in each work room and turf fires lit in them to give better ventilation and combat contagion by their " strong , penetrating , and pungent " smoke . Rooms should be swept daily and floors washed with lime water once a week . The walls and ceilings should also be whitewashed two or three times a year . The apartments should be fumigated weekly with tobacco . Privies should be washed daily and ventilated to ensure that the smell did not permeate to the work rooms . Rancid oil used to lubricate machinery should be replaced with purer oil . To prevent contagion and to preserve health , all employees should be involved in keeping the factory clean . Children should bathe occasionally . The clothes of those infected with fever should be washed in cold water , then in hot and be left to fumigate before being worn again . Those who died of fever should be wrapped promptly in cloth and those in the vicinity advised to smoke tobacco to avoid infection . The last recommendation expressed a much wider concern about the welfare of mill children : We earnestly recommend a longer recess from labour at noon , and a more early dismission from it in the evening , to all those who work in the cotton mills : but we deem this indulgence essential to the present health , and future capacity for labour , of those who are under the age of fourteen ; for the active recreations of childhood and youth are necessary to the growth , vigour , and the right conformation of the human body . And we cannot excuse ourselves , on the present occasion , from suggesting to you , who are the guardians of the public weal , this further very important consideration , that the rising generation should not be debarred from all opportunities of instruction at the only season of life in which they can be properly improved . As a result of this report the magistrates decided not to allow parish apprentices to be indentured to cotton mills where they worked at night or more than ten hours in the day . Conditions at the Radcliffe mill were improved ; in 1795 John Aikin 's A Description of the Country from thirty to forty miles round Manchester said of Peel 's mills " The peculiar healthiness of @-@ the people employed may be imputed partly to the judicious and humane regulations put in practice by Mr. Peel , and partly to the salubrity of the air and climate . " = = = Peel introduces his Bill = = = In 1795 , the medical men of Manchester ( with Percival playing a leading part ) formed the Manchester Board of Health , which promptly investigated the employment of children in Manchester factories , taking evidence from ( amongst others ) Peel now MP for Tamworth . The Board concluded : It appears that the children and others who work in the large cotton factories , are peculiarly disposed to be affected by the contagion of fever , and that when such infection is received , it is rapidly propagated , not only amongst those who are crowded together in the same apartments , but in the families and neighbourhoods to which they belong . The large factories are generally injurious to the constitution of those employed in them , even where no particular diseases prevail , from the close confinement which is enjoined , from the debilitating effects of hot or impure air , and from the want of the active exercises which nature points out as essential in childhood and youth to invigorate the system , and to fit our species for the employments and for the duties of manhood . The untimely labour of the night , and the protracted labour of the day , with respect to children , not only tends to diminish future expectations as to the general sum of life and industry , by impairing the strength and destroying the vital stamina of the rising generation , but it too often gives encouragement to idleness , extravagance and profligacy in the parents , who , contrary to the order of nature , subsist by the oppression of their offspring . It appears that the children employed in factories are generally debarred from all opportunities of education , and from moral or religious instruction . From the excellent regulations which subsist in several cotton factories , it appears that many of these evils may be in a considerable degree obviated ; we are therefore warranted by experience , and are assured , we shall have the support of the liberal proprietors of these factories in proposing an application for parliamentary aid ( if other methods appear not likely to effect the purpose ) to establish a general system of laws for the wise , humane and equal government of all such works . " Peel ( presumably one of the liberal proprietors with excellent regulations who assured his support ) introduced his Bill in 1802 . In doing so Peel said that he was convinced of the existence of gross mismanagement in his own factories , and having no time to set them in order himself , was getting an Act of Parliament passed to do it for him but ( given his dealings with the Manchester Board of Health ) this may well have been a pleasantry , rather than the whole truth . . In 1816 Peel introduced a further Factory Bill ; his explanation to the consequent Select Committee of the need for further legislation included this account of the origins of the 1802 Act : The house in which I have a concern gave employment at one time to near one thousand children of this description . Having other pursuits , it was not often in my power to visit the factories , but whenever such visits were made , I was struck with the uniform appearance of bad health , and , in many cases , stinted growth of the children ; the hours of labour were regulated by the interest of the overseer , whose remuneration depending on the quantity of the work done , he was often induced to make the poor children work excessive hours , and to stop their complaints by trifling bribes Finding our own factories under such management , and learning that the like practices prevailed in other parts of the kingdom where similar machinery was in use , the children being much over @-@ worked , and often little or no regard paid to cleanliness and ventilation of the buildings ; having the assistance of Dr Percival and other eminent medical gentlemen of Manchester , together with some distinguished characters both in and out of Parliament , I brought in a Bill in the 42nd year of the King , for the regulation of such parish apprentices . The hours of work allowed by that Bill being fewer in number than those formerly practised , a visible improvement in the health and general appearance of the children soon became evident , and since the complete operation of the Act contagious diseases have rarely occurred The Act met little opposition in Parliament , although there was discussion as to whether it should be extended to all manufactories and all workers . The amendment was dismissed as the Act only served to ensure education for apprentices not to improve conditions in factories . = = Provisions = = Under the Act , regulations and rules came into force on 2 December 1802 and applied to all mills and factories employing three or more apprentices ( unless the total workforce was less than twenty ) . It stated that all mills and factories should be cleaned at least twice yearly with quicklime and water ; this included ceilings and walls . There was a requirement that the buildings have sufficient windows and openings for ventilation . Each apprentice was to be given two sets of clothing , suitable linen , stockings , hats , and shoes , and a new set each year thereafter . Working hours were limited to 12 hours a day , excluding the time taken for breaks . Apprentices were no longer permitted to work during the night ( between 9 pm and 6 am ) . A grace period was provided to allow factories time to adjust , but all night @-@ time working by apprentices was to be discontinued by June 1804 . All apprentices were to be educated in reading , writing and arithmetic for the first four years of their apprenticeship . The Act specified that this should be done every working day within usual working hours but did not state how much time should be set aside for it . Educational classes should be held in a part of the mill or factory designed for the purpose . Every Sunday , for one hour , apprentices were to be taught the Christian religion ; every other Sunday , a divine service should be held in the factory , and every month the apprentices should visit a church . They should be prepared for confirmation in the Church of England between the ages of 14 and 18 and must be examined by a clergyman at least once a year . Male and female apprentices were to sleep separately and not more than two per bed . Local magistrates had to appoint two inspectors known as visitors to ensure that factories and mills were complying with the Act ; one was to be a clergyman and the other a Justice of the Peace , neither to have any connection with the mill or factory . The visitors had the power to impose fines for non @-@ compliance and the authority to visit at any time of the day to inspect the premises . The Act was to be displayed in two places in the factory . Owners who refused to comply with any part of the Act could be fined between £ 2 and £ 5 . = = Effect of the Act = = The Act required magistrates to appoint visitors , whom it empowered to inspect mills and report on their findings , but it did not require them to exercise their powers . Consequently , unless local magistrates were particularly interested in the issue , the Act was poorly enforced . Where factories were inspected , the visitors were amateurs ( as indeed they were ) in comparison to the paid Factory Inspectorate set up by the 1833 Act . Furthermore , the Act applied only to apprentices , and not to ' free children ' whose fathers ' right to dispose of their children 's labour on whatever terms they chose were unaffected by the Act . Improvements in the generation of rotary motion by steam engines made steam @-@ powered cotton mills a practical proposition ; they were already operating in Manchester in 1795 , using free children drawn from the local population . The great advantage parish apprentices had had was that they were tied to the mill , no matter how remote the mill had to be to avail itself of water power . If the mill no longer had to be remote , it became a problem that the mill was tied to the apprentices . Apprentices had to be housed clothed and fed whether or not the mill could sell what they produced ; they were in competition with free children whose wages would fall if the mill went on short time ( and might not reflect the full cost of housing clothing and feeding them , since that was incurred whether they were working or not ) and who could be discharged if sick , injured or otherwise incapable of work . Consequently , the use of free children came to predominate : the Act became largely a dead letter within its limited scope , and inapplicable to most factory children . In 1819 , when Peel introduced a Bill to introduce an eleven @-@ hour day for all children under 16 working in cotton mills , a Lords Committee heard evidence from a Bolton magistrate who had investigated 29 local cotton mills ; 20 had no apprentices but employed a total of 550 children under 14 ; the other nine mills employed a total of 98 apprentices , and a total of 350 children under 14 . Apprentices were mostly found in the larger mills , which had somewhat better conditions ; some even worked a 12 @-@ hour day or less ( the Grant brothers ' mill at Tottington worked an 11 @.@ 5 hour day : " This establishment has perfect ventilation ; all the apprentices , and in fact all the children , are healthy , happy , clean , and well clothed ; proper and daily attention is paid to their instruction ; and they regularly attend divine worship on Sundays . " ) : in other mills children worked up to 15 hours a day in bad conditions ( e.g. Gortons and Roberts ' Elton mill : " Most filthy ; no ventilation ; the apprentices and other children ragged , puny , not half clothed , and seemingly not half fed ; no instruction of any sort ; no human beings can be more wretched " ) . Although the Act was largely ineffective , it has been seen as the first piece of Health & Safety legislation , leading the way to subsequent regulations covering industrial workplaces ; its requirement for factory walls to be whitewashed continued to be a legal requirement until the Factories Act 1961 . Opinions differ as to the deeper significance of the Act . Some scholars have linked the Act to a move away from laissez @-@ faire capitalism , or see it as marking the point where the state began to recognise its responsibility for very poor children , and to address the conditions in which they were living ; it has also been seen as presaging subsequent legislation regarding the health of towns . Others see it as at heart one of the last manifestations of the old Elizabethan Poor Law , which directed that destitute children should be apprenticed in a trade ; ( more accurately of the Statute of Artificers of 1562 which set up systems for regulating apprenticeships ) : during Parliamentary debates on the Bill that interpretation was successfully urged against any attempt to widen its applicability . = U.S. Route 322 in New Jersey = U.S. Route 322 ( US 322 ) is a U.S. highway running from Cleveland , Ohio east to Atlantic City , New Jersey . The easternmost segment of the route in New Jersey runs 62 @.@ 64 miles ( 100 @.@ 81 km ) from the Commodore Barry Bridge over the Delaware River in Logan Township , Gloucester County , where it continues southeast to Atlantic Avenue and Pacific Avenue in Atlantic City , Atlantic County . The portion of the route between the Commodore Barry Bridge and Route 42 is mostly a two @-@ lane undivided road that is concurrently signed with County Route 536 , passing through Mullica Hill and Glassboro . From Williamstown , US 322 follows the Black Horse Pike , a four @-@ lane road , southeast to Atlantic City . In Hamilton Township , Atlantic County , US 322 forms a concurrency with U.S. Route 40 , continuing with that route all the way to Atlantic City . US 322 intersects several major roads including U.S. Route 130 and Interstate 295 in Logan Township , the New Jersey Turnpike in Woolwich Township , Route 55 in Harrison Township , Route 42 in Williamstown , Route 50 and U.S. Route 40 in Hamilton Township , the Garden State Parkway in Egg Harbor Township , and U.S. Route 9 in Pleasantville . East of Williamstown , US 322 follows the Black Horse Pike , a turnpike between Camden and Atlantic City that was created in 1855 . Pre @-@ 1927 Route 18S was designated along the portion of the current route east of McKee City in 1923 , with the US 40 designation along this portion following in 1926 . In 1927 , Route 18S became Route 48 and Route 42 was designated along the road between Williamstown and McKee City . US 322 was extended to New Jersey in 1936 , running from a ferry dock on the Delaware River in Bridgeport east to Williamstown , where it followed Route 42 and U.S. Route 40 / Route 48 to Atlantic City . In 1938 , Route 55 was legislated along US 40 / US 322 in Atlantic City while in 1939 , US 322 between the ferry dock and Route 44 ( now US 130 ) became Route S44 and the route between there and Route 42 became Route 51 . In 1953 , the state highway designations were removed from US 322 . After the Commodore Barry Bridge opened in 1974 , the old approach to the ferry dock became Route 324 . In 1960 , a freeway was proposed for US 322 in Gloucester County , running from the site of the Commodore Barry Bridge to Williamstown . This $ 59 @.@ 6 million proposal was canceled by the 1970s due to diversion of funds to mass transit . Subsequent proposals for freeways in 1983 and 1995 also failed . A bypass of Mullica Hill was completed in 2012 for US 322 in order to relieve traffic through that town ; the former alignment is now unsigned US 322 Bus . = = Route description = = = = = Gloucester County = = = US 322 enters New Jersey from Chester , Pennsylvania on the Commodore Barry Bridge over the Delaware River . Upon entering New Jersey , the highway runs concurrently with County Route 536 . The road heads southeast into swampy areas of Logan Township as a five @-@ lane road maintained by the Delaware River Port Authority , eventually becoming a six @-@ lane divided highway as it passes over the access road to Route 324 and comes to the westbound toll plaza for the bridge . A short distance later , US 322 has a cloverleaf interchange with U.S. Route 130 and continues south through the community of Bridgeport as it narrows into a two @-@ lane undivided road known as Swedesboro @-@ Bridgeport Road . It continues through rural areas of farms and woods prior to an interchange with Interstate 295 , at which point the road widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway . After I @-@ 295 , US 322 makes a turn to the east and crosses into Woolwich Township , narrowing back into a two @-@ lane undivided road with no name . Here , the route crosses County Route 551 prior to an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike . Past the New Jersey Turnpike , US 322 starts to curve southeast and crosses into Harrison Township , where it passes suburban neighborhoods as Bridgeport @-@ Mullica Hill Road and jurisdiction of the road is transferred to Gloucester County . It continues into Mullica Hill , where it intersects Route 45 and unsigned US 322 Bus . At this point , CR 536 turns south along with US 322 Bus . / Route 45 and US 322 heads along the Mullica Hill Bypass concurrent with unsigned CR 536A , running southeast through wooded areas with some farm fields . At the end of the bypass , the route intersects US 322 Bus . / CR 536 again and turns east onto Mullica Hill Road , again becoming concurrent with CR 536 . US 322 continues through a mix of woods , farms , and homes , passing through Richwood . The route interchanges with Route 55 where state jurisdiction resumes . At the interchange , US 322 is briefly a four @-@ lane road , before entering Glassboro . In Glassboro , the route becomes Best Avenue , passing residential areas prior to bisecting the campus of Rowan University , where it comes to a roundabout at Rowan Boulevard . A short distance later , US 322 crosses County Route 553 before coming to Route 47 . Here , it turns south to form a concurrency with that route on three @-@ lane Delsea Drive , passing more homes and businesses . US 322 splits from Route 47 by heading east on High Street , a two @-@ lane road , and enters wooded areas with some development and farmland . After exiting Glassboro for Monroe Township , US 322 continues east and crosses County Route 555 prior to reaching Williamstown , where the road passes residential and business development . Here , US 322 turns north , while County Route 536 splits from the route by continuing southeast on Main Street . A short distance after the split , US 322 intersects Route 42 ( Black Horse Pike ) and turns southeast onto it . At this intersection , County Route 536 Spur continues to the north . On the Black Horse Pike , a four @-@ lane divided highway line with businesses , the route soon crosses County Route 536 before leaving the Williamstown area and becoming a four @-@ lane undivided road . US 322 continues southeast through predominantly forested areas with occasional development , intersecting County Route 538 . In 2006 , an average of 10 @,@ 615 vehicles used the road annually in Gloucester County . = = = Atlantic County = = = Entering Folsom in Atlantic County , US 322 passes a couple lakes and some wooded residences before coming to an interchange with Route 54 , where the route has a median . Past this interchange , the road continues southeast through heavily forested areas to an intersection with the southern terminus of Route 73 ( signed as County Route 561 Spur ) . After this intersection , US 322 turns south and enters Hamilton Township , where it encounters County Route 559 at a traffic circle that has been modified to have US 322 run through it . After passing more woods and a clearing for farms , the road widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway and has an interchange with Route 50 . A short while after , the route enters a residential and commercial area , passing by Atlantic Cape Community College before heading to the south of the Hamilton Mall . Here , US 322 intersects U.S. Route 40 , which merges onto the Black Horse Pike . The two routes continue to the southeast through business areas , meeting County Route 575 and a ramp to the Atlantic City Expressway . CR 575 turns east to form a concurrency with US 40 / US 322 . The road enters Egg Harbor Township , with CR 575 splitting from US 40 / US 322 by turning to the south . The route passes more wooded residential and commercial areas , as well as the Storybook Land amusement park , before intersecting County Route 563 . US 40 / US 322 forms a concurrency with that route and passes through a business district that includes the Harbor Square shopping center . CR 563 splits from the road by continuing southeast and the Black Horse Pike heads east interchange with the Garden State Parkway . The only direct ramp present is between the Black Horse Pike westbound and the Garden State Parkway northbound , with all other movements provided by CR 563 . Past here , US 40 / US 322 continues east past more businesses , crossing County Route 651 before entering Pleasantville . In Pleasantville , the road crosses U.S. Route 9 , where the name changes to Verona Avenue . Upon crossing County Route 585 , the Black Horse Pike continues past residences as an undivided road , crossing back into Egg Harbor Township . The road passes more businesses , closely paralleling the Atlantic City Expressway before entering Atlantic City . Here , the name becomes Albany Avenue and it comes to a pair of ramps that provide access to and from the Black Horse Pike eastbound and the Atlantic City Expressway westbound . US 40 / US 322 enters marshland , crossing the Great Thorofare onto Great Island before passing over the Beach Thorofare . Past this bridge , the road passes between businesses to the west and the closed Bader Field airport and the abandoned Bernie Robbins Stadium to the east . US 40 / US 322 crosses the Inside Thorofare on a drawbridge and continues as a county maintained road to its end at Atlantic Avenue and Pacific Avenue , one block from the boardwalk . In 2006 , an average of 6 @,@ 910 vehicles used the road daily in Atlantic County . = = History = = = = = Before 1953 = = = What is now U.S. Route 322 east of the Route 42 junction was established in 1855 as the Black Horse Pike , a turnpike that ran from Camden to Atlantic City via Blackwoodtown . In 1923 , the portion of present US 322 along the US 40 concurrency was designated as a part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 18S , a route that was built to connect Penns Grove to Atlantic City . As a result of the creation of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 , U.S. Route 40 was also signed along the alignment Route 18S . A year later , in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , the current alignment of US 322 through New Jersey was designated as a part of Route 42 between Williamstown and McKee City , while Route 48 replaced the Route 18S designation along the portion between McKee City and Atlantic City . The portion of US 40 / US 322 in Atlantic City was legislated as Route 55 in 1938 . In 1936 , US 322 was extended into New Jersey , running from a ferry dock on the Delaware River in Bridgeport and continuing east from there through Mullica Hill and Glassboro to Williamstown , where it followed Route 42 to McKee City and U.S. Route 40 / Route 48 to Atlantic City . In 1939 , the portion of US 322 between the ferry dock and Route 44 ( now U.S. Route 130 ) was legislated as Route S44 , a spur of Route 44 , while the route between there and Route 42 in Williamstown was legislated as Route 51 . It is also this section between Bridgeport and Williamstown that was not in state highway jurisdiction at the time . = = = 1953 to present = = = In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , several state highways concurrent with US 322 were removed , including Route S44 , Route 51 , Route 42 , Route 48 , and Route 55 . The section of US 322 between former US 130 and Route 42 became state highway jurisdiction in 1955 after a state takeover . This portion was also designated as part of County Route 536 with the creation of the 500 @-@ series county routes in 1952 . When the Commodore Barry Bridge opened in 1974 and replaced the ferry across the Delaware River , US 322 was moved to the new bridge approach and the former piece of the route to the ferry dock became Route 324 . In the 1960s , plans started forming for a freeway along the US 322 corridor in Gloucester County . A parkway had been planned in 1932 to run from Bridgeport east to the planned Camden @-@ Atlantic City Parkway as part of a network of such roads proposed for the Philadelphia area ; however , it was never built . The freeway , which was planned to connect the then @-@ proposed Commodore Barry Bridge to Route 42 in Williamstown , was projected to cost $ 59 @.@ 6 million . This freeway was proposed to be incorporated into the Interstate Highway System in 1970 ; however , this was denied . By the end of the 1970s , the US 322 freeway was canceled due to the desire to use highway funds for mass transit . However , plans resurfaced for a freeway along the US 322 corridor in 1987 , when Congressman William J. Hughes made a proposal for a road running from the New Jersey Turnpike to the Atlantic City Expressway , with access to the Route 55 freeway . This proposal was never built though . In 1995 , the New Jersey Turnpike Authority planned to build a toll road between the Commodore Barry Bridge and the Atlantic City Expressway , connecting with I @-@ 295 , the New Jersey Turnpike , and Route 55 . This proposal resulted from increased traffic volume on US 322 after the completion of Interstate 476 in Pennsylvania . However , this proposal was soon canceled due to the possible destruction it would cause to residences , businesses , and the environment . The Cardiff Circle along US 40 / US 322 at CR 563 and CR 608 in Egg Harbor Township was eliminated in a $ 3 @.@ 7 million project completed in 2002 . In December 2008 , jurisdiction of US 322 from the Woolwich – Harrison township line to the Route 55 interchange and a 0 @.@ 35 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 56 km ) segment within Glassboro was transferred from the state highway agency , the New Jersey Department of Transportation , to Gloucester County . Construction of a bypass around Mullica Hill began in December 2010 in order to relieve severe traffic congestion through the town . The route originally went through the town 's historical district , where it briefly joined Route 45 . The new alignment removes the concurrency , so that the routes merely cross at an intersection . The road was estimated to cost $ 12 million , and is described by a freeholder as being the " largest infrastructure project that has ever been undertaken in Gloucester County . " In addition to the bypass , a portion of US 322 in the Mullica Hill area was widened . Construction of the bypass portion initially awaited approval from the New Jersey Historical Sites Council to determine if it would impact the Mullica Hill Historic District . The Mullica Hill Bypass opened to traffic on January 11 , 2012 . With the rerouting of US 322 onto the Mullica Hill Bypass , the former alignment of US 322 to Mullica Hill is now US 322 Bus . , which is unsigned . = = Major intersections = = = 2 / 15th Battalion ( Australia ) = The 2 / 15th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II . Formed in May 1940 primarily from Queensland volunteers , the battalion saw action in North Africa in 1941 – 42 as part of the 20th Brigade , which was part of the 7th Division before being reassigned to the 9th Division . After completing training in Palestine , in early 1941 , the 2 / 15th took up positions along the front line in the Western Desert , before being pushed back to Tobruk . Between April and October 1941 , along with a garrison of British and other Australian personnel , the battalion helped to hold the strategically important port , which had been surrounded following the landing of German troops at Tripoli . It was withdrawn by sea in late October 1941 as the 9th Division was relieved by the British 70th Division . Following its withdrawal from Tobruk , the battalion re @-@ formed at Gaza before undertaking garrison duties in Syria . In mid @-@ 1942 , the 2 / 15th returned to North Africa to fight in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein . In early 1943 , the 2 / 15th returned to Australia and was re @-@ organised and re @-@ trained for jungle warfare . It took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943 – 44 and Borneo in 1945 , before being disbanded in 1946 . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = The 2 / 15th Battalion was raised at Victoria Barracks in Brisbane on 26 April 1940 from Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) volunteers . It was one of three infantry battalions assigned to the 20th Brigade that were initially part of the 7th Division , the other two being the 2 / 13th and 2 / 17th Battalions . The battalion had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel like other Australian infantry battalions of the time , and was organised into four rifle companies – designated ' A ' through to ' D ' – each consisting of three platoons ; these were supported by a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company with six specialist platoons : signals , pioneer , anti @-@ aircraft , transport , administrative and mortars . Upon formation , the 2 / 15th was placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Marlan , an Australian Staff Corps officer of the Permanent Military Forces who arrived on promotion from major , having previously served in World War I with the 20th Battalion . The colours initially chosen for the battalion 's Unit Colour Patch ( UCP ) were the same as those of the 15th Battalion , a unit that had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921 . These colours were initially purple and red in a diamond shape , but after representations from World War I veterans the colour patch was changed to brown over dark blue , in a rectangle shape . The patch was placed inside a grey diamond border added to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart ; this would change following the unit 's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk , when it adopted a ' T ' -shaped UCP consisting of blue and green . Following the battalion 's establishment , Marlan set about choosing a cadre of senior commissioned and non @-@ commissioned personnel around which to build the battalion . These personnel included the battalion second @-@ in @-@ command , the quartermaster and adjutant , as well as senior enlisted soldiers to undertake administrative and instructional work . These were recruited from several of the existing Queensland @-@ based Militia battalions including the 25th , 42nd and 47th Battalions . One member recruited at the time had served with the 15th Battalion that had been raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force , during World War I. After the first groups of personnel began arriving at Redbank , in south @-@ east Queensland , in the middle of May , the battalion 's headquarters moved to the camp and basic training commenced in June under instructors from the Australian Instructional Corps . In early July , the majority of the battalion was transported by train to Pinkenba , and from there to Darwin , in Australia 's north , aboard the troopship Zealandia . Tasked with defending the port and its surrounds , the battalion was based around Vestey 's meatworks near Mindil Beach , and in the months that followed was occupied with vital asset protection and area defence in between individual and collective training exercises . Personnel were joined by the majority of their vehicles , including 14 tracked Bren carriers in August , as well as a group of reinforcements . In October , elements of the battalion were used as stevedores during a wharf labourers ' strike . In the absence of the Darwin personnel , the battalion 's rear details shifted from Redbank to Grovely where route marches were carried out in the Samford Valley . In late October , the rear details personnel returned to Redbank at the end of the month where more equipment was received . The main body of the battalion remained in Darwin , forming part of the town 's defensive garrison . They were relieved by the 2 / 25th Battalion in late October 1940 , and embarked again on the Zealandia . Sailing via Bowen where shore leave was granted , the 2 / 15th reached Hamilton , in Brisbane , in early November to marry up with the rear details at Redbank . Further training was undertaken at Redbank at this time before the whole battalion entrained for Brisbane on Christmas Day , embarking aboard the Queen Mary bound for Sydney . There , the ship joined up with a larger convoy that was bound for the Middle East theatre . = = = Middle East = = = Sailing via Colombo , the battalion disembarked in Bombay , transferring to the Rohna for the remainder of the journey . Transitting the Suez Canal , it disembarked at El Kantara , in Egypt , in February 1941 . En route to the Middle East , the 20th Brigade was reassigned to the 9th Division , as part of a reorganisation of the Australian divisions in the Middle East prior to I Corps ' deployment to Greece . Upon arrival in Egypt , the battalion moved to a base in Gaza dubbed Kilo 89 , where it concentrated with the 2 / 13th and 2 / 17th Battalions , which had arrived earlier in Palestine as the 9th Division attempted to make good its equipment and training deficiencies . The battalion 's war equipment , including vehicles , arrived in mid @-@ February and throughout the month the troops were introduced to the Bren light machine gun , firing it for the first time at the Jaffa Range and practicing constructing defensive systems in preparation for desert warfare . Individual training undertaken at this time was aimed at identifying those who would be unfit for the coming battle , and many were subsequently transferred to the divisional guard battalion . In early March 1941 , the 2 / 15th entrained at Gaza and moved to Mersa Matruh , as the 9th Division began to relieve the 6th Division along the front line in the Western Desert so that the latter could be transferred to Greece , where a German invasion was expected . A few days later the battalion was moved to Tobruk . From there it moved by road in captured Italian vehicles to Derna and on to Tochra , then Benghazi , and eventually Barce . Throughout early April , the 2 / 15th became involved in the large @-@ scale withdrawal that followed the landing of German forces around Tripoli as part of Axis efforts to reinforce the Italians in North Africa following British gains in western Egypt and Cyrenaica during Operation Compass in 1940 – 41 . The battalion subsequently fell back east along the coast towards Tobruk . During the retreat about 180 men , including the battalion 's commanding officer , Marlan , were taken prisoner when their headquarters was surrounded by a force of 18 tanks and unsuccessfully attempted to fight their way out . These men spent several years in captivity , being held initially in camps in North Africa before moving to Italy and later Germany ; some managed to escape either in North Africa , or from Italy ; several eventually rejoined the battalion , while others linked up with Italian or Yugoslavian partisans with whom they fought against German forces later in the war . Lieutenant Colonel Robert Ogle took over command of the battalion following Marlan 's capture . It subsequently joined the defence of Tobruk , as part of the defensive garrison that held the strategically important port after it was placed under siege by the advancing German and Italian forces . The battalion remained there for over six months conducting patrols and raids , and holding positions around the perimeter until late October 1941 , when the bulk of the 9th Division , less the 2 / 13th Battalion and two companies from the 2 / 15th , were withdrawn by sea and replaced by British troops from the 70th Division . The 2 / 15th 's casualties during the withdrawal from Benghazi and the siege of Torbuk amounted to 45 killed in action or died of wounds , one accidentally killed , 103 wounded in action and 205 captured . The 2 / 15th was subsequently withdrawn to Gaza , where it stayed into the new year , before moving to Syria , where it formed part of the Allied occupation force established there at the end of the Syria – Lebanon campaign . In July 1942 , in the face of a heavy German onslaught that threatened to break through to Suez , the 9th Division was hurriedly moved back to North Africa . The 2 / 15th subsequently took part in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein during the remainder of the year . Throughout August , the 2 / 15th subsequently held a position in the north @-@ east sector of the line from Hill 33 to the coast . On 1 September , the 2 / 15th participated in the 9th Division 's diversionary attack south of Tel @-@ el @-@ Eisa , codenamed Operation Bulimba , which was planned as a response to German offensive actions further south during the lead @-@ up to the final assault in late October and early November 1942 . In heavy fighting near Point 23 , a low rocky outcrop , the battalion lost about half of its fighting strength , sustaining 183 casualties , amidst heavy hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting as the battalion came up against heavy resistance after penetrating a German minefield . Ogle 's carrier struck a mine during the operation , and he was seriously wounded . The battalion 's role in the September attack , including the efforts of Corporal Horton McLachlan , who received the Distinguished Conduct Medal , was later depicted in a painting by Ivor Hele . Among the casualties at El Alamein was the 2 / 15th 's recently appointed replacement commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Keith Magno , who was mortally wounded by artillery fire after the battalion was heavily shelled while forming up during an attack around Trig 29 – a valuable piece of high ground south @-@ west of Tel @-@ el @-@ Eisa – on 28 October . Casualties over both periods the battalion fought around Alamein totaled 81 killed , 23 died of wounds , 276 wounded and seven captured . = = = New Guinea and Borneo = = = By early 1943 the Australian Army 's focus had shifted to operations in the Pacific theatre against the Japanese , and the 9th Division received orders to return to Australia to join the other two 2nd AIF divisions , the 6th and 7th , which had departed earlier in 1942 . A divisional parade was held in Gaza , after which the 2 / 15th embarked upon the transport Acquitania and sailed with a large convoy established under Operation Pamphlet as part of the final stage in the withdrawal of the 2nd AIF divisions from the Middle East . After a journey of just over a month , the Acquitania berthed at Sydney in late February 1943 . During this time the battalion was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Raymond Barham . After disembarking in Sydney , the troops received three weeks of leave during which time they were allowed to return to their homes . The 9th Division then carried out welcome home marches across Australia , with the 2 / 15th taking part in the march through Brisbane . After this , the division was transported to Kairi on the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland where it was converted to the jungle establishment and began training for operations against the Japanese . The reorganisation saw the battalion establishment drop to around 800 men , and the loss of many vehicles and heavy equipment . Lieutenant Colonel Colin Henry Grace was appointed to command the battalion in May 1943 and would do so for the rest of the war . Amphibious training was carried out at Trinity Beach , near Cairns , with the US 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment in July 1943 . Following training , the battalion was deployed to New Guinea , arriving in Milne Bay in early August 1943 . It saw action in the final stages of the Salamaua – Lae campaign in September 1943 . The 2 / 15 took part in the landing at Lae , the first amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces since the failed Gallipoli campaign in 1915 . During the operation , the 2 / 15th was initially assigned the task of securing the beachhead following the 20th Brigade 's landing . After being relieved it joined the advance west towards the town , slowed by heavy rains that turned the many creeks in the area into raging torrents , which were invariably covered by heavy Japanese fire from the opposite bank . Later in September , after Lae had fallen to troops of the 7th Division advancing from Nadzab , the 20th Brigade undertook a follow @-@ up operation further east , an opposed amphibious landing at Scarlet Beach , as part of Allied efforts to secure the Huon Peninsula . During the landing , the 2 / 15th formed the 20th Brigade 's reserve force , coming ashore around Katika due to a navigational error ; here it fought to dislodge strongly entrenched Japanese forces as the Australians established a beachhead . This was followed by the capture of Finschhafen , during which the 2 / 15th advanced alongside the 2 / 17th Battalion . The battalion 's main effort was focused around securing a crossing over the Bumi River northwest of Finschhafen . After the town had been captured , it was tasked with expanding the Australian beachhead further west towards Kumawa as part of the drive on Sattelberg . For his actions during the battalion 's attack around Kumawa on 13 October 1944 , Corporal William Woods – who had destroyed two machine gun positions singlehandedly after most of his section had been wiped out – was recommended for the Victoria Cross , the only member of the battalion to be nominated for the award . It was subsequently downgraded to a Distinguished Conduct Medal . After a short period of rest while Sattelberg was captured by the 26th Brigade , in late November the 2 / 15th joined the advance to Wareo , capturing Nongora village , crossing the Song River , and then undertaking patrols through the Christmas Hills until relieved by elements of the 4th Brigade , which pushed the Australian advance along the coast , forcing the Japanese north towards Sio as the Australians sought to secure the Huon Peninsula . In late December , the 20th Brigade rotated back into the lead , and the 2 / 15th took over the from the 22nd Battalion around the Tunom River , where the battalion headquarters came under aerial attack . After a brief pause near the flood swollen Tunom , the advance continued throughout December and into January 1944 with minor skirmishes punctuating the battalion 's advance . Finally , on 21 January , at the edge of the Sazomu River , the order arrived for the 2 / 15th to be withdrawn to Finschhafen for rest prior to repatriation to Australia . The fighting in New Guinea cost the battalion 30 killed in action , six dead from wounds , four dead from accidents and 119 wounded . The 2 / 15th Battalion returned to Australia in mid @-@ March 1944 aboard the Klipfontein . After docking in Brisbane , a 42 @-@ day leave period followed before the battalion came together again at Ravenshoe to begin the process of rebuilding in preparation for the next phase of the war . Between June and August , training progressed from individual instruction up to brigade @-@ level exercises as the unit was re @-@ constituted for its next campaign . During training it experienced a high turnover of personnel and a large influx of reinforcements , including several officers , was received in the middle of 1944 from the disbanded 62nd Battalion , a Queensland @-@ based Militia battalion that had previously been assigned to Merauke Force . A long period of training followed the battalion 's return to Australia in early 1944 , as there was a degree of uncertainty about the Australian Army 's role in future operations in the Pacific after the US military assumed primary responsibility for combat operations in the theatre . Nevertheless , in the final months of the war the 2 / 15th took part in efforts to recapture North Borneo as part of Operation Oboe Six . After a battalion @-@ level exercise in early 1945 , the 2 / 15th sailed from Australia aboard the Charles Lummis in early May . Staging out of Morotai Island , a detachment of the battalion landed on Muara Island on 10 June 1945 , disembarking from US @-@ operated LVTs and securing the island without opposition , while later , other elements from the 2 / 15th were put ashore on the peninsula around Brunei Town , as part of Allied operations to secure northern Borneo . While the main Australian force advanced towards Kuching and the oil fields around Seria , two companies of the 2 / 15th served as a " floating reserve " for the 2 / 13th Battalion 's landing around Lutong , while the main body of the 2 / 15th subsequently moved inland towards Limbang , and began patrolling along the Limbang and Pandaruan Rivers that forked inland from the bay , using landing craft for mobility , and securing several small villages around the edge of the bay . Limbang was taken on 18 June , and two days later the two detached companies rejoined the battalion . Subsequently , several engagements were fought with the Japanese during patrols in June and July , but these were mainly small @-@ scale ; two members of the battalion were killed in an ambush around Brunei in late June , the heaviest fighting occurring in early July , when a patrol killed over 20 Japanese in a short but sharp encounter . By the end of July , a draft of 170 long @-@ service personnel were released to return to Australia in early August , just as the war came to an end . Casualties for the 20th Brigade were light ; the 2 / 15th suffered five battle casualties during its last campaign , two killed and three wounded . = = = Disbandment = = = After the war , the 2 / 15th remained on Brunei until November when it moved to Mempakul as personnel were returned to Australia in drafts based on priority of discharge . A small group of personnel volunteered at this time to undertake occupation duties in Japan and were subsequently transferred to the 66th or 67th Battalions . In early December , the battalion 's vehicles were returned and after the appropriate clearances were received , the remaining cadre was transported to Labuan . From there , they sailed back to Australia aboard the Pachaug Victory , arriving at Brett 's Wharf , in Brisbane on 19 December . The cadre moved into a camp at Chermside , where they completed unloading of stores and equipment before a short Christmas leave . Early in the new year , the final administrative tasks were completed and the last group of personnel were posted for demobilisation and discharge . Finally , the 2 / 15th was officially disbanded on 21 January 1946 . During its service a total of 2 @,@ 758 men served with the 2 / 15th Battalion , of whom 191 were killed or died of wounds , another 25 died on active service , 501 were wounded , and 212 were captured . Members of the 2 / 15th received three Distinguished Service Orders , 10 Military Crosses , seven Distinguished Conduct Medals , 18 Military Medals , one British Empire Medal , 47 Mentions in Despatches and nine Commander @-@ In @-@ Chief Commendation Cards . In addition , four were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire . = = Battle honours = = The 2 / 15th Battalion received the following battle honours : North Africa 1941 – 43 , El Adem Road , Alam el Halfa , West Point 23 , Finschhafen , Scarlet Beach , Bumi River , Defence of Scarlet Beach , Nongora , Borneo , Brunei , Miri , Defence of Tobruk , The Salient 1941 , El Alamein , South @-@ West Pacific 1943 – 45 , Lae – Nadzab , Liberation of Australian New Guinea and Sio . These honours were subsequently entrusted to the 15th Battalion in 1961 , a Queensland @-@ based part @-@ time unit that was the successor to the unit of the same designation that had been raised during World War I. = = Commanding officers = = The following officers served as commanding officer of the 2 / 15th : Lieutenant Colonel Robert Francis Marlan ( 1940 – 41 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel Robert William George Ogle ( 1941 – 42 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel Charles Keith Massy Magno ( 1942 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel Raymond James Barham ( 1942 – 43 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel Colin Henry Grace ( 1943 – 45 ) . = James Cagney = James Francis Cagney , Jr . ( July 17 , 1899 – March 30 , 1986 ) was an American actor and dancer , both on stage and in film , though he had his greatest impact in film . Known for his consistently energetic performances , distinctive vocal style , and deadpan comic timing , he won acclaim and major awards for a wide variety of performances . He is best remembered for playing multifaceted tough guys in movies such as The Public Enemy ( 1931 ) , Taxi ! ( 1932 ) , Angels with Dirty Faces ( 1938 ) , and White Heat ( 1949 ) and was even typecast or limited by this view earlier in his career . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked him eighth among its list of greatest male stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema . Orson Welles said of Cagney , " [ he was ] maybe the greatest actor who ever appeared in front of a camera " , and Stanley Kubrick considered him to be one of the best actors of all time . In his first professional acting performance , Cagney danced costumed as a woman in the chorus line of the 1919 revue Every Sailor . He spent several years in vaudeville as a dancer and comedian , until he got his first major acting part in 1925 . He secured several other roles , receiving good notices , before landing the lead in the 1929 play Penny Arcade . After rave reviews , Warner Bros. signed him for an initial $ 500 @-@ a @-@ week , three @-@ week contract to reprise his role ; this was quickly extended to a seven @-@ year contract . Cagney 's seventh film , The Public Enemy , became one of the most influential gangster movies of the period . Notable for a famous scene in which Cagney pushes a grapefruit against Mae Clark 's face , the film thrust him into the spotlight . He became one of Hollywood 's biggest stars and one of Warner Bros. ' biggest contracts . In 1938 , he received his first Academy Award for Best Actor nomination , for Angels with Dirty Faces for his subtle portrayal of the tough guy / man @-@ child Rocky Sullivan . In 1942 , Cagney won the Oscar for his energetic portrayal of George M. Cohan in Yankee Doodle Dandy . He was nominated a third time in 1955 for Love Me or Leave Me . Cagney retired from acting and dancing in 1961 to spend time on his farm with his family . He exited retirement , 20 years later , for a part in the 1981 movie Ragtime , mainly to aid his recovery from a stroke . Cagney walked out on Warner Bros. several times over the course of his career , each time returning on much improved personal and artistic terms . In 1935 , he sued Warners for breach of contract and won . This was one of the first times an actor prevailed over a studio on a contract issue . He worked for an independent film company for a year while the suit was being settled — and established his own production company , Cagney Productions , in 1942 , before returning to Warners four years later . In reference to Cagney 's refusal to be pushed around , Jack L. Warner called him " the Professional Againster " . Cagney also made numerous morale @-@ boosting troop tours before and during World War II , and was president of the Screen Actors Guild for two years . = = Early life = = Cagney was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City . His biographers disagree as to the actual location : either on the corner of Avenue D and 8th Street or in a top @-@ floor apartment at 391 East Eighth . His father , James Francis Cagney , Sr. , was of Irish descent . By the time of his son 's birth , he was a bartender and amateur boxer , though on Cagney 's birth certificate , he is listed as a telegraphist . His mother was Carolyn ( née Nelson ) ; her father was a Norwegian ship captain while her mother was Irish . Cagney was the second of seven children , two of whom died within months of birth . He was sickly as a young child — so much so that his mother feared he would die before he could be baptized . He later attributed his sickness to the poverty his family had to endure . The family moved twice while he was still young , first to East 79th Street , and then to East 96th Street . He was confirmed at St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church in Manhattan , where he would eventually have his funeral service . The red @-@ haired , blue @-@ eyed Cagney graduated from Stuyvesant High School in New York City , in 1918 , and attended Columbia College of Columbia University , where he intended to major in Art . He also took German and joined the Student Army Training Corps but dropped out after one semester , returning home upon the death of his father during the 1918 flu pandemic . Cagney held a variety of jobs early in his life , giving all his earnings to his family : junior architect , copy boy for The New York Sun , book custodian at the New York Public Library , bellhop , draughtsman , and night doorkeeper . While Cagney was working for the New York Public Library , he met Florence James , who helped him into an acting career . Cagney believed in hard work , later stating , " It was good for me . I feel sorry for the kid who has too cushy a time of it . Suddenly he has to come face @-@ to @-@ face with the realities of life without any mama or papa to do his thinking for him . " He started tap dancing as a boy ( a skill that eventually contributed to his Academy Award ) and was nicknamed " Cellar @-@ Door Cagney " after his habit of dancing on slanted cellar doors . He was a good street fighter , defending his older brother Harry , a medical student , when necessary . He engaged in amateur boxing , and was a runner @-@ up for the New York State lightweight title . His coaches encouraged him to turn professional , but his mother would not allow it . He also played semiprofessional baseball for a local team , and entertained dreams of playing in the Major Leagues . His introduction to films was unusual . When visiting an aunt who lived in Brooklyn opposite Vitagraph Studios , Cagney would climb over the fence to watch the filming of John Bunny movies . He became involved in amateur dramatics , starting as a scenery boy for a Chinese pantomime at Lenox Hill Neighborhood House , one of the first settlement houses in the nation , where his brother Harry performed and his soon @-@ to @-@ be friend , Florence James , directed . He was initially content working behind the scenes and had no interest in performing . One night , however , Harry became ill , and although Cagney was not an understudy , his photographic memory of rehearsals enabled him to stand in for his brother without making a single mistake . Therefore , Florence James has the unique distinction of being the first director to put him on a stage . Afterward , he joined a number of companies as a performer in a variety of roles . = = Career = = = = = 1919 – 30 : Early career = = = While working at Wanamaker 's Department Store in 1919 , Cagney learned , from a colleague who had seen him dance , of a role in the upcoming production Every Sailor . A wartime play in which the chorus was made up of servicemen dressed as women , it was originally titled Every Woman . Cagney auditioned for the role of a chorus girl , despite considering it a waste of time ; he only knew one dance step , the complicated Peabody , but he knew it perfectly . This was enough to convince the producers that he could dance , and he copied the other dancers ' moves while waiting to go on . He did not find it odd to play a woman , nor was he embarrassed . He later recalled how he was able to shed his own natural shy persona when he stepped onto the stage : " For there I am not myself . I am not that fellow , Jim Cagney , at all . I certainly lost all consciousness of him when I put on skirts , wig , paint , powder , feathers and spangles . " Had Cagney 's mother had her way , his stage career would have ended when he quit Every Sailor after two months ; proud as she was of his performance , she preferred that he get an education . Cagney appreciated the $ 35 a week he was paid , which he called " a mountain of money for me in those worrisome days . " In deference to his mother 's worries , he got employment as a brokerage house runner . This did not stop him looking for more stage work , however , and he went on to successfully audition for a chorus part in the William B. Friedlander musical Pitter Patter , for which he earned $ 55 a week — he sent $ 40 to his mother each week . So strong was his habit of holding down more than one job at a time , he also worked as a dresser for one of the leads , portered the casts ' luggage , and understudied for the lead . Among the chorus line performers was 16 @-@ year @-@ old Frances Willard " Billie " Vernon , whom he married in 1922 . The show began Cagney 's 10 @-@ year association with vaudeville and Broadway . Cagney and his wife were among the early resident of Free Acres , a social experiment established by Bolton Hall in Berkeley Heights , New Jersey . Pitter Patter was not hugely successful , but it did well enough to run for 32 weeks , enabling Cagney to join the vaudeville circuit . Vernon and he toured separately with a number of different troupes , reuniting as " Vernon and Nye " to do simple comedy routines and musical numbers . " Nye " was a rearrangement of the last syllable of Cagney 's surname . One of the troupes Cagney joined was Parker , Rand , and Leach , taking over the spot vacated when Archie Leach — who later changed his name to Cary Grant — left . After years of touring and struggling to make money , Cagney and Vernon moved to Hawthorne , California , in 1924 , partly for Cagney to meet his new mother @-@ in @-@ law , who had just moved there from Chicago , and partly to investigate breaking into the movies . Their train fares were paid for by a friend , the press officer of Pitter Patter , who was also desperate to act . They were not successful at first ; the dance studio Cagney set up had few clients and folded , and Vernon and he toured the studios , but garnered no interest . Eventually , they borrowed some money and headed back to New York via Chicago and Milwaukee , enduring failure along the way when they attempted to make money on the stage . Cagney secured his first significant nondancing role in 1925 . He played a young tough guy in the three @-@ act play Outside Looking In by Maxwell Anderson , earning $ 200 a week . As with Pitter Patter , Cagney went to the audition with little confidence he would get the part . He had no experience with drama at this point . Cagney felt that he only got the role because his hair was redder than that of Alan Bunce , the only other red @-@ headed performer in New York . Both the play and Cagney received good reviews ; Life magazine wrote , " Mr. Cagney , in a less spectacular role [ than his co @-@ star ] makes a few minutes silence during his mock @-@ trial scene something that many a more established actor might watch with profit . " Burns Mantle wrote that it " ... contained the most honest acting now to be seen in New York . " Following the show 's four @-@ month run , Cagney went back to vaudeville for the next few years . He achieved varied success , but after appearing in Outside Looking In , the Cagneys were more financially secure . During this period , he met George M. Cohan , whom he later portrayed in Yankee Doodle Dandy , though they never spoke . Cagney secured the lead role in the 1926 – 27 season West End production of Broadway by George Abbott . The show 's management insisted that he copy Broadway lead Lee Tracy 's performance , despite Cagney 's discomfort in doing so , but the day before the show sailed for England , they decided to replace him . This was a devastating turn of events for Cagney ; apart from the logistical difficulties this presented — the couple 's luggage was in the hold of the ship and they had given up their apartment . He almost quit show business . As Vernon recalled , " Jimmy said that it was all over . He made up his mind that he would get a job doing something else . " The Cagneys had run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ play contracts , which lasted as long as the play did . Vernon was in the chorus line of the show , and with help from the Actors ’ Equity Association , Cagney understudied Tracy on the Broadway show , providing them with a desperately needed steady income . Cagney also established a dance school for professionals , then landed a part in the play Women Go On Forever , directed by John Cromwell , which ran for four months . By the end of the run , Cagney was exhausted from acting and running the dance school . He had built a reputation as an innovative teacher , so when he was cast as the lead in Grand Street Follies of 1928 , he was also appointed the choreographer . The show received rave reviews and was followed by Grand Street Follies of 1929 . These roles led to a part in George Kelly 's Maggie the Magnificent , a play the critics disliked , though they liked Cagney 's performance . Cagney saw this role ( and Women Go on Forever ) as significant because of the talented directors he met . He learned " ... what a director was for and what a director could do . They were directors who could play all the parts in the play better than the actors cast for them . " = = = 1930 – 35 : Warner Bros. = = = Playing opposite Cagney in Maggie the Magnificent was Joan Blondell , who starred again with him a few months later in Marie Baumer 's new play Penny Arcade . While the critics panned Penny Arcade , they praised Cagney and Blondell . Al Jolson , sensing film potential , bought the rights for $ 20 @,@ 000 . He then sold the play to Warner Bros. , with the stipulation that they cast Cagney and Blondell in the film version . Retitled Sinners ' Holiday , the film was released in 1930 . Cagney was given a $ 500 @-@ a @-@ week , three @-@ week contract . In the film , he portrays Harry Delano , a tough guy who becomes a killer , but generates sympathy because of his unfortunate upbringing . This role of the sympathetic " bad " guy was a recurring character type for Cagney throughout his career . During filming of Sinners ' Holiday , he also demonstrated the stubbornness that characterized his work attitude . He later recalled an argument he had with director John Adolfi about a line : " There was a line in the show where I was supposed to be crying on my mother 's breast ... [ The line ] was ' I 'm your baby , ain 't I ? ' I refused to say it . Adolfi said ' I 'm going to tell Zanuck . ' I said ' I don 't give a shit what you tell him , I 'm not going to say that line . ' " They took the line out . Despite this outburst , the studio liked him , and before his three @-@ week contract was up — while the film was still shooting — they gave Cagney a three @-@ week extension , which was followed by a full seven @-@ year contract at $ 400 a week . The contract , however , allowed Warners to drop him at the end of any 40 @-@ week period , effectively only guaranteeing him 40 weeks income at a time . As when he was growing up , Cagney shared his income with his family . Cagney received good reviews , and immediately starred in another gangster role in The Doorway to Hell . The film was a financial hit , helping cement Cagney 's growing reputation . He made four more movies before his breakthrough role . Warner Brothers ′ succession of gangster movie hits , in particular Little Caesar with Edward G. Robinson , culminated with the 1931 film The Public Enemy . Due to the strong reviews in his short film career , Cagney was cast as nice @-@ guy Matt Doyle , opposite Edward Woods as Tom Powers . However , after the initial rushes , each was reassigned the other 's part . The film cost only $ 151 @,@ 000 to make , but it became one of the first low @-@ budget films to gross $ 1 million . Cagney received widespread praise for his role . The New York Herald Tribune described his performance as " ... the most ruthless , unsentimental appraisal of the meanness of a petty killer the cinema has yet devised . " He received top billing after the film , but while he acknowledged the importance of the role to his career , he always disputed that it changed the way heroes and leading men were portrayed ; he cited Clark Gable 's slapping of Barbara Stanwyck six months earlier ( in Night Nurse ) as more important . Night Nurse was actually released three months after The Public Enemy , and Gable punched Stanwyck in the film , knocking her character unconscious , then carried her across the hall , where she woke up later . Many critics view the scene in which Cagney pushes a grapefruit into Mae Clarke 's face as one of the most famous moments in movie history . The scene itself was a late addition , and who thought of the idea is a matter of debate . Producer Darryl Zanuck claimed he thought of it in a script conference , director William Wellman claimed that the idea came to him when he saw the grapefruit on the table during the shoot , and writers Glasmon and Bright claimed it was based on the real life of gangster Hymie Weiss , who threw an omelette into his girlfriend 's face . Cagney himself usually cited the writers ' version , but the fruit 's victim , Clarke , agreed that it was Wellman 's idea , saying , " I 'm sorry I ever agreed to do the grapefruit bit . I never dreamed it would be shown in the movie . Director Bill Wellman thought of the idea suddenly . It wasn 't even written into the script . " . However , according to Turner Classic Movies ( TCM ) , the grapefruit scene was a practical joke that Cagney and costar Mae Clarke decided to play on the crew while the cameras were rolling . Wellman liked it so much that he left it in . TCM also notes that the scene made Clarke 's ex @-@ husband , Lew Brice , very happy . " He saw the film repeatedly just to see that scene , and was often shushed by angry patrons when his delighted laughter got too loud . " Filmmakers have mimicked it many times , such as Lee Marvin 's character splashing scalding coffee in the face of Gloria Grahame in The Big Heat . Cagney himself was offered grapefruit in almost every restaurant he visited for years after , and Clarke claimed it virtually ruined her career because of typecasting . Cagney 's stubbornness became well known behind the scenes , not least after his refusal to join in a 100 % participation @-@ free charity drive pushed by Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . Cagney did not object to donating money to charity , but rather to being forced to . Already he had acquired the nickname " The Professional Againster " . Warner Bros. was quick to team its two rising	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1990s and 2000s , Nelson toured continuously , recording several albums including 1998 's critically acclaimed Teatro , and performed and recorded with other acts including Phish , Johnny Cash , and Toby Keith . His duet with Keith , " Beer for My Horses " , was released as a single and topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts for six consecutive weeks in 2003 , while the accompanying video won an award for " Best Video " at the 2004 Academy of Country Music Awards . A USA Network television special celebrated Nelson 's 70th birthday , and Nelson released The Essential Willie Nelson as part of the celebration . Nelson also appeared on Ringo Starr 's 2003 album , Ringo Rama , as a guest vocal on " Write One for Me " . Nelson headlined the 2005 Tsunami Relief Austin to Asia concert to benefit the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , which raised an estimated US $ 75 @,@ 000 for UNICEF . Also in 2005 , a live performance of the Johnny Cash song " Busted " with Ray Charles was released on Charles ' duets album Genius & Friends . Nelson 's 2007 performance with jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis at the Lincoln Center , was released as the live album Two Men with the Blues in 2008 ; reaching number one in Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums and number twenty on the Billboard 200 . The same year , Nelson recorded his first album with Buddy Cannon as the producer , Moment of Forever . Cannon acquainted Nelson earlier , during the production of his collaboration with Kenny Chesney on the duet " That Lucky Old Sun " , for Chesney 's album of the same name . In 2009 Nelson and Marsalis joined with Norah Jones in a tribute concert to Ray Charles , which resulted in the Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles album , released in 2011 . In 2010 , Nelson released Country Music , a compilation of standards produced by T @-@ Bone Burnett . The album peaked number four in Billboard 's Top Country Albums , and twenty on the Billboard 200 . It was nominated for Best Americana Album at the 2011 Grammy Awards . In 2011 Nelson participated in the concert Kokua For Japan , a fund raising event for the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan which raised US $ 1 @.@ 6 million . In February 2012 , Legacy Recordings signed a deal with Nelson that included the release of new material , as well as past releases that would be selected and complemented with outtakes and other material selected by him . With the new deal , Buddy Cannon returned to produce the recordings of Nelson . After selecting the material and the sound of the tunes with the singer , Cannon 's work method consisted in the recording of the tracks with studio musicians , with the takes later completed on a separate session by Nelson with his guitar . Cannon 's association to Nelson also extended to songwriting , with singer and producer composing the lyrics by exchanging text messages . Nelson 's first release for the Legacy Recordings was Heroes , that included guest appearances by his sons Lukas and Micah of the band Insects vs Robots , Ray Price , Merle Haggard , Snoop Dogg , Kris Kristofferson , Jamey Johnson , Billy Joe Shaver and Sheryl Crow . The album reached number four on Billboard 's Top Country Albums . His 2013 release To All the Girls ... , a collection of duets with all female partners , featured among others Dolly Parton , Loretta Lynn , Rosanne Cash , Sheryl Crow , Mavis Staples , Norah Jones , Emmylou Harris , Carrie Underwood and Miranda Lambert . The album entered Billboard 's Top Country Albums at number two , marking his highest position on the chart since the release of his 1989 A Horse Called Music , and extending his record to a total of forty @-@ six top ten albums on the country charts . Nelson scored as well his second top ten album on the Billboard 200 , with the release entering at number nine . His following release was Band of Brothers , in 2014 , the first Nelson album to feature the most newly self @-@ penned songs since 1996 's Spirit . Upon its release , it topped Billboard 's Top Country albums chart , the first time since 1986 's The Promiseland , the last Nelson album to top it . The release reached number five on the Billboard 200 , Nelson 's highest position on the chart since 1982 's Always on My Mind . In December 2014 , a duet with Rhonda Vincent , " Only Me " , topped Bluegrass Unlimited 's National Airplay chart . In June 2015 , his collaboration with Haggard Django and Jimmie topped Billboard 's Top Country albums chart and reached number seven on the Billboard 200 . His two sons Lukas and Micah with the band Promise of the Real have backed Neil Young on his single " A Rock Star Bucks A Coffee Shop " which is from Young 's concept album The Monsanto Years which was set for release at the end of June 2015.The song is aimed at Starbucks , Monsanto , and genetically modified food . By the end of May 2015 , the song was Video of the week on the Food Consumer website . = = Other ventures = = Nelson 's acting debut was in the 1979 film , The Electric Horseman , followed by appearances in Honeysuckle Rose , Thief , and Barbarosa . He played the role of Red Loon in Coming Out of the Ice in 1982 and starred in Songwriter two years later . He portrayed the lead role in the 1986 film version of his album Red Headed Stranger . Other movies that Nelson acted in include Wag the Dog , Gone Fishin ' ( as Billy ' Catch ' Pooler ) , the 1986 television movie Stagecoach ( with Johnny Cash ) , Half Baked , Beerfest , The Dukes of Hazzard , Surfer , Dude and Swing Vote.He has also made guest appearances on Miami Vice ( 1986 's " El Viejo " episode ) , Delta , Nash Bridges , The Simpsons , Monk , Adventures in Wonderland , Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman , King of the Hill , The Colbert Report , Swing Vote and Space Ghost Coast to Coast . In 1988 his first book , Willie : An Autobiography , was published . The Facts of Life : And Other Dirty Jokes , a personal recollection of tour and musical stories from his career , combined with song lyrics , followed in 2002 . In 2005 he co @-@ authored Farm Aid : A Song for America , a commemorative book about the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of Farm Aid . His third book , co @-@ authored with long @-@ time friend Turk Pipkin , The Tao of Willie : A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart , was published in 2006 . In 2007 a book advocating the use of bio @-@ diesel and the reduction of gas emissions , On The Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm , was published . His next book , A Tale Out of Luck , published in 2008 and co @-@ authored by Mike Blakely , was Nelson 's first fictional book . In 2012 , it was announced the release of a new autobiography by Nelson , Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die : Musings from the Road . Released on November 13 , it was named after the song from his album Heroes . The book contained further biographical details , as well as family pictures and stories about Nelson 's political views , as well as his advocation for marijuana . The artwork of the book was designed by Nelson 's son , Micah , and the foreword written by Kinky Friedman . In 2015 , the publication of a second Nelson autobiography entitled It 's a Long Story : My Life was announced . Co @-@ authored with David Ritz , the book was published on May 5 , 2015 . In 2002 , Nelson became the official spokesman of the Texas Roadhouse , a chain of steakhouses . Nelson heavily promoted the chain and appeared on a special on Food Network . The chain installed Willie 's Corner , a section dedicated to him and decked out with Willie memorabilia , at several locations . In 2008 , Nelson reopened Willie 's Place , a truck stop in Carl 's Corner , Texas . The U.S. Bankruptcy Court allowed Nelson to invest in it . The establishment had about 80 employees and was used as a concert hall with a bar and a 1 @,@ 000 square feet ( 93 m2 ) dance floor . It closed in 2011 after defaulting on a loan , leading to foreclosure and bankruptcy . In 2010 , Nelson founded with the collaboration of producers and filmmakers Luck Films , a company dedicated to produce feature films , documentaries and concerts . The next year , he created Willie 's Roadhouse , aired on channel 56 of SiriusXM radio . The channel was a result of the merger of his two other channels The Roadhouse and Willie 's Place . In November 2014 , it was announced that Nelson would be the host of the television series Inside Arlyn , shot at Arlyn Studio in Austin , Texas . The thirteen @-@ episode first season would feature artists being interviewed by Nelson and Dan Rather , followed by a performance . The series concept received attention from cable channels that requested to see the pilot episode . Following the legalization of marijuana in different states , Nelson announced in 2015 through spokesman Michael Bowman the establishment of his own marijuana brand , Willie 's Reserve . Plans to open chain stores in the states were marijuana was legalized were announced , to be expanded state @-@ to @-@ state if marijuana legalization is further expanded . Bowman called the brand " a culmination of ( Nelson 's ) vision , and his whole life " . = = Music style = = Nelson uses a variety of music styles to create his own distinctive blend of country music , a hybrid of jazz , pop , blues , rock and folk . His " unique sound " , which uses a " relaxed , behind @-@ the @-@ beat singing style and gut @-@ string guitar " and his " nasal voice and jazzy , off @-@ center phrasing " , has been responsible for his wide appeal , and has made him a " vital icon in country music " , influencing the " new country , new traditionalist , and alternative country movements of the ' 80s and ' 90s " . = = = Guitars = = = In 1969 , the Baldwin company gave Nelson an amplifier and a three @-@ cord pickup electric guitar . During a show in Helotes , Texas , Nelson left the guitar on the floor of the stage , and it was later stepped on by a drunk man . He sent it to be repaired in Nashville by Shot Jackson , who told Nelson that the damage was too great . Jackson offered him a Martin N @-@ 20 Classical guitar , and , at Nelson 's request , moved the pickup to the Martin . Nelson purchased the guitar unseen for US $ 750 and named it after Roy Rogers ' horse " Trigger " . The next year Nelson rescued the guitar from his burning ranch . Constant strumming with a guitar pick over the decades has worn a large sweeping hole into the guitar 's body near the sound hole — the N @-@ 20 has no pick @-@ guard since classical guitars are meant to be played fingerstyle instead of with picks . Its soundboard has been signed by over a hundred of Nelson 's friends and associates , ranging from fellow musicians to lawyers and football coaches.The first signature on the guitar was Leon Russell 's , who asked Nelson initially to sign his guitar . When Nelson was about to sign it with a marker , Russell requested him to scratch it instead , explaining that the guitar would be more valuable in the future . Interested in the concept , Nelson requested Russell to also sign his guitar . In 1991 , during his process with the IRS , Nelson was worried that Trigger could be auctioned off , stating : " When Trigger goes , I 'll quit " . He asked his daughter , Lana , to take the guitar from the studio before any IRS agent got there , and bring it to him on Maui . Nelson then hid the guitar in his manager 's house until his debt was paid in 1993 . = = Activism = = Nelson is active in a number of issues . Along with Neil Young and John Mellencamp , he set up Farm Aid in 1985 to assist and increase awareness of the importance of family farms , after Bob Dylan 's comments during the Live Aid concert that he hoped some of the money would help American farmers in danger of losing their farms through mortgage debt . The first concert included Bob Dylan , Billy Joel , B.B. King , Roy Orbison , and Neil Young among many others , and raised over $ 9 million for America 's family farmers . Besides organizing and performing in the annual concerts , Nelson is the president of the board of Farm Aid . Nelson is a co @-@ chair of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws ( NORML ) advisory board . He has worked with NORML for years , fighting for marijuana legalization . In 2005 Nelson and his family hosted the first annual " Willie Nelson & NORML Benefit Golf Tournament " , leading to a cover appearance and inside interview in the January 2008 issue of High Times magazine . After his arrest for possession of marijuana in 2010 , Nelson created the TeaPot party under the motto " Tax it , regulate it and legalize it ! " . In 2001 , following the September 11 attacks , he participated in the benefit telethon America : A Tribute to Heroes , leading the rest of the celebrities singing the song " America the Beautiful " . In 2010 , during an interview with Larry King , Nelson expressed his doubts with regards to the attacks and the official story . Nelson explained that he could not believe that the buildings could collapse due to the planes , attributing instead the result to an implosion . Nelson supported Dennis Kucinich 's campaign in the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries . He raised money , appeared at events , and composed the song " Whatever Happened to Peace on Earth ? " , criticizing the war in Iraq . He recorded a radio advertisement asking for support to put musician / author Kinky Friedman on the ballot as an independent candidate for the 2006 Texas gubernatorial election . Friedman promised Nelson a job in Austin as the head of a new Texas Energy Commission due to his support of bio @-@ fuels . In January 2008 , Nelson filed a suit against the Texas Democratic Party , alleging that the party violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution by refusing to allow co @-@ plaintiff Kucinich to appear on the primary ballot because he had scratched out part of the loyalty oath on his application . In 2004 , he and his wife Annie became partners with Bob and Kelly King in the building of two Pacific Bio @-@ diesel plants , one in Salem , Oregon , and the other at Carl 's Corner , Texas ( the Texas plant was founded by Carl Cornelius , a longtime Nelson friend and the namesake for Carl 's Corner ) . In 2005 , Nelson and several other business partners formed Willie Nelson Biodiesel ( " Bio @-@ Willie " ) , a company that is marketing bio @-@ diesel bio @-@ fuel to truck stops . The fuel is made from vegetable oil ( mainly soybean oil ) , and can be burned without modification in diesel engines . Nelson is an advocate for better treatment for horses and has been campaigning for the passage of the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act ( H.R. 503 / S. 311 ) alongside the Animal Welfare Institute . He is on its board of directors and has adopted a number of horses from Habitat for Horses . In 2008 , Nelson signed on to warn consumers about the cruel and illegal living conditions for calves raised to produce milk for dairy products . He wrote letters to Land O 'Lakes and Challenge Dairy , two of the major corporations that use milk from calves raised at California 's Mendes Calf Ranch , which employs an intensive confinement practice that was the subject of a lawsuit and campaign brought by the Animal Legal Defense Fund . A supporter of the LGBT movement , Nelson published in 2006 through iTunes a version of Ned Sublette 's " Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other " , that met instant success . During an interview with Texas Monthly in 2013 , regarding the Defense of Marriage Act and Same @-@ sex marriage in the United States , Nelson responded to a comparison the interviewer made with the Civil Rights Movement , stating : " We 'll look back and say it was crazy that we ever even argued about this " . He also presented two logos with the pink equal sign , symbol of the LBGT movement . The first one , featured the sign represented with two long braids ; while the second one , featured the sign represented with two marijuana cigarettes . The use of the logos became viral instantly in social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook . = = Personal life = = Nelson lives in Maui , Hawaii , in a largely self @-@ sustaining community where all the homes use only solar power . Neighbors include Kris Kristofferson , Woody Harrelson , and Owen Wilson . Nelson also owns a ranch near Austin , Texas . Willie Nelson has married four times and fathered seven children . His first marriage was to Martha Matthews ; it lasted from 1952 to 1962 . The couple had three children : Lana , Susie and Willie " Billy " Hugh , Jr . Billy died by suicide in 1991 . The marriage was marked by violence , with Matthews assaulting Nelson several times , including one incident when she sewed him up in a bed sheet and then beat him with a broomstick . Nelson 's next marriage was to Shirley Collie in 1963 . The couple divorced in 1971 , after Collie found a bill from the maternity ward of a Houston hospital charged to Nelson and Connie Koepke for the birth of Paula Carlene Nelson . Koepke and Nelson married the same year and had two daughters , Paula Carlene and Amy Lee . Following a divorce in 1988 , he married his current wife , Annie D 'Angelo , in 1991 . They have two sons , Lukas Autry and Jacob Micah . Nelson traces his genealogy to the American Revolutionary War , in which his ancestor John Nelson served as a major . While swimming in Hawaii in 1981 , Nelson 's lung collapsed . He was taken to the Maui Memorial Hospital and his scheduled concerts were canceled . Nelson temporarily stopped smoking cigarettes each time his lungs became congested , and resumed when the congestion ended . He was then smoking between two and three packages per day . After suffering from pneumonia several times , he decided to quit either marijuana or tobacco . He chose to quit tobacco . In 2008 he started to smoke marijuana with a carbon @-@ free system to avoid the effects of smoke . In 2004 Nelson underwent surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome , as he had damaged his wrists by continuously playing the guitar . On the recommendation of his doctor , he canceled his scheduled concerts and only wrote songs during his recovery . In 2012 he canceled a fund @-@ raising appearance in the Denver area . He suffered from breathing problems due to high altitude and emphysema and was taken to a local hospital . His publicist Elaine Schock confirmed soon after that Nelson 's health was good and that he was heading to his next scheduled concert in Dallas , Texas . After repeated instances of pneumonia and emphysema through the years , Nelson underwent stem @-@ cell therapy in 2015 to improve the state of his lungs . During his childhood , Nelson grew interested in martial arts . He ordered self @-@ defense manuals on jujitsu and judo that he saw advertised in Batman and Superman comic books . Nelson started to formally practice kung fu after he moved to Nashville , in the 1960s . During the 1980s , Nelson began training in tae kwon do and now holds a second @-@ degree black belt in that discipline . During the 1990s , Nelson started to practice the Korean martial art GongKwon Yusul . In 2014 , after twenty years in the discipline , his Grand Master Sam Um presented him with a fifth @-@ degree black belt in a ceremony held in Austin , Texas . A 2014 Tae Kwon Do Times magazine interview revealed that Nelson had developed an unorthodox manner of training during the lengthy periods of time he was on tour . Nelson would conduct his martial arts training on his tour bus " The Honeysuckle Rose " and send videos to his supervising Master for review and critique . = = = Legal issues = = = Nelson has been arrested several times for marijuana possession . The first occasion was in 1974 in Dallas , Texas . In 1977 after a tour with Hank Cochran , Nelson traveled to The Bahamas . Nelson and Cochran arrived late to the airport and boarded the flight without luggage . The bags were later sent to them . As Nelson and Cochran claimed their luggage in the Bahamas , a customs officer questioned Nelson after marijuana was found in a pair of his jeans . Nelson was arrested and jailed . As Cochran made arrangements to pay the bail , he took Nelson a six @-@ pack of beer to his cell . Nelson was released a few hours later . Inebriated , he fell after he jumped celebrating and was taken to the emergency room . He then appeared before the judge , who dropped the charges but ordered Nelson to never return to the country . In 1994 , highway patrolmen found marijuana in his car near Waco , Texas . His requirement to appear in court prevented him attending the Grammy awards that year . While traveling to Ann W. Richards ' funeral in 2006 , Nelson , along with his manager and his sister , Bobbi , were arrested in St. Martin Parish , Louisiana and charged with possession of marijuana and hallucinogenic mushrooms . Nelson received six months probation . On November 26 , 2010 , Nelson was arrested in Sierra Blanca , Texas , for possession of six ounces of marijuana found in his tour bus while traveling from Los Angeles back to Texas . He was released after paying bail of US $ 2 @,@ 500 . Prosecutor Kit Bramblett supported not sentencing Nelson to jail due to the small amount of marijuana involved , but suggested instead a US $ 100 fine and told Nelson that he would have him sing " Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain " for the court . Judge Becky Dean @-@ Walker said that Nelson would have to pay the fine but not to perform the song , explaining that the prosecutor was joking . Nelson 's lawyer Joe Turner reached an agreement with the prosecutor . Nelson was set to pay a US $ 500 fine to avoid a two @-@ year jail sentence with a 30 @-@ day review period , which in case of another incident would end the agreement . The judge later rejected the agreement , claiming that Nelson was receiving preferential treatment for his celebrity status ; the offense normally carried a one @-@ year jail sentence . Bramblett declared that the case would remain open until it was either dismissed or the judge changed her opinion . = = Legacy = = Nelson is widely recognized as an American icon . He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1993 , and he received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1998 . In 2011 , Nelson was inducted to the National Agricultural Hall of Fame , for his labor in Farm Aid and other fund risers to benefit farmers . In 2015 Nelson won the Gershwin Prize , the lifetime award of the Library of Congress . He was included by Rolling Stone on its 100 Greatest Singers and 100 Greatest Guitarists lists . In 2003 , Texas Governor Perry signed bill No. 2582 , introduced by State Representative Elizabeth Ames Jones and Senator Jeff Wentworth , which funded the Texas Music Project , the state 's official music charity . Nelson was named Honorary Chairman of the Advisory Board of the project . In 2005 , Democratic Texas Senator Gonzalo Barrientos introduced a bill to name 49 miles ( 79 km ) of the Travis County section of State Highway 130 after Nelson , and at one point 23 of the 31 state Senators were co @-@ sponsors of the bill . The legislation was dropped after two Republican senators , Florence Shapiro and Wentworth , objected , citing Nelson 's lack of connection to the highway , his fund raisers for Democrats , his drinking , and his marijuana advocacy . An important collection of Willie Nelson materials ( 1975 – 1994 ) became part of the Wittliff collections of Southwestern Writers , Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas . The collection contains lyrics , screenplays , letters , concert programs , tour itineraries , posters , articles , clippings , personal effects , promotional items , souvenirs , and documents . It documents Nelson 's IRS troubles and how Farm Aid contributions were used . Most of the material was collected by Nelson 's friend Bill Wittliff , who wrote or co @-@ wrote Honeysuckle Rose , Barbarosa and Red Headed Stranger . In 2014 , Nelson donated his personal collection to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History . The items include photographs , correspondence , song manuscripts , posters , certificate records , awards , signed books , screenplays , personal items and gifts and tributes from Nelson 's fans . In April 2010 , Nelson received the " Feed the Peace " award from The Nobelity Project for his extensive work with Farm Aid and overall contributions to world peace . On June 23 , 2010 he was inducted into the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry . Nelson is an honorary trustee of the Dayton International Peace Museum . In 2010 , Austin , Texas renamed Second Street to Willie Nelson Boulevard . The city also unveiled a life @-@ size statue to honor him , placed at the entrance of Austin City Limits ' new studio . The non @-@ profit organization Capital Area Statues commissioned sculptor Clete Shields to execute the project . The statue was unveiled on April 20 , 2012 . The date selected by the city of Austin unintentionally coincided with the number 4 / 20 , associated with cannabis culture . In spite of the coincidence and Nelson 's advocacy for the legalization of marijuana , the ceremony was scheduled also for 4 : 20 pm . During the ceremony , Nelson performed the song " Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die " . The same year , Nelson was honored during the 46th Annual Country Music Association Awards as the first recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award , which was also named after him . In 2013 , he received an honorary doctorate from the Berklee College of Music . The following year , he was part of the inaugural class inducted into the Austin City Limits Hall of Fame . Also included among the first inductees was his friend Darrell Royal , whose jamming parties that Nelson participated in were the source of inspiration for the show . For many years , Nelson 's image was marked by his red hair , often divided into two long braids partially concealed under a bandanna . In the April 2007 issue of Stuff Magazine Nelson was interviewed about his long locks . " I started braiding my hair when it started getting too long , and that was , I don 't know , probably in the 70 's . " On May 26 , 2010 , the Associated Press reported that Nelson had cut his hair , and Nashville music journalist Jimmy Carter published a photograph of the pigtail @-@ free Nelson on his website . Nelson wanted a more maintainable hairstyle , as well helping him stay cool more easily at his Maui home . In October 2014 , the braids of Nelson were sold for US $ 37 @,@ 000 at an auction of the Waylon Jennings State . In 1983 , Nelson cut his braids and gave them to Jennings as a gift during a party celebrating Jennings ' sobriety . Nelson 's touring and recording group , the Family , is full of longstanding members . The original lineup included his sister Bobbie Nelson , drummer Paul English , harmonicist Mickey Raphael , bassist Bee Spears , Billy English ( Paul 's younger brother ) , and Jody Payne . The current lineup includes all the members but Jody Payne , who retired , and Bee Spears , who died in 2011 . Willie & Family tours North America in the bio @-@ diesel bus Honeysuckle Rose , which is fueled by Bio @-@ Willie . Nelson 's tour buses were customized by Florida Coach since 1979 . The company built the Honeysuckle Rose I in 1983 , which was replaced after a collision in Nova Scotia , Canada , in 1990 . The interior was salvaged and reused for the second version of the bus the same year . Nelson changed his tour bus in 1996 , 2005 and 2013 , currently touring on the Honeysuckle Rose V. = = Discography and other works = = As well as recording over sixty studio albums , Nelson has appeared in over thirty films and TV shows . His acting debut was in the 1979 film , The Electric Horseman , followed by appearances in Honeysuckle Rose , Thief , and Barbarosa . Recordings Films Books Willie : An Autobiography , Simon & Schuster , 1988 , with Bud Shrake The Facts of Life and Other Dirty Jokes , Random House , 2002 Farm Aid : A Song for America , Rodale Books , foreword by Willie Nelson , 2005 The Tao of Willie : A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart , Gotham , 2006 , with Turk Pipkin On The Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm , Fulcrum Publishing , 2007 A Tale Out of Luck ( a novel ) , Center Street , 2008 , with Mike Blakely Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die : Musings From the Road , William Morrow , foreword by Kinky Friedman , 2012 It 's a Long Story : My Life , Little , Brown and Company , 2015 with David Ritz = Smells Like Nirvana = " Smells Like Nirvana " is a parody of Nirvana 's song " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , written and performed by " Weird Al " Yankovic ; it was released both as a single and as part of Yankovic 's Off the Deep End album in April 1992 . " Smells Like Nirvana " was written during a three @-@ year career low for Yankovic after the financial failure of his film UHF , but captured the quickly @-@ rising popularity of the grunge style and Nirvana 's success . The song was written to poke fun at the fact that many people had a hard time understanding Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain 's lyrics in the original song . After being unable to contact Nirvana by conventional means , Yankovic called Cobain while the band was on the set of Saturday Night Live , where Cobain quickly gave permission to record the parody . Recording the song was a change for Yankovic and his band . Usually , the group were forced to record several overdubs . However , " Smells Like Nirvana " was relatively straightforward in terms of the musical composition . To promote the single , Yankovic created an associated video for the song that parodied the " Smells like Teen Spirit " video . The parody video closely mirrored the original ; Yankovic even went so far as to hire several of the same actors and use the same set . " Smells Like Nirvana " was met with critical praise and helped to re @-@ energize Yankovic 's career . Cobain considered the parody as a sign that they had " made it " as a band . The song is one of Yankovic 's most successful singles , reaching number 35 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the US Mainstream Rock Tracks . The song 's video was nominated for a 1992 MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video . = = Background = = Prior to writing " Smells Like Nirvana " , Yankovic 's music career had suffered from the poor financial performance of his 1989 feature film , UHF and the associated soundtrack . Yankovic called that " the beginning of three years where it was kind of hard for me to recover " . He started work on a new studio album around 1990 . To revitalize his career , he considered creating a parody of a Michael Jackson song , which had proven successful twice before with " Eat It " and " Fat " . He had composed a parody of Jackson 's " Black or White " , entitled " Snack All Night " , but Jackson said he was uncomfortable with the parody , given that the original song was intended to be a political statement . Yankovic would later believe that Jackson 's refusal was , in the long run , a blessing ; he felt that " Snack All Night " was not one of his better works . While he had compiled other original songs for a new album , he feared the lack of a good parody song would doom the album to failure , and held off from releasing anything until an idea presented itself . At that time , the band Nirvana started to become a name in the music scene , creating " big , seismic shifts in pop culture " according to Yankovic . Yankovic felt that the band 's 1991 album Nevermind , which featured " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , was " really great " , but feared that at its release , the band was not popular enough to warrant a parody . By early 1992 , Nevermind had reached platinum certification and led the Billboard charts , which led Yankovic to start working on a parody . Yankovic noted that much of the publicity around Nevermind dealt with the inability to comprehend the songs ' lyrics — both in their phrasing and the manner in which they were sung by the lead vocalist Kurt Cobain ; Yankovic decided to use this as the basis for his parody . Yankovic noted , " I try not to go the obvious route all the time , but sometimes the most obvious is actually the best . " Yankovic had initial difficulty getting permission for the parody , as his manager claimed he was unable to get through to the group numerous times . When Yankovic learned that Nirvana would be performing on the January 11 , 1992 show of Saturday Night Live , he called his UHF co @-@ star , Victoria Jackson , at the time a regular cast member of the show . Jackson got Cobain on the phone so that Yankovic could make his request . Cobain agreed , though initially he inquired if the song would be about food , a common theme in many of Yankovic 's songs . Yankovic explained that the song would be about Cobain 's incomprehensible lyrics , to which Cobain replied , according to Yankovic , " Oh , sure , of course , that 's funny . " = = Recording and lyrics = = The song was recorded around January 27 , 1992 at Santa Monica Sound Records , in Santa Monica , California . It was the final song recorded for the album , as Yankovic generally records the songs that he thinks will be released as singles last ; in this case , he knew that " Smells Like Nirvana " would be the lead @-@ off single for the new album . Recording took between three and four days . The band worked at trying to match the same tempos that were in the original " Smells Like Teen Spirit " song ; Jon Schwartz , Yankovic 's drummer , noted that " the [ drum ] part was pretty loose . [ ... ] Tempos were up and down . We adjusted the tempos on our song to meet the Nirvana version . It 's by no means steady . " Compared to previous parodies , where upwards of 20 @-@ some instruments had to be mixed together , the simpler composition of " Teen Spirit " made it much easier for the band to complete the song . Yankovic later noted that recording the song 's vocals was particularly difficult , because he was singing " for eight to 12 hours a day " , which caused strain on his vocal cords . For the verse where Yankovic mumbles the lyrics to the song , he placed several cookies in his mouth to achieve the garbled effect . During the parody 's musical interlude , Yankovic gargled water to the tune of the original 's guitar solo . The solo also features kazoos and a tuba , with the latter being played by Tommy Johnson . Lyrically , " Smells Like Nirvana " pokes fun at the original song 's difficult @-@ to @-@ understand words . The opening verse begins " What is this song / All about ? / Can 't figure any lyrics out " . At one point , Yankovic purposely garbles the lyrics : " It 's hard to bargle nawdle zouss [ sic ] / With all these marbles in my mouth " . He admitted in an interview that he woke up " in the middle of the night " and wrote down the phrase " bargle nawdle zouss " , thinking that it would " be important someday . " = = Music video = = The music video , directed by Yankovic 's manager Jay Levey , is a near shot @-@ for @-@ shot parody of the original video for " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , which depicts the band playing at a high school concert while it descends into riot . Yankovic is present on guitar and vocals as Kurt Cobain , with Steve Jay on bass as Krist Novoselic , and Jon " Bermuda " Schwartz on drums as Dave Grohl . All three wear clothing and long @-@ haired wigs to imitate the look of Nirvana in " Smells Like Teen Spirit " . Yankovic 's video uses many of the same props , actors and camera angles ; in particular , the video was shot in the same Culver City , California sound stage as Nirvana 's video , several of the cheerleaders and audience members were from the original video , and Tony De La Rosa reprises his role as the janitor . Levey stated that they were able to recreate much of the same setting with help of the producers of the original Nirvana video once they were aware that the song had Cobain 's blessing . Yankovic had a brief conversation with Samuel Bayer , the original director of " Smells Like Teen Spirit " in preparation for the video shoot . Although Yankovic noted that " he was certainly going along with it " , he felt that Bayer was " the least enthused " because " he was a true artiste " and was reluctant to see his work parodied . The video includes actor Dick Van Patten in a guest role . Van Patten , being one of the few celebrities that could be reached through immediate contacts , was a last @-@ minute addition by Yankovic . Professional skateboarder Tony Hawk also appears as one of the many extras as a result of the Birdhouse Skateboards team providing " skater / punks " for the video , although Yankovic was not aware of this until a 2009 Twitter post by Hawk . Schwartz attempted to recreate Grohl 's wild headbanging during filming , leaving him with a stiff neck several days afterward . = = Reception = = = = = Release = = = The single for " Smells Like Nirvana " was released on April 2 , 1992 , while the album containing it , Off the Deep End , saw its release on April 14 , 1992 . The single charted on several Billboard charts , making it Yankovic 's most successful single since his single " Eat It " , which charted in 1984 . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 25 , 1992 . It peaked at number 35 and remained on the chart for two weeks . The single also charted on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , also peaking at number 35 and remaining for two weeks . The single was also popular in the other countries . In Canada , the single charted at number 48 . In the United Kingdom , the single entered the charts on April 7 , 1992 , and peaked at number 58 , spending only one week on the charts . In Australia , " Smells Like Nirvana " was released on June 14 , 1992 , and spent six weeks on the charts . It peaked at number 24 . After its release , " Smells Like Nirvana " was considered , at the time , the largest comeback in Yankovic 's career . The song was well @-@ received by the media . AllMusic reviewer Barry Weber wrote that the song illustrated " the kind of brilliant writing Yankovic was still capable of doing " . Anthony Violanti , a reporter for The Buffalo News , called the song " the high point " of one of Yankovic 's concerts . Nirvana itself was also pleased with the parody . Cobain is claimed to have considered that Nirvana had " made it " with the success of Yankovic 's parody . In his personal journals that were later published , he calls Yankovic " America 's modern pop @-@ rock genious [ sic ] " . Grohl is also reported to have realized his band was truly successful when Yankovic asked for permission to record the parody . Yankovic stated that an executive for DGC Records , the label for Nirvana at the time , claimed that the popularity of " Smells like Nirvana " helped sell an additional million copies of Nevermind . The video was nominated for the 1992 MTV Video Awards for " Best Male Video " , although it did not win . At the awards ceremony , Nirvana was initially asked to perform , but they declined . The offer was then extended to Yankovic , before Nirvana relented . Yankovic later joked that " I might 've been a bargaining chip " . = = = Live performances = = = During live performances , Yankovic dons clothing similar to what Cobain wore in the video for " Smells Like Teen Spirit " . This includes an electric left @-@ handed guitar , a shirt similar to Cobain 's , and a blonde wig . The costuming for the performance is critical ; Schwartz explained that " if anything 's missing , Al won 't do it " . The rest of Al 's band also participates . Steve Jay , who plays bass , uses two bass straps to emulate and exaggerate " Novoselic 's low @-@ hanging bass " . He explained that he positions his instrument " to where I can just barely touch the strings " . The members of the band also mock @-@ mosh . Jim West , the band 's guitarist , noted that moshing is usually tame , but that there " were a few collisions where people got hurt , but not the audience , just the band . " Sometimes during the third verse , after Yankovic sings " And I forgot the next verse , " he drops out for the next few lines , pretending to actually forget the lyrics . = = = Legacy = = = After Cobain committed suicide in 1994 , Yankovic and his band were hesitant to play the extremely popular " Smells Like Nirvana " during live shows . For several months after Cobain 's death , Yankovic would first perform a somber tribute to Cobain prior to playing the song itself . Shortly after Cobain 's death , Yankovic was scheduled to play a show in Seattle , where Nirvana first became famous . Due to this connection , Yankovic was worried about how the audience would react to the parody . He was told by journalists that the song would be " cathartic " for the area . Yankovic noted that the subsequent performance " went over extremely well " . Yankovic continues to play " Smells Like Nirvana " live , stating that " Kurt was a fan of the song " and " he would have wanted it that way . " In The Simpsons episode " That ' 90s Show " , set primarily in flashback to the 1990s , Homer Simpson is shown creating one of the first grunge bands while trying to cope with Marge 's infidelity ; the band , called " Sadgasm " , becomes highly popular . At one point , Homer writes a new song called " Shave Me " — itself a loose parody of Nirvana 's real single " Rape Me " — which is later parodied as " Brainfreeze " in both song and video by " Weird Al " Yankovic , who voiced himself . Homer takes Yankovic 's parody as a sign that his band has become successful , but his depressed state after breaking up with Marge leaves him unable to enjoy the song 's humor and he gloomily notes " He who is tired of Weird Al , is tired of life " . The situation in the short is said to mirror much of the history of " Smells Like Nirvana " , including Kurt Cobain 's reaction to the parody . = = Track listing = = U.S. pressing " Smells Like Nirvana " – 3 : 42 " Trigger Happy " – 3 : 46 " Waffle King " – 4 : 26 U.S. cassette single " Smells Like Nirvana " – 3 : 42 " Waffle King " – 4 : 26 = = Charts = = = = Credits and personnel = = " Weird " Al Yankovic – vocals , background vocals , production , arrangement Jim West – guitar Steve Jay – bass guitar Jon " Bermuda " Schwartz – drums Tommy Johnson – tuba Tony Papa – engineering = Déjà Vu ( 2006 film ) = Déjà Vu ( stylised onscreen without accents ) is a 2006 American science fiction action film starring Denzel Washington and directed by Tony Scott . The film co @-@ stars Paula Patton , Jim Caviezel , Val Kilmer , Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood . Déjà Vu involves ATF agent Douglas Carlin , who travels back in time in attempts to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love , Claire Kuchever . Filming took place in New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina . The film was premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , and released widely in the United States and Canada two days later on November 24 , 2006 . It received mixed reviews from critics , and earning $ 64 million in the United States and $ 180 million worldwide . It was the 23rd most successful film worldwide for 2006 . The film was nominated for five awards , and also won the Golden Reel Award . = = Plot = = On Mardi Gras in New Orleans , the ferry Sen. Alvin T. Stumpf is carrying hundreds of the U.S. Navy sailors and their families across the Mississippi River from their base to the city . Suddenly , the ferry explodes and sinks , killing 543 passengers and crew members . Special Agent Douglas Carlin ( Denzel Washington ) from the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( BATF ) is sent to investigate and discovers evidence of a bomb planted by a domestic terrorist . Arriving at the scene he hears his unique ring tone coming from a nearby body bag . He then meets with local investigators and FBI Special Agent Paul Pryzwarra ( Val Kilmer ) , and informs them of his findings . He learns about a charred body pulled from the river , identified as Claire Kuchever ( Paula Patton ) . Unlike the other bodies from the ferry , though , this one appears to have been killed before the explosion . Pryzwarra is impressed with Doug 's detective expertise , and asks him to join a newly formed governmental detective unit whose first case is to investigate the bombing . Led by Dr. Alexander Denny ( Adam Goldberg ) , they investigate the events before the explosion by using a program called " Snow White " , which enables them to look into the past ( 4 days , 6 hours , 3 minutes , 45 seconds , 14 @.@ 5 nanoseconds ) in detail by using several satellites to form a triangulated image of events . The system is limited in that they can only see past events once ; there is no fast forwarding or rewinding , although they can record everything in the process . Convinced that Claire is a vital link , Doug persuades them to focus on her . While investigating Claire 's past through " Snow White " , the bomber calls her to buy the SUV that she has for sale so he can use it for the bomb . Although he doesn 't buy her car , the " Snow White " team now knows exactly where and when the terrorist was during the call . Doug finds out " Snow White " is actually a time window , and can send inanimate objects into the past . Despite Denny 's protests against tampering with the past , Doug has the team send a note back to his past self with the time and place to stop the ferry bomber . Instead , his partner Larry Minuti gets the note and while following up on it he is shot by the terrorist , and setting up his death in the present . The team attempts to follow the terrorist , who takes Minuti with him , but he moves outside of " Snow White " ' s range . However , Doug is able to follow him in the present using a " Snow White " like helmet that increases the machine 's range , and able to track him to the terrorist 's home . In the past time , Minuti regains consciousness , but is killed and burned by the terrorist . Still needing a vehicle big enough to hold the bomb ( and is not riddled with bullet holes ) the terrorist goes to Claire 's address , kidnaps her and takes her car . Using face recognition technology the ferry bomber is identified and taken into custody . He turns out to be Carroll Oerstadt , angry at the military after being turned down by both Marines and Army , because their psychological profiling showed he was psychologically unstable . Considering the case now closed , the government shuts down the " Snow White " investigation . Despite the killer having been caught , Claire and the ferry victims remain dead , which unsettles Doug since he is convinced that the " Snow White " team can actually alter history . Doug convinces Denny to do one last experiment , that is : send Doug to the past to save Claire and stop the bombing ; a risky procedure , since no human has ever been sent back . Doug survives the trip , especially because he was sent back to a hospital emergency room , where they were able to revive him . He subsequently stops Claire from being murdered by Oerstadt in his very house . However , Doug goes to the ferry where , with Claire 's help , he kills Oerstadt , but is unable to disarm the bomb . To save everyone , Doug and Claire purposely drive the bomb SUV off the end of the ferry before it explodes . Claire escapes but Doug , unable to get out of the vehicle , dies in the underwater explosion . As Claire mourns Doug 's death , she is approached by an identical Doug Carlin , the one from her present who consoles her . = = Cast = = Denzel Washington as ATF Special Agent Douglas Carlin Paula Patton as Claire Kuchever Jim Caviezel as Carroll Oerstadt Val Kilmer as FBI Special Agent Paul Pryzwarra Adam Goldberg as Dr. Alexander Denny Bruce Greenwood as FBI Special Agent @-@ in @-@ Charge Jack McCready Matt Craven as ATF Special Agent Larry Minuti Enrique Castillo as Claire 's father Elden Henson as Gunnars Erika Alexander as Shanti Julia Lashae as Eyewitness / Survivor = = Background and production = = The idea of a time travel thriller film originated between screenwriters Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio , who communicated via email in attempts to develop the plot due to communication difficulties . However , the creation of Déjà Vu 's progenitor was set aside by the September 11 , 2001 attacks that disrupted New York @-@ native Marsilii , and the advent of the 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which occupied Los Angeles @-@ native Rossio . However , by 2006 , the two screenwriters had completed the concept . Brian Greene from Columbia University was brought in as a consultant to help create a scientifically plausible feel to the script . Greene stated " the way I try to explain wormholes in terms of bending paper and connecting the corners , that 's there in the film and it was fun to see that that made it in . " The screenwriters submitted their work to Jerry Bruckheimer , who with Tony Scott were searching for new ideas for a feature film . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography in New Orleans , Louisiana , was delayed following Hurricane Katrina because of the devastation caused by the storm and the collapse of the levees . Many of the exteriors were set to be shot in New Orleans , including a key sequence involving the Canal Street Ferry across the Mississippi River . After the city was reopened , the cast and crew returned to New Orleans to continue filming . Some scenes of the post @-@ Katrina devastation were worked into the plot , including those in the Lower 9th Ward ; additionally , evidence of Katrina 's impact on the city was worked into the script . The filming crew spent two weeks filming a scene at the Four Mile Bayou in Morgan City , Louisiana . According to director Tony Scott , Déjà Vu was written to take place on Long Island , but after a visit to New Orleans Scott felt that it would be a far better venue . Jerry Bruckheimer reportedly said that Denzel Washington was " adamant about returning to New Orleans to film after Hurricane Katrina devastated the region " , but Washington recalled to be neutral on the subject , while agreeing that it was " a good thing to spend money there and put people to work there " . To create a sense of realism , Scott and Washington interviewed numerous men and women whose real @-@ life occupations pertained to positions in the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ; Washington has noted that he and Scott conducted similar research during the productions of Man on Fire and Crimson Tide . = = = Visual effects = = = Visual effects editor Marc Varisco , who had previously collaborated with director Scott on the 2005 film Domino , worked again with Scott to develop Déjà Vu into a fully @-@ fledged work . In total , approximately 400 visual effects scenes were shot during the production of Déjà Vu . They had acquired a LIDAR device , which incorporated lasers to scatter light with the intent of mapping out a small region , during the production of Domino ; Scott and Varisco decided to use the apparatus again during the production of Déjà Vu . Additionally , the two utilized the Panavision Genesis high definition camera to film the shots that would encompass the past that the Snow White team would peer at throughout the film , as well as the various night scenes . The LIDAR apparatus , which was operated by a hired Texan company devoted to the device , performed scans of Claire Kuchever 's apartment , the ferry , the ATF office , and actress Paula Patton , among others . Effects editor Zachary Tucker combined the elements created by the Texan LIDAR company with computer @-@ generated graphics to make possible the scenes of time @-@ travel experienced in the film . The explosion of the Stumpf was filmed using an actual New Orleans ferry in a portion of the Mississippi River sectioned off especially for the event ; the occurrence took over four hours to prepare . Under the supervision of pyrotechnics expert John Frazier , the ferry was coated entirely with fire retardant and rigged with fifty gasoline bombs including black dirt and diesel , each one set to detonate within a five @-@ second range . People and cars were added in later as elements of computer @-@ generated graphics . Chris Lebenzon was largely responsible for moving clips from each of the sixteen cameras in place to create the sensation of an extended explosion sequence . The spectacular explosion actually caused no significant structural damage to the ferry ; after a bout of sandblasting and repainting , the ferry was very similar to its previous state . The ferry was returned into service four days after the production of the film 's scene concluded . During filming of the underwater car scenes , actual cars were dropped into the water ; computer @-@ generated effects were later added , simulating the entities ' explosions . Compositing was done on the Autodesk Inferno special effects program . = = = Similarities between Timothy McVeigh and Carroll Oerstadt = = = Jim Caviezel 's character , Carroll Oerstadt , seemed to mirror in several ways the story of Timothy McVeigh , a domestic terrorist who destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City with a bomb in 1995 . Caviezel and Scott did not deny this , and both admitted that the Oerstadt character was at least partly based on McVeigh . Ross Johnson of The New York Times also compared the ferry bombing at the film 's beginning to the Oklahoma City bombing . = = Reception = = The film @-@ critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 55 % positive reviews based on 156 reviews and a weighted average score of 5 @.@ 9 out of 10 . The consensus states , " Tony Scott tries to combine action , science fiction , romance , and explosions into one movie , but the time travel conceit might be too preposterous and the action falls apart under scrutiny . " At the review aggregator Metacritic , the film has a normalized score of 59 out of 100 , based on 32 reviews , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . Joel Siegel of ABC News called the film technically " well @-@ made , " but criticized its attempt to describe a supposedly scientific basis for time travel as both silly and dull , as did Manohla Dargis of The New York Times , who additionally found the depiction of parishes decimated by Hurricane Katrina " vulgar " . Todd Gilchrist from IGN rated the film eight out of ten , calling it a " bravura set piece " , despite an ending that " feels inappropriate given the urgency ( and seeming inevitability ) of the story 's dénouement . " Likewise , Michael Wilmington of the Orlando Sentinel rated the film three out of four stars , citing the " good cast , Tony Scott 's swift direction , and unyielding professionalism " as rationale for his rating . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film 's exploration of the nature of time and the implications of time travel as having been a " sci @-@ fi staple for generations " . = = = Film writers and director = = = Both Terry Rossio and Bill Marsilii have acknowledged that the film was not shot the way they had wanted it to be , shifting the blame to director Tony Scott and his goal to focus more on the action aspect of the film than on the more meaningful plot the screenplay had called for . Marsilii , although " quite critical of the mistakes made , " said he was proud of the finished product . Rossio , however , was so put off during filming that he , as of May 2008 , had not seen the film . Rossio complained that Scott had ignored the inclusion of important plot details from the screenplay whenever " there was something he wanted to do " instead . In the DVD commentary , Scott admits that he thought he did a mediocre job shooting [ the chase scene ] . Rossio and Marsilii believe that many of the negative reviews of Déjà Vu are a direct result of Scott 's direction of the film , and have stated that " Tony Scott added nothing to Déjà Vu and made several hundred small mistakes and about eight or nine deadly mistakes " , which makes the film seem like it has many unforgivable plot holes , when it should not have had any . " [ T ] here are no plot holes at all , and scrutiny reveals the plot to be air tight . " says Rossio . " We had years to think of all this and work it out . " It was felt there were many misunderstandings that Scott 's take on the plot introduced into the film . In his own defense , Scott cited in an interview with Iain Blair of BNET that only nineteen weeks were provided for the production of the film , which " isn 't a lot for a film like Déjà Vu . " = = = Box office = = = Déjà Vu premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , two days before its wide release in all of the United States and Canada . Alongside Mexico , the three countries were the sole nations to open the film in November . The United Kingdom opened the film on December 15 , 2006 , and was followed shortly thereafter by New Zealand on December 22 . Australia was the last English @-@ speaking country where the film premiered , on January 18 , 2007 . The film opened in the # 3 spot with $ 20 @.@ 5 million in 3 @,@ 108 theaters , an average of $ 6 @,@ 619 per theater . Déjà Vu ran for fourteen weeks , staying in the top ten for its first three weeks . The U.S. domestic box office earnings for the film were $ 64 @,@ 038 @,@ 616 , and the total worldwide box office earnings were $ 180 @,@ 557 @,@ 550 . These earnings made Déjà Vu the 23rd most successful film of 2006 worldwide . = = = Awards = = = Although reviews from critics were mixed , Déjà Vu was nominated for six different awards , winning one . Déjà Vu was nominated for the Saturn Award in the category " Best Science Fiction Film " , but lost to Children of Men . Paula Patton , who played Claire Kuchever , was nominated for " Best Breakthrough Performance " for the Black Reel Awards . The award was won by Brandon T. Jackson for his performance in the film Roll Bounce . Harry Gregson @-@ Williams , the composer of the film 's soundtrack , was nominated for the " Film Composer of the Year " division of the World Soundtrack Academy Awards ( the award was won by Alexandre Desplat for his score with The Queen ) . Déjà Vu received two nominations pertaining to the " Best Fire Stunt " and the " Best Work with a Vehicle " , while it won the International Gold Reel Award at the Nielsen EDI Gold Reel Awards ceremonies . = = Home media = = Déjà Vu was released on DVD and home video approximately five months after its release in American theaters , on April 24 , 2007 . In the two weeks succeeding the day of the DVD 's release , the film was the second most purchased DVD in the United States . It was second only to Night at the Museum during this period in time . Special features on the disc include an audio commentary from director Tony Scott for both the film and its deleted scenes . The DVD cover also includes a " Surveillance Window " feature , which includes featurettes on the film 's production in New Orleans . = = Soundtrack = = The track listing for Déjà Vu largely borrows music not originally produced for the film ; three of the songs that make an appearance in Déjà Vu uphold elements of soul and gospel . " Don 't Worry Baby " by The Beach Boys simulated the actual concept of déjà vu , as detailed in the plot . Songwriters such as Harry Gregson @-@ Williams contributed music to the film ; artists like Charmaine Neville and Macy Grey performed music especially for the film . The music featured in the film 's trailer was titled " Hello Zepp " , the main theme for Saw . The soundtrack was released by Hollywood Records . = Hurricane Gloria = Hurricane Gloria was the first significant system to strike the northeastern United States since Hurricane Agnes in 1972 and the first major storm to affect New York and Long Island directly since Hurricane Donna in 1960 . It was a powerful Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane that formed during the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season , originating from a tropical wave on September 16 in the eastern Atlantic Ocean . After remaining a weak tropical cyclone for several days , Gloria intensified into a hurricane on September 22 north of the Lesser Antilles . During that time , the storm had moved generally westward , although it turned to the northwest due to a weakening of the ridge . Gloria quickly intensified on September 24 , and the next day reached peak winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) . The hurricane weakened before striking the Outer Banks of North Carolina on September 27 . Later that day , Gloria made two subsequent landfalls on Long Island and later western Connecticut , before becoming extratropical on September 28 over New England . The remnants moved through Atlantic Canada , eventually dissipating on October 2 . Before Gloria made landfall , the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings at some point for the East Coast of the United States from South Carolina to Maine . Hundreds of thousands of people evacuated , and the hurricane was described as the " storm of the century " . In general , Gloria 's strongest winds remained east of the center , which largely spared locations from North Carolina to New Jersey , and the passage at low tide reduced storm surge . Hurricane @-@ force winds and gusts affected much of the path , which knocked down trees and power lines . This left over 4 million people without power , including the worst power outage in Connecticut history related to a natural disaster . The extended power outage on Long Island , affecting 1 @.@ 5 million people at some point , caused the Long Island Lighting Company to be shut down and be replaced with a public company . Fallen trees caused six of the storm 's fourteen deaths . In North Carolina , high waves damaged many homes along the Outer Banks and caused heavy beach erosion . High waves also damaged piers , boats , and docks throughout the Mid @-@ Atlantic states . Flooding forced several highways to close , and in Pennsylvania , thousands were forced to evacuate their homes . The storm surge destroyed 48 homes on Long Island , while the winds damaged the roofs of many more . Widespread crop damage occurred , amounting to about $ 20 million ( 1985 USD ) . Overall damage in the United States was estimated at $ 900 million , which was less than expected . In neighboring Canada , the remnants of Gloria caused minor power outages in New Brunswick , although confusion related to the storm 's arrival led to the creation of the Canadian Hurricane Centre . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 15 . Based on data from satellite imagery , it is estimated that a tropical depression formed on September 16 near Cape Verde , with an associated low @-@ level circulation . The next day , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Gloria , but there was no further intensification . On September 18 , Gloria weakened back to tropical depression status , but re @-@ intensified into a tropical storm on September 20 . During this time , it moved generally westward due to a strong ridge to the north . On September 21 , the Hurricane Hunters began flying into Gloria to measure the storm 's intensity , and the next day , a flight observed winds of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) at a height of 1 @,@ 500 ft ( 460 m ) . As a result , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) upgraded Gloria to a hurricane about 465 mi ( 750 km ) east @-@ northeast of the Lesser Antilles . After having moved generally to the west , Gloria turned more to the west @-@ northwest on September 22 . This occurred after tropical storms Fabian and Henri weakened the ridge . On September 23 , Gloria passed about 155 miles ( 250 km ) to the north of Anegada , the northernmost island in the Lesser Antilles . It initially remained a minimal hurricane until September 24 when it began quickly intensifying . That day , it became a major hurricane while passing northeast of the Bahamas . Gloria developed a 10 mi ( 16 km ) wide eye , surrounded by an eyewall , and was producing the stadium effect . At 0120 UTC on September 25 , Hurricane Hunters extrapolated a barometric pressure of 919 mbar ( 27 @.@ 1 inHg ) , and reported flight @-@ level winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) . At the time , this was the lowest pressure measured by reconnaissance aircraft over the northern Atlantic ocean . Because there was little difference in the flight @-@ level winds and the surface winds , this was estimated to have been Gloria 's peak intensity , making it a Category 4 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . However , a preliminary reanalysis released in 2008 suggested peak winds of 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) . At peak intensity , the hurricane was located about 930 mi ( 1500 km ) southeast of Cape Hatteras in North Carolina , and had an eye diameter of only 8 mi ( 13 km ) . After peak intensity , Gloria weakened while turning to the north , moving around the western end of the ridge , toward a cold front . By September 26 , the winds had decreased to 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) , just 30 hours after its peak intensity . Later that day , a buoy about 60 mi ( 100 km ) east of the center recorded a wave height of 46 @.@ 9 ft ( 14 @.@ 3 m ) , which at the time was the highest buoy wave recording in an Atlantic hurricane . While accelerating toward North Carolina , Gloria re @-@ intensified slightly to winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) , making it a Category 2 hurricane . At 0530 UTC on September 27 , the hurricane struck southern Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks . After weakening further , Gloria passed just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey and interacted with a cold front . Its strongest winds remained on the eastern edge of the circulation , and the storm was gradually losing tropical characteristics . At 1600 UTC on September 27 , the hurricane made landfall with a broad and poorly defined center between John F. Kennedy International Airport and Islip , New York , with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) on western Long Island . This was only about three days after Henri struck the same general area as a much weaker tropical storm . About an hour after striking Long Island , Gloria made its final landfall in western Connecticut near Westport , and proceeded to move through New England while weakening . The NHC estimated that Gloria became extratropical over Maine early by 0000 UTC on September 28 . The storm continued to the northeast through Atlantic Canada passing south of Greenland on September 30 . The extratropical circulation of Gloria was last noted on October 2 , although the remnants later affected Europe . = = Preparations = = Early in Gloria 's duration , it threatened the northern Lesser Antilles , prompting a hurricane watch and later warning for the area . Gloria also threatened the Bahamas , prompting that government to issue hurricane watches and warnings . While Gloria was off the east coast of Florida , the NHC issued a hurricane watch from Edisto Beach , South Carolina to Cape Henry , Virginia , which was upgraded to a hurricane warning at 1000 UTC on September 26 , or 19 @.@ 5 hours before landfall . By later that day , a hurricane watch was issued for the rest of the eastern United States to Eastport , Maine . By two hours before Gloria 's landfall on Long Island , a hurricane warning was in effect for the same area , after warnings were gradually extended further north . Officials anticipated higher winds and storm surge than what occurred , due to the hurricane weakening as it approached landfall . Officials in Delaware and Maryland declared a state of emergency before the storm struck , and thousands of people from coastal communities evacuated to shelters . Schools closed in Delaware , and non @-@ emergency workers were sent home . Along Long Island in New York , hundreds of thousands of people evacuated their homes , and a state of emergency was declared for several counties . In Connecticut , about 20 @,@ 000 people evacuated along the coast , and 7 @,@ 300 evacuated from neighboring Rhode Island . Residents also evacuated portions of Cape Cod . As Gloria approached the East Coast of the United States , National Hurricane Center director Neil Frank called it the " Storm of the Century " , due to its intensity and potential track over the densely populated region of New England . Such a track gathered the attention of many people , and led to the evacuation of 380 @,@ 000 people along the coast from North Carolina to Connecticut . In Maryland , officials implemented lane reversing to expedite the evacuation process , a policy many other coastal states use . Officials advised 95 @,@ 000 citizens along the New Jersey coastline , an area that rarely experiences hurricanes , to evacuate . Cape May County — the most vulnerable part of the state and among the most susceptible in the entire country — would require 36 hours in 2005 to evacuate the 100 @,@ 000 citizens and 900 @,@ 000 tourists that were commonly present during busy summer weekends . Offices and classes of Harvard University closed only for the third time in the 20th century , the previous cases being the New England Hurricane of 1938 and the Blizzard of ' 78 . Although Gloria 's winds downed numerous trees and caused tens of thousands in damage in the area , overall effects were much less than expected . At the same time Gloria was making landfall on Long Island , a storm warning was issued for western New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . Across Atlantic Canada , the threat of Hurricane Gloria caused many citizens to rely on American media for storm coverage . = = Impact = = Hurricane Gloria was a large hurricane that affected much of the northeastern United States . Gloria brought strong wind gusts , which downed trees and left hundreds of thousands without power . Overall damage was estimated at $ 900 million , and there were eight deaths . Gloria was the first significant hurricane to affect New England since Hurricane Donna in 1960 . = = = Carolinas and Mid @-@ Atlantic = = = While offshore the eastern United States , the hurricane 's strongest winds were on the eastern periphery , which reduced the winds over land . In North Carolina , where Gloria made its first landfall , the strongest winds were 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) at a station near Buxton at the Cape Hatteras National Weather Service office ; a gust of 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) was also observed there . At Diamond Shoal Light , located offshore , sustained winds reached 98 mph ( 158 km / h ) , with gusts to 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . A peak storm surge of 5 @.@ 9 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) was estimated at the Neuse River . A minimal surge of around 1 @.@ 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 4 ft ) occurred in neighboring South Carolina , where winds were below tropical storm force . The highest rainfall related to Gloria was 9 @.@ 7 in ( 250 mm ) , recorded in Edenton , North Carolina . High waves and storm surge resulted in heavy coastal flooding and beach erosion along the Outer Banks , and several new inlets were created . Coastal flooding damaged several homes in the Outer Banks . Damage in the state was estimated at $ 8 @.@ 1 million , including $ 2 @.@ 4 million in crop damage . There was one death in North Carolina when a man was struck by a fallen tree . Throughout much of the Mid @-@ Atlantic , the winds remained generally below hurricane force ; however , winds reached 92 mph ( 147 km / h ) along the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel in Virginia and gusts to 89 mph ( 144 km / h ) in Ocean City , Maryland . The strongest winds in the region occurred after the center passed the area . Due to Gloria 's fast motion , there was minimal coastal flooding because the highest storm surge occurred during low tide , generally less than 4 @.@ 9 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) . Beach erosion was reported in both Maryland and Delaware . The heaviest rainfall was west of the center . Statewide peaks included 9 @.@ 17 in ( 233 mm ) at Valley Forge National Historical Park in Pennsylvania , 8 @.@ 6 in ( 220 mm ) in Holland , Virginia , and 7 @.@ 19 in ( 183 mm ) in Annapolis , Maryland . Rainfall spread as far inland as West Virginia . High waves washed away 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) of a fishing pier in Virginia Beach , Virginia . The rainfall caused minor flooding , and high tides flooded coastal portions of the Hampton Roads region . There was minor damage to trees , roofs , and signs in southeastern Virginia . The center of Gloria passed about 30 mi ( 48 km ) offshore eastern Maryland . In Ocean City , waves of 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) severely damaged the boardwalk , washing sand and debris a block inland . Downed trees left about 150 @,@ 000 people in Maryland . High winds forced the Chesapeake Bay Bridge to close , and there was little damage outside of eastern Maryland . High waves in Delaware eroded beaches , wrecked dunes , and damaged oceanfront buildings and boardwalks . Storm flooding closed several highways , including Delaware Route 1 . Damage was heaviest in Sussex County , although the storm damaged corn and soybean crops in northern Delaware . Monetary damage totaled over $ 500 @,@ 000 in the state . In neighboring Pennsylvania , wind gusts reached 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) in Allentown , which knocked down many trees and left thousands without power . Heavy rainfall flooded many streams , which closed or damaged several highways , bridges , and rail lines . About 3 @,@ 000 houses were flooded , forcing thousands to evacuate . While just off the New Jersey coast , Gloria produced strong winds , peaking at 81 mph ( 130 km / h ) in Ocean City , where a gust of 101 mph ( 162 km / h ) was also reported . In the town , an F0 tornado was reported damaging a house . Rainfall in the state reached 6 @.@ 00 in ( 152 mm ) at the Charlotteburg Reservoir near West Milford . Heavy beach erosion occurred along the coast , and several coastal towns sustained damage to boardwalks . Strong winds downed trees and power lines , which damaged homes and cars . One person was killed in Long Branch after touching a downed power line . Though Gloria moved quickly through the region , it dropped moderate rainfall in locations , including 6 @.@ 04 inches ( 153 mm ) at Baltimore – Washington International Airport . In addition , some unofficial reports in southeastern Virginia indicated amounts of up to 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of rain . Because much of the Mid @-@ Atlantic experienced the western , weaker side of this hurricane , damage was relatively light . High winds downed numerous trees throughout the area , leaving hundreds of thousands without power , including 237 @,@ 000 in New Jersey , 124 @,@ 000 in Maryland , and 56 @,@ 000 in Virginia . Extreme rainfall in Virginia resulted in $ 5 @.@ 5 million ( 1985 USD ) in damage . Intense flood waters split Long Beach Island in half for a period of time . = = = Long Island and New York = = = While making its second landfall , Gloria was accompanied by a storm surge of 6 @.@ 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) at Battery Park , the highest along its path . The highest wind report was a gust of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) at Islip . Central Park reported a gust of 51 mph ( 83 km / h ) . Rainfall in the state reached 8 @.@ 04 in ( 204 mm ) at Unadilla , although was much less near the coast , reaching 3 @.@ 48 in ( 88 @.@ 4 mm ) in Central Park . Along Long Island , the high storm surge flooded hundreds of streets and caused heavy beach erosion . High winds downed thousands of trees and damaged hundreds of homes , causing widespread power outages . About 1 @.@ 5 million people in the state lost power , including two @-@ thirds of the Long Island Lighting Company customers , making it one of the worst power outages in the state . There were four deaths on Long Island , two of whom related to heart attacks and the other two related to fallen trees . There were also 14 injuries in the region , many of them due to downed tree branches . In the New York mainland , heavy rainfall flooded rivers and alleviated drought conditions . Rough waves damaged boats and docks along the Hudson River . Unsettled weather contributed to a traffic fatality and an airplane crash that killed one in the New York mainland . It is believed peak gusts reached 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) in eastern Long Island . Weather forecasters believe that damage across parts of Long Island indicated winds in the Category Three range , as evidence of the damage received at MacArthur Airport . Gloria 's high winds caused significant damage across Long Island and southeastern New York . The area hit the worst was eastern Long Island , where high wind gusts blew thousands of trees into buildings and across roads . The broadcast tower of WBLI @-@ FM toppled on Bald Hill in Farmingville . In addition , the winds ripped roofs off of many buildings , including hangars at the MacArthur Airport , a hangar at the Bayport Aerodrome and the roof of the Islip Police Station . Prolonged exposure to high winds and waves led to moderate beach erosion , washing away several piers and docks . The storm surge , though relatively weak , destroyed 48 houses on the ocean side of the island . Gloria 's high winds left 683 @,@ 000 people in New York without power , with some lacking electricity for over eleven days . = = = New England and Canada = = = While moving across New England , Gloria was a weakened hurricane that passed quickly through the area . Though still a large hurricane , Gloria hit at low tide , resulting in low to moderate storm surges of 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in Groton , Connecticut , 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in New Bedford , Massachusetts , and 3 feet ( 1 m ) in Portland , Maine . The high waves caused heavy beach erosion in Connecticut and Rhode Island . The highest sustained winds were reports of 83 mph ( 135 km / h ) in Waterbury , Connecticut and Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Massachusetts , although neither locations were at sea level . Gusts peaked at 110 mph ( 176 km / h ) in Chatham , Massachusetts , and widespread areas across New England reported hurricane @-@ force gusts . It is estimated that hurricane @-@ force winds occurred in Connecticut , Massachusetts , and New Hampshire . Rainfall in the region peaked at 6 @.@ 90 in ( 175 mm ) at Borden Brook Reservoir in Springfield , Massachusetts . In Connecticut , Gloria crossed from Westport along the Long Island Sound , passed near Hartford , and exited into Massachusetts . Wind gusts peaked at 92 mph ( 148 km / h ) in Bridgeport , and also reached 82 mph ( 132 km / h ) in Hartford . The winds downed thousands of trees , many of which knocked down power lines . This left about 727 @,@ 000 residents without power , setting a record for the state related to a weather event . High waves damaged or sunk hundreds of boats along the coast , and several beachfront homes and docks were damaged . Light rainfall caused some minor flooding , mostly in northwestern Connecticut . Statewide there was about $ 6 million in crop damage . Damage was heaviest near Hartford , and overall storm damage was estimated at $ 91 million . Fallen trees contributed to two of the three deaths in the state , as well as several other injuries . Hurricane @-@ force gusts affected Rhode Island , peaking at 92 mph ( 148 km / h ) in Westerly . The winds uprooted thousands of trees and caused widespread roof damage . About 300 @,@ 000 people statewide lost power , the greatest since the Northeast	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
three episodes of the season were reshot from the original eight webisodes ; the two @-@ part premiere " Sanctuary for All " was reshot from the first four webisodes , while the third episode , " Fata Morgana " , was reshot from the final four . Eighteen months passed between shooting the web series and the first three episodes . Difficulties with this included the fact that Cainan Wiebe , who portrays Alexi , grew taller , and the actors consciously played the characters to be more open to each other . It was filmed using Red One cameras , the first series in North America to use them . The Red camera system does away with tape and film and records straight to a hard drive , allowing Anthem Visual Effects and the series ' post production team immediate access to the day 's footage , and is capable of recording at 4K resolution — four times the resolution of current high @-@ definition . The season was filmed using five directors . Wood directed eight of the thirteen episodes ; he spent 17 days preparing to film the premiere . He found that " Requiem " was his favorite episode to direct , while " The Five " was his least favorite , as he had to keep reorganizing six styrofoam sets . Among the remaining five episodes , James Head directed " Folding Man " , Peter DeLuise directed " Nubbins " , Brenton Spencer directed " Edward " and " Warriors " , and Steven A. Adelson directed " Instinct " ; Adelson filmed the episode with 40 long takes to accomplish a real @-@ time perspective . DeLuise was approached by Wood to direct " Nubbins " as it was considered a lighter episode , which DeLuise preferred over a dramatic episode . In the past DeLuise would make cameo appearances in his works , but broke tradition in directing this episode . According to Head , about 70 % of the season was filmed using green screen in the Burnaby warehouse . Unlike many other shows , elaborate sets were not built for the scenes to be filmed ; instead , they are created using CGI technology . Because of the virtual sets , the actors had to visualise what the rooms they were in looked like . To aid them , practical props were placed . The production crew also used rain and wind machines to film scenes set outdoors . However , practical sets were also used throughout the season . The first 20 minutes of " Sanctuary for All " was filmed at the partially decommissioned Riverview Hospital , described by Kindler as a " Swiss Army knife of locations " . Elsewhere , the studio parking lot and alleyways of The Bridge Studios provided a surrogate for several different types of locations , like city streets . A Volvo warehouse provided the filming location for " Instinct " . The final filming days were spent on the North Shore Mountains outside Vancouver . The fifth episode , " Kush " , was filmed on a damaged fuselage set , which was built by production designer Bridget McGuire . The episode 's cast disliked the episode the most because they had to act as if they were in freezing temperatures , where in fact it was around 40 degrees Celsius . Because it was an expensive set , the producers wanted to reuse it . It was later redesigned to look like the inside of a submarine for " Requiem " . It was redressed again for " Revelations " . Although released third , " Fata Morgana " was filmed as the fourth episode , and was considered to be aired after " Folding Man " . However , Tapping felt strongly that it would make a great stand alone episode after " Sanctuary for All " , and the characters appeared more comfortable with each other in " Folding Man " . Swapping the episodes caused a major continuity issue , in which Ashley appears to show scratches on her neck from " Sanctuary for All " in " Folding Man " , but not in between . = = = Effects = = = The season 's visual effects were produced by Anthem Visual Effects , with the company 's Lee Wilson serving as co @-@ producer and visual effects supervisor . Because it was filmed in green screen , each episode contains an estimated 400 visual effect shots . In contrast , an average episode of Stargate SG @-@ 1 , which Tapping starred in , contained only 12 . One of the larger visual effects sequences was the opening sequence of the premiere , which took three months to produce . Each visual effect produced in the original webisodes was remastered . Among the characters , the movement of two @-@ faced guy 's rear face were made with Computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) , though it was a difficult effect to produce . A prosthetic application was added to the back of Campbell 's head when the second face is not talking . The mermaid character , Sally , was entirely a visual effect , with the face of Mandy May , wife of director Steven A. Adelson , rendered onto it . Creating the eponymous abnormals in " Nubbins " and their predator was what Sam Egan described as " a proper budget @-@ driven issue " because rendering several CGI creatures at once and having them move would be difficult . It was decided to have them camouflaged in an attempt to make work easier for the visual effects team , but it did not work out as well as the producers hoped . To achieve Nubbin interaction with the cast , guide versions , nicknamed Oompa @-@ Loompas , were made for them to carry . In designing Tesla 's transition to a vampire , the producers , realizing vampires were included in several other works in the past , wanted to make them look unique . Wilson based the vampire look to the 2007 film 30 Days of Night . Because of the hard work by Anthem , the producers made " Kush " and " Requiem " into bottle episodes , to give the visual effects team a break . Instead , other forms of special effects were used . To create the Himalayan feel of " Kush " , the production crew used wind machines and paper snow . However , the fake snow became a problem for the cast , as they suffered from bloodshot eyes and scratchy throats when exposed to it . Aquariums were placed outside each port hole of the set in " Requiem " . To complete the effects where Druitt teleports , Heyerdahl would walk out of the shot while every other cast member has to stay still , until the directors signal them to react ; the shot of Heyerdahl walking out of frame would later be cut . Another effect involving Heyerdahl is a scene between both his characters , Bigfoot and Druitt , in " Revelations " . To complete the shot , Heyerdahl had to film two different shots : one with him as Druitt talking to nothing , and another with him as Bigfoot talking to nothing . When both characters can be seen walking together , a stand @-@ in would replace Heyerdahl as Bigfoot . Another form of special effects are prosthetics used to create abnormals . They were composed by a team of make @-@ up artists . Todd Masters stated that his team tried to make them interesting and unique every week . The abnormal shown at the end of " Kush " was a stand @-@ in who wore a full prosthetic suit ; the costume took a long time to apply . Among the prosthetics used in " Warriors " , Dunne wore a muscle suit that was previously worn by Vinnie Jones during the 2006 film X @-@ Men : The Last Stand . The corpses used in the beginning of " Sanctuary for All " were mannequins the props department had in their possession , with holes added in the foreheads . Using mannequins was easier than using actors . The drawings in " Edward " were produced by Sanctuary 's art department . The season 's stunts were coordinated by Marshall Virtue . To develop the Fight Club scenes in " Warriors " , fight coordinator Rob Hader helped with choreographing the stunts . While filming the scenes , Hader played one of the fighters . He replaced an actor who broke a knee after filming for six seconds . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Broadcast = = = Originally airing on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States , the first season was broadcast in over 50 countries worldwide . Tapping believed the channel was a " good home base " , because she had worked with the network for several years before , adding " they understand the genre . They understand the fans . " The season commenced with both parts of " Sanctuary for All " on October 3 , 2008 . The following episodes aired almost every Friday during the 10 to 11 pm time slot from October 10 , 2008 , until January 9 , 2009 . In Canada , it aired on Movie Channel One of The Movie Network . In the United Kingdom , the season was picked up for broadcast by ITV4 . The first episode was broadcast on October 6 , 2008 , only three days after the release on the Sci Fi Channel . In Australia , the season debuted on ABC2 on March 1 , 2010 . = = = Ratings = = = " Sanctuary for All " started off the season with over 2 @.@ 7 million viewers and a household rating of 2 @.@ 2 after its original broadcast . It became Sci Fi Channel 's highest rated series premiere since the pilot episode of Eureka in July 2006 . It was the number one prime time cable entertainment program among adults aged 25 through 54 years , and fourth among adults aged 18 through 49 years . Because of the high ratings , views of Sci Fi 's Sanctuary page rose to 1 @.@ 2 million , as well as 287 @,@ 000 video streams the day it was broadcast . Viewing figures for the following episodes were somewhat under 2 million , but the finale drew its biggest audience since the premiere ; " Revelations ( Part 2 ) " was seen by 2 million viewers and received a 1 @.@ 6 household rating . Including timeshifted viewings , the first season averaged 2 @.@ 35 million viewers , and a 1 @.@ 8 rating . The first season of Sanctuary beat the fifth season of its lead in Stargate Atlantis by two tenths of a point . Because of the success , Sci Fi ordered a second season on November 2008 . In the United Kingdom , the first part of " Sanctuary for All " was seen by 565 @,@ 000 viewers . The second part received 608 @,@ 000 viewers the following week . Since then , ratings have steadily declined to 398 @,@ 000 by the season finale . The penultimate episode received the lowest ratings of the season , with only 279 @,@ 000 viewers . = = = Critical reception = = = The season received generally mixed reviews from critics . Metacritic gave the season a normalized rating of 56 out of 100 based on seven reviews , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . Linda Stasi of the New York Post stated " the monsters are first rate , the virtual sets are very cool , the acting is excellent . Why I was fighting fatigue while watching , I can 't say . It was either the martinis from Steve Dunleavy 's farewell party – or the plot . " Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune felt the pace was " a little on the stately side " , and was unclear why Tapping " speaks with an iffy English accent " , but believed the " low @-@ key , low @-@ budget but well @-@ intentioned sci @-@ fi / action hybrid might be of interest to fans of Tapping 's earlier work as Samantha Carter on Stargate SG @-@ 1 " . Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times felt that " much of it feels dreadfully slow , not so much moody as stretched for time . Hard @-@ to @-@ sell dialogue such as ' Such imperfect children are often adopted by well @-@ meaning immigrant families ' doesn 't make it flow any faster " , but still stated " it looks great " . Brian Lowry of Variety called the first two episodes " competent but uninspiring " , and said it " suffers by comparison with any number of similarly themed dramas , most recently BBC America 's fun @-@ loving Torchwood " . Lowry also believes that " it 's hard to imagine this series doing much more than satisfying some of the odd humanoids still pining for ( and emailing on behalf of ) Stargate " . Mike Hale of The New York Times felt that Sanctuary " sits at about the same level of writing and performance as the Stargate shows , which means it doesn 't have the narrative force of Battlestar Galactica or the wit and creativity of Sci Fi 's best original series , Eureka " , adding that " it 's not an embarrassment for the channel , but it doesn 't raise the stakes either " . Hale also noted that there is a connection with Stargate , which is " in its 12th year and still going strong " . David Blackwell of Enterline Media thought that Sanctuary was an " interesting concept " , but felt the first six episodes were " hit @-@ or @-@ miss " . Of the series ' use of green screen for sets , Blackwell stated " sometimes it really works and sometimes the CGI sets could use improvement " . He also felt that Amanda Tapping was convincing as a British scientist . In conclusion , Blackwell stated " Sanctuary does take a while to kick in , but it is a very good series once the writers actually write something with depth . " Alex Walker of Den of Geek rated the first season three stars out of five , stating " the acting and scripting is good , but Sanctuary lacks the wit and charm of the genre 's top shows like Doctor Who and Battlestar Galactica . Also , the way some episodes alternate between fighting and exposition gives the impression of watching someone else play a videogame . " Walker also dubbed it a " poor man 's Buffy The Vampire Slayer , but said that it " makes for " agreeable early @-@ evening viewing " . Walker also believed that the DVD of the first season should really be for " die @-@ hard fans only " . Paul Simpson of Total Sci @-@ Fi rated the season 7 out of 10 , and summed it up as " although frequently predictable , Sanctuary usually provides an entertaining hour . " John Sinnott of DVD Talk , being a fan of Tapping 's earlier work of Stargate SG @-@ 1 , believes the first season is " highly recommended " . Sinnott also noticed that while " the first six shows are so @-@ so [ ... ] the last seven are great " . = = = Awards and nominations = = = The season won a total of five awards . The pilot episode " Sanctuary for All " won a 2009 Gemini Award for Best Visual Effects . The other four were Leo Awards . " Warriors " won " Best Make @-@ Up in a Dramatic Series " . Actor Ryan Robbins won " Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series " for his role as Henry Foss in " Edward " , beating co @-@ star Jonathan Young . Gabrielle Rose won " Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series " for the same episode . Amanda Tapping won " Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series " for her role as Helen Magnus in " Requiem " . The most prestigious nomination for the season was for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for " Sanctuary for All " , but it lost the award to Heroes . = = Home video releases = = A DVD box set of the first season , published by E1 Entertainment , was first released in Region 1 on September 15 , 2009 , in Region 2 on October 12 , 2009 , and in Region 4 on September 9 , 2009 . The season was later released on Blu @-@ ray Disc in the United States on June 15 , 2010 , and in Australia on June 9 , 2010 . The four @-@ disc set consists of all 13 episodes , each with audio commentaries from cast and crew , as well as the original webisodes in two installments . The set also includes three behind the scenes featurettes : Welcome to the Sanctuary , The Sanctuary Residents , and Sanctuary Visual Effects , as well as a blooper reel , photo gallery , and sneak preview of season two . John Sinnott of DVD Talk reacted positively to the number of extras , rating it four and a half stars out of five ; Sinnott was also " very pleased " to see the original webisodes included in the set . = Fox @-@ y Lady = " Fox @-@ y Lady " ( stylized as " FOX @-@ y Lady " ) is the tenth episode of the seventh season of the animated television series Family Guy . It premiered on Fox in the United States on March 22 , 2009 . The episode is centered on housewife Lois Griffin 's employment at Fox News Channel , despite the warnings of anthropomorphic dog Brian . On her first day on the job , she is assigned to do a report on Michael Moore 's perceived homosexuality , but it is rejected when the exposé involves conservative Republican Rush Limbaugh . Meanwhile , husband Peter and son Chris decide to create their own animated sitcom . The pilot episode is a success with the CEO , but Peter decides not to air it when it is suggested that it be edited . The episode was written by Matt Fleckenstein and directed by Pete Michels . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode was watched by 7 @.@ 45 million viewers in its original airing in the United States . The episode featured guest performances by Seth Rogen , Meredith Baxter , Peter Chernin , Fred Savage , Daniel Stern , Ed Helms , Sharon Tay , John Moschitta , Jr. and Mark DeCarlo . " Fox @-@ y Lady " , along with the six remaining episodes from Family Guy 's seventh season and the first eight episodes from the eighth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on June 15 , 2010 . = = Plot = = Rhonda Latimer , an aging reporter for Fox News Channel who is idolized by viewers because of her good looks , is dismissed when the network 's first high @-@ definition broadcast exposes her wrinkles , leaving a job opportunity open . Lois auditions for the part , ignoring Brian 's warnings that Fox News is a heavily biased network , and she is chosen as the new reporter . On her first day reporting , she is assigned to do an exposé on Michael Moore to prove that he is a homosexual . When she spies on him outside his house , she sees Rush Limbaugh coming out , leading her to conclude that Limbaugh and Moore are in a gay relationship . However , Fox News refuses to allow any material against fellow conservative Limbaugh to be broadcast , leading Lois to realize that Brian was right about them . The two decide to take the story into their own hands and confront who they expect to be Moore and a naked Limbaugh in the same bedroom , only to discover that the both of them are portrayed by Fred Savage , who has created bodysuits of them in order to continue his acting career . A flabbergasted Lois ultimately decides to report his story instead . Meanwhile , Peter , with help from his children Chris and Meg , decides to create his own animated series about a trio of handicapped ducks entitled Handi @-@ Quacks . All of Meg 's reasonable and sometimes rational suggestions are shot down by Peter and Chris in favor of their more unusual and nonsensical ideas . Peter eventually fires Meg . He and Chris then decide on a joke involving a wood stove and a house of cards , and invite Cleveland , Quagmire and Joe to voice the characters . Although it is suggested that the crudely animated and developed pilot episode will likely fail , CEO Peter Chernin ( appearing as himself ) enjoys it and agrees to air the show , but Peter becomes angered when he suggests that the character Poopyface Tomato Nose 's nose be a plum instead of a tomato . Peter 's passion about his work impresses Chernin into allowing him to air the episode unedited , but he decides not to let the episode be aired at all , which he later regrets . At the end of the episode , Lois is revealed to no longer work as a reporter . She does not bother to reveal how or why , since no one really cares . = = Production = = " Fox @-@ y Lady " is the tenth episode of Family Guy 's seventh season . The episode was written by former iCarly writer Matt Fleckenstein and directed by former supervising director Pete Michels . " Fox @-@ y Lady " , along with the seven other episodes from Family Guy 's eighth season and seven from the seventh season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on June 15 , 2010 . The DVDs included brief audio commentaries by Seth MacFarlane , and various crew and cast members from several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes , a special mini @-@ feature that discussed the process behind animating " Road to the Multiverse " , and a mini @-@ feature entitled Family Guy Karaoke . The set also includes a reprint of the script for the episode . In addition to the regular cast , actor Seth Rogen cameoed as himself , this being his second appearance on the show after " Family Gay " . Then @-@ Fox Entertainment Group CEO Peter Chernin and The Wonder Years star Fred Savage also guest @-@ starred , along with Daniel Stern as that series ' narrator , and Ed Helms , Sharon Tay , John Moschitta , Jr. and Mark DeCarlo appeared as well . Recurring voice actors Jackson Douglas , Jennifer Tilly , and Kim Parks , and writers Kirker Butler , Steve Callaghan , Mark Hentemann , Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , and John Viener made cameo appearances in the episode as well . Actress Meredith Baxter @-@ Birney voices herself in a cutaway . Actors Adam West and Patrick Warburton appeared in the episode as well . = = Cultural references = = When Lois is given her contract after getting a job at Fox News , she happily runs home in a way reminiscent of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory when that film 's protagonist , Charlie Bucket , runs home after receiving his golden ticket . She then falls and starts moaning , much like Peter did after he won a tour of the Pawtucket brewery in " Wasted Talent " , but instead of grabbing her kneecap as Peter did , she grabs her right breast . Later on at the studio , Stewie 's broadcast on Fox News is a parody of a viral video clip of an angry Bill O 'Reilly during a teleprompter malfunction . When Fred Savage is proven to be Rush Limbaugh and Michael Moore , he also reveals himself to be Tony Danza , Camryn Manheim , Malcolm @-@ Jamal Warner , Kevin Nealon , John Forsythe , and Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich . After Savage confesses to his multiple identities , the voice @-@ over from The Wonder Years is heard and Fred shouts at him , " I don 't need you anymore ! " . = = Reception = = In its original airing in the United States , " Fox @-@ y Lady " was watched by 7 @.@ 45 million viewers , surpassing the other shows in the " Animation Domination " block . It gained a 3 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , finishing second in its timeslot . The episode received generally mixed reviews from television sources and critics . Alex Rocha of TV Guide called it a " pretty dull episode , but with some bright humorous spots [ ... ] The episode looked like it had potential , but definitely did not perform to its best . " Ahsan Haque of IGN called it " far from perfect " but " definitely a lot better than the terrible O.J. Simpson episode from last week . " He called the Handi @-@ Quacks scenes " fantastic " and called the episode overall " definitely a step in the right direction . " Robin Pierson of The TV Critic said : " More purpose in the plot and more jokes related to the story than usual " and gave the episode 40 out of 100 . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club wrote that " tonight 's Family Guy was the best it 's been in a looooong time " . He stated that in both plotlines " the game is established early [ ... ] and the show escalates nicely " , and graded the episode a B. = Rock Show ( Parks and Recreation ) = " Rock Show " is the sixth episode and season finale of the first season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 14 , 2009 . It was written by Norm Hiscock and directed by Michael Schur . In the episode , Andy gets the casts removed from his legs , and Ann starts reevaluating their relationship when she learns he kept them on longer than necessary so she would keep pampering him . An intoxicated Mark flirts with Leslie , who feels conflicted about whether she wants to move forward when he is drunk . The episode generated positive reviews . Several commentators claimed " Rock Show " represented a turning point in the series , in which the show found its own tone and broke away from similarities to The Office . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 4 @.@ 25 million viewers in its original airing , the lowest viewership for the season . " Rock Show " , along with an " Extended Producer 's Cut " of the episode , was included on the Parks and Recreation Season One DVD , which was released in the United States on September 8 , 2009 . = = Plot = = The parks and recreation department have cake to celebrate Andy ( Chris Pratt ) having his leg casts removed , and Ann ( Rashida Jones ) invites everybody to a local bar to hear Andy 's first rock concert since he broke his leg . Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) is disappointed she cannot go , because her mother ( Pamela Reed ) has set up a business meeting with a local town manager . Later at the hospital , Ann learns from Dr. Harris ( Cooper Thornton ) that Andy could have had his casts removed two weeks earlier , but that he postponed it because he wanted Ann to keep pampering him . Angry , Ann begins reevaluating her relationship with Andy . Later that evening , Leslie realizes the dinner with 62 @-@ year @-@ old George Gernway ( Ron Perkins ) is actually a blind date set up by her mother . George , who tells the documentary camera crew he is getting " very positive signals " , agrees to go with Leslie to the rock show . Mark ( Paul Schneider ) feels lonely because he is the only one at the concert without a date : Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) is with his attractive surgeon wife Wendy Haverford ( Jama Williamson ) , Ron ( Nick Offerman ) is dating his ex @-@ wife 's sister Beth ( Stephanie Erb ) and April ( Aubrey Plaza ) is with , " like the gayest person I 've ever met , but I make out with him when I 'm drunk sometimes . " Noticing Ann is angry with Andy , Mark makes a pass at her , but Ann angrily rejects him . Leslie and George show up and are mocked by Tom . After the concert ends , Andy tries to stay as long as possible to avoid a fight with Ann , but she insists they leave . George goes home because he was falling asleep and Leslie starts to leave , but an intoxicated Mark asks her to stay and have a beer with him . When Leslie notes to the camera crew that they seem to be getting along just like when they made love five years earlier , she realizes he was drunk then too . When the bar closes , the two decide to keep drinking alongside the pit outside Ann 's house , which Leslie plans to turn into a park . When Leslie asks whether he thinks the park will ever be made , a pragmatic Mark says it will be a difficult process with a lot of red tape , but she remains optimistic . During a fight , Andy admits to Ann that he postponed having the casts removed , but explains it was because , " I really , really like it when you serve me food . " Ann throws him out , and Andy sees Mark kiss Leslie . Leslie stops his advances because she does not want to move forward when he is drunk . As Mark starts to leave , he falls into the pit . An amused Andy tells Ann , who rushes out to help him while Andy goes back inside and watches television . = = Production = = " Rock Show " , the first season finale of Parks and Recreation was written by Norm Hiscock and directed by series co @-@ founder Michael Schur . Schur said he felt " Rock Show " marked a change in tone for the series and struck a better balance between personal and professional stories than any of the other episodes from the season . Schur said : " We treated that whole six @-@ episode season like a pilot . If you go back and watch those episodes now , you can see us making changes . The sixth episode is different in tone than the first . And we made some character tweaks , like every show ever does " . Amy Poehler said she believed " Rock Show " would end what she described as the inevitable comparisons between Parks and Recreation and The Office , which is also produced by Parks creators Schur and Greg Daniels . Poehler said , " I think it was something we had to work through in the beginning , and I ’ m kind of hoping we ’ re on the other side of that and people will start to judge the show on its own , for what it is and realize it ’ s just a completely different world in a similar style . ” Schur made his directorial debut with " Rock Show " , and had only one day of preparation before directing the episode . While preparing to direct the episode , Schur was asked to make an appearance on The Office as Mose Schrute , the cousin of Dwight Schrute and a popular minor character , in the fifth season finale episode , " Company Picnic " . Schur regretfully declined because he needed the time to work on " Rock Show " , leading Office episode writers Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta to create the character Rolf , Dwight 's friend played by James Urbaniak , as an alternative . Andy 's bandmates during the rock show scene were played by Mark Rivers ( drums ) , Andrew Burlinson ( guitar ) and Alan Yang ( bass ) . All four actors performed their own instruments live during the filming . Originally , they planned to pre @-@ record the songs and pantomime them for the episode , but after practicing a few times around the extras , they decided to shoot it live . The band performed each song twice , and Schur said he tried to shoot and direct it as if it were a music video . Yang is a writer with Parks and Recreation , and wrote the previous first season episode , " Boys ' Club " . Rivers is a composer who has worked on the sketch comedy show Human Giant , which starred Parks star Aziz Ansari . Rivers wrote the songs performed in " Rock Show " , which Pratt said took him only " about fifteen minutes " . Hiscock wrote the lyrics for " The Pit " in the initial outline for the episode and they were handed to Rivers who then fleshed them out . The songs were designed to resemble the music of the American rock band Hootie & the Blowfish . The only song not written by Rivers was " Ann " , a romantic ballad Andy played for Ann , which was written by Pratt himself . " Ann " first appeared in " Boys ' Club " . Like most episodes of Parks and Recreation , a great deal of the scenes in " Rock Show " were improvised by the actors . Paul Schneider made up his own dialogue during the scene in which he and Poehler sit next to the pit and he talks about it as if it is already a park . Poehler 's laughter at his jokes in this scene is her genuine reaction . Pratt also improvised much of his own dialogue , including his rationale to Ann for why he lied about his leg casts : " I really , really like it when you serve me food . " Pratt also changed the reaction his character had to Mark falling into the pit . The script originally called for Andy to be serious and concerned , but Pratt changed it so his character thought the fall was funny . Pratt also improvised the songs he sang during an early scene in the episode , in which Andy makes up songs about random items in Ann 's living room out of boredom from wearing the casts for so long . One of the songs he sings is about a lamp , and included the lyrics , " I wish you were a lamp that would light up when you get touched . " Pratt thought of the song because he had recently gotten such a lamp as a gift from a friend . During a scene when Andy describes his style of music , April responds that she completely understands him , although the other characters seemingly do not . That line was improvised by Aubrey Plaza , and later helped inspire the writing staff to place the April and Andy characters into a romantic relationship . Schur said of this , " At the time , it was this little nothing , throwaway thing , but when we watched it , we thought there might be something there . " The scene with Mark making a pass at Ann at the rock show , and Ann 's angry reaction to the attempt , were a last @-@ minute addition to the episode . Although Mark and Ann would develop a romantic relationship in the second season , the Parks and Recreation writers had not decided what would happen between the developing romantic plotlines between Leslie and Mark , or Leslie and Ann , at time " Rock Show " aired . In the original pilot script , Mark helped Leslie solely because he was attracted to Ann and felt that green @-@ lighting Leslie 's project would give him an excuse to spend more time with her ; the shooting version was retooled to make Leslie less pathetic and Mark less unlikable , by having him won over by Leslie 's determination to fight against the odds . Immediately after " Rock Show " was originally broadcast , NBC set up an official website for " Scarecrow Boat " , Andy 's band featured in the episode . The site , at scarecrowboat.com , included ringtones , band posters , songs for download and photos . George Gernway was played by Ron Perkins , the husband of Parks and Recreation casting director Nancy Perkins . Aubrey Plaza conceived the idea of her character dating a gay man who she occasionally makes out with . Her " gay boyfriend " would become a major part of April 's character in the second season . The scenes about Mark 's efforts to have a speed bump lowered were inspired by Scott Albright , a California city planner who works as a consultant on the show . Albright said it would only be realistic for a city planner to lower a speed bump if a large number of residents complained about it . The hospital scenes in " Rock Show " were filmed on @-@ location in an actual California hospital . = = Cultural references = = Andy describes the style of his band 's music as a mix between Matchbox Twenty and The Fray . George says his favorite rock band is The Everly Brothers , a country @-@ influenced rock band from the 1950s and 60s . Andy finds Ann 's lost iPod , a portable music player by Apple Inc . , inside his leg cast after it is removed . When Andy starts watching television while Ann rushes off to help Mark at the end of the episode , he is watching the reality series The Real Housewives of Atlanta . The scene between Mark and Leslie at the pit was mirrored in the second season finale " Freddy Spaghetti " , which aired in May 2010 and was Mark 's final appearance as a regular cast member . During that scene , the two overlook what was once the pit , but was now a filled @-@ in lot , and Mark gives her construction plans for a park before kissing her goodbye on the cheek and leaving . Schur said of the scene , " It 's great because Leslie and Mark , it was such a disastrous moment last time ( at the pit ) and he didn 't really respect her , and a lot 's happened in a year . " Goor said of using that setting , " I liked the symmetry of having it play a critical , and opposite role in this finale . Last year , they sat on the bench and kissed , and it seemed like they might be getting back together . This year , they sat on the bench and Mark kissed Leslie goodbye . " During one scene , Andy goes through a list of previous names his band has had . Pratt said about half the band names featured in the episode came directly from the script , but after he made up one on the spot , the directors encouraged him to keep improvising . Pratt said he went through about 200 fake band names during the take . The various names of Andy 's rock band include : = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on May 14 , 2009 , " Rock Show " was watched by 4 @.@ 25 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , marking the lowest viewership for the season . Although the rating was almost the same as the previous week 's episode , " The Banquet " , Bill Gorman of TV By the Numbers still called the rating " pitiful . " The episode received a 1 @.@ 9 rating / 7 share among viewers aged between 18 and 34 , and a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 6 share among viewers between 18 and 49 . " Rock Show " received generally positive reviews , with many critics claiming it to be the best episode of the series up to that point . The scene in which Leslie rejects Mark 's kiss in the pit was considered by some reviewers to be a critical turning point both for the show and for the development of Leslie Knope 's character . Kona Gallagher of TV Squad wrote in a 2010 article , " Leslie finally realized that she can move on from Mark and the show realized that it could actually make her a real character " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said after six episodes , he felt " Rock Show " was the episode where the Parks and Recreation found the right tone for the series and Leslie Knope character . Sepinwall said all the characters were very likable , the jokes seemed natural and the awkwardness of the show was turned down enough to work properly . The Hollywood Reporter writer Tim Goodman said while the first five episodes of the season had been disappointing , " Rock Show " marked an improvement in which " the characters were more defined , their quirks and rhythms understood " . Matt Fowler of IGN said he did not find the episode especially funny but that it did a good job of fleshing out the characters . He said Chris Pratt was especially funny , and that his band 's song " The Pit " was stuck in his head after the episode . The A.V. Club writer Keith Phipps , who had mixed feelings about Parks and Recreation throughout the season , said " Rock Show " was very funny and restored his faith in the potential of the series . Phipps said he believed the show would become very popular in the second season , and that people would later claim to like the first season more than they did the first time they saw it . In October 2009 , while reviewing the second season episode " Sister City " , A.V. Club writer Leonard Pierce said he believed Parks and Recreation showed a streak of vast improvement that started with " Rock Show " and continued into the second season . Jeremy Medina of Entertainment Weekly said the episode was " solid all @-@ around " and especially liked Leslie 's blind date with the elderly man and Chris Pratt , especially his listing of all his previous band names . Medina said , " Parks and Recreation is only six episodes in , and it 's already better than I anticipated . It has its own tone , a talented cast , and a plot that 's advancing toward something , at least as fast as governmental red tape will allow it to . " Richard Lawson of Gawker said the episode was the best of the season and that he liked the wistful pacing and Poehler 's performance . Lawson said , " Anyone who dismissed this show after its first sorta underwhelming episode made a mistake . The show has only gotten tighter and sharper , culminating in last night 's funny / sad finale . " Time television reviewer James Poniewozik said the episode was the best yet for developing Poehler into a " more multi @-@ facted , less risible character " . He also said the supporting staff played " flawlessly " off each other in the rock show scene , and thinks there is " huge potential " in the dynamic between Leslie and her undermining mother . Not all reviews of the episode were positive . Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune said the Leslie Knope character was unappealing in " Rock Show " and throughout the first season , which she said surpassed the Friends spin @-@ off Joey as " the worst example of NBC 's tendency to extend its franchises well beyond what is desirable or logical . " = = DVD release = = " Rock Show " , along with the five other first season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a one @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on September 8 , 2009 . The DVD included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode , as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes . The disc also included an " Producer 's Extended Cut " of " Rock Show " , which incorporated scenes that were cut from the originally broadcast episode . Many of the deleted scenes were improvised dialogue from the actors in brief extensions of episodes already included in the originally broadcast episode . In one of the cut scenes , Marlene Knope tells the audience that Leslie 's business meeting is actually a date . The producers decided to cut the moment , so the audience would find out at the same time Leslie learns it . In another cut scene , Andy tries to convince Ann that the doctor lied to her about Andy requesting more time with the leg casts because the doctor wanted more money . One of the longest cut scenes from the extended edition was a conversation between Leslie and Mark at the bar , in which Mark explains his ideals about city planning when he attended college are much different than the practical , technical aspects of his job . Although the scene was cut , Michael Schur said the monologue did a great deal to help develop Mark 's character . = John Clough Holmes = John Clough Holmes ( September 25 , 1809 – December 16 , 1887 ) was responsible for the establishment of Michigan State University . As the co @-@ founder of the Michigan State Agricultural Society , John Clough Holmes spearheaded the movement to build an agriculture college in Michigan . Holmes Hall , the home of the Lyman Briggs College , is named in his honor . After moving to Detroit at age 26 , Holmes married into a merchant family . He later got involved in both the Detroit Horticultural Society and the Board of Education . In 1849 , his background in horticulture and education led him to co @-@ found the Michigan State Agricultural Society , a group dedicated to establishing a state @-@ funded agricultural college in Michigan . Holmes spent the next six years drafting legislation and gaining support for his cause , and in 1855 , the Michigan state governor signed a bill establishing the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan . Holmes was keenly involved with the details of the Agricultural College , influencing everything from the purchase of land for the campus , layout of the buildings , and even the placement of the chairs and tables . Once the College opened , he assumed the role of treasurer and later Professor of Horticulture . By 1861 , Holmes had fallen out of favor with the other College administrators , and retired to his home in Detroit . Nevertheless , he continued to support and visit the college until his death in 1887 . = = Biography = = Born in Salem , Massachusetts , John Clough Holmes moved to Michigan in 1835 , and gained employment in a Detroit merchant store . Within five years he had married his boss 's daughter , and soon became a partner in the family business . Holmes served as president of the Detroit Horticultural Society in 1847 . The following two years he was a member of the Board of Education of Detroit . Then in 1849 he co @-@ founded the Michigan State Agricultural Society . The Michigan State Agricultural Society immediately assumed a lofty goal to foster the establishment of a state @-@ funded agricultural college in Michigan . Holmes , who served as secretary of the Agricultural Society from 1849 to 1857 , was also the college 's most tenacious proponent . In conference with his fellow society members , he drafted a bill that would create the college . Significantly , Holmes ( among others ) vehemently admonished that this college be independent of both the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and the Normal School in Ypsilanti , for he " feared that agricultural studies would not receive the attention needed to survive and thrive " at those schools . Holmes spent the next five years gathering supporters for his grassroots movement , traveling at his own expense to gather petition signatures from across the state . On January 14 , 1855 , Holmes went to the state capital of Lansing to lobby the legislature for an agricultural college . He spent the next four weeks championing the bill he wrote and cementing support in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . Though many legislators supported the basic concept of a state @-@ funded agricultural college , there was strong opposition from University of Michigan president Henry Tappan , who wanted the agriculture program to be part of his school . Nevertheless , Holmes prevailed . On February 12 , 1855 , Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Bingham signed Act 130 , establishing the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , the school that would become Michigan State University . The final draft of the bill held only two significant differences from the one that Holmes presented : that the purchase price not exceed US $ 15 per acre , rather than the $ 25 Holmes desired ; and that the site must be within ten miles ( 16 km ) of Lansing , a provision added to silence the various factions that wanted the new college built in their own backyards . Holmes ' work had only begun : Act 130 put the Agricultural Society wholly in charge of selecting the site for the Agricultural College . In June 1855 , Holmes and the society 's executive committee visited nine sites of offered land , including some near the present towns of Holt , Millett , DeWitt , and Haslett . As a result of the low stipulated price of $ 15 per acre , all of the sites were uncleared land , and many were quite untenable for a campus . Eventually , Holmes wrote the proposal to purchase the 677 acres ( 274 ha ) Burr farm , located three miles due east of the capitol . He also included a second proposal , outlining both the college 's organization and " specific appointments for a staff . " The State Board of Education approved the site purchase in July 1855 , but months later had proven unable to make any progress in deciding on basics for the college — including what buildings it might require . The Board turned to Holmes , who had continued to acquaint himself with the site by making some preliminary surveys . After some consideration , he reported back to the Board that the school required two main buildings : a combination classroom and office building , and a dormitory . Thus , John C. Holmes is the man responsible for the design of both College Hall and the original dormitory , now known as Saints ' Rest . In addition , although Professor Harold W. Lautner ( who , as the official Director of Campus Planning from 1945 to 1969 , was a direct successor to Holmes ) makes a point of noting that " who proposed the sites for these first buildings is not answered in any record , " he concurs that Holmes ' ubiquitous hand makes it unlikely that anyone else made that decision . The buildings were completed , and the first classes commenced in May 1857 . As the College began operations , Holmes was appointed its treasurer . Showing that no decision was small enough to escape his view , he is said to have " supervised the placing of chairs and tables in College Hall . " The college 's 200 @-@ volume library was donated by the Michigan State Agricultural Society — curiously , this meant that Holmes ( as secretary of the society ) had conveyed the library to himself ( as treasurer of the college ) . In addition to treasurer , Holmes was appointed as the school 's first superintendent of horticulture , responsible for campus planning and planting . This title was used alternately with Professor for a short period . On February 2 , 1858 , the Horticulture Professorship was suspended , ostensibly for financial reasons ( as well as the fact that the wild condition of the land hardly warranted a full @-@ time horticulturalist as yet ) . Even so , Holmes was allowed to continue residing in one of the original on @-@ campus Faculty Row houses until the end of the term . Then , on March 8 , 1859 , Holmes was asked to resign as treasurer , and he complied . Some time in that year or the one following , he was appointed once again as Superintendent of Horticulture , guiding students in planting the College gardens and improving the grounds . Through 1861 he continued to be listed in the college catalog under various titles including Professor of Horticulture , Secretary , and Treasurer . = = Legacy = = In 1861 , a major reorganization of the College transferred control from the Board of Education to the newly formed Board of Agriculture . Holmes was " not retained despite the urging of his colleagues and the unquestioned spiritual debt which the College owed him . " Holmes returned to the Detroit area , lived another twenty @-@ six years , and remained active in his community . Although he continued to be , as President T. C. Abbot wrote circa 1883 , " a not infrequent and always welcome visitor at the college , and one of its warmest friends , " Holmes never again held any official position at the College . There is no known explanation for this change of fortune , but as Lautner wrote , " clearly there were troubles here other than financial ones that are not suggested in the minutes . " Professor Lautner contrasts Holmes ' legacy with that of John Harvard , whose donation of a modest library and four hundred British pounds led to a major university that bears his name , implying that MSU 's debt to Holmes is far greater . Professor William J. Beal called him " the most important agent " of the school , while President Abbot said , " To no one man is the College so much indebted as John Clough Holmes . " One hundred years after the founding , Madison Kuhn 's high regard for Holmes was clear , using as the frontispiece of his book a painting clearly meant to signify the exact moment of the Agricultural College 's genesis with an almost mythological glow . Finally in 1965 , MSU named a new six story modernist residence hall after Holmes . The building still stands to this day , and is home to the Lyman Briggs College . = Lonely Among Us = " Lonely Among Us " is the seventh episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation that originally aired on November 2 , 1987 , in broadcast syndication in the United States . It was written by D. C. Fontana , based on a story by Michael Halperin . It was the first episode of The Next Generation to be directed by Cliff Bole . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise @-@ D. In this episode , as the ship is en route to an interplanetary conference with delegates from the Selay and Antican races on board , a non @-@ corporeal alien entity takes possession of various Enterprise crew members , including Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) . This episode marked the first appearance of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine recurring cast member Marc Alaimo in a Star Trek series , as well as the second appearance of Colm Meaney who would later play The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine character Miles O 'Brien . The Antican and Selay make @-@ up were created by Michael Westmore from designs by Andrew Probert . Following the airing of the episode , fans wrote in to complain about a scene referencing cannibalism . Reviews were mostly negative , with criticism directed at the writing in particular . = = Plot = = The Enterprise is en route to the planet " Parliament " with delegates from two warring planets in the Beta Renner system , the reptilian Selay and the canine Antican , when the ship encounters a strange energy cloud . Unseen by the crew , Lt. Worf ( Michael Dorn ) is hit with a strange energy discharge as the ship passes the cloud , causing him to become violent . Doctor Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) sedates Worf and brings him to the sickbay , but is also infused with the energy as she examines his body . Crusher begins to act oddly to those around her and goes to the bridge , asking questions about the ship 's navigational functions . When she questions Lt. Cdr . Data ( Brent Spiner ) at one of the science stations , the energy sparks between her and the console , leaving her confused as to why she is on the bridge . The ship suddenly begins to malfunction and Captain Picard sends Assistant Engineer Singh ( Kavi Raz ) to investigate the cause . Singh is later found dead near a computer link , and Picard orders a murder investigation , considering the alien delegates to be prime suspects . Data investigates the murder in the manner of fictional detective Sherlock Holmes , and determines that the delegates were not responsible . Meanwhile , Counselor Deanna Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) uses hypnosis on both Worf and Crusher , finding that both recall being invaded by some entity during their blackouts . The ship suddenly drops again out of warp , and as Picard investigates the readouts at a bridge console , the strange energy transfers into him . The bridge crew becomes suspicious of Picard 's actions after noting that all Enterprise systems are back to normal and that Picard has ordered them to return to the cloud . The senior officers attempt to plead with Picard to undergo a medical examination and to step down from command , but he refuses . When they return to the cloud , Picard announces that they had picked up an entity previously when they passed the cloud , and now Picard and the entity are one . Under its influence , Picard plans to transport themselves back into the cloud , and he shoots energy at the bridge crew when they try to stop him . The crew are unable to prevent Picard from beaming off the ship . The crew spend hours trying to locate Picard to no avail , so they are forced to accept he is beyond recovery and prepare to leave . However , Troi senses the Captain 's essence nearby , and Picard manages to signal the crew through the ship 's computers . Data is able to reverse the transport , reconstituting Picard without the entity . After determining that Picard is himself again , lacking the memories since he was taken over by the entity , the Enterprise continues onto Parliament . = = Production = = = = = Writing and casting = = = The original story by Michael Halperin contained a different subplot involving a problem with the dilithium in the warp drive of the Enterprise . The diplomatic conference was added by D.C. Fontana when it was developed into a teleplay . Fontana had previously worked on Star Trek : The Original Series , including the episode " Journey to Babel " . " Lonely Among Us " was subsequently compared to " Journey to Babel " , which Fontana denied , saying , " I wrote ' Journey to Babel ' and I wrote this too , and I feel there is a difference . There 's a definite delineation and separation here , both in intent and content . " Director Cliff Bole did not recall much of the episode later , but did not think much of the script , saying " The subject matter affects the end product . There 's some better written shows , obviously . " It was the first episode of The Next Generation to be directed by Bole , who had previously worked on shows such as V and The Six Million Dollar Man . Colm Meaney made his second appearance in The Next Generation after he originally appeared in the pilot , " Encounter at Farpoint " , as a conn ensign on the bridge . In this episode he played a security ensign , as it was not until season two that he began to play the recurring character of Miles O 'Brien , which would later become a series regular on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Another Deep Space Nine actor who made his first Trek appearance in this episode was Marc Alaimo , who played an Antican who was unnamed on screen , but referred to in the script as Badar N 'D'D . Alaimo went on to play several other roles in The Next Generation including as the Cardassian Gul Macet in " The Wounded " , before being cast as Gul Dukat in DS9 . John Durbin appeared as the Selay leader , and would also go on to appear as a Cardassian later in the series , as Gul Lemec in " Chain of Command " . Kavi Raz played Assistant Engineer Singh , although as he was unavailable for a re @-@ shoot , in one scene he was replaced by a wig on a chair . = = = Make @-@ up and costuming = = = The Selay and the Anticans were nicknamed the " snakes and the dogs " by the production staff . The designs were created by Andrew Probert , who had previously been responsible for the design of the Enterprise @-@ D. The make @-@ up used on them were created by supervisor Michael Westmore , which involved full head pieces and hands for two Anticans and five Selays . Because of the limited space available , the Anticans were made internally in the Paramount make @-@ up studio while the Selays were outsourced to a different studio to sculpt the head . Once completed , a mold was made of the Selay head and the unpainted pieces were cast in latex and sent to Westmore to complete . It was intended to cast them out of lightweight polyurethane , but the first batch of Selay heads came out really heavy . Westmore had time to re @-@ cast two of the heads from a soft foam rubber , but as each took five hours to make , there wasn 't enough time to re @-@ make all five . The heavier versions of the Selay heads were worn by actors in the background of the scenes , although Westmore described them as being " very uncomfortable " . The Antican mask didn 't allow for any movement at all with the exception of the actors being able to poke their tongues through the mouth opening . Although this is the only major appearance of either the Anticans or the Selay , they continued to be used as background extras in other episodes of The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine . Westmore repainted the Selay masks prior to reusing them in order to give the scales more of a three @-@ dimensional look . This was the first appearance of The Next Generation era Starfleet dress uniforms . They were based on those used by the Royal Navy in the 18th century , but would be slightly altered when they re @-@ appeared during season two . One piece of a costume introduced in this episode which never returned was the surgical cap and eyepiece worn by Doctor Crusher . = = Reception and home media release = = " Lonely Among Us " originally aired in broadcast syndication on November 2 , 1987 . It received a 12 @.@ 1 rating , meaning that it was seen by 12 @.@ 1 percent of all households . This was an increase from the previous week 's " Where No One Has Gone Before " which received a rating of 10 @.@ 5 . Following the broadcast , the producers received a significant amount of mail from fans criticising the apparent cannibalism on the part of the Anticans in this episode . Several reviewers rewatched the episode following the end of the series . Keith DeCandido reviewed " Lonely Among Us " for Tor.com in May 2011 . He gave it a score of three out of ten and was disinterested in the episode , finding the alien delegation subplot to be " mostly just silly " , and the majority of the episode was a " weak @-@ beer mystery that 's mostly an excuse for Gates McFadden and Sir Patrick Stewart to act weird and for Brent Spiner to be a silly Sherlock " . James Hunt thought that Spiner 's Sherlock impression was " completely brilliant " , in his review for the website Den of Geek in October 2012 . He thought that the episode shared some similarities with the third season of The Original Series , saying " By which I mean it looks cheap and appears to have been written by a child , in yellow crayon . " Cast member Wil Wheaton rewatched the episode for AOL TV in November 2006 . He criticised the writing of Fontana in this episode , saying that around this time she appeared on a panel at a convention about how to solve " The Wesley Problem " , but when rewatching the episode he thought that " maybe instead of sitting on this panel and trashing me , D.C Fontana could have written intelligent dialogue for me and helped solve the " Wesley problem " herself . I don 't know , maybe she tried to do that and didn 't get a lot of support from the rest of the producers and writing staff , but even I know of Dr. Channing 's theory of not writing cliched dialogue for kids in science fiction , and then blaming the actor who is forced to deliver it . " Overall he criticised the " very stiff " dialogue throughout the episode , and called the set @-@ up " incredibly forced " . He did highlight that Data acting out as Sherlock Holmes laid the foundation of future episodes which would expand on this . Zack Handlen reviewed the episode for The A.V. Club in April 2010 . He too thought that the alien delegation subplot was poorly executed in a comedic fashion , and said that this " combined with the slow pace and a number of dialog scenes that can be charitably described as ' character development ' ( or more accurately as ' padding ' ) , this is an unmemorable episode that shows a series still unsure of its greatest strengths . " He gave the episode a grade of C- . The first home media release of " Lonely Among Us " was on VHS cassette , appearing on April 1 , 1992 in the United States and Canada . The episode was later included on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season one DVD box set , released in March 2002 . The most recent release was as part of the season one Blu @-@ ray set on July 24 , 2012 . = Ima Hogg = Ima Hogg ( July 10 , 1882 – August 19 , 1975 ) , known as " The First Lady of Texas " , was an American philanthropist , patron and collector of the arts , and one of the most respected women in Texas during the 20th century . Hogg was an avid art collector , and owned works by Picasso , Klee , and Matisse , among others . Hogg donated hundreds of pieces of artwork to Houston 's Museum of Fine Arts and served on a committee to plan the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. An enthusiastic collector of early American antiques , she also served on a committee tasked with locating historical furniture for the White House . She restored and refurbished several properties , including the Varner plantation and Bayou Bend , which she later donated to Texas arts and historical institutions who maintain the facilities and their collections today . Hogg received numerous awards and honors , including the Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation , the Santa Rita Award from the University of Texas System , and an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Southwestern University . Hogg was the daughter of Sarah Ann " Sallie " Stinson and James Stephen " Big Jim " Hogg , later Attorney General of Texas and Governor of the state . Ima Hogg 's first name was taken from The Fate of Marvin , an epic poem written by her uncle Thomas Hogg . She endeavored to downplay her unusual name by signing her first name illegibly and having her stationery printed with " I. Hogg " or " Miss Hogg " . Although it was rumored that Hogg had a sister named " Ura Hogg " , she had only brothers . Hogg 's father left public office in 1895 , and soon after , her mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis . When Sarah died later that year , Jim Hogg 's widowed elder sister moved to Austin to care for the Hogg children . Between 1899 and 1901 , Hogg attended the University of Texas at Austin ; she then moved to New York City to study piano and music theory for two years . After her father 's death in 1906 , she traveled to Europe and spent two years studying music under Xaver Scharwenka in Vienna . When she returned to Texas , she established and managed the Houston Symphony Orchestra and served as president of the Symphony Society . The discovery of oil on her family 's plantation made Hogg very wealthy , and she used this income to benefit the people of Texas . In 1929 , she founded the Houston Child Guidance Center , which provides counseling for children with mental health problems or diagnoses and their families . Through her brother 's will , she established the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health at the University of Texas at Austin in 1940 . Hogg successfully ran for a seat on the Houston School Board in 1943 , where she worked to remove gender and race as criteria for determining pay and established art education programs for black students . Hogg never married , and died in 1975 . The Ima Hogg Foundation was the major beneficiary of her will , and carries on her philanthropic work today . Several annual awards have been established in her name , honoring her efforts to preserve cultural heritage in Texas . = = Name = = After the birth of his only daughter , Jim Hogg wrote to his brother , " Our cup of joy is now overflowing ! We have a daughter of as fine proportions and of as angelic mien as ever gracious nature favor a man with , and her name is Ima ! " Ima Hogg had no middle name , which was unusual for the time . Her first name was taken from her uncle Thomas Hogg 's epic Civil War poem The Fate of Marvin , which featured two young women named Ima and Leila . According to Virginia Bernhard 's biography of Ima Hogg , " there are some who believe that James Stephen Hogg … named his only daughter Ima Hogg to attract the attention of Texas voters " in a year when he was running in a close race for district attorney of the Seventh District in Texas , which he won . Alternatively , correspondence from Jim Hogg indicates he may not have been conscious of the combined effect of his daughter 's first and last names . Ima Hogg later recounted that " my grandfather Stinson lived fifteen miles [ 24 km ] from Mineola and news traveled slowly . When he learned of his granddaughter 's name he came trotting to town as fast as he could to protest but it was too late . The christening had taken place , and Ima I was to remain . " During her childhood , Hogg 's elder brother William often came home from school with a bloody nose , the result of defending , as she later recalled , " my good name " . Throughout her adult years , Hogg signed her name in a scrawl that left her first name illegible . Her personal stationery was usually printed " Miss Hogg " or " I. Hogg " , and she often had her stationery order placed in her secretary 's name to avoid questions . Hogg did not use a nickname until several months before her death , when she began calling herself " Imogene " . Her last passport was issued to " Ima Imogene Hogg " . Contrary to popular belief , Ima did not have a sister named Ura . Texas legend insists that when Jim Hogg ran for re @-@ election as Texas governor in 1892 he often travelled with Ima and a friend of hers and introduced them as his daughters Ima and Ura . Ima Hogg maintained throughout her life that this never happened . She was frequently forced to dispel the myth ; hundreds of people wrote her letters inquiring whether her name was real and if she really had a sister named Ura . The Kansas City Star even invented another sister , Hoosa . In the early 1930s , Hogg worked on a collection of her father 's papers and speeches with his biographer , historian Robert C. Cotner ; she became a guardian of his place in history , often writing to clarify or refute articles published about her father . According to Bernhard , " the very fact that Ima had been burdened with a name that made a lifetime of explanations necessary also made her anxious to defend her father from all detractors . By doing so , she defended herself as well , and she did so with considerable skill and unfailing politeness . " Ima Hogg has been the source of " unfortunate name " or " worst baby name " jokes , lists , and contests , including the incorrect lore that Jim Hogg had named his two daughters " Ima Hogg " and " Ura Hogg " . Similar unfortunate baby names according to United States Census records include Ima Pigg , Ima Muskrat , Ima Nut , Ima Hooker , Ima Weiner , Ima Reck , Ima Pain and Ima Butt . = = Early years = = Ima Hogg was born in Mineola , Texas in 1882 to Jim Hogg and Sarah Ann " Sallie " Stinson . She was the second of four children , including brothers William Clifford Hogg ( 1875 – 1930 ) , Michael Hogg ( 1885 – 1941 ) , and Thomas Elisha Hogg ( 1887 – 1949 ) . The Hogg family had long been active in public service . Her great @-@ grandfather , Thomas Hogg , served in the state legislatures of Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi . Her grandfather , Joseph Lewis Hogg , served in the Congress of the Republic of Texas and helped to write the Texas State Constitution . At the time of her birth , Hogg 's father was the district attorney of the Seventh District in Texas . His term expired in 1884 , and the family moved to Tyler , where he practiced law . Two years later , Jim Hogg was elected Texas Attorney General and the Hogg family moved to the state capital , Austin , where Ima began attending kindergarten . When Jim Hogg was elected the first native @-@ born Governor of Texas four years later , Ima accompanied her mother and elder brother to the swearing @-@ in ceremony and inauguration ball in January 1891 , thus witnessing the first inauguration in the newly erected Texas State Capitol . The family moved into the Governor 's Mansion . Built in 1855 , the building was in poor condition , with cracked walls and dilapidated furnishings . Ima and her siblings were expected to help renovate the building to a liveable state — she was required , among other things , to pry chewing gum from the furniture and door moldings . Hogg and her younger brothers were rambunctious . She recalled that they particularly enjoyed sliding down the banisters in the Governor 's Mansion . Hogg 's parents allowed this to continue until Thomas cut his chin , after which Jim Hogg nailed tacks along the center of the railing to curb the activity through fear of bloodied posteriors ; the holes from the tacks remained visible in the banister for many decades after the Hogg family moved from the home . Hogg 's mother attempted to teach her ladylike skills such as needlework , but Hogg claimed that she " never had the patience to succeed " . Her mother also encouraged Hogg to learn German . Hogg and her siblings were frequently taken to the Millet Opera House in Austin to enjoy the performances . The children liked animals , and their menagerie included dogs , cats , birds , raccoons , opossums , rabbits , a Shetland pony and a parrot . The children once used their animals to conduct a circus on the grounds of the Governor 's Mansion . Hogg charged each visitor five cents , but was forced to return the money when her father discovered the scheme . In later years , the family added a bear , a horse , a fawn , cockatoos , and two ostriches named Jack and Jill to their collection of animals . In response to a challenge from her brothers , Hogg once mounted one of the ostriches , but was thrown from its back after one of the boys hit it with a slingshot . Ima and her ostriches later became the protagonists of a picture book , Ima & the Great Texas Ostrich Race , by Margaret Olivia McManis and Bruce Dupree . Her mother never regained her strength after Thomas 's birth , and for the remainder of her life was a semi @-@ invalid . Ima accompanied her to several health spas during their years in Austin . In 1895 , Sarah was diagnosed with tuberculosis , and on the recommendation of her doctor , she and Ima moved to Colorado , where they lived with Jim Hogg 's elder sister , Martha Francis Davis . Sarah Hogg died in Colorado on September 25 , 1895 . Davis accompanied the family to Austin and spent several months caring for Hogg and her brothers . Davis , who had lost her husband to tuberculosis and watched her son fight the disease , believed that Hogg must have contracted the disease from her mother . Davis instructed Ima to never marry so as not to pass on the illness . By the end of 1895 , the children had been enrolled in a boarding school in San Marcos . The following year , they returned to Austin to live with their father . Although the family employed a housekeeper , Hogg was considered the lady of the house and supervised the housecleaning as well as the education of her younger brothers . In 1898 , Hogg accompanied her father to Hawaii , where they met Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani and watched the ceremony that delivered Hawaii to the United States . The two were scheduled to sail to Seattle , but Hogg refused to board the ship . Sobbing , she begged her father to make other arrangements because she " had an awful feeling " . He relented and they instead sailed to California , where they learned that their original ship had been lost at sea with no survivors . = = Education and musical interests = = Music was always present at the Hogg household , and Ima began learning to play the piano at age three . Although her younger brothers attended public school , Ima was enrolled at a private school and received private music lessons . In 1899 , she entered the University of Texas at Austin ( UT ) , where her favorite courses were German , Old English , and psychology . She later remarked that " No freshman was ever more immature , more unprepared , more frightened than I. " She joined the female social club known as the Valentine Club , and helped to inaugurate the first sorority on the UT campus , Pi Beta Phi . After two years at the university , she moved to New York City to study piano and music theory at the National Conservatory of Music . Near the turn of the 20th century , Hogg 's father began speculating in oil . He purchased 4 @,@ 100 acres ( 17 km2 ) of land near West Columbia in 1901 , land that had been part of the Varner plantation . After two years of study in New York City , Ima Hogg returned to Texas , dividing her time between the plantation and Houston , where her father had a law practice . Under her supervision , the house was later remodeled and a portico was added to what had been the back of the house ; she made this the new front entrance , orienting the house away from Varner Creek . On January 26 , 1905 , Jim Hogg suffered an injury in a train accident . For the next year Ima nursed him as he struggled to regain his health , but on March 3 , 1906 , she discovered her father dead in his bed . Ima was devastated ; to quell her grief , her brother William took her to New York City . During her stay she immersed herself in concerts and museums . In 1907 , she vacationed in Germany , and enjoyed her time so much that she chose to remain in Europe to continue her piano studies . For the next two years she studied music in Vienna under Franz Xaver Scharwenka , pianist to the court of Francis Joseph I of Austria , and in Berlin under Martin Krause . After returning from Europe , Hogg settled in Houston with her brother William . Although the city had a population of about 100 @,@ 000 , it had no museums or parks and no professional theater , music , or ballet groups . Hogg chose to teach music and continued in this vocation for the next nine years . One of her first pupils was Jacques Abram , who later became a concert pianist . By 1913 , Hogg had become president of the Girls ' Musical Society and was on the entertainment committee of the College Women 's Club , which organized a small theater group known as the Green Mask Players . That year , she organized the Houston Symphony Orchestra . Hogg served as the vice @-@ president of the Symphony Society when the first session of the Board of Directors convened . In 1917 the Board of Directors requested that she serve as president ; she went on to serve 12 terms . = = Philanthropist and community leader = = Hogg was affectionately known as " Miss Ima " by those who knew her , and widely considered to be " The First Lady of Texas " . When John B. Connally was Governor of Texas , his wife Nellie declared , " The Governor 's wife is usually called the First Lady of the State , but Ima always has been and always will be the First Lady of Texas . " In 1957 , The New York Times featured prominent Texans in a series about high society , stating : " But one social figure celebrated throughout the state and even beyond its border is Miss Ima Hogg . She is now about 80 but still a civic beacon of Houston . " After their father 's death in 1906 , Hogg and her brothers tried to sell the Varner plantation , but a provision in his will specified that the land be kept for 15 years . On January 15 , 1918 , oil was found on the Varner plantation . A second strike the following year provided oil income amounting to $ 225 @,@ 000 a month shared among the four siblings . According to Hogg biographer Gwendolyn Cone Neely , the Hoggs did not believe that the oil money was rightfully theirs , as it had come from the land and not hard work , and they were determined to use it for the good of Texas . Hogg founded the Houston Child Guidance Center in 1929 to provide counseling for disturbed children and their families . Hogg was convinced that if children 's emotional and mental problems were treated , more serious illness could be prevented in adults . Her interest in mental health came from her father , who had read widely on mental health issues ; during his terms as governor , Ima had often accompanied him on visits to state institutions , including charity hospitals and asylums for the mentally ill . She furthered her knowledge of the field while she was a student at UT , taking several courses in psychology . Ima was convinced that her youngest brother , Tom , would have benefited from similar intervention , as he had reacted badly after their mother 's death and as an adult was " restless , impulsive , and alarmingly careless with money " . Although her ideas on mental health would be considered mainstream today , in 1929 they were pioneering . In 1972 , she told the Houston Chronicle that , of all her activities , she had derived most pleasure from her role in establishing the Houston Child Guidance Center . Hogg had previously suffered from mental health problems . In late 1918 , she fell ill , probably from severe depression . She consulted with Dr. Francis Xavier Dercum , a specialist in the treatment of nervous and mental diseases , who treated her for the next three years . She was hospitalized for more than a year , and spent a further three years convalescing , primarily in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . By the summer of 1923 Hogg was fully recovered , but she permanently discarded her dream of being a concert pianist , ostensibly because of weakness after her illness . Hogg joined her elder brother William on a vacation in Germany in 1930 . During their visit , he suffered a gallbladder attack and died on September 12 , 1930 after emergency surgery . Ima brought her brother 's body back to the United States . His will bequeathed $ 2 @.@ 5 million to UT ; his desire was that it be used alongside money donated by his sister for " far @-@ reaching benefit to the people of Texas " . Legal challenges tied up the grant until 1939 , when the University received $ 1 @.@ 8 million . In 1940 , after discussion with her brother Michael — the executor of the will — Hogg used the money to establish the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health at the University of Texas at Austin . The San Antonio Express reported in 1939 that the funds granted to the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health would be used to establish mental hygiene clinics and conduct lectures and teacher training courses across Texas , for mental health research , and to survey mental hygiene conditions in Texas . On the entry of the United States into World War II , the Foundation researched methods to prevent mentally unsuitable candidates from enlisting in the military , and provided counseling to those traumatized by the war . After the war , the Foundation expanded its educational and philanthropic focus , providing mental health care to the poor and the aged . The Foundation continues to award five $ 5 @,@ 000 annual scholarships to individuals pursuing a Master 's degree in Social Work . In 1943 , Hogg decided to run for a seat on the Houston School Board so that the board would include two female members . Hogg won with 4 @,@ 350 votes , more than 1 @,@ 000 ahead of the runner @-@ up . During her term , she worked to remove gender and race as criteria for determining pay . She championed a visiting teacher program for children with emotional problems and began art education programs in the schools for black students . Hogg declined to run for a second term . = = = Furniture and art collector = = = Hogg and her brothers were avid art collectors ; she owned a large collection , including Native American art and works by Picasso , Chagall , Matisse and Modigliani . Her interest in collecting began during her convalescence in Philadelphia . Her first purchase , in 1922 , was a Spanish foot chair or Queen Anne maple chair with carved feet . She researched the early American furniture market extensively , personally visiting Luke Vincent Lockwood , the author of the standard work on the topic , for more information . At the time , Hogg was one of a small number of people who believed that American antiques had value — by contrast , most collectors concentrated on furniture built in Europe . Other collectors soon saw the value in early American pieces . Hogg remained one of the few collectors not located on the East Coast . As her collection grew , she was often asked to loan pieces for exhibit in New England ; Hogg always refused , stating " they 've got plenty of these things up there " . In the 1920s , Hogg 's brothers began to develop a new elite neighborhood , which they called River Oaks , which at that time was on the outskirts of Houston . For their home , the Hoggs chose the largest lot , 14 @.@ 5 acres ( 5 @.@ 9 ha ) . Ima worked closely with architect John Staub to design a house that would show off the art the family had purchased . William and Ima moved into the house , which she christened Bayou Bend , in 1928 . In 1939 , when she restored her estate along American lines , she donated more than 100 works on paper to Houston 's Museum of Fine Arts ( MFAH ) , including works by Cézanne , Sargent , Picasso , and Klee . Following the death of her brother Michael in 1941 , she donated his collection of Frederic Remington works to the museum . Consisting of 53 oil paintings , 10 watercolors , and one bronze , it is known as the Hogg Brothers Collection , and is " one of the most important groupings of Western paintings on display in an American museum " , according to Hogg biographer Neely . Hogg donated her collection of Native American art to MFAH in 1944 , including 168 pieces of pottery , 95 pieces of jewelry , and 81 paintings . In 1960 , she was appointed by President Eisenhower to serve on a committee to plan the National Cultural Center , now called the Kennedy Center , in Washington , D.C. In 1961 , Jacqueline Kennedy named Hogg to the 18 @-@ member advisory committee to work with the Fine Arts Committee in seeking historical furniture for the White House . = = = Restorations = = = Although Hogg spent little time at the Varner plantation after Bayou Bend was constructed , she continued to purchase art and antique furniture on its behalf . In the 1950s , she restored the plantation , and each room was given a different theme from Texas history : colonial times , the Confederacy , Napoleonic times ( 1818 ) , and the Mexican – American War . One room was dedicated to her father , and contained his desk and chair as well as his collection of walking sticks . She donated the property to the state , and it was dedicated as the Varner – Hogg Plantation State Historical Site in 1958 , the 107th anniversary of Jim Hogg 's birth . As the Varner – Hogg restoration wound to a halt , Hogg refocused her attention on her Houston home , Bayou Bend , which housed some of her personal collection of antiques and artwork . The New York Times described her " superb Early American furniture " collection in 1953 , and she had a large collection of Americana and colonial Mexican decorative arts , some of which are still in the house . In the late 1950s she said : " I had been collecting American furniture . I collected , and collected , and collected , until I had so much of it I didn 't know what to do with it . I decided to give it to a museum . " She collaborated with the original architect John Staub on structural changes that would prepare the home to be a museum . She denuded the home of personal items and items that did not meet her concept ; the only piece of non @-@ American furniture in the home was her English dining table , which had too many memories for her to remove it . Several residents of River Oaks sued to prevent Bayou Bend becoming a museum , but Hogg prevailed in court . To alleviate the residents ' concerns over increased traffic , she asked the city of Houston to build a footbridge over Buffalo Bayou so that visitors could reach the house without having to drive through River Oaks . In the fall of 1965 , Hogg moved out of her home , telling the docents that " When you love something enough it 's easy to give it up in order to see it go on . " The MFAH opened the new museum to the public in 1966 as MFAH 's Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens . At its dedication , Charles Montgomery , a Senior Research Fellow at the Henry Francis DuPont Winterthur Museum , called Bayou Bend " the largest , finest collection this side of Winterthur " . In 1963 , Hogg purchased property near Round Top , hoping to move its historic building to Bayou Bend . When that plan proved impractical , she decided to restore it in place and temporarily moved to Round Top . After personally supervising the restoration of the Winedale Inn , a stagecoach inn near Round Top , Hogg donated the property to the University of Texas at Austin . Known as the Winedale Historical Center , it is used primarily as an outdoor museum and music center , and annually hosts Shakespeare at Winedale . In 1969 , she restored her parents ' house in Quitman ; the town renamed it the Ima Hogg Museum in her honor . The museum holds items from the history of Wood County and northeast Texas . She later restored the home of her maternal grandfather and had it moved to the park . = = Description and disposition = = David Warren , the first curator of Bayou Bend , said Hogg was " small and dainty and feminine — and smart and sharp and knowledgeable — all rolled into one " . Her biographer Bernhard described her as " elegantly and stylishly dressed " , 5 feet 2 inches ( 157 cm ) tall and of fair complexion , " independent and self @-@ possessed " and noted that she could " sugarcoat her single @-@ mindedness with layers of charm " . At the age of 81 , she was described by The New York Times as a " blue @-@ eyed strawberry blonde " . One morning in 1914 , Hogg was awakened by a burglar in her bedroom . She confronted the man , who was attempting to steal her jewelry , and not only convinced him to return the jewelry , but " wrote down a name and address , handed it to him and told him to go there that very day to get a job " . When asked why she did that , Hogg responded , " He didn 't look like a bad man . " Later that year , she sailed to Germany , alone . While she was en route , Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated , and the day before she arrived , Britain declared war on Germany . The United States was still neutral , however , so Hogg continued her tour of Europe , not leaving until several months later . Though Bernard describes Hogg as a woman of " unfailing politeness " , the biographer suggests the philanthropist was not without adversaries . For instance , at a concert arranged by the Houston Symphony for her 90th birthday featuring the elderly pianist Arthur Rubinstein , he characterized her as a " tiresome old woman " . Hogg , in turn , regarded the musician as " a pompous old man " . By contrast , Hogg said of Vladimir Horowitz , whom she met backstage at a 1975 concert in Houston , " Such a nice man . Not at all like that Mr. Rubinstein . " Hogg was a generous benefactor , and believed that " inherited money was a public trust " . She was described by the University of Houston as " compassionate by nature " , " progressive in outlook " , " concerned with the welfare of all Texans " , a " zealous proponent of mental health care " and " committed to public education " . Hogg was a lifelong Democrat . = = Death = = Hogg died on August 19 , 1975 , at the age of 93 , from a heart attack resulting from atheroma . She had been vacationing in London at the time , but fell as she was getting into a taxi , and died a few days later in a London hospital . An autopsy report revealed that her death was not related to the earlier fall . On receiving news of her death , the University of Texas declared two days of mourning and flew the flag at half @-@ staff . At the time of her death , Hogg had employed her personal maid , Gertrude Vaughn , for 56 years , and her butler @-@ chauffeur , Lucious Broadnax , for over 40 years . She is buried next to her family in the Oakwood Cemetery in Austin . Hogg 's work lives on through the Ima Hogg Foundation , which she founded in 1964 and which was the major beneficiary of her will . Hogg never married ; her biographer Bernhard reports that she told a friend " she had gotten over 30 proposals of marriage but ' wouldn 't have any of them ' " . = = Awards , recognition and legacy = = Hogg received many awards for her contributions to the community . The Garden Club of America honored her in 1959 with the Amy Angell Colliers Montague Model for Civic Achievement . In 1966 , she was honored at the 20th annual awards banquet of the National Trust for Historic Preservation . She received the seventh annual Louise du Pont Crowninshield Award — the highest award given by the National Trust for Historic Preservation — for " superlative achievement in the preservation , restoration and interpretation of sites , buildings , architecture , districts , and objects of national historical or cultural significance " in Texas . In 1968 , Hogg became the first recipient of the Santa Rita Award — the highest award given by the University of Texas System — for contributions to higher education . She was presented with an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Southwestern University in 1971 . In 1969 , she became the third woman ( after Lady Bird Johnson and Oveta Culp Hobby ) invited to become a member of the Academy of Texas , a society which recognized efforts to " enrich , enlarge or enlighten " knowledge in any field . She also became the first female president in the 110 @-@ year history of the Philosophical Society of Texas . Her restoration work was recognized by many organizations . The National Society of Interior Designers named her to their International Honors List in 1965 and in 1972 presented her with their Thomas Jefferson Award for her contributions to cultural heritage . The Texas State Historical Survey Committee recognized Hogg in 1967 for her " meritorious service in historic preservation " and the American Association of State and Local History gave her an award of merit in 1969 . The Houston Symphony established a scholarship in Hogg 's name , honored her on her 90th birthday with a special concert , and holds an annual Ima Hogg Young Artist Competition for musicians between the ages of 13 and 30 who perform on orchestral instruments or the piano . The Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin presents an annual Ima Hogg Award for Historical Achievement . She was a National Patroness of Delta Omicron , an international professional music fraternity . The Mental Health Association of Greater Houston presents an annual Ima Hogg Award " to an individual or couple who have advanced mental health causes " . In 1963 , former Governor of Texas Allan Shivers — when presenting Hogg with the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Texas Ex @-@ Students Association ( the first woman so honored ) — said of " Miss Ima " : = Craig Kieswetter = Craig Kieswetter ( born 28 November 1987 ) is a English former cricketer who appeared in 71 matches for England between 2010 and 2013 . A wicket @-@ keeper batsman , born and raised in South Africa , Kieswetter moved to England to complete his education , and began playing county cricket for Somerset in 2007 . Three years later , only two weeks after qualifying for the England cricket team , he made his international debut in a One Day International ( ODI ) against Bangladesh . He was considered a one @-@ day specialist , and all his international appearances came in ODIs or Twenty20 Internationals . He retired from professional cricket in June 2015 , aged 27 , due to an eye injury suffered while batting in 2014 . Kieswetter played junior cricket for Western Province until the age of 18 , but a lack of progression led him to seek an alternative route in England . He studied at Millfield , where he was spotted by Somerset . The county 's lack of a strong wicket @-@ keeper gave Kieswetter his opportunity , and he made his debut for the team early in the 2007 season . He was qualified to play county cricket as his mother was Scottish , and his performances soon generated discussion about his potential to play for England . The captain of South Africa , Graeme Smith , made overtures to Kieswetter , inviting him to return to play in South Africa ; Kieswetter , however , affirmed his desire to qualify and play for England . In early 2010 , Kieswetter achieved his target ; some strong performances for the England Lions , especially in a match against the senior England team , won him a place in the squad to face Bangladesh . His selection , along with the presence of other South African @-@ born players in the England team , was criticised , with some suggesting that there should be fewer foreign @-@ born players in the team . He scored his first — and only — international century in his third match , and a couple of months later he was named as the man of the match as England won the final of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 . After a promising start for England , he was inconsistent	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
to Cruces , Panama , which was then part of New Granada . There , approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) up the Chagres River from the coast , he followed the family trade by establishing the Independent Hotel to accommodate the many travellers between the eastern and western coasts of the United States ( the number of travellers had increased enormously , as part of the 1849 California Gold Rush ) . Cruces was the limit of navigability of the Chagres River during the rainy season , which lasts from June to December . Travellers would ride on donkeys approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) along the Las Cruces trail from Panama City on the Pacific Ocean coast to Cruces , and then 45 miles ( 72 km ) down @-@ river to the Atlantic Ocean at Chagres ( or vice versa ) . In the dry season , the river subsided , and travellers would switch from land to the river a few miles farther downstream , at Gorgona Most of these settlements have now been submerged by Gatun Lake , formed as part of the Panama Canal . In 1851 , Seacole travelled to Cruces to visit her brother . Shortly after her arrival , the town was struck by cholera , a disease which had reached Panama in 1849 . Seacole was on hand to treat the first victim , who survived , which established Seacole 's reputation and brought her a succession of patients as the infection spread . The rich paid , but she treated the poor for free . Many , both rich and poor , succumbed . She eschewed opium , preferring mustard rubs and poultices , the laxative calomel ( mercuric chloride ) , sugars of lead ( lead ( II ) acetate ) , and rehydration with water boiled with cinnamon . While her preparations had moderate success , she faced little competition , the only other treatments coming from a " timid little dentist " , who was an inexperienced doctor sent by the Panamanian government , and the Roman Catholic Church . The epidemic raged through the population . Seacole later expressed exasperation at their feeble resistance , claiming they " bowed down before the plague in slavish despair " . She performed an autopsy on an orphan child for whom she had cared , which gave her " decidedly useful " new knowledge . Towards the end of the epidemic , Seacole herself sickened but survived . Cholera was to return again : Ulysses S. Grant passed through Cruces in July , 1852 , on military duty ; a hundred and twenty men , a third of his party , died of the disease there or shortly afterwards en route to Panama City . Despite the problems of disease and climate , Panama remained the favoured route between the coasts of the United States . Seeing a business opportunity , Seacole opened the British Hotel , which was a restaurant rather than an hotel . She described it as a " tumble down hut , " with two rooms , the smaller one to be her bedroom , the larger one to serve up to 50 diners . She soon added the services of a barber . As the wet season ended in early 1852 , Seacole joined other traders in Cruces in packing up to move to Gorgona . She records a white American giving a speech at a leaving dinner in which he wished that " God bless the best yaller woman he ever made " and asked the listeners to join with him in rejoicing that " she 's so many shades removed from being entirely black " . He went on to say that " if we could bleach her by any means we would [ ... ] and thus make her acceptable in any company [ , ] as she deserves to be " . Seacole replied firmly that she did not " appreciate your friend 's kind wishes with respect to my complexion . If it had been as dark as any nigger 's , I should have been just as happy and just as useful , and as much respected by those whose respect I value . " She declined the offer of " bleaching " and drank " to you and the general reformation of American manners " . Salih notes the use of American pidgin , against Seacole 's clear English , as representational of a supposed white moral and intellectual superiority . Seacole also comments on the positions of responsibility taken on by escaped American slaves in Panama , as well as in the priesthood , the army , and public offices , commenting that " it is wonderful to see how freedom and equality elevate men " . She also records an antipathy between Panamanians and Americans , which she attributes in part to the fact that so many of the former had once been slaves of the latter . In Gorgona , Seacole briefly ran a woman @-@ only hotel . In late 1852 , she travelled home to Jamaica . The journey was delayed and difficult when she encountered racial discrimination while trying to book passage on an American ship . She was forced to wait for a later British boat . In 1853 , soon after arriving home , Seacole was asked by the Jamaican medical authorities to minister to victims of a severe outbreak of yellow fever . She found that she could do little , because the epidemic was so severe . Her memoirs state that her own boarding house was full of sufferers and she saw many of them die . Although she wrote , " I was sent for by the medical authorities to provide nurses for the sick at Up @-@ Park Camp , " she did not claim to bring nurses with her when she went . She left her sister with some nurses at her house , went to the camp ( about a mile , or 1 @.@ 6 km , from Kingston ) , " and did my best , but it was little we could do to mitigate the severity of the epidemic . " Seacole returned to Panama in early 1854 to finalise her business affairs , and three months later moved to the New Granada Mining Gold Company establishment at Fort Bowen Mine some 70 miles ( 110 km ) away near Escribanos . The superintendent , Thomas Day , was related to her late husband . Seacole had read newspaper reports of the outbreak of war against Russia before she left Jamaica , and news of the escalating Crimean War reached her in Panama . She determined to travel to England to volunteer as a nurse , to experience the " pomp , pride and circumstance of glorious war " as she described it in Chapter I of her autobiography . = = Crimean War , 1854 – 56 = = The Crimean War lasted from October 1853 until 1 April 1856 and was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the United Kingdom , France , the Kingdom of Sardinia , and the Ottoman Empire . The majority of the conflict took place on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea and Turkey . Many thousands of troops from all the countries involved were drafted to the area , and disease broke out almost immediately . Hundreds perished , mostly from cholera . Hundreds more would die waiting to be shipped out , or on the voyage . Their prospects were little better when they arrived at the poorly staffed , unsanitary and overcrowded hospitals which were the only medical provision for the wounded . In Britain , a trenchant letter in The Times on 14 October triggered Sidney Herbert , Secretary of State for War , to approach Florence Nightingale to form a detachment of nurses to be sent to the hospital to save lives . Interviews were quickly held , suitable candidates selected , and Nightingale left for Turkey on 21 October . Seacole travelled from Navy Bay in Panama to England , initially to deal with her investments in gold @-@ mining businesses . She then attempted to join the second contingent of nurses to the Crimea . She applied to the War Office and other government offices , but arrangements for departure were already underway . In her memoir , she wrote that she brought " ample testimony " of her experience in nursing , but the only example officially cited was that of a former medical officer of the West Granada Gold @-@ Mining Company . She also applied to the Crimean Fund , a fund raised by public subscription to support the wounded in Crimea , for sponsorship to travel there , but she again met with refusal . Seacole finally resolved to travel to Crimea using her own resources and to open the British Hotel . Business cards were printed and sent ahead to announce her intention to open an establishment , to be called the " British Hotel " , near Balaclava , which would be " a mess @-@ table and comfortable quarters for sick and convalescent officers " . Shortly afterwards , her Caribbean acquaintance , Thomas Day , arrived unexpectedly in London , and the two formed a partnership . They assembled a stock of supplies , and Seacole embarked on the Dutch screw @-@ steamer Hollander on 27 January 1855 on its maiden voyage , to Constantinople . The ship called at Malta , where Seacole encountered a doctor who had recently left Scutari . He wrote her a letter of introduction to Nightingale . Seacole visited Nightingale at the Barrack Hospital in Scutari , where she asked for a bed for the night , because she intended to travel to Balaclava the next day to join her business partner . In her memoirs , she reported that her meeting with Nightingale was friendly , with Nightingale asking " What do you want , Mrs. Seacole ? Anything we can do for you ? If it lies in my power , I shall be very happy . " Seacole told her of her " dread of the night journey by caique " and the improbability of being able to find the Hollander in the dark . A bed was then found for her and breakfast sent her in the morning , with a " kind message " from Mrs. Bracebridge , Nightingale 's helper . A footnote in the memoir states that Seacole subsequently " saw much of Miss Nightingale at Balaclava , " but no further meetings are recorded in the text . After transferring most of her stores to the transport ship Albatross , with the remainder following on the Nonpareil , she set out on the four @-@ day voyage to the British bridgehead into Crimea at Balaclava . Lacking proper building materials , Seacole gathered abandoned metal and wood in her spare moments , with a view to using the debris to build her hotel . She found a site for the hotel at a place she christened Spring Hill , near Kadikoi , some 3 ½ miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) along the main British supply road from Balaclava to the British camp near Sevastopol , and within a mile of the British headquarters . The hotel was built from the salvaged driftwood , packing cases , iron sheets , and salvaged architectural items such as glass doors and window @-@ frames , from the village of Kamara , using hired local labour . The new British Hotel opened in March 1855 . An early visitor was Alexis Soyer , a noted French chef who had travelled to Crimea to help improve the diet of British soldiers . He records meeting Seacole in his 1857 work A Culinary Campaign and describes Seacole as " an old dame of a jovial appearance , but a few shades darker than the white lily " . Seacole requested Soyer 's advice on how to manage her business , and was advised to concentrate on food and beverage service , and not to have beds for visitors because the few either slept on board ships in the harbour or in tents in the camp . The hotel was completed in July at a total cost of £ 800 . It included a building made of iron , containing a main room with counters and shelves and storage above , an attached kitchen , two wooden sleeping huts , outhouses , and an enclosed stable @-@ yard . The building was stocked with provisions shipped from London and Constantinople , as well as local purchases from the British camp near Kadikoi and the French camp at nearby Kamiesch . Seacole sold anything -- " from a needle to an anchor " — to army officers and visiting sightseers . Meals were served at the Hotel , cooked by two black cooks , and the kitchen also provided outside catering . Despite constant thefts , particularly of livestock , Seacole 's establishment prospered . Chapter XIV of Wonderful Adventures describes the meals and supplies provided to officers . They were closed at 8 pm daily and on Sundays . Seacole did some of the cooking herself : " Whenever I had a few leisure moments , I used to wash my hands , roll up my sleeves , and roll out pastry . " When called to " dispense medications , " she did so . Soyer was a frequent visitor , and praised Seacole 's offerings , noting that she offered him champagne on his first visit . The Special Correspondent of The Times newspaper wrote approvingly of her work : " ... Mrs. Seacole ... doctors and cures all manner of men with extraordinary success . She is always in attendance near the battle @-@ field to aid the wounded , and has earned many a poor fellow ’ s blessings . " To Soyer , near the time of departure , Florence Nightingale acknowledged favourable views of Seacole , consistent with their one known meeting in Scutari . Soyer 's remarks — he knew both women — show pleasantness on both sides . Seacole told him of her encounter with Nightingale at the Barrack Hospital : " You must know , M Soyer , that Miss Nightingale is very fond of me . When I passed through Scutari , she very kindly gave me board and lodging . " When he related Seacole 's inquiries to Nightingale , she replied " with a smile : ' I should like to see her before she leaves , as I hear she has done a deal of good for the poor soldiers . ' " Nightingale , however , did not want her nurses associating with Seacole , as she wrote to her brother @-@ in @-@ law . Seacole often went out to the troops as a sutler , selling her provisions near the British camp at Kadikoi , and attending to casualties brought out from the trenches around Sevastopol or from the Tchernaya valley . She was widely known to the British Army as " Mother Seacole " . Apart from serving officers at the British Hotel , Seacole also provided catering for spectators at the battles , and spent time on Cathcart 's Hill , some 3 ½ miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) north of the British Hotel , as an observer . On one occasion , attending wounded troops under fire , she dislocated her right thumb , an injury which never healed entirely . In a dispatch written on 14 September 1855 , William Howard Russell , special correspondent of The Times , wrote that she was a " warm and successful physician , who doctors and cures all manner of men with extraordinary success . She is always in attendance near the battle @-@ field to aid the wounded and has earned many a poor fellow 's blessing . " Russell also wrote that she " redeemed the name of sutler " , and another that she was " both a Miss Nightingale and a [ chef ] " . Seacole made a point of wearing brightly coloured , and highly conspicuous , clothing — often bright blue , or yellow , with ribbons in contrasting colours . While Lady Alicia Blackwood later recalled that Seacole had " ... personally spared no pains and no exertion to visit the field of woe , and minister with her own hands such things as could comfort or alleviate the suffering of those around her ; freely giving to such as could not pay ... " . In late August , Seacole was on the route to Cathcart 's Hill for the final assault on Sevastopol on 7 September 1855 . French troops led the storming , but the British were beaten back . By dawn on Sunday 9 September , the city was burning out of control , and it was clear that it had fallen : the Russians retreated to fortifications to the north of the harbour . Later in the day , Seacole fulfilled a bet , and became the first British woman to enter Sevastopol after it fell . Having obtained a pass , she toured the broken town , bearing refreshments and visiting the crowded hospital by the docks , containing thousands of dead and dying Russians . Her foreign appearance led to her being stopped by French looters , but she was rescued by a passing officer . She looted some items from the city , including a church bell , an altar candle , and a three @-@ metre ( 10 ft ) long painting of the Madonna . After the fall of Sevastopol , hostilities continued in a desultory fashion . The business of Seacole and Day prospered in the interim period , with the officers taking the opportunity to enjoy themselves in the quieter days . There were theatrical performances and horse @-@ racing events for which Seacole provided catering . Seacole was joined by a 14 @-@ year @-@ old girl , Sarah , also known as Sally . Soyer described her as " the Egyptian beauty , Mrs Seacole 's daughter Sarah " , with blue eyes and dark hair . Nightingale alleged that Sarah was the illegitimate offspring of Seacole and Colonel Henry Bunbury . However , there is no evidence that Bunbury met Seacole , or even visited Jamaica , at a time when she would have been nursing her ailing husband . Ramdin speculates that Thomas Day could have been Sarah 's father , pointing to the unlikely coincidences of their meeting in Panama and then in England , and their unusual business partnership in Crimea . Peace talks began in Paris in early 1856 , and friendly relations opened between the Allies and the Russians , with a lively trade across the River Tchernaya . The Treaty of Paris was signed on 30 March 1856 , after which the soldiers left Crimea . Seacole was in a difficult financial position , her business was full of unsalable provisions , new goods were arriving daily , and creditors were demanding payment . She attempted to sell as much as possible before the soldiers left , but she was forced to auction many expensive goods for lower @-@ than @-@ expected prices to the Russians who were returning to their homes . The evacuation of the Allied armies was formally completed at Balaclava on 9 July 1856 , with Seacole " ... conspicuous in the foreground ... dressed in a plaid riding @-@ habit ... " . Seacole was one of the last to leave Crimea , returning to England " poorer than [ she ] left it " . Her contribution to the welfare of the British troops in the Crimea is summed up by sociology professor Lynn McDonald : " Mary Seacole , although never the ' black British nurse ' she is claimed to have been , was a successful mixed @-@ race immigrant to Britain . She led an adventurous life , and her memoir of 1857 is still a lively read . She was kind and generous . She made friends of her customers , army and navy officers , who came to her rescue with a fund when she was declared bankrupt . While her cures have been vastly exaggerated , she doubtless did what she could to ease suffering , when no effective cures existed . In epidemics pre @-@ Crimea , she said a comforting word to the dying and closed the eyes of the dead . During the Crimean War , probably her greatest kindness was to serve hot tea and lemonade to cold , suffering soldiers awaiting transport to hospital on the wharf at Balaclava . She deserves much credit for rising to the occasion , but her tea and lemonade did not save lives , pioneer nursing or advance health care . " = = Back in London , 1856 – 60 = = After the end of the war , Seacole returned to England destitute and in poor health . In the conclusion to her autobiography , she records that she " took the opportunity " to visit " yet other lands " on her return journey , although Robinson attributes this to her impecunious state requiring a roundabout trip . She arrived in August 1856 , and considered setting up shop with Day in Aldershot , Hampshire , but nothing materialised . She attended a celebratory dinner for 2 @,@ 000 soldiers at Royal Surrey Gardens in Kennington on 25 August 1856 , at which Nightingale was chief guest of honour . Reports in The Times on 26 August and News of the World on 31 August indicate that Seacole was also fêted by the huge crowds , with two " burly " sergeants protecting her from the pressure of the crowd . However , creditors who had supplied her firm in Crimea were in pursuit . She was forced to move to 1 , Tavistock Street , Covent Garden in increasingly dire financial straits . The Bankruptcy Court in Basinghall Street declared her bankrupt on 7 November 1856 . Robinson speculates that Seacole 's business problems may have been caused in part by her partner , Day , who dabbled in horse trading and may have set up as an unofficial bank , cashing debts . At about this time , Seacole began to wear military medals . These are mentioned in an account of her appearance in the bankruptcy court in November 1856 . A bust by George Kelly , based on an original by Count Gleichen from around 1871 , depicts her wearing four medals , three of which have been identified as the British Crimea Medal , the French Légion d 'honneur and the Turkish Order of the Medjidie medal . Robinson says that one is " apparently " a Sardinian award ( Sardinia having joined Britain and France in supporting Turkey against Russia in the war ) . The Jamaican Daily Gleaner stated in her obituary on 9 June 1881 that she had also received a Russian medal , but it has not been identified . However , no formal notice of her award exists in the London Gazette , and it seems unlikely that Seacole was formally rewarded for her actions in Crimea ; rather , she may have bought miniature or " dress " medals to display her support and affection for her " sons " in the Army . Seacole 's plight was highlighted in the British press . As a consequence a fund was set up , to which many prominent people donated money , and on 30 January 1857 , she and Day were granted certificates discharging them from bankruptcy . Day left for the Antipodes to seek new opportunities , but Seacole 's funds remained low . She moved from Tavistock Street to cheaper lodgings at 14 Soho Square in early 1857 , triggering a plea for subscriptions from Punch on 2 May . Further fund @-@ raising kept Seacole in the public eye . In May 1857 she wanted to travel to India , to minister to the wounded of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , but she was dissuaded by both the new Secretary of War , Lord Panmure , and her financial troubles . Fund @-@ raising activities included the " Seacole Fund Grand Military Festival " , which was held at the Royal Surrey Gardens , from Monday 27 July to Thursday 30 July 1857 . This successful event was supported by many military men , including Major General Lord Rokeby ( who had commanded the 1st Division in Crimea ) and Lord George Paget ; over 1 @,@ 000 artists performed , including 11 military bands and an orchestra conducted by Louis Antoine Jullien , which was attended by a crowd of circa 40 @,@ 000 . The one @-@ shilling entrance charge was quintupled for the first night , and halved for the Tuesday performance . However , production costs had been high and the Royal Surrey Gardens Company was itself having financial problems . It became insolvent immediately after the festival , and as a result Seacole only received £ 57 , one quarter of the profits from the event . When eventually the financial affairs of the ruined Company were resolved , in March 1858 , the Indian Mutiny was over . A 200 @-@ page autobiographical account of her travels was published in July 1857 by James Blackwood as Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands , the first autobiography written by a black woman in Britain . Priced at one shilling and six pence ( 1 / 6 ) a copy , the cover bears a striking portrait of Seacole in red , yellow and black ink . Robinson speculates that she dictated the work to an editor , identified in the book only as W.J.S. , who improved her grammar and orthography . In the work Seacole deals with the first 39 years of her life in one short chapter . She then expends six chapters on her few years in Panama , before using the following 12 chapters to detail her exploits in Crimea . She avoids mention of the names of her parents and precise date of birth . A short final " Conclusion " deals with her return to England , and lists supporters of her fund @-@ raising effort , including Rokeby , Prince Edward of Saxe @-@ Weimar , the Duke of Wellington , the Duke of Newcastle , William Russell , and other prominent men in the military . The book was dedicated to Major @-@ General Lord Rokeby , commander of the First Division ; and William Howard Russell wrote as a preface , " I have witnessed her devotion and her courage ... and I trust that England will never forget one who has nursed her sick , who sought out her wounded to aid and succour them and who performed the last offices for some of her illustrious dead . " = = Later life , 1860 – 81 = = Seacole had joined the Roman Catholic Church circa 1860 , and returned to a Jamaica changed in her absence as it faced economic downturn . She became a prominent figure in the country . However , by 1867 she was again running short of money , and the Seacole fund was resurrected in London , with illustrious new patrons , including the Prince of Wales , the Duke of Edinburgh , the Duke of Cambridge , and many other senior military officers . The fund burgeoned , and Seacole was able to buy land on Duke Street in Kingston , near New Blundell Hall , where she built a bungalow as her new home , plus a larger property to rent out . By 1870 , Seacole was back in London , and Robinson speculates that she was drawn back by the prospect of rendering medical assistance in the Franco @-@ Prussian War . It seems likely that she approached Sir Harry Verney ( the husband of Florence Nightingale 's sister Parthenope ) Member of Parliament for Buckingham who was closely involved in the British National Society for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded . It was at this time Nightingale wrote her letter to Verney insinuating that Seacole had kept a " bad house " in Crimea , and was responsible for " much drunkenness and improper conduct " . In London , Seacole joined the periphery of the royal circle . Prince Victor of Hohenlohe @-@ Langenburg ( a nephew of Queen Victoria ; as a young Lieutenant he had been one of Seacole 's customers in Crimea ) carved a marble bust of her in 1871 that was exhibited at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1872 . Seacole also became personal masseuse to the Princess of Wales who suffered with white leg and rheumatism . Seacole died in 1881 at her home in Paddington , London , the cause of death was noted as " apoplexy " . She left an estate valued at over £ 2 @,@ 500 . After some specific legacies , many of exactly 19 guineas , the main beneficiary of her will was her sister , ( Eliza ) Louisa . Lord Rokeby , Colonel Hussey Fane Keane , and Count Gleichen ( three trustees of her Fund ) were each left £ 50 ; Count Gleichen also received a diamond ring , said to have been given to Seacole ’ s late husband by Lord Nelson . A short obituary was published in The Times on 21 May 1881 . She was buried in St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Cemetery , Harrow Road , Kensal Green , London . = = Recognition = = While well @-@ known at the end of her life , Seacole rapidly faded from public memory . Her work in Crimea was overshadowed by Florence Nightingale 's for many years . However , in recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in her and efforts to properly acknowledge her achievements . Seacole has become a case study of racial attitudes and social injustices in Britain in the nineteenth century . She was cited as an example of " hidden " black history in Salman Rushdie 's The Satanic Verses , like Olaudah Equiano : " See , here is Mary Seacole , who did as much in the Crimea as another magic @-@ lamping lady , but , being dark , could scarce be seen for the flame of Florence 's candle . " She has been better remembered in the Caribbean , where she was posthumously awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in 1991 . The headquarters of the Jamaican General Trained Nurses ' Association was christened " Mary Seacole House " in 1954 , followed quickly by the naming of a hall of residence of the University of the West Indies in Mona , Jamaica . A ward at Kingston Public Hospital was also named in her memory . Her grave was rediscovered in 1973 ; a service of reconsecration was held on 20 November 1973 , and her impressive gravestone was also restored by the British Commonwealth Nurses ' War Memorial Fund and the Lignum Vitae Club . The centenary of her death was celebrated with a memorial service on 14 May 1981 . An English Heritage blue plaque was erected by the Greater London Council at her residence in 157 George Street , Westminster , on 9 March 1985 , but it was removed in 1998 before the site was redeveloped . A " green plaque " was unveiled at 147 George Street , in Westminster , on 11 October 2005 . However , another blue plaque has since been positioned at 14 Soho Square , where she lived in 1857 . By the 21st century , Seacole was much more prominent . Several buildings and entities , mainly connected with health care , were named after her . In 2005 , Boris Johnson ( former Mayor of London , then editor of The Spectator ) wrote of learning about Seacole from his daughter 's school pageant and speculated : " I find myself facing the grim possibility that it was my own education that was blinkered . " In 2007 Seacole was introduced into the National Curriculum , and her life story is taught at many primary schools in the UK alongside that of Florence Nightingale . She was voted into first place in an online poll of 100 Great Black Britons in 2004 . The portrait identified as Seacole in 2005 was used for one of ten first @-@ class stamps showing important Britons , to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the National Portrait Gallery . British buildings and organisations now commemorate her by name . One of the first was the Mary Seacole Centre for Nursing Practice at Thames Valley University , which created the NHS Specialist Library for Ethnicity and Health , a web @-@ based collection of research @-@ based evidence and good practice information relating to the health needs of minority ethnic groups , and other resources relevant to multi @-@ cultural health care . There is another Mary Seacole Research Centre , this one at De Montfort University in Leicester , and a problem @-@ based learning room at St George 's , University of London is named after her . Brunel University in West London houses its School of Health Sciences and Social Care in the Mary Seacole Building . New buildings at the University of Salford and Birmingham City University bear her name , as does part of the new headquarters of the Home Office at 2 Marsham Street . There is a Mary Seacole ward in the Douglas Bader Centre in Roehampton . There are two wards named after Mary Seacole in Whittington Hospital in North London . An annual prize to recognise and develop leadership in nurses , midwives and health visitors in the National Health Service was named Seacole , to " acknowledge her achievements " . An exhibition to celebrate the bicentenary of her birth opened at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London in March 2005 . Originally scheduled to last for a few months , the exhibition was so popular that it was extended to March 2007 . A campaign to erect a statue of Seacole in London was launched on 24 November 2003 , chaired by Clive Soley , Baron Soley . The design of the sculpture , which is planned to be erected in the grounds of St Thomas ' Hospital , was announced on 18 June 2009 . There was significant opposition to the siting of the statue , but it was unveiled on 30 June 2016 . A feature film is being made of her life by Seacole Pictures . A short animation about Mary Seacole was adapted from a book entitled Mother Seacole , published in 2005 as part of the bicentenary celebrations . Seacole is featured in BBC 's Horrible Histories , where she is portrayed by Dominique Moore . A two @-@ dimensional sculpture of Seacole was erected in Paddington in 2013 . = = = Controversies = = = Seacole 's recognition has provoked a reaction . It has been argued that she has been promoted at the expense of Florence Nightingale , and in an attempt to promote multiculturalism . Professor Lynn McDonald has written that " ... support for Seacole has been used to attack Nightingale 's reputation as a pioneer in public health and nursing . " There was opposition to the siting of a statue of Mary Seacole at St Thomas ' Hospital on the grounds that she had no connection with this institution , whereas Florence Nightingale did . Dr Sean Lang has stated that she " does not qualify as a mainstream figure in the history of nursing " , while a letter to the Times from the Florence Nightingale Society and signed by members including historians and biographers asserted that " Seacole 's battlefield excursions ... took place post @-@ battle , after selling wine and sandwiches to spectators . Mrs Seacole was a kind and generous businesswoman , but was not a frequenter of the battlefield " under fire " or a pioneer of nursing . " An article by Lynn McDonald in the Times Literary Supplement asked " How did Mary Seacole come to be viewed as a pioneer of modern nursing ? " , comparing her unfavourably with Kofoworola Pratt who was the first black nurse in the NHS , and concluded " She deserves much credit for rising to the occasion , but her tea and lemonade did not save lives , pioneer nursing or advance health care " . Seacole 's name appears in an appendix to the Key Stage 2 National Curriculum , as an example of a significant Victorian historical figure . There is no requirement that teachers include Seacole in their lessons . At the end of 2012 it was reported that Mary Seacole was to be removed from the National Curriculum . Opposing this , Greg Jenner , historical consultant to Horrible Histories , has stated that while her medical achievements have been exaggerated , removing Seacole from the curriculum would be a mistake . While Peter Hitchens has argued that Seacole 's accomplishments have been exaggerated because anybody who put a contrary view was afraid to be accused of racism , both Jenner and Hugh Muir have asserted that this is not the case . Susan Sheridan has argued that the leaked proposal to remove Seacole from the National Curriculum is part of " a concentration solely on large @-@ scale political and military history and a fundamental shift away from social history . " In The Daily Telegraph , Cathy Newman argues that Michael Gove 's plans for the new history curriculum " could mean the only women children learn anything about will be queens " . In January 2013 Operation Black Vote launched a petition to request Education Secretary Michael Gove to drop neither her nor Oloudah Equiano from the National Curriculum Rev. Jesse Jackson and others wrote a letter to The Times protesting against the mooted removal of Mary Seacole from the National Curriculum . This was declared successful on 8 February 2013 , after approximately 35 @,@ 000 signatures forced Michael Gove to concede . = Caesar Hull = Caesar Barrand Hull , DFC ( 26 February 1914 – 7 September 1940 ) was a Royal Air Force ( RAF ) flying ace during the Second World War , noted especially for his part in the fighting for Narvik during the Norwegian Campaign in 1940 , and for being one of " The Few " — the Allied pilots of the Battle of Britain , in which he was shot down and killed . From a farming family , Hull 's early years were spent in Southern Rhodesia , South Africa and Swaziland . He boxed for South Africa at the 1934 Empire Games . After being turned down by the South African Air Force because he did not speak Afrikaans , he joined the RAF and , on becoming a pilot officer in August 1936 , mustered into No. 43 Squadron at RAF Tangmere in Sussex . A skilful pilot , Hull dedicated much of his pre @-@ war service to aerobatics , flying Hawker Audaxes , Furies and Hurricanes . He reacted to the outbreak of war with enthusiasm and achieved No. 43 Squadron 's first victory of the conflict in late January 1940 . Reassigned to Norway in May 1940 to command a flight of Gloster Gladiator biplanes belonging to No. 263 Squadron , he downed four German aircraft in an hour over the Bodø area south @-@ west of Narvik on 26 May , a feat that earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross . He was shot down the next day , and invalided back to England . Hull returned to action at the end of August , when he was made commander of No. 43 Squadron with the rank of squadron leader . A week later , he died in a dogfight over south London . With eight confirmed aerial victories during the war , including five over Norway , Hull was the RAF 's first Gladiator ace and the most successful RAF pilot of the Norwegian Campaign . He was buried among fellow fighter pilots at Tangmere , and a monument to his memory was erected near his birthplace in Southern Rhodesia . This remained until 2004 , when the plaque was transported to England and donated to the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum . Other memorials to Hull were built in Bodø in 1977 and Purley , where his aircraft crashed , in 2013 . = = Early life = = Caesar Barrand Hull was born on 26 February 1914 at Leachdale Farm , a property near Shangani in Southern Rhodesia . His childhood years were divided between Rhodesia and South Africa , and in his early teens the family moved to Swaziland . He was educated at home until 1926 , when he began to board at St. John 's College in Johannesburg . A champion boxer , he was a member of South Africa 's boxing team at the 1934 Empire Games in London . Hull attempted to join the South African Air Force in 1935 , but was turned down because he did not speak Afrikaans . He joined the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) instead , enlisting in England in September 1935 . Completing the pilot 's course on 3 August 1936 with the rank of pilot officer , he joined No. 43 Squadron at RAF Tangmere in Sussex five days later . Much of Hull 's early air force career was dedicated to aerobatics . He and Peter " Prosser " Hanks perfected a routine in which they would change places in a two @-@ seater Hawker Audax in mid @-@ air . Along with Peter Townsend ( who joined the squadron at the same time as Hull ) and Sergeant Frank Reginald Carey , they formed an aerobatic flight that performed stunts such as loops , barrel rolls and stall turns . Piloting a Hawker Fury , Hull flew the individual aerobatics at the air show at Hendon in 1937 honouring the coronation of King George VI . Hull was promoted to flying officer on 16 April 1938 . As war loomed , the squadron began to prepare for combat in late 1938 , and in December that year was re @-@ equipped with Hawker Hurricane Mk Is . Hull reacted to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 with great excitement ; according to Hector Bolitho , No. 43 Squadron 's intelligence officer , the Rhodesian leapt from one foot to the other in the officer 's mess , repeating the words " wizard , wizard " . = = Air war in Europe = = = = = Early war = = = In November 1939 , No. 43 Squadron moved to RAF Acklington , near Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne , flying Hawker Hurricane Mk Is . Amid severe weather conditions , Hull scored the squadron 's first victory of the war on 30 January 1940 , when he shot down a Heinkel He 111 bomber of the Luftwaffe near the island of Coquet . On 26 February the squadron was transferred to RAF Wick in northern Scotland to help protect the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow . Hull , Carey and three others together downed another He 111 on 28 March 1940 . On 10 April 1940 , Hull took part in the destruction of a reconnaissance He 111 . The aircraft had been sent out in advance of a major raid launched by He 111s from Kampfgeschwader 26 and Kampfgruppe 100 , aimed at covering the German invasion of Norway . When No. 43 Squadron returned to its home base at Tangmere in May 1940 , some of its leading pilots were reassigned to other units : among these were Townsend , who was assigned to No. 85 Squadron RAF as its commanding officer , and Hull , who was posted to No. 263 Squadron to command a flight of Gloster Gladiator biplanes during the unit 's second committal to the Norwegian Campaign . = = = Norway = = = No. 263 Squadron was deployed to the area around Narvik , a strategically valuable port city in northern Norway then under German control , but fiercely contested by the Norwegians and Allies . Crossing the Norwegian Sea aboard the aircraft carrier HMS Furious , the pilots took off on 21 May while at sea , in groups of three each led by a Fairey Swordfish of the Fleet Air Arm , and encountered thick mist around the island of Senja ; the Swordfish and two Gladiators from one of the groups crashed into a mountain . Hull led the first four aircraft through and landed safely at Bardufoss airfield , about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north @-@ east of Narvik , at 04 : 20 . A further 12 Gladiators followed four hours later . Fourteen Gladiators were operational and began flying patrols from Bardufoss on 22 May , carrying out 30 sorties on the first day . Hull and two other pilots together downed a He 111 over Salangen on 24 May 1940 , killing two of the five German crew ; the other three were captured by Norwegian troops after making an emergency landing at Fjordbotneidet . In all , during its two weeks of operations in northern Norway , No. 263 Squadron was to claim 26 confirmed kills and nine probable victories during 70 dogfights . Hull and two other pilots , South African Pilot Officer Jack Falkson and Naval Lieutenant Tony Lydekker , volunteered to be detached to an improvised airstrip at Bodø , a port about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south @-@ west of Narvik , on 26 May 1940 to cover Allied troops who were retreating north for evacuation under Operation Alphabet . Arriving to find the airfield extremely muddy , the pilots had great difficulty moving their aircraft to drier ground to refuel from four @-@ gallon ( 18 @-@ l ) tin cans . A He 111 was spotted overhead while this was in progress , prompting the three pilots to scramble having only partially refuelled . Falkson 's plane crashed after mud clung to its wheels , and while Lydekker took off successfully , he had so little fuel that Hull almost immediately ordered him to land to add more . The Rhodesian pursued the He 111 over the Saltdal valley and , with three attacks from astern , set the bomber ablaze , forcing it to crash . Hull then downed a Junkers Ju 52 transport plane and , after unsuccessfully chasing another He 111 , destroyed two more Ju 52s . The transports had been coming to the aid of the hard @-@ pressed German forces fighting around Narvik ; one was loaded with supplies , while the other two were carrying Fallschirmjäger paratroops . One of the latter aircraft successfully landed in German @-@ held territory before burning out , allowing the crew and paratroopers aboard to exit safely , but the second spiralled out of control and crashed , killing eight German paratroopers . Hull then attacked another He 111 , which soon retreated , giving off smoke . Having used up all his ammunition , Hull returned to Bodø . In the space of about an hour , in a technologically @-@ outdated aircraft and without assistance , he had destroyed four German planes and damaged a fifth . Hull , Falkson and Lydekker spent the night of 26 / 27 May 1940 patrolling the area around Rognan , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) inland from Bodø . After driving German bombers away from British and Norwegian forces fighting at Pothus south of Rognan , the Gladiators strafed German ground forces . Around 08 : 00 on 27 May , Bodø was attacked by 11 Ju 87 " Stuka " dive bombers from I. / Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 ( StG 1 — Dive Bomber Wing 1 ) and three Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters attached to I. / Zerstörergeschwader 76 ( ZG 76 — Destroyer Wing 76 ) . Lydekker claimed one of the Stukas , but was ultimately forced to limp north to Bardufoss to land , his Gladiator heavily damaged . Having initially been caught on the ground by the German attack , Hull got his fighter airborne during a pause in the raid . After engaging the German aircraft and shooting down Feldwebel Kurt Zube 's Stuka , which fell into the sea , Hull was overcome by one of the Bf 110s , piloted by Oberleutnant Helmut Lent , and forced to crash near the Bodø airfield . Wounded in the head and the knee , he was initially treated at Bodø Hospital before being evacuated back to Britain for further treatment on a Sunderland flying boat via Harstad . Hull 's kills during the Norwegian Campaign made him the RAF 's first Gloster Gladiator ace , as well as the most successful RAF fighter pilot of the campaign . On 17 June , while convalescing , he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions in Norway . = = = Battle of Britain = = = Hull was declared fit to return to operational duty after about two months ' rest and recuperation in Guildford , and on 31 August 1940 he was appointed commanding officer of his former unit , No. 43 Squadron , replacing Squadron Leader John " Tubby " Badger , who had been shot down and grievously wounded the previous day . The unit was still based at Tangmere , flying Hurricanes , and was by now fighting in the Battle of Britain , the Allied participants of which would later be dubbed " The Few " . Concurrently promoted to squadron leader , Hull expressed disbelief at his sudden elevation and " as if to emphasise his surprise " , Andy Saunders records , suffixed his first description of himself on paper as " Commanding No. 43 Sqn " with four exclamation marks . The first engagement of Hull 's command , on 2 September , resulted in three of the squadron 's Hurricanes being shot down in return for two Messerschmitt Bf 109s . On 4 September , Hull led a group of Hurricanes in a decisive aerial victory over coastal Sussex against a large group of Bf 110s from ZGs 2 and 76 . Flight Lieutenant Thomas Dalton @-@ Morgan destroyed a Bf 110 north of Worthing and chased another until it crashed near Shoreham @-@ by @-@ Sea , while Sergeant Jeffreys shot down another Bf 110 in a field . Pilot Officer A E A van den Hove d 'Ertsenrijck , from Belgium , pursued a fourth back out to sea and sent it crashing into the English Channel , but was hit himself and compelled to make an emergency landing at RAF Ford . Hull and Flight Officer Hamilton Upton together seriously damaged two more Bf 110s . Around 16 : 00 on 7 September 1940 , nine Hurricanes of No. 43 Squadron scrambled to intercept a large formation of German aircraft over Kent on their way to London . Hull led six of the aircraft towards the German bombers while Flight Lieutenant John " Killy " Kilmartin , from Ireland , headed a section of three tasked with countering the fighter escort . Hull took his aircraft above the bombers , then dived towards them , telling his pilots to " smash them up " . A very fast engagement followed in which Hull was killed while diving to the aid of Flight Lieutenant Dick Reynell , an Australian pilot who had come under heavy attack . Hull was last seen firing at a Dornier Do 17 , and was shot down by a Bf 109 . Reynell was also killed . The Rhodesian ace 's body was discovered largely burnt inside the shell of his Hurricane , which had crashed in the grounds of Purley Boys ' High School in Purley , Surrey . He was 26 years old . The loss of Hull and Reynell , two of the squadron 's most popular pilots , affected morale deeply . Kilmartin , arriving back at Tangmere on the evening of 7 September , simply muttered " My God , My God " . Dalton @-@ Morgan took over command of the squadron . Hull 's remains were recovered and returned to Tangmere , where he was buried among fellow fighter pilots at St Andrew 's Church . His final confirmed record for the war was four German aircraft destroyed , two damaged and four shared destroyed ( counted at half a victory each ) ; also noted were one unconfirmed destroyed , two probably destroyed and one shared probable . = = Memorials = = After Hull 's death , the people of Shangani organised the construction of a memorial in his honour — a granite plinth to which a brass plaque was affixed commemorating the pilot 's service and bravery . This monument was completed before the end of the war and erected alongside the main road between Bulawayo and Gwelo , near the bridge over the Shangani River . A memorial to the actions of Hull , Falkson and Lydekker at Bodø was built at the town 's airport three decades later , and inaugurated on 17 June 1977 with the Norwegian Minister of Defence , Rolf Arthur Hansen , in attendance . After Rhodesia 's reconstitution as Zimbabwe in 1980 , Robert Mugabe 's government disowned many old monuments making reference to the fallen of the World Wars , including the Hull memorial at Shangani . The Hull family resolved in 2003 to take the plaque down and donate it to the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum , an idea that the museum welcomed . The plaque was removed , flown to England free of charge by MK Airlines — a freight carrier owned by a former Rhodesian Air Force pilot , Mike Kruger — and ceremonially delivered to the Tangmere museum curator on 17 April 2004 by Hull 's sister , Wendy Bryan . A new monument to Hull was erected at Coulsdon Sixth Form College , which today occupies the Purley High School site , in 2013 . Depicting an aeroplane and a dove intertwined , it was formally dedicated on 11 November that year , Remembrance Day , with Bryan present . = = Character and reputation = = Hull was remembered by his comrades as an exceptional pilot and an affable , jovial personality . Jimmy Beedle , in his 1966 history of No. 43 Squadron , called Hull one of its all @-@ time great characters , citing him as a major factor in the squadron 's " high standard of flying and ... outstanding squadron spirit " . John Simpson , who joined the unit as a pilot officer two months after Hull , recalled finding " a confidence when flying with Caesar that was wholly lacking otherwise . " " I have never seen anyone who could throw a fighter about with so much confidence as old Caesar , " said another pilot , quoted by Beedle . " Nobody gave me so much confidence to have a lead from , nobody gave me so much exhilaration and fun . Following Caesar you found yourself getting more out of your machine than you had ever imagined was possible , doing things that done by yourself would have made your hair stand on end . " " All the superlatives have already been written about Caesar , " Beedle wrote . " Caesar Barrand Hull , of the crinkly hair and the croaky voice , the laughing warrior whose idea of a lark was to change seats in the air ... who had a phobia about worms or slugs , who would look under the bed ' in case there are any feenies about ' , then kneel beside it and say his prayers . " Bolitho took a similar line in his 1943 book Combat Report , attesting to Hull 's " bubbling , unquenchable gaiety " . According to Bolitho , Hull was " possessed of a magic power of creating happiness in others ; making them belittle their cares , of inspiring them with confidence , not simply in him but in themselves . Of imbuing them with his own abounding love of life . Where Caesar was , laughter was . " = Josh Sims = Joshua S. Sims ( born July 29 , 1978 ) is an American former professional lacrosse player . He played in Major League Lacrosse through 2013 and last played box lacrosse in the National Lacrosse League with the Philadelphia Wings in 2010 . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1997 through 2000 . He is a two @-@ time NCAA champion , three @-@ time MLL champion , and one @-@ time NLL champion . At Princeton , he earned Ivy League Player of the Year honors , three first team United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American recognitions and three first team All @-@ Ivy League selections , two NCAA midfielder of the year honors , NCAA Top VIII Award recognition and two @-@ time Academic All @-@ American ( first team once ) honors . During his college career , Princeton earned four Ivy League championships , four NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament invitations and two NCAA championships . As a professional , he is a five @-@ time MLL All @-@ star and an NLL All @-@ star . In the MLL , he has earned two league championships and holds the all @-@ time league record for playoff goals scored . He also has an NLL championship . He was selected to the MLL 10th Anniversary team in August 2010 and the Colorado Mammoth 10th Anniversary team in 2011 . = = Background = = As an ambidexterous junior lacrosse midfielder , he scored 20 goals and had 16 assists for the Severn School , earning him All @-@ Anne Arundel County honors from the Baltimore Sun . Sims was an All @-@ Anne Arundel County selection by the Baltimore Sun again as a senior captain when he was also named an All @-@ Metro selection for controlling 72 % of his face @-@ offs , while scoring 28 goals and adding 12 assists . Sims was a member of the Under @-@ 19 Team USA that won the World Championship in Tokyo in 1996 . = = Collegiate career = = After graduating from Severn , Sims attended Princeton University . He was the first Princeton Student @-@ Athlete to be presented with the NCAA Top VIII Award ( the first lacrosse player to be presented with the award since 1983 ) . He was only the fourth Ivy League athlete honored in the award 's 27 @-@ year history . He was awarded the 1998 & 2000 McLaughlin Award as the best NCAA lacrosse midfielder . He was a first team USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 1998 , 1999 and 2000 . He was also first team All @-@ Ivy League in 1998 , 1999 and 2000 . Sims earned the 2000 Men 's Ivy League Player of the Year . As a freshman , he was a member of the 1997 team that is regarded as the best in school history with a record number of wins during its 15 – 0 season . He served as co @-@ captain of the 2000 team . Sims is one of two Princeton Lacrosse two @-@ time Academic All @-@ Americans . Following the 1999 season , he was selected as an at @-@ large second team Academic All @-@ American , and following the 2000 season , he was a first team selection . He was also a 2000 USILA Scholar All @-@ American . The 1997 – 2000 teams were 6 – 0 undefeated outright Ivy League Conference champions . Two of these undefeated league champions won the 1997 and 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championships , becoming the first team to threepeat since Syracuse from 1988 – 90 and the first to be recognized to have done so without an NCAA scandal since Johns Hopkins from 1978 – 80 . The 1999 and 2000 teams also earned NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship invitations , bringing the schools streak to eleven consecutive seasons . In Sims ' first game as a Tiger , he scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 1997 overtime 7 – 6 victory over Johns Hopkins . Ten years later , ESPN described the goal as a " leaping , behind @-@ the @-@ back " shot , while the Baltimore Sun described the shot by saying that " . . .Sims flicked in a rebound shot blindly behind his back . " He was recognized twice in 1997 as Ivy League Rookie of the Week . During the 1998 season , Sims became a scoring threat from midfield as most defenses focused on the All @-@ American trio of Princeton attackmen ( Jesse Hubbard , Chris Massey and Jon Hess ) . In the 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament , Sims scored a game @-@ high four goals in the quarterfinal 11 – 9 victory over Duke and a team @-@ high three goals , including the game @-@ winning goal in the semifinal 11 – 10 victory against Syracuse . For his efforts , he was named to the All @-@ tournament team . In 1999 , he scored a quadruple overtime game @-@ winning goal helping Princeton secure it invitation to the 1999 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament with its seventh consecutive victory . In the 2000 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament , he posted two goals and two assists in the 10 – 7 quarterfinal victory over Maryland . He also scored in the 12 – 11 semifinal victory against Virginia . Sims ' two goals made him the only person to score multiple goals for Princeton in the championship game 13 – 7 loss to Syracuse . = = Professional career = = = = = NLL career = = = Sims played the 2000 and 2001 seasons for the Washington Power of the National Lacrosse League . He then played the 2003 through 2009 seasons with the Colorado Mammoth . Sims was an original member of the Mammoth when they moved from Washington . He helped lead the Mammoth to their 2006 National Lacrosse League Champion 's Cup . In 2007 Season he was recognized by the league as one of the top transition players in the game by being named Transition Player of the Week three times and being named to his first National Lacrosse League All @-@ Star Game as a reserve . Prior to the 2009 NLL season , Sims announced his retirement from the indoor lacrosse league , and officially retired after the 2009 season . However , he returned to play the 2010 season for the Philadelphia Wings . = = = MLL career = = = Sims , who did not play in the 2014 season , has played in the MLL since 2001 : Baltimore Bayhawks ( 2001 – 2005 ) ; Denver Outlaws ( 2006 – 2009 , 2012 ) , Toronto Nationals ( 2010 ) and Chicago Machine ( 2010 ) . Sims was a starter and scored in the inaugural MLL All @-@ Star Game in 2001 . In 2002 and 2005 he was a member of the Baltimore Bayhawks Major League Lacrosse Champion Steinfeld Cup winners . In the 2002 All @-@ Star game he had a goal and an assist . In the 2002 championship game , he scored four second half goals in the 21 – 13 victory over the Long Island Lizards , which followed a two @-@ goal semifinal performance in a 15 – 10 victory over the Boston Cannons . During the 2005 season , he made his third MLL All @-@ Star Game appearance . During the playoff semifinals , he 3 goals and 9 ground balls . One of his goals put the Bayhawks ahead for good . Sims was acquired by the Denver Outlaws on March 6 , 2006 for the Outlaws 2006 first @-@ round , 2nd overall , Collegiate Draft Pick that eventually became Kyle Dixon . Sims returned to the MLL All @-@ Star game in 2006 and 2007 representing the Outlaws . He scored two goals ( one for two points ) in the 2006 contest . On December , 2009 , Sims was picked up by the Washington Bayhawks during the MLL supplemental draft . On February 12 , 2010 , Sims was traded from the Bayhawks to the Toronto Nationals . In June , Sims was traded from the Nationals to the Chicago Machine . As of August 2010 , Sims was the Major League Lacrosse All @-@ Time leader in post @-@ season goals scored ( 29 ) . That month , during the MLL championship weekend , he was named to the 11 @-@ man MLL 10th Anniversary team . He did not play in 2011 , but in 2012 he returned to the Denver Outlaws and even scored 5 goals in one game for them . He began 2013 on the sideline with a hamstring injury for the Bayhawks . = = Personal = = Sims was the founder of Icon Lacrosse , LLC , and former Director of the Boulder Valley Lacrosse Association . According to his Denver Outlaws biography , he is married to Meghan Bauer Sims . In college , he helped the Tigers to raise approximately $ 60 @,@ 000 for the Central Jersey Pediatric AIDS foundation and worked with the Special Olympics . He was an economics major at Princeton and an honors graduate , maintaining a 3 @.@ 54 GPA . In the season 9 December 9 , 2011 episode of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition on ABC , Sims ' helped build a house in Mardela Springs , Maryland over a span of 106 hours in just five days . The nonprofit Project 911 ( 911nfp.org ) along with The Fusion Cos . , an Annapolis modular @-@ home builder , built The Johnson @-@ Goslee Family house . = = Statistics = = = = = NLL = = = The following are his NLL career stats : = = = MLL = = = The following are his MLL career stats : = Simarouba amara = Simarouba amara is a species of tree in the Simaroubaceae family , found in the rainforests and savannahs of South and Central America and the Caribbean . It was first described by Aublet in French Guiana in 1775 and is one of six species of Simarouba . The tree is evergreen , but produces a new set of leaves once a year . It requires relatively high levels of light to grow and grows rapidly in these conditions , but lives for a relatively short time . In Panama , it flowers during the dry season in February and March , whereas in Costa Rica , where there is no dry season it flowers later , between March and July . As the species is dioecious , the trees are either male or female and only produce male or female flowers . The small yellow flowers are thought to be pollinated by insects , the resulting fruits are dispersed by animals including monkeys , birds and fruit @-@ eating bats and the seeds are also dispersed by leaf cutter ants . Simarouba amara has been studied extensively by scientists in an attempt to understand the tree and also to gain a better understanding of the ecology of the rainforest in general . Many of these studies were conducted on Barro Colorado Island in Panama or at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica . Of particular interest is how it competes with other species and with individuals of the same species at different stages in its life cycle . The seedlings are normally limited by the amount of light and nutrients found where they are growing and the saplings are considered relatively light demanding compared to other species . Young individuals are more likely to survive when they grow further away from their parents and when there are few other individuals growing near to them , which may be due to them being able to escape diseases . Plant physiologists have investigated how the leaves of the tree differ depending on their location in the forest canopy finding they are thicker in the canopy and thinner in the understory . They have also measured how the water potential of their leaves changes and when their stomata open and close during the day ; the findings suggest that rather than closing their stomata to control water loss , it is controlled by the leaf area instead . Population geneticists have examined the way in which its genes vary , at both the local scale and across its range using microsatellites . It is genetically diverse , indicating gene flow occurs between populations and seeds can be dispersed up to 1 km . The leaves of S. amara are eaten by several species of caterpillar , particularly those in the Atteva genus . Several species of termite and ants live on or around the tree and lianas and epiphytes grow on the tree . The bark of S. amara has been used by people in its range to treat dysentery and diarrhea , as well as other diseases , and was also exported to Europe in the eighteenth century to treat these illnesses . A number of compounds have since been isolated from the bark and have been shown to have antimicrobial effects . Local people use the wood of the tree for various purposes and it is also grown in plantations and harvested for its timber , some of which is exported . = = Description = = Simarouba amara grows to heights of up to 35 metres , with a maximum trunk diameter of 125 cm and a maximum estimated age of 121 years . It has compound leaves that are each around 60 cm long , the petioles are 4 – 7 cm long and each leaf has 9 – 16 leaflets . Each leaflet is 2 @.@ 5 – 11 cm long and 12 – 45 mm wide , with those towards the end of the compound leaf tending to be smaller . The flowers occur on a staminate panicle that is around 30 cm in length , which is widely branched and densely covered in flowers . The flowers are unisexual , small ( < 1 cm long ) and pale yellow in colour . They are thought to be pollinated by insects such as small bees and moths . On Barro Colorado Island ( BCI ) , Panama , it tends to flower during the dry season from the end of January to the end of April , persisting for 11 to 15 weeks each year . In Costa Rica , it flowers slightly later , between March and July , peaking in April . Fruits form between 1 and 3 months after pollination occurs . The fruits are brightly colored green to purplish @-@ black , approximately 17 mm long and contain large seeds ( 10 – 14 mm ) , they occur in groups of 3 – 5 drupes . The seeds cannot stay dormant and are dispersed by vertebrates . Each seed weighs approximately 0 @.@ 25 g . It is an evergreen species , with a new flush of leaves growing between January and April , during the dry season , when the highest light levels occur in the rainforest . This phenology is thought to allow S. amara to photosynthesise most effectively , since the new leaves are more efficient than those they replace . It has visible , but indistinct growth rings that are on average 7 mm wide . A study of individuals in Panama found that they grow on average 8 @.@ 4 mm in diameter each year , in Costa Rica , growth rates as fast as 18 mm per year have been recorded , and the stem grows constantly throughout the year . The xylem vessels in mature trees range from 20 to 90 μm in diameter , with around 50 vessels present per mm2 of branch . The density of the wood is between 0 @.@ 37 – 0 @.@ 44 g / cm3 , lower than many other species in the rainforest . It is a fast @-@ growing , light @-@ demanding and shade @-@ intolerant species . Saplings are typically one straight pole , with several compound leaves and only one point of growth . This allows the sapling to achieve the greatest vertical growth with a minimum amount of biomass . They start to branch once they are 2 – 5 m tall . A study in the forest dynamics plot on BCI found that between 1982 and 2000 , around 65 % of individuals died , with mortality highest amongst small individuals ( < 1 cm dbh ) . Large trees ( > 20 cm dbh ) are relatively rare , averaging 2 @.@ 4 trees per hectare , compared to 40 trees per hectare of > 1 cm dbh . = = Taxonomy = = Simarouba amara was first described by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in French Guiana in 1775 and is the type species of the Simarouba genus . In 1790 , William Wright described Quassia simarouba , which Auguste Pyrame DeCandolle suggested was the same species as S. amara . However , because S. amara was described as monoecious by Aublet and Q. simarouba was described as dioecious by Wright , they were still regarded as separate species in 1829 . By 1874 , when the Flora Brasiliensis was published , they were considered synonymous . Among the six species of Simarouba , two besides S. amara occur on the continent : S. glauca and S. versicolor . S. amara can be distinguished from the other continental species by having smaller flowers , anthers and fruit , and straight , rather than curved petals . The leaves of Simarouba amara subsp. opaca are not glaucous ( a bluish @-@ grey or green colour ) on their underside , whereas those of Simarouba amara subsp. typica are . = = = Common names = = = Simarouba amara is known by many common names , where in the Neotropics . In Bolivia it is known as chiriuana , in Brazil as marupa , marupuaba , parahyba , paraiba and tamanqueira . In Colombia it is called simaruba , in Ecuador as cedro amargo , cuna and guitarro , in French Guiana as simarouba , in Guyana as simarupa , in Peru as marupa , in Surinam as soemaroeba and in Venezuela cedro blanco and simarouba . In Europe , it was known by various names during the nineteenth century when it was used as a medicine ; these names included bitter ash , bitterwood , mountain damson and stave @-@ wood . = = Distribution = = The natural range of S. amara is in the Neotropics , the ecoregion of Central and South America . Its range extends from Guatemala in the north , to Bolivia in the south and from Ecuador in the west , to the east coast of Brazil . It has been introduced to the islands of Dominica and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea , becoming naturalised in Puerto Rico . On BCI , mature trees ( > 10 cm dbh ) are found at a frequency of 5 per hectare , in Ecuador at 0 @.@ 7 per hectare and in French Guiana at 0 @.@ 4 per hectare . Genetic analysis of populations suggests that it has always been relatively common within its range . It grows in rainforests and in savannahs . The seedlings of S. amara are rare in primary forest due to their light @-@ demanding habit . = = Genetics = = Populations of S. amara display high levels of heterozygosity indicating that it is genetically diverse . This is consistent with the tree outcrossing over large distances by long @-@ distance pollen flow and that there has been sufficient long distance gene flow between populations to counteract the effects of genetic drift . A study of 478 plants from 14 populations across South America found that 24 % of all alleles occurred in only one population . A study of 300 plants on Barro Colorado Island found that the heterozygosity at 5 microsatellite loci varied between 0 @.@ 12 and 0 @.@ 75 . 8 out of the 50 alleles scored occurred in only one plant . = = Reproduction = = Individuals do not typically reproduce until they have a trunk diameter of 30 cm . Once mature , the trees produce flowers each year , but not all females produce fruit each year . Their flower morphology is typical of being pollinated by generalist small insects such as bees and moths . It has been reported to be pollinated by non @-@ sphingid moths , but other authors have questioned whether this is correct . = = = Seed dispersal = = = The seeds of S. amara are dispersed by vertebrates , mainly large birds and mammals , including chachalacas , flycatchers , motmots , thrushes , howler monkeys , tamarins and spider monkeys . Leaf cutter ants have also been observed to disperse the seeds and dense seedling carpets form in areas where they dump waste material but most of the seedlings die and dispersal by the ants is thought to be unimportant in determining the long @-@ term patterns of recruitment and dispersal . Seeds that are eaten by monkeys are more likely to germinate than seeds that have not . Fruit @-@ eating phyllostomid bats have also been noted to disperse their seeds ; this may aid the regeneration of forests as they disperse the seeds of later successional species while they feed on S. amara . Based on inverse modelling of data from seed traps on BCI , the estimated average dispersal distance for seeds is 39 m . Studying seedlings and parent trees on BCI using DNA microsatellites revealed that , in fact on average , seedlings grow 392 m away from their parents , with a standard deviation of ± 234 m and a range of between 9 m and 1 km . In the forest there are many seeds and seedlings beneath reproductive females ; genetic data indicate that seedlings are unlikely to be from nearby adults , but rather dispersed there by vertebrates that have fed on one tree and then moved to feed on another , defecating while in the canopy and depositing the seeds . = = Physiology = = Various aspects of the physiology or S. amara have been studied . The stomatal conductance of the leaves , an indication of the rate at which water evaporates , of mature trees at midday range from 200 to 270 mmol H2O m − 2 s − 1 . The leaf water potentials at midday range from − 0 @.@ 56 to − 1 @.@ 85 MPa , averaging around − 1 @.@ 2 MPa . Cavitation is widespread in the trunk and the stomata do not close before cavitation occurs . Although this would normally be considered deleterious to the tree , it may buffer the leaf water potential and therefore be beneficial . The stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance of the branches of taller trees ( ~ 30 m ) are much higher than in the branches of smaller trees ( ~ 20 m ) . Phillips , Bond and Ryan suggested that this is probably due to the branches of taller trees having a lower leaf @-@ to @-@ sapwood ratio than those of small branches . Dye staining shows that cavitation is common in the branches of S. amara . They concluded that water flux in S. amara is controlled by structural ( leaf area ) , rather than physiological ( closing stomata ) means . Leaves absorb light in the photosynthetically active radiation ( PAR ) spectrum at wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm with a high efficiency , but the efficiency decreases at longer wavelengths . Generally plants absorb PAR at efficiencies of around 85 % ; the higher values found in S. amara are thought to be due to the high humidity of its habitat . The reflectance and transmittance of the leaves are low at between 400 and 700 nm . The optical properties and the mass of the leaves vary depending on their location in the forest canopy , with leaves becoming thicker and more efficient as their height within the canopy increases . For their weight , however , leaves in the understory are more efficient at capturing light than leaves in the canopy . The concentration of bioavailable phosphate has been found to be higher underneath female individuals than underneath males , even though the total concentration of phosphate is equal . Rhoades et al. concluded that this difference was due to females changing the availability of phosphate , rather than females only growing in areas with high phosphate availability . This is thought to be caused either by the fruit containing high levels of phosphate which would fall off the tree and rot , or by the fruits attracting animals which deposit phosphate beneath the females . It is also possible that the sexes produce different root exudates , which affect the microbial community in their rhizosphere , thereby affecting phosphate availability . The woody tissues of S. amara have been found to respire at a rate of 1 @.@ 24 μmol CO2 m − 2 s − 1 , and this rate of respiration correlates positively with the growth rate of the stem . Maintenance respiration was calculated at 31 @.@ 1 μmol CO2 m − 3 s − 1 and this rate correlated positively with the sapwood volume . = = = Seedling physiology = = = Experiments on BCI where trenches were dug around seedlings of S. amara , or where gaps in the canopy were made above them , show that their relative growth rate can be increased by both . This shows that their growth is normally limited by both above @-@ ground competition for light and by below @-@ ground competition for nutrients and water . Competition for light is normally more important , as shown by the growth rate increasing by almost 7 times and mortality decreasing , when seedlings were placed in gaps , compared to the understory . When seedlings in gaps had a trench dug round them to prevent below @-@ ground competition their growth increased further , by 50 % , demonstrating that in gaps the seedlings are limited by below @-@ ground competition . Trenching around seedlings in the understory did not significantly increase their growth , showing that they are normally only limited by competition for light . Larger seedlings are more likely to survive the dry season on BCI than smaller seedlings . Density @-@ dependent inhibition occurs between seedlings : they are more likely to survive in areas where fewer seedlings of S. amara are growing . A study on individuals on BCI found that this pattern may be caused by differences in soil biota rather than by insect herbivores or fungal pathogens . Observations based on the distance of seedlings from their parents indicate that the Janzen @-@ Connell hypothesis applies to seedlings of S. amara : they are more likely to survive away from their parents as they escape pests such as herbivores and plant pathogens which are more common underneath the parent trees . = = = Sapling physiology = = = Saplings of S. amara are light demanding and are found in brighter areas of the rainforest compared to Pitheullobium elegans and Lecythis ampla seedlings . A study at the La Selva Biological Station found the leaves weigh approximately 30 g / m2 ( dry weight ) , similar to P. elegans , but around double the weight of L. ampla . The photosynthetic capacity of the leaves of S. amara is higher than that of the other two species , averaging around 6 μmol m − 1 s − 1 . Dark respiration is on average 0 @.@ 72 μmol m − 1 s − 1 , higher than that of the other two species . The maximum photosynthetic rate correlates with both stem diameter and vertical growth . Diffuse light is thought to be more important for seedling growth than sunflecks . Another study of saplings at La Selva found that they grew 7 cm yr − 1 in height and 0 @.@ 25 mm yr − 1 in diameter . On average they had nine compound leaves , a leaf area index of 0 @.@ 54 and the total surface area of their leaves was 124 cm2 . The saplings that had the lowest leaf area were most likely to die during the study and those with a larger leaf area grew faster than other saplings . A study of saplings between one and four centimeters in diameter on BCI found that the growth of saplings did not vary depending on which species grew near them , contrary to predictions that density @-@ dependence inhibition occurs . A model based on these findings predicted that saplings with a diameter of 2 cm are able to grow at a maximum rate of 13 mm yr − 1 and that if another tree with a diameter of 10 cm is growing within 5 m of the sapling , its growth is only reduced to 12 mm yr − 1 , indicating that they are not affected by crowding . Trees growing more than 15 m away from a sapling do not affect their growth . = = Ecology = = Lianas are relatively rare on mature ( > 20 cm dbh ) individuals of S. amara , compared to other trees on BCI , with only around 25 % having lianas growing on them . Putz suggested that this may be due to the trees having large leaves , but the mechanism by which this would reduce the number of lianas is unknown . Smaller individuals also have fewer lianas and woody hemi @-@ epiphytes than other species of tree in the same forests . The alianthus webworm ( Atteva aurea ) and other members of the Atteva genus have been recorded to eat the new shoot tips of S. amara in Costa Rica . The larvae of the butterfly species , Bungalotis diophorus feed exclusively on saplings and treelets of S. amara . Two termite species have been observed living on S. amara in Panama , Calcaritermes brevicollis in dead wood and Microcerotermes arboreus nesting in a gallery on a branch . Bullet ants ( Paraponera clavata ) have been found to nest at the base of S. amara trees . The Hemiptera , Enchophora sanguinea ( Fulgoridae ) has been found preferentially on the trunks of S. amara . = = Uses = = = = = Materials = = = Simarouba amara is used locally for producing paper , furniture , plywood and matches and is also used in construction . It is also grown in plantations , as its bright and lightweight timber is highly sought after in European markets for use in making fine furniture and veneers . The wood dries rapidly and is easy to work with normal tools . It is creamy white to light yellow in colour , with a coarse texture and a straight grain . It has to be treated to prevent fungi , wood borers and termites from eating it . The heartwood has a density of 0 @.@ 35 – 0 @.@ 45 g / cm3 . It has been noted to be one of the best species for timber that can be grown in the Peruvian Amazon , along with Cedrelinga catenaeformis , due to its rapid growth characteristics . The Worldwide Fund for Nature recommend that consumers ensure S. amara timber is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council so that they do not contribute to deforestation . Wood shavings of S. amara have been used in animal bedding leading to the poisoning of horses and dogs . = = = Medical = = = The leaves and bark of S. amara have been used as an herbal medicine to treat dysentery , diarrhea , malaria and other illnesses in areas where it grows . In 1713 , it was exported to France where it was used to treat dysentery , being an effective treatment during epidemics between 1718 and 1725 . In 1918 its effectiveness was validated by a study where soldiers in a military hospital were given a tea made of the bark to treat amoebic dysentery . In a 1944 study , the Merck Institute found it was 92 % effective at treating intestinal amoebiasis in humans . During the 1990s , scientists demonstrated it could kill the most common cause of dysentery , Entamoeba histolytica , and species of Salmonella and Shigella bacteria that cause diarrhea . The main biologically active compounds found in S. amara are the quassinoids , a group of triterpenes , of which the most therapeutic are ailanthinone , glaucarubinone , and holacanthone . These have been reported to kill protozoa , amoeba , Plasmodium ( the cause of malaria ) and also cancerous human cells . The anti @-@ malarial properties were first investigated by scientists in 1947 ; they found that in chickens , 1 mg of bark extract per 1 kg of body weight had strong antimalarial activity . In 1997 a patent was filed in the United States for using an extract in a skin care product . = Great Barrier Reef = The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2 @,@ 900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2 @,@ 300 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 400 mi ) over an area of approximately 344 @,@ 400 square kilometres ( 133 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia . The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland . A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , which helps to limit the impact of human use , such as fishing and tourism . Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff , climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching , and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish . According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985 . The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples , and is an important part of local groups ' cultures and spirituality . The reef is a very popular destination for tourists , especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions . Tourism is an important economic activity for the region , generating over $ 3 billion per year . In November 2014 , Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef . A March 2016 report stated that the reef was experiencing widespread coral bleaching as a result of warming ocean temperatures . = = Geology and geography = = The Great Barrier Reef is a distinct feature of the East Australian Cordillera division . It includes the smaller Murray Islands . It reaches from Torres Strait ( between Bramble Cay , its northernmost island , and the south coast of Papua New Guinea ) in the north to the unnamed passage between Lady Elliot Island ( its southernmost island ) and Fraser Island in the south . Lady Elliot Island is located 1 @,@ 915 km ( 1 @,@ 190 mi ) southeast of Bramble Cay as the crow flies . The Plate tectonic theory indicates Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) per year , starting during the Cenozoic . Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift , which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400 km ( 250 mi ) inland . Also during this time , Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows . Some of these became high islands . After the Coral Sea Basin formed , coral reefs began to grow in the Basin , but until about 25 million years ago , northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics — too cool to support coral growth . The Great Barrier Reef 's development history is complex ; after Queensland drifted into tropical waters , it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed . Reefs can increase in diameter by 1 to 3 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 39 to 1 @.@ 18 in ) per year , and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 9 @.@ 84 in ) per year ; however , they grow only above a depth of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) due to their need for sunlight , and cannot grow above sea level . When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago , some coral grew , but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range ; creating river deltas , oozes and turbidites , unsuitable conditions for coral growth . 10 million years ago , the sea level significantly lowered , which further enabled sedimentation . The reef 's substrate may have needed to build up from the sediment until its edge was too far away for suspended sediments to inhibit coral growth . In addition , approximately 400 @,@ 000 years ago there was a particularly warm interglacial period with higher sea levels and a 4 ° C ( 7 ° F ) water temperature change . The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of the Great Dividing Range with some larger hills ( most of which were themselves remnants of older reefs or , in rare cases , volcanoes ) . The Reef Research Centre , a Cooperative Research Centre , has found coral ' skeleton ' deposits that date back half a million years . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600 @,@ 000 years ago . According to the GBRMPA , the current , living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20 @,@ 000 years ago . The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees , placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum . At around that time , sea level was 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . From 20 @,@ 000 years ago until 6 @,@ 000 years ago , sea level rose steadily around the world . As it rose , the corals could then grow higher on the newly submerged maritime margins of the hills of the coastal plain . By around 13 @,@ 000 years ago the sea level was only 60 metres ( 200 ft ) lower than the present day , and corals began to surround the hills of the coastal plain , which were , by then , continental islands . As the sea level rose further still , most of the continental islands were submerged . The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills , to form the present cays and reefs . Sea level here has not risen significantly in the last 6 @,@ 000 years . The CRC Reef Research Centre estimates the age of the present , living reef structure at 6 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 years old . The shallow water reefs that can be seen in air @-@ photographs and satellite images cover an area of 20 @,@ 679 km2 , most ( about 80 % ) of which has grown on top of limestone platforms that are relics of past ( Pleistocene ) phases of reef growth . The remains of an ancient barrier reef similar to the Great Barrier Reef can be found in The Kimberley , Western Australia . The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions , of which 30 are reef bioregions . In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef , ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed ; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system . There are no atolls in the system , and reefs attached to the mainland are rare . Fringing reefs are distributed widely , but are most common towards the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef , attached to high islands , for example , the Whitsunday Islands . Lagoonal reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef , and further north , off the coast of Princess Charlotte Bay . Cresentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system , for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island . Cresentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , and in the Swain Reefs ( 20 – 22 degrees south ) . Planar reefs are found in the northern and southern parts , near Cape York Peninsula , Princess Charlotte Bay , and Cairns . Most of the islands on the reef are found on planar reefs . = = Ecology = = The Great Barrier Reef supports a diversity of life , including many vulnerable or endangered species , some of which may be endemic to the reef system . Thirty species of whales , dolphins , and porpoises have been recorded in the Great Barrier Reef , including the dwarf minke whale , Indo @-@ Pacific humpback dolphin , and the humpback whale . Large populations of dugongs live there . More than 1 @,@ 500 fish species live on the reef , including the clownfish , red bass , red @-@ throat emperor , and several species of snapper and coral trout . Forty @-@ nine species mass spawn , while eighty @-@ four other species spawn elsewhere in their range . Seventeen species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef in warm waters up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section . None found in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area are endemic , nor are any endangered . Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed : the green sea turtle , leatherback sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , loggerhead sea turtle , flatback turtle , and the Olive Ridley . The green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef have two genetically distinct populations , one in the northern part of the reef and the other in the southern part . Fifteen species of seagrass in beds attract the dugongs and turtles , and provide fish habitat . The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule . Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef . Nesting has not been reported , and the salt water crocodile population in the GBRWHA is wide @-@ ranging but low density . Around 125 species of shark , stingray , skates or chimaera live on the reef . Close to 5 @,@ 000 species of mollusc have been recorded on the reef , including the giant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails . Forty @-@ nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been recorded . At least seven species of frog inhabit the islands . 215 species of birds ( including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds ) visit the reef or nest or roost on the islands , including the white @-@ bellied sea eagle and roseate tern . Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef , with 1 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 7 million birds using the sites to breed . The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also support 2 @,@ 195 known plant species ; three of these are endemic . The northern islands have 300 – 350 plant species which tend to be woody , whereas the southern islands have 200 which tend to be herbaceous ; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse , supporting 1 @,@ 141 species . The plants are propagated by birds . There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1 – 10 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 4 in ) . Between 300 – 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef . Four hundred coral species , both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef . The majority of these spawn gametes , breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer , the lunar cycle , and the diurnal cycle . Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October , while the outer reefs spawn in November and December . Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera . Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef , including thirteen species of genus Halimeda , which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide , creating mini @-@ ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover . = = Environmental threats = = Climate change , pollution , crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system . Other threats include shipping accidents , oil spills , and tropical cyclones . Skeletal Eroding Band , a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia , affects 31 coral species . According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science , since 1985 , the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two @-@ thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before . = = = Climate change = = = The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change , causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching . Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence . As global warming continues , corals will not be able to keep up with increasing ocean temperatures . Coral bleaching events lead to increased disease susceptibility , which causes detrimental ecological effects for reef communities . Climate change has implications for other forms of reef life — some fish 's preferred temperature range leads them to seek new habitat , thus increasing chick mortality in predatory seabirds . Climate change will also affect the population and sea turtle 's available habitat . Bleaching events in benthic coral communities ( deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet ) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths , but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures . Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures , affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress . = = = Pollution = = = Another key threat faced by the Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declining water quality . The rivers of north eastern Australia pollute the Reef during tropical flood events . Over 90 % of this pollution comes from farm runoff . 80 % of the land adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef is used for farming including intensive cropping of sugar cane , and major beef cattle grazing . Farming practices damage the reef due to overgrazing , increased run @-@ off of agricultural sediments , nutrients and chemicals including fertilisers , herbicides and pesticides representing a major health risk for the coral and biodiversity of the reefs . = = = = Loss of coastal wetland = = = = The runoff problem is exacerbated by the loss of coastal wetlands which act as a natural filter for toxins and help deposit sediment . It is thought that the poor water quality is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae . = = = = Eutrophication = = = = Farming fertiliser runoff release nitrogen , phosphorus , and potassium into the oceanic ecosystem , these limiting nutrients cause massive algal growth which leads to depletion in oxygen available for other creatures which decreases the biodiversity in the affected areas , altering the species composition . A study by Katharina Fabricius and Glen Death of Australian Institute of Marine Science found that hard corals numbers were almost double on reefs that were far from agricultural areas . Fertilizers also increase the amount of phytoplankton available for the crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish larvae to consume . A study showed that a doubling of the chlorophyll in the water leads to a tenfold increase in the crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish larvae 's survival rate . = = = = Sediment runoff = = = = Sediment runoff from farming carries chemicals into the reef environment also reduces the amount of light available to the corals decreasing their ability to extract energy from their environment . = = = = Pesticides = = = = Pesticides used in farming are made up of heavy metals such as lead , mercury , arsenic and other toxins are released into the wider environment due to erosion of farm soil , which has a detrimental effect on the coral . = = = = Pollution from mining = = = = Mining company Queensland Nickel discharged nitrate @-@ laden water into the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and 2011 – on the later occasion releasing 516 tonnes ( 508 long tons ; 569 short tons ) of waste water . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) stated " We have strongly encouraged the company to investigate options that do not entail releasing the material to the environment and to develop a management plan to eliminate this potential hazard ; however , GBRMPA does not have legislative control over how the Yabulu tailings dam is managed " . = = = Crown of thorns = = = The crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish preys on coral polyps . Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs . In 2000 , an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66 % of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the RRC ( Reefs Research Centre . ) Outbreaks are believed to occur in natural cycles , worsened by poor water quality and overfishing of the starfish 's predators . = = = Overfishing = = = The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species , such as the Giant Triton , can disrupt food chains vital to reef life . Fishing also impacts the reef through increased water pollution from boats , by @-@ catch of unwanted species ( such as dolphins and turtles ) and habitat destruction from trawling , anchors and nets . As of the middle of 2004 , approximately one @-@ third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind , including fishing , without written permission . = = = Shipping = = = Shipping accidents are a pressing concern , as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef . Although the route through the Great Barrier Reef is not easy , reef pilots consider it safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure , since a ship can sit safely while being repaired . There have been over 1 @,@ 600 known shipwrecks in the Great Barrier Reef region . On 3 April 2010 , bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals , spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef . = = Human use = = The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples . Aboriginal Australians have been living in the area for at least 40 @,@ 000 years , and Torres Strait Islanders since about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . For these 70 or so clan groups , the reef is also an important cultural feature . In 1768 Louis de Bougainville found the reef during an exploratory mission , but did not claim the area for the French . On 11 June 1770 , the HM Bark Endeavour , captained by explorer James Cook , ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef , sustaining considerable damage . Lightening the ship and re @-@ floating it during an incoming tide eventually saved it . One of the most famous wrecks was the HMS Pandora , which sank on 29 August 1791 , killing 35 men . The Queensland Museum has led archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983 . Because the reef had no atolls , it was largely unstudied in the 19th century . During this time , some of the reef 's islands were mined for deposits of guano , and lighthouses were built as beacons throughout the system. as in Raine Island , the earliest example . In 1922 , the Great Barrier Reef Committee began carrying out much of the early research on the reef . = = = Management = = = Royal Commissions disallowed oil drilling in the Great Barrier Reef , in 1975 the Government of Australia created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and prohibited various activities . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park does not include the entire Great Barrier Reef Province . The park is managed , in partnership with the Government of Queensland , through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that it is used in a sustainable manner . A combination of zoning , management plans , permits , education and incentives ( such as eco @-@ tourism certification ) are employed in the effort to conserve the reef . In 1999 , the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities . The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law . This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment . There are two steps to this process . The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five ( currently ) different marine regions . The second step is to identify marine reserves ( protected areas or marine parks ) to be added to Australia 's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas . Like protected areas on land , marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come . Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called " Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas " , also known as just " the Guidelines " . These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the " Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters " . These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data . The priorities for each region are created based on human and environmental threats and the Marine Bioregional Plans are drafted to address these priorities . To assess different region 's priorities , three steps are taken , first , a bioregional profile is created , second , a bioregional plan is drafted , and third , the plan is finalised . After the plan is finalised , activity in different bioregions may become limited based on particular threats an activity may pose . In 2001 , the GBRMPA released a report about the declining water quality in the Great Barrier Reef and detailed the importance of this issue . In repose to this report a joint initiative between the governments of Australia and Queensland to improve the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef . In 2003 , the Australian and Queensland governments launched a joint initiative to improve the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef . The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years ( due to development ) has contributed to coral bleaching , algal blooms , and pesticide pollution . These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change . When the plan was introduced in October in 2003 , it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation . Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013 . By 2020 , they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it doesn 't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef . To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants . To achieve the objectives described above , this plan focuses on non @-@ point sources of pollution , which cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet . The plan specifically targets nutrients , pesticides and sediment that make their way into the reef as a result of agricultural activities . Other non @-@ point sources of pollution that are attributed to urban areas are covered under different legislation . In 2009 , the plan was updated . The updated version states that to date , none of the efforts undertaken to improve the quality of water entering the reef has been successful . The new plan attempts to address this issue by " targeting priority outcomes , integrating industry and community initiatives and incorporating new policy and regulatory frameworks ( Reef Plan 5 ) " . This updated version has improved the clarity of the previous plan and targets set by that plan , have improved accountability and further improved monitoring and assessment . The 2009 report found that 41 out of the 65 actions met their original goals , however , 18 were not progressing well according to evaluation criteria as well as 6 were rated as having unsatisfactory levels of progress . Some key achievements made since the plan 's initial passing in 2003 were the establishment of the Reef Quality Partnership to set targets , report findings and monitor progress towards targets , improved land condition by landowners was rewarded with extended leases , Water Quality Improvement Plans were created to identify regional targets and identified management changes that needed to be made to reach those targets , Nutrient Management Zones have been created to combat sediment loss in particular areas , education programs have been started to help gather support for sustainable agriculture , changes to land management practices have taken place through the implementation of the Farm Management Systems and codes of practice , the creation of the Queensland Wetland program and other achievements were made to help improve the water quality flowing into the coral reefs . A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs . They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change . The Reefocus summit in 2008 , which is also detailed in the report , came to similar conclusions . After this , a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives . The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals . Also quantitative targets have been made to critically assess whether targets are being met . Some examples of the water quality goals outlined by this plan are that by 2013 , there will be a 50 % reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loads at the end of catchments and that by 2020 , there will be a reduction in sediment load by 20 % . The plan also outlines a number of steps that must be taken by landholders to help improve grazing , soil , nutrient , and chemical management practices . There are also a number of supporting initiatives to take place outlined in the plan to help create a framework to improve land use practices which will in turn improve water quality . Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013 . The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there . In July 2004 , a new zoning plan took effect for the entire Marine Park , and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for marine ecosystem conservation . The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques , using marxan software . While protection across the Marine Park was improved , the highly protected zones increased from 4 @.@ 5 % to over 33 @.@ 3 % . At the time , it was the largest Marine Protected Area in the world , although in 2006 , the new Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument became the largest . In 2006 , a review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975 recommended are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013 , and that every five years , a peer @-@ reviewed outlook report should be published , examining the reef 's health , management , and environmental pressures . In each outlook report , several assessments are required . Each assessment has a set of assessment criteria that allows for better presentation of available evidence . Each assessment is judged by these criteria and given a grade . Every outlook report follows the same judging and grading process so that information can be tracked over time . No new research is done to produce the report . Only readily available information goes into the report so little of what is known about the Reef is actually featured in each outlook report . = = = = Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy = = = = In December 2013 , Greg Hunt , the Australian environment minister , approved a plan for dredging to create three shipping terminals as part of the construction of a coalport . According to corresponding approval documents , the process will create around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed that will be dumped within the Great Barrier Reef marine park area . On 31 January 2014 , the GBRMPA issued a dumping permit that will allow three million cubic metres of sea bed from Abbot Point , north of Bowen , to be transported and unloaded in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . Potential significant harms have been identified in relation to dredge spoil and the process of churning up the sea floor in the area and exposing it to air : firstly , new research shows the finer particles of dredge spoil can cloud the water and block sunlight , thereby starving sea grass and coral up to distances of 80 km away from the point of origin due to the actions of wind and currents . Furthermore , dredge spoil can literally smother reef or sea grass to death , while storms can repeatedly resuspend these particles so that the harm caused is ongoing ; secondly , disturbed sea floor can release toxic substances into the surrounding environment . The dredge spoil from the Abbot Point port project is to be dumped 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) away , near Bowen in north Queensland , and the approval from the Authority will result in the production of an extra 70 million tonnes of coal annually , worth between A $ 1 @.@ 4 billion and $ 2 @.@ 8 billion . Authority chairman , Dr Russell Reichelt , stated after the confirmation of the approval : This approval is in line with the agency ’ s view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports . As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years , Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas . It ’ s important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand , silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds . The approval was provided with a corresponding set of 47 new environmental conditions that include the following : A long @-@ term water quality monitoring plan extending five years after the disposal activity is completed . A heritage management plan to protect the Catalina second world war aircraft wreck in Abbot Bay . The establishment of an independent dredging and disposal technical advice panel and a management response group , to include community representatives . The Australian Federal Government announced on 13 November that there would now be a ban on the dumping of dredge spoil in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . The World Heritage Committee asked Environment Minister Greg Hunt to investigate alternative options to dump on land instead . The Queensland government and the Commonwealth have now accepted the alternative option and advice from The World Heritage Committee and will now commence dumping on land . = = = Tourism = = = Due to its vast biodiversity , warm clear waters and accessibility from the tourist boats called " live aboards " , the reef is a very popular destination , especially for scuba divers . Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in Cairns and also The Whitsundays due to their accessibility . These areas make up 7 % – 8 % of the Park 's area . The Whitsundays and Cairns have their own Plans of Management . Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips . Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts , including Green Island and Lady Elliot Island . As of 1996 , 27 islands on the Great Barrier Reef supported resorts . In 1996 , most of the tourism in the region was domestically generated and the most popular visiting times were during the Australian winter . At this time , it was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A $ 776 million per annum . As the largest commercial activity in the region , it was estimated in 2003 that tourism generated over A $ 4 billion annually , and the 2005 estimate increased to A $ 5 @.@ 1 billion . A Deloitte report published by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in March 2013 states that the Reef 's 2 @,@ 000 kilometres of coastline attracts tourism worth A $ 6 @.@ 4 billion annually and employs more than 64 @,@ 000 people . Approximately two million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year . Although most of these visits are managed in partnership with the marine tourism industry , there is a concern among the general public that tourism is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef . A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered , from single day trips , to longer voyages . Boat sizes range from dinghies to superyachts . Glass @-@ bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular , as are helicopter flights . By far , the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving , for which pontoons are often used , and the area is often enclosed by nets . The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities , due to water quality . Management of tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is geared towards making tourism ecologically sustainable . A daily fee is levied that goes towards research of the Great Barrier Reef . This fee ends up being 20 % of the GBRMPA 's income . Policies on cruise ships , bareboat charters , and anchorages limit the traffic on the Great Barrier Reef . The problems that surround ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef revolve around permanent tourism platforms . Platforms are large , ship @-@ like vessels that act as a base for tourists while scuba diving and snorkelling in the Great Barrier Reef . Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea . The feces carry nitrogen , phosphorus and often DDT and mercury , which cause aspergillosis , yellow @-@ band disease , and black band disease . Areas without tourism platforms have 14 out of 9 @,@ 468 ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) diseased corals versus areas with tourism platforms that have 172 out of 7 @,@ 043 ( 12 % ) diseased corals . Tourism is a major economic activity for the region . Thus , while non @-@ permanent platforms could be possible in some areas , overall , permanent platforms are likely a necessity . Solutions have been suggested to siphon bird waste into gutters connecting to tanks helping lower runoff that causes coral disease . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also placed many permanent anchorage points around the general use areas . These act to reduce damage to the reef due to anchoring destroying soft coral , chipping hard coral , and disturbing sediment as it is dragged across the bottom . Tourism operators also must comply with speed limits when travelling to or from tourist destinations , to prevent excessive wake from the boats disturbing the reef ecosystem . = = = Fishing = = = The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef , controlled by the Queensland Government , is worth A $ 1 billion annually . It employs approximately 2000 people , and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially , for recreation , and as a traditional means for feeding one 's family . = = = Dugong hunting = = = Under the Native Title Act 1993 , native title holders retain the right to legally hunt dugongs and green turtles for ' personal , domestic or non @-@ commercial communal needs ' . Four traditional owners groups agreed to cease the hunting of Dugongs in the area in 2011 due to their declining numbers , partially accelerated by seagrass damage from the 2011 Queensland Floods . = = Photo gallery = = = Cyclone Emma ( 2006 ) = Tropical Cyclone Emma was a weak but unusually large tropical cyclone that affected a substantial portion of Western Australia during the 2005 – 06 Australian region cyclone season . Forming out of an area of low pressure on 25 February , the precursor to Emma slowly tracked southward . Although classified tropical , the structure of the system represented that of a monsoonal storm . However , low wind shear and well @-@ developed outflow gradually allowed convection to develop near the centre of circulation . As the system approached the Pilbara coastline of Western Australia on 27 February , it intensified into a Category 1 cyclone and attained peak 10 @-@ minute sustained winds of 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) . After moving inland near Mardie , Emma weakened to a tropical low but became exceedingly large ; its cloud cover obscured most of Western Australia . The remnants of the weak storm persisted until 1 March , at which time they dissipated over the Great Australian Bight . Although a weak storm , rainfall from Emma caused flooding in numerous parts of Western Australia . In Karratha , six people required rescue after their cars became stranded in floodwaters . The most significant damage took place along the Murchison River which swelled to roughly 20 km ( 12 mi ) in width . Although only one town was threatened by the river , large areas of farmland were inundated by the expanding river , leading to substantial agricultural losses . Despite the extensive flooding , no fatalities were reported as a result of Emma . = = Meteorological history = = Tropical Cyclone Emma originated from an area of low pressure that formed to the southeast of Java on 22 February 2006 . Over the following few days , a monsoonal trough developed over the Timor Sea , leading to an increased likelihood of tropical cyclone formation from the initial low within several days . On 25 February , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology began monitoring the system as a tropical low . The low tracked slowly towards the south throughout the day and the centre of circulation relocated farther south late on 26 February . By this time , the Bureau of Meteorology anticipated the low to develop into a tropical cyclone and attain winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) before moving over land in Western Australia . Early on 27 February , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) classified the system as a tropical depression . During the day , a QuikSCAT pass revealed a broad low @-@ level circulation with the highest winds located around the periphery of the storm , a characteristic of monsoonal systems . Although it was situated within a region of low wind shear and underneath an anticyclone , convective activity was mostly present in the system 's large outer bands . Later that day , the Bureau of Meteorology upgraded the system to a Category 1 cyclone on the Australian intensity scale and named it Emma . At this time , Emma was located roughly 305 km ( 190 mi ) north of Onslow , Western Australia . Several hours later , the JTWC classified Emma as Tropical Storm 15S following the development of convection near the centre of circulation . The storm continued to track southward in response to a strong mid to upper @-@ level ridge situated over central Australia . Emma attained its peak wind speed of 75 km / h ( 45 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) late on 27 February as it neared landfall . However , the JTWC assessed Emma to have been slightly weaker , peaking with winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph 1 @-@ minute sustained ) . The storm maintained this intensity through its landfall early on 28 February near Mardie along the Pilbara coastline . Shortly after moving over land , the JTWC declared Emma extratropical and issued their final advisory on the storm . The Bureau of Meteorology , however , continued to monitor the cyclone as it rapidly tracked over Western Australia . Over land , the storm became unusually large , with outer bands from the storm covering most of Western Australia . Late on 28 February , the lowest barometric pressure in relation to Emma , 988 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 18 inHg ) , was recorded . The remnants of Emma persisted through most of 1 March before the system moved over the Great Australian Bight and dissipated . The Australian Bureau of Meteorology uses 10 @-@ minute sustained winds , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center uses one @-@ minute sustained winds . The Bureau of Meteorology 's peak intensity for Emma was 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained , or 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) one @-@ minute sustained . The JTWC 's peak intensity for Emma was 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) one @-@ minute sustained , or 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained . = = Preparations and impact = = Ahead of the storm , oil and mining operations in threatened regions were temporarily shut down . Already suffering from the impacts of Cyclones Clare and Daryl , residents were warned about the likelihood of flooding due to the already saturated grounds . The Bureau of Meteorology also issued tropical cyclone warnings for most of the Pilbara coastline on 28 February . The same day , the Fire and Emergency Services of Australia issued a Yellow Alert for Point Samson , Roebourne , Wickham , Dampier , Karratha , and Mardie . Residents in these areas were advised to evacuate if necessary and ensure that all cyclone preparations had been completed . Shelters were also opened for residents who sought need for one . Schools throughout the Pilbara region were also closed for several days as a result of the storm . Due to the low intensity of the storm at landfall , little or no wind damage took place from Emma . On land , sustained winds were recorded up to 78 km / h ( 48 mph ) and gusts up to 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) . A storm surge of 0 @.@ 8 m ( 2 @.@ 6 ft ) was recorded at Dampier but , no damage resulted from it . Heavy rains produced by the storm caused moderate to severe flooding in Western Australia . In Karratha , six people were rescued from two cars after they became stranded on a flooded road . Total rainfall from the storm was recorded at 308 mm ( 12 @.@ 1 in ) in the city . Localised flooding was reported in Pannawonica . Some buildings reported minor flooding but overall structural damage was minimal . The 190 mm ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) of rain that fell in a 24 @-@ hour span in Karratha pushed the city above its annual average rainfall totals in the first two months of the year . Near the Yarraloola Station , the Robe River overflowed its banks , inundating the area and forcing the evacuation of everyone in the homestead . In the Gascoyne region 30 cattle drowned after flood waters rapidly overtook a pasture . In the Murchison region , rainfall exceeding 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) brought the worst floods in decades , inundating numerous farms and causing substantial agricultural losses . Two weeks after the storm passed , the mouth of the Murchison River was closed after a ship became stranded in the swollen river . By 14 March , the river had broadened to roughly 20 km ( 12 mi ) in places normally 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) in width . These values marked the largest flood ever recorded in the river 's history . Officials distributed sandbags to build temporary levee to protect low @-@ lying areas . The largest operation took place at Kalbarri , near the mouth of the river , where 60 firefighters and 18 volunteers worked to put up 9 @,@ 000 sandbags . The Billabalong and Twinpeaks stations were also isolated from surrounding areas after the Murchison River inundated the area . Several stations in the area remained under water for over a month and farmers requested urgent assistance from the government to help alleviate losses . Initial damage from the storm was placed at A $ 1 million ( $ 706 @,@ 580 USD ) . Flood waters from the Murchison River finally began to recede on 17 March ; however , it took several weeks for the river to return to its normal level . Although Emma had only minor effects in Carnarvon , the town enacted a A $ 14 million ( $ 10 million USD ) flood protection plan in the wake of the storm . The plan would lead to the construction of new levees in areas surrounding the town and keep flood waters within Nicol Bay Flats . Additionally , four sections of the North West Coastal Highway were set to be upgraded for similar reasons . Due to the combined effects of Cyclones Clare , Darryl , Jim , Emma , Kate and Glenda , gold production in Australia fell by 8 percent , resulting in earnings losses of A $ 130 million . = American Gothic House = The American Gothic House , also known as the Dibble House , is a house in Eldon , Iowa , designed in the Carpenter Gothic style with a distinctive upper window . It was the backdrop of the 1930 painting American Gothic by Grant Wood . Generally considered Wood 's most famous work and among the most recognized paintings in twentieth century American art , the painting is the model for hundreds of parodies across every creative medium . Grant Wood , who observed the house only once in his lifetime , made only an initial sketch of the house — he completed American Gothic at his studio in Cedar Rapids . First owned by Eldon resident Charles Dibble after its construction in 1881 and 1882 , the home was ( with one 1897 exception ) a private residence until the late twentieth century . After a thirty @-@ year preservation effort culminated with the donation of the house in 1991 to the State Historical Society of Iowa , the site now includes the original house in its 1930 form and a visitors center . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . Since 1991 , various caretaker @-@ occupants have continued to rent the home privately . = = Early history and architecture = = Charles A. Dibble ( born 1836 in Saratoga County , New York ) , by various accounts a railroad man , livery stable owner , and Civil War veteran , lived in Eldon in the late nineteenth century . He and his wife , Catharine , began building the house in 1881 for themselves and their eight children . Its relatively simple board @-@ and @-@ batten siding , white color , and moderate size — just 504 square feet ( 46 @.@ 8 m2 ) — were quite common in nineteenth century Iowa architecture . A similar style can be observed in the birthplace of President Herbert Hoover in West Branch , built a decade before the American Gothic House , which features board @-@ and @-@ batten siding , a simple shingled roof , a central chimney , white color , and a moderate size as well . Unique and unusual exterior features of the house include its two Gothic windows in the gable and its steep @-@ pitched roof . Both features would later be exaggerated by Grant Wood in American Gothic . The lower floor of the house contains three rooms and a bathroom , while the upper floor has two bedrooms . The house has been called the best @-@ known example of a Carpenter Gothic cottage in the United States . There is no conclusive evidence explaining why the Dibbles chose to place Gothic windows on the upper level . The windows are believed to have been purchased through the Sears catalog . There are two commonly accepted theories : the Dibbles may have wanted the windows to beautify their home at a time when rural life in Iowa was a struggle , or they could have been following a trend in which extravagant details were desirable in residences in the late nineteenth century , and the Dibbles chose windows whose costs would have been relatively reasonable at the time . The Dibbles ' house was foreclosed around 1897 after they were unable to pay their taxes , and they moved to Portland , Oregon by 1900 . It exchanged hands several times until 1917 , when Gideon and Mary Hart Jones purchased it . The Jones family owned the house until 1933 ( and notably added a kitchen which created the west wing of the house ) ; thus , it was the Jones family who allowed Grant Wood to use their home as a backdrop for American Gothic . = = American Gothic = = During the summer of 1930 , Edward Rowan , a young gallery director from Cedar Rapids , a large city approximately 80 miles ( 130 km ) to the northeast of Eldon , attempted to promote fine arts in the rural town by opening a gallery and library and leading art classes in Eldon . Rowan 's attempts were met with success — the Eldon Forum called the exhibitions " an unusual treat . " This , along with an indebtedness Wood felt toward Rowan , drew the painter ( himself a native of Anamosa , Iowa ) to come to Eldon . In August , Wood was driven around the town by a young painter from Eldon , John Sharp , looking for inspiration . Sharp 's brother suggested in 1973 that it was on this drive that Wood first sketched the house on the back of an envelope . Wood did not immediately regard the house as beautiful , but he did find it captivating . His earliest biographer , Darrell Garwood , noted that Wood " thought it a form of borrowed pretentiousness , a structural absurdity , to put a Gothic @-@ style window in such a flimsy frame house . " At the time , Wood classified it as one of the " cardboardy [ sic ] frame houses on Iowa farms " and considered it " very paintable . " After obtaining the permission of the Jones family , Wood made a sketch the next day in oil on paperboard from the house 's front yard . This sketch displayed a steeper roof and a longer window with a more pronounced ogive than the actual house , features which eventually adorned the final work ; however , Wood did not add figures to the sketch until he returned to Cedar Rapids . He would not return to Eldon again before his death in 1942 , although he did request a photograph of the home to complete his painting . = = Later history and current status = = Decades after American Gothic was regarded as an American icon , the house continued to serve as a private residence , usually for rent , transferring ownership only once more from the Jones family to the Seldon Smith family at a " distress sale " in 1942 . A grassroots movement to preserve the house was started as early as 1945 by Nan Wood , Grant Wood 's sister and the female figure depicted in American Gothic . A visit in 1960 to the house ( which was beginning to fall into disrepair ) by Des Moines architect and historian William J. Wagner , A.I.A capped these early efforts . He was among the first to suggest preservation of the house as a historic site : In the early 1970s , a series of letters between Eldon businessmen and Carl E. Smith , the newly @-@ inherited owner of the house , revealed differing opinions on continued use of the house : Smith wanted to renovate the house and protect it from vandalism only ; the Eldon leaders were more in favor of making the house a historic site . The house was abandoned for much of the 1970s — a bullet was fired in an upstairs bedroom ; weather and vandalism took their toll as well . Only in the late 1980s did the owner of the property consider turning the house over to the state . Indeed , many southern Iowans were conflicted on the issue — the owner wanted to keep the house only because he believed the current renters would have nowhere else to go if they were forced to leave . After the home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 ( the result of an application by an Eldon farmer ) , the owner refurbished the house , installing an indoor bathroom and electricity and restoring the windows and wallpaper . Local politicians believed such work coupled with a new museum and education center could provide a major boost to local tourism — one state senator hoped for as many as 100 @,@ 000 visitors per year . After the house 's owner eventually turned over the property to the State Historical Society of Iowa in 1991 , an effort was made to move the house to Living History Farms outside Des Moines , but Eldonians fought to keep it within their city limits . The house was renovated in 1992 , with boosters hoping to see the house become a pop @-@ culture tourism attraction , much like the Field of Dreams site in similarly rural Dyersville . Today the American Gothic House Center hosts approximately 15 @,@ 000 visitors per year , which does not account for additional after @-@ hours visitors . Visitors are encouraged to view the house from the outside and have their photo taken — in fact , the visitors center provides many sizes of similar aprons and jackets worn by the original painting 's models . The adjacent American Gothic House Center , completed in 2007 , contains exhibits about the painting , artist Grant Wood , and the community around the house . Each June , the city of Eldon holds its Gothic Days festival , a celebration of the painting and rural life in Eldon in the 1930s . Starting in 2015 , tours began in the first floor of the home . The Gothic House is not handicap accessible . = A. Scott Berg = Andrew Scott Berg ( born December 4 , 1949 ) is a Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning American biographer . After graduating from Princeton University in 1971 , Berg expanded his senior thesis on editor Maxwell Perkins into a full @-@ length biography , Max Perkins : Editor of Genius ( 1978 ) , which won a National Book Award . His second book Goldwyn : A Biography was published in 1989 . Berg 's third book Lindbergh , a highly anticipated biography of aviator Charles Lindbergh was published in 1998 , becoming a New York Times Best Seller , and winning the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . In 2003 Berg published Kate Remembered , a biography @-@ cum @-@ memoir about his friendship with actress Katharine Hepburn that received mixed reviews . His book Wilson , a biography of Woodrow Wilson was published on September 10 , 2013 . Berg also wrote the story for Making Love ( 1982 ) , a controversial film that was the first major studio drama to address the subjects of gay love , closeted marriages , and coming out . He has contributed articles to magazines such as Architectural Digest and Vanity Fair . = = Life = = = = = Early life and work = = = Berg was born in Norwalk , Connecticut . The son of Barbara ( Freedman ) Berg and film producer Dick Berg , Berg was raised Jewish . When Berg was eight , his family relocated to Los Angeles , California . While a sophomore at Palisades Charter High School , Berg researched the author F. Scott Fitzgerald ( a favorite of Barbara 's , who named her son in part after Fitzgerald ) for a report and " developed a mania " for his writing . Berg read all of Fitzgerald 's works and later recalled : " It was the first time I saw the fusion of an artist and his life , a tragic and romantic life . " Scott applied to Princeton University , primarily because it was Fitzgerald 's alma mater , and was accepted in 1967 . At Princeton , Berg performed in the Princeton Triangle Club theater troupe and considered dropping out to become an actor , though he was convinced by English professor Carlos Baker , a well @-@ regarded biographer of Ernest Hemingway , to " graduate , so at least you 'll be an actor with a college degree " . Berg studied under Baker , who offered him " constant encouragement and counsel " on his senior thesis , which was a study of editor Maxwell Perkins 's career between 1919 and 1929 . After graduating from Princeton in 1971 , Berg decided to expand the thesis into a full @-@ length biography , thinking it would take around nine months . He also formulated a career plan at this time , and later recalled : " I did tell myself early on : I think it would be interesting , perhaps , to spend a career writing a half @-@ dozen biographies of twentieth @-@ century American cultural figures — each one , as I often use as my metaphor , a different wedge of the great apple pie . " The Perkins biography , Max Perkins : Editor of Genius , took longer than Berg anticipated and was eventually published in 1978 . It won a 1980 National Book Award in Biography . In 1982 , Berg was approached by Samuel Goldwyn , Jr. to write a biography of his father , the independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn . Berg initially turned the project down , telling Goldwyn that " he was interested in American culture , not Hollywood , " but changed his mind after visiting Goldwyn 's archives and discovering gin rummy I.O.U.s , menus from Goldwyn 's dinner parties , and " all the quotidian minutiae that are a biographer 's dream " . He won a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship , which helped finance his work on the biography . The same year , Berg wrote the story for Making Love , a controversial film that was the first major studio drama to address the subjects of homosexual love , closeted marriages , and coming out . He also narrated Directed by William Wyler , a 1986 documentary about the filmmaker William Wyler for which Berg interviewed Wyler , Bette Davis , Audrey Hepburn , Laurence Olivier , and Barbra Streisand , among others . In 1989 , Berg published Goldwyn : A Biography , his second biography . = = = Lindbergh = = = After completing Goldwyn in 1989 , Berg began the search for his next subject , who he wanted to be " another great American cultural figure but — because I had written about Perkins and Goldwyn — not somebody from the worlds of publishing or film " . After briefly considering Tennessee Williams , Berg decided to research the aviator Charles Lindbergh , attracted by what he described as " the dramatic possibilities of the story of the great hero who became a great victim and a great villain " . Berg convinced Lindbergh 's widow , Anne Morrow Lindbergh , to grant him unprecedented access to the man 's archives , which he was surprised to find totaled " 1 @,@ 300 boxes , or several million papers " . The biography , Lindbergh , was highly anticipated ; prior to its publication , the book 's film rights were bought , sight unseen , by Steven Spielberg , who planned to direct a movie of it . Published in 1998 , Lindbergh sold about 250 @,@ 000 copies in hardcover , and won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . Berg was noted for his exhaustive research , as well as his sympathetic , but by no means uncritical , approach to Lindbergh , whose alleged anti @-@ Semitism he addressed in a straightforward , unblinking manner . = = = Recent work = = = From 1998 to 2000 , Berg wrote Kate Remembered , a biography @-@ cum @-@ memoir detailing his 20 @-@ year friendship with the Hollywood actress Katharine Hepburn . The book was published in 2003 , only 12 days after Hepburn 's death . It spent 11 weeks on the New York Times Nonfiction Best Seller list , but received uneasy critical response . In The New York Times , Robert Gottlieb called it an " odd and unsettling book [ that leaves ] a sense of exploitation " , and gossip columnist Liz Smith , a friend of Hepburn 's , called Berg " vain and narcissistic " , and declared the book " [ s ] elf @-@ promoting fakery .... Hepburn would have despised it and his betrayal of her friendship . " Berg responded in a written statement , saying that he was " truly shocked at Liz Smith 's professional behaviour — or , more accurately , her lack thereof " in " her personal assault on my reputation , one that stops just short of character assassination " . Berg served on Princeton University 's Board of Trustees from 1999 to 2003 . In 2000 , he began researching a biography of Woodrow Wilson , of whom Berg says , " I have an image of him in my mind that is unlike any picture I have seen anywhere else , based on material at Princeton and 35 years of researching and thinking about him " . In March 2010 he became involved in a film production project , transforming the 1960s television program 77 Sunset Strip into a feature film , which delayed the Wilson biography a further 18 months . Wilson was published on September 10 , 2013 . = = = Personal life = = = Berg lives with his friend Kevin McCormick , a film producer , in Los Angeles . His brothers are Jeff Berg , former CEO of International Creative Management , a leading Hollywood talent and literary agency ; and music producer and musician Tony Berg . His youngest brother Rick is a partner and manager at the production company Code Entertainment . His niece is Z Berg , a musician of The Like and JJAMZ . = Lillestrøm Stadion = Lillestrøm idrettspark , colloquially known as Lillestrøm stadion , is a sports facility located at Lillestrøm in Skedsmo , Norway . The main venue is Romerike friidrettsstadion , an athletics stadium with eight all @-@ weather running tracks . It has multiple football pitches , including one with artificial turf and one with gravel . The park features of two arenas , LSK @-@ Hallen with a full @-@ size artificial football pitch and Skedsmohallen for indoor sports . The venue is located adjacent to Åråsen Stadion , the home ground of Lillestrøm SK . The main tenants for Lillestrøm idrettspark are Flisbyen BK and Focus FK in football , and Strømmen IF , Lørenskog FIL and Minerva IS in athletics . The stadium opened on 6 June 1920 and was the main venue for Lillestrøm SK until 1951 . The athletics stadium opened two years later . In 2004 , the artificial turf pitch was laid and in 2007 a new athletics venue and LSK @-@ Hallen opened . = = History = = The stadium opened on 6 June 1920 and was originally named Lillestrøm kommunale idrettsplass ( " Lillestrøm Municipal Sports Place " ) . Lillestrøm SK was the main football tenant from the opening until 1951 , when they opened Åråsen Stadion . The original athletics stadium opened in 1953 , located at the same place as the current athletics stadium . Minerva arranged the first tournament on 16 June 1954 . Subsequently a velodrome was installed outside the running track . A municipal grant of 5 @,@ 000 Norwegian krone ( NOK ) allowed a steeplechase obstacle to be installed in 1959 . A cage for discus throw and hammer throw was installed on the current artificial turf pitch in 1970 . The athletics venue suffered with drainage problems , and from the 1970s it was no longer used for competitions . This forced Minerva IS to hold many of its trainings at Stovner stadion in Oslo and Jessheim stadion in Ullensaker . In 1976 , Minerva IS took initiative to lay all @-@ weather running track , but the proposal was rejected by the municipality . In 1990 , Skedsmo Municipal Council initially voted to allocate NOK 2 million for all @-@ weather running track , but the funding was reallocated to fix a leaking roof on Skedsmo Church . No further grants were issued for the stadium . In 2004 , Lillestrøm SK took initiative to convert one of the gravel pitches to artificial turf . The proposal also saw the installation of floodlights and under @-@ soil heating . The new field cost NOK 9 million , which was covered by LSK , betting grants and the municipality . Construction started in August 2004 and was completed in November . The pitch located behind Skedsmohallen was converted to a throwing venue in 2005 . Ahead of the 2003 municipal elections , the Labour Party mayor candidates for the municipalities of Skedsmo , Rælingen and Lørenskog , Andreas Hamnes , Terje Granerud and Åge Tovan , proposed that a central , inter @-@ municipal athletics venue be built for Nedre Romerike . The proposal was followed up by the three athletics clubs in the area , Minerva IS , Strømmen IF and Lørenskog FIL , who established a committee . Several locations were considered , but the committee landed on Lillestrøm idrettspark because of the availability of existing utilities , parking and changing rooms , which would reduce the investment costs . In the process , Strømmen stadion was rejected because it was undergoing upgrades to receive artificial turf and Marikollen was deemed too remote . Also Nordlimyra in Lørenskog was deemed unsuitable . The choice of Lillestrøm idrettspark was selected by consensus among the municipalities and the sports clubs in June 2005 . Grants were issued from the municipalities in 2005 , the size of which was determined by the population of each municipality . Multiconsult was hired to design the venue and construction started on 28 June 2006 . Earthworks were completed by November and asphalting started on 16 May 2007 . The all @-@ weather surface was completed on 13 June and technical installations were completed by mid @-@ August . The new venue was inaugurated on 1 September 2007 . It cost NOK 28 @.@ 6 million , of which NOK 15 @.@ 9 million were paid for by the municipalities in ratio of their population . The rest was financed through a combination of betting grants , value added tax compensation and volunteer work . In 2006 , the municipality approved Lillestrøm SK 's plans to build an indoor football pitch . The hall was inaugurated on 11 October 2007 and cost NOK 62 million . In 2009 , Lillestrøm launched itself as one of six candidate cities for Norway 's joint bid with Sweden to host the UEFA Euro 2016 . This would involve building a new venue seating between 35 @,@ 000 and 44 @,@ 000 in Lillestrøm . One of three potential locations was at Lillestrøm idrettspark . The stadium would be built in modules , so the upper tiers could be dismounted after the championship and installed on other venues . The proposal was selected as one of four for the bid , but the bid was never sent . = = Facilities = = Lillestrøm idrettspark is located across the railway from Åråsen Stadion , the home ground of Lillestrøm SK . It is the main recreational sports complex in Skedsmo , located just north of Lillestrøm . It contains several football pitches , including one with gravel and one with artificial turf . The artificial and two of the natural grass pitches have undersoil heating . LSK @-@ Hallen contains an indoor 105 @-@ by @-@ 68 @-@ meter ( 115 by 74 yd ) artificial turf football pitch with capacity for 3 @,@ 000 spectators . Skedsmohallen is the main indoor arena in Skedsmo ; it is largely used for ball sports , athletics and martial arts , but also sees cultural evens such as concerts . Lillestrøm og Omeng Bueskyttere undertakes archery practice behind Skedsmohallen . Also at the park is a driving range and a skateboarding park . Romerike friidrettsstadion is an inter @-@ municipal athletics venue jointly owned by the municipalities of Skedsmo , Rælingen and Lørenskog . The venue is built to a sufficient standard to host the Norwegian Athletics Championship . It features a 400 @-@ meter ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) long all @-@ weather surface with eight tracks , permitting 110 meters hurdles on both sides . Both sides have two jumping pits , and two areas for pole vault and two for high jump . Javelin throw is possible from both ends , with undersoil heating in the last part of the approach . The throwing cage permits discus throw and hammer throw , and the area for shot put is heated . The venue is used exclusively for athletics and is constructed such that it cannot be used for football . The athletics field has a spectator capacity of 750 , of which 185 can be seated . It has floodlighting at 200 lux and electronic timekeeping equipment , as well as two huts . In addition , a gravel football pitch is used for throwing practice . = = Events = = Lillestrøm SK uses Lillestrøm idrettspark and LSK @-@ Hallen for training sessions for the elite team and for lower @-@ level matches . The Women 's Premier League side LSK Kvinner FK play their home matches in LSK @-@ Hallen . The football grounds are also used by Flisbyen BK and Focus FK in the Third Division . The athletics venue is used by Minerva IS , Lørenskog FIL and Strømmen IF . During the 1952 Winter Olympics , the stadium was one of five rinks used for ice hockey . Three rinks were located outside Oslo in order to spread the games to a wider audience . The single match at Lillestrøm stadion saw Poland beat Finland 4 – 2 on 23 February . The former velodrome hosted two Norwegian championships . The athletics venue annually hosts Romerikslekene and one of the three Huyndai Grand Prix events . Since 2012 the Norway national football team started using Åråsen and Lillestrøm stadion for training . = Abram Lincoln Harris = Abram Lincoln Harris , Jr . ( January 17 , 1899 – November 6 , 1963 ) was an American economist , academic , anthropologist and a social critic of blacks in the United States . Considered by many as the first African American to achieve prominence in the field of economics , Harris was also known for his heavy influence on black radical and neo @-@ conservative thought in the United States . As an economist , Harris is most famous for his 1931 collaboration with political scientist Sterling Spero to produce a study on African American labor history titled The Black Worker and his 1936 work The Negro as Capitalist , in which he criticized black businessmen for not promoting interracial trade . He headed the economics department at Howard University from 1936 to 1945 and taught at the University of Chicago from then until his death . As a social critic , Harris took an active radical stance on racial relations by examining historical black involvement in the workplace , and suggested that African Americans needed to take more action in race relations . = = Early life = = Harris was born into a middle @-@ class African American family on January 17 , 1899 in Richmond , Virginia . His father was a butcher at a meat shop , and his mother was a schoolteacher . The family that ran the Richmond meat shop where Harris ' father worked was German American . As a result of his frequent contact with the family , Harris learned German and became a fluent speaker of the language . Harris ' mastery of the language would help him later in life , when he examined the writings of German economists and social reformers like Karl Marx . He attended Virginia Union University , graduating in 1922 with a Bachelor of Science degree . Harris went on to earn an M.A. in economics from the University of Pittsburgh in 1924 . It was his masters ' thesis , The Negro Laborer in Pittsburgh , that started his lifelong examination on the African American labor forces = = Career = = He later published two articles in the National Urban League 's journal , Opportunity , that discussed the difficulties faced by African American mineworkers . His work in this field also addressed his concern about blacks and their white counterparts . Harris examined race prejudice of blacks by white workers . Meanwhile , Harris taught at West Virginia State University , a small historically black public college in Institute , West Virginia . During this year , he began a long and sustaining friendship with V. F. Calverton . He taught for a year , before he shifted directions and took the position as director of the Minneapolis Urban League . As director , he prepared a detailed report titled The Negro Population in Minneapolis : A Study of Race Relations dealing with the living conditions of African Americans in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Harris described the physical and socio @-@ economic conditions of African Americans in Minneapolis in 1926 . Using census data and statistical surveys , Harris tried to show that there was a strong social rift at the workplace between blacks and whites . Harris then enrolled at Columbia University to pursue a Ph.D in economics . In 1927 , just a year into his doctorate studies , Harris joined the faculty of Howard University . There , Harris collaborated with fellow black colleagues Ralph Bunche and E. Franklin Frazier , and attacked old values and outlooks on race . Continuing with previous writings , Harris wrote his Ph.D thesis on the rift between African American and white labor in the United States . In 1930 , he became the second African American to receive a doctorate in Economics in the United States , following Sadie Mosell Alexander . The following year , he collaborated his thesis with political scientist , Sterling Spero , to produce a famous study of African American labor history entitled The Black Worker , the Negro & the Labor Movement . Harris believed that African Americans needed to contribute to the development of a working @-@ class political party in the United States . He expressed dislike for other strategies like rebellion , secession , or the various Back to Africa movements — which Harris described as " Negro Zionism " — led by such figures as Marcus Garvey and Haile Selassie I. In The Black Worker , Spero and Harris asserted that African Americans could put an end to the racial antagonism in the working class . They wrote about the history of the racial predicament between whites and blacks had stemmed from the days of slavery . They argued that many African Americans had just recently migrated to the urban setting , and had been unaware of trade unionism and its benefits . They stated that the anti @-@ union beliefs held by organizations such as the National Urban League also provided for the racial division seen in the working class between blacks and whites . Harris also was the author of a Progressive Labor Party pamphlet in 1930 that called for the formation of a working @-@ class political party in the United States . By this point , he and Calverton had grown distant ; white journalist Benjamin Stolberg took Calverton 's place as a major correspondent in Harris ' life . They critiqued each other 's work and encouraged each other towards greater heights of accomplishment . Harris , along with Frazier and Bunche , led the attack on the older generations at the NAACP 's 1933 Amenia Conference . Harris ' radical beliefs prompted a 1935 report entitled the Harris Report suggesting that the NAACP take a more active and affirmative stance on race relations in the United States . As the Great Depression progressed , Harris ' radicalism declined . As Harris wrote in the 1957 introduction to his personal collection of essays , he was " emerging from a state of social rebellion [ while ] still adher [ ing ] somewhat to socialistic ideas by the late 1920s . " He published his most famous economics work in 1936 , The Negro as Capitalist : A Study of Banking and Business . In the work , Harris wrote about the growing anti @-@ business sentiment of the Great Depression . Harris argued that black businessmen were under the false sense of racial solidarity between whites and blacks . He said that African Americans needed to participate in trade unionism with white businessmen . This was the reason for the problems in the development of black business . Harris concluded that the black middle class was using their racial pride and unity to support businesses controlled by the American middle class . He felt that blacks were not reaching out to whites , and black business would not grow if there was no interracial trade . In reference to black complaints against Jewish businessmen , Harris said : Despite the heavy criticism against fellow black businesspeople , Harris ' book achieved notability and recognition in the field of economics during the Great Depression . In 1937 , Harris founded the liberal Social Science Division of Howard University , and served as the group 's leader through the late 1930s and early 1940s . Harris left Howard in 1945 and moved to the University of Chicago , and became one of the first African American academics with a high position at a historically white institution . His move was facilitated on part of the efforts of Chicago economist Frank Knight , one of the founders of the famed Chicago School of economics that fostered the likes of Nobel Prize @-@ winning economists Milton Friedman and George Stigler . Knight had been publishing many of Harris ' papers on the subject of economic doctrine in the Journal of Political Economy since the late 1920s when Harris was at Howard . With his move to Chicago , Harris ' economic ideologies also seemed to change . His writings took more of the tone of orthodox economics , and his previous defense of Karl Marx and other radical economists had turned into critical examinations of the works of these men . Harris expressed deep concerns about the Soviet Union 's totalitarian direction led by Joseph Stalin in works such as Black Communist in Dixie , published in the National Urban League magazine , Opportunity . However , Harris became silenced on the topic of race , and did not write about it for the remainder of his academic career . Harris spent the rest of his life at the University of Chicago and died on November 18 , 1963 . = = Legacy = = Harris is best known for his work as an economist and social critic of African American business . He had a heavy influence on both black radical and neo @-@ conservative thought . A recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship for Economics in 1935 , 1936 , 1943 and 1953 , Harris was one of the leaders of black economics through the early and mid 20th century . His early works such as The Negro as Capitalist set the precedent for contemporary African American radical thought . Harris ' great number of works on race relations such as The Black Worker served as a model for future African American studies . His essays in The Journal of Political Economy have played a significant role for institutionalist economists and for economists studying the history of economic doctrines . He is still widely regarded as one of the first African Americans to achieve prominence in academia in the early 20th century , and an influential figure on a wide range of African American topics of interest . = King Arthur & the Knights of Justice ( video game ) = King Arthur & the Knights of Justice is an action @-@ adventure game developed by Manley & Associates and published by Enix for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in May 1995 . Based on the cartoon series of the same title , which was loosely inspired by the Arthurian legend , the game was released in North America exclusively . The player takes on the role of a team of American football players who are transported to Medieval England and given the mission to save King Arthur and destroy the evil sorceress Morgana and her army . The game was the first Enix title developed by an American company , and was inspired by The Legend of Zelda series and various written works . It was received with reviews ranging from mediocre to extremely poor . = = Gameplay = = The game is a standard action @-@ adventure game , played from a top @-@ down perspective . The player takes on the role of Arthur King and is accompanied by two Knights of Justice controlled by the game console . The player battles enemies using a regular sword swing or a special attack , and can block high and low attacks . Twelve Knights are available from the start ( including Arthur King ) , each with his own weapon , personality and statistics for life force , defense , strength and speed . Each boss of the game has a specific weakness against one of the Knights . Changing party members is done by visiting the Round Table room in Camelot . Each character has a life meter , and Arthur also has a power meter . Various items must be collected to complete quests and objectives , while some can be used to restore a character 's life meter . An overworld map feature allows the player to directly access locations already visited once . The game has no saving feature but allows accessing various points of the storyline with a system of passwords . = = Plot = = The events of the game are set in a fictional version of Britain in the 5th century . The evil sorceress Morgana has magically imprisoned King Arthur and the Knights of the Round in the Cave of Glass beneath her castle , past Hadrian 's Wall . At Camelot , the King 's wizard Merlin uses a crystal ball and locates a brave team of " warriors " in the future , led by Arthur King and dubbed " The Knights " . They are actually American football players , though Merlin interprets their names as a sign of fate . He summons them back in time , and the Lady of the Table transforms them into " Knights of Justice " . Merlin asks them to break the seal on King Arthur and the Knights of the Round by gathering the twelve Keys of Truth . The party retrieves the Excalibur sword from the Lady of the Lake , proving their worth by claiming the Pendragon Shield from a young dragon at Shield Heights . They assist Erek , the deposed ruler of Tintagel Castle , and recover the first Key of Truth in the castle . They make their way into the village of Welton , which is under a mind control spell , and recover the second Key of Truth at Gruesome Keep . After breaking the spell on Welton and crossing the Blinder 's Way , they claim the third Key of Truth at Castle Sanguine . During the event , a Warlord infiltrates Camelot and poisons Squire Everett . The party collects an antidote in the Swamp of Zagar and saves the Squire . They then claim the fourth Key of Truth in Stone Keep . They rescue the son of the Gnome King to obtain the fifth Key of Truth , and collects four Elemental Keys to unlock access to Castle Vilor and the sixth Key of Truth . The party finds the seventh and eighth Keys of Truth in Crownhorn village and the Cape of Death , respectively . The ninth and tenth Keys are found in Blackroot Keep and the Dark Citadel while searching for the missing pieces of the Staff of Rhiothamus , which can break open a path in Hadrian 's Wall . Using the Staff , the party goes past Hadrian 's Wall and into the Dark Forest , where the eleventh Key of Truth is found . In a cemetery , they stumble upon a statue of Morgana , which fires a magic beam that kills the two Knights in the party . Arthur travels to the Town of the Dead by himself then to the Plain of the Dead and retrieves his two dead Knights . They reach Morgana 's castle , Stone Gardens , and defeat Morgana in her dragon form , thus obtaining the last Key of Truth . In the game 's ending sequence , the party members are congratulated by the real , freed King Arthur , and Merlin uses Stonehenge to send them back to their era . = = Development = = King Arthur & the Knights of Justice was the first Enix game developed by an American company : Manley & Associates in Issaquah , Washington . Roughly two dozen people worked on the game , though not all at the same time . It was initially planned for a 16 @-@ megabit cartridge , but four additional megabits were eventually added to expand the game . Development spanned about two years . In addition to the original cartoon series , the developers gathered ideas from several sources for inspiration , including The Legend of Zelda action @-@ adventure game series , and books such as T. H. White 's The Book of Merlyn and fables from Medieval poet Marie de France . They noted that the hardest part of development was coming up with puzzles for each of the regions , as they had to be " fun and challenging , but not repetitive " . While they tried to maintain a balance between action and puzzles , they noted that they focused more on the puzzle aspect of the game . Favorite parts of the game for the developers include the dragon battles , the boss Blackwing and Morgana 's Warlords . = = Reception = = The title received generally negative reviews . Video game magazines Nintendo Power and Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the title a score of 2 @.@ 68 out of 5 and 5 @.@ 62 out of 10 respectively , while the website Allgame rated it 3 out of 5 stars . Freelance critic Robert Schmitz gave the title a score of 0 @.@ 5 out of 11 , calling it " awful " and explaining the game is almost " better left unsaid " . Schmitz blamed Enix 's decision to base the game on a little @-@ known cartoon series , a comment echoed by both the Video Game Bible . Milligan called the game a " staggeringly ill @-@ conceived game " and likened it to a " succession of fetch quests " . Electronic Gaming Monthly felt the graphics lack vibrant colors , but that the music was " alright " . Allan Milligan , in a review for the Gaming Intelligence Agency , judged the graphics and audio both mediocre , the character designs " terrible " , the plot generic and the puzzles not challenging . Moreover , he noted that it is impossible for the player to know in advance which Knight is best suited for which boss . Concerning the gameplay , Milligan criticized the fact that all enemies on a screen must be defeated to progress through some passages , and the possibility for characters and enemies to be hidden from the player 's view behind large objects . The unintuitive angle made by Arthur 's sword when attacking and the Knights ' artificial intelligence were also denounced as poorly conceived , as were the lack of animation when a character or enemy is hit . While Milligan noted no major glitches or bugs in the game , Schmitz felt the testers rushed their job . The game seemed " unfinished and underdeveloped " for the Video Game Bible , as well as by Milligan , who called the packaging " nice " and the manual readable , wondering why " thinking human beings " would ever agree to make a game " this unambitious and dull " . = Tulsidas = Tulsidas ( Hindi : तुलसीदास ; Hindi pronunciation : [ t ̪ ʊls ̪ iːd ̪ aːs ̪ ] , also known as Goswami Tulsidas ( गोस ् वामी तुलसीदास ) ; 1497 / 1532 – 1623 ) was a Hindu poet @-@ saint , reformer and philosopher from Ramanandi Sampradaya in the lineage of Jagadguru Ramanandacharya renowned for his devotion to the Lord Shri Rama . A composer of several popular works , he is best known as the author of the epic Ramcharitmanas , a retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana based on Rama 's life in the vernacular Awadhi . Tulsidas was acclaimed in his lifetime to be a reincarnation of Valmiki , the composer of the original Ramayana in Sanskrit . He is also considered to be the composer of the Hanuman Chalisa , a popular devotional hymn dedicated to Hanuman , the divine devotee of Rama . Tulsidas spent most of his life in the city of Varanasi . The Tulsi Ghat on the Ganges River in Varanasi is named after him . He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Hanuman in Varanasi , believed to stand at the place where he had the sight of Hanuman . Tulsidas started the Ramlila plays , a folk @-@ theatre adaption of the Ramayana . He has been acclaimed as one of the greatest poets in Hindi , Indian , and world literature . The impact of Tulsidas and his works on the art , culture and society in India is widespread and is seen to date in vernacular language , Ramlila plays , Hindustani classical music , popular music , and television series . = = Transliteration and etymology = = The Sanskrit name of Tulsidas can be transliterated in two ways . Using the original Sanskrit , the name is written as Tulasīdāsa . Using the Hunterian transliteration system , it is written as Tulsidas or Tulsīdās reflecting the vernacular pronunciation ( since the written Indian languages maintain the vestigial letters that are no longer pronounced ) . The lost vowels are an aspect of the Schwa deletion in Indo @-@ Aryan languages and can vary between regions . The name is a compound of two Sanskrit words : Tulasī , which is an Indian variety of the basil plant considered auspicious by Vaishnavas ( devotees of god Vishnu and his avatars like Rama ) , and Dāsa , which means slave or servant and by extension , devotee . Tulsidas , thus means a servant of the plant Tulsi . = = Life = = = = = Incarnation of Valmiki = = = Tulsidas is believed by many to be a reincarnation of Valmiki . In the Hindu scripture Bhavishyottar Purana , the god Shiva tells his wife Parvati how Valmiki , who got a boon from Hanuman to sing the glory of Rama in vernacular language , will incarnate in future in the Kali Yuga ( the present and last Yuga or epoch within a cycle of four Yugas ) . Nabhadas writes in his Bhaktamal ( literally , the Garland of Saints ) that Tulsidas was the re @-@ incarnation of Valmiki in the Kali Yuga . The Ramanandi sect believes that it was Valmiki himself who incarnated as Tulsidas in the Kali Yuga . According to a traditional account , Hanuman went to Valmiki several times to hear him sing the Ramayana , but Valmiki turned down the request saying that Hanuman being a monkey was unworthy of hearing the epic . After the victory of Rama over Ravana , Hanuman went to the Himalayas to continue his worship of Rama . There he scripted a play version of the Ramayana called Mahanataka or Hanuman Nataka engraved on the Himalayan rocks using his nails . When Valmiki saw the play written by Hanuman , he anticipated that the beauty of the Maha Nataka would eclipse his own Ramayana . Hanuman was saddened at Valmiki 's state of mind and , being a true bhakta without any desire for glory , Hanuman cast all the rocks into the ocean , some parts of which are believed to be available today as Hanuman Nataka . After this , Valmiki was instructed by Hanuman to take birth as Tulsidas and compose the Ramayana in the vernacular . = = = Early life = = = [ [ File : Tulsi Smarak.j pg \| thumb \| Birthplace of Tulsidas ] ] = = = = Birth = = = = Tulsidas was born on saptami , the seventh day of shukla paksha , the bright half of the lunar Hindu calendar month Shraavana ( July – August ) . Although as many as seven places are mentioned as his birthplace , most scholars identify the place with Rajapur ( Chitrakoot ) , a village on the banks of the river Yamuna , on the border between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . In 2012 Sukarkhet Rajapur village on Pashka Road near Parashpur Bhauriganj Bajar , currently in District Gonda , Uttar Pradesh , approximately 50 km from Ayodhya , was declared officially by the government of Uttar Pradesh as the birthplace of Tulsi Dasji . His parents were Hulsi and Atmaram Dubey . Most sources identify him as a Saryupareen Brahmin of the Parashar Gotra ( lineage ) , although some sources claim he was a Kanyakubja or Sanadhya Brahmin . There is difference of opinion among biographers regarding the year of birth of Tulsidas . Many sources rely on Veni Madhav Das ' account in the Mula Gosain Charita , which gives the year of Tulsidas ' birth as Vikrami Samvat 1554 ( 1497 CE ) . These sources include Shivlal Pathak , popular editions of Ramcharitmanas ( Gita Press , Naval Kishore Press and Venkateshvar Press ) , Edwin Greaves , Hanuman Prasad Poddar , Ramanand Sarasvati , Ayodhyanath Sharma , Ramchandra Shukla , Narayandas , and Rambhadracharya . A second group of biographers led by Sant Tulsi Sahib of Hathras and Sir George Grierson give the year as Vikram 1589 ( 1532 CE ) . These biographers include Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar , Ramghulam Dwivedi , James Lochtefeld , Swami Sivananda and others . A third small group of authors which includes H. H. Wilson , Garse De Tasse and Krishnadatta Mishra gives the year as Vikram 1600 ( 1543 CE ) . The year 1497 appears in many current @-@ day biographies in India and in popular culture . Biographers who disagree with this year argue that it makes the life span of Tulsidas equal 126 years , which in their opinion is unlikely if not impossible . In contrast , Ramchandra Shukla says that an age of 126 is not impossible for a Mahatma ( great soul ) like Tulsidas . The Government of India and provincial governments celebrated the 500th birth anniversary of Tulsidas in the year 1997 CE , according to the year of Tulsidas ' birth in popular culture . = = = = Childhood = = = = Legend goes that Tulsidas was born after staying in the womb for twelve months , he had all thirty two teeth in his mouth at birth , his health and looks were like that of a five @-@ year @-@ old boy , and he did not cry at the time of his birth but uttered Rama instead . He was therefore named Rambola ( literally , he who uttered Rama ) , as Tulsidas himself states in Vinaya Patrika . As per the Mula Gosain Charita , he was born under the Abhuktamūla constellation , which according to Jyotisha ( Hindu astrology ) causes immediate danger to the life of the father . Due to the inauspicious events at the time of his birth , he was abandoned by his parents on the fourth night , sent away with Chuniya ( some sources call her Muniya ) , a female servant of Hulsi . In his works Kavitavali and Vinayapatrika , Tulsidas attests to his parents abandoning him after birth due to an inauspicious astrological configuration . Chuniya took the child to her village of Haripur and looked after him for five and a half years after which she died . Rambola was left to fend for himself as an impoverished orphan , and wandered from door to door begging for alms . It is believed that the goddess Parvati assumed the form of a Brahmin woman and fed Rambola every day . = = = = Initiation from guru and learning = = = = At the age of five years , Rambola was adopted by Narharidas , a Vaishnava ascetic of Ramananda 's monastic order who is believed to be the fourth disciple of Ramananda , or alternately , the disciple of Anantacharya . Rambola was given the Virakta Diksha ( Vairagi initiation ) with the new name of Tulsidas . Tulsidas narrates the dialogue that took place during the first meeting with his guru in a passage in the Vinayapatrika . When he was seven years old , his Upanayana ( " sacred thread ceremony " ) was performed by Narharidas on the fifth day of the bright half of the month of Magha ( January – February ) at Ayodhya , a pilgrimage @-@ site related to Rama . Tulsidas started his learning at Ayodhya . After some time , Narharidas took him to a particular Varaha Kshetra ( a holy place with temple dedicated to Varaha – the boar avatar of Vishnu ) , where he first narrated the Ramayana to Tulsidas . Tulsidas mentions this in the Ramcharitmanas . Most authors identify the Varaha Kshetra referred to by Tulsidas with the Varaha temple on the second entrance of the pilgrimage of Kamadgiri in Chitrakuta . Some biographers believe this Sukarkshetra is the Soron Varaha Kshetra in modern @-@ day Kanshi Ram Nagar , while some others believe it to be Paska @-@ Rajapur Varaha Kshetra in current @-@ day Gonda . Tulsidas further mentions in the Ramcharitmanas that his guru repeatedly narrated the Ramayana to him , which led him to understand it somewhat . Tulsidas later came to the sacred city of Varanasi and studied Sanskrit grammar , four Vedas , six Vedangas , Jyotisha and the six schools of Hindu philosophy over a period of 15 – 16 years from guru Shesha Sanatana who was based at the Pancaganga Ghat in Varanasi . Shesha Sanatana was a friend of Narharidas and a renowned scholar on literature and philosophy . After completing his studies , Tulsidas came back to his birthplace Rajapur with the permission of Shesha Sanatana . Here he found that his family was no more , with his parents dead . Tulsidas performed the Shraddha ceremony ( which deals with giving offerings to the ancestors ) of his parents . He started living in his ancestral home and narrating the Katha ( " story " ) of Ramayana in Chitrakuta . = = = = Marriage and renunciation = = = = There are two contrasting views regarding the marital status of Tulsidas . According to the Mula Gosain Charita and some other works , Tulsidas was married to Ratnavali on the thirteenth day of the bright half of the Jyeshta month ( May – June ) in Vikram 1583 ( 1526 CE ) . Ratnavali was the daughter of Dinbandhu Pathak , a Brahmin of the Bharadwaja Gotra , who belonged to Mahewa village of Kaushambi district . They had a son named Tarak who died as a toddler . Once when Tulsidas had gone to a Hanuman temple , Ratnavali went to her father 's home with her brother . When Tulsidas came to know this , he swam across the Yamuna river in the night to meet his wife . Ratnavali chided Tulsidas for this , and remarked that if Tulsidas was even half as devoted to God as he was to her body of flesh and blood , he would have been redeemed . Tulsidas left her instantly and left for the holy city of Prayag . Here , he renounced the Grihastha ( householder 's life ) stage and became a Sadhu ( Hindu ascetic ) . Some authors consider the marriage episode of Tulsidas to be a later interpolation and maintain that he was a bachelor . They include Rambhadracharya , who interprets two verses in the Vinayapatrika and Hanuman Bahuka to mean that Tulsidas never married and was a Sadhu from childhood . = = = Later life = = = = = = = Travels = = = = After renunciation , Tulsidas spent most of his time at Varanasi , Prayag , Ayodhya , and Chitrakuta but visited many other nearby and far @-@ off places . He travelled across India to many places , studying different people , meeting saints and Sadhus and meditating . The Mula Gosain Charita gives an account of his travels to the four pilgrimages of Hindus ( Badrinath , Dwarka , Puri and Rameshwaram ) and the Himalayas . He visited the Manasarovar lake in current @-@ day Tibet , where tradition holds he had Darshan ( sight ) of Kakabhushundi , the crow who is one of the four narrators in the Ramcharitmanas . = = = = Darshan of Hanuman = = = = Tulsidas hints at several places in his works , that he had met face to face with Hanuman and Rama . The detailed account of his meetings with Hanuman and Rama are given in the Bhaktirasbodhini of Priyadas . According to Priyadas ' account , Tulsidas used to visit the woods outside Varanasi for his morning ablutions with a water pot . On his return to the city , he used to offer the remaining water to a certain tree . This quenched the thirst of a Preta ( a type of ghost believed to be ever thirsty for water ) , who appeared to Tulsidas and offered him a boon . Tulsidas said he wished to see Rama with his eyes , to which the Preta responded that it was beyond him . However , the Preta said that he could guide Tulsidas to Hanuman , who could grant the boon Tulsidas asked for . The Preta told Tulsidas that Hanuman comes everyday disguised in the mean attire of a leper to listen to his Katha , he is the first to arrive and last to leave . That evening Tulsidas noted that the first listener to arrive at his discourse was an old leper , who sat at the end of the gathering . After the Katha was over , Tulsidas quietly followed the leper to the woods . In the woods , at the spot where the Sankat Mochan Temple stands today , Tulsidas firmly fell at the leper 's feet , shouting " I know who you are " and " You cannot escape me " . At first the leper feigned ignorance but Tulsidas did not relent . Then the leper revealed his original form of Hanuman and blessed Tulsidas . When granted a boon , Tulsidas told Hanuman he wanted to see Rama face to face . Hanuman told him to go to Chitrakuta where he would see Rama with his own eyes . At the beginning of the Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas bows down to a particular Preta and asks for his grace ( Ramcharitmanas , Doha 1 @.@ 7 ) . According to Rambhadracharya , this is the same Preta which led Tulsidas to Hanuman . = = = = Darshan of Rama = = = = As per Priyadas ' account , Tulsidas followed the instruction of Hanuman and started living in an Ashram at Ramghat in Chitrakuta . One day Tulsidas went to perform the Parikrama ( circumambulation ) of the Kamadgiri mountain . He saw two princes , one dark and the other fair , dressed in green robes pass by mounted on horsebacks . Tulsidas was enraptured at the sight , however he could not recognise them and took his eyes off them . Later Hanuman asked Tulsidas if he saw Rama and his brother Lakshmana on horses . Tulsidas was disappointed and repentful . Hanuman assured Tulsidas that he would have the sight of Rama once again the next morning . Tulsidas recalls this incident in a song of the Gitavali and laments how " his eyes turned his own enemies " by staying fixed to the ground and how everything happened in a trice . On the next morning , Wednesday , the new @-@ moon day of Magha , Vikram 1607 ( 1551 CE ) or 1620 ( 1564 CE ) as per some sources , Rama again appeared to Tulsidas , this time as a child . Tulsidas was making sandalwood paste when a child came and asked for a sandalwood Tilaka ( a religious mark on the forehead ) . This time Hanuman gave a hint to Tulsidas and he had a full view of Rama . Tulsidas was so charmed that he forgot about the sandalwood . Rama took the sandalwood paste and put a Tilaka himself on his forehead and Tulsidas ' forehead before disappearing . In a verse in the Vinayapatrika , Tulsidas alludes to a certain " miracle at Chitrakuta " , and thanks Rama for what he did for him at Chitrakuta . Some biographers conclude that the deed of Rama at Chitrakuta referred to by Tulsidas is the Darshan of Rama . = = = = Darshan of Yajnavalkya and Bharadvaja = = = = In Vikram 1628 ( 1572 CE ) , Tulsidas left Chitrakuta for Prayag where he stayed during the Magha Mela ( the annual fair in January ) . Six days after the Mela ended , he had the Darshan of the sages Yajnavalkya and Bharadvaja under a banyan tree . In one of the four dialogues in the Ramcharitmanas , Yajnavalkya is the speaker and Bharadvaja the listener . Tulsidas describes the meeting between Yajnavalkya and Bharadvaja after a Magha Mela festival in the Ramcharitmanas , it is this meeting where Yajnavalkya narrates the Ramcharitmanas to Bharadvaja . = = = = Attributed Miracles = = = = In Priyadas ' biography , Tulsidas is attributed with the power of working miracles . In one such miracle , he is believed to have brought back a dead Brahmin to life . While the Brahmin was being taken for cremation , his widow bowed down to Tulsidas on the way who addressed her as Saubhagyavati ( a woman whose husband is alive ) . The widow told Tulsidas her husband had just died , so his words could not be true . Tulsidas said that the word has passed his lips and so he would restore the dead man to life . He asked everybody present to close their eyes and utter the name of Rama , on doing which the dead Brahmin was raised back to life . In another miracle described by Priyadas , the emperor of Delhi , Akbar summoned Tulsidas on hearing of his bringing back a dead man to life . Tulsidas declined to go as he was too engrossed in creating his verses but he was later forcibly brought before the Akbar and was asked to perform a miracle , which Tulsidas declined by saying " It 's a lie , all I know is Rama . " The emperor imprisoned Tulsidas at Fatehpur Sikri , " We will see this Rama . " Tulsidas refused to bow to Akbar and created a verse in praise of Hanuman and chanted it ( Hanuman Chalisa ) for forty days and suddenly an army of monkeys descended upon the town and wreaked havoc in all corners of Fatehpur Sikri , entering each home and the emperor 's harem , scratching people and throwing bricks from ramparts . An old Hafiz told the emperor that this was the miracle of the imprisoned Fakir . The emperor fell at Tulsidas ' feet , released him and apologised . Tulsidas stopped the menace of monkeys and asked the emperor to abandon the place . The emperor agreed and moved back to Delhi . Ever since Akbar became a close friend of Tulsidas and he also ordered a firman that followers of Rama , Hanuman & other Hindus , should not be harassed in his kingdom . Priyadas narrates a miracle of Tulsidas at Vrindavan , when he visited a temple of Krishna . When he began bowing down to the idol of Krishna , the Mahant of the temple named Parshuram decided to test Tulsidas . He told Tulsidas that he who bows down to any deity except their Ishta Devata ( cherished form of divinity ) is a fool , as Tulsidas ' Ishta Devata was Rama . In response , Tulsidas recited the following extemporaneously composed couplet When Tulsidas recited this couplet , the idol of Krishna holding the flute and stick in hands changed to the idol of Rama holding the bow and arrow in hands . Some authors have expressed doubts on the couplet being composed by Tulsidas . = = = Literary life = = = Tulsidas started composing poetry in Sanskrit in Varanasi on the Prahlada Ghat . Tradition holds that all the verses that he composed during the day , would get lost in the night . This happened daily for eight days . On the eighth night , Shiva – whose famous Kashi Vishwanath Temple is located in Varanasi – is believed to have ordered Tulsidas in a dream to compose poetry in the vernacular instead of Sanskrit . Tulsidas woke up and saw both Shiva and Parvati who blessed him . Shiva ordered Tulsidas to go to Ayodhya and compose poetry in Awadhi . Shiva also predicted that Tulsidas ' poetry would fructify like the Sama Veda . In the Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas hints at having the Darshan of Shiva and Parvati in both dream and awakened state . = = = = Composition of Ramcharitmanas = = = = In the year Vikram 1631 ( 1575 CE ) , Tulsidas started composing the Ramcharitmanas in Ayodhya on Tuesday , Ramnavami day ( ninth day of the bright half of the Chaitra month , which is the birthday of Rama ) . Tulsidas himself attests this date in the Ramcharitmanas . He composed the epic over two years , seven months and twenty @-@ six days , and completed the work in Vikram 1633 ( 1577 CE ) on the Vivaha Panchami day ( fifth day of the bright half of the Margashirsha month , which commenrates the wedding of Rama and his wife Sita ) . Tulsidas came to Varanasi and recited the Ramcharitmanas to Shiva ( Vishwanath ) and Parvati ( Annapurna ) at the Kashi Vishwanath Temple . A popular legend goes that the Brahmins of Varanasi , who were critical of Tulsidas for having rendered the Sanskrit Ramayana in the vernacular , decided to test the worth of the work . A manuscript of the Ramcharitmanas was kept at the bottom of pile of Sanskrit scriptures in the sanctum sanctorum of the Vishvanath temple in the night , and the doors of the sanctum sanctorum were locked . In the morning when the doors were opened , the Ramcharitmanas was found at the top of the pile . The words Satyam Shivam Sundaram ( Sanskrit : सत ् यं शिवं सुन ् दरम ् , literally " truth , auspiciousness , beauty " ) were inscribed on the manuscript with the signature of Shiva . The words were also heard by the people present . Per traditional accounts , some Brahmins of Varanasi were still not satisfied , and sent two thieves to steal the manuscript . The thieves tried to break into the Ashram of Tulsidas , but were confronted by two guards with bows and arrows , of dark and fair complexion . The thieves had a change of heart	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
in ports and ships , land control measures would be resumed . Belligerent rights would only be granted when substantial progress was made on volunteer withdrawal . The French were furious , considering that Britain was moving towards Germany and Italy . Grandi demanded the discussion of belligerent rights before volunteer rights ; Maisky insisted that volunteers be discussed first . = = = Conference of Nyon and onwards = = = It culminated in a period during 1937 when all the powers where prepared to give up on non @-@ intervention . Ciano complained to his government that Italian forces in Italy were ready but not being used ; the Soviet Union was not prepared to discuss belligerent rights ; Delbos was considering proposing mediation by Roosevelt and the Pope , whilst simultaneously preparing French war plans ; Britain 's new Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , saw securing a friendship with the Italian Benito Mussolini as a top priority . Eden confided he wished Franco to win , so Italian and Germany involvement would be scaled back ; Chamberlain considered Spain a troublesome complication to be forgotten . By the end of July 1937 , the Committee was in deadlock , and the aims of a successful outcome to the Spanish Civil War was looking unlikely . Unrestricted Italian submarine warfare began on 12 August . The British Admiralty believed that a significant control effort was the best solution , of four which were put forward , in response to attacks on British shipping . On 27 August it was decided by the Committee that naval patrols did not justify their expense and would be replaced , as planned , with observers at ports . The Conference of Nyon was arranged in September 1937 for all parties with a Mediterranean coastline by the British , despite appeals by Italy and Germany that the Committee handle the piracy and other issues the conference was to discuss . It decided that French and British fleets patrol the areas of sea west of Malta , and attack any suspicious submarines . Warships that attacked neutral shipping would be attacked . On 18 September , Juan Negrín requested that the League of Nations ' Political Committee examine Spain . He also demanded an end to non intervention . Eden claimed that non @-@ intervention had stopped European war . The League did report on the Spanish situation , noting the ' failure of non @-@ intervention ' . On 6 November , the Committee met once again , with the plan to recognise the Nationalists as belligerents once significant progress had been made was finally accepted , down in part to Eden 's patience . The Nationalists accepted on 20 November , the Republicans on 1 December . The former suggested 3 @,@ 000 would be a reasonable number ; this was , in reality the number of sick and unreliable Italians Franco wished to withdraw . This was countered by British suggestions fifteen or twenty thousand might be enough . These talks were subsumed by bilateral Anglo @-@ Italian discussions . In trying to protect non @-@ intervention in the Anglo @-@ Italian meetings , which he grudgingly did , Eden would end up resigning from his post in the Foreign Office . On 17 March 1938 , France reopened the border to arms traffic to the now weakened Republic . Between mid @-@ April and mid @-@ June , 21 British seamen were killed by attacks on British shipping in Spanish waters , as well as several Non @-@ Intervention Committee observers . On 27 June , Maisky agreed to the sending of two commissions to Spain , to enumerate foreign volunteer forces , and to bring about their withdraw . It was estimated to cost £ 1 @,@ 750 @,@ 000 to £ 2 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 , borne by member countries of the Committee . The Nationalists wished to prevent the fall of the favourable Chamberlain government in the United Kingdom , and so were seen to accept the plan . With much bemoaning , the Republicans also accepted the plan . The Nationalists demanded belligerent rights first , then withdrawals of 10 @,@ 000 from each side after , which amounted to a rejection of the plan . Following the Munich Agreement – judged by Chamberlain to have been a success – Britain would host similar mediation in Spain . Negrín would propose the removal of the International Brigades , a majority of whom were now Spaniards , at the last meeting of the League of Nations , thereby showing his contempt for the Non @-@ Intervention Committee . Similarly , Italians would leave Spain under the Anglo @-@ Italian agreement , not through the Committee . Britain and France recognised the Nationalist government on 27 February 1939 . Clement Attlee criticised the way it had been agreed , calling it ' a gross betrayal ... two and a half years of hypocritical pretence of non @-@ intervention ' . = Simca Vedette = The Simca Vedette is a large car , manufactured from 1954 to 1961 by the French automaker Simca , at their factory in Poissy , France . It was marketed with different model names according to trim and equipment levels . The Vedette was Simca 's largest model at that time and it spawned a more economical version , the Simca Ariane . Simca acquired the Poissy factory from Ford France ( Ford Société Anonyme Française , the French subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company ) , along with the model line , in 1954 . The Vedette was therefore initially still marketed as the Ford Vedette . The Vedette was manufactured in Poissy until 1961 and the Ariane until 1963 . After that , production continued in Brazil , where the Vedette finally evolved into the Simca Esplanada , following Simca 's takeover by Chrysler . = = Origins and launch = = In the early 1950s , Henri Théodore Pigozzi was looking to expand the manufacturing operations of his Simca company , which was enjoying much success at the time , thanks to the popular Aronde . At the same time , Ford was seeking to divest itself of its French subsidiary , Ford SAF , which had a factory in Poissy , close to Paris , where it had been manufacturing a large car called the Ford Vedette . The Poissy plant was large and there was capacity for further expansion . The Vedette was a larger car than anything that Simca had on offer at that time . These points attracted Pigozzi , who decided to take over the entire factory , along with the rights to the cars manufactured there . The cars appeared at the Paris Motor Show in October 1954 on the Ford France stand , but there was no mention of the Ford name on the covers of the brochures offered to potential customers . The name " Ford " appeared just once , in very small print , on the final page , presumably in order to avoid confusing customers who would be expected to call the cars " Simcas " from 1 December 1954 , the date set for the formal hand @-@ over of the business . In export markets the name change was less immediate , and even in adjacent Belgium , in January 1955 at the Brussels Motor Show the cars were still appearing on the stand of the Belgian Ford importer , sharing the space with models imported from Ford of Britain . = = First generation = = The acquisition by Pigozzi took place in July 1954 , just when Ford was poised to launch its new , modern Vedette , with a four @-@ door saloon body of " American " style , much like the contemporary British Fords or Vauxhalls . The car was powered by an unusually small 2351 cc sidevalve V8 engine called Aquillon in France , derived from Ford 's Flathead engine family , whose displacement positioned the car into the " 13 CV " French tax class . Equipped with a two @-@ barrel Zenith @-@ Stromberg 32NX carburetor , it produced 75 to 84 hp ( 56 to 63 kW ) . Power was transferred to the rear live axle through a three @-@ speed manual transmission with column shift . The Vedette had independent front suspension ( by MacPherson struts ) and drum brakes on all four wheels . As with the Aronde , Simca marketed different trim levels of the Vedette under different model names , this time with references to the grand period of baroque in French history . The basic version was called the Simca Vedette Trianon , the mid @-@ level was the Simca Vedette Versailles and , at the top of the range , the Simca Vedette Régence . An option on all versions was a large glass moonroof that slid into the roof , called Vistadome The Vedette range was still marketed under the Ford brand in some markets , including the Netherlands and Germany , until 1956 . As the new model caught on , Simca was able to increase production from the 150 daily achieved during Ford 's ownership of the factory to 250 cars a day . Pigozzi maintained a schedule of year @-@ to @-@ year model revisions , much like US manufacturers . For 1956 , an estate version called the Simca Vedette Marly joined the line @-@ up and the whole range was revised . A new license plate holder was added to the front bumper and the rear license plate now concealed the fuel tank filler . A peculiar addition was a pedal @-@ operated windscreen washer , while other more ordinary changes included a second odometer , also known as a ' trip meter ' , for measuring partial distances . The Versailles and Régence were made even more comfortable with the addition of central armrests ( Versailles in the rear only , Régence in front and rear ) , while the Trianon was simplified , losing bumper guards and chrome windscreen decor . In 1957 , an option of the Gravina automatic clutch was added , along with better brakes and more direct steering . The Trianon regained the chrome decor around the windscreen , while the other models acquired slimmer tail lights and the front ornament was replaced with a new design . Fender @-@ mounted V8 badges were introduced but , although the whole range featured the same V8 engine , the new badges appeared on the fenders of only the Régence and Marly . = = = Production figures = = = 1955 – 42 @,@ 439 1956 – 44 @,@ 836 1957 – 17 @,@ 875 = = Second generation = = After three years in production , the Vedettes were given new names and a new , elongated body , with a more ornate front end and large tailfins , making the cars even more American @-@ looking than before . This was part of a styling trend shown by most large European cars of that period , which were , to some extent , inspired by American styling , as tailfins appeared on Peugeots , Fiats , BMC models ( Pinin Farina @-@ styled ) , Fords and even Mercedes @-@ Benz cars of that era . The engine was uprated to 84 hp ( 63 kW ) ( now called Aquillon 84 ) but the fiscal qualification of the car remained unchanged . Using the new body , the Versailles was replaced by Simca Vedette Beaulieu and the Régence by the Chambord , while the estate retained the Vedette Marly name . The three @-@ year @-@ old body of the previous Vedette nevertheless continued in production but it lost its V8 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre engine . In April 1957 , fitted with the 1 @.@ 3 L Aronde engine , the old body now clothed a new model in the Simca range , the Simca Ariane . Later , in October 1957 , a V8 version of the old bodied car , with the Aquillon 84 engine , and badged as the Ariane 8 , joined the range , replacing the Trianon . 1959 brought a new option , the Rush @-@ Matic automatic transmission , which featured two modes : Rush ( fully automatic ) and Road ( manual gear selection ) . The same year , assembly of the Vedette started at Simca do Brasil . Also during 1959 , a new top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line model joined the Vedette range , the Présidence , featuring a luxurious interior , a radiotelephone ( a European first ) and a continental kit . French coachbuilder Chapron built two 2 @-@ door Présidence convertibles for a governor of one of the French colonies . Chapron had another order the next year , to build two four @-@ door convertibles for the French President Charles de Gaulle . The Beaulieu was dropped in autumn 1960 , but the other models remained unchanged until the 1961 model year , when they received new seats , new chrome decor , and the engine was fitted with a new anti @-@ vibration crankshaft . French production of the V8 @-@ engined cars ended in the summer of 1961 , by when 173 @,@ 288 had been produced , although a Simca Chambord was exhibited at the Paris Motor Show in October of that year , suggesting that Simca still had some stock of the cars to clear . The small @-@ engined 4 @-@ cylinder Ariane , of which 166 @,@ 363 were produced , survived until 1963 . The model was continued for longer in Brazil , where it was marketed with the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre V8 under a variety of names like " Tufão " , " Jangada " , and " EmiSul " . It was eventually replaced by a version with new sheetmetal , called the Simca Esplanada . = = = Production figures = = = 1958 – 28 @,@ 142 1959 – 15 @,@ 966 1960 – 13 @,@ 914 1961 – 3 @,@ 813 = = = Models ( Brazilian market ) = = = Chambord - 42 @.@ 910 Présidence - 848 Rallye - 3 @.@ 992 Jangada - 2 @.@ 705 Alvorada - 378 Total : 50 @.@ 833 = = = Australian production = = = Following an announcement in July 1959 that it would assemble and market Simca models in Australia , Chrysler Australia produced the Vedette Beaulieu through to 1962 , using both fully imported and locally sourced components . = Cutzinas = Cutzinas or Koutzinas ( Greek : Κουτζίνας ) was a Berber tribal leader who played a major role in the wars of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire against the Berber tribes in Africa in the middle of the 6th century , fighting both against and for the Byzantines . A staunch Byzantine ally during the latter stages of the Berber rebellion , he remained an imperial vassal until his murder in 563 by the new Byzantine governor . = = Life = = Cutzinas was of mixed stock : his father was a Berber , while his mother came from the Romanized population of North Africa . Following the reconquest of North Africa by the East Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire in the Vandalic War ( 533 – 534 ) , several uprisings by the native Berber tribes occurred in the North African provinces . Cutzinas is mentioned by the eyewitness historian Procopius of Caesarea as one of the leaders of the rebellion in the province of Byzacena , alongside Esdilasas , Medisinissas and Iourphouthes . In spring 535 , however , the rebels were defeated by the Byzantine military commander Solomon in the battles of Mammes and Mount Bourgaon , and Cutzinas was forced to flee west to Mount Aurasium in Numidia , where he sought the protection of the local Berber ruler , Iaudas . Cutzinas disappears from the record until 544 , by which time , according to the epic poem Iohannis of the Roman African writer Flavius Cresconius Corippus , he was an ally of the Byzantines and a friend of Solomon . In that year , the Berber rebellion , suppressed by Solomon after his pacification of the tribes of Mount Aurasium in 540 , flared up again in Tripolitania and quickly spread to Byzacena , where the Berbers rose up under the leadership of Antalas . This time , Cutzinas opposed the revolt , and brought his own people , the " Mastraciani " ( the reading of the name is uncertain ) on the side of the Byzantine military . In 544 , Solomon was killed in battle , and over the next year the Byzantine position in Africa crumbled before the rebels . In late 545 , Cutzinas and Iaudas joined Antalas in a march against Carthage , the capital and main stronghold of the Byzantine government in Africa . Cutzinas secretly agreed with the Byzantine governor , Areobindus , to betray Antalas , when battle was joined ; Areobindus , however , revealed this to Guntharis , a Byzantine commander who was in turn in contact with Antalas and planned to betray Areobindus himself . To gain time to prepare , Guntharis advised Areobindus to take Cutzinas ' children hostage ; in the event Guntharis launched an uprising in Carthage which the thoroughly unwarlike Areobindus failed to suppress , resulting in his execution and the usurpation of the governorship by Guntharis . After his plans were revealed by Guntharis to Antalas , Cutzinas changed sides once more and allied himself with Guntharis , giving his mother and son as hostages . Along with the Armenian commander Artabanes , he was sent to pursue Antalas , scoring a victory over the rebel forces near Hadrumetum . In winter 546 / 7 , when the new Byzantine governor and commander @-@ in @-@ chief , John Troglita , arrived in Africa , Cutzinas and his followers joined him , and participated in the expedition that saw the defeat and submission of Antalas . Shortly after , Cutzinas received the supreme Roman military rank of magister militum from Troglita . In the summer of 547 Cutzinas accompanied Troglita in his campaign against the Tripolitanian tribes under Carcasan . Before the Battle of Marta he advocated attacking the rebel forces , but the Byzantine army was heavily defeated by Carcasan and Antalas , who had once more risen in revolt . In the same winter , Cutzinas quarreled with another pro @-@ Byzantine Berber leader , Ifisdaias . Their dispute threatened to spill over into open armed conflict , but the intervention of Troglita prevented this and the official John effected a reconciliation between the two . In spring 548 , he participated once more in Troglita 's campaign , according to Corippus at the head of no less than 30 @,@ 000 men , divided into units a thousand strong under a Berber dux each . This number possibly also includes Byzantine troops placed under Cutzinas ' command as well . During the campaign , Cutzinas and the other Berber leaders were crucial in suppressing a near @-@ mutiny of the Byzantine troops due to Antalas ' scorched earth strategy . The Berbers ' steadfast support enabled Troglita to overcome the crisis and lead his army against the forces of Carcasan and Antalas . Cutzinas fought in the ensuing Battle of the Fields of Cato , which was a decisive Byzantine victory : Carcasan fell , and the Berber revolt was crushed as Antalas and the surviving leaders submitted to Troglita . After this , Cutzinas remained as a vassal chieftain , receiving regular pay from the Byzantine authorities . In January 563 , however , the new prefect of Africa , John Rogathinus , refused to hand over the money and had Cutzinas murdered , prompting an uprising from the latter 's children . = David Greenglass = David Greenglass ( March 2 , 1922 – July 1 , 2014 ) was an atomic spy for the Soviet Union who worked on the Manhattan Project . He was briefly stationed at the Clinton Engineer Works uranium enrichment facility at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , and then worked at the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico from August 1944 until February 1946 . He provided testimony that helped convict his sister and brother @-@ in @-@ law Ethel and Julius Rosenberg , who were executed for their spying activity . Greenglass served nine and half years in prison . = = Early life and career = = Greenglass was born in 1922 in the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City . His parents , Barnet and Tessie , were Jewish immigrants from Russia and Austria , respectively . He attended Haaren High School , and graduated in 1940 . He attended Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute but did not graduate . Greenglass married Ruth Printz in 1942 , when she was 18 years old . The two joined the Young Communist League shortly before Greenglass entered the U.S. Army in April 1943 . They had a son and a daughter . He worked as a machinist at Fort Ord , California , and then at the Mississippi Ordnance Plant in Jackson , Mississippi . In July 1944 , Greenglass was assigned to the secret Manhattan Project , the wartime project to develop the first atomic weapons . He was first stationed at the Clinton Engineer Works uranium enrichment facility at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , but was there for less than two weeks . In August 1944 he was sent to the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico . In order to pass his security clearance , he disguised or omitted details of his communist associations , and had friends write glowing references . Julius Rosenberg , who had married Greenglass ' sister , Ethel , in 1939 , had become an agent for the Soviet Union ( USSR ) , working under Alexander Feklisov . In September 1944 , Rosenberg suggested to Feklisov that he should consider recruiting his brother @-@ in @-@ law , David Greenglass , and his wife . On September , 21 , 1944 , Feklisov reported to Moscow : " They are young , intelligent , capable , and politically developed people , strongly believing in the cause of communism and wishing to do their best to help our country as much as possible . They are undoubtedly devoted to us ( the Soviet Union ) . " David wrote to his wife : " My darling , I most certainly will be glad to be part of the community project ( espionage ) that Julius and his friends ( the Russians ) have in mind . " After Julius Rosenberg recommended his sister @-@ in @-@ law Ruth Greenglass to his NKVD superiors for the use of her apartment as a safe house for photography , the NKVD realized that David was working on the Manhattan Project . He was then recruited into Soviet espionage by Ruth at Rosenberg 's behest in November 1944 . Greenglass began to pass nuclear secrets to the USSR via the courier Harry Gold , and more directly with a Soviet official in New York City . According to the Venona project intercepts decrypted by the National Security Agency between 1944 and some time in the 1970s , Greenglass and his wife Ruth were given code names . David was codenamed " KALIBR " ( " calibre " ) and Ruth " OSA " ( " wasp " ) . Greenglass turned down requests from the Los Alamos Laboratory ( and Rosenberg ) to work on the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atol because he wanted to be with Ruth . He was honorably discharged from the Army on February 29 , 1946 . Greenglass returned to Manhattan , where , with his brother Bernie , and Julius Rosenberg , he ran a small machine shop known as G & R Engineering . On February 14 , 1950 , Ruth , who was pregnant with their second child , came too close to the gas heater in their Lower East Side apartment , and her nightgown caught on fire . Greenglass extinguished the blaze , but she suffered severe burns . She was taken to Gouverneur Hospital for skin grafts . He suffered second degree burns to his right hand . He was already aware that the UK and US intelligence agencies had discovered that a Los Alamos theoretical physicist , Klaus Fuchs , had spied for the USSR during the war . Through Fuchs ' confession , they found that one of his American contacts had been a man named Harry Gold from Brooklyn , New York . Gold had passed Fuchs ' information on to a Soviet agent , performing the role of courier , and Anatoli Yakovlev would then pass the information on to his controllers in the USSR . Through Gold , the FBI 's trail led to Greenglass and the Rosenbergs , who had allegedly also used Gold as a courier . When Fuchs was first captured , Julius allegedly gave the Greenglasses $ 5 @,@ 000 to finance an escape to Mexico . Instead , they went to the Catskills and used the money to seek legal advice . = = Trial and aftermath = = David Greenglass was arrested by the FBI for espionage in June 1950 and quickly implicated Julius Rosenberg . He explicitly denied his sister Ethel 's involvement when he testified before a grand jury testimony in August 1950 . In February 1951 , weeks before the trial , he changed his testimony to claim that Ethel had typed up his notes . He testified against his sister and her husband in court in 1951 as part of an immunity agreement . In exchange for that testimony , the government allowed Ruth to stay with their two children . She was named a co @-@ conspirator , but was never indicted . Greenglass told the court , " I had a kind of hero worship there with Julius Rosenberg and I did not want my hero to fail ... " During subsequent testimony in 1951 , Greenglass related in detail the secrets he passed on to the Soviet Union . He falsely attributed passing the cross @-@ section drawing of the Atom Bomb to the Soviets to Julius and he also acknowledged passing other sketches through Gold . He described his work on the molds into which were poured the component of the explosive lenses of the Fat Man bombs used for the Trinity nuclear test and in the bombing of Nagasaki . At first this was a matter of difficulty for the prosecution , who wanted Greenglass to testify in open court about the secrets he had given — something which would by definition make them no longer " secret " . The Atomic Energy Commission decided that the implosion concept could be declassified for the trial , and limited all discussion to the weapons used in World War II ( fearing that Greenglass may have seen prototypes for future weapons while at Los Alamos ) . As a result of a surprise defense motion that all testimony about the alleged " secret of the atomic bomb " be impounded , Federal Judge Irving Kaufman at first made all spectators and news reporters leave the room when Greenglass began testifying about his " secrets " . Ten minutes later , Judge Kaufman invited the news reporters back in , asking them to use their discretion in reporting on Greenglass 's testimony . The Rosenberg 's defense attorney , Emanuel H. Bloch , attempted to convince the jury that his clients were concerned about issues of national security , but failed . Greenglass ' testimony , later seen to be crude and in the words of many scientists who examined it " worthless " , remained sealed until 1966 . He also testified that Rosenberg had stolen and given to the Russians a proximity fuze . However , Aleksander Feklisov also claimed that Julius Rosenberg supplied him with a whole proximity fuze , which would corroborate at least this part of Greenglass ' testimony . During the trial , Bloch claimed Greenglass wanted revenge for the machine shop business failure . Bloch attempted to discredit Greenglass ' character and testimony . At Greenglass ' sentencing hearing , his attorney O. John Rogge repeatedly told the court his client deserved " a pat on the back " for his testimony and argued that a light sentence , no more than five years , would encourage others to follow his example . Greenglass was sentenced to 15 years in prison . He was released after nine and a half years and reunited with his wife . In March 1953 , three months before the Rosenbergs ' executions , he wrote a letter for his attorney to deliver to President Eisenhower asking for their sentences to be commuted to prison terms so that they would have an opportunity to confess . He wrote : " if these two die , I shall live the rest of my life with a very dark shadow on my conscience " . He described his own testimony as " an act of contrition for the wrong I had done my country , my family and myself " and explained how he now viewed its consequences : " Here I had to take the choice of hurting someone dear to me , and I took it deliberately . I could not believe that this would be the outcome . May God in His mercy change that awful sentence . " That same month he admitted he had stolen a few ounces of uranium @-@ 238 from a bomb laboratory at Los Alamos years before and had tossed it into the East River in 1950 after he first denied having stolen it . = = Later years = = After his release in 1960 , Greenglass and his family lived in New York City under an assumed name . For some years they lived at 130 – 73 228th Street in Laurelton , Queens , New York . In 1996 , Greenglass recanted his sworn testimony in an interview with The New York Times reporter Sam Roberts and stated he had lied under oath about the extent of his sister 's involvement in the spying plot in order to protect his wife . At the trial , Greenglass had testified that Ethel Rosenberg typed his notes to give to the Russians , though he now intimated that Ruth had done the typing , saying “ I frankly think my wife did the typing , but I don 't remember . ” Greenglass explained , " My wife is more important to me than my sister . Or my mother or my father , O.K. ? And she was the mother of my children . " When Roberts asked Greenglass if he would have done anything differently , he replied , " Never . " The role of Ethel Rosenberg in her husband 's espionage ring remains a matter of dispute . In 2008 , when a group of academic historians sought the release of the transcripts of the grand jury proceedings that indicted the Rosenbergs , Greenglass objected to the government 's release of his testimony . U.S. District Judge Alvin Hellerstein declined to order the release of the testimony of Greenglass and other surviving witnesses who withheld their consent or could not be located . The grand jury testimony was finally released in July 2015 . Greenglass never mentioned involvement by his sister in Rosenberg 's delivery of atomic secrets to the Russians . Greenglass died on July 1 , 2014 . His death was not publicly announced by his family and was only discovered on October 14 , 2014 , when The New York Times called the nursing home where he had been living under an assumed name . = Pork and Beans ( song ) = " Pork and Beans " is a song by the American alternative rock band Weezer , released on the group 's 2008 self @-@ titled album Weezer . It was released in digital form on April 24 , 2008 . The track debuted at number 19 on Billboard 's Modern Rock chart , and spent eleven weeks at number one . The song charted in many countries such as Canada , Ireland and the United Kingdom as well as the United States . A music video of the song , which incorporated many YouTube celebrities and memes with the band , was premiered first on YouTube and was one of the most popular videos in the weeks following its release . The video won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards . = = Writing and inspiration = = Rivers Cuomo , lead singer and guitarist for Weezer , wrote the song in reaction to a meeting with Geffen executives , who told the band members that they needed to record more commercial material . Cuomo remarked , " I came out of it pretty angry . But ironically , it inspired me to write another song . " Jacknife Lee produced the track with the band in early 2008 in what was the third and final recording session for the album . The many references to popular culture in the song are said to be a " statement of defiance " according to Internet reviewer David Ritter , who later describes it to be an " anti @-@ anthem anthem " that opens up a " broad space for critical exploration of what it means to be an aging band in the major label system " . = = Composition = = According to the director of the video for " Pork and Beans " , the song is about " the idea of being yourself , of being happy with who you are " . In the album notes , Cuomo compares this to Timbaland 's music , " It actually sounds like a Timbaland kind of production ; he has little baby crying type of sounds . " A reference is also made to Timbaland in the second verse with the line " Timbaland knows the way to reach the top of the chart " . The song similarly refers to items such as Rogaine and Oakley sunglasses . = = Reception = = The song has been generally well received by critics . Many reviewers were pleased with what they saw as a return @-@ to @-@ form sound reminiscent of the The Blue Album ( 1994 ) and Pinkerton ( 1996 ) albums . Pitchfork Media writer Marc Hogan gave the song a positive review and described the song as , " a catchy , self @-@ referential rocker , with the buzzsaw guitars and big choruses of Weezer 's glory days , and that familiar , self @-@ assured lameness . " Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly also gave the song a positive review , " That chunka @-@ chunka guitar hook is pure [ Weezer ] gold , so much so that I didn 't focus on Rivers Cuomo 's very clever lyrics at first . " Stereogum was also impressed with the song stating it was a " sweet , savory dose of self @-@ referential , self @-@ deprecating Weezer rock ... This stuff sounds very familiar in a good , good way . " NME described the song as having " [ Cuomo 's ] best chorus in ages " . However , Internet reviewer David Ritter speculated that the song was either " voided by the wholesale capitulation involved in going home and writing said commercial material " or " a calculated attempt to boost record sales by wrapping faux @-@ defiance in pretty paper , " going on to compliment its " Scorcho @-@ y acoustic guitar , " he then said that this , along with the " keyboard twinkles " and " squeals and squeaks " , has little effect on the song and that they barely register on top of the much more noticeable lead vocals and power chords . In terms of chart performance , " Pork and Beans " is one of Weezer 's most successful singles in its 16 @-@ year career . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks charts in only its third week on the charts . It became its ninth Top 10 hit on this chart and third number one overall and spent 11 weeks at number one , making it one of only 17 songs to ever sit at number one on that particular chart for 10 weeks or longer and one of three songs to have spent 11 weeks at number one . It also represented its fastest rising single ever , reaching number one after a mere 11 days after release . It debuted at number 39 on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , where it is peaked at number 25 and debuted in the Billboard Hot 100 at number 84 with 17 @,@ 000 downloads of the song on iTunes and peaked at number 64 . " Pork and Beans " was voted number one on Toronto radio station 102 @.@ 1 the Edge 's list of Top 102 Songs of 2008 . This song was number 30 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008 . The song was featured in the 2009 film trailers for Yes Man and Whip It ! , and is a playable downloadable song for the Rock Band video game series . It is also a featured song in Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party 3 and in the Spill.com podcast " The League of Extremely Ordinary Gentlemen " = = Music video = = The music video for " Pork and Beans " was directed by Mathew Cullen of the video production company Motion Theory and was first released on YouTube by the band on May 23 , 2008 . The video features many internet phenomena . Many YouTube celebrities joined with the band to film in the video , including Mark Allen Hicks ( the " Afro Ninja " ) , Gary Brolsma , Tay Zonday , Chris Crocker , Caitlin Upton , Liam Kyle " Kelly " Sullivan , Kicesie , Ryan Wieber , Michael " Dorkman " Scott , Judson Laipply , and Fritz Grobe and Stephen Voltz performing Diet Coke and Mentos eruptions . In addition , the video references other YouTube personalities such as Kevin Federline and Lim Jeong @-@ hyun . Other internet memes mimicked in the video include the Dramatic Chipmunk and Mini Moni , parodies of G.I. Joe public service announcements , catching Raybans with one 's face , " All Your Base Are Belong to Us " , the Dancing Banana , " Will It Blend ? " , the Soulja Boy dance , " Daft Hands " and " Daft Bodies " , the Sneezing Panda , Charlie the Unicorn , the Dancing Baby along with poorly done CGI versions of Donald Duck and King Kong , and the hoax UFO sighting in Haiti . Dan Dzoan , former world record holder for solving a Rubik 's Cube with one hand in 17 @.@ 90 seconds , was present for the shooting but does not appear in the video , though there are Rubik 's Cubes in the video , and Dan is present in another video posted by Weezer to YouTube . Neil Cicierega 's Potter Puppet Pals were slated to be in the video but were left out due to problems with shipments of props . A mock @-@ up of the Dumbledore puppet can be seen in the video nonetheless . The video shares some thematic similarities with the music video for the Barenaked Ladies single " Sound of Your Voice " , which also featured multiple YouTube celebrities . According to Cullen , the video was to be a " celebration of that creativity " , an idea that went over well with the members of the band . In contrast to an earlier South Park episode , " Canada on Strike " which parodied the YouTube celebrities , Cullen wanted to embrace the concept of " about being happy with who you are " . Cullen hopes that the video will be " a living thing on the Internet " ; as the video itself was a mash @-@ up of Weezer 's favorite stuff , Cullen hopes others will use the video to create their own mash @-@ ups . The YouTube celebrities were flown into Los Angeles , California to work with the band for the four @-@ day shooting of the video . The video , which quickly became popular , reached more than four million viewers in its first week and was that week 's most @-@ watched video . It was the most popular video of the month in June , reaching 7 @.@ 3 million views by June 16 , 2008 . It was nominated for Best Editing for the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards and for Favorite Online Sensation at the 35th People 's Choice Awards . The video won a Grammy for Best Short Form Music Video at the 51st Grammy Awards Show . On June 2 , 2008 , a video of an acoustic version of the song , with Brian Bell on guitar and Tay Zonday on vocals , was released on Weezer 's official Youtube channel . On January 12 , 2009 , a remix version of the " Pork and Beans " video was released to YouTube , which included additional footage not previously used in the original video . The new video , in addition to including footage of Dan Dzoan and Potter Puppet Pals , adds in more internet memes and celebrities , including " Badger Badger Badger " , Little Superstar , Philippine prison inmates dancing to " Thriller " , Leeroy Jenkins , Ronald Jenkees , BigDog , Ask a Ninja , Back Dorm Boys , Line Rider , " I Like Turtles " , Techno Viking , and Pickle Surprise , and ends with the viewer being rickrolled . = = Track list = = Radio only promo CD " Pork and Beans " – 3 : 09 UK retail CD " Pork and Beans " – 3 : 09 " Are ' Friends ' Electric ? " – 5 : 24 ( Tubeway Army cover ) UK retail 7 " # 1 " Pork and Beans " – 3 : 09 " Love My Way " ( The Psychedelic Furs cover ) UK retail 7 " # 2 " Pork and Beans " – 3 : 09 " Oddfellows Local 151 " ( R.E.M. cover ) = = Personnel = = Weezer Brian Bell – rhythm guitar , backing vocals Rivers Cuomo – lead guitarist , lead vocals Scott Shriner – bass guitar , backing vocals Patrick Wilson – drums , percussion , backing vocals Additional personnel Jacknife Lee – production = = Charts = = = The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton ( Philadelphia ) = The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton is a luxury residential skyscraper in Center City in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . At 518 feet ( 158 m ) , the 48 @-@ story skyscraper is the tenth @-@ tallest building in Philadelphia , and the tallest residential tower in the city . The building was erected on the former site of One Meridian Plaza which was seriously damaged by a deadly fire in 1991 . One Meridian Plaza was demolished in 1999 and the property was sold by E / R Partners to the Arden Group the next year . Development of the site by the Arden Group , which owns the adjacent Ritz @-@ Carlton Philadelphia , was delayed for years as a result of a feud with rival developer Mariner Commercial Properties . Mariner owned the property 1441 Chestnut Street , which sits south of the Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton site and intends to build its own residential tower . The feud began after Arden Group 's lead partner Craig Spencer blocked approval of 1441 Chestnut Street because he felt the tower 's design would be detrimental to the planned Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton tower . This led to several years of dispute between the developers trying to block construction of each other 's towers . After several redesigns , the feud was declared over , and construction on the Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton began on May 2 , 2006 . The blue glass skyscraper opened to residents in January 2009 . The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton features 270 condominiums and penthouses , which range in price from US $ 550 @,@ 000 to US $ 12 million . The high @-@ rise also features an underground parking garage , a fitness center , a pool , and a private garden and public plaza called Girard Park . = = History = = The Residences at the Ritz @-@ Carlton stands on the former site of the 38 @-@ story One Meridian Plaza . In February 1991 One Meridian Plaza was badly damaged by a fire that destroyed eight floors and killed three firefighters . Because of litigation over what to do with the burned skyscraper , it sat vacant for eight years until it was demolished in 1999 . In 2000 the Arden Group settled with One Meridian Plaza 's owners E / R Partners to pay more than US $ 13 million for the site . In 1999 Arden sued E / R Partners for backing out of a deal Arden said it had made with the site owners . E / R Partners had wanted to sell the site to Liberty Property Trust for a higher amount . Arden had already bought the adjacent Two Mellon Plaza in 1993 . Damaged and vacant since the One Meridian Plaza fire , Two Mellon Plaza was converted into a Ritz @-@ Carlton hotel in 2000 . Also adjacent to the south side of the One Meridian Plaza site is 1441 Chestnut Street . Mariner Commercial Properties bought the property which contained the site of several three @-@ story shops and the eighteen @-@ story Morris Building , all damaged and vacant due to the One Meridian Plaza fire . The buildings were demolished in 2000 . The north side of the One Meridian plaza site faces Philadelphia City Hall across the street . While the One Meridian Plaza site waited for development Arden converted it into an underground parking garage . = = = Feud = = = Looking for a new headquarters Comcast asked Arden Group and Mariner Commercial Properties to work together and combine the properties into one building . The two developers briefly held discussions about combining the two sites , but by 2001 no agreement was reached and both developers had decided to move on with their own towers . As they sought to build competing condominium towers , the relationship between the two developers soon turned into a feud between the firm 's lead partners , Craig Spencer of Arden Group and Tim Mahoney of Mariner Commercial Properties . In 2003 Mahoney received permission from the City Zoning Board of Adjustment to build a 50 @-@ story residential tower at the 1441 Chestnut Street site . At the zoning hearing Spencer attempted to block approval by saying the building was too tall and that it would damage his site by blocking views and casting shadows . He also said the tower was " snubbing his nose at the traditional zone of respect around City Hall . " Spencer filed a lawsuit to block construction of the building and a Court of Common Pleas ruled that the Zoning Board erred in approving 1441 Chestnut Street . Mariner appealed the ruling . In 2004 Spencer and Mahoney announced that the feud was over and that plans for their towers would move forward . Spencer announced that Arden would build a 740 feet ( 230 m ) , 57 @-@ story luxury condominium tower called The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton . The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton would be more than 100 feet ( 30 m ) taller than the skyscraper Spencer criticized as too tall in 2003 . Spencer said " To develop a world @-@ class building , you need to get people high up in the air . " However the feud quickly restarted as Mahoney criticized the design of The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton 's lower floors . The bulky floors were designed to contain a grand ballroom , health club , and 540 @-@ car parking garage . Mahoney says the design would unnecessarily lower the values of the condominiums on 21 of the lower floors of his building . Further redesigns to both buildings prevented any condominiums from facing a garage . However the feud continued with lively arguments to block each other plans in courtrooms and Philadelphia city agencies . Chairman of the zoning board , David L. Auspitz , called the feud the " Super Bowl of zoning battles " . In July 2005 , Spencer announced a redesign of The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton shrinking the building from 57 floors to 44 floors . Among the facilities removed in the redesign were the ballroom and some of the parking . Afraid the high @-@ rise would miss the city 's hot condominium market , the redesign sidestepped the legal challenges because it would not need special approval by the Zoning Board to exceed a certain height . Mahoney vowed to continue fighting the building saying " If [ Spencer ] needs so much as a curb @-@ cut permit , we 're going to block it . " In March 2009 , Mahoney and Spencer reached an agreement that ended all legal challenges between the buildings . Now at 48 stories , The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton was far enough from Mahoney 's 1441 Chestnut Street that 1441 Chestnut Street had views of Philadelphia City Hall , while the 58 @-@ story 1441 Chestnut Street upper portion was redesigned in a way that allowed views on the south side of The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton . = = = Construction = = = Construction began on May 2 , 2006 with a ceremony that featured Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell . By September 2006 one @-@ third of the buildings units had been sold . The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton was topped off in July 2008 , and the high @-@ rise opened for residents on January 13 , 2009 . The skyscraper was officially dedicated with a ceremony on June 8 , 2009 . = = Building = = The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton is a 48 @-@ story 518 feet ( 158 m ) -tall residential skyscraper owned by the Arden Group and its partners Gencom Group and Colgate Development . Financed through Lehman Brothers and designed by Handel Architects the rectangular skyscraper is the tenth tallest building in Philadelphia and is the tallest residential tower in the city . The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton has a blue glass curtain wall and the east side of the building is pointed allowing views of Philadelphia City Hall . The building features 270 one - three bedroom condominiums and penthouses that range between 890 square feet ( 83 m2 ) to 2 @,@ 045 square feet ( 190 m2 ) . The condominiums and penthouses range in price from US $ 550 @,@ 00 to US $ 12 million . The building 's amenities include hotel services , a fitness club , and a 60 feet ( 18 m ) lap pool . The lobby features a restaurant named 10 Arts owned by chef Eric Ripert , who also owns a condo in the building . Between The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton and the Ritz @-@ Carlton Hotel is Girard Park . Girard Park is split into a gated garden for residents and a public space facing the street . A memorial for the three firefighters who died during the One Meridian Plaza fire was unveiled on October 21 , 2009 . Designed by the Philadelphia Fire Department , the memorial is located by the building 's entrance and contains the firefighters ' names on plaques . The Philadelphia Inquirer architecture critic Inga Saffron says the glass skyscraper is a " shocking " contrast next to the white marble of the Ritz @-@ Carlton Hotel . Saffron said she liked the blue glass and that the " angled aluminum cap over the first floor is an especially sleek finish , and ties nicely into the aluminum bands that organize the facade into horizontals and verticals . " Her negative opinions of the building included the public space of Girard Park which she describe as a " barren , virtually unusable piece of concrete " . = Maryland Route 528 = Maryland Route 528 ( MD 528 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known for most of its length as Coastal Highway , the state highway runs 9 @.@ 04 miles ( 14 @.@ 55 km ) from the southern terminus of its companion route , unsigned Maryland Route 378 , in downtown Ocean City north to the Delaware state line at the northern edge of the resort town , where the highway continues as Delaware Route 1 ( DE 1 ) . MD 528 and MD 378 are the primary north – south streets of Ocean City , where they provide access to countless hotels , condos , restaurants , shops , and other businesses catering to tourists . These highways experience heavy seasonal traffic and provide access to hurricane evacuation routes , which include U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) , MD 90 , and DE 54 . Both Baltimore Avenue and Philadelphia Avenue date back to the founding of Ocean City in the late 19th century . MD 378 was assigned to Baltimore Avenue in 1927 and MD 528 was assigned to Philadelphia Avenue in 1933 . MD 528 was extended north of 15th Street to the Delaware state line in 1939 . Both highways were rebuilt and widened in the 1950s . MD 528 was expanded to a six @-@ lane divided highway north of the one @-@ way pair in the late 1980s . = = Route description = = MD 528 and MD 378 both have their southern termini at the intersection of Baltimore Avenue and South 1st Street at the southern end of Ocean City north of the Ocean City Inlet . Baltimore Avenue continues south and then turns east toward a large municipal parking lot serving attractions on the Ocean City Boardwalk , including Trimper 's Rides . From the southern terminus , MD 528 heads west on South 1st Street and then north as Philadelphia Avenue , while MD 378 heads north as Baltimore Avenue . The two state highways form a one @-@ way pair , with MD 378 carrying three lanes of northbound traffic and MD 528 carrying three lanes of southbound traffic . Both streets intersect South Division Street , which was the site of the railroad terminus in Ocean City and is currently the site of Sunset Park , and Worcester Street , which was the site of the first automobile bridge to the resort in 1916 . MD 528 and MD 378 head north through the downtown area of Ocean City , where they meet the eastern terminus of US 50 at North Division Street . North Division Street between MD 528 and MD 378 is one @-@ way eastbound , so traffic coming from the south uses North 1st Street , which is one @-@ way westbound and designated MD 378A , to access US 50 west . MD 528 and MD 378 continue north to 9th Street , which is one @-@ way westbound and designated MD 378B . MD 528 becomes two @-@ way at 9th Street . MD 378 continues north as a two @-@ lane street northbound to 15th Street , where the state highway turns west to reach its northern terminus at MD 528 . Baltimore Avenue continues north of 15th Street as a two @-@ way municipal street to its northern end at 33rd Street . MD 528 continues north from 9th Street as a divided highway with two lanes northbound and three lanes southbound . The state highway gains a third lane northbound at MD 378 ( 15th Street ) . At 17th Street , MD 528 assumes its form for the remainder of its course to the Delaware state line : three lanes in each direction plus a continuous combined right turn and bus lane in both directions . After passing the Jolly Roger Amusement Park , MD 528 meets 33rd Street , which is one @-@ way westbound coming from the northern end of Baltimore Avenue . North of 33rd Street , MD 528 becomes Coastal Highway , the only through highway on the barrier island that is lined with numerous hotels and businesses . The state highway passes the Ocean City Convention Center at 40th Street and intersects the eastern terminus of MD 90 ( Ocean City Expressway ) at 62nd Street . MD 528 continues north past hotels , condos , and businesses in the northern part of Ocean City , passing the Gold Coast Mall at 112th Street . Farther north , the route reaches the Delaware state line at 146th Street , two blocks east of the Fenwick Island Light . Coastal Highway continues into Fenwick Island as DE 1 , which meets the eastern terminus of DE 54 one block north of the state line . MD 528 is a part of the main National Highway System from US 50 to the Delaware state line . = = History = = Baltimore Avenue and Philadelphia Avenue date back to the founding of Ocean City in 1875 . Both avenues originally extended from South Division Street to North Division Street . The streets were later extended north as far as 15th Street . Baltimore Avenue served as the main thoroughfare of Ocean City until Philadelphia Avenue and Coastal Highway assumed predominance in the 1950s . MD 378 was assigned to Baltimore Avenue , which was paved from US 213 ( Worcester Street ) to 15th Street by 1927 . MD 528 was assigned to Philadelphia Avenue when that street was rebuilt between US 213 and 15th Street in 1933 . MD 528 was extended north to the Delaware state line when Coastal Highway was completed in 1939 . In the 1940s , traffic in Ocean City increased so much there was a movement to make Baltimore and Philadelphia Avenues one @-@ way in the downtown area , a change that was implemented by 1948 . Traffic volume in Ocean City increased even more following the completion of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in 1952 , leading to expansion of the city 's north – south arterials . MD 378 was widened along its entire length in 1951 and 1952 . MD 528 was widened to four lanes along its entire length in 1953 and 1954 . Both state highways were extended to their present southern termini at that time . The first portion of MD 528 to be expanded to a divided highway was around the intersection with MD 90 ; the highway between 60th and 63rd Streets was reconstructed by 1978 . Two sections of six @-@ lane divided highway were completed around 1989 : from 25th Street to 65th Street , and from 85th Street to 122nd Street . By 1991 , MD 528 was divided highway from 25th Street to the Delaware state line . The segment of Philadelphia Avenue from 9th Street to 25th Street was changed from a five- to six @-@ lane highway with a center turn lane to a divided highway in 2001 . A pedestrian safety project aimed to reduce jaywalking will install a dune @-@ style fence in the median of MD 528 , with the first phase to take place between 41st Street / Convention Center Drive and MD 90 . Construction on the first phase is expected to begin in January 2017 and be finished by Memorial Day of that year . = = Junction list = = The entire route is in Ocean City , Worcester County . = = Related routes = = Maryland Route 378 is a 1 @.@ 49 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 40 km ) unsigned highway in Ocean City that follows portions of Baltimore Avenue and 15th Street from the southern terminus of MD 528 at the southern end of Ocean City north to MD 528 north of the downtown area of Ocean City . Because MD 378 essentially functions as the northbound direction of MD 528 in downtown Ocean City , the state highway is covered in more detail in the main sections of this article . MD 378 has two auxiliary routes : MD 378A is the designation for 1st Street , a 0 @.@ 07 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 11 km ) connector between MD 378 and MD 528 just north of US 50 in Ocean City . The state highway is one @-@ way westbound , helping provide access to US 50 from traffic at the southern end of the barrier island . MD 378B is the designation for 9th Street , a 0 @.@ 07 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 11 km ) connector between MD 378 and MD 528 on the northern edge of downtown Ocean City . MD 378B , which is one @-@ way westbound , serves as the main conduit for MD 378 traffic headed for the central and northern parts of Ocean City along MD 528 , connecting with MD 528 at the point the highway becomes two @-@ way . For that reason , MD 378B is part of the National Highway System . MD 378 from US 50 to MD 378B and all of MD 378B are part of the main National Highway System . Junction list The entire route is in Ocean City , Worcester County . = Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) = Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( released in some countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) is a 2001 British @-@ American fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling . The film , the first instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . The story follows Harry Potter 's first year at Hogwarts as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his magical education . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger . It is followed by seven sequels , beginning with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Warner Bros. bought the film rights to the book in 1999 for a reported £ 1 million . Production began in the United Kingdom in 2000 , with Columbus being chosen to create the film from a short list of directors that included Steven Spielberg and Rob Reiner . J. K. Rowling insisted that the entire cast be British or Irish . The film was shot at Leavesden Film Studios and historic buildings around the UK . The film was released in the UK and US on 16 November 2001 . It received positive critical reception , made more than $ 970 million at the worldwide box office , and was nominated for many awards , including the Academy Awards for Best Original Score , Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design . As of December 2015 , it is the 26th @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of all time and the second @-@ highest @-@ grossing film in the series behind the final film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 . = = Plot = = Harry Potter is a seemingly ordinary boy , living with his neglectful relatives , the Dursleys , in Surrey , England . On his eleventh birthday , Harry discovers from a mysterious stranger , Rubeus Hagrid , that he is actually a wizard , famous in the Wizarding World for surviving an attack by the evil Lord Voldemort when Harry was only a baby . Voldemort killed Harry 's parents , but his attack on Harry rebounded , leaving only a lightning @-@ bolt scar on Harry 's forehead and rendering Voldemort powerless . Hagrid reveals to Harry that he has been invited to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . After buying his school supplies from the hidden London street , Diagon Alley , Harry boards the train to Hogwarts via the concealed Platform 9 ¾ in King 's Cross Station . On the train , Harry meets Ron Weasley , a boy from a large but poor pure @-@ blood wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a witch born to non @-@ magical parents . Once they arrive , Harry and all the other first @-@ year students are sorted between four houses : Gryffindor , Hufflepuff , Ravenclaw , and Slytherin . Because Slytherin is noted for being the house of darker wizards and witches , Harry convinces the Sorting Hat not to put him in Slytherin . He ends up in Gryffindor , along with Ron and Hermione . Ron 's older brothers were all placed in Gryffindor as well : mischievous twins Fred and George , Percy , the prefect , Charlie ( who researches dragons in Romania ) and Bill ( who works for Gringotts Bank ) . At Hogwarts , Harry begins learning wizardry and discovers more about his past and his parents . He gets recruited for Gryffindor 's Quidditch ( a sport in the wizarding world where people fly on broomsticks ) team as a Seeker , as his father was before him . One night , he , Ron , and Hermione discover a large three @-@ headed dog named Fluffy ( owned by Hagrid ) on a restricted floor in the school . They later find out Fluffy is guarding the Philosopher 's Stone , an item that can be used to grant its owner immortality . Harry concludes that his potions teacher , the unfriendly Severus Snape , is trying to obtain the stone in order to return Voldemort ( who Harry encounters in the Forbidden Forest where he , Ron , Hermione and Draco Malfoy are serving detention by helping Hagrid look for an injured unicorn after being caught wandering around at night ) to a human form . After hearing from Hagrid that Fluffy will fall asleep if played music , Harry , Ron and Hermione decide to find the stone before Snape does . They face a series of tasks that are helping guard the stone , which include surviving a deadly plant known as Devil 's Snare , flying past a swarm of bird @-@ shaped flying keys and winning a violent , dangerous , life @-@ sized chess game . After getting past the tasks , Harry discovers that it was really Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Professor Quirrell who was trying to steal the stone , and that Snape was protecting Harry all along . Quirrell removes his turban and reveals Voldemort to be living on the back of his head . Voldemort attempts to convince Harry to give him the stone ( which Harry suddenly finds in his pocket as the result of an enchantment by the headmaster , Albus Dumbledore ) , by promising to bring his parents back from the dead , but Harry refuses . Quirrell attempts to kill him but Harry 's touch prevents Quirrell from hurting Harry and causes his hand to turn to dust . Quirrell then attempts to take the stone but Harry grabs his face , causing Quirrell to turn into dust and die . When Harry gets up , Voldemort 's spirit forms and passes through Harry , knocking him unconscious , before fleeing . Harry wakes up in the school 's hospital wing , with Professor Dumbledore at his side . Dumbledore explains that the stone has been destroyed , and that , despite Ron nearly being killed in the chess match , both Hermione and Ron are fine . The reason Quirrell burned at Harry 's touch was because when Harry 's mother died to save him , her death gave Harry a magical , love @-@ based protection against Voldemort . Harry , Ron and Hermione are rewarded with house points for their heroic performances , and Neville Longbottom is rewarded for bravely standing up to them , winning Gryffindor the House Cup . Before Harry and the rest of the students leave for the summer , Harry realises that while all other students are going home , Hogwarts is truly his home . = = Cast = = Rowling insisted that the cast be kept British . Susie Figgis was appointed as casting director , working with both Columbus and Rowling in auditioning the lead roles of Harry , Ron and Hermione . Open casting calls were held for the main three roles , with only British children being considered . The principal auditions took place in three parts , with those auditioning having to read a page from the novel , then to improvise a scene of the students ' arrival at Hogwarts , and finally to read several pages from the script in front of Columbus . Scenes from Columbus ' script for the 1985 film Young Sherlock Holmes were also used in auditions . On 11 July 2000 , Figgis left the production , complaining that Columbus did not consider any of the thousands of children they had auditioned " worthy " . On 8 August 2000 , the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and newcomers Rupert Grint and Emma Watson were selected to play Harry Potter , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , respectively . Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , an 11 @-@ year @-@ old British orphan raised by his unwelcoming aunt and uncle , who learns of his own fame as a wizard known to have survived his parents ' murder at the hands of the psychopathic dark wizard Lord Voldemort as an infant when he is accepted to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Columbus had wanted Radcliffe for the role since he saw him in the BBC 's production of David Copperfield , before the open casting sessions had taken place , but had been told by Figgis that Radcliffe 's protective parents would not allow their son to take the part . Columbus explained that his persistence in giving Radcliffe the role was responsible for Figgis ' resignation . Radcliffe was asked to audition in 2000 , when Heyman and Kloves met him and his parents at a production of Stones in His Pockets in London . Heyman and Columbus successfully managed to convince Radcliffe 's parents that their son would be protected from media intrusion , and they agreed to let him play Harry . Rowling approved of Radcliffe 's casting , stating that " having seen [ his ] screen test I don 't think Chris Columbus could have found a better Harry . " Radcliffe was reportedly paid £ 1 million for the film , although he felt the fee was not " that important " . William Moseley , who was later cast as Peter Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia series , also auditioned for the role . Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best friend at Hogwarts . He decided he would be perfect for the part " because [ he has got ] ginger hair , " and was a fan of the series . Having seen a Newsround report about the open casting he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the part . His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's other best friend and the trio 's brains . Watson 's Oxford theatre teacher passed her name on to the casting agents and she had to do over five interviews before she got the part . Watson took her audition seriously , but " never really thought [ she ] had any chance of getting the role . " The producers were impressed by Watson 's self @-@ confidence and she outperformed the thousands of other girls who had applied . John Cleese as Nearly Headless Nick , the ghost of Hogwarts ' Gryffindor House . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , a half @-@ giant and Hogwarts ' Groundskeeper . Coltrane was Rowling 's first choice for the part . Coltrane , who was already a fan of the books , prepared for the role by talking with Rowling about Hagrid 's past and future . Robin Williams was considered for the role . Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , the Charms Master and head of Hogwarts ' Ravenclaw House . Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle ( non @-@ magical ) uncle . Richard Harris as Albus Dumbledore , Hogwarts ' Headmaster and one of the most famous and powerful wizards of all time . Harris initially rejected the role of Dumbledore , only to reverse his decision after his granddaughter stated she would never speak to him again if he did not take it . Ian Hart as Quirinus Quirrell , the slightly nervous Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts , and also Lord Voldemort 's voice . David Thewlis auditioned for the part ; he would later be cast as Remus Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . John Hurt as Mr. Ollivander , the owner of Ollivanders , the finest wand producers in the wizarding world since 382 B.C. Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the Potions Master and head of Hogwarts ' Slytherin House . Tim Roth was the original choice for the role , but he turned it down for Planet of the Apes . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , the Deputy Headmistress , head of Gryffindor and transfiguration teacher at Hogwarts . Smith was Rowling 's personal choice for the part . Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , Ron 's caring mother . She shows Harry how to get to Platform 9 3 ⁄ 4 . Before Walters was cast , American actress Rosie O 'Donnell held talks with Columbus about playing Mrs. Weasley . Rik Mayall was cast in the role of Peeves , a poltergeist who likes to prank students in the novel . Mayall had to shout his lines off camera during takes , but the scene ended up being cut from the film . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In 1997 , producer David Heyman searched for a children 's book that could be adapted into a well @-@ received film . He had planned to produce Diana Wynne Jones ' novel The Ogre Downstairs , but his plans fell through . His staff at Heyday Films then suggested Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which his assistant believed was " a cool idea . " Heyman pitched the idea to Warner Bros. and in 1999 , Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four Harry Potter books for a reported £ 1 million ( US $ 1 @,@ 982 @,@ 900 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she " didn 't want to give them control over the rest of the story " by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non @-@ author @-@ written sequels . Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the film , he declined the offer . Spielberg reportedly wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment to provide Harry Potter 's voice , or a film that incorporated elements from subsequent books as well . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , it was like " shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge . " Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films and that " [ a ] nyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto @-@ ed ' [ sic ] him [ Spielberg ] needs their Quick @-@ Quotes Quill serviced . " Heyman recalled that Spielberg decided to direct A.I. Artificial Intelligence instead . After Spielberg left , talks began with other directors , including : Chris Columbus , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Ivan Reitman , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , M. Night Shyamalan and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 , and the choice was narrowed down to Silberling , Columbus , Parker and Gilliam . Rowling 's first choice director was Terry Gilliam , but Warner Bros. chose Columbus , citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Columbus pitched his vision of the film for two hours , stating that he wanted the Muggle scenes " to be bleak and dreary " but those set in the wizarding world " to be steeped in color , mood , and detail . " He took inspiration from David Lean 's adaptations of Great Expectations ( 1946 ) and Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , wishing to use " that sort of darkness , that sort of edge , that quality to the cinematography , " taking the colour designs from Oliver ! and The Godfather . Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay . He described adapting the book as " tough " , as it did not " lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books . " Kloves often received synopses of books proposed as film adaptations from Warner Bros. , which he " almost never read " , but Harry Potter jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , and became an instant fan of the series . When speaking to Warner Bros. , he stated that the film had to be British , and had to be true to the characters . Kloves was nervous when he first met Rowling as he did not want her to think he was going to " [ destroy ] her baby . " Rowling admitted that she " was really ready to hate this Steve Kloves , " but recalled her initial meeting with him : " The first time I met him , he said to me , ' You know who my favourite character is ? ' And I thought , You 're gonna say Ron . I know you 're gonna say Ron . But he said ' Hermione . ' And I just kind of melted . " Rowling received a large amount of creative control , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind . Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over the 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several proposed directors pulled themselves out of the running . Due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 . = = = Filming = = = Two British film industry officials requested that the film be shot in the United Kingdom , offering their assistance in securing filming locations , the use of Leavesden Film Studios , as well as changing the UK 's child labour laws ( adding a small number of working hours per week and making the timing of on @-@ set classes more flexible ) . Warner Bros. accepted their proposal . Filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and concluded on March 23 , 2001 , with final work being done in July . Principal photography took place on 2 October 2000 at North Yorkshire 's Goathland railway station . Canterbury Cathedral and Scotland 's Inverailort Castle were both touted as possible locations for Hogwarts ; Canterbury rejected Warner Bros. proposal due to concerns about the film 's " pagan " theme . Alnwick Castle and Gloucester Cathedral were eventually selected as the principal locations for Hogwarts , with some scenes also being filmed at Harrow School . Other Hogwarts scenes were filmed in Durham Cathedral over a two @-@ week period ; these included shots of the corridors and some classroom scenes . Oxford University 's Divinity School served as the Hogwarts Hospital Wing , and Duke Humfrey 's Library , part of the Bodleian , was used as the Hogwarts Library . Filming for Privet Drive took place on Picket Post Close in Bracknell , Berkshire . Filming in the street took two days instead of the planned single day , so payments to the street 's residents were correspondingly increased . For all the subsequent film 's scenes set in Privet Drive , filming took place on a constructed set in Leavesden Film Studios , which proved to have been cheaper than filming on location . London 's Australia House was selected as the location for Gringotts Wizarding Bank , while Christ Church , Oxford was the location for the Hogwarts trophy room . London Zoo was used as the location for the scene in which Harry accidentally sets a snake on Dudley , with King 's Cross Station also being used as the book specifies . Because the American title was different , all scenes that mention the philosopher 's stone by name had to be re @-@ shot , once with the actors saying " philosopher 's " and once with " sorcerer 's " . The children filmed for four hours and then did three hours of schoolwork . They developed a liking for fake facial injuries from the makeup staff . Radcliffe was initially meant to wear green contact lenses as his eyes are blue , and not green like Harry 's , but the lenses gave Radcliffe extreme irritation . Upon consultation with Rowling , it was agreed that Harry could have blue eyes . = = = Design and special effects = = = Judianna Makovsky designed the costumes . She re @-@ designed the Quidditch robes , having initially planned to use those shown on the cover of the American book , but deemed them " a mess . " Instead , she dressed the Quidditch players in " preppie sweaters , 19th century fencing breeches and arm guards . " Production designer Stuart Craig built the sets at Leavesden Studios , including Hogwarts Great Hall , basing it on many English cathedrals . Although originally asked to use an existing old street to film the Diagon Alley scenes , Craig decided to build his own set , comprising Tudor , Georgian and Queen Anne architecture . Columbus originally planned to use both animatronics and CGI animation to create the magical creatures , including Fluffy . Nick Dudman , who worked on Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace , was given the task of creating the needed prosthetics , with Jim Henson 's Creature Shop providing creature effects . John Coppinger stated that the magical creatures that needed to be created had to be designed multiple times . The film features nearly 600 special effects shots , involving numerous companies . Industrial Light & Magic created Lord Voldemort 's face on the back of Quirrell , Rhythm & Hues animated Norbert ; and Sony Pictures Imageworks produced the film 's Quidditch scenes . = = = Music = = = John Williams was selected to compose the score . Williams composed the score at his homes in Los Angeles and Tanglewood before recording it in London in August 2001 . One of the main themes is entitled " Hedwig 's Theme " ; Williams retained it for his finished score as " everyone seemed to like it " . = = Differences from the book = = Columbus repeatedly checked with Rowling to make sure he was getting minor details correct . Kloves described the film as being " really faithful " to the book . He added dialogue , of which Rowling approved . One of the lines originally included had to be removed after Rowling told him that it would directly contradict an event in the then @-@ unreleased Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix novel . Several minor characters have been removed from the film version , most prominent among them the spectral History of Magic teacher , Professor Binns , and Peeves the poltergeist . The book 's first chapter is from the viewpoint of Vernon and Petunia Dursley the day before they are given Harry to look after , highlighting how non @-@ magical people react to magic . The film removes this , beginning with Professor Dumbledore , Professor McGonagall and Hagrid leaving Harry with the Dursleys ( although McGonagall tells Dumbledore how she had been watching the Dursleys all day ) . Harry 's less than pleasant times at Mrs. Figg 's are cut from the film while the boa constrictor from Brazil in the zoo becomes a Burmese Python in the film . Some conflicts , such as Harry and Draco 's encounter with each other in Madam Malkin 's robe shop and midnight duel , are not in the film . Some of Nicolas Flamel 's role is changed or cut altogether . Norbert is mentioned to have been taken away by Dumbledore in the film ; whilst the book sees Harry and Hermione have to take him by hand to Charlie Weasley 's friends . Rowling described the scene as " the one part of the book that she felt [ could easily ] be changed " . As such , the reason for the detention in the Forbidden Forest was changed : In the novel , Harry and Hermione are put in detention for being caught by Filch when leaving the Astronomy Tower after hours , Neville and Malfoy are given detention when caught in the corridor by Professor McGonagall . In the film , Harry , Hermione and Ron receive detention after Malfoy catches them in Hagrid 's hut after hours ( Malfoy however , is given detention for being out of bed after hours ) . Firenze the centaur , who is described in the book as being palomino with light blonde hair , is shown to be dark in the film . The Quidditch pitch is altered from a traditional stadium to an open field circled by spectator towers . = = Distribution = = = = = Marketing = = = The first teaser poster was released in December 2000 . The first teaser trailer was released via satellite on 2 March 2001 and debuted in cinemas with the release of See Spot Run . The soundtrack was released on 30 October 2001 in a CD format . A video game based on the film was released on 15 November 2001 by Electronic Arts for several consoles . Another video game , for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox was released in 2003 . Mattel won the rights to produce toys based on the film , to be sold exclusively through Warner Brothers ' stores . Hasbro also produced products , including confectionery items based on those from the series . Warner Bros. signed a deal worth US $ 150 million with Coca @-@ Cola to promote the film , and Lego produced a series of sets based on buildings and scenes from the film , as well as a Lego Creator video game . = = = Home media = = = Warner Bros. first released the film on VHS and DVD on 11 February 2002 in the E3 UK 11 May 2002 in the UK and 28 May 2002 in the US An Ultimate Edition was later released exclusively in the US that included a Blu @-@ ray and DVD . The release contains an extended version of the film , with many of the deleted scenes edited back in ; additionally , the set includes the existing special features disc , Radcliffe 's , Grint 's , and Watson 's first screen tests , a feature @-@ length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 1 : The Magic Begins , and a 48 @-@ page hardcover booklet . The extended version has a running time of about 159 minutes , which has previously been shown during certain television airings . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = The film had its world premiere on 4 November 2001 , in London 's Leicester Square , with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School . The film was greatly received at the box office . In the United States , it made $ 32 @.@ 3 million on its opening day , breaking the single day record previously held by Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace - but not when adjusted for inflation . On the second day of release , the film 's gross increased to $ 33 @.@ 5 million , breaking the record for biggest single day again . In total , it made $ 90 @.@ 3 million during its first weekend , breaking the record for highest @-@ opening weekend of all time that was previously held by The Lost World : Jurassic Park . It held the record until the following May when Spider @-@ Man made $ 114 @.@ 8 million in its opening weekend . The film held onto the No. 1 spot at the box @-@ office for three consecutive weekends . The film also had the highest grossing 5 @-@ day ( Wednesday @-@ Sunday ) Thanksgiving weekend record of $ 82 @.@ 4 million , holding the title for twelve years until both The Hunger Games : Catching Fire and Frozen surpassed it with $ 110 @.@ 1 million and $ 94 million respectively . Similar results were achieved across the world . In the United Kingdom , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone broke the record for the highest @-@ opening weekend ever , both including and excluding previews , making £ 16 @.@ 3 million with and £ 9 @.@ 8 million without previews . The film went on to make £ 66 @.@ 1 million in the UK alone , making it the country 's second highest @-@ grossing film of all @-@ time ( after Titanic ) , until it was surpassed by Mamma Mia ! . In total , the film earned $ 974 @.@ 8 million at the worldwide box office , $ 317 @.@ 6 million of that in the US and $ 657 @.@ 2 million elsewhere , which made it the second highest @-@ grossing film in history at the time , as well as the year 's highest @-@ grossing film . As of 2015 , it is the unadjusted twenty @-@ sixth highest @-@ grossing film of all @-@ time and the second highest @-@ grossing Harry Potter film to date after Deathly Hallows - Part 2 , which grossed more than $ 1 billion worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 55 @.@ 9 million tickets in the US . = = = Critical response = = = The film received positive reviews from critics , who praised its visuals and acting performances , but criticised its pace and for being too faithful to the book . The film garnered an 80 % " Fresh " rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Its consensus reads , " Being so faithful to the book is both the movie 's strength and weakness . The movie unfolds exactly as written in the book , so there is little room for surprises or discoveries . For Potter fans , what more can you ask for ? " . It has a score of 64 out of 100 at Metacritic representing " generally favourable reviews " . Roger Ebert called Philosopher 's Stone " a classic , " giving the film four out of four stars , and particularly praising the Quidditch scenes ' visual effects . Praise was echoed by both The Telegraph and Empire reviewers , with Alan Morrison of the latter naming it the film 's " stand @-@ out sequence " . Brian Linder of IGN.com also gave the film a positive review , but concluded that it " isn 't perfect , but for me it 's a nice supplement to a book series that I love " . Although criticising the final half @-@ hour , Jeanne Aufmuth of Palo Alto Online stated that the film would " enchant even the most cynical of moviegoers . " USA Today reviewer Claudia Puig gave the film three out of four stars , especially praising the set design and Robbie Coltrane 's portrayal of Hagrid , but criticised John Williams ' score and concluded " ultimately many of the book 's readers may wish for a more magical incarnation . " The sets , design , cinematography , effects and principal cast were all given praise from Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter , although he deemed John Williams ' score " a great clanging , banging music box that simply will not shut up . " Todd McCarthy of Variety compared the film positively with Gone with the Wind and put " The script is faithful , the actors are just right , the sets , costumes , makeup and effects match and sometimes exceed anything one could imagine . " Jonathan Foreman of the New York Post recalled that the film was " remarkably faithful , " to its literary counterpart as well as a " consistently entertaining if overlong adaptation . " Richard Corliss of Time magazine , considered the film a " by the numbers adaptation , " criticising the pace and the " charisma @-@ free " lead actors . CNN 's Paul Tatara found that Columbus and Kloves " are so careful to avoid offending anyone by excising a passage from the book , the so @-@ called narrative is more like a jamboree inside Rowling 's head . " Nathaniel Rogers of The Film Experience gave the film a negative review and wrote : " Harry Potter and the Sorceror 's Stone is as bland as movies can get . " Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine wished that the film had been directed by Tim Burton , finding the cinematography " bland and muggy , " and the majority of the film a " solidly dull celebration of dribbling goo . " Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times was highly negative about the film , saying " [ the film ] is like a theme park that 's a few years past its prime ; the rides clatter and groan with metal fatigue every time they take a curve . " He also said it suffered from " a lack of imagination " and wooden characters , adding , " The Sorting Hat has more personality than anything else in the movie . " = = = Accolades = = = The film received three Academy Award nominations : Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , and Best Original Score for John Williams . The film was also nominated for seven BAFTA Awards . These were Best British Film , Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane , as well as the awards for Best Costume Design , Production Design , Makeup and Hair , Sound and Visual Effects . The film won a Saturn Award for its costumes , and was nominated for eight more awards . It won other awards from the Casting Society of America and the Costume Designers Guild . It was nominated for the AFI Film Award for its special effects , and the Art Directors Guild Award for its production design . It received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film and was nominated for Best Child Performance ( for Daniel Radcliffe ) and Best Composer ( John Williams ) . = Sultanate of Singora = The Sultanate of Singora was a heavily fortified port city in southern Thailand and precursor of the present @-@ day town of Songkhla . It was founded in the early 17th century by a Persian , Dato Mogol , and flourished during the reign of his son , Sultan Sulaiman Shah . In 1680 , after decades of conflict , the city was destroyed and abandoned ; remains include forts , city walls , a Dutch cemetery and the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah . An inscribed cannon from Singora bearing the seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah is displayed next to the flagpole at the Royal Hospital Chelsea , London . The sultanate 's history was documented in accounts , letters and journals written by British and Dutch East India Company traders ; its destruction was discussed in books and reports authored by representatives of the French embassies to Siam in the mid 1680s . Sultan Sulaiman 's family history has also been chronicled : Princess Sri Sulalai , a consort of King Rama II and mother of King Rama III , was descended from Sultan Sulaiman ; present @-@ day descendants include the 22nd Prime Minister of Thailand and a former Navy admiral . Sources pertaining to the Singora cannon include articles published in academic journals and letters written by General Sir Harry Prendergast , commander of the Burma Expeditionary Force that captured Mandalay in the third Anglo @-@ Burmese war . = = Early history = = The Sultanate of Singora , sometimes known as Songkhla at Khao Daeng , was a port city in the deep south of Thailand and precursor of the present @-@ day town of Songkhla . It was located near the southern tip of the Sathing Phra peninsula , on and around the foothills of Khao Daeng Mountain in Singha Nakhon . British and Dutch East India Company traders called the city Sangora ; Japanese officials knew it as Shinichu ; contemporary French writers used the names Singor , Cingor and Soncourat . Singora was founded in the early 17th century by Dato Mogol , a Persian Muslim who accepted Siamese suzerainty and paid tribute to the Kingdom of Ayutthaya . The port was said to be ideal and able to accommodate more than 80 large vessels ; a network of overland and riverine routes expedited trans @-@ peninsular trade with the Sultanate of Kedah . Jeremias van Vliet , Director of the Dutch East India Company 's trading post in Ayuthaya , described Singora as one of Siam 's principal cities and a major exporter of pepper ; French traveller and gem merchant John Baptista Tavernier wrote about the city 's abundant tin mines . A Cottonian manuscript at the British Library discusses Singora 's duty @-@ free policy and viability as a hub for regional trade : itt were not amiss to build a strong howse in Sangora which lyeth 24 Leagues northwarde of Patania , under the gouerment of Datoe Mogoll , vassall to the King of Siam : In this place maie well the Rendezvouz bee made to bring all thinges together that you shall gather for the provideing of the ffactories of Siam , Cochinchina , Borneo and partlie our ffactorie in Japan , as you shall gather according to the advises thereof , And hither to bring all such wares as wee shall gather from the foresaid places to bee sent to Bantam and Jaccatra : this howse willbee found to bee verie Necessarie , for the charges willbee too highe in Patania besides inconveniences there ; which charges you shall spare at Sangora : there you pay no Custome , onlie a small gift to Datoe Mogoll cann effect all here . Dato Mogol died in 1620 and was succeeded by his eldest son , Sulaiman . A period of turmoil erupted ten years later when the Queen of Pattani branded the new ruler of Siam , King Prasat Thong , a usurper and tyrant . The queen withheld tribute and ordered attacks on Ligor ( present @-@ day Nakhon Si Thammarat ) and Bordelongh ( present @-@ day Phatthalung ) ; Ayuthaya responded by blockading Pattani with an army of 60 @,@ 000 men . Singora became involved in the dispute and in 1633 sent an envoy to Ayuthaya requesting help . The outcome of this request is not known , but Dutch records show that Singora was severely damaged and the pepper crop destroyed . = = Independence = = In December 1641 Jeremias van Vliet left Ayuthaya and sailed to Batavia . He stopped en route at Singora in February 1642 and presented Sulaiman with a letter of introduction from the Phra Khlang ( known by the Dutch as the Berckelangh ) , the Siamese official responsible for foreign affairs . Sulaiman 's response sheds light on his attitude towards suzerainty : On the 3rd of February the delegate van Vlieth landed at Sangora and was received by the governor , who was angry at the Berckelangh 's letter , saying that his country was open to the Netherlanders without Siamese introduction and that the letter had not been necessary . This and other haughty acts displeased the Hon. van Vlieth . Later that year Sulaiman declared independence from Ayuthaya and appointed himself Sultan Sulaiman Shah . He modernised the port , ordered the construction of city walls and moats , and built a network of forts that spanned the harbour to the summit of Khao Daeng . Trade flourished : the city was frequented by Dutch and Portuguese merchants and enjoyed amicable relations with Chinese traders . Ayuthaya tried at least three times to reclaim Singora during Sulaiman 's reign ; each attack failed . One naval campaign ended in ignominy when the Siamese admiral abandoned his post . To help fend off overland assaults , Sulaiman assigned his brother , Pharisees , to strengthen the nearby town of Chai Buri in Phatthalung . Sultan Sulaiman died in 1668 and was succeeded by his eldest son , Mustapha . A war with Pattani broke out soon after , but despite being outnumbered more than four to one , Singora rejected attempts at mediation by the Sultan of Kedah and trusted in its army of experienced soldiers and cannoneers . During the late 1670s Greek adventurer Constance Phaulkon arrived in Siam . He sailed to the country from Java on a British East India Company vessel and , heeding orders from his employer , promptly embarked on a mission to smuggle arms to Singora . His escapade ended in failure when he was shipwrecked . = = Destruction = = In 1679 Ayuthaya mounted a final offensive to quash the Singora rebellion . Samuel Potts , a British East India Company trader based in Singora , recorded the city 's preparations for war : This King has fortified his City , gunned his Forts upon the hills , making all the provision he can for his defence , not knowing how soon the King of Siam will oppose him . In a letter dated August 1679 Potts informed his East India Company colleague that the Siamese fleet had arrived and stressed the impending danger . The events that followed were decisive : in 1680 , after a siege lasting more than six months , Singora was destroyed and abandoned . Contemporary French sources document the city 's destruction and provide a wealth of detail . The head of the French East India Company 's operations in Ayuthaya described how Singora 's " trés bonne citadelle " had been razed after a war of more than thirty years ; a missionary working in Ayuthaya in the mid 1680s told how the King of Siam sent his finest ships to destroy the sultanate " de fond en comble " ( from top to bottom ) . Simon de la Loubère , France 's envoy to Siam in 1687 , recounted a story about a French cannoneer who crept into the city one night and single @-@ handedly captured the sultan : Some have upon this account informed me a thing , which in my opinion , will appear most incredible . ' Tis of a provincial named Cyprian , who is still at Surat in the French Company 's Service , if he has not quitted it , or if he is not lately dead : the name of his Family I know not . Before his entrance into the Companies service , he had served some time in the King of Siam 's Army in quality of Canoneer ( ... ) Cyprian wearied with seeing the Armies in view , which attempted no persons life , determin 'd one night to go alone to the Camp of the Rebels , and to fetch the King of Singor into his Tent . He took him indeed , and brought him to the Siamese General , and so terminated a War of above twenty years . While Loubère 's account of life in 17th @-@ century Siam was well received by his contemporaries in France , the veracity of his tale about Cyprian and Singora 's demise has been questioned . An article published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , for example , described it as " a story which might have passed in a romantic age , but it is too improbable for history " . In a memo dated 1685 a French East India Company official claimed that Singora was finally captured by means of a ruse . Thailand 's Ministry of Culture supports this version of events and discusses a spy who tricked his way into the city , enabling Siamese troops to enter and burn it to the ground . = = Cession to France = = In 1685 Siam attempted to cede Singora to France : the hope was that the French East India Company , supported by a garrison of troops , could rebuild the city , establish a trading post and counter the strong regional Dutch influence . The city was offered to France 's envoy to Siam , the Chevalier de Chaumont , and a provisional treaty signed in December ; Siamese ambassador Kosa Pan sailed to France the following year to ratify the cession . The French , however , were not interested : Secretary of State for the Navy , the Marquis de Seignelay , told Kosa Pan that Singora was ruined and of no further use , and asked for a trading post in Bangkok instead . = = Legacy = = After Singora had been destroyed , Sultan Sulaiman 's sons were pardoned and assigned to new positions in Siam . Later generations of Sultan Sulaiman 's family were closely connected with Siamese royalty : two of Sulaiman 's descendants commanded armed forces led by Prince Surasi in the 1786 conquest of Pattani ; Princess Sri Sulalai , a consort of King Rama II and mother of King Rama III , was also descended from Sultan Sulaiman . Present @-@ day descendants include Admiral Niphon Sirithorn , a former Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Royal Thai Navy ; General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh , the 22nd Prime Minister of Thailand ; and a family of silk weavers at the Muslim village of Phumriang in Surat Thani . = = = The forts at Khao Daeng = = = Thailand 's Ministry of Culture details the remains of fourteen forts on and around Khao Daeng Mountain . Forts 4 , 8 and 9 are well preserved and characterise the sultanate 's military architecture : fort 4 can be reached by ascending a flight of steps that starts behind the archaeological information centre , fort 8 is accessible via a stairway near the Sultan Sulaiman Shah mosque , fort 9 sits atop a small motte near the main road leading from Singha Nakhon to Ko Yo Island . Forts 5 and 6 occupy the upper slopes of the mountain and offer panoramic views of Lake Songkhla and the Gulf of Thailand . The two pagodas on the summit of Khao Daeng were built on the base of fort 10 during the 1830s to commemorate the suppression of rebellions in Kedah . In her book In the Land of Lady White Blood : Southern Thailand and the Meaning of History , Lorraine Gesick discussed a manuscript from Wat Phra Kho in Sathing Phra . The manuscript ( which in Gesick 's opinion dates from the late 17th century ) consists mainly of an illustrated map about ten metres long that depicts Sultan Sulaiman 's forts at Khao Daeng . A microfilm of this manuscript , made by American historian David Wyatt , is kept at the Cornell University Library . = = = The tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah = = = Located in a Muslim graveyard about 1 km north of Khao Daeng , the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah is housed in a small , Thai @-@ style pavilion surrounded by large trees . The cemetery is mentioned in the Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani ( History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani ) , a Javi account drawn mostly from the Hikayat Patani . The text describes Sultan Sulaiman as a Muslim raja who died in battle and the cemetery as " full of nothing but jungle " . The tomb is an object of pilgrimage in the deep south of Thailand , where Sultan Sulaiman is revered by Muslims and Buddhists alike . = = = The Dutch cemetery = = = About 300 metres from the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman is a Dutch cemetery known locally as the Vilanda Graveyard . The cemetery is located within the grounds of a PTT petroleum complex ; permission is needed to gain access . In 1998 an investigation of the cemetery was conducted using ground @-@ penetrating radar . The survey yielded detailed radargrams showing subsurface lime coffins that belonged to Singora 's 17th @-@ century Dutch community . A paper discussing these findings was presented to the IV meeting of the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society in Barcelona , September 1998 . = = The Singora cannon in London = = Following Singora 's destruction , Siamese troops seized and sent to Ayuthaya an inscribed cannon . The cannon remained there until it was captured during the Burmese @-@ Siamese war of 1765 – 1767 and transported to Burma . It was then taken by the British in the third Anglo @-@ Burmese war ( 1885 – 1887 ) and shipped to England . In 1887 it was presented to the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London and put on display next to the flagpole in the grounds of the Figure Court . The cannon bears eleven inscriptions , nine of which have been carved in Arabic characters and inlaid with silver . One inscription refers to the engraver , Tun Juma 'at Abu Mandus of Singora ; another is set within a circular arabesque design and reads " The seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah , the Victorious King " . Sources pertaining to the Singora cannon 's journey to London include the Hmannan Yazawin ( the first official chronicle of Burma 's Konbaung Dynasty ) and reports written by General Sir Harry Prendergast , commander of the Burma Expeditionary Force that captured Mandalay in the third Anglo @-@ Burmese war . The Hmannan Yazawin provides an inventory of weapons taken by the Burmese after the sack of Ayuthaya , noting that most guns were destroyed and only the finest pieces conveyed to Burma . Correspondence between General Prendergast and his superiors in India details ordnance seized during the Burma campaign and lists cannon sent as presents to Queen Victoria , the Viceroy of India , British governors of Madras and Bombay , the Royal Naval College in Greenwich , Portsmouth and Plymouth dockyards , and the Royal Hospital Chelsea . A letter at the Royal Hospital refers to the Singora cannon as a Burmese trophy gun received from the Government of India in October 1887 . = Maryland Route 234 = Maryland Route 234 ( MD 234 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known as Budds Creek Road , the state highway runs 19 @.@ 02 miles ( 30 @.@ 61 km ) from U.S. Route 301 ( US 301 ) in Allens Fresh east to MD 5 in Leonardtown . MD 234 is the primary east – west highway of southern Charles County and western St. Mary 's County , connecting the St. Mary 's County seat of Leonardtown and the communities of Clements , Chaptico , Budds Creek , Wicomico , and Newport with US 301 , which heads north to La Plata , the county seat of Charles County , and south to the Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge over the Potomac River . MD 234 originally followed what is now MD 238 from Chaptico east to MD 5 at Helen . The Chaptico – Leonardtown portion of the highway was then designated as part of MD 237 . The original MD 234 was constructed in the early 1920s ; MD 237 was built in the late 1920s and early 1930s . MD 237 between Clements and Leonardtown was reconstructed around 1950 . The Chaptico – Clements section of MD 237 and MD 234 west of Chaptico were rebuilt around 1960 , projects that involved many relocations and several new bridges . At the conclusion of the project in 1961 , MD 234 was extended east over the former section of MD 237 to Leonardtown ; MD 238 was extended from Chaptico to Helen on what was previously MD 234 . = = Route description = = MD 234 begins at a directional crossover intersection with US 301 ( Robert Crain Highway ) about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) north of the Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge , also known as the Potomac River Bridge . The state highway heads east as a two @-@ lane road that crosses over CSX 's Popes Creek Subdivision and passes through the hamlet of Allens Fresh . MD 234 crosses Allens Fresh Run , a tributary of the Wicomico River , as the stream flows out of the southern end of Zekiah Swamp , which is preserved within Zekiah Swamp Natural Environment Area . The state highway passes through the community of Newport , home of St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Church , and crosses Gilbert Swamp Run into the hamlet of Wicomico , which contains the historic home Sarum . MD 234 leaves Charles County by crossing over Budds Creek . MD 234 curves southeast through the hamlet of Budds Creek , where the highway meets the southern end of MD 236 ( Thompson Corner Road ) and passes three motorsports facilities : Maryland International Speedway , Budds Creek Motocross , and Potomac Speedway . The state highway continues southeast , passing by Wicomico Shores Country Club and its associated residential area separated from the highway by a large tract of forest . MD 234 crosses Hayden Run and passes through Chaptico , where the highway intersects MD 238 at a roundabout ; MD 238 heads northeast as Chaptico Road and southwest as Maddox Road . The state highway passes another historic home , Deep Falls , on the way to Clements . At Clements , MD 234 intersects MD 242 ( Colton Point Road ) , which leads south to the site of Maryland 's First Landing at St. Clement 's Island . The state highway crosses Clements Creek and heads east through farmland , crossing Nelson Run right before the highway reaches its eastern terminus at MD 5 ( Point Lookout Road ) on the western edge of Leonardtown . = = History = = MD 234 originally followed roughly its current course from Allens Fresh to Chaptico , then followed what is now MD 238 east to MD 5 at Helen . The highway between Chaptico and Leonardtown via Clements was MD 237 . MD 234 was constructed as a gravel road from Allens Fresh east to Newport around 1921 . The highway was extended east to the Charles – St. Mary 's county line in 1923 . The Chaptico – Helen road , as well as 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of road west of Chaptico , were also constructed in 1923 . The original course of MD 234 was completed when the gap between Chaptico and the county line at Budds Creek was filled in 1925 . MD 237 was started between Clements and Leonardtown in 1924 and between Chaptico and Clements in 1926 . By 1927 , there were two 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) sections of gravel east from Chaptico and east from Clements . Another section of highway west from Clements was built in 1928 . By 1930 , MD 237 was complete from Clements to Leonardtown . The gap between Chaptico and Clements was under construction in 1930 and completed in 1932 . The first upgrade of MD 234 was a relocation at Allens Fresh Run , which included replacing a dangerous one @-@ way bridge over the stream , that was completed in 1933 . MD 237 was reconstructed with a bituminous stabilized gravel surface between Clements and Leonardtown in 1950 and 1951 , a project that included new bridges over Clements Creek at a spot known as Head @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Bay and over Nelson Run near Leonardtown . Reconstruction of MD 234 from Allens Fresh to Chaptico and MD 237 from there to Clements occurred between 1959 and 1961 . MD 234 and MD 237 were significantly straightened out , leaving behind many sections of old alignment : Glasva School Road in Allens Fresh ; Allens Fresh Road between Allens Fresh and Newport ; Stines Store Road in Newport ; Plater Road and Olde Mill Road in Wicomico ; Stone Corner Lane , which is unsigned MD 868G , and Reed Road in Budds Creek ; and Horse Shoe Road between Ch	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
00 ) A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) X & Y ( 2005 ) Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2008 ) Mylo Xyloto ( 2011 ) Ghost Stories ( 2014 ) A Head Full of Dreams ( 2015 ) = = Concert tours = = Parachutes Tour ( 2000 – 01 ) A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour ( 2002 – 03 ) Twisted Logic Tour ( 2005 – 07 ) Viva la Vida Tour ( 2008 – 10 ) Mylo Xyloto Tour ( 2011 – 12 ) Ghost Stories Tour ( 2014 ) A Head Full of Dreams Tour ( 2015 – ) = = Awards and nominations = = Coldplay have won numerous music awards throughout their history , including eight Brit Awards — winning Best British Group four times , five MTV Video Music Awards , three World Music Awards , four Billboard Music Awards , and seven Grammy Awards out of 26 nominations . 2009 was their most successful year having received seven Grammy Award nominations at the 51st Grammy Awards , and won three . Coldplay have sold over 80 million records worldwide . = Sydney Newman = Sydney Cecil Newman , OC ( April 1 , 1917 – October 30 , 1997 ) was a Canadian film and television producer , who played a pioneering role in British television drama from the late 1950s to the late 1960s . After his return to Canada in 1970 , Newman was appointed Acting Director of the Broadcast Programs Branch for the Canadian Radio and Television Commission ( CRTC ) and then head of the National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) . He also occupied senior positions at the Canadian Film Development Corporation and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , and acted as an advisor to the Secretary of State . During his time in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s , he worked first with the Associated British Corporation ( ABC , now Thames Television ) , before moving across to the BBC in 1962 , holding the role of Head of Drama with both organisations . During this phase of his career , he was responsible for initiating two hugely popular television programmes , the spy @-@ fi series The Avengers and the science @-@ fiction series Doctor Who , as well as overseeing the production of groundbreaking social realist drama series such as Armchair Theatre and The Wednesday Play . The Museum of Broadcast Communications describes Newman as " the most significant agent in the development of British television drama . " His obituary in The Guardian declared that " For ten brief but glorious years , Sydney Newman ... was the most important impresario in Britain ... His death marks not just the end of an era but the laying to rest of a whole philosophy of popular art . " In Quebec , as commissioner of the NFB , he attracted controversy for his decision to suppress distribution of several politically sensitive films by French Canadian directors . = = Early career in Canada = = = = = Early life and the NFB = = = Born in Toronto , Newman was the son of a Russian @-@ Jewish immigrant father who ran a shoe shop . After studying at Ogden Public School , which he left at the age of thirteen , he later enrolled in the Central Technical School , studying art and design subjects . He initially attempted to follow a career as a stills photographer and an artist , specialising in drawing film posters . However , he found it so difficult to earn enough money to make a living from this profession that instead , he switched to working in the film industry itself . In 1938 , he travelled to Hollywood , where he was offered a role with the Walt Disney Company on the strength of his graphic design work . However , he was unable to take the job due to a failure to secure a work permit . Returning to his native country , in 1941 , he gained a job as a film editor at the National Film Board of Canada . He was eventually to work on over 350 films while an editor for the NFB . During the Second World War the head of the NFB , John Grierson , promoted Newman to film producer , working on documentaries and propaganda films , including Fighting Norway , which he directed . In 1944 he was made executive producer of Canada Carries On , a long @-@ running series of such films . In 1949 Grierson again assisted Newman 's career , entering him into television , then a new industry , on a one @-@ year attachment to NBC in New York City . His assignment there was to compile reports for the Canadian government on American television techniques , focusing on dramas , documentaries and outside broadcasts . = = = CBC Television = = = One of Newman 's reports on outside broadcasting was seen and admired by executives at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) , and in 1952 he joined the Corporation as their Supervising Director of Features , Documentaries and Outside Broadcasts . There he was involved in producing not only some of the earliest television editions of Hockey Night in Canada , but also the first Canadian Football League game to be shown on television . After his experience of seeing the production of television plays in New York , he was eager to work in drama despite , by his own admission , " knowing nothing about drama . " He was nonetheless able to persuade his superiors at CBC to make him Supervisor of Drama Production in 1954 . In this position he encouraged a new wave of young writers and directors , including Ted Kotcheff and Arthur Hailey , and oversaw shows such as the popular General Motors Theatre . Writing in 1990 , the journalist Paul Rutherford felt that during his time at the CBC in the 1950s , Newman had been a " great champion of both realistic and Canadian drama . " He felt that Newman " came to fulfil the role of the drama impresario with the vision to push people to develop a high @-@ quality and popular style of drama . " Several of the General Motors Theatre plays , including Hailey 's Flight into Danger , were purchased for screening by the BBC in the United Kingdom . The productions impressed Howard Thomas , who was the managing director of Associated British Corporation ( ABC ) , the franchise holder for the rival ITV network in the English Midlands and the North at weekends . Thomas offered Newman a job with ABC as a producer of his own Saturday night thriller series , which Newman accepted , moving to Britain in 1958 . In 1975 the Head of Drama at the CBC , John Hirsch , noted that the tendency of so many writers and directors having followed Newman to the UK in the 1950s and never having returned to work in Canada had a detrimental impact on the standard of subsequent Canadian television drama . = = Associated British Corporation = = Soon after Newman arrived in the UK , ABC 's Head of Drama Dennis Vance was moved into a more senior position with the company , and Thomas offered Newman his position , which the Canadian quickly accepted . He was , however , somewhat disparaging of the state in which he found British television drama . " At that time , I found this country to be somewhat class @-@ ridden , " he reminisced to interviewers in 1988 . " The only legitimate theatre was of the ' anyone for tennis ' variety , which on the whole gave a condescending view of working @-@ class people . Television dramas were usually adaptations of stage plays and invariably about the upper classes . I said , ' Damn the upper classes : they don 't even own televisions ! ' " Newman 's principal tool for shaking up this established order was a programme which had been initiated before he had arrived at ABC , Armchair Theatre . This anthology series was networked nationally across the ITV regions on Sunday evenings , and in 1959 was in the top ten of the ratings for 32 out of the 37 weeks it was broadcast , with audiences of over 12 million viewers . Newman used the strand to present plays by writers such as Alun Owen , Harold Pinter and Clive Exton , also bringing over associates from Canada such as Charles Jarrott and Ted Kotcheff . Writing in 2000 , the television historian John Caughie stated that " Newman 's insistence that the series would use only original material written for television made Armchair Theatre a decisive moment in the history of British television drama . " In 1960 Newman devised a thriller series for ABC called Police Surgeon , starring Ian Hendry . Although Police Surgeon was not a success and was cancelled after only a short run , Newman took Hendry as the star , and some of the ethos of the programme , to create a new series ( not a direct sequel as is sometimes claimed ) called The Avengers . Debuting in January 1961 , The Avengers became an international success , although in later years its premise differed somewhat from Newman 's initial set @-@ up , veering into more humorous territory rather than remaining a gritty thriller . Newman 's great success at ABC had been noted by the British Broadcasting Corporation , whose executives were keen to revive their own drama department 's fortunes in the face of fierce competition from ITV . In 1961 the BBC 's Director of Television , Kenneth Adam , met with Newman and offered him the position of Head of Drama at the BBC . He accepted the position , eager for a new challenge , although he was forced by ABC to remain with them until the expiration of his contract in December 1962 , after which he immediately began work with the BBC . = = BBC = = = = = Arrival and impact = = = There was some initial resentment to his appointment within the Corporation , as he was an outsider and he was also earning more than many of the executives senior to him , although still substantially less than he had been paid at ABC . As he had done at ABC , he was keen to shake up the staid image of BBC drama and introduce new outlets for the kitchen sink drama and the " Angry Young Men " of the era . He also divided the drama department into three separate divisions — series , serials and plays . In 1964 he and Kenneth Adam initiated the new anthology series The Wednesday Play , a BBC equivalent of Armchair Theatre , which had great success and critical acclaim with plays written and directed by the likes of Dennis Potter , Jeremy Sandford and Ken Loach . The strand attracted comment and debate for several of its productions , such as Cathy Come Home , a Tony Garnett production of a Jeremy Sandford script , which dealt with the issue of homelessness . There were also problems caused by Newman bringing in freelance directors to work on the programme , who sometimes overspent on their plays to try and increase their impact ; with staff directors this could be compensated by reducing the budget of a subsequent production , but for a freelancer there would be no such recourse . Shaun Sutton was one of the drama producers who worked under Newman at the BBC , and later succeeded the Canadian as Head of Drama . He later wrote that Newman " galvanised television drama ... [ He created ] a climate in which boldness paid . " In contrast , Don Taylor , who was a director in the drama department at the time , later claimed that he felt Newman was unsuited to the position of Head of Drama , writing : " To put it brutally , I was deeply offended that the premier position in television drama , at a time when it really was the National Theatre of the Air , had been given to a man whose values were entirely commercial , and who had no more than a layman 's knowledge of the English theatrical tradition , let alone the drama of Europe and the wider world . " Newman 's biography at the Museum of Broadcast Communications website points out that much of the work Newman is credited for at the BBC was little different from that which had been undertaken by his predecessor Michael Barry , who " also attracted new young original writers ... and hired young directors ... However , it was the newness and innovation which Newman encouraged in his drama output that is most significant : his concentration on the potential of television as television , for a mass not a middlebrow audience . " The academic Madeleine Macmurraugh @-@ Kavanagh has criticised some of the eulogistic views of Newman 's time at the BBC , writing that : " When archive and press material emanating from the 1964 – 65 period is examined , an interesting gap appears between what Newman seemed likely to accomplish and what he finally did accomplish ... Also relevant to the mythology that has sprung up around Newman is the fact that his favoured dramatic material was interpreted by some as being rather less radical than it seemed . " = = = Doctor Who = = = In 1963 he initiated the creation of the science fiction television series Doctor Who . The series has been described by the British Film Institute as having " created a phenomenon unlike any other British TV programme " , and by The Times newspaper as " quintessential to being British " . Newman had long been a science @-@ fiction fan : " [ U ] p to the age of 40 , I don 't think there was a science @-@ fiction book I hadn 't read . I love them because they 're a marvellous way — and a safe way , I might add — of saying nasty things about our own society . " When Controller of BBC Television Donald Baverstock alerted Newman of the need for a programme to bridge the gap between the sports showcase Grandstand and pop music programme Juke Box Jury on Saturday evenings , he decided that a science @-@ fiction drama would be the perfect vehicle for filling the gap and gaining a family audience . Although much work on the genesis of the series was done by Donald Wilson , C. E. Webber and others , it was Newman who created the idea of a time machine larger on the inside than the out and the character of the mysterious " Doctor " , both of which remain at the heart of the programme . He is also believed to have come up with the title Doctor Who , although actor and director Hugh David later credited this to his friend Rex Tucker , the initial " caretaker producer " of the programme . After the series had been conceived , Newman initially approached Don Taylor and then Shaun Sutton to produce it , although both declined . He then decided on his former production assistant at ABC , Verity Lambert , who had never produced , written or directed , but she readily accepted his offer . As Lambert became the youngest — and only female — drama producer at the BBC , there were some doubts as to Newman 's choice , but she became a success in the role . Even Newman clashed with her on occasion , however , particularly over the inclusion of the alien Dalek creatures on the programme . Newman had not wanted any " bug @-@ eyed monsters " in the show , but he was placated when the creatures became a great success . Later in the show 's run , in 1966 he took a more hands @-@ on role again in the changeover between the First and Second Doctors . In the 2007 Doctor Who episode " Human Nature " , the Doctor ( in human form as " John Smith " ) refers to his parents Sydney and Verity , a tribute to both Newman and Lambert . Verity Newman , a character in the 2010 episode The End of Time , is also named after them . A similar acknowledgement had appeared in the show 's original run : in " The Powerful Enemy " , the first episode of the 1965 story The Rescue , in order to hide the fact that one character is actually another character in disguise , the role is credited to the non @-@ existent actor " Sydney Wilson " , an amalgam of the names of Sydney Newman and Donald Wilson . = = = Other work and departure = = = Newman also had success with more traditional BBC fare such as the costume drama The Forsyte Saga in 1967 , a Donald Wilson project on which Newman had not initially been keen . However , it became one of the most acclaimed and popular productions of his era , watched by 100 million people in 26 countries . After also initiating other popular series such as Adam Adamant Lives ! , at the end of 1967 Newman 's five @-@ year contract with the BBC came to an end , and he did not remain with the Corporation . Instead , he returned to the film industry , taking a job as a producer with Associated British Picture Corporation . " I want to get away from my executive 's chair and become a creative worker again , " he told The Sun newspaper of his decision . However , the British film industry was entering a period of decline , and none of Newman 's projects ever went into production . ABPC was taken over by EMI , and at the end of June 1969 , Newman was dismissed from the company , later describing his eighteen months there as " a futile waste . " Despite being offered an executive producership by the BBC , keen to regain his services on the very day he left ABPC , Newman decided to return to Canada . He left the UK on January 3 , 1970 , leading The Sunday Times to comment that " British television will never be the same again . " = = Return to Canada = = = = = Chairman of the NFB = = = His first post upon returning to his home country was an advisory position with the Canadian Radio and Television Commission ( CRTC ) in Ottawa , where he battled Canada 's private broadcasters , especially CTV , over new Canadian content regulations . This lasted for only a few months , before in August 1970 he became the new Government Film Commissioner , the Chairman of the National Film Board of Canada , returning to the same institution for which he had worked in the 1940s . In this role , he experienced considerable problems in Quebec resulting from the fact that he did not speak French , at a time when the NFB 's French Program branch was attracting young Quebec nationalist filmmakers . Some staff members also felt that he had been away from the NFB for too long , while the filmmaker Denys Arcand felt that Newman did not understand Quebec culture . Newman was able to improve the NFB 's relations with broadcaster CBC , securing prime time television slots for several productions , although he was criticised by some filmmakers for allowing the CBC to screen NFB films with commercial interruptions . He also moved the NFB entirely over to color film production . However , the Toronto Star 's Martin Knelman felt that Newman was " mired in political warfare and administrative chaos " . He was responsible for censoring or banning several productions , including Arcand 's On est au coton and Gilles Groulx 's 24 heures ou plus . These films were concerned , respectively , with the conditions of textile factory workers and critiquing consumer society . Such censorship or banning resulted in some critics attacking Newman for being anti working @-@ class and pro @-@ capitalist . Newman had a mixed record with French @-@ language films . He defended Pierre Perrault 's Un pays sans bon sens ! to a committee of parliament in 1971 , but the same year personally rejected the release of Michel Brault 's film about the October Crisis , Les ordres . This was despite the fact that the film had already been approved by the board 's French @-@ language committee , and it was not eventually released until Brault personally released it in 1974 . Newman himself had been regarded as a possible terrorist abduction target during the October Crisis , and armed guards had patrolled the headquarters of the NFB . Newman was concerned about the idea of releasing films with Quebec nationalist themes , such as Groulx 's 24 heures ou plus , at such a tense political time , worried about what the Canadian public would think . Although it was Newman 's deputy André Lamy who in some cases drew the monolingual Newman 's attention to the controversial nature of French language productions , it was Lamy himself who later permitted the release of some of these same films after he succeeded Newman as Government Film Commissioner . When Newman 's contract with the NFB came to an end in 1975 , it was not renewed . Film historian Gerald Pratley claims that by this point , the NFB was " an almost @-@ forgotten institution " due to " the stupor that had overtaken it . " The writer Richard Collins felt that " the very experiences that enabled [ Newman ] to recognize the nature of the NFB 's problem and the need for a change of diction and reorientation to the tastes of Canadians had left him out of touch with Canada . " For his part , Newman felt that the NFB 's French program had not made enough effort to communicate with people in English Canada or to make films that were relevant to " the ordinary men , who have no particular axe to grind . " Newman went on to become a Special Advisor on Film to the Secretary of State , and from 1978 until 1984 he was Chief Creative Consultant to the Canadian Film Development Corporation . = = = Later years = = = Newman was awarded the Order of Canada in 1981 , the country 's highest civilian honour . Shortly thereafter he returned to live in Britain again for some time following the death in 1981 of his wife Elizabeth McRae , to whom he had been married since 1944 . His main reason for going back to the UK was to attempt , unsuccessfully , to produce a drama series about the Bloomsbury Group for the new Channel 4 network . In 1986 , the then Controller of BBC One , Michael Grade , unhappy with the current state of Doctor Who , wrote to Newman to enquire whether he had any ideas for reformatting the series , which was at the time struggling in the ratings . Newman wrote back to Grade on October 6 that year with a set of detailed proposals and a suggestion that he take direct control of the series as executive producer . Grade suggested that Newman meet the current Head of Drama , Jonathan Powell , for lunch to discuss the Canadian 's ideas . Newman and Powell did not get on well , however , and nothing came of their meeting . He was also unsuccessful in an attempt to have his name added to the end credits of the show as its creator . Acting Head of Series & Serials Ken Riddington , to whom Newman 's request had been referred , wrote to him that " Heads of Department who originate programmes have to be satisfied with the other rewards that flow from doing so . " Newman returned to Canada again in the 1990s , where he died of a heart attack in Toronto in 1997 . He was survived by his three daughters , and by his new partner Marion McDougall . = = Portrayal in fiction = = In September 2003 , a version of Newman played by actor Ian Brooker appeared in the straight @-@ to @-@ CD radio play Deadline , written by Rob Shearman and released by Big Finish Productions . The play was set in a world in which Doctor Who had never been created , existing only in the imagination and memories of fictional writer Martin Bannister , played by Derek Jacobi . As part of the plot of the play , Bannister was unable to clearly remember whether Newman had been Canadian or Australian , with the Newman character 's accent changing according to Bannister 's varying memories . For the fiftieth anniversary of Doctor Who in 2013 , BBC television commissioned a dramatisation of the events surrounding the creation of the series , entitled An Adventure in Space and Time and written by Mark Gatiss . Newman was portrayed by Brian Cox . = Mass Effect 2 : Overlord = Mass Effect 2 : Overlord is a downloadable content pack developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts for the action role @-@ playing video game Mass Effect 2 . It was released on June 15 , 2010 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 . The pack is included in the PlayStation 3 version of Mass Effect 2 , which was released on January 18 , 2011 . Overlord introduces a new series of missions in which the player assumes the role of Commander Shepard , an elite human soldier who must stop an experimental virtual intelligence that has gone rogue . The player must traverse from one mission to another aboard a hovering vehicle . Overlord was announced to be in development on May 13 , 2010 . BioWare wanted to focus on vehicle exploration , similar to that found in the original Mass Effect . The pack received positive reviews from critics , with an aggregate score of 81 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version at Metacritic . Reviewers generally praised the story and vehicular sections , but some criticized the simplistic vehicular combat . = = Gameplay = = Mass Effect 2 is an action role @-@ playing game in which the player controls Commander Shepard . Shepard 's gender , appearance , history and combat @-@ training are determined by the player before the game begins . The game features a variety of quests that the player must complete in order to progress . These quests usually involve the player interacting with characters and fighting enemies in combat missions . During the missions , Shepard is assisted by two AI squad members that the player can indirectly control through orders . Combat takes place in real @-@ time , but the player can pause the action at any time to calmly target enemies and select different powers for the squad members to use . Upon completing a quest , the player is awarded with experience points . If a sufficient amount of experience is obtained , the player can develop powers for both Shepard and the members of the squad . Mass Effect 2 : Overlord unfolds in a less linear manner than other assignments found in the game due to its focus on exploration . The pack introduces five new missions and some of them can be completed in a different order . The missions are located on a planet that the player must explore using a hovering vehicle called Hammerhead . Aboard the Hammerhead , the player may transition from one mission to another and gather items such as mineral resources used to research numerous in @-@ game upgrades . The Hammerhead has the ability to jump over obstacles to reach certain areas and is also armed with a gun that the player can use to destroy hostile targets over the planet . At certain points in the game , the player may also encounter mini @-@ bosses that must be defeated . Overlord also adds one armor upgrade and two achievements that are awarded for completing specific tasks . The first achievement is obtained by collecting numerous data packets that are scattered across the planet , while the second achievement is unlocked by completing Overlord . = = Plot = = In Mass Effect 2 : Overlord , elite human soldier Commander Shepard is sent on a mission to investigate an allied research base that has gone silent . The base is located on the surface of an Earth @-@ like planet called Aite . Upon arriving at the facility , Shepard is informed that an experimental virtual intelligence has gone rogue and is ordered to destroy an antenna inside a transmission dish before the virtual intelligence uploads a program off @-@ planet . Shepard successfully destroys the antenna and is then met by Dr. Gavin Archer , the scientist that is responsible for the situation . Archer explains that they were trying to gain influence over a hostile race of networked artificial intelligences called geth by interfacing a human mind with a virtual intelligence . In the process , the virtual intelligence overpowered the test subject 's mind , Archer 's brother David , and has evolved into a virus . Although the virtual intelligence is kept in lockdown in another research station , Archers tells Shepard that he / she needs to manually override security from two other facilities to gain access to it and shut it down . Once the station where the virtual intelligence is contained has been unlocked , Shepards proceeds to the main server room . Shepards eventually accesses a terminal to cut all access to the outside world , but in the process the virus infects Shepard 's cybernetic implants . Shepard awakens in a virtual reality and heads to the central core room , where they manage to defeat the virtual intelligence as it attempts to establish an upload link to the Normandy . Afterwards , the virtual reality goes away and David is shown in the core tied up to tubes in his arms and mouth , begging for help . Archer comes and argues for Shepard to keep the experiment going . Shepard is then given the option to either take David to a specialized academy or leave him at the station with his brother . = = Development and release = = Mass Effect 2 : Overlord was developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts . During development of Mass Effect 2 , Bioware stated that downloadable content was becoming a fundamental part of the company 's overall philosophy . The pack was announced to be in development on May 13 , 2010 . BioWare executive producer Casey Hudson stated that Overlord was the " biggest downloadable content pack yet " and confirmed that they would not introduce more squad members to the game like they did with previous packs . For the pack , the developers wanted to focus on exploration and vehicle platforming , similar to that found in Mass Effect 2 's earlier downloadable content pack Firewalker . Since vehicle exploration was a feature of the original Mass Effect , Hudson called Overlord " a throwback to how some of the exploration worked in [ the previous game ] . " The pack was released on June 15 , 2010 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 . Like Mass Effect 2 's other downloadable content packs Kasumi - Stolen Memory and Lair of the Shadow Broker , Overlord is freely included in the PlayStation 3 version of the game , which was released on January 18 , 2011 . The soundtrack was composed by Christopher Lennertz . = = Reception = = Mass Effect 2 : Overlord received positive reviews from critics . Reviewer Erik Brudvig of IGN described Overlord as " one of the best series of missions that the franchise has yet seen . " Similarly , reviewer Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer opined that the pack " never lets one gameplay element dominate for too long , leavening the expected duck @-@ and @-@ cover combat with openworld exploration and a dash of environmental puzzling , all wrapped up in a story that builds to a satisfying and pathos @-@ heavy finale . " GameSpot 's Kevin VanOrd credited the on @-@ foot action , stating that " a few of the larger environments let you take on [ enemies ] from multiple angles , which are a nice change from the straight @-@ on encounters that typify most of Mass Effect 2 's battles . " He also praised the final boss battle , which was said to exceed that of the main game . Critics generally praised the vehicular sections of the mission . Eurogamer felt that the Hammerhead " responds well to the terrain , with just the right mix of weight and bounciness . " IGN considered it an improvement over the Mako carrier featured in the original Mass Effect . Brad Gallaway of GameCritics , who gave the main game a mixed review , was satisfied with its inclusion and felt that BioWare " managed to incorporate all of the various aspects of Mass Effect together in a way [ he ] felt was largely lacking in the core adventure and the previous add @-@ ons . " Game Revolution 's Eduardo Reboucas stated similar pros , but admitted that jumping on platforms with the Hammerhead goes against the nature of the game . Likewise , VanOrd felt that the Hammerhead goes underutilized due to its exclusive use in the content . Some reviewers also criticized the simplistic vehicular combat , comparing it unfavorably with that of the original Mass Effect . VanOrd gave high marks to the pack 's frightening atmosphere , stating that " haunting new music instills a palpable sense of tension , and the dark interior spaces provide a sinister contrast to the shimmering waterfalls and scorching lava rivers on the planet 's surface . " The IGN review observed that the visuals and audio surpass many side quests of the main game . Critics also highlighted very positively the story . Eurogamer opined that the ending was effective and unexpected , while VanOrd remarked that the ending cutscene " features some uncomfortable images that will linger in your mind even after you 've returned to the [ main game ] . " Despite evaluating the pack 's short length , VanOrd concluded that Overlord " is one downloadable delight Mass Effect 2 fans shouldn 't miss . " = George Lansbury = George Lansbury , PC ( 22 February 1859 – 7 May 1940 ) was a British politician and social reformer who led the Labour Party from 1932 to 1935 . Apart from a brief period of ministerial office during the Labour government of 1929 – 31 , he spent his political life campaigning against established authority and vested interests , his main causes being the promotion of social justice , women 's rights and world disarmament . Originally a radical Liberal , Lansbury converted to socialism in the early 1890s , and thereafter served his local community in the East End of London in numerous elective offices . His activities were underpinned by his Christian beliefs which , except for a short period of doubt , sustained him through his life . Elected to parliament in 1910 , he resigned his seat in 1912 to campaign for women 's suffrage , and was briefly imprisoned after publicly supporting militant action . In 1912 Lansbury helped to establish the Daily Herald newspaper , and became its editor . Throughout the First World War the paper maintained a strongly pacifist stance , and supported the October 1917 Russian Revolution . These positions contributed to Lansbury 's failure to be elected to parliament in 1918 . He devoted himself to local politics in his home borough of Poplar , and went to prison with 30 fellow @-@ councillors for his part in the Poplar " rates revolt " of 1921 . After his return to parliament in 1922 , Lansbury was denied office in the brief Labour government of 1924 , although he served as First Commissioner of Works in the Labour government of 1929 – 31 . After the political and economic crisis of August 1931 Lansbury did not follow his leader , Ramsay MacDonald , into the National Government , but stayed with the Labour Party . As the most senior of the small contingent of Labour MPs that survived the 1931 general election , Lansbury became the party 's leader . His pacifism and his opposition to rearmament in the face of rising European fascism put him at odds with his party , and when his position was rejected at the 1935 party conference he resigned the leadership . He spent his final years travelling through the United States and Europe in the cause of peace and disarmament . = = Early life = = = = = East End upbringing = = = George Lansbury was born in Halesworth in the county of Suffolk on 22 February 1859 . He was the third of nine children born to a railway worker , also named George Lansbury , and Anne , née Ferris . George senior 's job involved the supervision of railway construction gangs ; the family was often on the move , and living conditions were primitive . Through his progressive @-@ minded mother and grandmother , young George became familiar with the names of great contemporary reformers — Gladstone , Richard Cobden and John Bright — and began to read the radical Reynolds 's Newspaper . By the end of 1868 the family had moved into London 's East End , the district in which Lansbury would live and work for almost all his life . The essayist Ronald Blythe has described the East End of the 1860s and 1870s as " stridently English ... The smoke @-@ blackened streets were packed with illiterate multitudes [ who ] stayed alive through sheer birdlike ebullience " . Interspersed with spells of work , Lansbury attended schools in Bethnal Green and Whitechapel . He then held a succession of manual jobs , including work as a coaling contractor in partnership with his elder brother , James , loading and unloading coal wagons . This was heavy and dangerous work , and led to at least one near @-@ fatal accident . During his adolescence and early manhood Lansbury was a regular attender at the public gallery at the House of Commons , where he heard and remembered many of Gladstone 's speeches on the main foreign policy issue of the day , the " Eastern Question " . He was present at the riots which erupted outside Gladstone 's house on 24 February 1878 after a peace meeting in Hyde Park . Shepherd writes that Gladstone 's Liberalism , proclaiming liberty , freedom and community interests was " a heady mix that left an indelible mark " on the youthful Lansbury . George Lansbury senior died in 1875 . That year young George met 14 @-@ year @-@ old Elizabeth Brine , whose father Isaac Brine owned a local sawmill . The couple eventually married in 1880 , at Whitechapel parish church , where the vicar , J. Franklin Kitto , had been Lansbury 's spiritual guide and counsellor . Apart from a period of doubt in the 1890s when he temporarily rejected the Church , Lansbury remained a staunch Anglican until his death . = = = Australia = = = In 1881 the first of Lansbury 's 12 children , Bessie , was born ; another daughter , Annie , followed in 1882 . Seeking to improve his family 's prospects , Lansbury decided that their best hopes of prosperity lay in emigrating to Australia . The London agent @-@ general for Queensland depicted a land of boundless opportunities , with work for all ; seduced by this appeal , Lansbury and Bessie raised the necessary passage money , and in May 1884 set sail with their children for Brisbane . On the outward passage the family experienced illness , discomfort and danger ; on one occasion the ship came close to foundering during a monsoon . On arrival at Brisbane in July 1884 , Lansbury found that contrary to the London agent 's promises , there was a superfluity of labour and work was hard to find . His first job , breaking stone , proved to be too physically punishing ; he moved to a better @-@ paid position as a van driver , but was sacked when , for religious reasons , he refused to work on Sundays . He then contracted to work on a farm some 80 miles inland , to find on arrival that his employer had misled him about living conditions and terms of employment . For several months the family lived in extreme squalor before Lansbury secured release from the contract . Back in Brisbane , he worked for a while at the newly built Brisbane cricket ground . As a keen follower of the game he hoped to see the visiting English touring team play but , as Lansbury 's biographer Raymond Postgate records , " he learned that cricket watching was not a pleasure for workmen " . Throughout his time in Australia Lansbury sent letters home , revealing the truth about conditions facing immigrants . To a friend he wrote in March 1885 : " Mechanics are not wanted . Farm labourers are not wanted ... Hundreds of men and women are not able to get work ... The streets are foul day and night , and if I had a sister I would shoot her dead rather than see her brought out to this little hell on earth " . In May 1885 , having received from Isaac Brine sufficient funds for a passage home , the Lansburys left Australia for good . = = Radical Liberal = = = = = First campaigns = = = On his return to London , Lansbury took a job in Brine 's timber business . In his spare time he campaigned against the false prospectuses offered by colonial emigration agents . His speech at an emigration conference at King 's College in London in April 1886 impressed delegates ; shortly afterwards , the government established an Emigration Information Bureau under the Colonial Office . This body was required to provide accurate information on the state of labour markets in all the government 's overseas possessions . Having joined the Liberal Party shortly after his return from Australia , Lansbury became first a ward secretary and then general secretary for the Bow and Bromley Liberal and Radical Association . His effective campaigning skills had been noted by leading Liberals , including Samuel Montagu , the Liberal MP for Whitechapel , who persuaded the young activist to be his agent in the 1885 general election . Lansbury 's handling of this election campaign prompted Montagu to urge him to stand for parliament himself . Lansbury declined this , partly on practical grounds ( MPs were then unpaid and he had to provide for his family ) , and partly on principle ; he was becoming increasingly convinced that his future lay not as a radical Liberal but as a socialist . He continued to serve the Liberals , as an agent and local secretary , while expressing his socialism in a short @-@ lived monthly radical journal , Coming Times , which he founded and co @-@ edited with a fellow @-@ dissident , William Hoffman . = = = London County Council elections , 1889 = = = In 1888 Lansbury agreed to act as election agent for Jane Cobden , who was contesting the first elections for the newly formed London County Council ( LCC ) as Liberal candidate for the Bow and Bromley division . Cobden , an early supporter of women 's suffrage , was the fourth child of the Victorian radical statesman Richard Cobden . The Society for Promoting Women as County Councillors ( SPWCC ) , a new women 's rights group , had proposed Cobden as the candidate for Bow and Bromley and Margaret Sandhurst for Brixton . Lansbury counselled Cobden in the issues of greatest concern to the East End electorate : housing for the poor , ending of sweated labour , rights of public assembly , and control of the police . Specific questions of women 's rights were largely avoided during the campaign . On 19 January 1889 both women were elected ; these triumphs were , however , short @-@ lived . Sandhurst 's qualification to serve as a county councillor was successfully challenged in the courts by her Conservative Party opponents on the grounds of her sex , and her subsequent appeal was dismissed . Cobden was not immediately challenged , but in April 1891 , after a series of legal actions , she was effectively neutered as a councillor by being prevented from voting on pain of severe financial penalties . Lansbury urged her , during the hearings , to " go to prison and let the Council back you up by refusing to declare your seat vacant " . Cobden did not follow this path . A Bill introduced in the House of Commons in May 1891 permitting women to serve as county councillors found little support among MPs of any party ; women were not granted this right until 1907 . Lansbury was offended by his party 's lukewarm support for women 's rights . In a letter published in the Pall Mall Gazette he made an open call to Bow and Bromley 's Liberals to " shake themselves free of party feeling and throw the energy and ability they are now wasting on minor questions into ... securing the full rights of citizenship to every woman in the land " . He was further disillusioned by his party 's failure to endorse the eight @-@ hour maximum working day . Lansbury had formed the view , expressed some years later , that " Liberalism would progress just as far as the great money bags of capitalism would allow it to progress " . By 1892 the Liberals no longer felt like Lansbury 's political home ; most of his current associates were avowed socialists : William Morris , Eleanor Marx , John Burns and Henry Mayers Hyndman , founder of the Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) . Nevertheless , Lansbury did not resign from the Liberals until he had fulfilled a commitment to act as election agent for John Murray MacDonald , the prospective Liberal candidate for Bow and Bromley . He saw his candidate victorious in the July 1892 General Election ; as soon as the result was declared , Lansbury resigned from the Liberal Party and joined the SDF . = = Socialist reformer = = = = = Social Democratic Federation = = = Lansbury 's choice of the SDF , from several socialist organisations , reflected his admiration for Hyndman , whom he considered " one of the truly great ones " . Lansbury quickly became the federation 's most tireless propagandist , travelling throughout Britain to address meetings or to demonstrate solidarity with workers involved in industrial disputes . Around this time , Lansbury temporarily set aside his Christian beliefs and became a member of the East London Ethical Society . One factor in his disillusion with the Church was the local clergy 's unsympathetic approach to poor relief , and their opposition to collective political action . In 1895 Lansbury fought two parliamentary elections for the SDF in Walworth , first a by @-@ election on 14 May , then the 1895 general election two months later . Despite his energetic campaigning he was heavily defeated on each occasion , with tiny proportions of the vote . After these dismal results , Lansbury was persuaded by Hyndman to give up his job at the sawmill and become the SDF 's full @-@ time salaried national organiser . He preached a straightforward revolutionary doctrine : " The time has arrived " , he informed an audience at Todmorden in Lancashire , " for the working classes to seize political power and use it to overthrow the competitive system and establish in its place state cooperation " . Lansbury 's time as SDF national organiser did not last long ; in 1896 , when Isaac Brine died suddenly , Lansbury thought that his family duty required him to take charge of the sawmill , and he returned home to Bow . In the general election of 1900 a pact with the Liberals in the Bow and Bromley constituency gave Lansbury , the SDF candidate , a straight fight against the Conservative incumbent , William Guthrie . Lansbury 's cause was hindered by his public opposition to the Boer War at a time when war fever was strong , while Guthrie , a former soldier , stressed his military credentials . Lansbury lost the election , though his total of 2 @,@ 258 votes against Guthrie 's 4 @,@ 403 was considered creditable by the press . This campaign was Lansbury 's last major effort on behalf of the SDF . He became disenchanted by Hyndman 's inability to work with other socialist groups , and in about 1903 resigned from the SDF to join the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . At around this time , Lansbury rediscovered his Christian faith and rejoined the Anglican Church . = = = Poor Law guardian = = = In April 1893 Lansbury achieved his first elective office when he became a Poor Law guardian for the district of Poplar . In place of the traditionally harsh workhouse regime that was the norm , Lansbury proposed a programme of reform , whereby the workhouse became " an agency of help instead of a place of despair " , and the stigma of poverty was removed . Lansbury was one of a minority socialist bloc which was often able , through its energy and commitment , to win support for its plans . Education for the poor was one of Lansbury 's major concerns . He helped to transform the Forest Gate District School , previously a punitive establishment run on quasi @-@ military lines , into a proper place of education that became the Poplar Training School , and was still in existence more than half a century later . At the 1897 annual Poor Law Conference Lansbury summarised his views on poor relief in his first published paper : " The Principles of the English Poor Law " . His analysis offered a Marxist critique of capitalism : only the reorganisation of industry on collectivist lines would solve contemporary problems . Lansbury added to his public duties when , in 1903 , he was elected to Poplar Borough Council . In the summer of that year he met Joseph Fels , a rich American soap manufacturer with a penchant for social projects . Lansbury persuaded Fels , in 1904 , to purchase a 100 @-@ acre farm at Laindon , in Essex , which was converted into a labour colony that provided regular work for Poplar 's unemployed and destitute . Fels also agreed to finance a much larger colony at Hollesley Bay in Suffolk , to be operated as a government scheme under the Local Government Board . Both projects were initially successful , but were undermined after the election of a Liberal government in 1906 . The new Local Government minister was John Burns , a former SDF stalwart now ensconced in the Liberal Party who had become a firm opponent of socialism . Burns encouraged a campaign of propaganda to discredit the principle of labour colonies , which were presented as money @-@ wasting ventures that pampered idlers and scroungers . A formal enquiry revealed irregularities in the operation of the scheme , though it exonerated Lansbury . He retained the confidence of his electorate and was easily re @-@ elected to the Board of Guardians in 1907 . In 1905 Lansbury was appointed to a Royal Commission on the Poor Laws , which deliberated for four years . Lansbury , together with Beatrice Webb of the Fabian Society , argued for the complete abolition of the Poor Laws and their replacement by a system that incorporated old age pensions , a minimum wage , and national and local public works projects . These proposals were embodied at the Commission 's conclusion in a minority report signed by Lansbury and Webb ; the majority report was , according to Postgate , " an ill @-@ considered jumble of suggestions ... so preposterously inadequate that no attempts were ever made to implement it . " Most of the minority 's recommendations in time became national policy ; the Poor Laws were finally abolished by the Local Government Act 1929 . = = National prominence = = = = = Campaigner for women 's suffrage = = = In the general election of January 1906 Lansbury stood as an independent socialist candidate in Middlesbrough , on a strong " votes for women " platform . This was his first campaign based on women 's rights since the LCC election of 1889 . He had been recommended to the constituency by Joseph Fels , who agreed to meet his expenses . The local ILP leadership was committed by an electoral pact to support the Liberal candidate , and could not endorse Lansbury , who secured less than 9 per cent of the vote . The campaign had been managed by Marion Coates Hansen , a prominent local suffragist . Under Hansen 's influence Lansbury took up the cause of " votes for women " ; he allied himself with the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) , the more militant of the main suffragist organisations , and became a close associate of Emmeline Pankhurst and her family . The Liberal government elected in 1906 with a large majority showed little interest in the issue of women 's suffrage ; when they lost their parliamentary majority in the general election of January 1910 they were dependent on the votes of the 40 @-@ odd Labour members . To Lansbury 's dismay , Labour did not use this leverage to promote votes for women , instead giving the government virtually unqualified support to keep the Conservatives out of power . Lansbury had failed to win election as Labour 's candidate at Bow and Bromley in January 1910 ; however , the continuing political crisis which developed from David Lloyd George 's controversial 1909 " People 's Budget " led to another general election in December 1910 . Lansbury again fought Bow and Bromley , and this time was successful . Lansbury found little support in his fight for women 's suffrage from his parliamentary Labour colleagues , whom he dismissed as " a weak , flabby lot " . In parliament , he denounced the prime minister , H. H. Asquith , for the cruelties being inflicted on imprisoned suffragists : " You are beneath contempt ... you ought to be driven from public life " . He was temporarily suspended from the House for " disorderly conduct " . In October 1912 , aware of the unbridgeable gap between his own position and that of his Labour colleagues , Lansbury resigned his seat to fight a by @-@ election in Bow and Bromley on the specific issue of women 's suffrage . He lost to his Conservative opponent , who campaigned on the slogan " No Petticoat Government " . Commenting on the result , the Labour MP Will Thorne opined that no constituency could ever be won on the single question of votes for women . Out of parliament , on 26 April 1913 Lansbury addressed a WSPU rally at the Albert Hall , and openly defended violent methods : " Let them burn and destroy property and do anything they will , and for every leader that is taken away , let a dozen step forward in their place " . For this , Lansbury was charged with incitement , convicted and , after the dismissal of an appeal , sentenced to three months ' imprisonment . He immediately went on hunger strike , and was released after four days ; although liable to rearrest under the so @-@ called " Cat and Mouse Act " , he was thereafter left at liberty . In the autumn of 1913 , at the invitation of Fels , Lansbury and his wife travelled to America and Canada for an extended holiday . On his return , he devoted his main efforts to the recently founded newspaper , the Daily Herald . = = = War , Daily Herald and Bolshevism = = = The Daily Herald began as a temporary bulletin during the London printers ' strike of 1910 – 11 . After the strike ended , Lansbury and others raised sufficient funds for the Herald to be relaunched in April 1912 as a socialist daily newspaper . The paper attracted contributions from distinguished writers such as H. G. Wells , Hilaire Belloc , G. K. Chesterton and George Bernard Shaw , some of whom , Blythe notes , " weren 't socialists at all but simply used [ the paper ] as a platform for their personal literary anarchy . " Lansbury contributed regularly in support of his various causes , in particular the militant suffrage campaign , and early in 1914 assumed the paper 's editorship . Before the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 , the Herald took a strong anti @-@ war line . Addressing a large demonstration in Trafalgar Square on 2 August 1914 , Lansbury blamed the coming conflict on capitalism : " The workers of all countries have no quarrel . They are ... exploited in times of peace and sent out to be massacred in times of war " . Lansbury 's position was at odds with that of most of the Labour movement , which allied itself with the wartime coalition governments of Asquith and , from 1916 , Lloyd George . In the prevailing jingoistic mood , numerous readers looked to the Herald — reduced by wartime economies to a weekly format — to present a balanced news perspective , untainted by war fever and chauvinism . During the winter of 1914 – 15 , Lansbury visited the Western Front trenches . He sent eye @-@ witness accounts to the paper , which supported calls for a negotiated peace with Germany in line with President Woodrow Wilson 's later " peace note " of January 1917 . The paper also gave sympathetic coverage to conscientious objectors , and to Irish and Indian nationalists . Lansbury used the pages of the Daily Herald to welcome the February 1917 revolution in Russia as " a new star of hope ... arisen over Europe " . At an Albert Hall rally on 18 March 1918 he hailed the spirit and enthusiasm of " this Russian movement " , and urged his audience to " be ready to die , if necessary , for our faith " . When the war ended in November 1918 , Lloyd George called an immediate general election , correctly calculating that victory euphoria would keep his coalition in power . In this triumphalist climate , candidates such as Lansbury who had opposed the war found themselves unpopular , and he failed to retake his Bow and Bromley seat . The Herald re @-@ emerged as a daily paper in March 1919 . Under Lansbury 's direction it maintained a strong and ultimately successful campaign against British intervention in the Russian Civil War . In February 1920 Lansbury travelled to Russia where he met Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders . He published an account : What I Saw in Russia , but the impact of the visit was overshadowed by accusations that the Herald was being financed from Bolshevist sources , a charge vehemently denied by Lansbury : " We have received no Bolshevist money , no Bolshevist paper , no Bolshevist bonds " . Unknown to Lansbury , the allegations had some truth which , when exposed , caused him and the paper considerable embarrassment . By 1922 the Herald 's financial problems had become such that it could no longer continue as a private venture financed by donations . Lansbury resigned the editorship and made the paper over to the Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) , although he continued to write for it and remained its titular general manager until 3 January 1925 . = = = " Poplarism " : the 1921 rates revolt = = = Throughout his national campaigns , Lansbury remained a Poplar borough councillor and Poor Law guardian , and between 1910 and 1913 served a three @-@ year term as a London County Councillor . In 1919 he became the first Labour mayor of Poplar . Under the then @-@ existing financial system for local government , boroughs were individually responsible for poor relief within their boundaries . This discriminated heavily against poorer councils such as Poplar , where rates revenues were low and poverty and unemployment , always severe , were exacerbated in times of economic recession . Under this system , Postgate argues , " The wealthy West End boroughs were evading responsibility , as though the desolate and silent docks were the results of a failure by the Poplar Borough Council " . In addition to meeting the costs of its own obligations , the council was required to levy precepts to pay for services provided by bodies such as the London County Council and the Metropolitan Police . Lansbury had long argued that a degree of rates equalisation across London was necessary , to share costs more fairly . At its meeting on 22 March 1921 the Poplar Council resolved not to make its precepts and to apply these revenues to the costs of local poor relief . This illegal action created a sensation , and led to legal proceedings against the council . On 29 July the thirty councillors involved marched in procession from Bow to the High Court , headed by a brass band . Informed by the judge that they must apply the precepts , the councillors would not budge ; early in September , Lansbury and 29 fellow @-@ councillors were imprisoned for contempt of court . Among those sentenced were his son Edgar and Edgar 's wife , Minnie . The defiance of the Poplar councillors generated widespread interest and sympathy , and the publicity embarrassed the government . Several other Labour @-@ controlled councils ( including Stepney whose mayor was the future Labour leader Clement Attlee ) threatened similar policies . After six weeks ' incarceration the councillors were released , and a government conference was convened to resolve the matter . This conference brought a significant personal victory for Lansbury : the passage of the Local Authorities ( Financial Provisions ) Act , which equalised the poor relief burden across all the London boroughs . As a result , the rates in Poplar fell by a third , and additional revenues of £ 400 @,@ 000 was gained by the borough . Lansbury was hailed as a hero ; in the 1922 general election he won the parliamentary seat of Bow and Bromley with a majority of nearly 7 @,@ 000 , and would hold it for the rest of his life . The term " Poplarism " , always identified closely with Lansbury , became part of the political lexicon , applied generally to campaigns where local government stood against central government on behalf of the poor and least privileged of society . = = Parliament and national office = = = = = Labour backbencher = = = In May 1923 the Conservative prime minister , Andrew Bonar Law , resigned for health reasons . In December his successor , Stanley Baldwin , called another election in which the Conservatives lost their majority , with Labour in a strong second place . King George V advised Baldwin , as leader of the largest party , not to resign his office until defeated by a vote in the House of Commons . Defeat duly occurred on 21 January 1924 , when the Liberals decided to throw in their lot with Labour . The king then asked Labour 's leader , Ramsay MacDonald , to form a government . Lansbury caused royal offence by publicly implying that the king had colluded with other parties to keep Labour out , and by his references to the fate of Charles I. Despite his seniority , Lansbury was offered only a junior non @-@ cabinet post in the new government , which he declined . He believed that his exclusion from the cabinet followed pressure from the king . At the 1923 Labour Party conference , while declaring himself a republican , Lansbury opposed two motions calling for the abolition of the monarchy , deeming the issue a " distraction " . Social revolution , he said , would one day remove the monarchy . MacDonald 's administration lasted less than a year before , in November 1924 , the Liberals withdrew their support ; Blythe comments that the first Labour government had been " neither exhilarating nor competent " . According to Shepherd , MacDonald 's chief priority was to show that Labour was " fit to govern " , and he had thus acted with conservative caution . The December general election returned the Conservatives to power ; Lansbury maintained that Labour 's cause " marches forward irrespective of electoral results " . After the defeat Lansbury was briefly touted as an alternative party leader to MacDonald , a proposition he rejected . In 1925 , free from the Daily Herald , he founded and edited Lansbury 's Labour Weekly , which became a mouthpiece for his personal creed of socialism , democracy and pacifism until it merged with the New Leader in 1927 . Before the General Strike of May 1926 , Lansbury used the Weekly to instruct the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) on preparations for the coming struggle . However , when the strike came the TUC did not want his assistance ; among the reasons for their distrust was Lansbury 's continuing advocacy for the right of communist organisations to affiliate to the Labour Party — he privately opined that British communists on their own " couldn 't run a whelk @-@ stall " . Lansbury continued his private campaigns in parliament , saying " I intend on every occasion to ... hinder the progress of business " . In April 1926 he and 12 other opposition MPs prevented a vote in the House of Commons by obstructing the voting lobbies ; they were temporarily suspended by the Speaker . During frequent clashes in the House with Neville Chamberlain , the Minister of Health responsible for Poor Law administration and reform , Lansbury referred to the " Ministry of Death " , and called the minister a " pinchbeck Napoleon " . However , within the Labour Party itself , Lansbury 's status and popularity led to his election as the party 's chairman ( a largely titular office ) in 1927 – 28 . Lansbury also became president of the International League Against Imperialism , where among his fellow executive members were Jawaharlal Nehru , Mme. Sun Yat @-@ sen and Albert Einstein . In 1928 , short of money following the failure of the family business , Lansbury published his autobiography , My Life , for which he received what he termed " a fairly generous cheque " from the publishers , Constable & Co . = = = Cabinet minister , 1929 – 31 = = = In the 1929 general election Labour emerged as the largest party , with 287 seats — but without an overall majority . Once again , MacDonald formed a government dependent on Liberal support . Lansbury joined the new cabinet as First Commissioner of Works , with responsibilities for historic buildings and monuments and for the royal parks . This position was widely regarded as a sinecure ; nevertheless , Lansbury proved an active minister who did much to improve public recreation facilities . His most notable achievement was the Lido on the Serpentine and the Long Water in Hyde Park , according to the historian A. J. P. Taylor " the only thing which keeps the memory of the second Labour government alive " . Lansbury 's duties brought him into frequent contact with the King , who as Ranger of the royal parks insisted on regular consultation . Contrary to expectations the two formed a cordial relationship . The years of the MacDonald 's second government were dominated by the economic depression that followed the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 . Lansbury was appointed to a committee , chaired by J.H. Thomas and including the youthful Oswald Mosley , charged with finding a solution to unemployment . Mosley produced a memorandum which called for a large @-@ scale programme of public works ; this was rejected by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Philip Snowden , on grounds of cost . At the end of July 1931 the May Committee , appointed in February to investigate government spending , prescribed heavy cuts , including a massive reduction in unemployment benefit . During August , in an atmosphere of financial panic and a run on the pound , the government debated the report . MacDonald and Snowden were prepared to implement it , but Lansbury and nine other cabinet ministers rejected the cut in unemployment benefit . Thus divided , the government could not continue ; MacDonald , however , did not resign as prime minister . After discussions with the opposition leaders and the king he formed a national all @-@ party coalition , with a " doctor 's mandate " to tackle the economic crisis . The great majority of Labour MPs , including Lansbury , were opposed to this action ; MacDonald and the few who followed him were expelled from the party , and Arthur Henderson became leader . MacDonald 's move was broadly welcomed in the country , however , and in the general election held in October 1931 the national government was returned with an enormous majority . Labour was reduced to 46 members ; Lansbury was the only senior member of the Labour leadership to retain his seat . = = Party leader = = Although defeated in the election , Henderson remained the party leader while Lansbury headed the Labour group in parliament — the Parliamentary Labour Party ( PLP ) . In October 1932 Henderson resigned and Lansbury succeeded him . In most historians ' reckonings , Lansbury led his small parliamentary force with skill and flair . He was also , says Shepherd , an inspiration to the dispirited Labour rank and file . As leader he began the process of reforming the party 's organisation and machinery , efforts which resulted in considerable by @-@ election and municipal election successes — including control of the LCC under Herbert Morrison in 1934 . According to Blythe , Lansbury " represented political hope and decency to the three million unemployed . " During this period Lansbury published his political credo , My England ( 1934 ) , which envisioned a future socialist state achieved by a mixture of revolutionary and evolutionary methods . The small Labour group in parliament had little influence over economic policy ; Lansbury 's term as leader was dominated by foreign affairs and disarmament , and by policy disagreements within the Labour movement . The official party position was based on collective security through the League of Nations and on multilateral disarmament . Lansbury , supported by many in the PLP , adopted a position of Christian pacifism , unilateral disarmament and the dismantling of the British Empire . Under his influence the party 's 1933 conference passed resolutions calling for the " total disarmament of all nations " , and pledged to take no part in war . Pacifism became temporarily popular in the country ; on 9 February 1933 the Oxford Union voted by 275 to 153 that it would " in no circumstances fight for its King and Country " , and the Fulham East by @-@ election in October 1933 was easily won by a Labour candidate committed to full disarmament . Lansbury sent a message to the constituency in his position as Labour Leader : " I would close every recruiting station , disband the Army and disarm the Air Force . I would abolish the whole dreadful equipment of war and say to the world : “ Do your worst ” . " October 1934 saw the emergence of the Peace Pledge Union ; the 1934 – 35 Peace Ballot , an unofficial public referendum , produced massive majorities against war . Meanwhile , Adolf Hitler had come to power in Germany , and had withdrawn from the international Conference on Disarmament in Geneva . Blythe observes that Britain 's noisy flirtations with pacifism " drowned out the sounds from German dockyards " , as German rearmament began . As fascism and militarism advanced in Europe , Lansbury 's pacifist stance drew criticism from the trades union elements of his party — who controlled the majority of party conference votes . Walter Citrine , the TUC general secretary , commented that Lansbury " thinks the country should be without defence of any kind ... it certainly isn 't our policy . " The party 's 1935 annual conference took place in Brighton during October , under the shadow of Italy 's impending invasion of Abyssinia . The national executive had tabled a resolution calling for sanctions against Italy , which Lansbury opposed as a form of economic warfare . His speech — a passionate exposition of the principles of Christian pacifism — was well received by the delegates , but immediately afterwards his position was destroyed by Ernest Bevin , the Transport and General Workers ' Union leader . Bevin attacked Lansbury for putting his private beliefs before a policy , agreed by all the party 's main institutions , to oppose fascist aggression , and accused him of " hawking your conscience round from body to body asking to be told what to do with it " . Union support ensured that the sanctions resolution was carried by a huge majority ; Lansbury , realising that a Christian pacifist could no longer lead the party , resigned a few days later . = = Final years = = Lansbury was 76 years old when he resigned the Labour leadership ; he did not , however , retire from public life . In the general election of November 1935 he kept his seat at Bow and Bromley ; Labour , now led by Attlee , improved its parliamentary representation to 154 . Lansbury devoted himself entirely to the cause of world peace , a quest that took him , in 1936 , to the United States . He addressed large crowds in 27 cities before meeting President Roosevelt in Washington to present his proposals for a world peace conference . In 1937 he toured Europe , visiting leaders in Belgium , France and Scandinavia , and in April secured a private meeting with Hitler . No official report of the discussion was issued , but Lansbury 's personal memorandum indicates that Hitler expressed willingness to join in a world conference if Roosevelt would convene it . Later that year Lansbury met Mussolini in Rome ; he described the Italian leader as " a mixture of Lloyd George , Stanley Baldwin and Winston Churchill " . Lansbury wrote several accounts of his peace journeys , notably My Quest for Peace ( 1938 ) . His mild and optimistic impressions of the European dictators were widely criticised as naïve and out of touch ; some British pacifists were dismayed at Lansbury 's meeting with Hitler , while the Daily Worker accused him of diverting attention from the aggressive realities of fascist policies . Lansbury continued to meet European leaders through 1938 and 1939 , and was nominated , unsuccessfully , for the 1940 Nobel Peace Prize . At home , Lansbury served a second term as Mayor of Poplar , in 1936 – 37 . He argued against direct confrontation with Mosley 's Blackshirts during the October 1936 demonstrations known as the Battle of Cable Street . In October 1937 he became president of the Peace Pledge Union , and a year later he welcomed the Munich Agreement as a step towards peace . During this period he worked on behalf of refugees from Nazi Germany , and was chairman of the Polish Refugee Fund which provided relief to displaced Jewish children . On 3 September 1939 , after Neville Chamberlain 's announcement of war with Germany , Lansbury addressed the House of Commons . Observing that the cause to which he had dedicated his life was going down in ruins , he added : " I hope that out of this terrible calamity will arise a spirit that will compel people to give up the reliance on force . " Early in 1940 Lansbury 's health began to fail ; although unaware , he was suffering from stomach cancer . In an article published in the socialist magazine Tribune , published on 25 April 1940 , he made a final statement of his Christian pacifism : " I hold fast to the truth that this world is big enough for all , that we are all brethren , children of one Father " . Lansbury died on 7 May 1940 , at the Manor House Hospital in Golders Green . His funeral in St Mary 's Church , Bow , was followed by cremation at Ilford Crematorium , before a memorial service in Westminster Abbey . His ashes were scattered at sea , in accordance with the wish expressed in his will : " I desire this because although I love England very dearly ... I am a convinced internationalist " . = = Tributes and legacy = = Most historical assessments of Lansbury have tended to stress his character and principles rather than his effectiveness as a party political leader . Although Taylor labels him " the most lovable figure in modern politics " , and the outstanding figure of the English revolutionary left in the 20th century , Kenneth O. Morgan , in his biography of a later Labour leader , Michael Foot , regards Lansbury as " an agitator of protest , not a politician of power " . Journalists commonly accused Lansbury of sentimentality , and party intellectuals accused him of lacking mental capacity . Nevertheless , his speeches in the House of Commons were often flavoured with historical and literary allusions , and he left behind a considerable body of writing on socialist ideas ; Morgan refers to him as a " prophet " . Foot , who as a young man met and was influenced by Lansbury , was particularly impressed by the older man 's achievements in establishing the Daily Herald , given his complete lack of journalistic training . Nevertheless , Foot felt that Lansbury 's pacifism was unrealistic , and believed that Bevin 's demolition at the 1935 conference was justified . There is much agreement among historians and analysts that Lansbury was never self @-@ serving and , guided by his Christian socialist principles , was consistent in his efforts on behalf of the poorest in society . Shepherd believes that " there could have been no better leader for the Labour Party at the collapse of its political fortunes in 1931 than Lansbury , a universally popular choice and a source of inspiration among Labour ranks " . In the House of Commons on 8 May 1940 , the day following Lansbury 's death , Chamberlain said of him : " There were not many hon . Members who felt convinced of the practicability of the methods which he advocated for the preservation of peace , but there was no one who did not realise his intense conviction , which arose out of his deep humanitarianism " . Attlee also paid tribute to his former leader : " He hated cruelty , injustice and wrongs , and felt deeply for all who suffered ... [ H ] e was ever the champion of the weak , and ... to the end of his life he strove for that in which he believed " . After the Second World War , a stained glass window designed by the Belgian artist Eugeen Yoors was placed in the Kingsley Hall community centre in Bow , as a memorial to Lansbury . His memory is further sustained by streets and housing developments named after him , most notably the Lansbury Estate in Poplar , completed in 1951 A further enduring memorial , Attlee suggests , is the extent to which the then @-@ revolutionary social policies that Lansbury began advocating before the turn of the 20th century had become accepted mainstream doctrine little more than a decade after his death . = = Personal and family life = = For most of their married life , George and Bessie Lansbury lived in Bow , originally in St Stephen 's Road and , from 1916 , at 39 Bow Road , a house which , Shepherd records , became " a political haven " for those requiring assistance of any kind . Bessie died in 1933 , after 53 years of a marriage that had produced 12 children between 1881 and 1905 . Of the 10 who survived to adulthood , Edgar followed his father into local political activism as a Poplar councillor in 1912 , serving as the borough 's mayor in 1924 – 25 . He was for a time a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) . After the death of his first wife Minnie in 1922 , Edgar married Moyna Macgill , an actress from Belfast ; their daughter Angela Lansbury , born in 1925 , became a famous stage and screen actress . George Lansbury 's youngest daughter Violet ( 1900 – 71 ) was an active CPGB member in the 1920s , who lived and worked in Moscow for many years . She married Clemens Palme Dutt , the brother of the prominent Marxist intellectual Rajani Palme Dutt . Another daughter , Dorothy ( 1890 – 1973 ) , was a women 's rights activist and later a campaigner for contraceptive and abortion rights . She married Ernest Thurtle , the Labour MP for Shoreditch , and was herself a member of Shoreditch council , serving as mayor in 1936 . She and her husband founded the Workers ' Birth Control Group in 1924 . Her younger sister Daisy ( 1892 – 1971 ) served as George Lansbury 's secretary for 20 years . In 1913 she helped Sylvia Pankhurst to evade police capture by disguising herself as Pankhurst . She was married to Raymond Postgate , the left @-@ wing writer and historian , who was Lansbury 's first biographer and founder of The Good Food Guide . Their son , Oliver Postgate , was a successful writer , animator and producer for children 's television . The Lansbury home in Bow Road was destroyed by bombing during the London Blitz of 1940 – 41 . = = Books by Lansbury = = Your Part in Poverty . London : Allen and Unwin . 1918 . OCLC 251051169 . These Things Shall Be . London : Swarthorne Press . 1920 . OCLC 1109879 . What I Saw in Russia . London : L. Parsons . 1920 . OCLC 457509320 . My Life . London : Constable & Co . 1928 . OCLC 2150486 . My England . London : Selwyn & Blount . 1934 . OCLC 2175404 . Looking Backwards and Forwards . London and Glasgow : Blackie and Son . 1935 . OCLC 9072833 . Why Pacifists Should Be Socialists . London : FACT . 1937 . OCLC 826854352 . My Quest for Peace . London : M. Joseph . 1938 . OCLC 4051871 . This Way to Peace . London : Rich and Cowan . 1940 . OCLC 4024194 . = Road to ... ( Family Guy ) = The " Road to ... " episodes , also known as the Family Guy Road shows , are a series of episodes in the animated series Family Guy . They are a parody of the seven Road to ... comedy films , starring Bing Crosby , Bob Hope , and Dorothy Lamour . These episodes revolve around baby , Stewie Griffin and anthropomorphic dog , Brian on a road trip in a foreign , supernatural or science fiction setting not familiar to the show 's normal location in Quahog , Rhode Island . The first , titled " Road to Rhode Island " , aired on May 30 , 2000 , as a part of the second season . The episodes are known for featuring elaborate musical numbers , similar to the original films . As of 2016 , there are eight Road to episodes . The Road to episodes contain several signature elements , including a special version of the opening sequence , custom musical cues and musical numbers , and parodies of science fiction and fantasy films . Many of the episodes are popular among television critics , and have been nominated for several awards . In 2000 , " Road to Rhode Island " was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) " category . In 2009 , " Road to Germany , " along with two other episodes from the seventh season , were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Comedy Series " category , the first time in 48 years multiple episodes of one animated series were nominated for the same award . = = Episodes = = = = Segments = = Road to episodes typically consist of three parts following a series of theatrical or cultural @-@ themed credits , and beginning with a segment at the Griffin family home in Quahog , Rhode Island . This segment usually establishes a conflict that Stewie and Brian must overcome by leaving Quahog and the rest of the Griffin family . For the second segment , Stewie and Brian obtain the established goal , which differs in each episode , and have included Brian reuniting with his mother in " Road to Rhode Island " , Stewie finding his lost teddy bear in " Road to Rupert " , and rescuing Mort Goldman , the town 's pharmacist , in " Road to Germany " . In " Road to the Multiverse " various different animation styles and techniques are showcased , such as Disney and Robot Chicken . The final segment involves the two 's struggle to return to their home in Quahog . = = Production and development = = The Road to episodes are a parody of the seven Road to ... comedy films released between 1940 and 1962 , which starred actors Bing Crosby , Bob Hope and Dorothy Lamour . Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane came up with the idea to create the episodes , being a fan of the original film series . The first Road to episode , titled " Road to Rhode Island " , aired in 2000 as a part of the second season of Family Guy , and featured Brian and Stewie attempting to find Brian 's mother . The episode was the first Family Guy contribution by director Dan Povenmire , and it was written by Gary Janetti , who had previously written for the show during its first and second seasons . MacFarlane granted Povenmire substantial creative freedom . Povenmire recalled that MacFarlane would tell him , " We 've got two minutes to fill . Give me some visual gags . Do whatever you want . I trust you . " Povenmire praised MacFarlane 's management style for letting him " have [ ... ] fun " . After the episode 's success , including its nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award , a second episode in the Road to series was produced for the third season , titled " Road to Europe . " The episode was inspired by the 1941 film Road to Morocco , including its musical number " ( We 're off on the ) Road to Morocco " , which was previously parodied by the two characters , with new lyrics , in " Rhode Island " . Povenmire returned to direct the episode but this time it was written by Daniel Palladino , who was a guest @-@ writer . The third episode in the series was not produced in the fourth season , but instead it was produced in the fifth season , titled " Road to Rupert " , which followed Stewie in his attempt to relocate his teddy bear , Rupert , who was taken to Aspen , Colorado , was the last episode of the Road shows to be directed by Dan Povenmire . Povenmire left Family Guy soon after , following the conclusion of the fifth season , to create his own series , titled Phineas and Ferb , which has since been nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards with two Emmy wins . It was written by Patrick Meighan who had written the fourth season episode " 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter " . As a result , series regular Greg Colton , who had worked on " Brian Goes Back to College " , " No Meals on Wheels " , and also " 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter " , took over Povenmire 's role as director of the Road to episodes . The next installment was titled " Road to Germany " , which follows Brian and Stewie going back in time to rescue their neighbor Mort Goldman from the Nazi invasion of Poland . The episode was produced for the seventh season , it aired on October 19 , 2008 . Meighan returned to write the episode . After reading the script aloud , Jewish executive producer David A. Goodman said , " I 'm going to get kicked out of my temple . " The next Road to episode was announced at the 2008 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in San Diego , California , on July 25 , 2008 @.@ it was titled " Road to the Multiverse " and it was produced in the seventh eighth season . Though it was not originally intended to be a Road to episode , Greg Colton convinced series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane and " Spies Reminiscent of Us " director Cyndi Tang to change the episode 's title from " Sliders " , parodying the science fiction television series Sliders . Colton 's suggestion of the new title " Road to the Multiverse " was accepted , as was altering the premise of " Spies Reminiscent of Us " , the season 's original Road to episode . The episode was not written by Meighan , instead it was written by Wellesley Wild who wrote " PTV " . The sixth episode was announced at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , and follows Brian and Stewie on an adventure to the North Pole . It aired during the show 's ninth season , and is titled " Road to the North Pole " . The episode was the first Road show to be produced and broadcast in high @-@ definition , the first to be a full hour in length , and was directed by Colton . The tenth season episode " Back to the Pilot " , originally titled " Road to the Pilot " , was at first intended to be the seventh installment in the Road series , however it was changed before airing . The seventh episode was announced at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . The episode involves Brian and Stewie teleporting to Las Vegas . Except something goes wrong with the machine and Brian and Stewie get cloned . One pair has the best possible time in Las Vegas , the other two have the worst possible time . The episode , titled " Roads to Vegas , " aired as the show ’ s eleventh season finale in May 2013 . = = Reception = = The Road to episodes are often among the most critically acclaimed episodes of the series . In a 2009 review of " Road to Rhode Island " , Ahsan Haque of IGN gave the episode a perfect score of ten out of ten , praising the episode for its " great writing , hilarious jokes , a catchy musical , and a story that 's both hilarious and touching at the same time . " In a subsequent review by IGN of " Road to Germany " , Haque again gave the episode high marks for its " exciting storyline , and some hilariously offensive humor . " Similarly , " Road to the Multiverse " was received very positively by television credits , who called the episode " the best of the early episodes we 've seen on the series . " In addition , " Road to the Multiverse " was the highest rated episode of the eighth season , in terms of total viewership . The episodes are generally praised by critics for the connection between Brian and Stewie . IGN stated that when Stewie and Brian are paired together for adventures in the series it becomes hilarious , also mentioning that it was great that they could learn more deeply Brian and see Stewie 's transformation of character . TV Squad critic Brett Love has stated that he enjoys the episodes , especially the parts that show Stewie and Brian relationship , in his review of " Road to Rupert " he commented that Stewie and Brian 's story made the episode for him . Both IGN and TV Squad have praised " Road to Germany " , " Road to Rupert " and " Road to Rhode Island " for having that type of connection in their respective reviews . Though the series receives praise there are some critics that give the episodes a negative review . Alex Rocha of TV Guide was critical in her review of " Road to Germany " stating , " it seemed that the show has taken a slight fall back . After having great episodes the past few weeks to get this current season started on a roll , we have witnessed another average , even sub @-@ par episode . Although Brett Love of TV Squad praised " Road to Rupert " , he did state that he did not like the B @-@ story of the episode . Although the Parents Television Council , a frequent Family Guy critic , did not name " Road to the Multiverse " its " Worst TV Show of the Week " , it did refer to this episode in its negative review of the following episode , " Family Goy " , due to both episodes depicting violence against a recurring Jewish character , Mort Goldman . The PTC did name a later Road to episode , " Road to the North Pole " , as its " Worst TV Show of the Week " for sexually explicit humor at the episode 's beginning , and graphic violence ( wherein Stewie beats a homeowner to death after discovering him and Brian in the house and concluding them to be burglars ) . = = = Awards = = = In 2000 , " Road to Rhode Island " was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) " category , but ultimately lost to The Simpsons episode " Behind the Laughter " . In 2009 , " Road to Germany " , along with two other episodes from the seventh season , were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Comedy Series " category , the first time in 48 years an animated series was nominated for the same award . The show lost to the NBC series 30 Rock , who had won the award in both 2007 and 2008 . In 2011 , " Road to the North Pole " won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half @-@ Hour ) and Animation . In IGN 's top ten list of Stewie and Brian 's Greatest Adventures , the Road to episodes gains each spot on the top five with " Road to Europe " in spot number five , " Road to Germany " in number four , " Road to Rupert " in number three , " Road to the Multiverse " in number two , and the first episode , " Road to Rhode Island " , in the number @-@ one spot in the list . Other episodes in the list included " Saving Private Brian " , " Stuck Together , Torn Apart " and " Movin ' Out ( Brian 's Song ) " . = Project Isinglass = Project Isinglass was the code name given to two heavily classified , manned reconnaissance aircraft studied by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) as potential replacements for the Lockheed A @-@ 12 and SR @-@ 71 during the mid 1960s . The first proposal under the Isinglass name , a high @-@ altitude plane to fly at Mach 4 to 5 , was considered an insufficient advancement over existing aircraft ; the second , much more advanced design , sometimes referred to as Project Rheinberry , was an air @-@ launched , Mach 20 rocket @-@ powered boost @-@ glide aircraft that would use a very @-@ high @-@ altitude trajectory to avoid defenses . This aircraft was considered too costly for development , and the project was abandoned in 1967 . = = Origins = = Project Isinglass was developed as a result of the vulnerability of existing manned reconnaissance aircraft , such as the Lockheed U @-@ 2 and the Lockheed A @-@ 12 , to Soviet air defenses in the early 1960s , catalysed by the shooting down in May 1960 of Francis Gary Powers . Although there were continuing plans to overfly the Soviet Union with the A @-@ 12 – referred to by the CIA as Project Oxcart – these failed to come to pass , and the CIA began plans for an aircraft with superior performance to replace Oxcart . = = The Convair proposal = = The initial aircraft proposed under the Project Isinglass name was developed by the Convair division of General Dynamics , and was developed from work done on the Super Hustler , FISH , and Kingfish programs , as well as leveraging off work done on the F @-@ 111 tactical bomber . Convair 's design utilised avionics and hydraulics systems that had been developed for use by the F @-@ 111 , and was intended to be capable of cruising at speeds of Mach 4 to Mach 5 , at an altitude of 98 @,@ 000 ft ( 30 km ) . The feasibility study conducted by General Dynamics was completed in the fall of 1964 ; the aircraft was determined to be too costly , and was also still considered potentially vulnerable to projected Soviet air defense capabilities , so the project was halted . = = The McDonnell proposal = = = = = Design and development = = = An alternative design completed by McDonnell Aircraft in 1965 is usually considered part of Project Isinglass , however some documents refer to the aircraft as having been codenamed Project Rheinberry . McDonnell 's proposed boost @-@ glide aircraft , submitted to the CIA independently of the Convair Isinglass proposals , featured a small , manned , rocket @-@ powered craft with a high lift @-@ to @-@ drag ratio that would be air @-@ launched by a B @-@ 52 bomber while flying over the Atlantic Ocean . The aircraft would ignite its rocket engine and adopt a trajectory that would take it over the Soviet Union at speeds of Mach 20 and at an altitude of over 200 @,@ 000 feet ( 61 km ) , before descending over the Pacific Ocean to a landing at Groom Lake , Nevada , as a glider , landing on the lake bed using a skid landing gear . The Isinglass / Rheinberry concept was considered to be superior to spy satellites in a number of ways , including rapid turnaround time and quick response capability . As there was little funding to be had from the CIA budget , McDonnell developed the aircraft using its own funds , although technical support gleaned from Oxcart was supplied by the CIA . The McDonnell Isenglass / Rheinberry proposal 's shape remains classified , although it has been described as being similar to the Space Shuttle , albeit much reduced in size . A 1 / 3 cross @-@ sectional model of the aircraft was constructed to illustrate the principles used in its construction . Simulations showed that the aircraft would be essentially unstoppable by existing or projected air defenses ; even surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles armed with nuclear warheads could do no better than force the aircraft to change course to avoid the fringe effects of the explosions . = = = Cancellation = = = Following fourteen months of work , McDonnell had developed the aircraft to the point where serious proposals were made for its construction . However , neither the CIA or the National Reconnaissance Office had an official requirement for such an aircraft ; in addition , the projected cost of the aircraft was astronomical , the cost for eight aircraft being projected to be $ 2 @.@ 6 billion USD in 1965 dollars ( inflation adjusted US $ 19 @.@ 52 billion in 2016 ) , a sum considered to be far too high for the available budget . In addition , there were concerns that the aircraft 's trajectory could be mistaken for that of an incoming	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Burgundian renaissance receded , Joseph continued on his course to annex part of Bavaria . The widow — Max Joseph 's widow or the mother @-@ in @-@ law or both — petitioned Prussia on behalf of Charles II August . Frederick 's envoys to the heir presumptive convinced this slighted prince to lodge protests with the Imperial Diet in Regensburg . Joseph 's troops remained in portions of Bavaria , even establishing an Austrian administration at Straubing , precipitating a diplomatic crisis . Austrian occupation of Bavaria was unacceptable to Charles August 's champion , Frederick . Prussian troops mobilized near Prussia 's border with Bohemia , reminiscent of the invasion in 1740 that so endangered Maria Theresa 's succession to the Habsburg hereditary lands . Meanwhile , the French wriggled out of their diplomatic obligations to Austria , telling Joseph that there would be no military support from Paris for a war against Prussia . Britain , Prussia 's strongest ally , was already mired in a war in North America , but Prussia 's military had recovered from the Seven Years ' War and Frederick did not require any help . Prussia 's other ally , Saxony , aligned by two marriages with Charles August , was strategically prepared for war against Austria and ready to contribute twenty thousand troops . Watching from St. Petersburg , Catherine II was willing to mop up the spoils of war for the Russian Empire but did not want to get involved in another costly European conflict . For four months , negotiators shuttled between Vienna and Berlin , Dresden and Regensburg , and Zweibrücken , Munich and Mannheim . By early spring 1778 , Austria and Prussia faced each other with armies several times the size of their forces during the Seven Years ' War , and their confrontation had the potential to explode into another European @-@ wide war . = = Action = = When it became clear that other monarchs were not going to acquiesce to a de facto partition of Bavaria , Joseph and his foreign minister , Anton von Kaunitz , scoured the Habsburg realm for troops and concentrated six hundred guns and a 180 @,@ 000 – 190 @,@ 000 @-@ man Austrian army in Bohemia , Moravia , and Austrian Silesia . This amounted to most of Austria 's two hundred thousand effectives , leaving much of the Habsburg border regions with the Ottoman Empire under @-@ guarded . On 6 April 1778 , Frederick of Prussia established his army of eighty thousand men on the Prussian border with Bohemia , near Neisse , Schweidnitz , and the County of Glatz , which Frederick had acquired from the Wittelsbach contender in 1741 in exchange for his electoral support of Charles VII . At Glatz , Frederick completed his preparations for invasion : he gathered supplies , arranged a line of march , brought up his artillery and drilled his soldiers . His younger brother , Prince Henry , formed a second army of seventy @-@ five to a hundred thousand men to the north and west , in Saxony . In April , Frederick and Joseph officially joined their armies in the field , and diplomatic negotiations ended . In early July 1778 , the Prussian general Johann Jakob von Wunsch ( 1717 – 1788 ) crossed into Bohemia near the fortified town of Náchod with several hundred men . The local garrison , commanded by Friedrich Joseph , Freiherr ( Baron ) von Nauendorf , then a rittmeister ( captain of cavalry ) , included only fifty hussars . Despite the poor numerical odds , Nauendorf sallied out to engage Wunsch 's men . When his small force reached Wunsch 's , he greeted the Prussians as friends ; by the time the Prussians were close enough to realize the allegiance of the hussars , Nauendorf and his small band had acquired the upper hand . Wunsch withdrew ; the next day , Nauendorf was promoted to major . In a letter to her son , the Empress Maria Theresa wrote : " They say you were so pleased with Nauendorf , a rookie from Carlstadt or Hungary , who killed seven men , that you gave him twelve ducats . " = = = Invasion = = = A few days after Wunsch 's encounter with Nauendorf , Frederick entered Bohemia . His eighty thousands troops occupied Náchod but advanced no further . The Habsburg army stood on the heights of the Elbe river , nominally under Joseph but with Count Franz Moritz von Lacy in practical command . Lacy had served under Marshal Daun during the Seven Years ' War and knew his military business . He established the Austrian army on the most defensible position available : centered at Jaroměř , a triple line of redoubts extended 15 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) southwest along the river to Königgrätz . The Austrians also augmented this defensive line with their six hundred artillery . While the main Habsburg army faced Frederick at the Elbe , a smaller army under the command of Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon guarded the passes from Saxony and Lusatia into Bohemia . Laudon was another battle @-@ hardened and cagey commander with extensive field experience , but even he could not cover the long frontier completely . Shortly after Frederick crossed into Bohemia , Prince Henry , a brilliant strategist in his own right , maneuvered around Laudon 's troops and entered Bohemia at Hainspach . To avoid being flanked , Laudon withdrew across the Iser River , but by mid @-@ August , the main Austrian army was in danger of being outflanked by Henry on its left wing . At its center and right , it faced a well @-@ disciplined army commanded by Frederick , arguably the best tactical general of the age and feared for his victories against France and Austria in the previous war . While his main army was entrenched on the heights above the Elbe , Joseph encouraged raids against the Prussian troops . On 7 August 1778 , with two squadrons of his regiment , the intrepid " rookie " , now Major , Nauendorf , led a raid against a Prussian convoy at Bieberdorf in the County of Glatz . The surprised convoy surrendered and Nauendorf captured its officers , 110 men , 476 horses , 240 wagons of flour , and thirteen transport wagons . This kind of action characterized the entire war . There were no major battles ; the war consisted of a series of raids and counter @-@ raids during which the opposing sides lived off the country @-@ side and tried to deny each other access to supplies and fodder . Soldiers later said they spent more time foraging for food than they did fighting . The armies remained in their encampments for the campaign season while men and horses ate all the provisions and forage for miles . Prince Henry wrote to his brother , suggesting they complete their operations by 22 August , at which time he estimated he would have exhausted local supplies of food for his men and fodder for his horses . Frederick agreed . He laid plans to cross the Elbe and approach the Austrian force from the rear , but the more he examined the conditions of Joseph 's entrenchments , the more he realized the campaign was already lost . Even if he and Henry executed simultaneous attacks on the Königgrätz heights , such a plan exposed Henry to a flanking attack from Laudon . A coordinated frontal and rear assault was also unlikely to succeed . Even if it did , the Prussian losses would be unacceptable and would demolish his army 's capacity to resist other invaders . From Frederick 's perspective , the Russians and the Swedes were always ready to take advantage of any perceived Prussian weakness , and the French also could not be trusted to keep their distance . For Frederick , it was a risk not worth taking . Despite this realization , the four armies — two Austrian , two Prussian — remained in place until September , eating as much of the country 's resources as they could . From their advantageous height by Königgrätz , the Austrians frequently bombarded the Prussian army encamped below them . On the same day that Frederick 's doctors bled him , an Austrian cannonade grew so strong that Frederick rode out to observe the damage . During the ride , his vein opened . A company medic bound his wound , an incident later depicted by the painter Bernhard Rode . In his admiring history of Frederick the Great , the English historian Thomas Carlyle ( 1795 – 1881 ) relayed the story of Frederick and a Croatian marksman . As Frederick was reconnoitering , Carlyle maintained , the King encountered the Croat taking aim at him . Reportedly , he wagged his finger at the man , as if to say , " Do not do that . " The Croat thought better of shooting the King , and disappeared into the woods ; some reports maintain he actually knelt before the king and kissed his hand . Nauendorf continued his raids , the soldiers foraged for food and dug up the local potato crop , and Joseph and Frederick glared at one another by Königgrätz . Maria Theresa had sent Kaunitz on a secret mission to Berlin to offer a truce . In a second trip , she offered a settlement , and finally wrote to Catherine in Russia to ask for assistance . When Joseph discovered his mother 's maneuvering behind his back , he furiously offered to resign . His mother enlisted the assistance she needed . Catherine offered to mediate the dispute ; if her assistance was unacceptable , she was willing to send fifty thousand troops to augment the Prussian force , despite the fact that she disliked Frederick and her alliance with him was strictly defensive . Frederick withdrew portions of his force in mid @-@ September . In October , Joseph withdrew most of his army to the Bohemian border and Frederick withdrew his remaining troops into Prussia . Two small forces of hussars and dragoons remained in Bohemia to provide a winter cordon ; these forces allowed Joseph and Frederick to keep an eye on each other while their diplomats negotiated at Teschen . = = = Winter actions = = = Appointed to be commander of the Austrian winter cordon , Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser ordered a small assault column under the command of Colonel Wilhelm Klebeck to attack the village of Dittersbach . Klebeck led a column of Croats into the village . During the action , four hundred Prussians were killed , another four hundred made prisoner , and eight colors were captured . Following his successes against the Prussians in 1778 , Joseph awarded Wurmser the Knight 's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa on 21 October 1778 . In another raid , on 1 January 1779 , Colonel Franz Levenehr led 3 @,@ 200 men ( four battalions , six squadrons , and 16 artillery ) into Zuckmantel , a village in Silesia on the Prussia border , 7 kilometers ( 4 mi ) south of Ziegenhals . There , he ran against a 10 @,@ 000 – man Prussian force commanded by General von Wunsch ; the Austrians decisively defeated the Prussians , with a loss of 20 men ( wounded ) against the Prussian losses of 800 . Two weeks later , Wurmser advanced into the County of Glatz in five columns , two of which , commanded by Major General Franz Joseph , Count Kinsky , surrounded Habelschwerdt on 17 – 18 January . While one column secured the approach , the other , under the leadership of Colonel Pallavicini , stormed the village and captured the Prince of Hessen @-@ Philippsthal , 37 officers , plus 700 – 1 @,@ 000 men , three cannon and seven colors ; in this action , the Prussians lost 400 men dead or wounded . Wurmser himself led the third column in an assault on the so @-@ called Swedish blockhouse at Oberschwedeldorf . It and the village of Habelschwerdt were set on fire by howitzers . Major General Ludwig , Baron of Terzi ( 1730 – 1800 ) , who was covering with the remaining two columns , threw back the enemy support and took three hundred Prussian prisoners . Meanwhile , Wurmser maintained his position at the nearby villages of Rückerts and Reinerz . His forward patrols reached the outskirts of Glatz and patrolled much of the Silesian border with Prussia near Schweidnitz . Halberschwerdt and Oberschedeldorf were both destroyed . On 3 March 1779 , Nauendorf again raided Berbersdorf with a large force of infantry and hussars and captured the entire Prussian garrison . Joseph awarded him the Knight 's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa ( 19 May 1779 ) . = = Impact = = In the Treaty of Teschen ( May 1779 ) , Maria Theresa returned Lower Bavaria to Charles Theodore , but kept the so @-@ called Innviertel , a 2 @,@ 200 @-@ square @-@ kilometer ( 850 sq mi ) strip of land in the drainage basin of the Inn River . She and Joseph were surprised to find that the small territory had 120 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Saxony received a financial reward of six million gulden from the principal combatants for its role in the intervention . The War of the Bavarian Succession was the last war for both Frederick and Maria Theresa , whose reigns began and ended with wars against one another . Although they deployed armies three to four times the size of the armies of the Seven Years ' War , neither monarch used the entirety of the military force each had at his or her disposal , making this war @-@ without @-@ battles remarkable . Despite the restraint of the monarchs , some early nineteenth @-@ century casualty estimates suggest that tens of thousands died of starvation and hunger @-@ related disease . Carlyle 's more moderate estimate lies at about ten thousand Prussian and probably another ten thousand Austrian dead . Michael Hochedlinger assesses combined casualties at approximately thirty thousand ; Robert Kann gives no estimate of casualties but suggests the primary causes of death were cholera and dysentery . Gaston Bodart , whose 1915 work is still considered the authority on Austrian military losses , is specific : five Austrian generals ( he does not name them ) , over twelve thousand soldiers , and 74 officers died of disease . In minor actions and skirmishes , nine officers and 265 men were killed and four officers and 123 men were wounded , but not fatally . Sixty @-@ two officers and 2 @,@ 802 men were taken prisoner , and 137 men were missing . Over three thousand Imperial soldiers deserted . Finally , twenty @-@ six officers and 372 men were discharged with disabilities . Bodart also gives Prussian losses : one general killed ( he does not say which ) , 87 officers and 3 @,@ 364 men killed , wounded or captured . Overall , he assumes losses of ten percent of the fighting force . Little has been discovered of civilian casualties , although certainly the civilians also suffered from starvation and disease . There were other damages : for example , Habelschwerdt and one of its hamlets were destroyed by fire . Despite its short duration , the war itself cost Prussia thirty @-@ three million florins . For the Austrians , the cost was higher : sixty @-@ five million florins , for a state with an annual revenue of fifty million . Joseph himself described war as " a horrible thing ... the ruin of many innocent people . " = = = Change in warfare = = = This was the last European war of the old style , in which armies maneuvered sedately at a distance while diplomats hustled between capitals to resolve their Majesties ' differences . Given the length of time — six months — the cost in life and treasure was high . In light of the scale of warfare experienced in Europe less than a generation later in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars , though , this six @-@ month engagement seems mild . Yet while historians often dismissed it as the last of the archaic mode of Ancien Régime warfare , elements of the war foreshadowed conflicts to come : the sheer sizes of the armies deployed reflected emerging abilities and willingness to conscript , train , equip and field larger armies than had been done in previous generations . The war also reflected a new height in military spending , especially by the Habsburgs . After the Seven Years ' War , the size of the Habsburg military shrank , from 201 @,@ 311 men in arms in 1761 to 163 @,@ 613 in 1775 . In preparing for a second summer 's campaign , Joseph 's army grew from 195 @,@ 108 effectives in the summer of 1778 to 308 @,@ 555 men in arms in Spring 1779 . Habsburg military strength never dropped below two hundred thousand effectives between 1779 and 1792 , when Austria entered the War of the First Coalition . Several times it surged above three hundred thousand men in arms , responding to needs on the Ottoman border or the revolt in the Austrian Netherlands . The military also underwent a massive organizational overhaul . In the vernacular , the Austrians called the war Zwetschgenrummel ( " Plum Fuss " ) , and for the Prussians and Saxons , it was Kartoffelkrieg ( " Potato War " ) . In the historiography of European warfare , historians almost always describe the War of the Bavarian Succession " in dismissive or derisive terms [ as ] the apotheosis ( or perhaps caricature ) of old regime warfare , " despite its grand name . Some historians have maintained that the focus on the consumption of the produce of the land gave the war its popular name . Others suggest that the two armies lobbed potatoes instead of cannonballs or mortars . A third theory maintains that the war acquired its popular name because it took place during the potato harvest . = = = Resurgence of the problem = = = The underlying problem was not solved : Joseph 's foreign policy dictated the expansion of Habsburg influence over German @-@ speaking territories , and only this , he believed , would counter Prussia 's growing strength in Imperial affairs . In 1785 , Joseph again sought to make a territorial deal with Charles Theodore , again offering to trade portions of Bavarian territory for portions of the Austrian Netherlands . This time it would be a straight trade : territory for territory , not a partition . Although the Austrian Netherlands was a wealthy territory , it was a thorn in Joseph 's side , opposing his administrative and bureaucratic reforms and devouring military and administrative resources he desperately needed elsewhere in his realm . Despite its problems , Joseph could not afford to give up the Netherlands entirely , so his efforts to negotiate a partial territorial exchange guaranteed him some of the financial benefits of both his Netherlands possessions and the Bavarian territories . Even if Joseph had to give up the Austrian Netherlands , it meant " the barter of an indefensible strategic position and ... an economic liability for a great territorial and political gain , adjacent to the monarchy . " Again , Charles II August , Duke of Zweibrücken , resented the possible loss of his Bavarian expectancy , and again , Frederick of Prussia offered aid . This time , no war developed , not even a " Potato War " . Instead , Frederick founded the Fürstenbund , or the Union of Princes , comprising the influential princes of the northern German states , and these individuals jointly pressured Joseph to relinquish his ambitious plans . Rather than increasing Austria 's influence in German affairs , Joseph 's actions increased Prussian influence , making Prussia seem like a protector state against greedy Habsburg imperialism ( an ironic contrast to the earlier stage of the Austro @-@ Prussian rivalry , in which Frederick seized German @-@ speaking lands with military force and without formal declaration of war , causing most of the German states to join Austria ) . In 1799 , the duchy passed to Maximilian IV Joseph , brother of Charles August , whose only child had died in 1784 . = = Long @-@ term effect : the intensification of German dualism = = Joseph understood the problems facing his multi @-@ ethnic patrimony and the ambivalent position the Austrians held in the Holy Roman Empire . Although the Habsburgs and their successor house of Habsburg @-@ Lorraine had , with two exceptions , held the position of Emperor since the early 15th century , the basis of 18th @-@ century Habsburg power lay not in the Holy Roman Empire itself , but in Habsburg territories in Eastern Europe ( where the family had vast domains ) , the Italian peninsula , and the Lowlands . For Joseph or his successors to wield influence in the German @-@ speaking states , they needed to acquire additional German @-@ speaking territories . Acquisition of Central European territories with German @-@ speaking subjects would strengthen the Austrian position in the Holy Roman Empire . As far as Joseph was concerned , only this could shift the center of the Habsburg empire into German @-@ speaking Central Europe . This agenda made dispensable both the Austrian Netherlands — Habsburg territories which lay furthest west — and Galicia , furthest east . It also made the recovery of German @-@ speaking Silesia and acquisition of new territories in Bavaria essential . By the late 1770s , Joseph also faced important diplomatic obstacles in consolidating Habsburg influence in Central Europe . When the British had been Austria 's allies , Austria could count on British support in its wars , but Britain was now allied with Prussia . In the Diplomatic Revolution , the French replaced the British as Austria 's ally , but they were fickle , as Joseph discovered when Vergennes extricated Versailles from its obligations . Russia , which also had been an important Austrian ally for most of the Seven Years ' War , sought opportunities for expansion at the expense of its weak neighbors . In 1778 , that meant Poland and the Ottoman Empire , but Joseph fully understood the danger of appearing weak in Russia 's eyes : Habsburg lands could be carved off easily by the cagey Catherine 's diplomatic knife . Still , Frederick of Prussia was the most definite enemy , as he had been throughout the reigns of Theresa and Franz before him , when the Prussian state 's emergence as a player on the European stage had occurred at Habsburg expense , first with the loss of Silesia , and later in the 1750s and 1760s . Joseph sought to unify the different portions of his realm , not the German states as a whole , and to establish Habsburg hegemony in German @-@ speaking central Europe beginning with the partition of Bavaria . The broad geographic outlines of European states changed rapidly in the last fifty years of the century , with partitions of Poland and territorial exchanges through conquest and diplomacy . Rulers sought to centralize their control over their domains and create well @-@ defined borders within which their writ was law . For Joseph , the acquisition of Bavaria , or at least parts of it , would link Habsburg territories in Bohemia with those in the Tyrol and partially compensate Austria for its loss of Silesia . The Bavarian succession crisis provided Joseph with a viable opportunity to consolidate his influence in the Central European states , to bolster his financially strapped government with much @-@ needed revenue , and to strengthen his army with German @-@ speaking conscripts . Supremacy in the German states was worth a war , but for Frederick , the preservation of Charles August 's inheritance was not . He had had sufficient war in the first years of his reign , and in its last twenty years , he sought to preserve the status quo , not to enter into risky adventures that might upset it . If he had to withdraw from engagement with Joseph 's army , such a sacrifice was a temporary measure . Warfare was only one means of diplomacy , and he could employ others in this contest with Austria . The Austro @-@ Prussian dualism that dominated the next century 's unification movement rumbled ominously in the War of the Bavarian Succession . = Jonas Mouton = Jonas Mouton ( born March 17 , 1988 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He played his college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team . He started at weakside linebacker and was previously a highly rated safety for Venice High School . He led the Big Ten Conference in tackles for the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season . He was the starting weakside linebacker for the 2008 , 2009 team and 2010 teams . Mouton was named on the preseason watch list for the 2010 Butkus Award for linebackers and was a postseason 2010 All @-@ Big Ten Conference second team selection by the media . In high school , he played safety in the U.S. Army All @-@ American Bowl . = = High school = = Mouton played as a defensive back at Venice High School . In September 2005 , the Los Angeles Times ran a feature story about his accomplishments at Venice . The Times story opened as follows : " The hardest @-@ working player on the Venice High football team is Jonas Mouton , and he has ability to match . A 6 @-@ foot @-@ 2 , 215 @-@ pound senior defensive back with linebacker @-@ like hitting skills , a quarterback 's awareness of the field and the shifty quickness of a running back , Mouton could rely on natural abilities and coast through high school . But he out @-@ hustled , out @-@ ran and out @-@ lifted just about everyone else during spring practice his sophomore year to earn a spot on varsity . He hasn 't slowed since . " The major high school rating reports evaluated him as a safety . Rivals.com listed him as the third best safety in the class of 2006 , the seventh best California football player and the 45th best player in the nation . Scout.com ranked him as the sixth best safety . ESPN ranked him as the 14th best safety and 128th best high school football player in the 2006 class . He participated in the January 7 , 2006 U.S. Army All @-@ American Bowl . = = College career = = He redshirted in 2006 and made his career debut on September 15 , 2007 against Notre Dame . On January 1 , 2008 , in the Capital One Bowl against Florida he had a 20 @-@ yard kickoff return . On September 6 , 2008 , he made his first career start against Miami ( OH ) . On September 27 , 2008 , he had his first quarterback sack in an eight @-@ tackle effort against Wisconsin . Mouton had his first ten @-@ tackle game ( eight solo and two assists ) on October 18 , 2008 against Penn State . On November 15 , 2008 against Northwestern he set a new career high with eleven tackles ( six solo and five assists ) . Over the course of the season , he started eleven of the twelve games at weakside linebacker . That season , he finished second on the Wolverines in tackles . However , following the season he was unavailable when 2009 spring practice began due to an injured shoulder . In the September 12 , 2009 Michigan – Notre Dame rivalry game Mouton punched a Notre Dame player and was suspended . Twice in 2009 he had ten tackles ( five solo and six assists on September 26 , 2009 v. Indiana and two solo and nine assists on November 21 , 2009 v. Ohio State ) . Both games matched his career @-@ high tackles total and against Ohio State , he added an interception . He started at weakside linebacker in all eleven games that he played in . Mouton was one of fifty @-@ one players named on the preseason watch list for the 2010 Butkus Award for linebackers . On September 11 , 2010 , Mouton set a career high with thirteen tackles ( 6 solo and 7 assists ) v. Notre Dame . In that game , he made an interception that led to a one @-@ play thirty @-@ one @-@ yard Michigan touchdown drive . At the midpoint of Michigan 's 12 @-@ game 2010 regular season schedule , he ranked second in the Big Ten Conference in tackles and tied for sixth in interceptions . He took over the lead in tackles after Michigan 's eighth game . Then with a career @-@ high fourteen tackles against Illinois in the ninth game of the season on November 6 , he retained his first place rank in the conference and moved up from 32nd to 20th on the national list . Coupled with the 12 tackles on October 30 against Penn State , it was the first time he had back @-@ to @-@ back double digit tackle performances . Mouton was unavailable for the Purdue game on November 13 due to a chest injury . However , the following week against Wisconsin he resumed his streak of double digit tackle performances with thirteen . This moved him up to 17th in the nation in tackles . Mouton ended the 2010 Big Ten Conference football season as the leader in tackles . Following the Big Ten conference regular season he was a second team All @-@ Conference selection by the media . = = Professional career = = = = = Pre @-@ draft = = = Mouton was one of 32 linebackers invited to participate in the February 24 — March 1 , 2011 NFL Scouting Combine . He ranked twelfth in the Standing long jump with a distance of 9 feet 7 inches ( 2 @.@ 92 m ) . He ranked eleventh in the 3 cone drill with a time of 7 @.@ 08 . He ranked fourteenth in the 20 @-@ yard shuttle with a time of 4 @.@ 34 . = = = San Diego Chargers = = = Mouton was drafted by the San Diego Chargers with the 61st overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft . In week 3 of the 2011 NFL season , the Chargers put Mouton on injured reserve for the season . Mouton began the 2012 season inactive . He made his NFL debut on December 2 against the Cincinnati . On July 26 , 2013 , Mouton suffered a torn ACL during training camp . As a result , Mouton was eliminated for the entire 2013 season . On July 23 , 2014 , Mouton was waived . = STS @-@ 8 = STS @-@ 8 was the eighth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the third flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger . It launched on August 30 , 1983 and landed on September 5 , conducting the first night launch and night landing of the Space Shuttle program . It also carried the first African @-@ American astronaut , Guion Bluford . The mission successfully achieved all of its planned research objectives , but was marred by the subsequent discovery that a solid @-@ fuel rocket booster had almost malfunctioned catastrophically during the launch . The mission 's primary payload was INSAT @-@ 1B , an Indian communications and weather observation satellite , which was released by the orbiter and boosted into a geostationary orbit . The secondary payload , replacing a delayed NASA communications satellite , was a four @-@ metric @-@ ton dummy payload , intended to test the use of the shuttle 's " Canadarm " remote manipulator system . Scientific experiments carried onboard Challenger included the environmental testing of new hardware and materials designed for future spacecraft , the study of biological materials in electric fields under microgravity , and research into space adaptation syndrome ( also known as " space sickness " ) . The flight furthermore served as shakedown testing for the previously launched TDRS @-@ 1 satellite , which would be required to support the subsequent STS @-@ 9 mission . = = Crew = = This mission had a crew of five , with three mission specialists . It was the second mission ( after STS @-@ 7 ) to fly with a crew of five , the largest carried by a single spacecraft up to that date . The crew was historically notable for the participation of Guion " Guy " Bluford , who became the first African @-@ American to fly in space . The commander , Truly , was the only veteran astronaut of the crew , having flown as the pilot on STS @-@ 2 in 1981 and for two of the Approach and Landing Tests aboard Enterprise in 1977 . Prior to this , he had worked as a capsule communicator for all three Skylab missions and the Apollo @-@ Soyuz mission . Brandenstein , Gardner and Bluford had all been recruited in 1978 , and been training for a mission since 1979 . The mission had originally been planned for a crew of four , with Thornton added to the crew as a third mission specialist in December 1982 , eight months after the crew was originally named . As with Truly , he was an Apollo @-@ era recruit , having joined NASA in 1967 . His participation on the mission included a series of tests aimed at gathering information on the physiological changes linked with Space Adaptation Syndrome , more commonly known as " space sickness " ; this had become a focus of attention in NASA , as astronauts succumbed to it during Shuttle missions . The orbiter carried two EMUs for use in case of an emergency spacewalk ; if needed , they would be used by Truly and Gardner . = = Mission plan and payloads = = An early plan for STS @-@ 8 , released in April 1982 , had scheduled it for July 1983 . It was expected to be a three @-@ day mission with four crew members , and would launch INSAT @-@ 1 @-@ B , an Indian satellite , and TDRS @-@ B , a NASA communications relay satellite . However , following problems with the Inertial Upper Stage ( IUS ) used to deploy TDRS @-@ A on the STS @-@ 6 mission , it was announced in May 1983 that the TDRS was not going to be flown . It was replaced in the manifest by the Payload Flight Test Article . After re @-@ development of the IUS , TDRS @-@ B was eventually re @-@ manifested for the STS @-@ 51 @-@ L mission , and was lost along with the Space Shuttle Challenger and its crew when the launch failed in January 1986 . The primary element of the STS @-@ 8 mission payload was INSAT @-@ 1B . It was the second in a series of multi @-@ purpose weather and communications satellites to be operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) ; the first , INSAT @-@ 1A , had been launched by a Delta rocket in April 1982 , but had to be shut down shortly afterwards due to a failure of the onboard reaction control system . The satellite was carried in the rear of the shuttle 's payload bay , and was boosted into a geosynchronous transfer orbit by a Payload Assist Module ( PAM @-@ D ) , a small solid rocket upper stage , after its release from the orbiter . The satellite , with its upper stage , massed a total of 3 @,@ 377 kg ( 7 @,@ 445 lb ) , with the cradle massing another 1 @,@ 102 kg ( 2 @,@ 429 lb ) , and had cost around $ 50 million . The Payload Flight Test Article ( PFTA ) had been scheduled for launch in June 1984 on STS @-@ 16 in the April 1982 manifest , but by May 1983 it had been brought forward to STS @-@ 11 . That month , when the TDRS missions were delayed , it was brought forward to STS @-@ 8 to fill the hole in the manifest . It was an aluminum structure resembling two wheels with a six @-@ meter long central axle , ballasted with lead to give it a total mass of 3 @,@ 855 kg ( 8 @,@ 499 lb ) , which could be lifted by the " Canadarm " Remote Manipulator System – the Shuttle 's " robot arm " – and moved around to help astronauts gain experience in using the system . It was stored in the midsection of the payload bay . The orbiter carried the Development Flight Instrumentation ( DFI ) pallet in its forward payload bay ; this had previously flown on Columbia to carry test equipment . The pallet was not outfitted with any flight instrumentation , but was used to mount two experiments . The first studied the interaction of ambient atomic oxygen with the structural materials of the orbiter and payload , while the second tested the performance of a heat pipe designed for use in the heat rejection systems of future spacecraft . Four Getaway Special payloads were carried . One studied the effects of cosmic rays on electronic equipment . The second studied the effect of the gas environment around the orbiter using ultraviolet absorption measurements , as a precursor to ultraviolet equipment being designed for Spacelab 2 . A third , sponsored by the Japanese Asahi Shimbun newspaper , tried to use water vapor in two tanks to create snow crystals . This was a second attempt at an experiment first flown on STS @-@ 6 , which had had to be redesigned after the water in the tanks froze solid . The last was similar to an experiment flown on STS @-@ 3 , and studied the ambient levels of atomic oxygen by measuring the rates at which small carbon and osmium wafers oxidized . Finally , in cooperation with the US Postal Service , the mission also carried 260 @,@ 000 postal covers franked with $ 9 @.@ 35 express postage stamps , which were to be sold to collectors , with the profits divided between the USPS and NASA . Two storage boxes were attached to the DFI pallet , with more stored in six of the Getaway Special canisters . A number of other experiments were to be performed inside the orbiter crew compartment . Among these was the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System , being flown for the fourth time . This separated solutions of biological materials by passing electric fields through them ; the experiment aimed at supporting research into diabetes treatments . A small animal cage was flown containing six rats ; no animal experiment was carried out on the flight , but a student involvement project was planned for a later mission which would use the cage , and NASA wanted to ensure it was flight @-@ tested . The student involvement project carried out on STS @-@ 8 involved William Thornton using biofeedback techniques , to try to determine if they worked in microgravity . A photography experiment would attempt to study the spectrum of a luminous atmospheric glow which had been reported around the orbiter , and determine how this interacted with firings of the reaction control system . The mission was also scheduled to carry out a series of tests with the TDRS @-@ 1 satellite which had been deployed by STS @-@ 6 , to ensure the system was fully operational before it was used to support the Spacelab 1 program on the upcoming STS @-@ 9 flight . The orbiter furthermore carried equipment to allow for encrypted transmissions , to be tested for use in future classified missions . = = = Support crew = = = John E. Blaha Mary L. Cleave William F. Fisher Jeffrey A. Hoffman Bryan D. O 'Connor ( ascent CAPCOM ) = = = Crew seating arrangements = = = = = Mission summary = = = = = Launch preparations = = = Preparation for the mission began on June 3 , with the assembly of the shuttle 's solid rocket boosters ( SRB ) on the Mobile Launcher Platform . The boosters were stacked on June 20 , 1983 , and the external tank mated to the assembly on June 23 . Challenger arrived at Kennedy Space Center on June 29 , and was transferred to the Orbiter Processing Facility on June 30 . After post @-@ flight maintenance and preparation for the new mission , including the installation of most flight payloads , the shuttle was transferred to the Vehicle Assembly Building on July 27 , and mated to the booster / tank stack . The stack was checked out on July 29 and 30 , and moved to Launch Complex 39A on August 2 , 1983 . INSAT @-@ 1B was loaded into the orbiter when on the pad ; the overall processing time from Challenger arriving at KSC to being ready for launch was only sixty @-@ two days , a record for the program at the time . The launch had originally been scheduled for August 4 , 1983 , and was later rescheduled for August 20 . The requirement to conduct testing with the TDRS system required a delay of ten days for the system to be ready , during which the stack remained on the launch pad . During the on @-@ pad delay , Hurricane Barry ( 1983 ) hit the Florida coastline , making landfall just south of the Kennedy Space Center on the morning of August 25 . The storm had only been identified two days earlier , and there was no time to roll Challenger back from the pad ; the decision was made to secure the launch stack and ride out the storm . = = = Launch = = = Challenger finally launched at 06 : 32 UTC ( 02 : 32 EDT ) on August 30 , 1983 , after a final 17 @-@ minute delay due to thunderstorms near the launch site . The launch window extended from 06 : 15 to 06 : 49 . The countdown to launch was called by Mark Hess , public information officer . The launch , which occurred in pre @-@ dawn darkness , was the first American night launch since Apollo 17 , and was watched by several thousand spectators . The unusual launching time was due to tracking requirements for the primary payload , INSAT @-@ 1B ; the program would not have another night launch until STS @-@ 61 @-@ B in 1985 . The crew had attempted to prepare for it by training in darkened simulators so as to keep their night vision , but in practice it was discovered that the light of the solid @-@ fuel rocket boosters made the immediate area around the launchpad virtually as bright as a day launch . The launch was the first to use a newly developed high @-@ performance motor for the solid rocket boosters , which gave approximately 7 % greater thrust , and the second @-@ last to use the original standard @-@ mass steel casings for the boosters . These had been replaced by a thinner case , saving some 1 @,@ 800 kilograms ( 4 @,@ 000 lb ) , on STS @-@ 6 and STS @-@ 7 , but because of safety concerns the next two flights used the conventional cases . = = = Orbital operations = = = After a successful insertion into a circular orbit at 296 kilometers ( 160 nmi ) , the first experiments began ; the first two samples were run through the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System , and measurements were taken for the atmospheric luminosities study . A hydraulic circulation pump failed , but this was worked around and it proved to have no impact on operations . The major event of the second day ( August 31 , 1983 ) was the successful deployment of the INSAT @-@ 1B satellite , which took place at 7 : 48 UTC , with Challenger then maneuvering to avoid the firing of the booster motor forty minutes later . Other experimentation continued , though telemetry through TDRS was lost for around three hours , requiring manual intervention . A fire alarm sounded in the morning , indicating signs of a fire in the avionics compartment , but a second alarm remained silent and it was eventually determined to be a false alarm . On the third and fourth days ( September 1 and 2 , 1983 ) , work began with the Canadarm Remote Manipulator System and the payload test article , and communications testing through TDRS continued . The former was successful , but the latter lost contact on a number of occasions , due to problems at the White Sands ground station . As a result , the crew had to be awakened early on September 1 in order to deal with the problem . A minor cabin pressure leak on September 2 was traced to the waste management system , and quickly controlled . The orbiter performed an Orbital Maneuvering System firing on September 2 to place itself in a lower orbit , where the air density was higher and the oxygen interaction experiments would work more effectively . On the fifth day ( September 3 , 1983 ) , testing of the Canadarm continued , including a number of optional " shopping list " tests , and the TDRS tests were carried out with more success . A live press conference was held late in the day , the first in @-@ flight press conference since Apollo 17 . On the sixth day ( September 4 , 1983 ) , experiment runs were completed and the crew prepared to deorbit . Two systems failures were recorded on this last day , the most serious of which involved a synchronization failure in one of the onboard computers . While on orbit , Challenger made a number of altitude and attitude adjustments , in order to test the behavior of a Shuttle orbiter and to perform some experiments in different thermal conditions . By exposing or shading areas from the sun in an unusual way , it was possible to induce particularly warm or cold conditions and observe any resulting problems . = = = Landing = = = The mission plan called for a landing at Edwards Air Force Base , California , at 121 : 28 mission elapsed time . On the original plan , this would have been at 7 : 44 UTC on September 4 , 1983 , before accounting for the last @-@ minute launch delay ; in the event , this was put back by one day to allow for further communications testing , and Challenger touched down at 07 : 40 : 33 UTC ( 00 : 40 : 33 PDT ) , September 5 , 1983 , on Runway 22 at Edwards AFB , on the morning of the seventh day of the mission . As with the launch , this was the first night landing of the program . The Shuttle orbiters had no on @-@ board lights , due to the difficulty of designing landing lights to survive re @-@ entry , and so the runway was lit by high @-@ intensity xenon arc lamps to guide the orbiter in . There was no pressing operational requirement for a night landing , but there was a desire to prove it was possible . Footage of the landing was shown in the 1986 film SpaceCamp . = = Post @-@ flight safety analysis = = The launch was carried out with no obvious anomalies , but on September 27 , 1983 , during post @-@ flight inspection of the solid rocket boosters , severe corrosion was discovered in the left @-@ hand booster . The three @-@ inch ( 8 cm ) -thick resin lining protecting the rocket nozzle , which was designed to erode about half its thickness during firing , was found to have burned down to as little as 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) in places . By some estimations , this left around 14 seconds of firing time before the nozzle would have ruptured , a situation which would have resulted in loss of control and the probable break @-@ up of the spacecraft . It was later determined that this fault was due to the particular batch of resin used on this set of boosters . The burn @-@ through problem was treated as a small mishap by the media , and did not receive significant interest until after the Challenger disaster in 1986 ; the only major contemporary public criticism came from NASA 's Soviet counterparts . As a result of this incident , the flight of STS @-@ 9 was delayed for a month while the nozzles of its boosters were changed . Post @-@ flight inspection of the thermal protection system tiles found seven major debris impacts and forty @-@ nine minor impacts , of which three and twenty @-@ six respectively were on the orbiter 's underside . This was the lowest incidence of major tile damage until at least STS @-@ 74 , and compares very favorably with the program average of twenty @-@ three major impacts to the underside . It was the first Shuttle flight with no significant problems reported for the thermal protection system . Three windows were removed from the orbiter due to pitting and hazing . A total of thirty @-@ three in @-@ flight anomalies were eventually reported . As well as the issues above , STS @-@ 8 's more minor problems ranged from faulty thermostats to an unusually high amount of dust in the cabin . = = Scientific results = = Overall , the crew successfully completed all fifty @-@ four of the planned mission test objectives . While the INSAT deployment was a success , the satellite had problems unfolding its solar array once in geostationary orbit , and was not fully operational until the middle of September . Once functional , however , it provided satisfactory service for seven years , returning 36 @,@ 000 images of Earth and broadcasting television to thousands of remote Indian villages . The Payload Flight Test Article evaluation found that the Canadarm remote manipulator system was capable of moving bulky masses with some accuracy , to a precision of 5 cm and one degree of alignment . The TDRS @-@ 1 program was overall less successful , with the satellite suffering several computer failures and an overall loss of telemetry for several hours . In all , the orbiter was able to use the satellite for 65 of the planned 89 orbits , and could make successful use of the connection on about forty . The Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System equipment functioned as planned , processing several hundred times more material than would have been possible on Earth , and the Asahi Shimbun crystal experiment , flown for the second time , was able to produce snow crystals after the canister was redesigned . Thornton 's research into space adaptation sickness noted that the STS @-@ 8 astronauts had escaped severe cases , with none suffering loss of motor control ; Gardner suffered a " mild case " , but was still able to manage effectively , while Brandenstein – who had suffered from induced motion sickness during training operations – was entirely unaffected . The symptoms were found to abate within three days of launch . = = Wake @-@ up calls = = NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program , and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15 . Each track is specially chosen , often by the astronauts ' families , and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew , or is applicable to their daily activities . = Hurricane Iris = Hurricane Iris of 2001 was the most destructive hurricane in Belize since Hurricane Hattie in 1961 . Iris was the second @-@ strongest storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season , behind Hurricane Michelle . It was the ninth named storm , fifth hurricane , and third major hurricane of the year , forming from a tropical wave on October 4 just southeast of Barbados . It moved westward through the Caribbean , intensifying into a tropical storm on October 5 south of Puerto Rico and into a hurricane the following day . While passing south of the Dominican Republic , Iris dropped heavy rainfall that caused landslides , killing eight people . Later , the hurricane passed south of Jamaica , where it destroyed two houses . On reaching the western Caribbean Sea , Iris rapidly intensified into a Category 4 on the Saffir – Simpson scale . A small hurricane with an eye of only 7 mi ( 11 km ) in diameter , Iris reached peak winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) before making landfall in southern Belize near Monkey River Town on October 9 . The hurricane quickly dissipated over Central America , although its remnants contributed to the formation of Tropical Storm Manuel in the eastern Pacific Ocean . Destruction was heaviest in Belize and totaled $ 250 million ( 2001 USD ) . Because Iris was compact , the damage was largely confined to 72 % of the houses in the Toledo district and 50 % of the houses in the Stann Creek district . The hurricane damaged or destroyed 3 @,@ 718 homes nationwide , and wrecked more than 95 % of the homes in 35 villages in the poorest parts of the country . Iris left about 15 @,@ 000 people homeless , many receiving assistance from the government and the local Red Cross chapter . High winds also damaged large swaths of forest and crops , mostly affecting the banana industry . Iris killed 24 people in Belize , including 20 who died when a scuba diving boat capsized near Big Creek . The storm also killed eight people and damaged about 2 @,@ 500 homes in neighboring Guatemala , and later dropped heavy rainfall in southern Mexico , where two people died . = = Meteorological history = = Toward the end of September 2001 , a poorly defined tropical wave moved westward across the tropical Atlantic Ocean through an area of hostile wind shear , which was caused by a large upper @-@ level low within a trough to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles . A few days later , the upper @-@ level low detached from the trough and moved southwestward over the Caribbean Sea , allowing for an upper @-@ level ridge , or high @-@ pressure area , to form over the tropical wave . The change provided a favorable environment for tropical development , and an area of convection soon blossomed along the wave 's axis . As the tropical wave approached the Lesser Antilles , a mid @-@ level wind circulation formed within the deepest part of the convection , and a low @-@ level circulation became gradually more pronounced on satellite imagery . Although its low @-@ level circulation was small and poorly defined , the system increased in organization enough to be classified as Tropical Depression Eleven at 12 : 00 UTC on October 4 , located about 100 mi ( 160 km ) southeast of Barbados . Operationally , however , Hurricane Hunters did not confirm the depression 's formation until nine hours later . In its early stages , the depression moved west @-@ northwestward between the islands of St. Vincent and St. Lucia under the influence of a strong ridge to its north . Compared to its appearance 24 hours before forming , the depression exhibited improved outflow and more distinct convection , although its lower circulation remained very poorly organized . This was confirmed by a Hurricane Hunters flight into the system , which failed to report a closed circulation despite the depression 's well @-@ organized appearance on satellite imagery . At 21 : 00 UTC on October 5 , they reported a strengthening circulation with flight @-@ level winds of 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) , corresponding to a surface wind intensity of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Based on these data , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Iris , situated about 155 mi ( 250 km ) south of the southern coast of Puerto Rico . In post @-@ season analysis , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) estimated that Iris had attained tropical storm status about nine hours earlier . Despite the storm 's intensification and well @-@ organized satellite appearance , the circulation failed to become better defined . In their first discussion on Iris , the NHC mentioned the potential for the system to degenerate into a tropical wave if it maintained its fast forward speed . One forecaster noted that the center was fragile and that the cyclone could dissipate quickly if it encountered stronger wind shear to its south . Although its overall appearance did not change significantly , the Hurricane Hunters reported a closed eye with a diameter 23 mi ( 37 km ) and a stadium effect ( eyewall curvature ) on October 6 . Later that day , Iris reached hurricane strength just southwest of the southern tip of the Dominican Republic , and the NHC remarked that land interaction with the Greater Antilles was the only factor impeding further development . After Iris reached winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) early on October 7 , its intensity remained steady for about 24 hours . During that time , the satellite appearance became slightly ragged as its outflow became restricted , possibly due to an upper @-@ level low . By late on October 7 , the area of hurricane force winds associated with Iris extended only 25 mi ( 35 km ) from its 16 mi ( 22 km ) wide eye . Early on October 8 , after turning west @-@ southwestward away from the Greater Antilles , Iris began strengthening again , with warm waters and an absence of significant wind shear . The NHC predicted peak winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) before the storm would hit Belize . It rapidly intensified with the favorable conditions , intensifying from 95 mph ( 150 km / h ) to 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) in a 12 @-@ hour period on October 8 , making Iris a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale ; in the same duration , the minimum central pressure dropped 38 mbar ( 1 @.@ 12 inHg ) . While intensifying , the hurricane developed concentric eyewalls , with an innermost eye having a diameter of 7 mi ( 11 km ) . For comparison , the smallest known eye diameter on record for an Atlantic hurricane was about 3 mi ( 5 km ) , during Hurricane Wilma in 2005 . With such a small eye , a Hurricane Hunters flight could not deploy a dropsonde into the center of Iris , and shortly after the flight , the innermost eye collapsed as the core paralleled the Honduras coastline just offshore . This resulted in a temporary and slight weakening during an eyewall replacement cycle , but within a few hours Iris re @-@ intensified to attain peak winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) just off Belize . At 02 : 00 UTC on October 9 , it made landfall at peak intensity in Monkey River Town in the southern portion of Belize . Initially , Hurricane Iris was forecast to remain a tropical cyclone while crossing Central America and to re @-@ intensify in the eastern Pacific Ocean ; had it done so , it would have retained the name Iris . Instead , the hurricane rapidly weakened after moving into the mountainous terrain of Guatemala , and within six hours of landfall the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm . Late on October 9 , within sixteen hours of landfall , the circulation dissipated over extreme southeastern Mexico . As the remnants approached the Pacific Ocean , a new area of convection developed south of the original circulation of Iris . It gradually organized while continuing westward , developing into Tropical Storm Manuel ; the new storm ultimately lasted until October 18 before succumbing to cooler waters and wind shear . = = Preparations = = Over a stretch of four days , sixteen tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued in association with Iris , affecting the Dominican Republic , the Cuban provinces of Granma and Santiago de Cuba , Jamaica , Cayman Islands , the Yucatán Peninsula , Guatemala , Honduras and Belize . The threat from Iris prompted the Jamaica National Emergency Operations Center to be activated . Shelters were opened in the country but were ultimately unused . In Belize , a hurricane warning was issued about 23 hours before Iris moved ashore . A state of national emergency was declared on October 8 as Hurricane Iris neared landfall . All emergency response committees were activated to quickly begin recovery efforts . A mandatory evacuation was issued for Stann Creek and Toledo coastal villages and all offshore islands . The main hospital in Belize City was evacuated as a precaution and the city itself was placed under a voluntary evacuation order . Overall , 11 @,@ 380 people evacuated their homes in Belize , including many in Belize City . These evacuations were later credited for limiting the death toll . Hurricane Keith had struck the nation a year prior , preparing some citizens for what to expect . Disaster response teams arrived the day after Iris was projected to make landfall . Pan American Health Organization staff were on standby in Belize , Guatemala and Honduras and were ready to respond to any post @-@ storm disease outbreaks . On October 8 , the Government of Honduras declared a red alert for all northern regions , advising residents to expect " extreme weather conditions " . About 5 @,@ 000 people in the country evacuated from their homes . To the north of Belize , officials in Mexico evacuated people from fishing villages and closed ports . = = Impact = = = = = Lesser and Greater Antilles = = = While Iris was in its development stages , residents as far north as Saint Thomas reported rain and thunderstorms . In the Dominican Republic , Iris dropped around 3 in ( 76 mm ) of rainfall along the coast , forcing 35 families to evacuate their homes after rivers exceeded their banks . The rains triggered a landslide outside of Santo Domingo that destroyed a home , killing a family of three . There was another landslide in the region that injured two people . Iris 's passage near Jamaica destroyed two houses and damaged the roofs of two others , causing one injury . Otherwise , damage in the country was minimal . = = = Offshore = = = A 120 ft ( 37 m ) scuba diving boat overturned during the hurricane near Big Creek , Belize , possibly hit by a tornado . The boat , named the Wave Dancer , had 28 people on board , including 20 from the Richmond Dive Club out of Richmond , Virginia ; most of them were upstairs in the boat , and none were diving . The captain had delayed returning to shore , and the passengers waited for the storm to pass along a dock , not anticipating the ferocity . Iris cut the ropes connecting the boat to the dock , causing it to overturn in 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) waters . Eight people survived , and 11 bodies were recovered ; it was presumed that 20 people died during the wreck , including 15 from the Richmond area and three crew members . Another boat , the Vendera , also reportedly capsized with people on board . = = = Belize = = = Hurricane Iris moved ashore in Belize with winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) , although the highest measured winds were 106 mph ( 171 km / h ) at a station in Big Creek . Because of its small diameter , Iris produced heavy damage only in a 70 mi ( 110 km ) area of southern Belize . In that region , the hurricane produced a storm surge of up to 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) , with waves of over 13 ft ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) in height , causing street flooding and some damage to the offshore cayes . As it moved ashore , Iris damaged houses and schools in dozens of villages . In 35 villages , the storm destroyed more than 95 % of the buildings . Its small size confined the worst damage largely to Toledo and Stann Creek districts , which are the two southernmost and poorest districts of the country . The percentage of damaged houses was 72 % in Toledo district and about 50 % in Stann Creek , leaving about 15 @,@ 000 people homeless . In both districts , the storm caused power outages and contaminated water supplies . In the worst @-@ affected areas , poor Mayan people living on farms lost much of what they owned . At Placencia near the coast , about 80 % of the homes were destroyed and many of the remaining buildings had roof damage , with downed power poles in the streets . About 90 % of the houses in nearby Seine Bight were destroyed , and where Iris made landfall , over 90 % of the homes were destroyed throughout Monkey River Town . The storm damaged several roads and fishing piers in southern Belize . Iris also damaged tourism facilities , including minor impact to the Maya ruins of Belize , and damaged 20 % of the hotel rooms in the country , accounting for $ 37 million in losses . The remainder of the country remained generally unaffected during the storm . In southern Belize , the storm 's strong winds left crop damage , in some cases where the harvest had just begun . About 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 ha ) of bananas were destroyed , along with over 3 @,@ 500 acres ( 1 @,@ 400 ha ) of rice , 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) of corn , and other crops to a lesser degree . The storm also flooded fields and killed several livestock . The shrimp industry lost 25 % of its catch , partly due to contaminated waters . Crop damage in Belize was estimated at $ 103 million , mostly from banana losses . Iris 's strong winds also damaged large swaths of forest , with upwards of 40 % of trees affected in some areas . This disrupted the habitats of several animals , and it is likely that many of the howler monkeys near Monkey River were killed . The storm 's strong waves eroded the beach , although marine effects were much less than those of Hurricane Keith in the previous year . Nevertheless , there were reports of fish die @-@ offs after the storm , possibly from low oxygen due to too much decaying matter . Nationwide , Iris damaged or destroyed 3 @,@ 718 homes , directly affecting a total of 21 @,@ 568 people , or 8 @.@ 5 % of the total population . The storm damaged or destroyed 31 schools and 17 health facilities , along with 21 government buildings . There was about $ 25 million in damage to the transportation sector , including highways and bridges . Iris killed 24 people in and around the country , including the victims of the Wave Dancer shipwreck . Overall damage was estimated at $ 250 million , making it the most damaging storm in the country since Hurricane Hattie in 1961 . = = = Elsewhere in Central America = = = High tides and heavy rainfall caused power outages across both Guatemala and Honduras . In the former , the hurricane 's rainfall generally amounted to 3 to 4 in ( 76 to 102 mm ) , triggering flash flooding and landslides that injured nearly 100 people . The damage was heaviest in Petén Department in the northern portion of the country . The storm damaged 26 schools and 2 @,@ 500 homes in the country 's interior . An estimated 27 @,@ 500 people were affected by the storm throughout Guatemala . There were eight deaths in the country , two of them the result of falling trees . The remnants of Iris dropped heavy rainfall over southern Mexico , accumulating 4 @.@ 80 in ( 122 mm ) in the southern state of Chiapas . In Oaxaca , the storm produced heavy rains and damaged a total of 120 houses . A mudslide in one village demolished 20 homes and killed a child , while elsewhere in the state a man drowned after being swept away in a flooded river . = = Aftermath = = On October 9 , the government of Belize issued the " all clear " signal , indicating that the storm had fully passed , and began reconstruction efforts and damage assessment . The government declared Stann Creek and Toledo districts as disaster areas , and officials declared a nighttime curfew . By the day after the storm struck , the airport in Belize City had been reopened , and transportation in all but the southern portion of the country returned to normal . Residents in the southern part of the country lost access to fresh water , forcing them to drink unclean water . Officials sent medical teams to southern Belize in the most affected areas . The Belmopan Red Cross issued an appeal for residents to donate money , clothing , and food for storm victims . The Red Cross also set up shelters and gave food to more than 7 @,@ 000 people . By October 19 , most roads in southern Belize were reopened . The Belize government printed a new postage stamp to help pay for reconstruction costs , and officials authorized spending $ 1 @.@ 2 million to rebuild damaged homes . To assist the farmers who lost crops , the Belize government provided 18 @,@ 000 lb ( 8 @,@ 200 kg ) of maize seeds , as well as fertilizer . After the storm , the World Food Programme and the Belize Red Cross collectively provided food for the 9 @,@ 000 families in need of subsidence . By October 31 , the Red Cross had provided blankets , tarps , and hygienic supplies to 4 @,@ 800 people severely affected by the storm . Homes were gradually repaired , and crop production returned to normal by early 2002 . Around Christmas of 2001 , the Belize Red Cross provided presents to school children in 14 villages affected by the storm . The lost banana crop caused sales to decrease by 22 % in 2002 , although sales gradually recovered . The government of Belize issued an appeal to the international community for assistance in the days following Iris 's landfall , and various countries provided aid . The United Kingdom sent a helicopter to assist in damage assessment and a crew to clean the water . The United States also sent a crew for damage assessment and donated plastic sheeting . Although sustaining significant damage , the Government of Guatemala deployed a working team with members from throughout the country to assist in recovery in Belize . Mexico sent blankets , mattresses , food , and water , as well as a medical team . The Japanese government sent tents and blankets , and the Chinese government donated 500 lb ( 230 kg ) of rice and dried fruits . Various United Nations departments donated about $ 225 @,@ 000 . The American victims of the Wave Dancer boat wreck were flown back to the Richmond , Virginia area following the storm . The insurance company covering the boat reached a $ 4 million settlement , which was disbursed among the survivors and the victims ' families . The boat operator remained in business following the accident . Following the major damage in Belize , the name Iris was retired in the spring of 2002 by the World Meteorological Organization and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane . The name Ingrid was used instead in the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season , and 2013 Atlantic hurricane season but this name was also retired after Hurricane Ingrid in 2013 caused heavy damage in Mexico . = Early life of Mao Zedong = The early life of Chinese revolutionary and politician Mao Zedong covered the first 27 years of his life , from 1893 to 1919 . Born in Shaoshanchong , Shaoshan in Hunan province , Mao grew up as the son of Mao Yichang , a wealthy farmer and landowner . Sent to the local Shaoshan Primary School , Mao was brought up in an environment of Confucianism , but reacted against this from an early age , developing political ideas from pro @-@ western literature . Aged 13 his father organised a marriage for him with Luo Yigu , the daughter of another land @-@ owning family , but Mao denounced the marriage and moved away from home . In 1911 Mao began further education in the Hunanese capital of Changsha , where he came under the influence of republicanism , and became an admirer of republican revolutionary Sun Yat @-@ Sen. When the Xinhai Revolution broke out between republicans and monarchists , Mao signed up as a soldier , although conflict subsided and he left the army after six months . Seeing himself as an intellectual , he became heavily influenced by classical liberalism , and began studying at the First Normal School of Changsha , as well as penning his first publications . With Xiao Zisheng he co @-@ founded the Renovation of the People Study Society in April 1918 to discuss and perpetuate revolutionary ideas among students , before graduating in June 1919 . = = Childhood = = Mao biographer Lee Feigon asserted that Mao experienced " a relatively typical childhood " . He commented that it was for this reason that previous biographers had found it difficult to " find something fundamentally wrong with Mao from an early age " with which they had hoped to explain his later development into " a revolutionary tyrant " . = = = Birth : 1893 = = = Mao was born on December 26 , 1893 in his familiar home in the rural village of Shaoshanchong in Xiangtan county , Hunan Province , part of south @-@ central China . Typical of many Hunanese villages , Shaoshanchong was situated in a narrow valley surrounded by mountains . Both the village and the nearest town , Shaoshan , were named for the local Shaoshan Mountain ( " Music Mountain " ) , a prominent feature in the local landscape with sacred associations for the region 's Buddhists . The village was inhabited by many individuals with the surname of Mao ; the Mao clan traced their lineage back to Mao Taihua , a warrior from Jiangxi Province who had moved to Xiangtan county in the mid @-@ fourteenth century after fighting for Zhu Yuanzhang 's military campaign to overthrow the Mongol @-@ governed Yuan dynasty . Mao 's father , Mao Yichang , had been born in Shaoshanchong to a family of poverty before undergoing an arranged marriage to Mao 's mother , Wen Qimei , when he was fifteen years old . While Yichang had received two years of schooling and could read and write , conversely Qimei was illiterate . Serving for several years in the regional Xiang Army , Yichang saved up his wages and on leaving the army used these to pay off his family 's debts and purchase the lands that his father had sold . By the time of Zedong 's birth , Yichang owned two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half acres of rice paddy , which would have been considered a substantial amount by the standards of the region . Through frugal living and hard work , over the coming years he was able to purchase a further acre and employ two farm laborers , with his farm encompassing a cow shed , a grain storage hut , a pigsty , and a small mill . Expanding the family 's wealth , Yichang purchased mortgages on other peasants ' land , thus becoming their landlord , while also purchasing the grain from the poorest farmers in the village before selling it on for a profit at the county seat of Xiangtan . In doing so , he amassed a fortune of two to three thousand Chinese silver dollars at a time when the majority of China 's peasantry continued to live in poverty . This being the case , Mao biographer Philip Short could assert that the Mao family were " comfortably off " by the standards of the period . According to the traditional lunar @-@ based Chinese calendar , Mao Zedong 's birth fell on the ninth day of the eleventh month of the Year of the Snake . After the birth , Mao 's mother – who had previously birthed two sons who had died in infancy – was worried for his welfare , and consulted a Buddhist nun who lived as a hermit in the mountains for advice . The nun recommended that prayers be said for the child ; doing so , Qimei then prostrated herself at a local temple dedicated to the Buddhist Bodhisattva Guanyin , requesting that the Bodhisattva become Zedong 's foster @-@ mother . Several biographers have suggested it likely that local traditional customs would have been observed after the birth ; in this circumstance , a rooster would have been presented to his parents , while Mao would probably not have been bathed until three days after the birth , an event which would have been the first culturally @-@ appropriate opportunity for guests to view the child . The child 's father was expected to add onion and ginger to the bath water , symbolizing mind and health , while also providing sacrifices to the spirits of the ancestors . A Daoist fortune @-@ teller was then employed to draw up a horoscope for the child , which revealed that he was lacking in the water element ; Mao was therefore given the personal name of Zedong because according to Hunanese custom the character of ze ( " to anoint " ) was deemed to correct this deficiency . The character of ze however had a dual meaning ; as well as referring to moisture , it also implied kindness and beneficence . Yichang chose the latter part of his son 's name , dong ( " east " ) , so that the child 's name would mean " benefactor of the east " . According to traditional custom , the child was also given a second , unofficial name to be used on specific ceremonial occasions ; this was Runzhi ( " Dewy Orchard " ) . His mother gave him a third name , shisanyazi ( " the Third Child Named Stone " ) , which reflected that he was her third child while also protecting him from misfortune and linking to the protection offered by Guanyin . If traditional Hunanese customs were adhered to , the baby 's head would have been shaved after four weeks , with a small tuft of hair left on the crown and at the nape of the neck ; it was at this point that the child would have been officially given its name . According to tradition , visitors probably would have gathered for this ceremony , bringing gifts of money , pork , fish , fruit , and decorated eggs . = = = Growing up : 1893 – 1900 = = = The Mao family lived in a clay @-@ brick farmhouse which had been constructed in 1878 , although Yichang oversaw its extension during Zedong 's boyhood . They occupied the eastern wing of their house , with the neighboring Zou family living in the western half . The building was large enough for Zedong to be allocated his own bedroom ; a rarity at the time . In front of the house was a pond and a rice paddy , while pine and bamboo groves grew behind the building . Aside from his parents , Mao lived at home with his paternal grandfather , Mao Enpu , until the latter 's death when Mao was ten . Mao 's paternal grandmother , Liu , had died in 1884 , nine years before his birth . When Zedong was two years old , his mother gave birth to her fourth child , Mao Zemin , with a further son , Mao Zetan , being born when Zedong was eleven . She also gave birth to two daughters , both of whom died in infancy , although soon after Zetan 's birth the couple adopted a baby girl , Zejian , who was the daughter of one of Mao 's paternal uncles . As was common at the time , Mao began embarking on farming activities aged five or six , being instructed to watch over the cattle and tend to the ducks . Mao 's habits were heavily influenced by his peasant background ; biographer Stuart Schram suggested that this took the form of a " lack of social graces and of a concern either for comfort or appearances . " In later life , Mao would never become accustomed to the use of a toothbrush , instead retaining the habit of washing his mouth out with tea . Similarly , he continued to prefer cleaning himself with a steaming towel than with soap and water , again reflecting his peasant upbringing . Further , it was from traditional Hunanese cuisine that he developed his lifelong love of spicy food . Qimei was a practising Buddhist , and encouraged her sons to follow Buddhist teachings ; embracing this faith , Zedong often accompanied her on visits to the local Buddhist temple , influencing her hopes that he would become a monk . Conversely , Yichang was largely irreligious , although after surviving an encounter with a tiger , gave offerings to the gods in thanks . According to Mao 's account , Yichang was a staunch disciplinarian , and would beat his children as punishment for disobedience and a perceived lack of filial piety , with Mao describing the beating he received on one occasion when he humiliated his father in public . He added that his mother would often try to protect her children from these beatings . During the 1930s , Mao would claim that he resented his father , viewing him as stingy and unaffectionate . He contrasted this with the affection he received from his mother , thus adopting a Marxist dialectical perspective by dividing the family into two camps : his mother and himself on one side , his father on another . Biographers have interpreted this filial relationship in different ways ; while Jung Chang and Jon Halliday stated that " Mao hated his father " , conversely , Schram pointed out that even in Mao 's accounts of Yichang , his description is nuanced , and " not simply one of unremitting hatred " . Ross Terrill suggested that " Behind Zedong 's expressed hatred of his father was an unacknowledged identification ; he was driven to become an authoritarian like his father , and on a far grander scale . " Feigon has questioned the veracity of Mao 's account of this issue , suggesting that the alleged bad relationship between the two was " probably overstated " ; highlighting that Yichang clearly went to great efforts to financially support his son , Feigon also noted that the anti @-@ father trope was " wildly popular among young Chinese intellectuals " during the 1930s , and that Mao 's account hence may well be a reflection of this rather than reality . = = = Shaoshan Primary School : 1901 – 06 = = = Yichang was keen for his eldest son to gain a basic education rooted in Confucianism , the dominant moral ideology of Chinese society ; he deemed a knowledge of Confucian teaching to be essential in allowing his son to develop key business and administrative skills . His hope was that Zedong would gain an apprenticeship with a Xiangtan rice merchant before taking over the family business and supporting his parents during their old age . Yichang was particularly adamant on the need to learn about Confucianism after losing a lawsuit over a parcel of land ; he believed that his opponent had been victorious in the dispute as a result of their ability to quote the sayings of ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius throughout their argument . Thus , from the age of eight , Mao was sent to gain a basic education at the private Shaoshan Primary School . Adopting a traditional syllabus and method of education , the school emphasised the copying and recitation by rote of a series of classical Chinese texts preaching Confucian morals : the Three Character Classic , the Book of Names , the Thousand Character Classic , the Odes for Children , the Filial Classic , and Filial Learning . Perceived failure or disobedience resulted in beatings with a bamboo rod from the teacher , who like Mao 's father was a stern disciplinarian . Disliking this mode of education , Mao later asserted that " I hated Confucius from the age of eight . " Although expressing his dislike for them , Mao nevertheless accepted the utility of learning these texts , finding himself able to win arguments – including those against his father – by the selective use of Confucian quotations . Far more to Mao 's liking were the accounts of war and banditry found in the Four Great Classical Novels , including Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Journey to the West , and Water Margin ; while also steeped in Confucian morality , they emphasised the need to fight for justice in society , and it is possible that these texts inspired his interest in history . According to his later account , it was at this point that he attained a strong belief in justice ; he began to divide his lunch in two to share with a poorer boy who could not afford food . On another occasion , he got into a physical fight with an older classmate ; this greatly upset his mother , who held pacifist beliefs . According to his later account , at one point he rebelled when the teacher tried to punish him for disobedience ; rather than permitting himself to be beaten with a rod , he marched out of the school and into the wooded mountains . He remained there for three days , until being discovered by a family member and brought home . Despite this education , biographers Alexander Pantsov and Steven Levine commented that the " moral @-@ ethical precepts of Confucius seem to have left not a trace in his soul " . Conversely , biographer Philip Short asserted that for Mao , as for all Chinese children who went underwent traditional education , these Confucian texts " fixed the underlying pattern of [ his ] thought for the rest of his life " . Short went so far as to suggest that Confucianism would prove to be " at least as important to [ Mao ] as Marxism " , noting that even in later life , Mao 's speeches contained a greater number of quotations from Confucius and other ancient Chinese philosophers than from major Marxist theoreticians Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin . = = = Marriage and secondary education : 1908 – = = = Aged thirteen , Mao left Shaoshan Primary School , pleased to have gotten away from what he saw as its oppressive atmosphere . The decision had been made by his father , who wanted Mao to devote his attentions to the family business by working on the farm and managing the financial accounts . However , relations between him and his father became increasingly strained . Mao continued to read in his free time , often staying up late at night in his bedroom to read by candle light ; this angered his father , who saw recreational reading as an unproductive pursuit . At this point he read a book which inspired his interest in politics : Zheng Guanying 's Sheng @-@ shih Wei @-@ yen ( " Words of Warning to an Affluent Age " ) . Published in 1893 , the book lamented the deterioration of Chinese power in East Asia , and argued for technological , economic and political reform , believing that China could be strengthed if it abandoned its absolute monarchy and politically modelling itself on the representative democracies and constitutional monarchies of the Western world . His political views were shaped by protests – led by the Gelaohui , or Elder Brother Society – which erupted following a famine in Hunanese capital Changsha ; Mao supported the protesters ' demands , but the armed forces suppressed the dissenters and executed their leaders . The famine spread to Shaoshan , where starving peasants seized his father 's grain ; disapproving of their actions as morally wrong , Mao nevertheless claimed sympathy for their situation . Yichang decided to organise an arranged marriage for Mao , selecting for him the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Luo Yigu , the daughter of a local landowner . Although unhappy with the arrangement , Mao agreed to go through with the marriage , with the wedding taking place in 1907 or 1908 . According to his later account however , he never consummated the marriage and refused to live with Luo . Instead , he claimed that he made use of connections with his maternal family to leave his parental home and move in to the house of an unemployed student in Shaoshan , where he lived for a year . There , he continued his reading , enjoying tales of ancient Chinese rulers such as Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian and Ban Gu 's History of the Former Han Dynasty . He was also influenced by Feng Guifen 's Personal Protests from the Study of Jiao Bin , which had been compiled in 1861 . Like Guanying 's book , it called on China to adopt foreign techniques to strengthen itself , and to use them to defend itself from foreign aggression . Mao also read a pamphlet by the Chinese revolutionary Chen Tianhua , which recounted China 's loss of sovereignty to Japanese and European imperialists ; Mao claimed that this was a great influence on him , for after reading it " I felt depressed about the future of my country and began to realize that it was the duty of all the people to help save it . " Meanwhile , Luo was locally disgraced and eventually died of dysentery in 1910 , while Qimei moved to live with her brother 's family in her native village of Xiangxiang . In the autumn of 1910 , Mao requested that his father permit him to attend the Dongshan Higher Primary School , which was located fifteen miles from Shaoshan ; unlike the Shaoshan Primary School , this establishment taught modern subjects such as natural sciences . Yichang agreed to fund his son 's tuition and dormitory space , and so the sixteen @-@ year @-@ old Mao set off to Dongshan with his older cousin , Wen Yunchang , who was also enrolled there . His two best friends at the school were Yunchang and Xiao Zizhang ( also known as Xiao San ) , who would later join Mao in the communist movement and would become one of his first biographers . However , he was bullied for being rural and unsophisticated by many of his classmates , who were typically the sons of wealthy landlords from Xiangxiang district . He nevertheless proved to be a successful student , gaining the respect of his teachers through hard work , an ability to compose essays in the classical style , and voracious reading . Here , he first learned about geography , and increased his knowledge of ancient Chinese history . He began to read too about foreign history , coming to be particularly influenced by a book titled Great Heroes of the World , through which he learned about – and was inspired by – the military prowess and nationalistic fervour of American George Washington and Frenchman Napoleon Bonaparte . Schram believed that it was here , at this school , that " we can date the real beginnings of Mao 's intellectual and political development " . Mao remained at the school for seven or eight months , before deciding to enroll at a middle school in the provincial capital of Changsha . = = Early adulthood and politicization = = = = = The Xinhai Revolution : 1911 – 1912 = = = In 1911 , Mao convinced his father to allow him to attend middle school in Changsha . The city was " a revolutionary hotbed " , with widespread animosity towards the absolute monarchy of Emperor Puyi . While some advocated a reformist transition to a constitutional monarchy , most revolutionaries advocated republicanism , arguing for an elected presidency . The primary figurehead behind the republican movement was Sun Yat @-@ sen , an American @-@ educated Christian who led a secret society known as the Tongmenghui . At Changsha , Mao came under the influence of Sun 's newspaper , The People 's Independence ( Minli bao ) , penning his first political essay , which he stuck to the school wall ; later admitting it was " somewhat muddled " , it involved the creation of a republic governed by Sun , but with concessions made to the moderates by having Kang Youwei as premier and Liang Qichao as minister of foreign affairs . As a symbol of rebellion against the Manchu monarch , he and a friend cut off their queue pigtails — a sign of subservience to the emperor — before forcibly cutting off those of several classmates . Inspired by Sun 's republicanism , the army rose up against the emperor across southern China , sparking the Xinhai Revolution . Changsha initially remained under monarchist control , with the governor proclaiming martial law to quell protest . When the infantry brigade guarding the city defected to the revolution , the governor fled , leaving the city in republican hands . Supporting the revolution , Mao joined the rebel army as a private soldier , but was not involved in the fighting . The northern provinces remained loyal to the emperor , and hoping to avoid a civil war , Sun Yat @-@ sen — proclaimed " provisional president " by his supporters — compromised with the monarchist general Yuan Shikai . The monarchy would be abolished , creating the Republic of China , but the monarchist Yuan would become president . The Xinhai Revolution over , Mao resigned from the army in 1912 , after six months of being a soldier . Around this time , Mao discovered socialism from a newspaper article ; proceeding to read pamphlets by Jiang Kanghu , the student founder of the Chinese Socialist Party , Mao remained interested yet unconvinced by the idea . = = = Fourth Normal School of Changsha : 1912 – 1917 = = = Returning to education , Mao enrolled and dropped out of a police academy , a soap @-@ production school , a law school and an economics school . His father only approved of the latter , but the lectures were in English , which Mao didn 't understand , and so Mao abandoned it for the government @-@ run Changsha Middle School ; he soon dropped out of this too , finding it rooted in Confucianism . Undertaking his studies independently , he spent much time in the Changsha public library , reading core works of classical liberalism such as Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations and Montesquieu 's The Spirit of the Laws , as well as the works of western scientists and philosophers such as Charles Darwin , J.S. Mill , Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , and Herbert Spencer . Viewing himself as an intellectual , years later he admitted that at this time he thought himself better than working people . Inspired by the work of Friedrich Paulsen , the liberal emphasis on individualism led Mao to believe that strong individuals were not bound by moral codes but should strive for the greater good ; that the end justifies the means . Seeing no use in his son 's intellectual pursuits , Mao 's father cut off his allowance , forcing Mao to move into a hostel for the destitute . Desiring to become a teacher , Mao enrolled at a teacher training college , the Fourth Normal School of Changsha , which had high standards , yet low fees and cheap accommodation . Several months later , it merged with the First Normal School of Changsha , widely seen as the best school in Hunan . Befriending Mao , Professor of Ethics Yang Changji urged him to read a radical newspaper , New Youth ( Xin qingnian ) , the creation of his friend Chen Duxiu , Dean of the Faculty of Letters at Peking University . Although a Chinese nationalist , Chen argued that China must look to the west , adopting " Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science " in order to cleanse itself of superstition and autocracy . Mao published his first article , " A Study of Physical Culture " , in New Youth in April 1917 , instructing readers to increase their physical strength to serve the revolution . He joined The Society for the Study of Wang Fuzhi ( Chuan @-@ shan Hsüeh @-@ she ) , a revolutionary group founded by Changsha literati who wished to emulate Wang Fuzhi , a philosopher who symbolized Han resistance to Manchu invasion . In his first school year , Mao befriended an older student , Xiao Zisheng ; together they went on a walking tour of Hunan , begging and writing literary couplets to obtain food . A popular student , Mao remained active in school politics , and in 1915 was elected secretary of the Students Society . He used his position to forge an Association for Student Self @-@ Government , leading protests against school rules . In spring 1917 , he was elected to command the students ' volunteer army , set up to defend the school from marauding warlord soldiers , arming these troops with makeshift bamboo spears and wooden rifles . Increasingly interested in the techniques of war , he took a keen interest in the events of World War I , but also began to develop a sense of solidarity with workers . Mao undertook feats of physical endurance with Xiao Zisheng and Cai Hesen , describing themselves as the " Three Heroes , " a sobriquet taken from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms . With other young revolutionaries they formed the Renovation of the People Study Society in April 1918 to debate Chen Duxiu 's ideas . Desiring personal and societal transformation , the Society gained between 70 and 80 members , including some females , many of whom would go on to join the Communist Party . Mao graduated in June 1919 , being ranked third in the year . = You Can 't Win ( song ) = " You Can 't Win " is an R & B , pop and soul song written by Charlie Smalls and performed by American recording artist Michael Jackson , who played Scarecrow in the 1978 musical film The Wiz , an urbanized retelling of L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The movie featured an entirely African American cast and was based on the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz . After the original soundtrack version was recorded , Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones went back into the studio and re @-@ recorded the track . It was the re @-@ recording that was released in January 1979 as the second single from The Wiz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , following the release of " Ease On Down the Road " in 1978 , and was Michael 's first solo chart single on Epic Records . The 7 @-@ inch version split the song in half , with " Part 1 " as the A @-@ side and " Part 2 " as the B @-@ side ; the full @-@ length version was released as a 12 @-@ inch single and later was included on The Ultimate Collection in 2004 . The single only charted in the United States , where it reached number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 42 on the R & B singles chart . Since its release , the song has been well received by music critics . The song has been performed by contemporary singers such as Jill Scott and Charles Grigsby . In 1982 " Part 2 " of " You Can 't Win , " in which Michael Jackson repeatedly sings the line " Can 't get outta the game , " was vocally overdubbed , and the resulting track was titled " Can 't Get Outta the Rain " ; it became the B @-@ side of " The Girl Is Mine , " the first single from Jackson 's landmark album Thriller . Despite " Can 't Get Outta the Rain " being melodically identical to " You Can 't Win , " as well as lyrically identical except for the word " rain , " Jackson and Quincy Jones are credited as the song 's composers , not Charlie Smalls . = = Composition = = " You Can 't Win " was originally written and performed during the pre @-@ Broadway Baltimore run of the stage version of The Wiz in 1974 , sung by the chorus of Winkies , the Wicked Witch 's slaves . The number was cut from the musical before the official Broadway opening and wasn 't performed again until the movie version was under consideration , 3 years later . The producers resurrected the song as a solo for Michael Jackson to replace " I Was Born on the Day Before Yesterday " , which had been Scarecrow 's solo in the Broadway musical . " You Can 't Win " and its corresponding scene in the movie allude to mistreatment of African Americans . Jackson stated in his 1988 autobiography Moonwalk that the lyrics to " You Can 't Win " are about humiliation and helplessness , feelings , he stated , that many people have experienced at one point in their life . The singer added that the song was also about " the feeling that there are people out there who don 't actively hold you back as much as they work quietly on your insecurities so that you hold yourself back " . " You Can 't Win " opens with the lines , " You can 't win , you can 't break even , and you can 't get out of the game . People keep sayin ' , things are gonna change , but they look just like they 're staying the same . " William F. Brown , who wrote the book for the Broadway musical , stated that such verses made " You Can 't Win " a " black message song " . Musically , the track has been described as an R & B , pop and soul song by Renée Graham of The Boston Globe . According to the sheet music published on Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , the track was performed in common time , with a tempo of 80 beats per minute . It adds that the song is composed in E with a range from B3 to C ♭ 5 . = = In The Wiz = = The scene that corresponds with " You Can 't Win " in The Wiz begins with Dorothy Gale ( played by Diana Ross ) , stumbling upon a scarecrow being heckled by crows while stuck in the air on a pole . Dorothy remains hidden while the crows mock Scarecrow for asking to be let down . They state that he will remain on the pole because that is his role and there is nothing to get down for . The crows tell Scarecrow that even if he was let down , he would not be able to walk as he is a " straw paper dummy " . Scarecrow tries to reason with the birds by reading relevant quotations from figures such as Francis Bacon and Cicero as a rationale to be freed . The crows do not relent , however , and make him recite their " Crow Commandments " : " Thou shall honor all crows " , " Thou shall stop reading all bits of paper and literature " and " Thou shall never , never get down off of this here pole " . In addition , the birds tell Scarecrow to sing the crow anthem , " You Can 't Win " . After the song concludes , Dorothy comes out of hiding and releases Scarecrow from the pole . Together , they then dance their way down the yellow brick road in search of The Wiz , singing " Ease on Down the Road " as they go . The song is also heard in The Wiz Live ! , replacing " I Was Born on the Day Before Yesterday " . = = = Analysis = = = Elwood Watson , author of Pimps , Wimps , Studs , Thugs and Gentlemen : Essays on Media Images of Masculinity , states that The Wiz offers an " important allegorical treatment of ordinary African American men living in the wake of the Civil Rights movement " . Watson writes that while the crows do not intend to cause physical harm to Scarecrow , the beginning of their scene recalls experiences of the ritual lynching of black men in the United States . The author states that the crows ' refusal to allow Scarecrow to read literature was reminiscent of laws that forbade black slaves from being educated . Watson writes , " Scarecrow 's desire for knowledge that will help him interpret the discourses and institutions that shape his life signifies on the slave narrative . With its emphasis on literacy and freedom , African American slave narratives document that for many African Americans literacy was understood as an essential path to freedom . " Watson continues : The Crows ' insistence that reading is useless , even dangerous for Scarecrow because it only leads to discontentment takes on an especially haunting reminder of the ways in which the residues of slavery continue to injure contemporary African Americans . The Crows reinforce Scarecrow 's subjection at their hands through a song whose refrain " you can 't win child , you can 't get out of the game " that aims to disabuse Scarecrow of any aspirations toward freedom ... Their insistence that " reading is stupid " suggests that a Eurocentric education does not promise liberation from " the game " that race and racism create ... The Crow 's dismissal of education and western thought fails because they do not offer Scarecrow an alternative that will emancipate him . The Crow 's attempt to discipline Scarecrow by displacing his hope with nihilism . For The Crow 's so @-@ called book of knowledge is less valuable than what they perceive to be real knowledge @-@ street smarts . Though they are not tethered to a pole , they are seemingly unable or as their commandments and anthem suggests , unwilling to find opportunities than their present location provides . The Crow 's chorus to Scarecrow 's song is revealing for what it says about their loss of hope ... The Crow 's are even more disadvantaged than Scarecrow because , unlike him , they are hopeless . The Crow 's chorus , like The Crow Commandments , reflects their disillusionment with their inability to realize the promise of upward mobility . Watson continued his analysis , writing that despite the crows ' attempts to erode Scarecrow 's confidence , " [ he ] gives no indication that he intends to abort his efforts to liberate himself physically and intellectually . " Watson concluded his study of Scarecrow and his scene by stating , " His encounter with Dorothy will help him to realize , contrary to The Crow 's assertions , that Scarecrow 's pursuit of knowledge can indeed help him to win opportunities for improving his life . " = = Release and reception = = In January 1979 , " You Can 't Win " was released as the second single from The Wiz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , a double album distributed by Motown Records in September 1978 . The single was issued after the September 1978 release of " Ease on Down the Road " , a duet between Jackson and Diana Ross , who played protagonist Dorothy Gale in The Wiz . " You Can 't Win " was distributed under Epic Records , and was Jackson 's first solo single issued by the company after Epic executives signed him and his brothers to the label in 1976 . " You Can 't Win " entered Billboard 's R & B singles chart on January 20 , 1979 . It reached number 42 and remained in the chart for ten weeks . A month later , on February 24 , 1979 , it entered the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 81 . The single stayed in the chart for three weeks . In May 1979 , " You Can 't Win " was released in Britain , as was a 7 " picture disc of the song . The single failed to enter the British charts . When Jackson 's Off the Wall was first released in August 1979 , the picture disc supplemented the album . Since its release , " You Can 't Win " has received positive reviews from music critics . A journalist from the Kansas City Star said that the song was the best one from The Wiz . Kenny Mack of the Santa Monica Daily Press asserted that Jackson 's " famous vulnerability and the power of his voice on ' You Can 't Win ' combined for perfect casting " in the film . The Boston Globe 's Renée Graham stated in 2005 , " Halfway through the [ song ] , Jackson lets out a whoop , and the tune evolves from a pop @-@ soul confection into a true R & B delight , spiced with barking horns and hand @-@ claps as funky and loose as anything Jackson has ever done . " Writer Geoff Brown wrote in his book Michael Jackson : A Life in Music that the singer 's performance of " You Can 't Win " in The Wiz was " one of the few bright moments in a drab remake of The Wizard of Oz " . Margo Jefferson wrote in the biography On Michael Jackson that the entertainer sang the song in the film with " rough , gospel edges of desperation " . She added , " The torment feels genuine . It 's a painful scene . " After Jackson 's death in 2009 , Edmund W. Lewis of The Louisiana Weekly said that he was " still amazed at the quality of [ the singer ] ' s performance in The Wiz " . He added , " As the scarecrow , he sang the hell out of [ the song ] . " = = Legacy = = " You Can 't Win " has been referenced and performed on several occasions . In the 1982 blockbuster film E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial , a snippet of the song is heard on a car radio . In 2001 Jill Scott performed the song during the Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special celebration . In 2003 , during the second season of American Idol , contestant Charles Grigsby sang " You Can 't Win " for a movie theme night . An Entertainment Weekly writer said that the song choice was " oddly appropriate " , as the hopeful was eliminated from the competition after the performance . Decades after the release of " You Can 't Win " , William F. Brown stated that the song had been dropped from his theater productions of The Wiz . He said this was because the musical was not a black message show , but a show for everybody to enjoy . He expressed the opinion that " You Can 't Win " was no longer relevant , stating , " [ It 's ] all changed . Black people can win . " = = Track listings = = Limited edition picture disc – 7 " single " You Can 't Win ( Pt . 1 ) " – 3 : 43 " You Can 't Win ( Pt . 2 ) " – 2 : 58 = = Charts = = = Stephen J. Chamberlin = Stephen Jones Chamberlin ( 23 December 1889 – 23 October 1971 ) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army who served during World War II as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur 's Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 , the staff officer in charge of plans and operations . Born in Spring Hill , Kansas on 23 December 1889 , he was a 1912 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York . During World War I , he was aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Major General David C. Shanks , the New York Port of Embarkation commander at Hoboken , New Jersey , for which he was one of twelve Army officers who received the Navy Cross . After the war , he attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , and served on the staff of the Chief of Infantry in the War Department . He attended the Army War College and was posted to the staff of the Army 's Hawaiian Division at Fort Shafter , Hawaii , as Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 . In 1938 , he became assistant chief of the Construction Branch in the G @-@ 4 Division of War Department General Staff . He became involved in the vast construction program of arsenals , depots , airbases and coastal defenses as the United States rearmed prior to its entry into World War II . In January 1942 , he was sent to Australia , where he became Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 , at General MacArthur 's General Headquarters ( GHQ ) , Southwest Pacific Area . In this role , he was responsible for planning and overseeing the execution of MacArthur 's major operations , including the New Guinea , Philippines and Borneo campaigns . Chamberlin was director of the Intelligence Division , G @-@ 2 , on the War Department General Staff from 1946 to 1948 , when he became commander of the Fifth Army . He retired in September 1951 , and was then employed as chief of security for the US Air Force 's Arnold Engineering Development Center at Arnold Air Force Base , Tennessee . He died on 23 October 1971 . = = Early life = = Stephen Jones Chamberlin was born in Spring Hill , Kansas on 23 December 1889 . He was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York , which he entered on 2 March 1908 and from which he graduated on 12 June 1912 . Chamberlin was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 16th Infantry , which was then stationed at the Presidio of San Francisco . In May 1914 , the regiment moved to El Paso , Texas . He transferred to the 8th Infantry on 1 February 1915 and served at Fort William McKinley in the Philippines . He was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 July 1916 , becoming a battalion adjutant on 14 October . He was assistant to the post quartermaster from 31 October 1916 to 1 January 1917 , and then Post Exchange Officer from 20 December 1916 to 9 June 1917 . He was promoted to captain on 15 May 1917 and was acting Regimental Adjutant from 9 June to 1 September 1917 . = = World War I = = With the United States now involved in World War I , Chamberlin became aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Major General David C. Shanks , the New York Port of Embarkation commander at Hoboken , New Jersey . Chamberlin was also the officer in charge of troop movements . On 2 March 1918 , Chamberlin married Shank 's daughter , Sarah Chapman , at St. Bartholomew 's Episcopal Church , New York on the corner of Madison Avenue and East 44th Street , in a simple ceremony attended only by Sarah 's sister Katherine and Captain Maxwell Sullivan as best man . Chamberlin was promoted to major on 7 June 1918 . For his " distinguished service in the line of his profession as dispatch officer at the Port of Embarkation , Hoboken , New Jersey " , he became one of only twelve Army officers to receive the Navy Cross during World War I. He was also awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . His citation read : The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Stephen J. Chamberlin , Major ( Infantry ) , US Army , for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States , in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Acting Dispatch Officer at Port of Embarkation , Hoboken , New Jersey , from November 15 , 1917 to September 6 , 1918 , Major Chamberlin displayed marked ability in handling the movements of troops through the port , assigning units and detachments to camps , convoys , and ships , and by foresight , thorough organization , and hard work arranged for the smooth working of troop movements , prevented congestion at the camps and piers , thus enabling the transports to sail at the appointed time with the appropriate number of troops . In September 1918 , Shanks was appointed commander of the 16th Division at Camp Kearny , California , and Chamberlin was appointed the division 's Assistant Chief of Staff . To prepare for the role , he attended a course at the Army War College . Following the Armistice with Germany , he was sent on a tour of the battlefields in France and Belgium . = = Between the wars = = In the aftermath of World War I , Chamberlin was reduced in rank to captain on 9 February 1919 , but was promoted to major again on 1 July 1920 . A year later he was posted to the Panama Canal Zone , initially as transportation officer ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
3 billion USD ) from the IBRD and IFC . Approximately half of the IDA 's resources come from the 45 donating member countries . In its early years , the IDA received most of its replenishments from the United Kingdom and United States but , because they were not always reliable sources of funding , other developed nations began to step in and fill the economic gaps not met by these two countries . Every three years , member nations that provide funds to the IDA gather together to replenish the IDA 's resources . These funds come primarily from well @-@ developed countries including the United States , Japan , France , Germany , and the United Kingdom with 58 % from the US , 22 % from France , and 8 % from the UK . As of 2014 , there have been 17 IDA replenishment rounds . Fifty one member countries participated in the IDA 's 16th replenishment of $ 49 @.@ 3 billion USD . The IDA 's loans and grants are usually not paid in full to the borrower at the outset , but rather disbursed incrementally as needed by the project . Most of the donor countries such as the United States commit letters of credit to the IDA which bear no interest and are not able to be transferred or revoked , and which are exchanged for cash as needed for project disbursal . Other countries pay their contributions in full on the date of commitment to the IDA so that it may cover its operating expenses . Donors receive no return of funds and repayments from borrowers are again loaned to future projects such that donors won 't need to commit those funds again in the future . Although the IDA 's funds are now regularly replenished , this does not happen without some financial and political challenges for the donating countries . When donor countries convene to negotiate the replenishments , there is often intense discussion about redefining the association 's goals and objectives or even about reforming the IDA . Due to delays in the United States Congress impeding the approval of IDA funding , the association 's members implemented a set of policy triggers outlining the commitment threshold necessary for replenishment to take effect . The threshold imposed a requirement that an aggregate share of 85 % in voting stock is necessary for executing a replenishment . The threshold was implemented with the aim to compel the United States to participate in replenishment rounds . Though countries intended for the triggers to hold the United States to its commitments , the threshold ultimately provided the United States a de facto veto power over replenishment and capital increase negotiations due to its ability to bring replenishment negotiations to an impasse by threatening to withhold support . The U.S. has used this influence to further its long @-@ term foreign policy objectives and short @-@ term political and economic goals by imposing conditionality on replenishment negotiations . = = Lending = = The IDA lends to countries with the aim to finance projects that will develop infrastructure and improve education , healthcare , access to clean water and sanitation facilities , and environmental responsibility . It is considered to be the soft lending window of the World Bank , while the IBRD is considered to be the hard lending window . The association offers grants and loans with maturities ranging from 25 to 40 years , grace periods of 5 to 10 years , and interest rates of 2 @.@ 8 % or 1 @.@ 25 % depending on whether the borrower is a blend country and to which degree it is eligible . Regular IDA @-@ eligible borrowers may take advantage of no @-@ interest loans . Financial resources are allocated to eligible countries based on their success at implementing pro @-@ growth and a poverty @-@ reducing domestic policies . The IDA uses the World Bank 's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ( CPIA ) development indicator to determine each country 's place in a resource allocation index . It then prioritizes its lending to those countries which are indicated to be most promising in terms of favorable policies and aid effectiveness . The IDA adopted the Crisis Response Window in 2007 to enable the rapid provision of emergency financing in response to crises . The association adopted the Immediate Response Mechanism in 2011 to provide IDA borrowers with immediate access to withdraw undisbursed portions of their loans , should a crisis arise that meets the mechanism 's criteria . = = = Africa = = = Because African countries face some of the most severe poverty and underdevelopment , and because 39 of those countries are the IDA 's poorest member states , the association allocates approximately half of the IDA 's resources toward financing projects in those countries . As a result of its efforts to improve the region , the IDA has helped bring electricity to an additional 66 million Africans since 1997 , helped build or restore 240 @,@ 000 kilometers of paved roads , and helped enroll an additional 15 million African children in school since 2002 . The IDA was approved in May 2012 to provide $ 50 million USD worth of credit to the Women Entrepreneur Development Project as part of an effort to help women in Ethiopia participate in business as skilled employees or leaders . Although the positive outcomes of the IDA 's efforts in Africa had been historically slow , the large allocation of funding to African countries led to positive outcomes particularly within agriculture and infrastructure development efforts . = = = Asia = = = The IDA 's efforts in Asia have been particularly successful . Numerous Asian countries have graduated from the IDA lending program , including the Philippines , China , South Korea , and Thailand . Of the association 's borrowing countries , approximately 20 are in Asia . The association 's efforts in South Asia have focused primarily on projects for education , healthcare , transportation , agriculture , and energy . Due to rapid growth in Asian countries ' populations , some pockets of poverty have emerged . To mitigate this effect , the IDA adopted an economic plan of action which established organizations to improve education and healthcare , with a focus on reducing poverty across Asian nations in ways that are compatible with local culture . = Great Western Railway = The Great Western Railway ( GWR ) was a British railway company that linked London with The Midlands , the south @-@ west and west of England and most of Wales . It was founded in 1833 , received its enabling Act of Parliament in 1835 and ran its first trains in 1838 . It was engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel , who chose a broad gauge of 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) but , from 1854 , a series of amalgamations saw it also operate 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard @-@ gauge trains ; the last broad @-@ gauge services were operated in 1892 . The GWR was the only company to keep its identity through the Railways Act 1921 , which amalgamated it with the remaining independent railways within its territory , and it was finally merged at the end of 1947 when it was nationalised and became the Western Region of British Railways . The GWR was called by some " God 's Wonderful Railway " and by others the " Great Way Round " but it was famed as the " Holiday Line " , taking many people to English and Bristol Channel resorts in the West Country as well as the far south @-@ west of England such as Torquay in Devon and Minehead in Somerset and Newquay and St Ives in Cornwall . The company 's locomotives , many of which were built in the company 's workshops at Swindon , were painted a Brunswick green colour while , for most of its existence , it used a two @-@ tone " chocolate and cream " livery for its passenger coaches . Goods wagons were painted red but this was later changed to mid @-@ grey . Great Western trains included long @-@ distance express services such as the Flying Dutchman , the Cornish Riviera Express and the Cheltenham Spa Express . It also operated many suburban and rural services , some operated by steam railmotors or autotrains . The company pioneered the use of larger , more economic goods wagons than were usual in Britain . It operated a network of road motor ( bus ) routes , was a part of the Railway Air Services , and owned ships , docks and hotels . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = The Great Western Railway originated from the desire of Bristol merchants to maintain their city as the second port of the country and the chief one for American trade . The increase in the size of ships and the gradual silting of the River Avon had made Liverpool an increasingly attractive port and , with a rail connection to London under construction in the 1830s , it threatened Bristol 's status . The answer for Bristol was , with the co @-@ operation of London interests , to build a line of their own ; a railway built to unprecedented standards of excellence to out @-@ perform the lines being constructed to the northwest . The company was founded at a public meeting in Bristol in 1833 and was incorporated by Act of Parliament in 1835 . Isambard Kingdom Brunel , then aged twenty @-@ nine , was appointed engineer . This was by far his largest contract to date and he made two controversial decisions . Firstly , he chose to use a broad gauge of 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) to allow for the possibility of large wheels outside the bodies of the rolling stock which could give smoother running at high speeds ; secondly he selected a route , north of the Marlborough Downs , which had no significant towns but which offered potential connections to Oxford and Gloucester . He surveyed the entire length of the route between London and Bristol himself , with the help of many , including his solicitor Jeremiah Osborne of Bristol law firm Osborne Clarke who on one occasion rowed Brunel down the River Avon himself to survey the bank of the river for the route . George Thomas Clark played an important role as an engineer on the project , reputedly taking the management of two divisions of the route including bridges over the River Thames at Lower Basildon and Moulsford and of Paddington Station . Involvement in major earth @-@ moving works seems to have fed Clark 's interest in geology and archaeology and he , anonymously , authored two guidebooks on the railway : one illustrated with lithographs by John Cooke Bourne ; the other , a critique of Brunel 's methods and the broad gauge . The first 22 @.@ 5 miles ( 36 km ) of line , from Paddington station in London to Maidenhead Bridge station , opened on 4 June 1838 . When Maidenhead Railway Bridge was ready the line was extended to Twyford on 1 July 1839 and then through the deep Sonning Cutting to Reading on 30 March 1840 . The cutting was the scene of a railway disaster two years later when a goods train ran into a landslip ; ten passengers who were travelling in open trucks were killed . This accident prompted Parliament to pass the 1844 Railway Regulation Act requiring railway companies to provide better carriages for passengers . The next section , from Reading to Steventon crossed the Thames twice and opened for traffic on 1 June 1840 . A 7 @.@ 25 @-@ mile ( 12 km ) extension took the line to Faringdon Road on 20 July 1840 . Meanwhile , work had started at the Bristol end of the line , where the 11 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 19 km ) section to Bath opened on 31 August 1840 . On 17 December 1840 , the line from London reached a temporary terminus at Wootton Bassett Road west of Swindon and 80 @.@ 25 miles ( 129 km ) from Paddington . The section from Wootton Bassett Road to Chippenham was opened on 31 May 1841 , as was Swindon Junction station where the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway ( C & GWUR ) to Cirencester connected . That was an independent line worked by the GWR , as was the Bristol and Exeter Railway ( B & ER ) , the first section of which from Bristol to Bridgwater was opened on 14 June 1841 . The GWR main line remained incomplete during the construction of the 1 @.@ 83 miles ( 2 @.@ 95 km ) Box Tunnel , which was ready for trains on 30 June 1841 , after which trains ran the 152 miles ( 245 km ) from Paddington through to Bridgwater . In 1851 , the GWR purchased the Kennet and Avon Canal , which was a competing carrier between London , Reading , Bath and Bristol . The GWR was closely involved with the C & GWUR and the B & ER and with several other broad @-@ gauge railways . The South Devon Railway was completed in 1849 , extending the broad gauge to Plymouth , whence the Cornwall Railway took it over the Royal Albert Bridge and into Cornwall in 1859 and , in 1867 , it reached Penzance over the West Cornwall Railway which originally had been laid with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge or " narrow gauge " as it was known at the time . The South Wales Railway had opened between Chepstow and Swansea in 1850 and became connected to the GWR by Brunel 's Chepstow Bridge in 1852 . It was completed to Neyland in 1856 , where a transatlantic port was established . There was initially no direct line from London to Wales as the tidal River Severn was too wide to cross . Trains instead had to follow a lengthy route via Gloucester , where the river was narrow enough to be crossed by a bridge . Work on the Severn Tunnel had begun in 1873 , but unexpected underwater springs delayed the work and prevented its opening until 1886 . = = = Brunel 's 7 @-@ foot gauge and the " gauge war " = = = Brunel had devised a 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) track gauge for his railways in 1835 . He later added 1 ⁄ 4 inch ( 6 @.@ 4 mm ) , probably to reduce friction of the wheel sets in curves . This became the 7 ft 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 2 @,@ 140 mm ) broad gauge . Either gauge may be referred to as " Brunel 's " gauge . In 1844 , the broad @-@ gauge Bristol and Gloucester Railway had opened , but Gloucester was already served by the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge lines of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway . This resulted in a break of gauge that forced all passengers and goods to change trains if travelling between the south @-@ west and the North . This was the beginning of the " gauge war " and led to the appointment by Parliament of a Gauge Commission , which reported in 1846 in favour of standard gauge so the 7 @-@ foot gauge was prescribed by law ( Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act ) but only for the south @-@ west of England and Wales where connected to the GWR network . Other railways in Britain were to use standard gauge . In 1846 the Bristol and Gloucester was bought by the Midland Railway and it was converted to standard gauge in 1854 , which brought mixed @-@ gauge track to Temple Meads station – this had three rails to allow trains to run on either broad or standard gauge . The GWR extended into the West Midlands in competition with the Midland and the London and North Western Railway . Birmingham was reached through Oxford in 1852 and Wolverhampton in 1854 . This was the furthest north that the broad gauge reached . In the same year the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway both amalgamated with the GWR , but these lines were standard gauge , and the GWR 's own line north of Oxford had been built with mixed gauge . This mixed gauge was extended southwards from Oxford to Basingstoke at the end of 1856 and so allowed through goods traffic from the north of England to the south coast ( via the London and South Western Railway – LSWR ) without transshipment . The line to Basingstoke had originally been built by the Berks and Hants Railway as a broad @-@ gauge route in an attempt to keep the standard gauge of the LSWR out of Great Western territory but , in 1857 , the GWR and LSWR opened a shared line to Weymouth on the south coast , the GWR route being via Chippenham and a route initially started by the Wilts , Somerset and Weymouth Railway . Further west , the LSWR took over the broad @-@ gauge Exeter and Crediton Railway and North Devon Railway , also the standard @-@ gauge Bodmin and Wadebridge Railway . It was several years before these remote lines were connected with the parent LSWR system and any through traffic to them was handled by the GWR and its associated companies . By now the gauge war was lost and mixed gauge was brought to Paddington in 1861 , allowing through passenger trains from London to Chester . The broad @-@ gauge South Wales Railway amalgamated with the GWR in 1862 , as did the West Midland Railway , which brought with it the Oxford , Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway , a line that had been conceived as another broad @-@ gauge route to the Midlands but which had been built as standard gauge after several battles , both political and physical . On 1 April 1869 , the broad gauge was taken out of use between Oxford and Wolverhampton and from Reading to Basingstoke . In August , the line from Grange Court to Hereford was converted from broad to standard and the whole of the line from Swindon through Gloucester to South Wales was similarly treated in May 1872 . In 1874 , the mixed gauge was extended along the main line to Chippenham and the line from there to Weymouth was narrowed . The following year saw mixed gauge laid through the Box Tunnel , with the broad gauge now retained only for through services beyond Bristol and on a few branch lines . The Bristol and Exeter Railway amalgamated with the GWR on 1 January 1876 . It had already made a start on mixing the gauge on its line , a task completed through to Exeter on 1 March 1876 by the GWR . The station here had been shared with the LSWR since 1862 . This rival company had continued to push westwards over its Exeter and Crediton line and arrived in Plymouth later in 1876 , which spurred the South Devon Railway to also amalgamate with the Great Western . The Cornwall Railway remained a nominally independent line until 1889 , although the GWR held a large number of shares in the company . One final new broad @-@ gauge route was opened on 1 June 1877 , the St Ives branch in west Cornwall , although there was also a small extension at Sutton Harbour in Plymouth in 1879 . Part of a mixed gauge point remains at Sutton Harbour , one of the few examples of broad gauge trackwork remaining in situ anywhere . Once the GWR was in control of the whole line from London to Penzance , it set about converting the remaining broad @-@ gauge tracks . The last broad @-@ gauge service left Paddington station on Friday , 20 May 1892 ; the following Monday , trains from Penzance were operated by standard @-@ gauge locomotives . = = = Into the twentieth century = = = After 1892 , with the burden of operating trains on two gauges removed , the company turned its attention to constructing new lines and upgrading old ones to shorten the company 's previously circuitous routes . The principal new lines opened were : 1900 : Stert and Westbury linking the Berks and Hants line with Westbury to create a shorter route to Weymouth for the Channel Islands traffic . 1903 : the South Wales and Bristol Direct Railway from Wootton Bassett to link up with the Severn Tunnel . 1904 : a diversion of the Cornish Main Line between Saltash and St Germans , eliminating the last wooden viaducts on the main line . 1906 : the Langport and Castle Cary Railway to shorten the journey from London to Penzance between Reading and Taunton . 1909 : the Birmingham and North Warwickshire which , combined with the Cheltenham and Honeybourne of 1906 , offered a new route from Birmingham via Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon to south Wales . 1910 : the Birmingham Direct Line built jointly with the Great Central Railway to give a shorter route from London to Aynho and the North . 1913 : the Swansea District Lines which allowed trains to Fishguard Harbour to avoid Swansea . Fishguard had been opened in an attempt to attract transatlantic liner traffic and provided a better facility for the Anglo @-@ Irish ferries than that at Neyland . The generally conservative GWR made other improvements in the years before the World War I such as restaurant cars , better conditions for third class passengers , steam heating of trains , and faster express services . These were largely at the initiative of T. I. Allen , the Superintendent of the Line and one of a group of talented senior managers who led the railway into the Edwardian era : Viscount Emlyn ( Earl Cawdor , Chairman from 1895 to 1905 ) ; Sir Joseph Wilkinson ( general manager from 1896 to 1903 ) , his successor , the former chief engineer Sir James Inglis ; and George Jackson Churchward ( the Chief Mechanical Engineer ) . It was during this period that the GWR introduced road motor services as an alternative to building new lines in rural areas , and started using steam rail motors to bring cheaper operation to existing branch lines . = = = One of the " Big Four " = = = At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , the GWR was taken into government control , as were most major railways in Britain . Many of its staff joined the armed forces and it was more difficult to build and maintain equipment than in peacetime . After the war , the government considered permanent nationalisation but decided instead on a compulsory amalgamation of the railways into four large groups . The GWR alone preserved its name through the " grouping " , under which smaller companies were amalgamated into four main companies in 1922 and 1923 . The new Great Western Railway had more routes in Wales , including 295 miles ( 475 km ) of former Cambrian Railways lines and 124 miles ( 200 km ) from the Taff Vale Railway . A few independent lines in its English area of operations were also added , notably the Midland and South Western Junction Railway , a line previously working closely with the Midland Railway but which now gave the GWR a second station at Swindon , along with a line that carried through @-@ traffic from the North via Cheltenham and Andover to Southampton . The 1930s brought hard times but the company remained in fair financial health despite the Depression . The Development ( Loans , Guarantees and Grants ) Act 1929 allowed the GWR to obtain money in return for stimulating employment and this was used to improve stations including London Paddington , Bristol Temple Meads and Cardiff General ; to improve facilities at depots and to lay additional tracks to reduce congestion . The road motor services were transferred to local bus companies in which the GWR took a share but instead , it participated in air services . A legacy of the broad gauge was that trains for some routes could be built slightly wider than was normal in Britain and these included the 1929 @-@ built " Super Saloons " used on the boat train services that conveyed transatlantic passengers to London in luxury . When the company celebrated its centenary during 1935 , new " Centenary " carriages were built for the Cornish Riviera Express , which again made full use of the wider loading gauge on that route . = = = World War II and after = = = With the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , the GWR returned to direct government control , and by the end of the war a Labour government was in power and again planning to nationalise the railways . After a couple of years trying to recover from the ravages of war , the GWR became the Western Region of British Railways on 1 January 1948 . The Great Western Railway Company continued to exist as a legal entity for nearly two more years , being formally wound up on 23 December 1949 . GWR designs of locomotives and rolling stock continued to be built for a while and the region maintained its own distinctive character , even painting for a while its stations and express trains in a form of chocolate and cream . About 40 years after nationalisation the British railways were privatised and the old name was revived by Great Western Trains , the train operating company providing passenger services on the old GWR routes to South Wales and the South West , which subsequently became First Great Western as part of the FirstGroup but in September 2015 changed its name to Great Western Railway in order to ' to reinstate the ideals of our founder ' . The operating infrastructure , however , was transferred to Railtrack and has since passed to Network Rail . These companies have continued to preserve appropriate parts of its stations and bridges so historic GWR structures can still be recognised around the network . = = Geography = = The original Great Western Main Line linked London Paddington station with Temple Meads station in Bristol by way of Reading , Didcot , Swindon , Chippenham and Bath . This line was extended westwards through Exeter and Plymouth to reach Truro and Penzance , the most westerly railway station in England . Brunel and Gooch placed the GWR 's main locomotive workshops close to the village of Swindon and the locomotives of many trains were changed here in the early years . Up to this point the route had climbed very gradually westwards from London , but from here it changed into one with steeper gradients which , with the primitive locomotives available to Brunel , was better operated by types with smaller wheels better able to climb the hills . These gradients faced both directions , first dropping down through Wootton Bassett to cross the River Avon , then climbing back up through Chippenham to the Box Tunnel before descending once more to regain the River Avon 's valley which it followed to Bath and Bristol . Swindon was also the junction for a line that ran north @-@ westwards to Gloucester then south @-@ westwards on the far side of the River Severn to reach Cardiff , Swansea and west Wales . This route was later shortened by the opening of a more direct east @-@ west route through the Severn Tunnel . Another route ran northwards from Didcot to Oxford from where two different routes continued to Wolverhampton , one through Birmingham and the other through Worcester . Beyond Wolverhampton the line continued via Shrewsbury to Chester and Birkenhead ; another route via Market Drayton enabled the GWR to reach Crewe . Operating agreements with other companies also allowed GWR trains to run to Manchester . South of the London to Bristol main line were routes from Didcot to Southampton via Newbury , and from Chippenham to Weymouth via Westbury . A network of cross @-@ country routes linked these main lines , and there were also many and varied branch lines . Some were short , such as the 3 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) Clevedon branch line ; others were much longer such as the 23 @-@ mile ( 37 km ) Minehead Branch . A few were promoted and built by the GWR to counter competition from other companies , such as the Reading to Basingstoke Line to keep the London and South Western Railway away from Newbury . However , many were built by local companies that then sold their railway to their larger neighbour ; examples include the Launceston and Brixham branches . Further variety came from the traffic carried : holidaymakers ( St Ives ) ; . royalty ( Windsor ) ; or just goods traffic ( Carbis Wharf ) . Brunel envisaged the GWR continuing across the Atlantic Ocean and built the SS Great Western to carry the railway 's passengers from Bristol to New York . Most traffic for North America soon switched to the larger port of Liverpool ( in LNWR territory ) but some transatlantic passengers were landed at Plymouth and conveyed to London by special train . Great Western ships linked Great Britain with Ireland , the Channel Islands and France . = = = Key locations = = = The railway 's headquarters were established at Paddington station . Its locomotives and rolling stock were built and maintained at Swindon Works but other workshops were acquired as it amalgamated with other railways , including the Shrewbury companies ' Stafford Road works at Wolverhampton , and the South Devon 's workshops at Newton Abbot . Reading Signal Works was established in buildings to the north of Reading railway station , and in later years a concrete manufacturing depot was established at Taunton where items ranging from track components to bridges were cast . = = = Engineering features = = = More than 150 years after its creation , the original main line has been described by an historian as one of the masterpieces of railway design . Working westwards from Paddington , the line crosses the valley of the River Brent on Wharncliffe Viaduct and the River Thames on Maidenhead Railway Bridge , which at the time of construction was the largest span achieved by a brick arch bridge . The line then continues through Sonning Cutting before reaching Reading after which it crosses the Thames twice more , on Gatehampton and Moulsford bridges . Between Chippenham and Bath is Box Tunnel , the longest railway tunnel driven by that time . Several years later , the railway opened the even longer Severn Tunnel to carry a new line between England and Wales beneath the River Severn . Some other notable structures were added when smaller companies were amalgamated into the GWR . These include the South Devon Railway sea wall , the Cornwall Railway 's Royal Albert Bridge , and Barmouth Bridge on the Cambrian Railways . = = Operations = = In the early years the GWR was managed by two committees , one in Bristol and one in London . They soon combined as a single board of directors which met in offices at Paddington . The Board was led by a chairman and supported by a Secretary and other " officers " . The first Locomotive Superintendent was Daniel Gooch , although from 1915 the title was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer . The first Goods Manager was appointed in 1850 and from 1857 this position was filled by James Grierson until 1863 when he became the first general manager . In 1864 the post of Superintendent of the Line was created to oversee the running of the trains . = = = Passenger services = = = Early trains offered passengers a choice of first- or second @-@ class carriages . In 1840 this choice was extended : passengers could be conveyed by the slow goods trains in what became third @-@ class . The 1844 Railway Regulation Act made it a legal requirement that the GWR , along with all other British railways , had to serve each station with trains which included third @-@ class accommodation at a fare of not more than one penny per mile and a speed of at least 12 mph ( 19 km / h ) . By 1882 , third @-@ class carriages were attached to all trains except for the fastest expresses . Another parliamentary order meant that trains began to include smoking carriages from 1868 . Special " excursion " cheap @-@ day tickets were first issued in May 1849 and season tickets in 1851 . Until 1869 most revenue came from second @-@ class passengers but the volume of third @-@ class passengers grew to the extent that second @-@ class facilities were withdrawn in 1912 . The Cheap Trains Act 1883 resulted in the provision of workmen 's trains at special low fares at certain times of the day . The principal express services were often given nicknames by railwaymen but these names later appeared officially in timetables , on headboards carried on the locomotive , and on roofboards above the windows of the carriages . For instance , the late @-@ morning Flying Dutchman express between London and Exeter was named after the winning horse of the Derby and St Ledger races in 1849 . Although withdrawn at the end of 1867 , the name was revived in 1869 – following a request from the Bristol and Exeter Railway – and the train ran through to Plymouth . An afternoon express was instigated on the same route in June 1879 and became known as The Zulu . A third West Country express was introduced in 1890 , running to and from Penzance as The Cornishman . A new service , the Cornish Riviera Express ran between London and Penzance – non @-@ stop to Plymouth – from 1 July 1904 , although it ran only in the summer during 1904 and 1905 before becoming a permanent feature of the timetable in 1906 . The Cheltenham Spa Express was the fastest train in the world when it was scheduled to cover the 77 @.@ 25 miles ( 124 @.@ 3 km ) miles between Swindon and London at an average of 71 @.@ 3 miles per hour ( 114 @.@ 7 km / h ) . The train was nicknamed the ' Cheltenham Flyer ' and featured in one of the GWR 's ' Books for boys of all ages ' . Other named trains included The Bristolian , running between London and Bristol from 1935 , and the Torbay Express , which ran between London and Kingswear . Many of these fast expresses included special coaches that could be detached as they passed through stations without stopping , a guard riding in the coach to uncouple it from the main train and bring it to a stop at the correct position . The first such " slip coach " was detached from the Flying Dutchman at Bridgwater in 1869 . The company 's first sleeping cars were operated between Paddington and Plymouth in 1877 . Then on 1 October 1892 its first corridor train ran from Paddington to Birkenhead , and the following year saw the first trains heated by steam that was passed through the train in a pipe from the locomotive . May 1896 saw the introduction of first @-@ class restaurant cars and the service was extended to all classes in 1903 . Sleeping cars for third @-@ class passengers were available from 1928 . Self @-@ propelled " steam railmotors " were first used on 12 October 1903 between Stonehouse and Chalford ; within five years 100 had been constructed . These trains had special retractable steps that could be used at stations with lower platforms than was usual in England . The railmotors proved so successful on many routes that they had to be supplemented by trailer cars with driving controls , the first of which entered service at the end of 1904 . From the following year a number of small locomotives were fitted so that they could work with these trailers , the combined sets becoming known as " autotrains " and eventually replacing the steam rail motors . Diesel railcars were introduced in 1934 . Some railcars were fully streamlined , some had buffet counters for long @-@ distance services , and others were purely for parcels services . = = = Freight services = = = Passenger traffic was the main source of revenue for the GWR when it first opened but goods were also carried in separate trains . It was not until the coal @-@ mining and industrial districts of Wales and the Midlands were reached that goods traffic became significant ; in 1856 the Ruabon Coal Company signed an agreement with the GWR to transport coal to London at special rates which nonetheless was worth at least £ 40 @,@ 000 each year to the railway . As locomotives increased in size so did the length of goods trains , from 40 to as many as 100 four @-@ wheeled wagons , although the gradient of the line often limited this . While typical goods wagons could carry 8 , 10 or ( later ) 12 tons , the load placed into a wagon could be as little as 1 ton . The many smaller consignments were sent to a local transhipment centre where they were re @-@ sorted into larger loads for the main segment of their journey . There were more than 550 " station truck " workings running on timetabled goods trains carrying small consignments to and from specified stations , and 200 " pick up " trucks that collected small loads from groups of stations . The GWR provided special wagons , handling equipment and storage facilities for its largest traffic flows . For example , the coal mines in Wales sent much of their coal to the docks along the coast , many of which were owned and equipped by the railway , as were some in Cornwall that exported most of the china clay production of that county . The wagons provided for both these traffic flows ( both those owned by the GWR and the mining companies ) were fitted with end doors that allowed their loads to be tipped straight into the ships ' holds using wagon @-@ tipping equipment on the dockside . Special wagons were produced for many other different commodities such as gunpowder , aeroplanes , milk , fruit and fish . Heavy traffic was carried from the agricultural and fishing areas in the south west of England , often in fast " perishables " trains , for instance more than 3 @,@ 500 cattle were sent from Grampound Road in the 12 months to June 1869 , and in 1876 nearly than 17 @,@ 000 tons of fish was carried from west Cornwall to London . The perishables trains running in the nineteenth century used wagons built to the same standards as passenger coaches , with vacuum brakes and large wheels to allow fast running . Ordinary goods trains on the GWR , as on all other British railways at the time , had wheels close together ( around 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) apart ) , smaller wheels and only hand brakes . In 1905 the GWR ran its first vacuum @-@ braked general goods train between London and Bristol using newly built goods wagons with small wheels but vacuum brakes . This was followed by other services to create a network of fast trains between the major centres of production and population that were scheduled to run at speeds averaging 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) . Other railway companies also followed the GWR 's lead by providing their own vacuum @-@ braked ( or " fitted " ) services . = = = Ancillary operations = = = A number of canals , such as the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon Canal , became the property of the railway when they were purchased to remove competition or objectors to proposed new lines . Most of these continued to be operated although they were only a small part of the railway company 's business : in 1929 the canals took £ 16 @,@ 278 of receipts while freight trains earned over £ 17 million . ( £ 892 @,@ 000 and £ 932 million respectively in 2015 ) . The Railways Act 1921 brought most of the large coal @-@ exporting docks in South Wales into the GWR 's ownership , such as those at Cardiff , Barry , and Swansea . They were added to a small number of docks along the south coast of England which the company already owned , to make it the largest docks operator in the world . Powers were granted by Parliament for the GWR to operate ships in 1871 . The following year the company took over the ships operated by Ford and Jackson on the route between Neyland in Wales and Waterford in Ireland . The Welsh terminal was relocated to Fishguard Harbour when the railway was opened to there in 1906 . Services were also operated between Weymouth Quay and the Channel Islands from 1889 on the former Weymouth and Channel Islands Steam Packet Company routes . Smaller GWR vessels were also used as tenders at Plymouth Great Western Docks and , until the Severn Tunnel opened , on the River Severn crossing of the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway . The first railway @-@ operated bus services were started by the GWR between Helston railway station and The Lizard on 17 August 1903 . Known by the company as " road motors " , these chocolate @-@ and @-@ cream buses operated throughout the company 's territory on railway feeder services and excursions until the 1930s when they were transferred to local bus companies ( in most of which the GWR held a share ) . The GWR inaugurated the first railway air service between Cardiff , Torquay and Plymouth in association with Imperial Airways . This grew to become part of the Railway Air Services . = = Motive power and rolling stock = = = = = Locomotives = = = The GWR 's first locomotives were specified by Isambard Kingdom Brunel but proved unsatisfactory . Daniel Gooch , who was just 20 years old , was soon appointed as the railway 's Locomotive Superintendent and set about establishing a reliable fleet . He bought two locomotives from Robert Stephenson and Company which proved more successful than Brunel 's , and then designed a series of standardised locomotives . From 1846 these could be built at the company 's newly established railway workshops at Swindon . He designed several different 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) broad @-@ gauge types for the growing railway , such as the Firefly 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2s and later Iron Duke Class 4 @-@ 2 @-@ 2s . In 1864 Gooch was succeeded by Joseph Armstrong who brought his standard @-@ gauge experience to the railway . Some of Armstrong 's designs were built as either broad or standard gauge just by fitting different wheels ; those needing tenders were given old ones from withdrawn broad @-@ gauge locomotives . Joseph Armstrong 's early death in 1877 meant that the next phase of motive power design was the responsibility of William Dean who developed express 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 types rather than the single @-@ driver 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2s and 4 @-@ 2 @-@ 2s that had hauled fast trains up to that time . Dean retired in 1902 to be replaced by George Jackson Churchward , who introduced the familiar 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 locomotives . It was during Churchward 's tenure that the term " Locomotive Superintendent " was changed to " Chief Mechanical Engineer " ( CME ) . Charles Collett succeeded Churchward in 1921 . He was soon responsible for the much larger fleet that the GWR operated following the Railways Act 1921 mergers . He set about replacing the older and less numerous classes , and rebuilding the remainder using as many standardised GWR components as possible . He also produced many new designs using standard parts , such as the Castle and King classes . The final CME was Frederick Hawksworth who took control in 1941 , seeing the railway through wartime shortages and producing GWR @-@ design locomotives until after nationalisation . Brunel and Gooch both gave their locomotives names to identify them , but the standard @-@ gauge companies that became a part of the GWR used numbers . Until 1864 the GWR therefore had named broad @-@ gauge locomotives and numbered standard @-@ gauge ones . From the time of Armstrong 's arrival all new locomotives – both broad and standard – were given numbers , including broad @-@ gauge ones that had previously carried names when they were acquired from other railways . Dean introduced a policy in 1895 of giving passenger tender locomotives both numbers and names . Each batch was given names with a distinctive theme , for example kings for the 6000 class and castles for the 4073 class . The GWR first painted its locomotives a dark holly green but this was changed to middle chrome or Brunswick green for most of its existence . They initially had chocolate brown or Indian red frames but this was changed in the twentieth century to black . Name and number plates were generally of polished brass with a black background , and chimneys often had copper rims or " caps " . Liveries through the years : = = = Carriages = = = GWR passenger coaches were many and varied , ranging from four- and six @-@ wheeled vehicles on the original broad @-@ gauge line of 1838 , through to bogie coaches up to 70 feet ( 21 m ) long which were in service through to 1947 and beyond . Vacuum brakes , bogies and through @-@ corridors all came into use during the nineteenth century , and in 1900 the first electrically lit coaches were put into service . The 1920s saw some vehicles fitted with automatic couplings and steel bodies . Early vehicles were built by a number of independent companies , but in 1844 the railway started to build carriages at Swindon railway works , which eventually provided most of the railway 's rolling stock . Special vehicles included sleeping cars , restaurant cars and slip coaches . Passengers were also carried in railmotors , autotrains , and diesel railcars . Passenger @-@ rated vans carried parcels , horses , and milk at express speeds . Representative examples of these carriages survive in service today on various Heritage railways up and down the country . Most coaches were generally painted in variations of a chocolate @-@ brown and cream livery , however they were plain brown or red until 1864 and from 1908 to 1922 . Parcels vans and similar vehicles were seldom painted in the two @-@ colour livery , being plain brown or red instead , which caused them to be known as " brown vehicles " . = = = Wagons = = = In the early years of the GWR its wagons were painted brown , but this changed to red before the end of the broad gauge . The familiar dark grey livery was introduced about 1904 . Most early wagons were four @-@ wheeled open vehicles , although a few six @-@ wheeled vehicles were provided for special loads . Covered vans followed , initially for carrying cattle but later for both general and vulnerable goods too . The first bogie wagons appeared in 1873 for heavy loads , but bogie coal wagons were built in 1904 following on from the large four @-@ wheel coal wagons that had first appeared in 1898 . Rated at 20 tons ( 20 @.@ 3 tonnes ) these were twice the size of typical wagons of the period , but it was not until 1923 that the company invested heavily in coal wagons of this size and the infrastructure necessary for their unloading at their docks ; these were known as " Felix Pole " wagons after the GWR 's general manager who promoted their use . Container wagons appeared in 1931 and special vans for motor cars in 1933 . When the GWR was opened no trains in the United Kingdom were fitted with vacuum brakes , instead handbrakes were fitted to individual wagons and trains also conveyed brake vans where a guard had control of a screw @-@ operated brake . The first goods wagons to be fitted with vacuum brakes were those that ran in passenger trains carrying perishable goods such as fish . Some ballast hoppers were given vacuum brakes in December 1903 , and general goods wagons were constructed with them from 1904 onwards , although unfitted wagons ( those without vacuum brakes ) still formed the majority of the fleet in 1948 when the railway was nationalised to become a part of British Railways . All wagons for public traffic had a code name that was used in telegraphic messages . As this was usually painted onto the wagon it is common to see them referred to by these names , such as " Mink " ( a van ) , " Mica " ( refrigerated van ) , " Crocodile " ( boiler truck ) , and " Toad " ( brake van ) . = = Track = = For the permanent way Brunel decided to use a light bridge rail continuously supported on thick timber baulks , known as " baulk road " . Thinner timber transoms were used to keep the baulks the correct distance apart . This produced a smoother track and the whole assembly proved cheaper than using conventional sleepers for broad @-@ gauge track , although this advantage was lost with standard- or mixed @-@ gauge lines because of the higher ratio of timber to length of line . More conventional track forms were later used , although baulk road could still be seen in sidings in the first half of the twentieth century . = = Signalling = = Brunel developed a system of " disc and crossbar " signals to control train movements , but the people operating them could only assume that each train reached the next signal without stopping unexpectedly . The world 's first commercial telegraph line was installed along the 13 miles ( 21 km ) from Paddington to West Drayton and came into operation on 9 April 1839 . This later spread throughout the system and allowed stations to use telegraphic messages to tell the people operating the signals when each train arrived safely . A long list of code words were developed to help make messages both quick to send and clear in meaning . More conventional semaphore signals replaced the discs and crossbars over time . The GWR persisted with the lower quadrant form , where a " proceed " aspect is indicated by lowering the signal arm , despite other British railways changing to an upper quadrant form . Electric light signals of the " searchlight " pattern were later introduced at busy stations ; these could show the same red / green or yellow / green aspects that semaphore signals showed at night . An " automatic train control " system was introduced from 1906 which was a safety system that applied a train 's brakes if it passed a danger signal . = = Cultural impact = = The GWR is known admiringly to some as " God 's Wonderful Railway " , but jocularly to others as the " Great Way Round " as some of its earliest routes were not the most direct . The railway , however , promoted itself from 1908 as " The Holiday Line " as it carried huge numbers of people to resorts in Wales and south @-@ west England . = = = Tourism = = = Cheap tickets were offered and excursion trains operated to popular destinations and special events such as the 1851 Great Exhibition . Later , GWR road motors operated tours to popular destinations not served directly by train , and its ships offered cruises from places such as Plymouth . Redundant carriages were converted to camp coaches and placed at country or seaside stations such as Blue Anchor and Marazion and hired to holidaymakers who arrived by train . The GWR had operated hotels at major stations and junctions since the early days , but in 1877 it opened its first " country house hotel " , the Tregenna Castle in St Ives , Cornwall . It later added the Fishguard Bay Hotel in Wales and the Manor House at Moretonhampstead , Devon , to which it added a golf course in 1930 . It promoted itself from 1908 as " The Holiday Line through a series of posters , postcards , jigsaw puzzles , and books . These included Holiday Haunts , describing the attraction of the different parts of the GWR system , and regional titles such as S. P. B. Mais 's Cornish Riviera and A. M. Bradley 's South Wales : The Country of Castles . Guidebooks described the scenery seen Through the Window of their trains . Other GWR books were designed to encourage an interest in the GWR itself . Published as " Books for Boys of All Ages " , these included The 10 : 30 Limited and Loco 's of the Royal Road . The Great Western Railway effectively created the modern day tourist spots of the West Country and the southwest part of Wales that had been previously been very difficult to reach . The Bristol Channel resorts of Wales and the West Country such as Minehead or the cliffs of Exmoor had been very remote from other parts of England before the advent of the GWR . = = = Art and media = = = The GWR attracted the attention of the artists from an early date . John Cooke Bourne 's History and Description of the Great Western Railway was published in 1846 and contained a series of detailed lithographs of the railway that give readers a glimpse of what the line looked like in the days before photography . J. M. W. Turner painted his Rain , Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway in 1844 after looking out of the window of his train on Maidenhead Railway Bridge , and in 1862 William Powell Frith painted The Railway Station , a large crowd scene on the platform at Paddington . The station itself was initially painted for Powell by W Scott Morton , an architect , and a train was specially provided by the GWR for the painting , in front of which a variety of travellers and railway staff form an animated focal point . The GWR has featured in many television programmes , such as the BBC children 's drama series God 's Wonderful Railway in 1980 . It was also immortalised in Bob Godfrey 's animated film Great , which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1975 which tells the story of Brunel 's engineering accomplishments . In The Railway Series by the Rev. Wilbert Awdry , two of the North Western Railway 's engines , Duck , and Oliver , and a brakevan named Toad , are from the Great Western Railway , with Duck being especially proud of it . = = = Heritage = = = The GWR 's memory is kept alive by several museums such as STEAM – the museum of the GWR ( in the old Swindon railway works ) , and the Didcot Railway Centre , where there is an operating broad @-@ gauge train . Preserved GWR lines include those from Totnes to Buckfastleigh , Paignton to Kingswear , Bishops Lydeard to Minehead , and Kidderminster to Bridgnorth . Many other heritage railways and museums also have GWR locomotives or rolling stock in use or on display . Numerous stations owned by Network Rail also continue to display much of their GWR heritage . This is seen not only at the large stations such as Paddington ( built 1851 , extended 1915 ) and Temple Meads ( 1840 , 1875 & 1935 ) but other places such as Bath Spa ( 1840 ) , Torquay ( 1878 ) , Penzance ( 1879 ) , Truro ( 1897 ) , and Newton Abbot ( 1927 ) . Many small stations are little changed from when they were opened , as there has been no need to rebuild them to cope with heavier traffic ; good examples can be found at Yatton ( 1841 ) , Frome ( 1850 , Network Rail 's last surviving Brunel @-@ style train shed ) , Bradford @-@ on @-@ Avon ( 1857 ) , and St Germans ( 1859 ) . Even where stations have been rebuilt , many fittings such as signs , manhole covers and seats can still be found with " GWR " cast into them . The Great Western Main Line was considered as a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 but rejected in 2011 The proposal comprised seven individual sites : Temple Meads ( including Brunel 's GWR offices , boardroom , train shed , the B & ER offices , and the viaduct over the River Avon ) ; Bath including the route from Twerton Tunnel to the Sydney Gardens ; Middlehill and Box Tunnels ; the Swindon area including Swindon railway works and village ; Maidenhead Railway Bridge ; Wharncliffe Viaduct ; and Paddington station . = = = Locomotives named Great Western = = = Several locomotives have been given the name Great Western . The first was an Iron Duke class broad @-@ gauge locomotive built in 1846 , the first locomotive entirely constructed at the company 's Swindon locomotive works . This was withdrawn in 1870 , but in 1888 a newly built locomotive in the same class was given the same name ; this was withdrawn four years later when the broad gauge was taken out of use . A standard @-@ gauge 3031 class locomotive , number 3012 , was then given the name . The last GWR locomotive to carry the name was Castle class number 7007 , which continued to carry it in British Railways days . The name later reappeared on some BR diesels . The first was 47500 which carried the name from 1979 until 1991 . Another Class 47 , this time 47815 , had the name bestowed on it in 2005 ; it is currently ( 2009 ) in operation with Riviera Trains . A High Speed Train power car , number 43185 , also carries the same name ; it is currently , and appropriately , a part of the First Great Western fleet . = = Notable people = = Joseph Armstrong Locomotive Superintendent to the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway and the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railways from 1853 , he was responsible for the locomotive workshops at Wolverhampton . When they amalgamated with the GWR the following year he was given the title of Northern Division Locomotive Superintendent ( 1854 – 1864 ) , he then moved to Swindon as the chief Locomotive Superintendent ( 1864 – 1877 ) . Isambard Kingdom Brunel Chief Engineer to the GWR ( 1835 – 1859 ) and many of the broad @-@ gauge lines with which it amalgamated , also the standard @-@ gauge Taff Vale Railway . He was responsible for choosing the route of the railway and designing many of today 's iconic structures including Box Tunnel , Royal Albert Bridge , Maidenhead Railway Bridge , Paddington and Temple Meads stations . George Jackson Churchward Locomotive Superintendent ( 1902 – 1915 ) and Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1915 – 1921 ) who instigated much standardisation of locomotive components . Charles Collett Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1922 – 1941 ) . William Dean Locomotive Superintendent ( 1877 – 1902 ) . Daniel Gooch The GWR 's first Locomotive Superintendent ( 1837 – 1864 ) and its chairman ( 1865 – 1889 ) . He was responsible for the railway 's early locomotive successes , such as the Iron Duke Class , and for establishing Swindon railway works . James Grierson Goods Manager ( 1857 – 1863 ) , he then became the general manager ( 1863 – 1887 ) from which position he saw the railway through a period of expansion and the early gauge conversions . Frederick Hawksworth The last GWR Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1941 – 1947 ) . Henry Lambert The general manager ( 1887 – 1896 ) responsible for managing the final gauge conversion in 1892 . James Milne General manager ( 1929 – 1947 ) who saw the GWR through World War II . Sir Felix Pole As general manager ( 1921 – 1929 ) he oversaw the Grouping of the South Wales railways into the GWR following the Railways Act 1921 , and promoted the use of 20 ton wagons to bring efficiencies to the railway 's coal trade . Charles Spagnoletti The GWR 's Telegraph Superintendent ( 1855 – 1892 ) patented the Disc Block Telegraph Instrument that was used to safely control the dispatch of trains . First used on the Metropolitan Railway in 1863 and the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway in 1864 , it was later used on many other lines operated by the company . = Zduhać = A zduhać ( Cyrillic : здухаћ , pronounced [ zdǔxaːtɕ ] ) and vetrovnjak ( ветровњак , [ ʋetrǒʋɲaːk ] ) in Serbian tradition , and a dragon man in Bulgarian , Macedonian and Serbian traditions , were men believed to have an inborn supernatural ability to protect their estate , village , or region against destructive weather conditions , such as storms , hail , or torrential rains . It was believed that the souls of these men could leave their bodies in sleep , to intercept and fight with demonic beings imagined as bringers of bad weather . Having defeated the demons and taken away the stormy clouds they brought , the protectors would return into their bodies and wake up tired . Notions associated with the zduhać , vetrovnjak , and dragon man , respectively , are not identical . The dragon man fought against female demons called ala , which led hail clouds over fields to destroy crops , and consumed the fertility of the fields . The zduhaći ( plural ) of an area usually fought together against the attacking zduhaći of another area who were bringing a storm and hail clouds above their fields . The victorious zduhaći would loot the yield of all agricultural produce from the territory of their defeated foes , and take it to their own region . The vetrovnjak , recorded in parts of western Serbia , fought against a bringer of bad weather imagined as a black bird . The zduhaći are recorded in Montenegro , eastern Herzegovina , part of Bosnia , and the Sandžak region of south @-@ western Serbia . The dragon men are recorded in eastern Serbia , Banat , western Bulgaria , and Macedonia . = = Zduhać and vjedogonja = = In Montenegro , eastern Herzegovina , part of Bosnia , and the Sandžak region of south @-@ western Serbia , a man who was thought to be able to protect his estate , village , or region from bad weather was called a zduhać or a stuha . These names have a number of variants , which can be with or without h , with v instead of h , with or without the ending ć , and with č instead of ć . According to philologist Franz Miklosich , the Serbian word stuhać is cognate with the Old Slavonic stuhia ( стѹхїа ) or stihia ( стихїа ) " the elements " , which stem from the Old Greek stoicheion ( στοιχεῖον ) " element " . The latter name is the origin of the Modern Greek stikhio ( στοιχειό ) , denoting various kinds of spirits in Greek folklore , such as those fighting for the well @-@ being of their village or area against adverse spirits from elsewhere . According to linguists Petar Skok and Norbert Jokl , stuhać stems from the Albanian stuhi " storm " . In any case , the form zduhać may have resulted from folk etymology through association with the Serbian duh " spirit " . The notion that the human being consists of body and soul is found in traditional Slavic culture . There was a belief among the South Slavs that , in some people , the soul could leave the body and again return into it . The zduhać belonged to such people in Serbian tradition . It was thought that , after a zduhać fell asleep , his soul could fly out of his body , or " go into the winds " , as it was said in Montenegro . In some accounts , it exited the body in the form of a fly . The zduhać 's soul had the power to direct the motion of winds and clouds . If the body of the sleeping zduhać was rotated so that his head and feet changed places , or if he was carried away from where he fell asleep , his soul would not be able to return into his body , and the zduhać would die . Although zduhaći ( plural ) could be women and children , most were adult men . Their supernatural power was thought to be inborn . In many regions it was regarded that the zduhaći were born with a caul — white or red , depending on the regional belief . The mother would dry the caul and sew into a piece of garment always worn by the child , such as a pouch attached under the child 's armpit . In the clan of Kuči , eastern Montenegro , the mother would preserve the caul hiding it from all eyes , and hand it to her son when he grew up . The caul was supposed to protect him when he flew as a zduhać . If the caul was destroyed , the child 's supernatural power would be lost . A birthmark of a zduhać in Herzegovina could be a tuft of hair growing on his shoulder or upper arm . In Montenegrin Littoral , the caul played no role in the birth of zduhaći , who were rather born on certain Fridays at a set hour . There was also a belief in Herzegovina that male children who were conceived on the eves of great feast days would become zduhaći . A 19th @-@ century ethnographic account from eastern Herzegovina describes a way through which a man who was not born as a zduhać could become one . Forty days after he ceased praying to God and washing his face , the man should go to some level ground , before he drew a circle on the ground and sat in its centre . Soon the Devil would come and ask the man whether he was willing to join his army , and what form he wanted to be transformed into . When the man stated the desired form , the Devil would turn him into that , making him a zduhać . In the region of Semberija , northeast Bosnia , а zduhać could pass his supernatural power on to his son . The appearance of zduhaći was not much different from that of ordinary people , but they had some traits that set them apart . They were deep sleepers , very hard to wake up , often drowsy , pensive , thoughtful , and solemn . Their faces were often puffy , eyes shadowy . They were wise and shrewd , successful in whatever they were doing and resourceful in dealing with problems ; their households were prosperous . In Semberija , zduhaći were said to be good scapulimantic diviners , and to be able to communicate with domestic animals . The clan of Paštrovići from Montenegrin Littoral claimed that the zduhaći could hear any doings anywhere in the world ; if someone stepped on a zduhać 's foot , they could hear that too . The clan of Kuči held that the zduhaći were outstanding long jumpers . Adverse weather such as a storm or hail could devastate crop fields and orchards , and thus jeopardize the livelihood of farmers in the affected area . A role of zduhaći , according to folk tradition , was to lead storms and hail clouds away from their family estates , villages , or regions , to save their crops . A zduhać could take the storms and hail clouds over the territory of another zduhać to destroy its crops . The other zduhać would fly up to confront the bringer of bad weather , and there would be a fight between the zduhaći . They fought alone , or in bands composed of individuals from the same area . Thus it was thought that the zduhaći from eastern Bosnia fought together against those from Herzegovina and Montenegro . The zduhaći from Sandžak fought jointly against the Albanian zduhaći . On the Adriatic coast , battles were waged between a band of zduhaći from Herzegovina , Serbia , Montenegro , and northern Albania on one side , and a band of zduhaći from Apulia in southeast Italy on the other side . The latter were also called the transmarine zduhaći , as Apulia is situated across the Adriatic Sea from Montenegro . Each band had its leader . A man named Mato Glušac ( 1774 – 1870 ) , from the village of Korita in Herzegovina , was reputed the supreme commander of the Herzegovinian and Montenegrin zduhaći ; he was also a famous seer . According to some accounts , zduhaći flew and fought mostly in spring when strong winds blew , and , as held in some regions , only during night . As recorded in Montenegro , the zduhaći " went into the winds " usually during the Nativity Fast ( 15 November – 24 December ) , when there was not much snow and the winds were forceful . They also flew frequently from mid @-@ February to the end of March . In some years , they were not active at all . The zduhaći of a band would leave their bodies in sleep and gather at an appointed place , before flying into a battle . They used various weapons , such as spindles , beech buds , sharp splinters , leaves , stalks of straw , fluff , flakes , sand , long twigs , cornel stones , pine cones , eggshells , and other light objects . As believed in Herzegovina , zduhaći uprooted gigantic firs and oaks and fought with them . However , the most powerful zduhać weapon was held to be a stick of luč ( resinous wood burned to give light or used as kindling ) charred at both ends , or any charred splinter of wood . A zduhać who was hit with this weapon would surely die . People therefore avoided igniting the sticks at both ends , and they took care that no splinters were left half @-@ burned . Beside the weapons , each zduhać carried a milk bucket and a peck measure ; an alternative for the latter could be a shovel or broom from a threshing floor . If a band of zduhaći succeeded to seize the peck measures from the enemy band , they would thereby transfer the crop yield from the area of their enemies to their own area . Seizing the milk buckets meant that the milk yield would be transferred . According to the clan of Kuči , zduhaći used their peck measures , milk buckets , and other containers to grab off the overall yield of the enemy territory . The battles of zduhaći were furious . They were accompanied by forceful gales and whirlwinds which uprooted trees and whipped up dust . In Montenegro , it was considered dangerous to throw stones in the wind , because that might knock out an eye of a zduhać , who would kill the culprit . A fighting zduhać was supposed to retain his peck measure and milk bucket , while trying to seize these objects from an enemy zduhać ; he should hit and not get hit . The victorious band of zduhaći would loot the yield of all agricultural produce from the territory of their defeated foes . The harvest in the coming season would thus be excellent for the victors and poor for the defeated zduhaći . After the battle , the soul of the zduhać would return into his body , and he would wake up weak and exhausted . If he was wounded , he would be sick for some time afterwards — before he recovered , or died if his wound was mortal . There are records of seriously ill men who claimed that they were wounded in zduhać battles . It was held in Montenegrin Littoral that a mortally wounded zduhać could still recuperate if he revenged himself on his wounder before the eighth day of his wound expired . Pavel Rovinski , Russian philologist and ethnographer , recorded a story told to him by a man of the clan of Ceklin in southern Montenegro ( Rovinski also heard a similar story in Montenegrin Littoral ) : There was a Ceklin zduhać who was so beaten by other zduhaći that he had to die , and there he was , dying . Various remedies were brought to him , but he accepted none , because all was in vain . Finally he had everybody ushered out of his house , except for one of his brothers , a famous hero ; all were also driven away from the door , to prevent eavesdropping . Then the dying man said to his brother : " I will surely die , if I am not substituted for ; and you can do it and save me , if you will have enough strength . " The brother , of course , promised that , and the sick man continued : " You will have to go tonight to Mount So @-@ and @-@ so , at three to four hours ' walking distance from here , most of the way lying through a dense forest . You will come beneath a stair @-@ like cliff and stop there , and a great fear will seize you . To encourage yourself , take your two pistols and a knife with the silver sheath . " " I will also take a musket , " added the brother , and the sick man said , " You may take that too , though only as an encouragement , as it will be of no use to you , but you must have the knife . " " I can go without any weapon , with a pocket knife , if it is against a single , and with a weapon I can go against a hundred , " interrupted the brother again . " Take it easy with your boldness , " resumed the sick man , " and by all means take the knife . When you come beneath the cliff , the sky will be cloudless , lit , and there will be a silence in the air ; then you will notice a wisp of cloud coming from the direction of Mount Rumija , and the wind will start to blow . The wisp will turn into an enormous storm cloud that will cover all the sky , and there will come a darkness such as you have never seen before ; the wind will blow , whistle , roar , and shriek , as you have also never heard before ; the hair will rise on your head so that it will lift your cap , and I fear that you may go mad from horror . And if you persevere , you will see three bulls falling down from the cloud on the earth : a light @-@ haired , a pied , and a dark @-@ haired bull . The latter two will start to beat the former , which is the weakest , because it is already wounded . Make sure to strike the two bulls with the knife ; but take care not to cut the light @-@ haired bull ; that would be the death of me , as it would be if the two bulls overcame the light @-@ haired bull . " Having heard all of that , the brother took two pistols , poured more gunpowder , and sharpened the flints ; he put the pistols into his belt , placed the knife between them , and slung a musket over his shoulder . He set forth . He passed through the dark forest ; he came beneath the stair @-@ like cliff ; the moon and the stars were shining , so it was like a day ; a silence all around him , pleasant ; he sat down and lit his pipe . Before long a wisp of cloud showed from the direction of Mount Rumija ; there came a roar and bluster , and everything happened as the sick man said . His hair rose so that three times he jammed his cap down on his head . Finally , three bulls fell down from the storm cloud and started to fight ; all as it was said . He stabbed the pied bull in the neck with the knife ; it staggered and fell ; the light @-@ haired bull got encouraged . Then he stabbed the dark @-@ haired bull , and it slumped ; the light @-@ haired was finishing them off with its horns . This was not enough for him , and , fearing that the cut bulls could still rise up , he kept on striking them with the knife as long as there was a breath in their bodies . The storm cloud suddenly disappeared ; together with it , the light @-@ haired bull vanished . Again the moon and the stars shone ; again a silence and blessedness . He was going back home as if flying ; when he arrived he found his brother sitting by the hearth , placing logs on the fire , healthy as if he had never been sick . An interpretation of the story about the Ceklin zduhać is given in an essay by literary theoretician Radoman Kordić . According to him , the story is a product of the symbolic scheme of the culture of Montenegrin Serbs . The story comprises a zduhać narration and a heroic narration . The former is based on the mythological beliefs in the zduhaći , which were strongest in Montenegro . The latter is based on the heroic ideology exalting death in battle , which was a predominant trait of the Montenegrin society . The zduhać and the famous hero symbolize , respectively , two systems of the Montenegrin culture . At its beginning , the story is placed in the framework of the first system , but it is realized with the means and on the ideological plane of the second system . The beaten zduhać , who is supposed to die , diverges from the mythological pattern , and he replaces himself with the hero . This results in an ironic twist . The fearless hero acts in fact as a butcher of bulls which do not even fight back . The apparently happy ending degrades the zduhać into a subject without identity . Kordić argues , using mostly Lacanian psychoanalysis , that there is a third , silent narration in the story — that of the death drive — which crumbles the other two narrations . In a story recorded in the area of Cetinje , a zduhać was mortally wounded on Mount Lovćen in a battle against the transmarine zduhaći . The dying zduhać disclosed the way in which he could be saved , and one of his relatives acted according to the instructions . He went by night to a valley where he saw horses , oxen , rams , billy goats , men , and women . He passed by them in total silence , before he saw a black ox . He struck the ox with a wooden bar , and the animal roared tremendously . When he returned home , he found the zduhać sound and healthy . As believed in the region of Birač , eastern Bosnia , a mortally wounded zduhać could get well if he burned beech buds in a milk bucket , and censed himself with the smoke , using a spindle to wave the smoke toward himself . Before performing this rite , he should have publicly confessed that he was a zduhać . Most zduhaći would reputedly rather die than do that , because afterwards they could no more fly as zduhaći . As thought in Herzegovina , a man who did not want to be a zduhać anymore , should have confessed to a priest and promised that he would not fly anymore . Zduhaći were regarded as a blessing for their home and village , as guardians of the prosperity and well @-@ being of their region , and as good , honest , just , and law @-@ obeying people . In the region of Birač , zduhaći were said to meet with angels " on the leaves of high and thick branches " . They were sometimes thought to have a prophetic gift . However , a zduhać could ally himself with the Devil , and use his innate power in accordance with the Devil 's directions . That zduhać was doomed to turn into a vampire , unless he confessed and repented . Some influential historical persons were believed to have been zduhaći , such as warrior and writer Marko Miljanov , and Petar I Petrović @-@ Njegoš , who was the Prince @-@ Bishop of Montenegro from 1784 to 1830 . Mahmud Bushatli , the Ottoman pasha of Skadar in northern Albania , was reputed a powerful zduhać in Montenegro . It was claimed that his mother carried him for three years . Bushatli was defeated and killed by the Montenegrins under Petar I , while attempting to subdue them in 1796 . Since that time , the crop yield in Montenegro and northern Albania was allegedly not as high as before . Bushatli was said to have fought for the crop yield against the transmarine zduhaći . Petar I was reported saying of him , " I regret his death although he was my biggest enemy . " After Bushatli was killed , his body was burned ; according to oral accounts , green flames rose from it . In South Slavic tradition , green could be associated with supernatural creatures , like witches and dragons . An individual domestic animal could also be regarded as a zduhać , such as a shepherd dog , ox , bellwether , horse , or billy goat . If an animal habitually made vocal sounds in sleep , it was assumed to be a zduhać . Such an animal was cherished , and was not for sale . The spirit of the animal zduhać would leave its body in sleep and fight against the enemy zduhaći , to protect its own flock or herd . Only the fertility of the livestock depended on the outcome of the battles fought by the animal zduhaći ; they had no bearing on the crop yield . In the region of Užice , western Serbia , it was believed that storms and hail clouds were led by zduhaći who flew above them in the form of big birds . A black ox and a three @-@ year @-@ old rooster defended their village from them — especially the rooster , for which reason he was not killed for food , but kept as a home guardian . In folk spells for repelling hail clouds in Serbia , these clouds were called white cattle . This could be compared with the idea of the black ox as a defender from hail . In some regions of southern Montenegro , such as the Bay of Kotor , Grbalj , and Zagarač , and in parts of Herzegovina , a man who acted as a zduhać was called a vjedogonja or jedogonja . There was a rule : if a child was born with a caul , the girl would become a vještica " witch " , and the boy would become a vjedogonja . This could have been prevented by cutting the caul on a trough for feeding dogs , and throwing it away ; the child would then grow up into an ordinary person . While the zduhaći and vjedogonje ( plural ) protected their community from the threats coming from the outside , the witches were the enemy within , doing harm primarily to their own relatives and friends . A correspondence between the witches and the vjedogonje can be seen in a passage from The Mountain Wreath , a poetic drama by Petar II Petrović @-@ Njegoš , the plot of which takes place in 18th @-@ century Montenegro : A man named Vukota said these words to Bishop Danilo , one of the main characters of The Mountain Wreath , who previously uttered a piercing vision speaking as if he was alone . The second and the third verses can be compared with an idiomatic expression whose literal sense is " to dash into a frenzied countenance " , meaning " to fall into a frenzied or crazed exaltation " . Vukota compared Bishop Danilo 's exaltation with that of a witch or a vjedogonja when their spirit flew out of their body . It was thought that the witches held an assembly each year on 1 March , and the vjedogonje mostly flew during the long autumn nights , especially when strong winds blew . After Vukota 's words , Bishop Danilo started as if from a dream . The vjedogonje fought in regional bands , their weapons being huge boulders or gigantic trees which they uprooted with one hand . The leaders among them were those who had a tail and were hairy . A 19th @-@ century ethnographic account describes that " when a man regarded as a vjedogonja dies , they drive hawthorn spines under his nails , and cut the tendons beneath his knees with a knife whose sheath is black , so that he could not get out of his grave ( like a vampire ) . " Petar I Petrović @-@ Njegoš preached among people against superstition . He strongly condemned the denunciation and persecution of women as witches . After one such incident in 1830 in south Montenegro , Petar I wrote an epistle , mentioning vjedogonje in a sentence : " Nowhere have I found nor has anyone told me that witches and vjedogonje exist , except in the blind and sad Serbian people , because it is blind and believes lies rather than Christ 's Gospel and Christ 's teachings and commands . " In the folklore of Croats of Ravni Kotari , a region in northern Dalmatia , there were men called vidogoja . They were believed to know past and future things . People paid them to cure the sick , which they did by saying prayers and making the sign of the cross all over the patient 's body . The vidogoja were also thought to be able to inflict diseases on people , and to have evil eyes . They could not fly . = = Vetrovnjak , vilovit , and oblačar = = In the region of Mount Zlatibor in western Serbia , the man who protected the fields of his village from bad weather was called a vetrovnjak ; the name is derived from vetar " wind " . At the onset of a storm , the vetrovnjak would fall into a trance @-@ like sleep . It was thought that his soul then flew skywards to fight against some black bird which led the storm and hail clouds . After he woke up , he had to rest for some time to restore his physical strength . It was believed that a vetrovnjak could take the bad clouds over the estate of a man with whom he was in a conflict . In the region of Dragačevo , western Serbia , people told of the vilovit men , who would disappear at the sight of hail clouds , reappearing bloody and with torn clothes after the storm was over . Asked where they had been to , they would only answer that they had gone to fight against those who led the hail clouds toward their village . The adjective vilovit means " having a vila 's properties " or " vila @-@ like " . The name vila denotes Slavic nymphs or fairies , female anthropomorphic spirits of woods , mountains , clouds , and waters , who had magical powers . In the region of Tamnava , north @-@ western Central Serbia , the vilovit men were also called vetrenjaks . An early mention of vetrenjaks is found in a short story by Serbian writer Milovan Glišić , published in 1875 . In the story , men from Krnić and nearby villages talk about a battle their vetrenjaks fought on a hill to repel a hail storm brought by alien vetrenjaks . They uprooted oaks and beat each other with them , their bodies turning black and blue from the blows . The defenders were victorious and moved the storm to a mountain , away from their fields . Serbian writer Janko Veselinović was well acquainted with the folklore of Tamnava , where he worked as a teacher in a village . In his short story published in 1888 , an elderly woman talks to him about various supernatural beings , including her co @-@ villager Petar , a vetrenjak : " As soon as he perceives a greyish cloud and hears thunder , Petar leaves whatever he may be doing , and goes somewhere . He runs so fast that no biped can overtake him . After he passes the cloud , he comes back naked and blue as indigo . Then he has to stay in bed for a week . And do you know why he is like that ? He told me . The pogibaoci [ hanged and drowned people ] from surrounding villages drive the clouds toward our village , and Petar will not let hail beat us . He fights with them until he will overpower them , or they him ... [ Petar said ] ' We uproot oaks , as one would pull onion bulbs from the ground , and beat each other with them . ' " A vetrenjak from the village of Trlić had reportedly claimed that he clashed with oxen and rams led by devils whose aim was to discharge hail over his village . Seeing hail clouds , people in Tamnava would shout , " Keep your cattle out of our crops ! " Thus they addressed hanged and drowned persons who were imagined to fly before the clouds and lead them . Farmers avoided leaving a harrow on the field , as they thought that the hail @-@ bringing devils could slam it on the head of the vetrenjak who defended the village . People behaved amicably toward vetrenjaks , but they warned their children to keep off from them , as these men had " business with devils " . In 2004 , ethnographers interviewed elderly people in a group of hamlets south @-@ west of the town of Valjevo , who defined the vetrenjak as a man able to direct the movement of clouds . When such a man died , the wind would suddenly start to blow and clouds would loom . The term vetrenjak also designated a man who could fly invisible , which he usually did by night . He was born with a caul which was thrown away and eaten by birds . In the folklore of Serbs in the region of Syrmia , protection from hail was provided by the men called oblačars ; the name is derived from oblak " cloud " . The oblačar would rush directly beneath a dark cloud , as soon as it appeared above the fields of his village . There , he would run to and fro , waving his arms or holding a stick raised in the direction of the cloud . He would not stop until he was completely exhausted and drenched . In this way , the oblačar fought against a gigantic serpentine demon called aždaja , which was thought to fly accompanied by its retinue in low dark clouds , spewing hail from its broad muzzle . If the cloud moved away from his village without discharging hail , it meant that the oblačar had overpowered the aždaja and its retinue . An oblačar in the village of Mirkovci annually received wheat from his co @-@ villagers as a reward for his struggle . = = Dragon man = = The men who defended their village from bad weather were referred to as dragons in eastern and southern Serbia , western Bulgaria , and Macedonia . In Serbia , they were also called zmajevit " having a dragon 's properties " , from zmaj " dragon " . The mythological dragon was imagined as a fiery creature with wings , usually having a snake @-@ like shape ; he could also take the form of an eagle or a man . Each dragon had his own territory , within which he dwelt by a forest spring or stream , in the hollow trunk of a beech tree , or in a mountain cave . He was benevolent toward the humans , and he took care that his territory received the right amount of rain at the right time , for good growth of the crops . His arch @-@ enemy was a female demon named ala ( plural : ale ) , whose main activity was to lead storm and hail clouds over fields to destroy crops . The ale also consumed the fertility of the fields . Whenever he noticed an ala approaching , the dragon would fly up into the clouds to fight against the demon and chase her away . He shot fiery arrows and stones at her , which produced lightning and thunder . In the regions where people believed in the zduhaći , the dragon was a highly regarded mythological being , but he was not associated with the crops and their protection from demons . Similar was the case in other than western regions of Bulgaria . The dragon man was believed to act similar to the mythological dragon : as soon as he saw bad weather approaching , which he knew was brought by an ala , he would leave whatever he was doing , and fly up to confront the demon . This he did by falling into a deep sleep , or entering a state similar to death , usually at the very spot where he happened to be at that time . His soul then left his body in the form of a snake or a lizard , and soared skywards . It was claimed that he was not breathing as long as his soul was absent from his body . The battle could last for a whole day , or even for several days , during which time the man lay unconscious , sweating profusely from the exertion of the fight . There was a danger that , during the course of the battle , the ala might approach the man 's body and harm him , which could be prevented by someone swinging a blade above him , or by sticking the blade at the lying man 's head . He should not be pushed or moved while in this state : if he was not in the same position as when he fell asleep , his soul would not be able to return into his body , and he would die . When he woke up after the battle with the ala , he was very tired . Apart from these characteristics , the dragon man was seen as an ordinary human . There is a story about a dragon man from the village of Pečenjevce , eastern Serbia , who saw an ala in a cloud while he was scything . He said to scythemen beside him , " I am going to sleep , and you swing a scythe above me , " before he lay down and fell asleep . A man who swung the scythe , however , inadvertently grazed him with the tip of the blade . When the dragon woke up , he told that he had been wounded by the ala he fought with , and lost a lot of blood . A dragon from the village of Bogojevac always kept with him a piece of a scythe blade or a knife . As soon as he perceived the imminent approach of bad weather , he would lie down on the ground and stick the blade above his head . It was thought that his spirit then soared into the clouds to deal with the ala . When he was drafted into the army , he fell asleep without a blade during a thunderstorm , and died . At a village near Tran in western Bulgaria , a man reputed to be a dragon would swoon when it started to thunder . After he came to , he would say , " How tired I am ! " This was thought to refer to the strenuous battle he fought in the clouds . In Banat and some areas of eastern Serbia , the dragon men were referred to as alovit . This adjective is derived from the noun ala , and means " having supernatural or demonic properties " . It could be applied not only to humans , but also to dragons , snakes , horses , trees , armies , and rivers . An ala could be seen as a good creature in some regions , such as Banat , Mount Kopaonik in south Serbia , and the adjacent Župa basin with nearby areas , where she was believed to be connected to a territory , which she defended against attacks by the ale from other territories . This can be compared with the inter @-@ regional fights of the zduhaći . In villages of the Kruševac Municipality , when blessings were pronounced on Christmas Eve , the villagers would also say , " God , save our guardian ala . " People interpreted hail ravaging their crops as a defeat of their ala by an ala from elsewhere . The victorious ala would loot the crop yield of the ravaged area , and transfer it to her own territory . At the sight of hail clouds , the alovit man would fall into a trance @-@ like sleep , before his soul issued from his body and flew up to the clouds . In the manner of an ala , his soul led the clouds over the fields of a neighbouring village . A man , who was thought to be alovit , was described as unusually tall , thin , and bony @-@ faced , with a long beard and moustache . When the weather was good , he worked and behaved like the others in his village , but as soon as dark clouds covered the sky , he would close himself in his house , put blinds on the windows , and remain alone for as long as the bad weather lasted . People also talked that he suffered from epilepsy . In the region of Boljevac , the epileptics were said to be alovit — their souls went out of their bodies during epileptic fits and led hail clouds . At the village of Kusić in Banat , a man named Ilija Bordan was regarded to be alovit ; the villagers talked that he had a tail . Whenever a thunderstorm came , his appearance changed — he fought with an ala . If the ala was overwhelming him , Ilija would lie down and sleep , and if he was overpowering her , the clouds would start to dissipate . There was a tale in the same village about an alovit man who would warn the villagers of the approach of a thunderstorm , before he took a wagon pole on his back and flew into the clouds . At the village of Sokolovac in Banat , people told of an alovit man who had four nipples . At the sight of hail clouds , he would mount his mare and disappear for several days . The latter two men would come back tired , bruised , and with torn clothes . As held in the central Serbian region of Gruža , men could become dragonlike . As such , they would suddenly disappear during thunderstorms , and fly into the dark clouds to fight against ale . They were characterized as nimble , hot @-@ tempered , rash and very strong . At a village near Radomir in western Bulgaria , there was a dragon man who was said to have been physically crippled by an ala . The dragon man was believed to be born with some physical peculiarity , such as a caul , little wings or membranes beneath his armpits , a tail or teeth ; or he was born an orphan . There were practices intended to preserve the supernatural power of the newborn dragon . In the region of Veles , Macedonia , twelve girls would pick cotton , spin yarn from it , weave a cloth from the yarn , made a shirt from the cloth , and finally dress the dragon boy in the shirt . As thought in the region of Leskovac , Serbia , such a boy would only then become able to defeat an ala , when three old women spun yarn , knitted a shirt , and dressed the child in it . All this had to be done in one day and one night , during which time the three women should not have spoken a single word . A similar custom was recorded in western Bulgaria , where it was also believed that the soul of the boy , while he slept in his cradle , left his body and walked around . If he was turned , he would die , as his soul could not return into his body . According to a belief , the power of dragon boys was greatest at the time of their birth ; the younger they were , the greater power they had . In a folk tale from eastern Serbia , a group of dragons surrounded an ala , which broke away and flew into a watermill . There was a woman in the mill with her baby , who was a dragon boy ; he grabbed a stone and killed the ala with it . It was recorded in the region of Niš that a winged dragon boy , in his fights with ale , " takes a plough beam and immediately stops the ala , and hail ceases . " The mother of a dragon boy wanted to make him an ordinary child by cutting off the winglets beneath his armpits , but that section resulted in the boy 's death . As was thought in the Župa basin and nearby areas , no one but the mother should see a dragon boy during the first seventeen days of his life ; otherwise the child would die . If he survived , he would protect his village from hail , and at the age of seven he would fly away from home . It was also believed in Župa that the dragon men lived alone , without contacts with other humans . Prophet Elijah was also regarded as a protector from the ale . As soon as he spotted an ala consuming the fertility of fields , he would summon dragons and harness them to his flying chariot . They then together attacked the demon , shooting fiery arrows at her . Instead of the dragons , the prophet could summon dragon men . They would then fall asleep , and their souls would rush to the thundering clouds to assist the prophet against the ale . A legend in the region of Leskovac has it that fighting the ale was originated by Prophet Elijah , when he , accompanied by a dragon boy , killed twelve of these demons . In the popular tradition of Slavic peoples , Prophet Elijah is a Christian replacement of the pagan Slavic thunder god Perun . Some animals could also be regarded as dragonlike , such as rams . It was said that a rooster , a gander , or a turkeycock could grow a pair of little wings beneath their natural wings , thus becoming powerful dragons . A dragon rooster dug a hole beneath the threshold of his owner 's house . As soon as dark clouds appeared , the rooster would go into the hole , and his spirit would fly out from his body into the clouds to fight with ale . One day the owner killed the rooster , and immediately went mad . Another dragon rooster , with two combs , would fall to the ground and lie as if dead during thunderstorms . The Aesculapian snake ( smuk in Serbian and smok in Bulgarian ) was regarded as a very beneficial animal . People avoided disturbing it in any way . The Aesculapian snake which inhabited a crop field or a vineyard was seen as its guardian . The snake was said to fly into the hail clouds and drive them away from its field or yard , or it dispersed the clouds by raising its head high in the air and hissing as strong as it could . In the region of Niš , the Aesculapian snakes were said to help the dragon boy in his fights against ale . If an Aesculapian snake attained a certain age , it would grow wings and become a dragon . The dragon was regarded as a great lover and seducer of beautiful women , whom he visited by night , entering their houses down the chimney before turning into a man . The women who were visited by a dragon would after a while grow weak , pale and sunken @-@ faced . There were magical methods to repel the dragon from them . It was believed that the children born out of such liaisons were physically and mentally ill , and that they would not live long . In another belief , the dragon would come for his son amidst thunder and lightning , and fly away with him . In the region of Bitola , it was told that such children were born with a tail . After they grew wings , they flew into the sky , from where they shot witches with thunderbolts . There was a belief in the region of Leskovac that the dragon boys , fighters against ale born with the little wings , were offspring of dragons . At the village of Kruševo , Macedonia , people told of an old shepherd named Trail who was a son of a dragon . He was allegedly so strong that he could shatter cliffs , and when he shouted , his voice could be heard from miles away . Old Slavic mythology knew of men who were born out of relationships between women and dragons . These men were endowed with prodigious strength and exceptional abilities . They could turn into a dragon and fly , which they usually did in crisis situations , like battles . Two such heroes are recorded in the Serbian epic poetry : Sekula Banović and Zmaj Ognjeni Vuk ( " Fiery Dragon " Vuk ) . Both were late @-@ medieval nobles and warriors , to whom mythical attributes were attached in the poetry . Their transformation into a dragon is described in three ways : the hero dresses his " dragon shirt " ; he spreads his hidden wings ; or he lets his soul out from his body in the form of a winged snake . The transformation may not be explicitly stated , but implied by a statement which indicates that the hero flies . Russian epic hero Volkh Vseslavevich is described as a son of a dragon ; in folk poems , he transforms into a falkon , aurochs , wolf , and some other animals . In a couple of Serbian and Bulgarian folk poems , Saint Nicholas suddenly falls asleep , and while he sleeps , he saves ships from a storm . In the popular tradition of Serbia , Bulgaria , and Macedonia , the ability to leave one 's own body was also possessed by some cunning women who practised magic for healing . A widespread custom of these women was to yawn repeatedly during healing rituals . This indicated the egress of their soul , which entered the sick person 's body to chase away disease @-@ causing demonic entities . The rituals were accompanied by spells , in some of which the cunning women referred to their soul as a greyhound : " Run away , uroks , down gullies ... The soul of Vida is a greyhound — she overtakes the uroks and chokes them . " ( An urok is a demonic entity , and Vida is the name of the cunning woman . ) = = Related traditions = = The idea about the men with the inborn ability to leave their bodies in a spirit form , has also been recorded in Slovene and Croat traditions . The spirit could turn into a bull , dog , bore , or some other animal . He intercepted bringers of bad weather , and fought with them to save the crops of his village . The men with this ability were designated by various names , such as vedomec in Tolmin , mogut in Turopolje , vremenjak in Lika and Sinj , legromant or nagromant in southern Dalmatia and the area around Dubrovnik , višćun in Dalmatia , and štrigun in Istria . A vedomec fought against another vedomec , a mogut against another mogut , and so on , and the winner would take bad weather to the region of his defeated foe . All these men were marked by some peculiarity connected with their birth . There were also supernatural beings , such as obilnjaks and brgants in Slovenia , and kombals in Međimurje , who clashed with each other during thunderstorms over the plenty of their territories . A krsnik or kresnik was a man born with a caul , who could leave his body in spirit transformed into an animal . He fought demonic men called vukodlak ( werewolves ) and other evil agents . His victory meant that his village would have the abundance of all sorts of agricultural products . The krsnik was recorded in Istria , Gorski Kotar , the Kvarner Gulf , and parts of Slovenia . The benandanti were men born with a caul recorded in the region of Friuli in north @-@ eastern Italy . They periodically fought for the fertility of the fields against male and female witches . The táltos , recorded in Hungary , were men and women born with teeth or some other physical peculiarity . They periodically fought each other in the shape of animals or flames . Their battles were often accompanied by storms . The winner would ensure abundant harvest for his village . The benandanti and the táltos were initiated at a certain age into their vocation by an older member of the same group , who visited them in a vision . In Greek folklore , a stikhio ( στοιχείο ) was a spirit that protected his territory against the adverse stikhio spirits from other territories . In Albanian tradition , a dragoi was a dragon @-@ man with enormous strength and the power to fly ; he was born with a caul . He saved his region from a kuçedra or kulshedra , a female serpentine demon . In Romanian folklore , there were no defenders against bad weather , which was produced by a gigantic flying serpentine creature called a balaur or a zmeu . A balaur could be controlled by an evil sorcerer called a şolomonar , who was able to ride on that demon . The notion of a şolomonar named a vîlva , who protected his village against attacks of vîlvas from other villages , was marginally encountered in some places of Romanian Banat . It was believed in southern Poland that clouds and hail were produced by creatures named płanetnik , chmurnik , or obłocznik : they compressed fog into clouds , and fragmented ice with iron flails into hailstones . They were considered to be the spirits of infants who had died without baptism , or the spirits of drowned and hanged people . Such spirits were seen in Serbia as bringers of hail clouds ; they were addressed in folk spells , with which they were made to lead the clouds away from the village . According to other notions , płanetniks were persons who flew into the sky during storms . They could fly in spirit , while they were in deep sleep , or they could fly in body and soul . The płanetniks were friendly toward humans , often warning them about the approach of a storm or hail . They could direct the movement of clouds . Individuals who could leave their body in spirit during sleep were called burkudzäutä among the Ossetians of the Caucasus , and they were called mazzeri in parts of Corsica . The burkudzäutä , mounted on animals or household objects , flew on a night between Christmas and New Year to burku , the land of the dead described as a great meadow . There they collected the seeds of agricultural plants and took them to their village , thus ensuring a rich harvest . The dead pursued and shot arrows at them as they flew back home . The wounded burkudzäutä would fall sick after the return , and some of them would die . The mazzeri of neighbouring villages fought each other in spirit on the night between 31 July and 1 August . The village of the defeated mazzeri would suffer more deaths during the next year . In the eastern Baltic region of Livonia , people designated as werewolves went underground in the shape of dogs to fight against sorcerers who stole the shoots of the grain . If the werewolves failed to wrest the shoots , there would be famine . In Romania , strigoi were people born with a caul , which they donned upon reaching adulthood ; this made them invisible . They then travelled in animal form to the meadow at the end of the world . There they fought each other all night , becoming reconciled in the morning . The reason for the fight is not specified . The Circassians told that , on a certain night of the year , their sorcerers fought with the sorcerers of the Abkhaz people , trying to suck each other 's blood . In West Europe , medieval sources describe women who fell into trance on certain nights , abandoning their bodies in the form of an invisible spirit or animal . They then travelled to a gathering led by a female divinity who bestowed prosperity and knowledge . The divinity , semi @-@ bestial or attended by animals , was known by various regional names , such as Holda , Perchta , Madonna Oriente , Richella , Bensozia , Dame Habonde , and Fairy Queen ( in Scotland ) . She could be derived from Celtic goddesses like Epona , the Matres , and Artio . In Sicily , women and girls had nocturnal meetings in spirit with the so @-@ called Donni di fuora " women from the outside " , which could be traced back to the ancient ecstatic cult of the Mothers of Engyon , of Cretan origin . The armier were men from Ariège in the Pyrenees who could see and talk to the souls of the dead . The mesultane were women and girls in Georgia who plunged into a lethargy and travelled in spirit to the land of the dead , to communicate with them . = = Theories on origin = = The zduhaći , the dragon men , and the related folkloric figures of Europe can be compared with Eurasian shamans , e.g. , the noaidi of the Lapps , as well as the shamans of the Samoyeds and Tungus in Siberia . They were all able to leave their body in spirit to fight against the enemies of their community . The shamans also fought against each other , usually in animal form , for reasons such as to procure for their side as much reindeer as possible . However , for a shaman 's soul to leave his body , he had to work himself into a state of ecstasy through a ceremony consisting of drumming , dancing , chanting , and even taking narcotics . All the zduhaći had to do was to fall asleep , although the unusual depth of their sleep indicates a state of ecstasy . There are detailed and eventful descriptions of the journey of the shaman 's soul , but no corresponding accounts exist in the case of the zduhaći . However , the zduhaći who left their bodies were said to have gone into the winds . This expression may contain an idea of a journey . Pavel Rovinski recorded the words he heard from his landlady in Montenegro on a windy night in March : " Listen , how they sing — the travellers ; they have gone high high ! Happy journey to them ! " The crucial difference between the shamans and their European counterparts lies in the fact that the ecstasy of the former was public , while that of the latter was always private . Historian Carlo Ginzburg asserts that " [ t ] his divergence stands starkly against a homogeneous background . " Ginzburg regards all of them as mediators with the realm of the dead , who are the " ambiguous dispensers of prosperity " ; the ecstasy represents a temporary death . The accounts in which the figures fly or fight materially rather than in spirit , are attempts " to describe an ecstatic experience perceived as absolutely real " . Ginzburg argues , adopting a diffusionist approach , that the shamanistic elements of the European folkloric figures have their original source in the shamanism of Siberian nomads , and their diffusion was possibly mediated by the Scythians . Another possibility is that the shamanistic beliefs are derived from a common source . Their nucleus could have developed in a remote past from cultural interactions between the Proto @-@ Indo @-@ Europeans , speakers of the Proto @-@ Uralic language , and ancient populations of the Caucasus . A third possibility is derivation from structural characteristics of the human mind . This is suggested by the persistence of the shamanistic phenomena over a long period , and their dispersion over a large area in culturally disparate societies . These three possibilities are not mutually exclusive . = = In literature = = In the novel Lelejska gora by Mihailo Lalić , set in Montenegro during the Second World War , there is a negative character , Kosto , nicknamed Zduvač ( a local variant of zduhać . ) Kosto is described as an elderly man of great strength . He says that when he lived in America the Italian Mafiosi called him Il Mago , " magician " or " sorcerer " , which he translates as zduvač . His Colt revolver is called Zduvač 's Spouter because it always hits its target . Kosto is killed by the main character of the novel in a brutal fight . In a short story by Simo Matavulj , titled " Zduhač " , Matavulj acts as the companion and translator for a French vicomte who goes to hunt bears near a mountainous village in Old Herzegovina ( part of Montenegro ) . One of their escort is Mićun , a burly young man from the village , who falls into a trance during a storm . The vicomte is given the explanation that Mićun , being a zduhać , leaves his body to fight in the clouds against alien zduhaći . After an hour or two , the zduhać wakes up exhausted . Another man of the escort asks him , " Was it good for us ? " to which Mićun answers affirmatively . The vicomte concludes the story by quoting Hamlet 's well @-@ known lines about the secret things of heaven and earth ( Hamlet , 1 @.@ 5 @.@ 188 – 89 ) . = Resident Evil : Apocalypse = Resident Evil : Apocalypse is a 2004 apocalyptic fiction action horror film directed by Alexander Witt , from a screenplay written by producer Paul W. S. Anderson . It is the second installment in the Resident Evil film series , which is based on the Capcom survival horror video game series Resident Evil . Borrowing elements from the video games Resident Evil 2 , 3 : Nemesis , and Code : Veronica , Resident Evil : Apocalypse follows heroine Alice , who has escaped the underground Umbrella facility and must band with other survivors including Jill Valentine and escape Raccoon City alive . The film opened to theaters on September 10 , 2004 . On a budget of $ 40 million , the film grossed $ 51 million domestically and $ 129 million worldwide , surpassing the box office gross of the previous installment . Resident Evil : Apocalypse received mostly negative reviews from critics , who praised the action sequences but criticized the plot . The film was released to DVD on December 28 , 2004 . = = Plot = = A month after the contamination of The Hive seen in Resident Evil , the Umbrella Corporation unwisely sends in a research team to reopen the complex and investigate the incident , since no one survived except Alice and Matt Addison , and as Alice was experimented on , Matt was put into a mysterious " Nemesis Program " . When the team reprograms and opens the sealed blast doors , they are slaughtered by the massive crowd of infected . With the infected released outside , they reach Raccoon City , spreading the infection among the general populace . Two days after the infection has spread to the surface , Umbrella , worried about possible worldwide contamination , quarantines Raccoon City and establishes a security perimeter around it , also evacuating all important Umbrella personnel out of the city . However , a girl named Angela Ashford ( Sophie Vavasseur ) , daughter of the Level 6 Umbrella researcher Dr. Charles Ashford ( Jared Harris ) , who is also the T @-@ virus creator , goes missing , after an Umbrella security car transporting her out of Raccoon City suffers a traffic accident . Alice awakens in the deserted Raccoon City hospital attached to wiring , and after strapping herself out of the wiring , she manages to unlock her room and step outside . Finding no one in the hospital , she wanders outside to find the city a ghost town , infected . She arms herself with a shotgun from a police car and wanders around the city to look for supplies . She is constantly disturbed by a man who keeps showing up in visions , who was revealed to be experimenting on her ; she now has superhuman agility and strength . While Umbrella is evacuating civilians at the Raven 's Gate Bridge , the only exit out of the town , disgraced police officer Jill Valentine ( Sienna Guillory ) , confers with Sargeant Payton Wells ( Razaaq Adoti ) , her old ally , after hearing about the infection being true . However , the T @-@ virus infects a man having a heart attack , turning him into a zombie that bites Payton at the city gates . Umbrella 's supervisor and the head of the Raccoon City contamination operation , Timothy Cain ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , worried that the T @-@ virus has reached the gates , seals the exit and orders his soldiers to fire over the crowd 's heads , scaring them back into the city . Elsewhere , Carlos Olivera ( Oded Fehr ) and other Umbrella soldiers link up with Special Tactics And Rescue Squad ( S.T.A.R.S. ) units to defend against an onslaught of zombies . Their positions are overrun , causing Carlos and his team to retreat with a bitten Yuri ( Stefen Hayes ) , who turns into a zombie and infects Carlos before being killed . Before Yuri becomes a zombie , however , Jill , Payton , and news reporter Terri Morales ( Sandrine Holt ) lock themselves in a church , where a panicked man is also hiding . Inspecting the church , Jill finds a priest who has been feeding other people to his zombified sister . Later on , they find the church is full of Lickers . The priest and the panicked man are killed , but Jill , Payton , and Terri are saved at the last minute by the heavily @-@ armed Alice . In the meantime , Umbrella dispatches their Nemesis Program to kill all remaining S.T.A.R.S. operatives to test him . When Nemesis encounters a surviving citizen , L.J. ( Mike Epps ) , and members of S.T.A.R.S. , the latter two entities open fire on Nemesis . Nemesis guns the team down but spares L.J. ' s life when he drops his weapons . Meanwhile , Dr. Ashford has refused extraction , since Angela is missing , and soon discovers she is hiding in her school dormitory . He hacks into the city 's CCTV system , uses it to contact Alice and the other survivors , and offers to arrange their evacuation in exchange for their rescuing Angela . Alice , seeing no other escape , accepts the offer . After Payton , Terri , and Jill hear the offer they relent , intending to seal themselves until backup arrives , but Alice explains her choice ; as the contamination cannot be put under control , a nuclear bomb will be dropped on Raccoon City , completely destroying it , and the media cover story will be a meltdown of the local nuclear power plant . Soon afterward , Payton shows signs of weakness from the T @-@ virus , and as this happens , Nemesis appears and shoots Payton dead . Alice separates and assaults him , but he is invincible to fight . She lures him to a local store , where she tries to fight him , but she is overwhelmed and forced into retreat . Jill and Terri make it to the school , and they pick up L.J. on the way . Inside the school , they find Carlos and Nicholai ( Zack Ward ) acting on the same offer . After encounters with zombie dogs and infected children who kill Nicholai and Terri , Alice saves the group again , and they find Angela . Angela reveals she was injected with the T @-@ virus ; she was ill with a genetic disease and forced to walk on crutches . Dr. Ashford created the T @-@ virus to allow her to walk , and he created the anti @-@ virus because of the T @-@ virus ' potential for mutations , but the virus was then impounded and weaponized by Umbrella . Alice uses Terri 's video camera to record her story and injects Carlos with the anti @-@ virus carried by Angela , to keep her infection in check . Dr. Ashford gives Alice the location of the extraction point at City Hall , where the helicopter waits . The group makes it to the rendezvous but is cornered by Major Cain , who has caught wind of Dr. Ashford 's intentions and is holding him prisoner . All but Alice are restrained , and seconds later Nemesis appears . The helicopter is actually Nemesis ' extraction before the bomb detonation . Major Cain commands Alice to fight Nemesis . Alice refuses , but when Cain kills Dr. Ashford in cold blood , she relents and fights Nemesis , impaling him on a pole . Defeating Nemesis , she realizes he is Matt Addison , her friend and one of the survivors in The Hive , as he was infected by a Licker , he started to mutate and was placed in the program . Her stand and refusing to kill him rekindles a trace of Matt 's former humanity ; he and Alice join forces and attack the Umbrella forces . Meanwhile , Carlos and Jill cut themselves free from their bonds and join the fight . Nemesis is killed , protecting Alice from an exploding helicopter . Alice punished Major Cain by throwing him out of the helicopter to be devoured by a horde of encroaching zombies , including Dr. Ashford . As the survivors escape in the remaining chopper , the nuclear missile detonates over the City Hall . The helicopter is caught in the blast wave and crashes . As the helicopter falls , a metal pole comes loose and is flung towards Angela . Alice moves in front of Angela and is impaled , saving her but killing Alice . Some hours after the explosion , Umbrella employees locate the helicopter 's crash site , deep in the Arklay Mountains . There , they find Alice 's body , badly burned ; the others are nowhere to be found . The media later shows that Terri 's footage has been shown to the press , but despite Carlos and Jill 's best efforts , Jill 's earlier suggestion about Umbrella 's media power comes true . Umbrella promotes a fake story about a nuclear power plant explosion near the city with ease , the infection is characterized as a hoax , and the media announces that Jill and Carlos are wanted by the police for questioning . Three weeks later , in Umbrella 's research facility in Detroit , Alice awakens . Led by Umbrella scientist Dr. Sam Isaacs ( Iain Glen ) , the doctors begin questioning her . Soon , she recalls events from Raccoon City and before . She realizes that the doctor who appeared in her visions is Dr. Isaacs . She attacks him , fights her way out of the facility , and makes her way outside , only to be surrounded by more Umbrella guards holding her at gunpoint . Suddenly , Jill , Carlos , Angela , and L.J. pull up , disguised as Umbrella employees . Carlos shows the guards a written order placing her in his custody . Alice enters the vehicle , and Dr. Isaacs is shown saying , " Let them go " , to an Umbrella guard and then saying , " Program Alice activated " . A close @-@ up of Alice 's eye shows a flashing Umbrella logo , and she ignores them . The scene then pulls away from the car they are in and all the way out into space , where an Umbrella satellite is seen . = = Cast = = = = Production = = = = = Pre @-@ production = = = Resident Evil : Apocalypse was first discussed by Milla Jovovich and Paul W. S. Anderson while promoting Resident Evil ( 2002 ) . Anderson stated that he began writing the screenplay for the second film after completing the first . He revealed an idea to have Jill Valentine meeting up with Alice , however this idea was scrapped as he wanted two separate stories occurring at the same time . Anderson mentioned the film would go ahead if the first film was a success and promised that " the sequel will be even better " , stating that " there is more of the story to be told . " The sequel was officially greenlit by Sony in mid @-@ 2002 , however Anderson chose not to direct but rather stay on as the film 's producer and writer due to commitments to Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) . Alexander Witt was hired by Sony to direct the sequel . Milla Jovovich confirmed her character would return in the sequel if the first film was successful , and when the film was greenlit , Jovovich officially signed on . In March 2002 , Eric Mabius ( who played Matt Addison in the first film ) , confirmed the story would revolve around his character becoming Nemesis . He also revealed he would portray the character and study his movements whilst playing Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis , however before production began he pulled out and Matthew G. Taylor was cast as Nemesis . It was reported that Gina Philips would appear as Claire Redfield and Natasha Henstridge as Jill Valentine , however both actresses left before production began . Sienna Guillory was cast to portray Jill Valentine and Oded Fehr was cast as Carlos Olivera , while Claire Redfield 's role was scrapped after Emily Bergl dropped the role . The role was later offered to Ali Larter in the film 's sequel Extinction ( 2007 ) . Jason Isaacs was originally intended to return and portray Dr. William Birkin , however passed on the role and the character 's name was changed to Dr. Isaacs , with Iain Glen being cast in the role . Jack Noseworthy was originally rumored to portray Brad Vickers , however , this was later revealed as a rumor . Two weeks before production began , Jared Harris was cast as a new character called Dr. Ashford who developed and produced the T @-@ virus . = = = Story development = = = In March 2002 , it was revealed that the film borrowed plot elements from Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis , as the film 's subtitle was revealed as Resident Evil : Nemesis . It was also revealed that the film included new characters from the video game series , such as Jill Valentine , Claire Redfield , Carlos Olivera , Dr. William Birkin and Nemesis . In April 2003 , it was confirmed that the story began minutes after the end of the first film , where Alice is a survivor amongst the ruins of Raccoon City . The film borrowed numerous elements from the game series , including re @-@ enactments of certain scenes , such as Alice running through a building with an Umbrella helicopter firing at her , up to the point where she drops her gun , falls , re @-@ grabs it and fires , which is reminiscent of the introductory cutscene of Resident Evil Code : Veronica . Another scene where Raccoon City is overrun by zombies and the police and Umbrella mercenaries are fighting back is reminiscent of the introduction of Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis . Other scenes involve the launching a missile to destroy Raccoon City and the attack at the graveyard . The film references Resident Evil , with the crash site of the helicopter being located in the Arklay Forest near the Arklay Mountains , where the Resident Evil series began . Other similarities include Jill 's moves from the first game . The recording of Terri 's death is similar to Kenneth 's death . A white goddess statue can be seen in the church , with artwork of goddesses having a large role in the puzzles of the Resident Evil series . Whilst walking on the Arklay Overpass , Jill speculates that there is no way out , and that Ashford may just be watching them on the cameras , as if the whole thing were some sort of sick game . The games use a fixed camera perspective , which in most of the earlier games resembles a mounted camera 's perspective . Another similarity includes a scene where Jill finds a gun under a pew , mirroring the game when the player finds ammunition or weapons in certain areas . The film references Resident Evil 2 when Alice visits the gun shop which is similar to Kendo 's Gun Shop . Angela Ashford 's character is based on Sherry Birkin , as they are both children , dressed in school uniforms , and in need of rescue . Both of their fathers are also researchers working for Umbrella . The Ashford name comes from the founders of Umbrella revealed in Resident Evil Code : Veronica . The film also references Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis with Jill wearing the same outfit . Nemesis is a character taken directly from the game , and the " STARS " are mentioned on numerous occasions . = = = Production = = = Actors portraying zombies were trained at a zombie " boot camp " where they were coached to act as " zen " zombies and " liquid " zombies . Anderson and other crew members intended to make the zombies move faster but decided that it would be breaking a fundamental element of the games . The design for Nemesis was to include an actor in a suit ( Matthew G. Taylor ) with only special effects applied to certain parts of the character 's body , such as the eye . The Lickers were fully computer @-@ generated , though the use of physical puppets was originally considered . To avert issues faced during production , the CGI work of the Lickers began early . The film was filmed on location in Canada , with the film entering pre @-@ production stages in mid @-@ 2003 . Principal photography was slated to originally begin in July 2003 , before being bumped up to August 6 , 2003 . The film was shot in Ontario , Canada , with Toronto and its surrounding suburbs being a stand @-@ in for Raccoon City . It was originally feared that production would be shut down due to the 2003 SARS outbreak in Toronto . = = Marketing and release = = The film was planned for an October 31 , 2003 release , although was pushed back to September 10 , 2004 due to the 2003 SARS outbreak . In late 2003 , a teaser trailer was released titled Regenerate and was directed by Marcus Nispel . The preview was noted for being reminiscent of the Olay product Regenerist advertisements and can be viewed in RealMedia and Windows Media formats . In May 2004 it was revealed the trailer would actually be part of the film . Milla Jovovich 's official website later released promotional images that showed Alice in several scenes from the film . The theatrical trailer was released on Yahoo ! Movies on July 7 , 2004 and prior to the film 's release , two albums for Resident Evil : Apocalypse were released . The first was the soundtrack which was released August 31 , 2004 and featured music from the film . The second was the film 's score , which was released in late 2004 and was composed by Jeff Danna and performed by the London Philharmonia Orchestra . A day before the film 's release , numerous props from the film were auctioned on the website Premiere Props . The film opened at number one in North America on September 10 , 2004 and received an estimated $ 23 @.@ 7 million on its opening weekend and $ 129 @,@ 394 @,@ 835 worldwide . A novelization written by Keith R. A. DeCandido was published by Pocket Star on August 31 , 2004 . The novel is 288 pages long . DeCandido also wrote the novelizations for the first and third films . = = = Critical response = = = Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 21 % based on 124 reviews . The site 's Critics Consensus reads , " Resident Evil : Apocalypse has lots of action , but not much in terms of plot or creativity . " Metacritic gives the film a score of 35 % based on 26 reviews . Leonard Maltin rated the film a " BOMB " in his book Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide , and called it a " Tiresome follow @-@ up to Resident Evil that plays more like a remake . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film a score of half a star out of four , saying : " The movie is an utterly meaningless waste of time . There was no reason to produce it , except to make money , and there is no reason to see it , except to spend money . It is a dead zone , a film without interest , wit , imagination or even entertaining violence and special effects . [ ... ] Parents : If you encounter teenagers who say they liked this movie , do not let them date your children . " Dave Kehr of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying : " Anderson 's screenplay provides a steady series of inventive action situations , and the director , Alexander Witt , makes the most of them . His work is fast , funny , smart and highly satisfying in terms of visceral impact . " M. E. Russell of The Oregonian said : " The bad news ? The movie is monumentally stupid . The good news ? It 's a fun kind of stupid . " Nathan Rabin of A.V. Club said that the film " takes too long to get going to qualify unequivocally as a good movie , but when Jovovich finally starts kicking zombified ass , it becomes good enough . " Gregory Kirschling of Entertainment Weekly praised Jovovich but felt that " the rest of the cast is strictly straight @-@ to @-@ DVD . " Ben Kenigsberg of The Village Voice said the film is " not without its moments of elemental dread [ but ] also obviously padded , too long on action , and painfully short on irony . The satirical element still packs a minor jolt . " Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer said that " those who want something more substantial from a movie than a vid @-@ game script with centerfold appeal will not find it in this noisy , bone @-@ crushing survivalist flick . " In 2009 , Time listed the film on their list of top ten worst video game movies . According to the DVD extras of Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) , Paul W. S. Anderson , the director of the first film and writer of the series , was critical of director Alexander Witt 's work . = = = Accolades = = = = = = Home media = = = The film was released on DVD in North America on December 28 , 2004 . Releases on UMD and Blu @-@ ray Disc formats followed on April 19 , 2005 and January 16 , 2007 , respectively . The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on March 16 , 2005 and February 2005 in UK . The release included an audio commentary by the director Alexander Witt , producer Paul W. S. Anderson , and actress Milla Jovovich . The release included 20 deleted scenes with numerous outtakes and a featurette titled " Game Over : Resident Evil Reanimated " . 6 other featurettes were included which covered behind the scenes of the film 's production . The blooper reel included on the DVD edition is not included on the Blu @-@ ray edition of the film . Special " Resurrection Editions " of both Resident Evil ( 2002 ) and Resident Evil : Apocalypse were released in a two @-@ disc set on September 4 ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
use of samples which were prominent on his debut album . Co @-@ producer Scott Storch talked of how Dr. Dre used his collaborators during recording sessions : " At the time , I saw Dr. Dre desperately needed something . He needed a fuel injection , and Dre utilized me as the nitrous oxide . He threw me into the mix , and I sort of tapped on a new flavor with my whole piano sound and the strings and orchestration . So I 'd be on the keyboards , and Mike [ Elizondo ] was on the bass guitar , and Dre was on the drum machine . " Josh Tyrangiel of Time has described the recording process which Dr. Dre employs , stating " Every Dre track begins the same way , with Dre behind a drum machine in a room full of trusted musicians . ( They carry beepers . When he wants to work , they work . ) He 'll program a beat , then ask the musicians to play along ; when Dre hears something he likes , he isolates the player and tells him how to refine the sound . " = = Music = = = = = Production = = = The album primarily featured co @-@ production between Dr. Dre and Mel @-@ Man and was generally well received by critics . AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that Dr. Dre had expanded on the G @-@ funk beats on his previous album , The Chronic , and stated , " He 's pushed himself hard , finding new variations in the formula by adding ominous strings , soulful vocals , and reggae , resulting in fairly interesting recontextualizations " and went on to say , " Sonically , this is first @-@ rate , straight @-@ up gangsta . " Entertainment Weekly ’ s Tom Sinclair depicted the album as " Chilly keyboard motifs gliding across gut @-@ punching bass lines , strings and synths swooping in and out of the mix , naggingly familiar guitar licks providing visceral punctuation " . NME described the production as " patented tectonic funk beats and mournful atmospherics " . PopMatters praised the production , stating that " the hip @-@ hop rhythms are catchy , sometimes in your face , sometimes subtle , but always a fine backdrop for the power of Dre 's voice . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times mentioned that the beats were " lean and immaculate , each one a pithy combination of beat , rap , melody and strategic silences " . The album marked the beginning of Dr. Dre 's collaboration with keyboardist Scott Storch , who had previously worked with The Roots and is credited as a co @-@ writer on several of 2001 's tracks , including the hit single " Still D.R.E. " . Storch would later go on to become a successful producer in his own right , and has been credited as a co @-@ producer with Dr. Dre on some of his productions since . = = = Lyrics = = = The lyrics on the album received criticism and created some controversy . They include many themes associated with gangsta rap , such as violence , promiscuity , street gangs , drive @-@ by shootings , crime and drug usage . Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the only subject matter on the album was " violence , drugs , pussy , bitches , dope , guns , and gangsters " and that these themes have become repetitive and unchanged in the last ten years . Critics noted that Dr. Dre had differed from his effort to " clean @-@ up his act " which he tried to establish with his 1996 single , " Been There , Done That " from Dr. Dre Presents ... The Aftermath . NME mentioned that the album was full of " pig @-@ headed , punk @-@ dicked , ' bitch ' -dissing along with requisite dollops of ho @-@ slapping violence , marijuana @-@ addled bravado and penis @-@ sucking wish fulfilment . " Massey noted that the lyrics were overly explicit but praised his delivery and flow : " His rhymes are quick , his delivery laid back yet full of punch . " The rhymes involve Dr. Dre 's return to the forefront of hip hop , which is conveyed in the singles " Still D.R.E. " and " Forgot About Dre " . Many critics cited the last track , " The Message " ; a song dedicated to Dr. Dre 's deceased brother , as what the album could have been without the excessively explicit lyrics , with Massey calling it " downright beautiful " and " a classic of modern rap " . = = Singles = = Three singles were released from the album : " Still D.R.E. " , " Forgot About Dre " and " The Next Episode " . Other tracks " Fuck You " , " Let 's Get High " , " What 's the Difference " and " Xxplosive " were not officially released as singles but received some radio airplay which resulted in them charting in the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks . " Still D.R.E. " was released as the lead single in October 1999 . It peaked at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 32 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks and reached number 11 on the Hot Rap Singles . It reached number six on the UK single charts in March 2000 . The song was nominated at the 2000 Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , but lost to The Roots and Erykah Badu 's " You Got Me " . " Forgot About Dre " was released as the second single in 2000 and like the previous single , it was a hit on multiple charts . It reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 14 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks and number 3 on the Rhythmic Top 40 . It reached number seven on the UK single charts in June 2000 . The accompanying music video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video in 2000 . The song won Dr. Dre and Eminem Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2001 Grammy Awards . " The Next Episode " was released as the third and final single in 2000 . It peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 11 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks and number 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 . It peaked at number three on UK single charts in February 2001 . It was nominated at the 2001 Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , but the award went to another single from the same album to Dr. Dre and Eminem for " Forgot about Dre " . = = Commercial performance = = The album debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 516 @,@ 000 copies . It also entered at number one on Billboard 's Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . The album was successful in Canada , where it reached number 2 on the charts . The record was mildly successful in Europe , reaching number 4 in the United Kingdom , number 7 in Ireland , number 15 in France , number 17 in the Netherlands and number 26 in Norway . It peaked at number 11 on the New Zealand album chart . Closing out the year of 2000 , the album was number 5 on the Billboard Top Albums and number one on the Billboard Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . It re @-@ entered the charts in 2003 , peaking on the UK Albums Top 75 at number 61 and on the Ireland Albums Top 75 at number 30 . The album was certified six times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on November 21 , 2000 . It is Dr. Dre 's best selling album , as his previous album , The Chronic , was certified three times platinum . As of August 2015 , the album has sold 7 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . = = Critical reception = = 2001 received critical acclaim from critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated , " 2001 isn 't as consistent or striking as Slim Shady , but the music is always brimming with character . " Entertainment Weekly 's Tom Sinclair praised the production , calling it " uncharacteristically sparse sound " from Dr. Dre and that it was as " addictive as it was back when over 3 million record buyers got hooked on The Chronic and Snoop Dogg 's Dre @-@ produced Doggystyle " and went on to commend Dr. Dre , stating , " If any rap producer deserves the title " composer " , it 's he . " NME mentioned that Dr. Dre didn 't expand the genre , but it was " powerful enough in parts , but not clever enough to give Will Smith the fear " . PopMatters writer Chris Massey declared that " Musically , 2001 is about as close to brilliant as any one gangsta rap album might possibly get . " Christopher John Farley of Time stated that " The beats are fresh and involving , and Dre 's collaborations with Eminem and Snoop Dogg have ferocity and wit . " Although he was ambivalent towards the album 's subject matter and guest rappers , Greg Tate of Spin was pleasantly surprised by " the most memorable MC 'ing on this album com [ ing ] from Dre himself , Eminem notwithstanding " and stated , " Whatever one 's opinion of the sexual politics and gun lust of Dre 's canon , his ongoing commitment to formal excellence and sonic innovation in this art form may one day earn him a place next to George Clinton , if not Stevie Wonder , Duke Ellington , or Miles Davis . " In a negative review , Robert Christgau from The Village Voice found Dr. Dre 's lyrics distastefully misogynistic , writing " it 's a New Millennium , but he 's Still S.L.I.M.E. ... For an hour , with time out for some memorable Eminem tracks , Dre degrades women every way he can think of , all of which involve his dick . " Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot said Dr. Dre 's production boasted unique elements but " the endless gangsta babble , with its casual misogyny and flippant violence , " sounded flagrantly trite . AllMusic 's Erlewine talked of how the number of guest rappers affected the album , and questioned his reasons for collaborating with " pedestrian rappers " . He claimed that " the album suffers considerably as a result [ of these collaborations ] " . Erlewine criticized the lyrics , which he said were repetitive and full of " gangsta clichés " . Sinclair mentioned similar views of the lyrics , calling them " filthy " , but noted " none of [ this ] should diminish Dre 's achievement " . NME spoke of how the lyrics were too explicit , stating , " As the graphic grooves stretch out , littered with gunfire , bombings and ' copters over Compton , and the bitch @-@ beating baton is handed from Knock @-@ Turnal to Kurupt , 2001 reaches gangsta @-@ rap parody @-@ level with too many tracks coming off like porno @-@ Wu outtakes . " Massey referred to the lyrics as a " caricature of an ethos [ rather ] than a reflection of any true prevailing beliefs . " In 2006 , Hip Hop Connection ranked 2001 number 10 on its list of the 100 Best Albums ( 1995 – 2005 ) in hip hop . In a 2007 's issue , XXL gave the album a retrospective rating of " XXL " , their maximum score . In Rolling Stone 's The Immortals – The Greatest Artists of All Time , where Dr. Dre was listed at number 54 , Kanye West talked of how the track " Xxplosive " inspired him : " ' Xxplosive ' , off 2001 , that 's [ where ] I got my entire sound from — if you listen to the track , it 's got a soul beat , but it 's done with those heavy Dre drums . Listen to ' This Can 't Be Life , ' a track I did for Jay @-@ Z 's Dynasty album , and then listen to ' Xxplosive ' . It 's a direct bite . " = = Track listing = = Credits adapted from liner notes . All songs produced by Dr. Dre and Mel @-@ Man , except " The Message " produced by Lord Finesse . Sample credits " Lolo ( Intro ) " contains samples of " Deep Note " performed by James A. Moorer . " Big Ego 's " contains samples of " Theme from The Persuaders ! " performed by John Barry and " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " performed by Rose Royce . " Xxplosive " contains samples of " Bumpy 's Lament " performed by Isaac Hayes and interpolates " Ain 't No Fun ( If the Homies Can 't Have None ) " performed by Snoop Dogg . " What 's the Difference " contains samples of " Parce Que Tu Crois " performed by Charles Aznavour . " Bar One ( Skit ) " contains samples of " Poundin ' " performed by Cannonball Adderley . " Light Speed " contains samples of " I 'm Still # 1 " performed by Boogie Down Productions . " Forgot About Dre " contains samples of " The Climb " performed by No Doubt . " The Next Episode " contains replayed elements of " The Edge " performed by David McCallum . " Let 's Get High " contains samples of " Backstrokin ' " performed by The Fatback Band and " High " performed by Skyy . " Bitch Niggaz " contains samples of " Top Billin ' " performed by Audio Two . " The Car Bomb ( Skit ) " contains samples of " Time Is Passing " performed by Sun . " Murder Ink " contains samples of " Halloween Theme " performed by John Carpenter and " Here Comes the Hotstepper " performed by Ini Kamoze . " Ed @-@ Ucation ( Skit ) " contains samples of " Diamonds Are Forever " performed by Franck Pourcel . " Housewife " interpolates " Bitches Ain 't Shit " performed by Dr. Dre . Additional notes " The Watcher " contains additional vocals from Eminem and Knoc @-@ Turn 'al . " What 's the Difference " contains additional vocals from Phish . " Some L.A. Niggaz " contains uncredited vocals by Hittman . " The Message " contains hidden vocals from Tommy Chong . = = Personnel = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Mei @-@ Ann Chen = Mei @-@ Ann Chen ( simplified Chinese : 陈美安 ; traditional Chinese : 陳美安 ; pinyin : Chén Měi @-@ ān ; born 1973 ) is a Taiwanese American conductor currently serving as music director of the Chicago Sinfonietta and the Memphis Symphony Orchestra . She has been described as " one of the most dynamic young conductors in America " . Encouraged by her parents , Chen began playing violin and piano at a young age and later taught herself how to play the trumpet . By observing her conductor , she began to teach herself how to conduct and even collected batons . Chen attended the Walnut Hill School , a preparatory school affiliated with the New England Conservatory in Boston , Massachusetts , starting at age sixteen . She continued her undergraduate and advanced degree work at the Conservatory and became the first student to graduate from the institution with a double master 's degree in conducting and violin performance . Chen later obtained a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the University of Michigan . Chen became the Portland Youth Philharmonic 's fourth conductor in 2002 . During her five @-@ year tenure , the orchestra debuted at Carnegie Hall , earned an ASCAP award in 2004 for innovative programming , and began collaborating with the Oregon Symphony and Chamber Music Northwest . She also served as assistant conductor of the Oregon Symphony from 2003 to 2005 and as cover conductor for the Los Angeles Philharmonic . In 2005 , Chen became the first woman to win the Malko Competition , which recognizes young conductors . That same year she won the Taki Concordia Fellowship . Chen left the Philharmonic in 2007 , to become assistant conductor of the Atlanta Symphony . Chen served as assistant conductor of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra for its 2009 – 2010 season . She was appointed music director of the Memphis Symphony Orchestra ; her three @-@ year tenure began in September 2010 and was renewed for an additional three years in 2012 . Chen also began serving as music director for the Chicago Sinfonietta during its 2010 – 2011 season . Throughout her career , Chen has appeared with the following symphonies throughout the United States and Canada : Alabama , Chautauqua , Chicago , Colorado , Columbus , Edmonton , Eugene , Florida , Fort Worth , Grand Teton Festival Orchestra , Honolulu , Kalamazoo , National ( Washington , D.C. ) , Pacific , Phoenix , Princeton , Rochester , Seattle , Toledo , and Toronto . Appearances outside North America include all the principal Danish orchestras , BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra , Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra , Graz Symphony , Norwegian Radio Orchestra , Taiwan National Symphony , Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra , and the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra . Chen has also participated in the National Conducting Institute ( Washington , D.C. ) as well as the American Academy of Conducting in Aspen , Colorado . During the 2011 – 2012 season , Chen will debut with the Jacksonville , Naples , Nashville , Pasadena , and Sarasota symphony orchestras , as well as the National Symphony of Mexico and the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra . = = Early life and education = = Native to Taiwan , Mei @-@ Ann Chen wanted to be a conductor since she was ten years old . She began playing violin and piano starting at a young age with the support of her parents , and later taught herself to play the trumpet . However , Chen 's parents also discouraged her from pursuing conducting as they felt it would be a difficult career path for a woman . She was intrigued with the concept of making elaborate noise , particularly without the use of an instrument . Chen would observe her conductor closely and began to learn how to conduct on her own . She collected batons , believing that " different pieces needed different kinds of batons " . Chen left Kaohsiung to study music in Taipei . There , she lived with her aunt and served as assistant conductor of her school 's chorus . In 1989 , Chen attended a concert in Taipei by the American Youth Orchestra , a touring ensemble of Boston 's New England Conservatory . Following the performance , Chen 's accompanist escorted her backstage , introduced her to the conductor and asked if she could play for him . Chen 's opportunity came the next morning when she played for conductor Benjamin Zander in a closed basement hotel bar and was offered a scholarship immediately . She performed with the American Youth Orchestra before being invited to attend the Walnut Hill School , a preparatory school linked to the New England Conservatory , two months later at age sixteen . She left her parents , who thought she would study to become a concert violinist , and for more than three years lived with a couple in Boston she referred to as her " American parents " ( Mark Churchill and Marylou Speaker Churchill , the latter of which was once a member of the Portland Junior Symphony ) . Chen continued her undergraduate and graduate work at the Conservatory . Speaker taught Chen , who also received violin instruction from James Buswell and Eric Rosenblith as well as conducting supervision from Frank Battisti and Richard Hoenich . Chen became the first person to graduate from the New England Conservatory with a double master 's degree in conducting and violin performance and received two honors from the institution : the Chadwick Medal for outstanding undergraduate work and the Schuller Medal for " extraordinary contribution to musical life in the community " . Chen remained in Boston for nine years until she attended the University of Michigan to obtain a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in conducting . There she studied with Kenneth Kiesler and Martin Katz , served as music director of the campus orchestras , and also became conductor for the Arbor Opera Theater . Chen said she pursued the doctorate degree because she did not receive any job offers and she questioned whether that was due to her being " young , a woman , Asian , or the combination of all three . " = = Career = = In 2001 , while attending the University of Michigan , Chen guest conducted the Toledo Symphony Orchestra 's " Halloween Spooktacular " concert . That same year she was the youngest finalist in the Maazel @-@ Vilar Conductor 's Competition in Tokyo . Leonard Slatkin invited Chen in 2002 to conduct the National Symphony at the Kennedy Center in the National Conducting Institute . Chen received a fellowship to study at the Aspen Music Festival and School with David Zinman . The following year the American Symphony Orchestra League ( now known as the League of American Orchestras ) invited Chen to be showcased at the National Conductor Preview . = = = Portland Youth Philharmonic = = = Chen became the Portland Youth Philharmonic 's ( PYP ) fourth conductor in 2002 after being selected by a committee of " musically inclined " parents , a member of the orchestra , and representatives of the Oregon Symphony and Portland Opera . She conducted both the Philharmonic ensemble as well as the Conservatory Orchestra . One board member of the organization recalled that during her audition Chen very quickly captured the rapport of the orchestra and displayed " wonderful communication skills and genuineness " . During her five @-@ year tenure with the organization , PYP debuted at Carnegie Hall , received its third ASCAP award in 2004 for innovating programming , and began collaborating with the Oregon Symphony ( Chen was the ensemble 's assistant conductor from 2003 to 2005 ) and Chamber Music Northwest . In April 2005 Chen became the first woman to win the Malko Competition , the " world 's most prestigious prize " for young conductors . She also won the Taki Concordia Fellowship in 2007 , an award established by Baltimore Symphony Orchestra music director Marin Alsop to support " promising " female conductors . Chen was presented the Sunburst Award from Young Audiences for her contribution to music education and was named " Educator of the Week " by KKCW . While conductor of the Philharmonic , Chen set up a box in her office so that students could leave notes for her about themselves . One musician of the orchestra felt that Chen was " kind of formal " during rehearsal but felt " like a big sister " once practice ended . Chen has been described as a " firecracker : small , bright and full of ka @-@ boom " , and her enthusiasm at times caused her to lose her breath . One board member of the organization praised Chen 's attitude and felt that her lack of ego was a " rare quality in top symphony performers " . Chen turned down a position with the Oregon Symphony to continue work at PYP , later recalling : They became my kids , they were no way for me to give them up . So I made a very unusual decision . I gave up my professional position with the Oregon Symphony , I stayed with the youth orchestra . People thought that I was crazy that I stayed with a youth orchestra instead of pursuing a more professional opportunity . Because I told you my life story , and a youth orchestra changed my life and gave me the chance to fulfill my dreams , I feel working with young musicians is a way for me to give back . It changed my life and I would like to do my part to change other people 's lives . In 2007 , she accompanied the orchestra on an international tour to Asia , where her parents saw her conduct for the first time . The Philharmonic offered a total of six performances between June 29 and July 17 in Kaohsiung , Tainan and Taipei , Taiwan as well as in Seoul and Ulsan , South Korea . Though Chen initially thought she would remain with the Philharmonic for ten years , she left in 2007 to become assistant conductor of the Atlanta Symphony . She said of her departure : " The musicians at PYP have become my kids . When I look back , these five years will always be the most memorable time of my musical career . " Guest conductors during the 2007 – 2008 season included Ken Selden , director of orchestral studies at Portland State University , former Seattle Symphony conductor Alastair Willis , along with former PYP conductors Huw Edwards and Chen herself . = = = Baltimore , Memphis , Chicago = = = Chen served as the Los Angeles Philharmonic 's cover conductor during her tenure with PYP . Following her departure , she became assistant conductor of the Atlanta Symphony for two seasons ( 2007 – 2009 ) . In April 2009 Chen withdrew her candidacy for music director of the Lexington Philharmonic Orchestra . Her next role was assistant conductor of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra for the 2009 – 2010 season , though she never led a subscription program and mostly conducted programs for children . Both positions were sponsored by the League of American Orchestras . Following successful auditions held in December 2006 , she was formerly appointed music director of the Memphis Symphony Orchestra in February 2010 , becoming the organization 's fourth . Chen 's three @-@ year tenure began in September 2010 . Chen 's contract was renewed for an additional three years in 2012 , extending her leadership through the 2015 – 2016 season . In October 2010 Chen returned to the New England Conservatory to guest conduct the Philharmonia . Chen dedicated the concert to the late Marylou Speaker Churchill , and thanked Benjamin Zander and dean emeritus Mark Churchill for " making her career possible " . Chen began serving as music director for the Chicago Sinfonietta during its 2010 – 2011 season . Her belief that " multiculturalism , diversity and inclusion are increasingly global matters " is partly why she accepted a position with the Chicago Sinfonietta , one of the nation 's most diverse orchestras with a " strong focus on black and Latino musicians , composers and audience members " . Her four @-@ year contract with the Sinfonietta began on July 1 , 2011 . Chen plans to record a commercial album with the Sinfonietta in June 2012 and hopes to launch an international competition for rising musicians and composers . Chen returned to Atlanta in October 2011 to guest conduct the symphony . She also returned to Portland in April 2012 to guest conduct the Oregon Symphony . = = Interests = = As a child Chen was interested in earth science . Chen finds satisfaction in " loud " and " elaborate " noises , particularly ones generated without musical instruments . Her favorite composer is Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ; other favorites include Ludwig van Beethoven , Leonard Bernstein , and Aaron Copland . Her favorite composition is Beethoven 's Symphony No. 5 , which she will be conducting during Chicago Sinfonietta 's 2011 – 2012 season . She likes Romantic music the most " because the music in this era was an expression of your life " . In addition to working with minority or unconventional artists , Chen prefers to incorporate classic compositions as well as new works into her repertoire . She enjoys reading detective stories , fiction or non @-@ fiction , and has shared that she would want to be a detective or a professor if she were not a conductor . She moved to Mud Island , Memphis in order to be close to nature , inspiration and the Cannon Center . = Don Gault = Donald J. Gault ( born August 30 , 1946 ) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the Cleveland Browns in 1970 . Over the course of his career , he played in two games , completed 2 of 19 passes for 67 yards , threw no touchdowns and three interceptions , and finished his career with a passer rating of 2 @.@ 2 . Gault played college football at Hofstra University where he set many school passing records . After graduating , he was signed by the Browns . The team kept him on the roster from 1968 to 1972 , though he was only an active player in 1970 . He played in two games and started one , earning a victory despite a passer rating of zero . After the Browns released him in 1972 , he had offseason stints with the San Diego Chargers , Edmonton Eskimos , New York Jets , and New York Stars before retiring . = = College career = = Gault played high school football for John Adams High School in Queens , then played college football for the Hofstra Pride . After sitting out his freshman year , he was awarded the starting quarterback job as a sophomore in 1965 . In his third start for Hofstra , he completed 21 of 33 passes and threw for a school record 315 yards in a 35 @-@ 13 win over Kings Point Academy . A month later , he broke his own record and threw for 345 yards after completing 17 of 25 passes in a 42 @-@ 28 win over Temple . For the season he completed 158 passes for 20 touchdowns and 2 @,@ 134 yards . Gault 's junior year was considered to have been a disappointment due to ineffectiveness and a 2 @-@ 8 overall record , but his career passing yards through two full seasons set a school record . Gault 's senior season performances included a 325 @-@ yard , four touchdown performance , after which he was named to the weekly All @-@ East All @-@ Star football team . In his last collegiate game against C. W. Post College , he completed 11 of 20 passes for 220 yards in a 19 @-@ 0 win , giving Hofstra an 8 @-@ 2 record his senior year with seven of the eight wins being shutouts . Over the course of his career , Gault broke school records for passing yards and completions in a season and career , but also had 22 interceptions in 30 career games . After his graduation , coach Howdy Myers said of him , " he has a quick release and can throw accurately both long and short . " = = Professional career = = Gault went undrafted in the 1968 NFL Draft , and was signed by the Cleveland Browns as a free agent . Heading into training camp , he was one of five quarterbacks looking for a roster spot , the others being Frank Ryan , Gary Lane , Dick Shiner , and fellow undrafted rookie Jim Alcorn . By the end of the preseason , Gault was cut from the active roster , and spent the 1968 season on the practice squad , but was noted as someone who could be the Browns ' future starting quarterback . Before the 1969 season began , Gault joined the military reserves . While training at Fort Dix from June to November , he played in the Continental Football League with the Jersey Jays . After his training ended , he returned to the team 's practice squad . He was placed on the active roster as a third @-@ string emergency quarterback in case the Browns needed him during the postseason . During the offseason , Gault worked as an insurance broker while remaining on the Browns roster . The Browns had three quarterbacks on their roster entering the 1970 Cleveland Browns season in Gault , Bill Nelsen , and Mike Phipps . As training camp began , Browns coach Blanton Collier planned to use Gault in exhibition games , as he was throwing the ball well in practice during the summer . By the end of preseason , Gault was named to the active roster as the Browns retained all three quarterbacks , an uncommon move at the time . During the Browns ' second game against the San Francisco 49ers , starting quarterback Nelsen was injured , leading Gault to enter the game in the fourth quarter . He completed a pass to Gary Collins for 23 yards , threw an incompletion , and threw an interception to Dave Wilcox , allowing the 49ers to go on a game @-@ winning drive in a 34 @-@ 31 Browns loss . Due to Nelsen 's injury , Gault was given the start in next week 's game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , facing off against fellow rookie and first overall draft pick , Terry Bradshaw . In his only career start , he completed one pass for 44 yards in 16 attempts , threw two interceptions , and finished the game with a 0 @.@ 0 passer rating . He also led the Browns to only three first downs during the first half , and as a result Phipps took over at quarterback ; the Browns went on to win the game , 15 @-@ 7 . Nelsen recovered from the injury the following week and turn back over for the Browns at quarterback ; Gault did not play another snap that season . Entering the 1971 season , Gault modified his throwing style after discussion with new head coach Nick Skorich , and was throwing better in training camp as a result . After training camp ended , however , he was placed on the practice squad , where he remained throughout the season . In 1972 , the Browns drafted Brian Sipe , giving Gault competition for the third quarterback spot , which was noted as a main position battle in training camp for the Browns that season . At the end of training camp , Sipe won the job , and Gault was cut . He was picked up by the San Diego Chargers in late August . He competed with Wayne Clark for the backup quarterback job for a short time , and did not see any playing time for the Chargers before his release . He also spent time with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League , but did not see any playing time with them . He later noted that he was unable to adjust to the game of Canadian football , as he was unable to throw a spiral due to the football being shorter and fatter . The New York Jets signed Gault as a free agent in 1973 , and he was slated to compete with Al Woodall for the backup quarterback spot behind Joe Namath . At the end of preseason , he lost the backup spot to Woodall , and was released . The following year , Gault signed with the New York Stars of the new World Football League in April . After practicing with the team throughout the offseason , he was released in August , ending his professional career . = Mozart in Italy = Between 1769 and 1773 , the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his father Leopold Mozart made three Italian journeys . The first , an extended tour of 15 months , was financed by performances for the nobility and by public concerts , and took in the most important Italian cities . The second and third journeys were to Milan , for Wolfgang to complete operas that had been commissioned there on the first visit . From the perspective of Wolfgang 's musical development the journeys were a considerable success , and his talents were recognised by honours which included a papal knighthood and memberships in leading philharmonic societies . Leopold Mozart had been employed since 1747 as a musician in the Archbishop of Salzburg 's court , becoming deputy Kapellmeister in 1763 , but he had also devoted much time to Wolfgang 's and sister Nannerl 's musical education . He took them on a European tour between 1764 and 1766 , and spent some of 1767 and most of 1768 with them in the imperial capital , Vienna . The children 's performances had captivated audiences , and the pair had made a considerable impression on European society . By 1769 , Nannerl had reached adulthood , but Leopold was anxious to continue 13 @-@ year @-@ old Wolfgang 's education in Italy , a crucially important destination for any rising composer of the 18th century . During the first tour , Wolfgang 's performances were well received , and his compositional talents recognised by commissions to write three operas for Milan 's Teatro Regio Ducal , each of which was a critical and popular triumph . He met many of Italy 's leading musicians , including the renowned theorist Giovanni Battista Martini , under whom he studied in Bologna . Leopold also hoped that Wolfgang , and possibly he himself , would obtain a prestigious appointment at one of the Italian Habsburg courts . This objective became more important as Leopold 's advancement in Salzburg became less likely ; but his persistent efforts to secure employment displeased the imperial court , which precluded any chance of success . The journeys thus ended not with a triumphant return , but on a note of disappointment and frustration . = = Background = = In November 1766 , the Mozart family returned to Salzburg after a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half year " grand tour " of the major Northern European cities , begun when Wolfgang was seven and Nannerl twelve . This tour had largely achieved Leopold 's objective to demonstrate his children 's talents to the wider world and advance their musical education . A stay in Vienna beginning in 1767 proved less happy : an outbreak of smallpox , which led to the death of the Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria , prevented the children from performing in the imperial court and forced the family to seek refuge in Bohemia , a move which did not prevent Wolfgang from contracting the disease . They returned to Vienna in January 1768 , but by now the children were no longer young enough to cause a sensation in their public concerts . Leopold fell out with the court impresario Giuseppe Affligio , and damaged his relations with the eminent court composer Christoph Willibald Gluck , through an over @-@ eagerness to secure a performance of Wolfgang 's first opera , La finta semplice . As a consequence he developed a reputation at court for being importunate and " pushy " . After returning to Salzburg in January 1769 , Leopold considered the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Nannerl 's education to be virtually finished , and focused his efforts on Wolfgang . He decided to take the boy to Italy , which in its pre @-@ unification days was a collection of duchies , republics , and papal states , with the Kingdom of Naples in the south . For more than two centuries Italy had been the source of innovations in musical style , the home of church music , and above all the cradle of opera . In Leopold 's view , Wolfgang needed to absorb firsthand the music of Venice , Naples , and Rome , to equip himself for future commissions from Europe 's opera houses , " the late eighteenth @-@ century composers ' honeypots " according to Mozart 's biographer Stanley Sadie . Leopold wanted Wolfgang to immerse himself in the Italian language , to experience church music of the highest quality , and to extend his network of influential acquaintances . There was also the possibility , for both Wolfgang and Leopold , of securing positions in the northern Italian Habsburg courts . With these priorities in mind , Leopold decided that Nannerl and her mother should stay at home , a decision they resented but which made economic and practical sense . In the months before their departure , Wolfgang composed prolifically , gaining the favour of Archbishop Siegmund Christoph von Schrattenbach , who , as Leopold 's employer , had to consent to the journey . Permission to travel , along with a gift of 600 florins , was granted in October . Wolfgang was awarded the honorary title of Konzertmeister ( court musician ) , with a hint that on his return this post would merit a salary . = = First journey , December 1769 – March 1771 = = = = = Journey to Milan = = = On 13 December 1769 , Leopold and Wolfgang set out from Salzburg , armed with testimonials and letters that Leopold hoped would smooth their passage . Among the most important was an introduction to Count Karl Joseph Firmian of Milan , described as the " King of Milan " , an influential and cultivated patron of the arts . His support would be vital to the success of the entire Italian undertaking . The pair travelled through Innsbruck , then due south to the Brenner Pass into Italy . They continued through Bolzano and Rovereto to Verona and Mantua , before turning west towards Milan . Leopold 's financial plans for the journey were broadly the same as for the family 's grand tour — travel and accommodation costs were to be met by concert proceeds . This 350 @-@ mile ( 560 km ) winter journey to Milan occupied a difficult and unpleasant six weeks , with the weather forcing extended stops . Leopold complained in his letters home about unheated inn rooms : " ... freezing like a dog , everything I touch is ice " . Early concert receipts were modest ; according to Leopold , costs were running at around 50 florins a week . After having unwisely boasted about profits made from the grand tour , Leopold was now more cautious about revealing financial details . He tended to emphasise his expenses and minimise his takings , writing , for example : " ... On the whole we shall not make much in Italy ... one must generally accept admiration and bravos as payment . " The longest pause was two weeks spent in Verona , where the press reported glowingly on Wolfgang 's concert of 5 January 1770 . Father and son attended a performance of Guglielmi 's Ruggiero , which Wolfgang wrote about dismissively in a letter to Nannerl . The boy also had his portrait painted by a local artist , Saverio dalla Rosa . This interlude was followed by a shorter stop in Mantua , where Wolfgang gave a concert at the Accademia Filarmonica , with a programme designed to test his abilities in performance , sight reading , and improvisation . According to a press review the audience was " dumbfounded " at this " miracle in music , one of those freaks that Nature causes to be born " . In Mantua , they suffered a snub from Prince Michael of Thurn und Taxis , who informed them through a servant that he had no desire to meet them . Historian Robert Gutman surmises that the Prince , aware of the Affligio affair in Vienna , wanted no dealings with musicians who did not know their place . By contrast , Count Arco , whose family were members of the Salzburg court , received them warmly . The Mozarts arrived in Milan on 23 January and found comfortable lodgings in the monastery of San Marco , not far from Count Firmian 's palace . While they waited to see the Count , they attended Niccolò Piccinni 's opera Cesare in Egitto . Firmian eventually welcomed them with generous hospitality and friendship , presenting Wolfgang with a complete edition of the works of Metastasio , Italy 's leading dramatic writer and librettist . Firmian also hosted a series of concerts attended by many of the city 's notables , including Archduke Ferdinand , a possible future patron for the young composer . For the last of these occasions , Wolfgang wrote a set of arias using Metastasio 's texts . These were so well received that Firmian commissioned Wolfgang to write the opening opera for the following winter 's carnival season in Milan , just as Leopold had hoped he might . Wolfgang would receive a fee of around 500 florins , and free lodgings during the writing and rehearsal . The Mozarts left Milan on 15 March , heading south towards Florence and Rome , committed to return in the autumn and taking with them fresh letters of recommendation from Firmian . Up to this point in the tour Wolfgang appears to have done little composition . The Accademia Filarmonica concert in Mantua had included much improvisation but little of Wolfgang 's own music ; the only certain compositions from this phase of the tour are the arias composed for the final Firmian concert , which sealed his contract for the carnival opera . These are Se tutti i mali miei , K. 83 / 73p , Misero me , K. 77 / 73e , and Ah più tremar ... , K. 71 . The Symphony in G , K. 74 , evidently completed in Rome in April , may have been started in Milan . = = = Milan to Naples = = = The first stop on the southward journey was at Lodi , where Wolfgang completed his first string quartet , K. 80 / 73f . After a few days in Parma , the Mozarts moved on to Bologna , a " centre for masters , artists and scholars " , according to Leopold . Their letter from Firmian introduced them to Count Pallavicini @-@ Centurioni , a leading patron of the arts , who immediately arranged a concert for the local nobility in his palace . Among the guests was Giovanni Battista Martini , the leading musical theorist of his day and Europe 's most renowned expert in Baroque counterpoint . Martini received the young composer and tested him with exercises in fugue . Always with an eye upon Wolfgang 's future prospects in the courts of Europe , Leopold was anxious for engagement with the great master ; but time was short , so he arranged a return to Bologna in the summer for extended tuition . The pair left on 29 March , carrying letters from Pallavicini that might clear the way for an audience with Pope Clement XIV in Rome . Before they left , they made the acquaintance of the Czech composer Josef Mysliveček , whose opera La Nitteti was being prepared for performance . Later in 1770 , Wolfgang would use the Mysliveček opera as a source of motives for his own opera Mitridate , re di Ponto and various symphonies . More broadly , it marked the beginning of a close association between Mysliveček and the Mozart family that lasted until 1778 . Wolfgang used his works repeatedly as models of compositional style . The next day they arrived in Florence , where Pallavicini 's recommendation gained them a meeting at the Palazzo Pitti with the Grand Duke and future emperor Leopold . He remembered the Mozarts from 1768 in Vienna , and asked after Nannerl . In Florence they encountered the violinist Pietro Nardini , whom they had met at the start of their grand tour of Europe ; Nardini and Wolfgang performed together in a long evening concert at the Duke 's summer palace . Wolfgang also met Thomas Linley , an English violin prodigy and a pupil of Nardini 's . The two formed a close friendship , making music and playing together " not as boys but as men " , as Leopold remarked . Gutman reports that " a melancholy Thomas followed the Mozarts ' coach as they departed for Rome on 6 April " . The boys never met again ; Linley , after a brief career as a composer and violinist , died in a boating accident in 1778 , at the age of 22 . After five days of difficult travel through wind and rain , lodged uncomfortably at inns Leopold described as disgusting , filthy , and bereft of food , they reached Rome . Pallavicini 's letters soon had their effect : meetings with the Count 's kinsman Lazaro Opizio Cardinal Pallavicino , Prince San Angelo of Naples , and Charles Edward Stuart , known as " Bonnie Prince Charlie " , Pretender to the throne of England . There was much sightseeing , and performances before the nobility . The Mozarts visited the Sistine Chapel , where Wolfgang heard and later wrote down from memory Gregorio Allegri 's famous Miserere , a complex nine @-@ part choral work that had not been published . Amid these activities , Wolfgang was busily composing . He wrote the contradanse K. 123 / 73g and the aria Se ardire , e speranza ( K. 82 / 73o ) , and finished the G major symphony begun earlier . After four busy weeks the Mozarts departed for Naples . Travellers on the route through the Pontine Marshes were frequently harassed by brigands , so Leopold arranged a convoy of four coaches . They arrived on 14 May . Armed with their letters of recommendation , the Mozarts were soon calling on the prime minister , marchese Bernardo Tanucci , and William Hamilton , the British ambassador , whom they knew from London . They gave a concert on 28 May , which brought in about 750 florins ( Leopold would not reveal the exact amount ) , and attended the first performance of Niccolò Jommelli 's opera Armida abbandonata at the Teatro di San Carlo . Wolfgang was impressed by both the music and the performance , though he felt it " too old @-@ fashioned and serious for the theatre " . Invited to write an opera for the next San Carlo season , he declined because of his prior commitment to Milan . When no summons to play at the royal court was forthcoming , Leopold eventually decided to leave Naples , after visits to Vesuvius , Herculaneum , Pompeii , and the Roman baths at Baiae . They departed by post @-@ coach for Rome on 25 June . = = = Return from Naples = = = The party made a rapid 27 @-@ hour return trip to Rome ; in the process , Leopold sustained a leg injury that troubled him for several months . Wolfgang was granted an audience with the Pope , and was made a knight of the Order of the Golden Spur . From Rome they made their way to the famous Santa Casa pilgrimage site at Loreto , and took the coastal road to Rimini — under military protection , because the road was subject to attacks from marauding pirates . From Rimini they moved inland , and reached Bologna on 20 July . Leopold 's priority was to rest his leg . Wolfgang passed the time by composing a short minuet , K. 122 / 73t , and a Miserere in A minor , K. 85 / 73s . Meanwhile , the libretto for the Milan opera arrived ; Leopold had been expecting Metastasio 's La Nitteti , but it was Mitridate , re di Ponto , by Vittorio Cigna @-@ Santi . According to the correspondence of Leopold , the composer Josef Mysliveček was a frequent visitor to the Mozart household while they were staying in Bologna . The musicologist Daniel E. Freeman believes that Mozart 's approach to the composition of arias changed fundamentally at this time , bringing his style into closer alignment with that of Mysliveček . Leopold and Wolfgang moved into Count Pallavicini 's palatial summer residence on 10 August , and stayed for seven weeks while Leopold 's leg gradually improved and Wolfgang worked on the Mitridate recitatives . At the beginning of October , with Leopold more or less recovered , they moved back to Bologna , and Wolfgang , it is thought , began his period of study under Martini . On 9 October he underwent examination for membership in Bologna 's Accademia Filarmonica , offering as his test piece the antiphon Quaerite primum regnum , K. 86 / 73v . According to Gutman , under ordinary circumstances Wolfgang 's " floundering " attempt at this unfamiliar polyphonic form would not have received serious consideration , but Martini was at hand to offer corrections , and probably also paid the admission fee . Wolfgang 's membership was duly approved ; and the Mozarts departed for Milan shortly afterwards . = = = Milan revisited , October 1770 – February 1771 = = = The journey from Bologna to Milan was delayed by storms and floods , but Leopold and his son arrived on 18 October , ten weeks before the first performance of Mitridate . Wolfgang 's fingers ached from writing recitatives , and in any case he could not begin work on the arias until the singers were present , collaboration with the principal performers being the custom for composers of the time . As the singers assembled , problems arose . Quirino Gasparini , composer of an earlier version of Mitridate , tried to persuade the prima donna Antonia Bernasconi to use his settings for her arias , but met with failure . " Thank God " , Leopold wrote , " that we have routed the enemy " . However , the principal tenor , Guglielmo d 'Ettore , made repeated requests for his arias to be rewritten , and sang one of Gasparini 's settings in Act 3 , an insertion that survives in the published score of the opera . Rehearsals began on 6 December . Wolfgang 's mastery of Italian diction was revealed as the recitatives were practised , and a run @-@ through of the instrumental score displayed his professionalism . Leopold wrote home : " An awful lot of this undertaking , blessed be God , is safely over , and , God be praised , once more with honour ! " On 26 December , at the Teatro Regio Ducal ( Milan 's great opera house at the time ) , Wolfgang directed the first public performance from the keyboard , dressed for the occasion in a scarlet coat lined with blue satin and edged with gold . The occasion was a triumph : the audience demanded encores and at the conclusion cried " Evviva il maestro ! " ( Long live the master ! ) . The opera ran for 22 performances , and the Gazetta di Milano praised the work handsomely : " The young maestro di capella , who is not yet fifteen years of age , studies the beauties of nature , and represents them adorned with the rarest musical graces . " The arias sung by Bernasconi " vividly expressed the passions and touched the heart " . Subsequent reactions to the opera proved less effusive ; there are no records of further performances of Mitridate before its revival in Salzburg in 1971 . Having fulfilled his major obligation for his first trip to Italy by completing the opera Mitridate , Wolfgang gave a concert at Firmian 's palace on 4 January 1771 . A few days later , news arrived that Wolfgang had been granted membership in the Accademia Filarmonica of Verona . On 14 January they departed for a two @-@ week sojourn in Turin , where they met many of the leading Italian musicians : the distinguished violinist Gaetano Pugnani , his 15 @-@ year @-@ old prodigy pupil Giovanni Battista Viotti , and the composer Giovanni Paisiello whose opera Annibale in Torino Leopold declared to be magnificent . They returned to Milan for a farewell lunch with Firmian before their departure for Salzburg on 4 February . = = = Journey home = = = On their way back to Salzburg Leopold and Wolfgang stayed for a while at Venice , pausing on their way at Brescia to see an opera buffa . While in Venice , Leopold used his letters of introduction to meet the nobility and to negotiate a contract for Wolfgang to write an opera for the San Benedetto theatre . Wolfgang gave several concerts and perhaps played at Venice 's famed ospidali — former orphanages which became respected music academies . The Mozarts were received generously , but Leopold appeared dissatisfied . " The father seems a shade piqued " , wrote a correspondent to the Viennese composer Johann Adolph Hasse , adding : " ... they probably expected others to seek after them , rather than they after others " . Hasse replied : " The father , as I see the man , is equally discontent everywhere " . Leaving Venice on 12 March , the Mozarts journeyed to Padua , where during a day of sightseeing Wolfgang was commissioned by Don Giuseppe Ximenes , Prince of Aragon , to compose an oratorio for the city . The history of La Betulia Liberata ( " The Liberation of Bethulia " ) is obscure — it may not have been performed in Padua , or at all in Wolfgang 's lifetime . In Verona , a few days later , he received further commissions . Wolfgang was to compose a serenata ( or one @-@ act opera ) to be performed in Milan in October 1771 for the wedding of the Archduke Ferdinand and his bride Princess Beatrice of Modena . At the same time the young composer was engaged to undertake another Milan carnival opera , for the 1772 – 73 season , at an increased fee . This created a conflict of dates which prevented Wolfgang from proceeding with the San Benedetto contract . Thereafter , father and son sped northward , arriving home in Salzburg on 28 March 1771 . In his review of this first Italian journey , Maynard Solomon 's analysis of the meagre financial information provided by Leopold indicates that the Mozarts made a substantial profit — perhaps as much as 2 @,@ 900 florins . The pair had also been accorded wide recognition , moving among the highest Italian nobility . Aside from being honoured by the Pope , Wolfgang had been admitted to the academies of Bologna and Verona , and had studied with Martini . Solomon calls the tour Leopold 's " finest hour and ... perhaps his happiest " . = = Second journey , August – December 1771 = = In August 1771 Leopold and Wolfgang set out once more for Milan , to work on the serenata — which had by this time evolved into the full @-@ length opera Ascanio in Alba . On arrival they shared their lodgings with violinists , a singing @-@ master , and an oboist : a ménage that was , as Wolfgang wrote jestingly to Nannerl , " ... delightful for composing , it gives you plenty of ideas ! " Working at great speed , Wolfgang finished Ascanio just in time for the first rehearsal on 23 September . Ascanio was expected to be the lesser of the works for the wedding celebration , second to Hasse 's opera Ruggiero . However , the 72 @-@ year @-@ old Hasse was out of touch with current theatrical tastes , and although his opera was praised by the Dowager Empress Maria Theresa , its overall reception was lukewarm , especially compared to the triumphant success of Ascanio . Leopold expressed delight at this turn of events : " The archduke has recently ordered two copies " , he wrote home . " All the noblemen and other people constantly address us in the street to congratulate Wolfgang . In short ! I 'm sorry , Wolfgang 's Serenata has so crushed Hasse 's opera that I can 't describe it . " Hasse was gracious about his eclipse , and is said to have remarked that the boy would cause all others to be forgotten . The Mozarts were free to leave Milan early in November , but they stayed another month because Leopold hoped that the success of Ascanio would lead to an appointment for Wolfgang from a royal patron . He apparently solicited Archduke Ferdinand on 30 November , and his request was passed on to the imperial court in Vienna . It is possible that Leopold 's pushiness in Vienna over La finta semplice still rankled , or that word of his crowing over Hasse 's failure had reached the Empress . For whatever reason , Maria Theresa 's reply to the archduke was unequivocal , describing the Mozarts as " useless people " whose appointment would debase the royal service , and adding that " such people go around the world like beggars " . Leopold never learned this letter 's contents ; by the time it reached Milan the Mozarts had left , disappointed but still hopeful . " The matter is not over ; I can say that much " , Leopold wrote as he and Wolfgang made their way home . Despite the hectic schedule during this short visit , Wolfgang still found time to write his Symphony in F , K. 112 ( No. 13 ) . He contrived a further symphony from the Ascanio overture , by adding a finale to the two existing movements . Another symphony , K. 96 / 111b , in C major , is sometimes allocated to this visit to Milan , but it is not certain when ( or indeed whether ) Wolfgang actually wrote it . = = Upheaval in Salzburg = = The day after Leopold and Wolfgang arrived back in Salzburg the court was thrown into turmoil by the death of Archbishop Schrattenbach . This created problems for Leopold , who had unresolved issues with the court . Part of his salary during the second Italian visit had been stopped , and Leopold wished to petition for its payment , and to pursue the matter of Wolfgang 's salary as a Konzertmeister , which Schrattenbach had indicated might be paid on Wolfgang 's return from the first Italian journey . There was also the matter of succession to the post of Salzburg 's Kapellmeister , to be available soon on the pending retirement of the incumbent , Giuseppe Lolli , who was over 70 years old ; Leopold , who had followed Lolli as Vice @-@ Kapellmeister , might normally have felt confident of succeeding him to the higher post . Decisions on these matters would now be made by the new archbishop , whose policies and attitudes were unknown . On 14 March 1772 , amid various political machinations , Count Hieronymus von Colloredo was elected to the archbishopric as a compromise candidate acceptable to the imperial court in Vienna . Although unpopular among Salzburgers , this appointment appeared at first to be to the Mozarts ' advantage : Leopold 's withheld salary was paid , and on 31 August Colloredo authorised the payment of Wolfgang 's Konzertmeister salary . However , the new archbishop began to look for someone outside the Salzburg court to be his new Kapellmeister . Eventually , he chose the Italian Domenico Fischietti , who was several years younger than Leopold . Realising that his chances of promotion had probably been irrevocably lost , Leopold turned his hopes for a comfortable old age towards Wolfgang , giving new urgency to the third Italian journey which began in October 1772 . = = Third journey , October 1772 – March 1773 = = In October 1772 Leopold and Wolfgang returned to Milan to work on the carnival opera that had been commissioned at the end of the first journey . The text was Lucio Silla , revised by Metastasio from an original by Giovanni de Gamerra . Wolfgang found himself in the familiar routine of composing rapidly while coping with problems such as the late arrival of singers and the withdrawal of the principal tenor due to illness . Leopold reported on 18 December that the tenor had arrived , that Wolfgang was composing his arias at breakneck speed , and that rehearsals were in full swing . The first performance , on 26 December , was chaotic : its start was delayed two hours by the late arrival of Archduke Ferdinand , there were quarrels among the principal performers , and the running time was extended by the insertion of ballets ( a common practice of the time ) , so the performance was not over until two o 'clock the following morning . Despite this , subsequent performances were well received . Leopold wrote on 9 January 1773 that the theatre was still full , and that the premiere of the season 's second opera , Giovanni Paisiello 's Sismano nel Mogul , had been postponed to allow Wolfgang 's piece a longer run — 26 performances in all . Such success for the new work seems to have been fleeting ; but during the next few years the libretto was reset by several different composers , including Wolfgang 's London mentor Johann Christian Bach . Leopold , unaware of the Empress 's views , continued to pursue an appointment for Wolfgang by applying to Grand Duke Leopold I of Tuscany , the Empress 's third son . The application was strongly supported by Count Firmian , and Leopold , in a coded letter home , said he was quite hopeful . While the Mozarts waited for a reply , Wolfgang composed a series of " Milanese " string quartets ( K. 155 / 134a to K. 160 / 159a ) , and the famous motet Exsultate , jubilate , K. 165 . Leopold resorted to deception to explain his extended stay in Milan , claiming to be suffering from severe rheumatism that prevented his travelling . His ciphered letters to his wife Anna Maria assure her that he is in fact well , but urge her to spread the story of his indisposition . He waited through most of January and all of February for the Grand Duke 's reply . The negative response arrived on 27 February . It is not known whether the Grand Duke was influenced by his mother 's opinion of the Mozart family , but his rejection effectively ended Leopold 's hope of an Italian appointment for Wolfgang . The Mozarts had no choice now but to return to Salzburg , leaving Milan on 4 March and reaching home nine days later . Neither father nor son visited Italy again . = = Evaluation = = Maynard Solomon summarises the Italian journeys as a great triumph , but suggests that from Leopold 's standpoint they also incorporated a great failure . The Mozarts had certainly profited financially , and Wolfgang had developed artistically , into a recognised composer . Although the Mozarts ' reception had not been uniformly cordial — they had been cold @-@ shouldered by the Neapolitan court and the Prince of Thurn and Taxis had snubbed them — the Italians had generally responded with enthusiasm . Wolfgang had been received and knighted by the Pope ; he had been granted membership in leading philharmonic societies and had studied with Italy 's greatest music scholar , Giovanni Martini . Above all , he had been accepted as a practitioner of Italian opera by a leading opera house , completing three commissions that resulted in acclaimed performances . Other compositions resulted from the Italian experience , including a full @-@ scale oratorio , several symphonies , string quartets , and numerous minor works . The failure was Leopold 's inability , despite his persistence , to secure a prestigious appointment either for himself or for Wolfgang . Leopold was evidently unaware of the negative light in which he was generally viewed ; he did , however , perceive that there was some intangible barrier to his Italian ambitions , and eventually recognised that he could not overcome whatever forces were arrayed against him . In any event , Wolfgang 's Italian triumphs proved short @-@ lived ; despite the critical and popular successes of his Milan operas , he was not invited to write another , and there were no further commissions from any of the other centres he had visited . With all hopes of an Italian court appointment gone , Leopold sought to secure the family 's future by other means : " We shall not go under , for God shall help us . I have already thought out some plans . " Wolfgang was qualified by his skills at the keyboard and violin , and by his compositional experience , for a post as Kapellmeister ; but at 17 he was too young . He therefore remained in Colloredo 's employ at the Salzburg court , increasingly discontent , until his dismissal from the Archbishop 's retinue during its stay in Vienna , in 1781 . Leopold , unpromoted from his rank of vice @-@ Kapellmeister , remained with the court until his death in 1787 . = Domnall Gerrlámhach = Domnall Gerrlámhach ( died 1135 ) , also known as Domnall Gerrlámhach Ua Briain , Domnall mac Muirchertaig , and Domnall Ua Briain , was an obscure twelfth @-@ century Uí Briain dynast and King of Dublin . He was one of two sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland . Domnall 's father appears to have installed him as King of Dublin in the late eleventh- or early twelfth century , which suggests that he was his father 's successor @-@ designate . Although Domnall won a remarkable victory in the defence of the Kingdom of Dublin in the face of an invasion from the Kingdom of Leinster in 1115 , he failed to achieve the successes of his father . After his final expulsion from Dublin at hands of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , King of Connacht , and the death of his father , Domnall disappears from record until his own death in 1135 . He was perhaps survived by two sons . = = Background = = Domnall was one of two recorded sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland ( died 1119 ) ; the other being Mathgamain ( died 1129 ) . Domnall was a member of the Uí Briain , a branch of the Dál Cais , descended from the eponymous Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig , High King of Ireland ( died 1014 ) . Domnall 's mother was his father 's wife , Derb Forgaill , daughter of Lethlobar Ua Laidcnén , King of Airgíalla . The Annals of Tigernach accord Domnall the epithet gerrlámhach ( " short @-@ armed " ) which may indicate — if the term is taken literally — that he suffered some sort of deformity . Muirchertach Ua Briain was one of three sons of Toirdelbach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland ( died 1086 ) , a man who secured control of the Kingdom of Munster in the 1060s before gaining the high @-@ kingship of Ireland less than a decade later . In 1175 , in an act of overlordship over the Kingdom of Dublin , Toirdelbach Ua Briain appointed Muirchertach Ua Briain King of Dublin , following a precedent set by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó , King of Leinster ( died 1072 ) , a previous claimant to the Irish high @-@ kingship who had done the same to his own eldest son , Murchad ( died 1070 ) , in 1052 . When Toirdelbach Ua Briain finally died in 1086 , his sons bitterly contested the kingship of Munster before Muirchertach Ua Briain succeeded in securing it for himself . By 1091 , the latter appears to have regained control of the Dublin , only to lose it to Gofraid Crobán , King of the Isles ( died 1095 ) , who united it with the Kingdom of the Isles . Gofraid 's reign in Ireland was short @-@ lived , as Muirchertach Ua Briain forced him from Dublin in 1094 . After the Gofraid 's death the following year , Muirchertach Ua Briain appointed his own nephew , Domnall mac Taidc ( died 1115 ) , as King of the Isles . Uí Briain influence in the Isles was similarly short @-@ lived , however , as Domnall mac Taidc was apparently forced from the region , and Magnús Óláfsson , King of Norway seized control of not only the Isles , but perhaps even Dublin itself , before falling in battle in 1103 . Later in 1111 , Domnall mac Taidc temporarily seized the kingship of the Isles in an act that appears to have been opposed by his aforesaid uncle . The reasons for Domnall mac Taidc 's exit from the Isles are uncertain . Although he may have been forcibly ejected by the Islesmen , he may well have returned to Ireland to take advantage of Muirchertach Ua Briain 's rapidly failing health . = = Kingship of Dublin = = In 1114 , the power of a now gravely ill Muirchertach Ua Briain 's began to waver . The kingship of Munster was temporarily seized by Muirchertach Ua Briain 's half @-@ brother , Diarmait Ua Briain ( died 1118 ) . The record of a grant to Christ Church Cathedral , in which Domnall is styled " King of Ireland " , appears to suggest that he attempted to assert a claim to the kingship as well . In fact , Mac Carthaigh 's Book specifically states that Domnall was installed in the kingship of Dublin by his father in 1114 . Although Muirchertach Ua Briain 's problems were lessened with the death Domnall mac Taidc in 1115 , within the year the co @-@ Kings of Leinster — Donnchad mac Murchada ( died 1115 ) and Conchobar Ua Conchobair Failge , King of Uí Failge ( died 1115 ) — took advantage of his own decline , and attempted to gain control of Dublin by way of a major assault upon the town . In fact , Domnall 's father and grandfather had excluded the Kingdom of Leinster from overlordship of Dublin for the last forty years ; and whilst Conchobar was an unremitting opponent of Muirchertach Ua Briain , Donnchad was married to Domnall mac Taidc 's sister , and further possessed a claim of his own to the kingship Dublin , as both his father and grandfather — the aforesaid Murchad and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó — had held it during their careers . The prospect of enduring overlordship from nearby Leinster , as compared to the more distant and anaemic overlordship of Munster , appears to have compelled the Dubliners to oppose the Leinstermen . The ensuing battle itself is recorded by both the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Inisfallen , which reveal that it was Domnall himself who marshalled the forces of Munster to victory . Considering Munster 's weakened state , his triumph in Dublin was remarkable achievement . Unfortunately for Donnchad , however , he lost his life in the encounter ; and according to the thirteenth @-@ century ecclesiast Giraldus Cambrensis ( died 1220 × 23 ) , the Dubliners added insult to injury by burying his corpse with that of a dog as a show of contempt to the Leinstermen . There is uncertainty as to when Domnall originally gained the kingship of Dublin . His father could have installed him as such upon assuming the Irish high @-@ kingship , or perhaps following the aforesaid ousting of Gofraid Crobán in 1094 — although it is not impossible that Domnall mac Taidc was installed as king at this point instead . Another possibility is that Domnall had been appointed king not long before his victory over the Leinstermen , or else not long afterwards . Whatever the case , the evidence of Domnall 's kingship indicates that Muirchertach Ua Briain was the third consecutive claimant to the high @-@ kingship to appoint an intended successor to the kingship of Dublin . Although Muirchertach Ua Briain recovered enough to regain power in Munster within the year , Dublin was later lost to Donnchad 's kinsman and Leinster successor , Diarmait mac Énna meic Murchada , King of Leinster , who died there in 1117 . Meanwhile , as Muirchertach Ua Briain 's power continued to evaporate , the authority of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , King of Connacht ( died 1156 ) ever increased . In 1118 , several sources , such as the Annals of Loch Cé , the Annals of the Four Masters , Chronicon Scotorum , and the Annals of Tigernach , indicate that Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair gained control of Dublin . In fact , the later source specifies that he had driven Domnall from the kingship once and for all , revealing that Domnall had regained the kingship following Diarmait mac Énna 's death in 1117 . Although this source also relates that hostages from the " northern half of Ireland " were recovered from Dublin by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , a statement perhaps indicative of the power that Domnall managed to preserve over northern realms once firmly under his father 's suzerainty , at his height Domnall 's father had been one of the most successful Uí Briain monarchs , and Domnall was unable to match his accomplishments . Domnall 's victory in Dublin marked the beginning of the end of Munster domination of Norse @-@ Gaelic Dublin . Before the frail Muirchertach Ua Briain finally died in 1119 , he was forced to resign the kingship of Munster in favour of his half @-@ brother . When the latter died in 1118 , Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair had the realm partitioned between Tadc Mac Carthaig in the Kingdom of Desmond , and the sons of Diarmait Ua Briain in the Kingdom of Thomond . Domnall himself was excluded from the kingship . = = Death = = Thereafter Domnall disappears from record until his death , as an old man at Lismore , dated by the Annals of the Four Masters to 1135 . The annal @-@ entry itself describes him as a one @-@ time lord of Leinster , which could be evidence that he had tried to seize Leinster at some point in his career . The Annals of Tigernach apparently also record Domnall 's death , although the annal @-@ entry identifies him as a grandson of Muirchertach Ua Briain . Long afterwards in 1157 , Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn , King of Cenél nEógain ( died 1166 ) , a contender to the Irish high @-@ kingship , invaded the partitioned Munster and forced the submission of Diarmait Mac Carthaig , and further drove out Toirdelbach mac Diarmata Uí Briain — the son of Domnall 's aforesaid uncle , Diarmait Ua Briain — and replaced him with another Uí Briain dynast , Conchobar mac Domnaill Uí Briain , King of Ormond . The latter was likely a brother of Lughaid mac Domnaill Uí Briain who was slain in the battle of Móin Mhór in 1151 . Both men — Conchobar and Lughaid — could well have been sons of Domnall himself , although another candidate may be his like @-@ named first cousin , Domnall mac Taidc . = = Ancestry = = = Italian battleship Littorio = Littorio was the lead ship of her class of battleship and she served in the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) during World War II . She was named after the Lictor ( " Littorio " in Italian ) , in ancient times the bearer of the Roman fasces , which was adopted as the symbol of Italian Fascism . Littorio and her sister Vittorio Veneto were built in response to the French battleships Dunkerque and Strasbourg . They were Italy 's first modern battleships , and the first 35 @,@ 000 @-@ ton capital ships of any nation to be laid down under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty . Littorio was laid down in October 1934 , launched in August 1937 , and completed in May 1940 . Shortly after her commissioning , Littorio was badly damaged during the British air raid on Taranto on 11 November 1940 , which put her out of action until the following March . Littorio thereafter took part in several sorties to catch the British Mediterranean Fleet , most of which failed to result in any action , the notable exception being the Second Battle of Sirte in March 1942 , where she damaged several British warships . Littorio was renamed Italia in July 1943 after the fall of the Fascist government . On 9 September 1943 , the Italian fleet was attacked by German bombers while it was on its way to internment . During this action , which saw the destruction of her sister Roma , Italia herself was hit by a Fritz X radio @-@ controlled bomb , causing significant damage to her bow . As part of the armistice agreement , Italia was interned at Malta , Alexandria , and finally in the Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal , where she remained until 1947 . Italia was awarded to the United States as a war prize and scrapped at La Spezia in 1952 – 54 . = = Description = = Littorio and her sister Vittorio Veneto were designed in response to the French Dunkerque @-@ class battleships . Littorio was 237 @.@ 76 meters ( 780 @.@ 1 ft ) long overall , had a beam of 32 @.@ 82 m ( 107 @.@ 7 ft ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 6 m ( 31 ft ) . She was designed with a standard displacement of 40 @,@ 724 long tons ( 41 @,@ 377 t ) , a violation of the 35 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 36 @,@ 000 t ) restriction of the Washington Naval Treaty ; at full combat loading , she displaced 45 @,@ 236 long tons ( 45 @,@ 962 t ) . The ship was powered by four Belluzo geared steam turbines rated at 128 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 95 @,@ 000 kW ) . Steam was provided by eight oil @-@ fired Yarrow boilers . The engines provided a top speed of 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) and a range of 3 @,@ 920 mi ( 6 @,@ 310 km ; 3 @,@ 410 nmi ) at 20 kn ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . Littorio had a crew of 1 @,@ 830 to 1 @,@ 950 over the course of her career . Littorio 's main armament consisted of nine 381 @-@ millimeter ( 15 @.@ 0 in ) 50 @-@ caliber Model 1934 guns in three triple turrets ; two turrets were placed forward in a superfiring arrangement and the third was located aft . Her secondary anti @-@ surface armament consisted of twelve 152 mm ( 6 @.@ 0 in ) / 55 Model 1934 / 35 guns in four triple turrets amidships . These were supplemented by four 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 Model 1891 / 92 guns in single mounts ; these guns were old weapons and were primarily intended to fire star shells . Littorio was equipped with an anti @-@ aircraft battery that comprised twelve 90 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) / 50 Model 1938 guns in single mounts , twenty 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 54 guns in eight twin and four single mounts , and sixteen 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) / 65 guns in eight twin mounts . A further twelve 20 mm guns in twin mounts were installed in 1942 . She received an EC 3 bis radar set in August 1941 , an updated version in April 1942 — which proved to be unsuccessful in service — and finally the EC 3 ter model in September 1942 . The ship was protected by a main armored belt that was 280 mm ( 11 in ) thick with a second layer of steel that was 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick . The main deck was 162 mm ( 6 @.@ 4 in ) thick in the central area of the ship and reduced to 45 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) in less critical areas . The main battery turrets were 350 mm ( 14 in ) thick and the lower turret structure was housed in barbettes that were also 350 mm thick . The secondary turrets had 280 mm thick faces and the conning tower had 260 mm ( 10 in ) thick sides . Littorio was fitted with a catapult on her stern and equipped with three IMAM Ro.43 reconnaissance float planes or Reggiane Re.2000 fighters . = = Service history = = Littorio was laid down at the Ansaldo shipyards in Genoa on 28 October 1934 to commemorate the Fascist Party 's March on Rome in 1922 . Her sister Vittorio Veneto was laid down the same day . Changes to the design and a lack of armor plating led to delays in the building schedule , causing a three @-@ month slip in the launch date from the original plan of May 1937 . Littorio was launched on 22 August 1937 , during a ceremony attended by many Italian dignitaries . She was sponsored by Signora Teresa Ballerino Cabella , the wife on an Ansaldo employee . After her launch , the fitting out period lasted until early 1940 . During this time , Littorio 's bow was modified to lessen vibration and reduce wetness over the bow . Littorio ran a series of sea trials over a period of two months between 23 October 1939 and 21 December 1939 . She was commissioned on 6 May 1940 , and after running additional trials that month , she transferred to Taranto where she — along with Vittorio Veneto — joined the 9th Division under the command of Rear Admiral Carlo Bergamini . On 31 August – 2 September 1940 , Littorio sortied as part of an Italian force of five battleships , ten cruisers , and thirty @-@ four destroyers to intercept British naval forces taking part in Operation Hats and Convoy MB.3 , but contact was not made with either group due to poor reconnaissance and no action occurred . A similar outcome resulted from the movement against British Operation " MB.5 " on 29 September - 1 October ; Littorio , four other battleships , eleven cruisers , and twenty @-@ three destroyers had attempted to intercept the convoy carrying troops to Malta . = = = Attack on Taranto = = = On the night of 10 – 11 November , the British Mediterranean Fleet launched an air raid on the harbor in Taranto . Twenty @-@ one Swordfish torpedo bombers launched from the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious attacked the Italian fleet in two waves . The Italian base was defended by twenty @-@ one 90 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns and dozens of smaller 37 mm and 20 mm guns , along with twenty @-@ seven barrage balloons . The defenders did not possess radar , however , and so were caught by surprise when the Swordfishes arrived . Littorio and the other battleships were also not provided with sufficient anti @-@ torpedo nets . The first wave struck at 20 : 35 , followed by the second about an hour later . The planes scored three hits on Littorio , one hit on Caio Duilio , and one on Conte di Cavour . Of the torpedoes that struck Littorio , two hit in the bow and one struck the stern ; the stern hit destroyed the rudder and shock from the explosion damaged the ship 's steering gear . The two forward hits caused major flooding and led her to settle by the bows , with her decks awash up to her main battery turrets . She could not be brought into dock until 11 December due to a fourth , unexploded torpedo discovered under her keel ; removing the torpedo proved to be a painstaking task , as any shift in the magnetic field around the torpedo might detonate its magnetic detonator . Repairs lasted until 11 March 1941 . = = = Convoy operations = = = After repairs were completed , Littorio participated in an unsuccessful sortie to intercept British forces on 22 – 25 August . A month later , she led the attack on the Allied convoy in Operation Halberd on 27 September 1941 . The British force escorting the convoy included the battleships Rodney , Nelson , and Prince of Wales ; Italian reconnaissance reported the presence of a powerful escort , and the Italian commander , under orders not to engage unless he possessed a strong numerical superiority , broke off the operation and returned to port . On 13 December , she participated in another sweep to catch a convoy to Malta , but the attempt was broken off after Vittorio Veneto was torpedoed by a British submarine . Three days later , she steamed out to escort Operation M42 , a supply convoy to Italian and German forces in North Africa . By late @-@ 1941 , British success at breaking the Enigma code made it increasingly difficult for Axis convoys to reach North Africa . The Italians therefore committed their battle fleet to the convoy effort to better protect the transports . The next day , she took part in the First Battle of Sirte . Littorio , along with the rest of the distant covering force , engaged the escort of a British convoy heading for Malta that happened to run into the M42 convoy late in the day . Littorio opened fire at extreme range , around 35 @,@ 000 yards ( 32 @,@ 000 m ) , but she scored no hits . Nevertheless , the heavy Italian fire forced the British force to withdraw under cover of a smokescreen and the M42 convoy reached North Africa without damage . On 3 January 1942 , Littorio was again tasked with convoy escort , in support of Operation M43 ; she was back in port by 6 January . On 22 March , she participated in the Second Battle of Sirte , as the flagship for an Italian force attempting to destroy a British convoy bound for Malta . After the fall of darkness , several British destroyers made a close @-@ range attack on Littorio , but heavy fire from her main and secondary guns forced the destroyers to retreat . As the destroyers withdrew , one of them hit Littorio with a single 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) shell , which caused minor damage to the ship 's fantail . During the battle , Littorio hit and seriously damaged the destroyers HMS Havock and Kingston . She also hit the cruiser Euryalus but did not inflict significant damage . Kingston returned to Malta for repairs , where she was later destroyed during a bombing raid . Muzzle blast from Littorio 's rear turret set one of her floatplanes on fire , though no serious damage to the ship resulted . She fired a total of 181 shells from her main battery in the course of the engagement . Though the Italian fleet was unable to directly attack the convoy , it forced the transports to scatter and many were sunk the next day by air attack . Three months later , on 14 June , Littorio participated in the interception of the Operation Vigorous convoy to Malta from Alexandria . Littorio , Vittorio Veneto , four cruisers and twelve destroyers were sent to attack the convoy . The British quickly located the approaching Italian fleet and launched several night air strikes in an attempt to prevent them from reaching the convoy , though the aircraft scored no hits . While searching for the convoy the next day , Littorio was hit by a bomb dropped by a B @-@ 24 Liberator ; the bomb hit the roof of turret no . 1 but caused negligible damage to the rangefinder hood and barbette , along with splinter damage to the deck . The turret nevertheless remained serviceable and Littorio remained with the fleet . At 14 : 00 , the Italians broke off the chase and returned to port ; shortly before midnight that evening , Littorio was struck by a torpedo dropped by a British Wellington bomber , causing some 1 @,@ 500 long tons ( 1 @,@ 500 t ) of water to flood the ship 's bow . Her crew counter @-@ flooded 350 long tons ( 360 t ) of water to correct the list . The ship was able to return to port for repairs , and in the meantime , the threat from Vittorio Veneto forced the British convoy to abort the mission . Repair work lasted until 27 August . She remained in Taranto until 12 December , when the fleet was moved to La Spezia . = = = Fate = = = Littorio was inactive for the first six months of 1943 due to severe fuel shortages in the Italian Navy . Only enough fuel was available for Littorio , Vittorio Veneto and their recently commissioned sister Roma , but even then the fuel was only enough for emergencies . On 19 June 1943 , an American bombing raid targeted the harbor at La Spezia and hit Littorio with three bombs . She was renamed Italia on 30 July after the government of Benito Mussolini fell from power . On 3 September , Italy signed an armistice with the Allies , ending her active participation in World War II . Six days later , Italia and the rest of the Italian fleet sailed for Malta , where they would be interned for the remainder of the war . While en route , the German Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) attacked the Italian fleet using Dornier Do 217s armed with Fritz X radio @-@ controlled bombs . One Fritz X hit Italia just forward of turret no . 1 ; it passed through the ship and exited the hull , exploding in the water beneath and causing serious damage . Roma was meanwhile sunk in the attack . Italia and Vittorio Veneto were then moved , first to Alexandria , Egypt , and then to the Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal in Egypt on 14 September ; they remained there until the end of the war . On 5 February 1947 , Italia was finally permitted to return to Italy . In the Treaty of Peace with Italy , signed five days later on 10 February , Italia was allocated as a war prize to the United States . She was stricken from the naval register on 1 June 1948 and broken up for scrap at La Spezia . = Typhoon Andy ( 1982 ) = Typhoon Andy , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Iliang , was an intense tropical cyclone that made landfall in Taiwan . Andy formed along the northern edge of the monsoon trough south of Guam on July 22 , 1982 . It became a tropical storm the next day , although this system was initially poorly organized . Andy moved steadily west during the first few days of its life . After looping south of Guam , the cyclone moved northwest and strengthened . Andy turned westward near the 18th parallel on July 25 . The system became a strong typhoon for a prolonged period on July 27 and July 28 while attaining a peak intensity of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . However , the typhoon struck southern Taiwan on July 29 . Continuing westward through the Formosa Strait , the storm made its final landfall in southern China on July 30 and dissipated inland two days later . During its formative stages , the typhoon brought high waves to Guam , resulting in one death . Twelve families were also left homeless . After passing near Taiwan , Andy brought strong winds , which resulted in 13 deaths . Government offices , schools and airports were closed . At least 60 fishing boats in harbors were badly damaged or wrecked due to strong winds . A total of 300 poer poles were brought down ; consequently , nearly a quarter of Taiwan residents lost power at the height of the storm . After moving ashore in China , Andy brought heavy rains to nearby Hong Kong . = = Meteorological history = = Typhoon Andy originated from a monsoon trough south of Guam in tandem with Typhoon Bess . Despite strong wind shear , three areas of disturbed weather soon developed . The westernmost of the three drifted westward and remained poorly defined . Late on July 21 , a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) was issued for the middle system following a drop in barometric pressure and an increase in organization . Around this time , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) started watching the cyclone . On July 22 , the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm . During the evening hours of July 22 , Hurricane Hunters found winds of 65 to 70 km / h ( 40 to 45 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . Based on this , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) classified the system as a tropical storm and named it Andy . Despite the initial overall lack of organization , Andy slowly gained strength . However , the low @-@ level circulation was initially poorly defined and difficult to find via weather satellite imagery . While passing around 160 km ( 100 mi ) south of Guam , the JMA upped Andy into a severe tropical storm . After performing a small loop , Andy accelerated northwest south of a subtropical ridge . According to the JMA , Andy attained typhoon intensity midday on July 24 . For the ensuing 24 hours , intensification was slight . Thereafter , Andy turned west and entered a more favorable environment for intensification . On July 25 , the JMA placed the intensity of the storm at 140 km / h ( 87 mph ) . After briefly leveling off in intensity , Andy continued to gain strength , and during the morning hours of July 26 , the JMA reported winds of 170 km / h ( 105 mph ) . The next day , the JMA estimated that Andy reached peak intensity , with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , and subsequently noted that Andy attained its minimum barometric pressure of 930 mbar ( 25 inHg ) . Later that day , the JTWC estimated a peak intensity of 225 km / h ( 140 mph ) , equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the United States @-@ based Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale ( SSHWS ) . Shortly after its peak , Andy began to slowly weaken . At 1200 UTC on July 28 , the JTWC reduced the intensity of the typhoon to 210 km / h ( 130 mph ) . However , on July 29 , the JMA lowered the intensity of the cyclone to 145 km / h ( 90 mph ) , even though the JTWC kept the intensity over 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) until landfall , which occurred later that day along the southeastern quadrant of Taiwan . Despite briefly emerging into the Formosa Strait , the JMA downgraded Andy into a severe tropical storm just before landfall in Southern China . On July 30 , the JTWC stopped watching Andy inland over the mountains terrain of southeastern China . Two days later , the JMA followed suit . = = Preparations and impact = = While strengthening , Typhoon Andy passed near Guam , generating 7 @.@ 6 to 9 @.@ 1 m ( 25 to 30 ft ) waves along south @-@ facing beaches . An 11 @-@ year @-@ old boy died in Naval Station after the waves swept him off of rocks . Three " huge " waves struck the shoreline near Umatac , which destroyed several homes off of their foundation . Along many nearby villages , scattered damage was noted . At least nine villages were without power for varying amounts of time . In all , 12 people were left homeless . While affecting Taiwan , Typhoon Andy snapped trees and toppled billboards , in addition to generating high waves . In some places , rainfall reached 300 mm ( 12 in ) . Coastal areas were hardest hit . Along the southern portion of the island , 300 power poles were downed , making damage reports difficult for the United Press International to obtain . At the height of the storm , a quarter of the nation 's 18 million residents were left without power . Eight people were killed in storm @-@ related accidents , including a man and a women who died when a car flipped in the central portion of the country . Furthermore , four members of a fishing party were swept out to sea and drowned and an elderly man was blown off a roof as he tried to fix leaks in it . Another 11 @-@ year @-@ old boy was swept into the sea and was presumed to have perished while watching waves near the southeastern city of Taitung , though his 16 @-@ year @-@ old companion who was also watching the waves was swept away , but was later rescued . In all , 13 people were killed by Typhoon Andy in Taiwan . In Taipei , broken trees and signboards fell on streets due to strong winds . Government offices , schools and airports were closed . At least 60 fishing boats in harbors were badly damaged or wrecked in the wind . Elsewhere , a 23 @-@ man crew was forced to abandon a 5 @,@ 393 short tons ( 4 @,@ 890 t ) ship off the northern Philippines . Overall , no major damage was observed and no major flooding was reported . After making its final landfall in China , 205 @.@ 3 mm ( 8 @.@ 08 in ) of rain was measured in Hong Kong . = The Spy Who Loved Me ( film ) = The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) is the tenth spy film in the James Bond series , and the third to star Roger Moore as the fictional secret agent James Bond . Curd Jürgens and Barbara Bach co @-@ star . It was directed by Lewis Gilbert and the screenplay was written by Christopher Wood and Richard Maibaum . The film takes its title from Ian Fleming 's novel The Spy Who Loved Me , the tenth book in the James Bond series , though it does not contain any elements of the novel 's plot . The storyline involves a reclusive megalomaniac named Karl Stromberg , who plans to destroy the world and create a new civilisation under the sea . Bond teams up with a Russian agent , Anya Amasova , to stop Stromberg . It was shot on location in Egypt ( Cairo , Luxor ) and Sardinia , Costa Smeralda ( Italy ) , with underwater scenes filmed at the Bahamas ( Nassau ) , and a new soundstage being built at Pinewood Studios for a massive set which depicted the interior of a supertanker . The Spy Who Loved Me was well @-@ received by critics . The soundtrack composed by Marvin Hamlisch also met with success . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards amid many other nominations and novelised in 1977 by Christopher Wood as James Bond , The Spy Who Loved Me . = = Plot = = British and Soviet ballistic @-@ missile submarines are mysteriously disappearing . James Bond — MI6 agent 007 — is summoned to investigate . On the way to his briefing , he escapes an ambush by Soviet agents in Austria , killing their leader during a downhill ski chase . The plans for a highly advanced submarine tracking system are being offered in Egypt . There , he encounters Major Anya Amasova — KGB agent Triple X — his rival to recover the microfilm plans . They travel across Egypt together , encountering Jaws – a tall assassin with steel teeth – along the way . Bond and Amasova reluctantly team up after a truce is agreed by their respective British and Soviet superiors . They identify the person responsible for the thefts as the shipping tycoon , scientist and anarchist Karl Stromberg . While travelling by train to Stromberg 's base in Sardinia , Bond saves Amasova from Jaws , and their cooling rivalry turns to affection . Posing as a marine biologist and his wife , they visit Stromberg 's base and discover that he had launched a mysterious new supertanker , the Liparus , nine months previously . As they leave the base , Jaws , and Naomi , an assassin in an attack helicopter , chase them but Bond and Amasova escape underwater when his car – a Lotus Esprit from Q Branch – converts into a submarine . Jaws escapes while Naomi is killed . Bond finds out that the Liparus has never visited any known port or harbour . Amasova discovers that Bond killed her lover in Austria ( at the beginning of the movie ) , and she vows to kill Bond once their mission ends . Bond and Amasova examine Stromberg 's underwater Atlantis base from an American submarine , and confirm that he is operating the stolen tracking system . The Liparus captures the submarine . Stromberg sets his plan in motion : the simultaneous launching of nuclear missiles from British and Soviet submarines to destroy Moscow and New York City . This would trigger a global nuclear war , which Stromberg would survive in Atlantis , and subsequently a new civilisation would be established underwater . He leaves for Atlantis with Amasova . Bond escapes and frees the captured British , Russian and American submariners and they battle the Liparus 's crew . Bond reprograms the submarines to fire missiles at each other , saving Moscow and New York City . The victorious submariners escape the sinking Liparus on the American submarine . The submarine is ordered to destroy Atlantis but Bond insists on rescuing Amasova first . He confronts and kills Stromberg but again encounters Jaws , whom he drops into a shark tank . However , Jaws fatally bites the shark and escapes . Bond and Amasova flee in an escape pod as Atlantis is sunk . Amasova reminds Bond that she has vowed to kill him as she picks up Bond 's gun . Then , she admits to having forgiven him and the two embrace . The Royal Navy recovers the pod , and the two spies are seen in an intimate embrace through its port window , much to the consternation of their British and Soviet superiors on the ship . = = Cast = = Roger Moore as James Bond 007 : A British MI6 agent assigned to investigate the theft of two submarines . Barbara Bach as Anya Amasova / Agent Triple X : A Soviet KGB agent also investigating the theft . Her attraction to Bond is cut short when she learns he killed her lover . Bach was cast only four days before principal photography began , and performed her audition expecting just a role in the film , not one of the protagonists . Curd Jürgens ( billed as " Curt Jurgens " in the credits ) as Karl Stromberg : The main villain , a megalomaniac planning to trigger World War III and destroy the world , then recreate a new civilisation underwater . Jürgens ' casting was a suggestion of director Lewis Gilbert , who had worked with him before . Richard Kiel as Jaws : Stromberg 's seemingly indestructible juggernaut of a henchman , afflicted with gigantism and having a set of metal teeth . He would reprise the role in the subsequent Bond film , Moonraker . Caroline Munro as Naomi : Stromberg 's personal pilot and a would @-@ be assassin . Munro 's casting was inspired by an advertisement campaign she had made . Walter Gotell as General Gogol : The head of the KGB and Anya 's boss . Gotell 's debut in the role ; he had previously appeared as Morzeny in From Russia with Love and would reprise the role of Gogol in the next five films . Bernard Lee as M : The head of MI6 . Desmond Llewelyn as Q / Major Boothroyd : MI6 's head of research and development . He supplies Bond with unique vehicles and gadgets , most notably the Lotus Esprit that converts into a submarine . Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary . Geoffrey Keen as Frederick Gray : The British Minister of Defence . Keen 's Bond debut ; he would appear in the role in the next five films . Milton Reid as Sandor : Stromberg 's henchman . Robert Brown as Vice @-@ Admiral Hargreaves : Flag Officer , Submarines of Royal Navy ; Brown would later play M in Octopussy , A View to a Kill , The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill . George Baker as Captain Benson : A British naval officer stationed at the Royal Navy 's Faslane Naval Base in Scotland . Baker had previously appeared in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service . The assistant director for the Italian locations , Victor Tourjansky , had a cameo as a man drinking his wine as Bond 's Lotus emerges from the beach . As an in @-@ joke , he would return in similar appearances in another two Bond films shot in Italy , Moonraker and For Your Eyes Only . = = Production = = The Spy Who Loved Me in many ways was a pivotal film for the Bond franchise , and was plagued since its conception by many problems . The first was the departure of Bond producer Harry Saltzman , who was forced to sell his half of the Bond film franchise in 1975 for £ 20 million . Saltzman had branched out into several other ventures of dubious promise and consequently was struggling through personal financial reversals unrelated to Bond . This was exacerbated by the twin personal tragedies of his wife 's terminal cancer and many of the symptoms of clinical depression in himself . Another troubling aspect of the production was the difficulty in obtaining a director . The producers approached Steven Spielberg , who was in post @-@ production of Jaws , but ultimately decided to wait to see " how the fish picture turns out " . The first director attached to the film was Guy Hamilton , who directed the previous three Bond films as well as Goldfinger , but he left after being offered the opportunity to direct the 1978 film Superman , although Richard Donner took over the project . Eon Productions would later turn to Lewis Gilbert , who had directed the earlier Bond film You Only Live Twice . With a director finally secured , the next hurdle was finishing the script , which had gone through several revisions by numerous writers . The initial villain of the film was Ernst Stavro Blofeld ; however Kevin McClory , who owned the film rights to Thunderball forced an injunction on Eon Productions against using the character of Blofeld , or his international criminal organisation , SPECTRE , which delayed production of the film further . The villain would later be changed from Blofeld to Stromberg so	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
that the injunction would not interfere with the production . Christopher Wood was later brought in by Lewis Gilbert to complete the script . Although Fleming had requested that no elements from his original book be used , the novel features two thugs named Sol Horror and Sluggsy Morant . Horror is described as having steel @-@ capped teeth , while Sluggsy had a clear bald head . These characters would be the basis for the characters of Jaws and Sandor , respectively . Since Ian Fleming permitted Eon to use only the name of his novel and not the actual novel , Fleming 's name was moved for the first time from above the film 's title to above " James Bond 007 " . His name reverted to the traditional location for Moonraker , the last Eon Bond film based on a Fleming novel before 2006 's Casino Royale . However , the credit style first used in The Spy Who Loved Me has been used on all Eon Bond films since For Your Eyes Only , including Casino Royale . = = = Script = = = Broccoli commissioned a number of writers to work on the script , including Stirling Silliphant , John Landis , Ronald Hardy , Anthony Burgess , and Derek Marlowe . In the second volume of his autobiography , Burgess claims to have worked on an early treatment for the movie . The British television producer Gerry Anderson also stated that he provided a film treatment ( although originally planned to be Moonraker ) much similar to what ended up as The Spy Who Loved Me . Eventually , Richard Maibaum provided the screenplay , and at first he tried to incorporate ideas from all of the other writers into his script . Maibaum 's original script featured an alliance of international terrorists attacking SPECTRE 's headquarters and deposing Blofeld , before trying to destroy the world for themselves to make way for a New World Order . However , this was shelved . After Gilbert was reinstated as director , he decided to bring in another writer , Christopher Wood . Gilbert also decided to fix what he felt the previous Roger Moore films were doing wrong , which was writing the Bond character too much the way Sean Connery played him , and instead portray Bond closer to the books — " very English , very smooth , good sense of humour " . Broccoli asked Wood to create a villain with metal teeth , Jaws , inspired by a brace @-@ wearing henchman named Horror in Fleming 's novel . Broccoli agreed to Wood 's proposed changes , but before he could set to work there were more legal complications . In the years since Thunderball , Kevin McClory had set up two film companies and was trying to make a new Bond film in collaboration with Sean Connery and novelist Len Deighton . McClory got wind of Broccoli 's plans to use SPECTRE , an organisation that had first been created by Fleming while working with McClory and Jack Whittingham on the very first attempt to film Thunderball , back even before it was a novel , in the late 1950s . McClory threatened to sue Broccoli for alleged copyright infringement , claiming that he had the sole right to include SPECTRE and its agents in all films . Not wishing to extend the already ongoing legal dispute that could have delayed the production of The Spy Who Loved Me , Broccoli requested Wood remove all references to Blofeld and SPECTRE from the script . In the film , Stromberg 's scheme to destroy civilisation by capturing Soviet and British nuclear submarines and have them fire intercontinental ballistic missiles at two major cities is actually a recycled plot from Gilbert 's previous Bond film , You Only Live Twice , which involved stealing space capsules to start a war between the Soviets and the Americans . The similarity was apparent in the climax ; both films involved an assault on a heavily fortified enemy that had taken refuge behind steel shutters . The scheme in which the villain wishes to destroy mankind to create a new race or new civilisation was also used in Moonraker , the next film after The Spy Who Loved Me . In Moonraker , the villain Hugo Drax had an obsession with starting human civilisation over again on Earth , using specially chosen " superior human specimens " based in space . The film Moonraker was also written by Christopher Wood . Tom Mankiewicz , who worked on the three preceding Bond films , claims he was called in to do an extensive rewrite of the script . Mankiewicz says he did not receive credit , because Broccoli was limited to the number of non @-@ English in key positions he could employ on the films to obtain Eady Levy assistance . = = = Filming = = = Tom Mankiewicz claims that Catherine Deneuve wanted to play the female lead and was willing to cut her normal rate from $ 400 @,@ 000 per picture to $ 250 @,@ 000 , but Broccoli would not pay above $ 80 @,@ 000 . The film was shot at the Pinewood Studios in London , Porto Cervo in Sardinia ( Hotel Cala di Volpe ) , Egypt ( Karnak , Mosque of Ibn Tulun , Gayer @-@ Anderson Museum , Abu Simbel temples ) , Malta , Scotland , Hayling Island UK , Okinawa , Switzerland and Mount Asgard on Baffin Island in the then northern Canadian territory of Northwest Territories ( now located in Nunavut ) . As no studio was big enough for the interior of Stromberg 's supertanker , and set designer Ken Adam did not want to repeat what he had done with SPECTRE 's volcano base in You Only Live Twice — " a workable but ultimately wasteful set " — construction began in March 1976 of a new sound stage at Pinewood , the 007 Stage , at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 8 million . To complement this stage , Eon also paid for building a water tank capable of storing approximately 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 gallons ( 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 litres ) . The soundstage was so huge that cinematographer Claude Renoir found himself unable to effectively light it due to his deteriorating eyesight , and so Stanley Kubrick visited the production , in secret , to advise on how to light the stage . For the exterior , while Shell was willing to lend an abandoned tanker to the production , the elevated insurance and safety risks caused it to be replaced with miniatures built by Derek Meddings ' team and shot in the Bahamas . Stromberg 's shark tank was also filmed in the Bahamas , using a live shark in a saltwater swimming pool . Adam decided to do experiments with curved shapes for the scenery , as he felt all his previous setpieces were " too linear " . This was demonstrated with the Atlantis , which is a dome and curved surfaces outside , and many curved objects in Stromberg 's office inside . For Gogol 's offices , Adam wanted an open space to contrast M 's enclosed headquarters , and drew inspiration from Sergei Eisenstein to do a " Russian crypt @-@ like " set . The main unit began its work in August 1976 in Sardinia . Don McLaughlan , then head of public relations at Lotus Cars , heard that Eon were shopping for a new Bond car . He drove a prototype Lotus Esprit with all Lotus branding taped over , and parked it outside the Eon offices at Pinewood studios ; on seeing the car Eon asked Lotus to borrow both of the prototypes for filming . Initial filming of the car chase sequence resulted in disappointing action sequences . While moving the car between shoots , Lotus test driver Roger Becker impressed with his handling of the car and for the rest of filming on Sardinia , Becker became the stunt driver . In October , the second unit travelled to Nassau to film the underwater sequences . To perform the car becoming a submarine , seven different models were used , one for each step of the transformation . One of the models was a fully mobile submarine equipped with an engine built by Miami @-@ based Perry Submarines . The car seen entering the sea was a mock @-@ up shell , propelled off the jetty by a compressed air cannon . During the model sequences , the air bubbles seen appearing from the vehicle were created by Alka @-@ Seltzer tablets . In September , production moved to Egypt . While the Great Sphinx of Giza was shot on the location , lighting problems caused the pyramids to be replaced with miniatures . While construction of the Liparus set continued , the second unit headed by John Glen departed for Mount Asgard , where in July 1976 they staged the film 's pre @-@ credits sequence . Bond film veteran Willy Bogner captured the action , staged by stuntman Rick Sylvester , who earned $ 30 @,@ 000 for the stunt . This stunt cost $ 500 @,@ 000 – the most expensive single movie stunt at that time . The production team returned briefly to the UK to shoot at the Faslane submarine base before setting off to Spain , Portugal and the Bay of Biscay where the supertanker exteriors were filmed . On 5 December 1976 , with principal photography finished , the 007 Stage was formally opened by former Prime Minister Harold Wilson . = = = Music = = = The theme song " Nobody Does It Better " was composed by Marvin Hamlisch , written by Carole Bayer Sager , and performed by Carly Simon . It was the first theme song in the series to be titled differently from the name of the film , although the title is in the lyrics . It was nominated for Best Song but lost to " You Light Up My Life " . The song met immediate success and is featured in numerous films , including Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) , Little Black Book , Lost in Translation , and Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) . In 2004 , it was honoured by the American Film Institute as the 67th greatest song as part of their 100 Years Series . The soundtrack to the film was composed by Marvin Hamlisch , who filled in for veteran John Barry , who was unavailable to work in the United Kingdom because of tax reasons . The soundtrack , in comparison to other Bond films of the time , is more disco @-@ oriented and included a new disco rendition of " The James Bond Theme " titled " Bond 77 " ; several pieces of classical music were also included in the score . For instance , while feeding a duplicitous secretary to a shark , Stromberg plays Bach 's " Air on the G String " , which was famous for accompanying disappointed characters in Hamlet cigar commercials . He then plays the opening string section of the second movement , Andante , of Mozart 's Piano Concerto No. 21 as his hideout Atlantis rises from the sea . The score also includes two pieces of popular film music scored by Maurice Jarre . The Doctor Zhivago theme , which is played on Anya 's music box during the pre @-@ credit sequence , and the theme from Lawrence of Arabia , which appears as background music during a desert sequence . = = Release and reception = = The Spy Who Loved Me opened with a Royal Premiere attended by Princess Anne at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 7 July 1977 . It grossed $ 185 @.@ 4 million worldwide , with $ 46 million in the United States alone . On 25 August 2006 , the film was re @-@ released at the Empire Leicester Square Cinema for one week . It was again shown at the Empire Leicester Square 20 April 2008 when Director Lewis Gilbert attended the first digital screening of the film . Eon executive Charles Juroe said that at a screening attended by Charles , Prince of Wales , during the Union Jack @-@ parachute scene " I have never seen a reaction in the cinema as there was that night . You couldn 't help it . You could not help but stand up . Even Prince Charles stood up . " It is Roger Moore 's favourite Bond film , and many reviewers consider it the best instalment to star the actor . Christopher Null praised the gadgets , particularly the Lotus Esprit car . James Berardinelli of Reelviews said that the film is " suave and sophisticated " , and Barbara Bach proves to be an ideal Bond girl – " attractive , smart , sexy , and dangerous " . Brian Webster stated the special effects were " good for a 1979 [ sic ] film " , and Marvin Hamlisch 's music , " memorable " . Danny Peary described The Spy Who Loved Me as " exceptional ... For once , the big budget was not wasted . Interestingly , while the sets and gimmicks were the most spectacular to date , Bond and the other characters are toned down ( there 's a minimum of slapstick humour ) so that they are more realistic than in other Roger Moore films . Moore gives his best performance in the series ... [ Bond and Anya Amasova ] are an appealing couple , equal in every way . Film is a real treat – a well acted , smartly cast , sexy , visually impressive , lavishly produced , powerfully directed mix of a spy romance and a war @-@ mission film . " Janet Maslin of The New York Times considered the film formulaic and " half an hour too long , thanks to the obligatory shoot- ' em @-@ up conclusion , ... nevertheless the dullest sequence here " but praised Moore 's performance and the film 's " share of self @-@ mockery " , which she found refreshing . The Times placed Jaws and Stromberg as the sixth and seventh best Bond villains ( respectively ) in the series in 2008 , and also named the Esprit as the second best car in the series ( behind the Aston Martin DB5 ) . Marvin Hamlisch was nominated for several awards such as the Academy Award for Best Song , Original Music Score , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , Grammy Award for Best Score for a Motion Picture and the BAFTA Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music ( " Nobody Does It Better " ) in 1978 . The film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction ( Ken Adam , Peter Lamont and Hugh Scaife ) and a BAFTA for Best Production Design / Art Direction The end credits state " James Bond Will Return in For Your Eyes Only " , but following the success of Star Wars , the originally planned For Your Eyes Only was dropped in favour of the space @-@ themed Moonraker for the next film . Most critics received the film positively : Rotten Tomatoes sampled 47 reviewers and judged 79 % of the reviews to be positive . = = Novelization = = When Ian Fleming sold the film rights to the James Bond novels to Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli , he gave permission only for the title The Spy Who Loved Me to be used . Since the screenplay for the film had nothing to do with Fleming 's original novel , Eon Productions , for the first time , authorised a novelisation based upon the script . This would also be the first regular Bond novel published since Colonel Sun nearly a decade earlier . Christopher Wood , who co @-@ authored the screenplay , was commissioned to write the book titled James Bond , The Spy Who Loved Me . The novelisation and the screenplay , although both written by Wood , are somewhat different . In the novelisation , SMERSH is still active and after James Bond . Their role begins during the pre @-@ title . After the mysterious death of Fekkish , SMERSH appears yet again , this time capturing and torturing Bond for the whereabouts of the microfilm that retains plans for a submarine tracking system ( Bond escapes after killing two of the interrogators ) . The appearance of SMERSH conflicts with a number of Bond stories , including the film The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) , in which a character remarks that SMERSH has been defunct for over 20 years . It also differs from the latter half of Fleming 's Bond novels in which SMERSH is said to have been put out of operation . Members of SMERSH from the novelisation include Amasova and her lover Sergei Borzov as well as Colonel @-@ General Niktin , a character from Fleming 's novel From Russia , with Love who has since become the head of SMERSH . In the book , Jaws remains attached to the magnet that Bond dips into the tank , as opposed to the film where Bond releases Jaws into the water . = = Sale of props = = The Lotus Esprit — capable of transforming from car to submarine in the movie — was purchased for £ 616 @,@ 000 at a London auction in October 2013 by Elon Musk , who plans to rebuild the vehicle and attempt to make the fictional dual @-@ purpose car be an actual dual @-@ purpose car ( underwater and on land ) . = FC Barcelona = Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔɫ ˈkɫub bərsəˈɫonə ] ) , commonly known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça , is a professional football club , based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto " Més que un club " ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the second most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 3 @.@ 56 billion , and the world 's second richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of € 560 @.@ 8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the " Cant del Barça " , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won 24 La Liga , 28 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies . Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the third position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long @-@ standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most supported teams in the world , and has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona 's players have won a record number of Ballon d 'Or awards ( 11 ) , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) . In 2010 , the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy ( Messi , Iniesta and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d 'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school . Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division , along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid . In 2009 , Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga , Copa del Rey , and the UEFA Champions League , and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year , completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup , UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . In 2011 , the club became European champions again and won five trophies . This Barcelona team , which reached a record six consecutive Champions League semi @-@ finals and won 14 trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In June 2015 , Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice . = = History = = = = = Beginnings of FC Barcelona ( 1899 – 1922 ) = = = On 22 October 1899 , Hans Gamper placed an advertisement in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club ; a positive response resulted in a meeting at the Gimnasio Solé on 29 November . Eleven players attended — Walter Wild ( the first director of the club ) , Lluís d 'Ossó , Bartomeu Terradas , Otto Kunzle , Otto Maier , Enric Ducal , Pere Cabot , Carles Pujol , Josep Llobet , John Parsons , and William Parsons — and Foot @-@ Ball Club Barcelona was born . FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups , competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey . In 1902 , the club won its first trophy , the Copa Macaya , and participated in the first Copa del Rey , losing 1 – 2 to Bizcaya in the final . Hans Gamper — now known as Joan Gamper — became club president in 1908 , finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905 . Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925 , he spent 25 years in total at the helm . One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income . On 14 March 1909 the team moved into the Camp de la Indústria , a stadium with a capacity of 8 @,@ 000 . To celebrate their new surroundings , the club conducted a logo contest the following year . Carles Comamala won the contest , and his suggestion became the crest that the club still wears – with some minor changes – as of the present day . With the new stadium , Barcelona participated in the inaugural version of the Pyrenees Cup , which , at the time , consisted of the best teams of Languedoc , Midi and Aquitaine ( Southern France ) , the Basque Country and Catalonia ; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region . The contest was the most prestigious in that era . From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913 , Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times . Carles Comamala played an integral part of the four @-@ time champion , managing the side along with Amechazurra and Jack Greenwell . The latter became the club 's first full @-@ time coach in 1917 . The last edition was held in 1914 in the city of Barcelona , which local rivals Espanyol won . During the same period , the club changed its official language from Castilian to Catalan and gradually evolved into an important symbol of Catalan identity . For many fans , participating in the club had less to do with the game itself and more with being a part of the club 's collective identity . On 4 February 1917 , the club held its first testimonial match to honour Ramón Torralba , who played from 1913 to 1928 . The match was against local side Terrassa : Barcelona won 6 – 2 . Gamper simultaneously launched a campaign to recruit more club members , and by 1922 , the club had more than 20 @,@ 000 , who helped finance a new stadium . The club then moved to the new Les Cortes , which they inaugurated the same year . Les Cortes had an initial capacity of 30 @,@ 000 , and in the 1940s it was expanded to 60 @,@ 000 . Gamper recruited Jack Greenwell as the first full @-@ time manager in Barcelona 's history . After this hiring , the club 's fortunes began to improve on the field . During the Gamper @-@ led era , Barcelona won eleven Campionats de Catalunya , six Copa del Rey and four Pyrenees Cups and enjoyed its first " golden age " . = = = Rivera , Republic and Civil War ( 1923 – 1957 ) = = = On 14 June 1925 , in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera 's dictatorship , the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March . As a reprisal , the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club . This coincided with the transition to professional football , and , in 1926 , the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed , for the first time , to operate a professional football club . On 3 July 1927 , the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara , against the Spanish national team . To kick off the match , local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his airplane . In 1928 , victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled " Oda a Platko " , which was written by a member of the Generation of ' 27 , Rafael Alberti , inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper , Franz Platko . On 23 June 1929 , Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League . A year after winning the championship , on 30 July 1930 , Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems . Although they continued to have players of the standing of Josep Escolà , the club now entered a period of decline , in which political conflict overshadowed sports throughout society . Attendance at matches dropped as the citizens of Barcelona were occupied with discussing political matters . Although the team won the Campionat de Catalunya in 1930 , 1931 , 1932 , 1934 , 1936 and 1938 , success at a national level ( with the exception of the 1937 disputed title ) evaded them . A month after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936 , several players from Barcelona enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising , along with players from Athletic Bilbao . On 6 August , Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol , a representative of the pro @-@ independence political party . He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme , and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity . In the summer of 1937 , the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States , where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic . The tour led to the financial security of the club , but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France , making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies . On 16 March 1938 , Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force , causing more than 3 @,@ 000 deaths , with one of the bombs hitting the club 's offices . A few months later , Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the " undisciplined " Catalanism , the club , now down to just 3 @,@ 486 members , faced a number of restrictions . All signs of regional nationalism , including language , flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain . The Catalan flag was banned and the club were prohibited from using non @-@ Spanish names . These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest . In 1943 , Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi @-@ finals of Copa del Generalísimo ( now the Copa del Rey ) . The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3 – 0 . Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg , beating Barcelona 11 – 1 . According to football writer Sid Lowe , " There have been relatively few mentions of the game [ since ] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid . Indeed , the 11 – 1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona 's history . " It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona 's players were threatened by police in the changing room , though nothing was ever proven . Despite the difficult political situation , CF Barcelona enjoyed considerable success during the 1940s and 1950s . In 1945 , with Josep Samitier as coach and players like César , Ramallets and Velasco , they won La Liga for the first time since 1929 . They added two more titles in 1948 and 1949 . In 1949 , they also won the first Copa Latina . In June 1950 , Barcelona signed László Kubala , who was to be an important figure at the club . On a rainy Sunday of 1951 , the crowd left Les Corts stadium after a 2 – 1 win against Santander by foot , refusing to catch any trams , and surprising the Francoist authorities . The reason was simple : at the same time , a tram strike was taking place in Barcelona , receiving the support of blaugrana fans . Events like this made CF Barcelona represent much more than just Catalonia and many progressive Spaniards saw the club as a staunch defender of rights and freedoms . Coach Ferdinand Daučík and László Kubala led the team to five different trophies including La Liga , the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa Latina , the Copa Eva Duarte , and the Copa Martini Rossi in 1952 . In 1953 , the club won La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo again . = = = Club de Fútbol Barcelona ( 1957 – 1978 ) = = = With Helenio Herrera as coach , a young Luis Suárez , the European Footballer of the Year in 1960 , and two influential Hungarians recommended by Kubala , Sándor Kocsis and Zoltán Czibor , the team won another national double in 1959 and a La Liga and Fairs Cup double in 1960 . In 1961 , they became the first club to beat Real Madrid in a European Cup play @-@ off . However , they lost 2 – 3 to Benfica in the final . The 1960s were less successful for the club , with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga . The completion of the Camp Nou , finished in 1957 , meant the club had little money to spend on new players . The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach , and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966 . Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1 – 0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Bernabéu in front of Franco , with coach Salvador Artigas , a former republican pilot in the civil war . With the end of Franco 's dictatorship in 1974 , the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design , including the original letters once again . The 1973 – 74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff , who was bought for a world record £ 920 @,@ 000 from Ajax . Already an established player with Ajax , Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco . He further endeared himself when he named his son Jordi , after the local Catalan Saint George . Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi , Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil , he helped the club win the 1973 – 74 season for the first time since 1960 , defeating Real Madrid 5 – 0 at the Santiago Bernabéu along the way . He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona ( his second Ballon d 'Or win ; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971 ) . Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time ( the first player to do so ) in 1974 , while he was still with Barcelona . = = = Núñez and the stabilisation years ( 1978 – 2000 ) = = = In 1978 , Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona , and , since then , the members of Barcelona have elected the club president . The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain 's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco 's dictatorship . The new president 's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world @-@ class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch . His presidency was to last for 22 years , and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona , as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline , letting go of such players as Maradona , Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands . On 16 May 1979 , the club won its first Cup Winners Cup by beating Fortuna Düsseldorf 4 – 3 in Basel in a final watched by more than 30 @,@ 000 travelling blaugrana fans . The same year , Núñez began to invest in the club 's youth program by converting La Masia to a dormitory for young academy players from abroad . The name of the dormitory would later become synonymous with the youth program of Barcelona . In June 1982 , Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £ 5 million from Boca Juniors . In the following season , under coach Luis , Barcelona won the Copa del Rey , beating Real Madrid . However , Maradona 's time with Barcelona was short @-@ lived and he soon left for Napoli . At the start of the 1984 – 85 season , Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster . The next season , he took the team to their second European Cup final , only to lose on penalties to Steaua București during a dramatic evening in Seville . Around this time , tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez 's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group , Boixos Nois . The group , identified with a left @-@ wing separatism , repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches . At the same time , Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads , who often identified with a right @-@ wing separatism . The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois ' ideology from liberalism to fascism , which caused division within the group and a sudden support for Núñez 's presidency . Inspired by British hooligans , the remaining Boixos Nois became violent , causing havoc leading to large @-@ scale arrests . After the 1986 FIFA World Cup , Barcelona signed the English top @-@ scorer Gary Lineker , along with goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta , but the team could not achieve success , as Schuster was excluded from the team . Terry Venables was subsequently fired at the beginning of the 1987 – 88 season and replaced with Luis Aragonés . The season finished with the players rebelling against president Núñez , in an event known as the Hesperia mutiny , and a 1 – 0 victory at the Copa del Rey final against Real Sociedad . = = = = Dream Team = = = = In 1988 , Johan Cruyff returned to the club as manager and he assembled the so @-@ called Dream Team . He used a mix of Spanish players like Pep Guardiola , José Mari Bakero and Txiki Begiristain while signing international players such as Ronald Koeman , Michael Laudrup , Romário and Hristo Stoichkov . It was ten years after the inception of the youth program , La Masia , when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team . One of the first graduates , who would later earn international acclaim , was previous Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola . Under Cruyff 's guidance , Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994 . They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley , with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman . They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990 , the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de España trophies . With 11 trophies , Cruyff became the club 's most successful manager at that point . He also became the club 's longest consecutive serving manager , serving eight years . Cruyff 's fortune was to change , and , in his final two seasons , he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Núñez , resulting in his departure . On the legacy of Cruyff 's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club , future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state , " Cruyff built the cathedral , our job is to maintain and renovate it . " Reacting to Cruyff 's departure , an independent protest group was organised by Armand Caraben , Joan Laporta and Alfons Godall . The objective of the group , called L 'Elefant Blau , was to oppose the presidency of Núñez , which they regarded as a corruption of the club 's traditional values . Laporta would later take over the presidency of Barcelona in 2003 . Cruyff was briefly replaced by Bobby Robson , who took charge of the club for a single season in 1996 – 97 . He recruited Ronaldo from his previous club , PSV and delivered a cup treble , winning the Copa del Rey , UEFA Cup Winners Cup and the Supercopa de España . Despite his success , Robson was only ever seen as a short @-@ term solution , while the club waited for Louis van Gaal to become available . Like Maradona , Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Internazionale . However , new heroes emerged , such as Luís Figo , Patrick Kluivert , Luis Enrique and Rivaldo , and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998 . In 1999 , the club celebrated its centenari , winning the Primera División title , and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year . Despite this domestic success , the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000 . = = = Exit Núñez , enter Laporta ( 2000 – 2008 ) = = = The departures of Núñez and van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo , then club vice @-@ captain . Figo had become a cult hero , and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own . However , Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo 's decision to join arch @-@ rivals Real Madrid , and , during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou , Figo was given an extremely hostile reception . Upon his first return , a piglet 's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd . The next three years saw the club in decline , and managers came and went. van Gaal was replaced by Llorenç Serra Ferrer who , despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000 , presided over a mediocre league campaign and a humiliating first @-@ round Champions League exit , and was eventually dismissed late in the season . Long @-@ serving coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement , initially on a temporary basis , and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season . Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi @-@ finals of the Champions League , Rexach was never viewed as a long @-@ term solution and that summer Louis van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager . What followed , despite another decent Champions League performance , was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club 's history , with the team as low as 15th in February 2003 . This led to van Gaal 's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Antić , though a sixth @-@ place finish was the best that he could manage . At the end of the season , Antić 's short @-@ term contract was not renewed , and club president Joan Gaspart resigned , his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club 's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior . After the disappointment of the Gaspart era , the combination of a new young president , Joan Laporta , and a young new manager , former Dutch and Milan star Frank Rijkaard , saw the club bounce back . On the field , an influx of international players , including Ronaldinho , Deco , Henrik Larsson , Ludovic Giuly , Samuel Eto 'o , and Rafael Márquez , combined with home grown Spanish players , such as Carles Puyol , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi and Víctor Valdés , led to the club 's return to success . Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004 – 05 , and Ronaldinho and Eto 'o were voted first and third , respectively , in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In the 2005 – 06 season , Barcelona repeated their league and Supercup successes . The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in a 3 – 0 win over Real Madrid . It was Frank Rijkaard 's second victory at the Bernabéu , making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice . Ronaldinho 's performance was so impressive that after his second goal , which was Barcelona 's third , some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation . In the Champions League , Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final . Trailing 1 – 0 to a 10 @-@ man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining , they came back to win 2 – 1 , with substitute Henrik Larsson , in his final appearance for the club , setting up goals for Samuel Eto 'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti , for the club 's first European Cup victory in 14 years . Despite being the favourites and starting strongly , Barcelona finished the 2006 – 07 season without trophies . A pre @-@ season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players , including leading scorer Eto 'o and rising star Lionel Messi . There was open feuding as Eto 'o publicly criticized coach Frank Rijkaard and Ronaldinho . Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form . In La Liga , Barcelona were in first place for much of the season , but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions . Barcelona advanced to the semi @-@ finals of the Copa del Rey , winning the first leg against Getafe 5 – 2 , with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona 's goal of the century , but then lost the second leg 4 – 0 . They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup , but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional . In the Champions League , Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners @-@ up Liverpool on away goals . Barcelona finished the 2007 – 08 season third in La Liga and reached the semi @-@ finals of the UEFA Champions League and Copa del Rey , both times losing to the eventual champions , Manchester United and Valencia , respectively . The day after a 4 – 1 defeat to Real Madrid , Joan Laporta announced that Barcelona B coach Pep Guardiola would take over Frank Rijkaard 's duties on 30 June 2008 . = = = Guardiola era ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = = FC Barcelona B youth manager Pep Guardiola took over Frank Rijkaard 's duties at the conclusion of the season . Guardiola brought with him the now famous tiki @-@ taka style of play he had been taught during his time in the Barcelona youth teams . In the process , Guardiola sold Ronaldinho and Deco and started building the Barcelona team around Xavi , Andrés Iniesta and Messi . Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4 – 1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final , winning the competition for a record @-@ breaking 25th time . A historic 2 – 6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008 – 09 season . Barça finished the season by beating the previous year 's Champions League winners Manchester United 2 – 0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team . The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk , becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble . In December 2009 , Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup , and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple . Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time . After Laporta 's departure from the club in June 2010 , Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president . The elections were held on 13 June , where he got 61 @.@ 35 % ( 57 @,@ 088 votes , a record ) of total votes . Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for € 40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for € 19 million . At the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , Barcelona players that had graduated from the club 's La Masia youth system would play a major role in Spain becoming world champions . On 11 July , seven players who came through the academy participated in the final , six of which were Barcelona players whom started the match , with Iniesta scoring the winning goal against the Netherlands . In November 2010 , Barcelona defeated their main rival , Real Madrid 5 – 0 in El Clásico . In the 2010 – 11 season , Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy , their third title in succession , finishing with 96 points . In April 2011 , the club reached the Copa del Rey final , losing 1 – 0 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla Stadium in Valencia . In May , Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3 – 1 held at Wembley Stadium , a repeat of the 2009 final , winning their fourth European Cup . In August 2011 , La Masia graduate Cesc Fàbregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid . The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73 , matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid . Later the same month , Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2 – 0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas . This extended the club 's overall number of official trophies to 74 , surpassing Real Madrid 's total amount of official trophies . The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Pep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club , becoming the all @-@ time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona . In December , Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup for a record second time since its establishment , by beating the Brazilian 2011 Copa Libertadores holders , Santos , 4 – 0 in the final thanks to two goals from Lionel Messi and goals from Xavi and Fàbregas . As a result , the overall trophy haul during the reign of Guardiola was further extended and saw Barcelona win their 13th trophy out of 24 possible in four years , continuing their high @-@ quality performance in recent world football competitions . In the 2011 – 12 season , Barcelona lost the semi @-@ finals of the UEFA Champions League against Chelsea . Right afterward , coach Pep Guardiola , who had been on a rolling contract and had faced criticism over his recent tactics and squad selections , announced that he would step down as manager on 30 June and be succeeded by assistant Tito Vilanova . Guardiola finished his tenure with Barça winning the Copa del Rey final 3 – 0 , bringing the tally to 14 trophies that Barça had won under his coaching . = = = Recent history ( 2012 – ) = = = It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova , assistant manager at FC Barcelona , would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager . Following his appointment , Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season , recording only two losses and amassing 100 points . Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi , who scored 46 goals in the League , including two hat @-@ tricks . On 11 May 2013 Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time , still with four games left to play . Ultimately Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid , despite losing 2 – 1 to them at the beginning of March . They reached the semifinal stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League , going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively . On 19 July , it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned , and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three @-@ month medical leave in December 2012 . On 22 July 2013 , Gerardo ' Tata ' Martino was confirmed as manager of FC Barcelona for the 2013 – 14 season . Barcelona 's first official games under Martino were the home and away legs of the 2013 Spanish Supercup , which Barça won 1 – 1 on away goals . On 23 January 2014 , Sandro Rosell resigned as president by the admissibility of the complaint for alleged misappropriation following the transfer of Neymar . Josep Maria Bartomeu replaced him to finish the term in 2016 . In April 2014 , FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA 's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18 . A statement on FIFA 's website read " With regard to the case in question , FC Barcelona has been found to be in breach of art . 19 of the Regulations in the case of ten minor players and to have committed several other concurrent infringements in the context of other players , including under Annexe 2 of the Regulations . The Disciplinary Committee regarded the infringements as serious and decided to sanction the club with a transfer ban at both national and international level for two complete and consecutive transfer periods , together with a fine of CHF 450 @,@ 000 . Additionally , the club was granted a period of 90 days in which to regularise the situation of all minor players concerned . " FIFA rejected an appeal in August but the pending appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport allowed Barcelona to sign players during the summer of 2014 . On 17 May , in a game where they needed to defeat Atlético Madrid ( who had eliminated them from the UEFA Champions League in the quarterfinals earlier in the year ) to be crowned champions of La Liga for the 23rd time , they drew after Atlético defender Diego Godín headed in the equalizer in the 49th minute , giving Atlético the championship . Two days later , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as head coach , after he agreed to a two @-@ year deal . He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta , his former national teammate . Following Enrique 's arrival , Barcelona broke their transfer record when they paid Liverpool F.C. between € 81 to € 94 million for striker Luis Suárez , who was serving a four @-@ month ban from all football @-@ related activity imposed by the FIFA Disciplinary Committee after biting Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during his appearance for Uruguay in a World Cup group stage match . In late December , Barcelona 's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated , leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows . On 5 January 2015 , Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football . The next month , Barcelona announced the formation of a new Football Area Technical Commission , made up of vice @-@ president Jordi Mestre , board member Javier Bordas , Carles Rexach and Ariedo Braida . Barcelona won the treble in the 2014 – 2015 season , winning La Liga , Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles , and became the first European team to have won the treble twice . On 17 May , the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid . This was Barcelona 's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years . On 30 May , the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou . On 6 June , Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League final with a 3 – 1 win against Juventus , which completed the treble , the club 's second in 6 years . Barcelona 's attacking trio of Messi , Suárez and Neymar , dubbed MSN , scored 122 goals in all competitions , the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history . On 11 August , Barcelona started the 2015 – 16 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla FC 5 – 4 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup . They ended the year with a 3 – 0 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time , with Suárez , Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament . The FIFA Club World Cup was Barcelona 's 20th international title , a record only matched by Egyptian club Al Ahly SC . By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions , Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year , breaking Real Madrid 's record of 178 goals scored in 2014 . On 4 January 2016 , Barcelona 's transfer ban ended . The same day , they registered 77 players across all categories and ages , and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team . On 10 February , qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons , Luis Enrique 's Barcelona broke the club 's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola 's team in the 2010 – 11 season , with a 1 – 1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015 – 16 Copa del Rey . With a 5 – 1 win at Rayo Vallecano on 3 March , Barcelona 's 35th match unbeaten , the club broke Real Madrid 's Spanish record of 34 games unbeaten in all competitions from the 1988 – 1989 season . After Barça reached 39 matches unbeaten , the run has ended on 2 April 2016 with a 2 – 1 defeat to Real Madrid at Camp Nou . On 14 May 2016 , Barcelona won their sixth La Liga title in eight seasons with a 3 – 0 win in the final day of the season at Granada CF . = = Support = = The nickname culé for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul ( English : arse ) , as the spectators at the first stadium , Camp de la Indústria , sat with their culs over the stand . In Spain , about 25 % of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers , second behind Real Madrid , supported by 32 % of the population . Throughout Europe , Barcelona is the favourite second @-@ choice club . The club 's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100 @,@ 000 in the 2003 – 04 season to 170 @,@ 000 in September 2009 , the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then @-@ president Joan Laporta 's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media . In addition to membership , as of 2015 there are 1 @,@ 267 officially registered fan clubs , called penyes , around the world . The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona . Among the best supported teams globally , Barcelona has the highest social media following in the world among sports teams , with over 90 million Facebook fans as of February 2016 . The club has had many prominent people among its supporters , including Pope John Paul II , who was an honorary member , and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero . FC Barcelona has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund . = = Club rivalries = = = = = El Clásico = = = There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico . From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain : Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re @-@ enactment of the Spanish Civil War . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923 – 1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939 – 1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan people 's desire for freedom , Barça became ' More than a club ' ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barça . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti @-@ Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Franco 's regime , however , the blaugrana team was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabeu , the former club president for whom their stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . However , during the Spanish Civil War , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters . During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di Stéfano , who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock @-@ out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the " Match of The Century " by Spanish media , and Madrid 's win was watched by more than 500 million people . = = = El derbi Barceloní = = = Barça 's local rival has always been Espanyol . Blanc @-@ i @-@ blaus , being one of the clubs granted royal patronage , was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans , unlike the multinational nature of Barça 's primary board . The founding message of the club was clearly anti @-@ Barcelona , and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners . The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid . Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià . Traditionally , Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona 's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority , in stark contrast to Barça 's revolutionary spirit . Also in the 1960s and 1970s , while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia 's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life , Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen , military officers , civil servants and career fascists . In 1918 Espanyol started a counter @-@ petition against autonomy , which at that time had become a pertinent issue . Later on , an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War , siding with the fascists . Despite these differences in ideology , the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives . In recent years the rivalry has become less political , as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan . Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga , it is also the most unbalanced , with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant . In the primera división league table , Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 81 seasons ( 1928 – 2016 ) and the only all @-@ Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957 . Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6 – 0 in 1951 , while Barcelona 's biggest win was 5 – 0 on six occasions ( in 1933 , 1947 , 1964 , 1975 , 1992 and 2016 ) . Espanyol achieved a 2 – 1 win against Barça during the 2008 – 09 season , becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble @-@ winning season . = = = Rivalry with A.C. Milan = = = Barcelona 's rival in European football is Italian club A.C. Milan . The team against which Barcelona has played the most matches ( 19 ) , it is also the second most played match in European competitions after Bayern Munich – Real Madrid ( 22 ) . Two of the most successful clubs in Europe , Milan has won seven European Cups to Barça 's five , while both clubs have won a record five European Super Cups . Barcelona and Milan have won other continental titles , which make them the first and third most decorated teams in world football , with 20 and 18 titles respectively . Barcelona leads the Head @-@ To @-@ Head record with eight wins and five defeats . The first encounter between the two clubs was in the 1959 – 60 European Cup . They faced off in the round of 16 and Barça won the tie on a 7 – 1 aggregate score ( 0 – 2 in Milan and 5 – 1 in Barcelona ) . While Milan had never knocked Barcelona out of the European Cup , they 've beaten Johan Cruyff 's Dream Team 4 – 0 in the 1994 UEFA Champions League Final , despite being the underdogs . In 2013 , however , Barcelona made a " historic " comeback from a 0 – 2 first leg defeat in the round of 16 of the 2012 – 13 UEFA Champions League , winning 4 – 0 at the Camp Nou . = = Finances and ownership = = In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Barcelona 's worth to be around € 752 million ( USD $ 1 billion ) , ranking them fourth after Manchester United , Real Madrid and Arsenal , based on figures from the 2008 – 09 season . According to Deloitte , Barcelona had a recorded revenue of € 366 million in the same period , ranking second to Real Madrid , who generated € 401 million in revenue . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid and Manchester United , with a value of $ 2 @.@ 6 billion . In 2014 , Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 3 @.@ 2 billion , and Deloitte ranked them the world 's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of € 484 @.@ 6 million . Along with Real Madrid , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Barcelona is organised as a registered association . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Barcelona , called socis , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2016 the club has 140 @,@ 000 socis . = = Records = = Xavi presently holds the team record for most number of total games played ( 767 ) and the record number of La Liga appearances ( 505 ) , Carles Puyol comes second with 593 in all competitions and 392 in the League . Barcelona 's all @-@ time highest goalscorer in all competitions ( including friendlies ) is Lionel Messi with 482 goals , surpassing Paulino Alcántara 's record ( 369 goals ) held for 87 years , as well as being the highest goalscorer in official competitions with 453 goals . He is also the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European ( 86 goals ) and international club competitions ( 91 goals ) , and the record league scorer with 312 goals in La Liga . Alongside Messi , three other players have managed to score over 100 league goals at Barcelona : César ( 192 ) , László Kubala ( 131 ) and Samuel Eto 'o ( 108 ) . Josep Samitier is the club 's highest goalscorer in the Copa del Rey , with 65 goals . László Kubala holds La Liga record of most goals scored in one match , with seven goals against Sporting de Gijón in 1952 . Lionel Messi , with five goals against Bayer Leverkusen in 2012 , has the Champions League record . Eulogio Martínez became Barça 's top goalscorer in a cup game , when he scored seven goals against Atlético Madrid in 1957 . Barcelona goalkeepers have won a record number of Zamora trophies ( 20 ) , with Antoni Ramallets and Víctor Valdés winning a record five each . Valdés had a ratio of 0 @.@ 832 goals @-@ conceded @-@ per @-@ game , a La Liga record , and he also holds the record for longest period without conceding a goal ( 896 minutes ) in all competitions for Barcelona . Claudio Bravo has the record of best unbeaten start in a season in La Liga history ( 754 minutes ) . Barcelona 's longest serving manager is Jack Greenwell , with nine years in two spells ( 1917 – 1924 ) and ( 1931 – 1933 ) , and Pep Guardiola is the club 's most successful manager ( 14 trophies in 4 years ) . The most successful Barcelona players are Andrés Iniesta and Messi ( 28 trophies ) , surpassing Xavi ( 25 trophies ) . Barcelona 's Camp Nou is the largest stadium in Europe . The club 's highest home attendance was 120 @,@ 000 in a European Cup quarter @-@ final against Juventus on 3 March 1986 . The modernisation of Camp Nou during the 1990s and the introduction of all @-@ seater stands means the record will not be broken for the foreseeable future as the current capacity of the stadium is 99 @,@ 354 . El Barça de les Cinc Copes is the first team in Spanish football to have won five trophies in a single season ( 1951 – 1952 ) . Barcelona is the only club to have played in every season of European competitions since they started in 1955 . On 18 December 2009 , alongside being the only Spanish club to achieve the continental treble , Barcelona became the first ever football team to complete the sextuple . On July 2014 , Barcelona signed Luis Suárez from Liverpool F.C. for about £ 75m , the highest transfer fee in the Club 's history . In 2016 , the club set a Spanish record for most consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions ( 39 ) . Barcelona 's La Masia is ranked by the International Centre for Sports Studies ( CIES ) as the academy that produces more top @-@ level players than any other academy in the world . = = Crest and colours = = The club 's original crest was a quartered diamond @-@ shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James , and surrounded by two branches , one of a laurel tree and the other a palm . In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest . The winner was Carles Comamala , who at the time played for the club . Comamala 's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today , with some minor variations . The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper @-@ left corner with the Catalan flag beside it , and the team colours at the bottom . The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900 . Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and red design of the Barcelona shirt . The son of the first president , Arthur Witty , claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor 's School team . Another explanation , according to author Toni Strubell , is that the colours are from Robespierre 's First Republic . In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team , FC Basel . The club 's most frequently used change colours have been yellow and orange . An away kit featuring the red and yellow stripes of the flag of Catalonia has also been used . = = = Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors = = = Prior to the 2011 – 2012 season , Barcelona had a long history of avoiding corporate sponsorship on the playing shirts . On 14 July 2006 , the club announced a five @-@ year agreement with UNICEF , which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts . The agreement had the club donate € 1 @.@ 5 million per year to UNICEF ( 0 @.@ 7 percent of its ordinary income , equal to the UN International Aid Target , cf . ODA ) via the FC Barcelona Foundation . The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then @-@ chairman of the Economical @-@ Statutory Committee , Jaime Gil @-@ Aluja . The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non @-@ profit sport company . In 2004 , a company could become one of 25 " Honorary members " by contributing between £ 40 @,@ 000 – 60 @,@ 000 ( £ 55 @,@ 400 – 83 @,@ 100 ) per year . There are also 48 associate memberships available for an annual fee of £ 14 @,@ 000 ( £ 19 @,@ 400 ) and an unlimited number of " patronages " for the cost of £ 4 @,@ 000 per year ( £ 5 @,@ 500 ) . It is unclear whether the honorary members have any formal say in club policy , but according to the author Anthony King , it is " unlikely that Honorary Membership would not involve at least some informal influence over the club " . Barcelona ended their refusal of corporate sponsorship prior to the commencement of the 2011 – 12 season , signing a five @-@ year , € 150 million deal with Qatar Sports Investments , that meant the Qatar Foundation was on the club 's shirt for the 2011 – 12 and 2012 – 13 seasons , then replaced by Qatar Airways for the 2013 – 14 season , the deal allowing for a commercial sponsor logo to replace the charity logo , two years into the six @-@ year deal . Deal with Qatar Airways was extended for one more year in 2016 . = = Stadiums = = Barcelona initially played in the Camp de la Indústria . The capacity was about 6 @,@ 000 , and club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club with growing membership . In 1922 , the number of supporters had surpassed 20 @,@ 000 and by lending money to the club , Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts , which had an initial capacity of 20 @,@ 000 spectators . After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches . This led to several expansion projects : the grandstand in 1944 , the southern stand in 1946 , and finally the northern stand in 1950 . After the last expansion , Les Corts could hold 60 @,@ 000 spectators . After the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts . Back @-@ to @-@ back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950 , who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches , drew larger crowds to the games . The club began to make plans for a new stadium . The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954 , before a crowd of 60 @,@ 000 Barça fans . The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego . Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas , 336 % over budget . In 1980 , when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria , the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee . The idea was popular with supporters , and thousands of people paid the fee . Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long @-@ time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu . In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline . It has a current capacity of 99 @,@ 354 making it the largest stadium in Europe . There are also other facilities , which include : Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper ( FC Barcelona 's training ground ) Masia @-@ Centre de Formació Oriol Tort ( Residence of young players ) Mini Estadi ( Home of the reserve team ) Palau Blaugrana ( FC Barcelona indoor sports arena ) Palau Blaugrana 2 ( Secondary indoor arena of FC Barcelona ) Pista de Gel ( FC Barcelona ice rink ) = = Honours = = = = = Domestic competitions = = = La Liga Winners ( 24 ) : 1928 – 29 , 1944 – 45 , 1947 – 48 , 1948 – 49 , 1951 – 52 , 1952 – 53 , 1958 – 59 , 1959 – 60 , 1973 – 74 , 1984 – 85 , 1990 – 91 , 1991 – 92 , 1992 – 93 , 1993 – 94 , 1997 – 98 , 1998 – 99 , 2004 – 05 , 2005 – 06 , 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2012 – 13 , 2014 – 15 , 2015 – 16 Copa del Rey Winners ( 28 ) – record : 1909 – 10 , 1911 – 12 , 1912 – 13 , 1919 – 20 , 1921 – 22 , 1924 – 25 , 1925 – 26 , 1927 – 28 , 1941 – 42 , 1950 – 51 , 1951 – 52 , 1952 – 53 , 1956 – 57 , 1958 – 59 , 1962 – 63 , 1967 – 68 , 1970 – 71 , 1977 – 78 , 1980 – 81 , 1982 – 83 , 1987 – 88 , 1989 – 90 , 1996 – 97 , 1997 – 98 , 2008 – 09 , 2011 – 12 , 2014 – 15 , 2015 – 16 Supercopa de España Winners ( 11 ) – record : 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 Copa Eva Duarte Winners ( 3 ) – record : 1948 , 1952 , 1953 Copa de la Liga Winners ( 2 ) – record : 1982 – 83 , 1985 – 86 = = = European competitions = = = European Cup / UEFA Champions League Winners ( 5 ) : 1991 – 92 , 2005 – 06 , 2008 – 09 , 2010 – 11 , 2014 – 15 European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup Winners ( 5 ) – shared record : 1992 , 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 4 ) – record : 1978 – 79 , 1981 – 82 , 1988 – 89 , 1996 – 97 Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 3 ) – record : 1955 – 58 , 1958 – 60 , 1965 – 66 = = = Worldwide competitions = = = FIFA Club World Cup Winners ( 3 ) – record : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 = = Players = = Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non @-@ European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries — countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement — are not counted against non @-@ EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . = = = Current squad = = = As of 24 July 2016 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Out on loan = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = Personnel = = = = = Current technical staff = = = = = Management = = = = = Board members = = = = = Filmography = = Jordi Feliú , Barça , 75 años de historia del Fútbol Club Barcelona , 1974 . = Best Day Ever = " Best Day Ever " is the 20th episode of the fourth season and the 80th overall episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . The episode was written by Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Steven Banks , and was directed by Larry Leichliter . Cash and Tucker also functioned as storyboard directors . It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on November 10 , 2006 . The series follows the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In the episode , SpongeBob is determined to have a perfect day . But much to his disappointment , however , the day refuses to go at all as he planned . Each of his friends has a different problem of his / her own , so he sets out to help them while spoiling his own agendas . As soon as SpongeBob realizes that he has forfeited ( and sacrificed ) his perfect day to help his friends , they rally around him with their thanks and congratulations . Eventually , SpongeBob realizes that he has had his best day ever after all . The episode features an eponymous song titled " The Best Day Ever " written by Tom Kenny and Andy Paley . A soundtrack album called SpongeBob SquarePants : The Best Day Ever was released on September 12 , 2006 . " Best Day Ever " pulled an average of 6 @.@ 7 million viewers upon release . = = Plot summary = = SpongeBob 's " Best Day Ever " fails to turn out as he planned when he is forced to postpone his activities to help his friends with their problems . He wanted to work at the Krusty Krab , but it was condemned because of a nematode infestation ; he inadvertently lures the nematodes away using his nose as a flute . Then , he planned to practice some karate with Sandy , but she was unable to because there is a leak in her treedome . SpongeBob , believing it to be a trick , fixes it accidentally by stopping the leak with one of his adhesive karate gloves . Next , he wanted to go jellyfishing with Patrick , but Patrick ends up breaking his net , so SpongeBob gives him his old net , which quickly breaks as well . SpongeBob ends up giving Patrick his new high tech net . SpongeBob waits impatiently to use the net but decides to leave for his next planned activity . SpongeBob 's final activity for the day is to go to Squidward 's clarinet recital . However , once he meets up with Squidward , he says that he cannot play in the concert because the reed of his clarinet is " shot " . Determined not to miss out on this activity as he had done with the other ones , SpongeBob pulls out one of his teeth to replace the reed . SpongeBob attempts to enter the building , but the usher refuses to let him in unless he has a ticket . He tries various methods of sneaking in , but at last he is let in because he is on the VIP list ( Mrs. Puff had said his name in one of his attempts ) . He gets in right as the concert ends . SpongeBob gets mad that everything had gone entirely wrong and takes the stage to give an elaborate speech about how his " Best Day Ever " has been ruined . However , Mr. Krabs , Patrick , Sandy and Squidward tell him about how he helped them with their problems and that his " Best Day Ever " was about them rather than " perfect days " . To make it up to him , they hold a production in which SpongeBob performs his song , " The Best Day Ever " to complete his day with Patrick , Sandy , Squidward and Mr. Krabs co @-@ starring along in it . After a few hours , SpongeBob is still singing , but the others are tired and sleepy , and the audience has all departed . When Squidward asks Mr. Krabs how long they have to keep up the performance , Mr. Krabs replies , " Just ' til his little heart gives out , Squidward . Just ' til his little heart gives out . " = = Production = = " Best Day Ever " was written by Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker and Steven Banks , with Larry Leichliter serving as animation director . Cash and Tucker also functioned as storyboard directors . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on November 10 , 2006 . The featured song " The Best Day Ever " was composed by Tom Kenny , SpongeBob 's voice actor , and Andy Paley . The song was originally a part of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie soundtrack that was released on November 9 , 2004 . Originally , Kenny and Paley were writing the songs " The Best Day Ever " and " Under My Rock " on what would become The Best Day Ever album . However , at the same time , the team of the 2004 feature film needed two extra filler tracks for the film soundtrack . Eventually , Stephen Hillenburg , the series creator and director of the film , heard the songs and decided to put it on the film 's soundtrack . " The Best Day Ever " was played during the closing credits of the film which was never planned until the toward . The episode was part of the 24 @-@ hour SpongeBob marathon called " The Best Day Ever Marathon " . Starting at 8 pm EDT , the event counted down the best 100 episodes of the series as chosen by viewers on Nick.com and TurboNick . Tom Ascheim , the executive vice president and general manager for Nickelodeon Television , said " We 've received a tremendous response from almost 4 million fans who have voted online for their favorite SpongeBob episodes and we 'll reward them with our biggest SpongeBob event ever . " The marathon led up to the premiere of this episode . The marketing method was primarily organised by Frank Tanki . Ascheim explained that Nickelodeon uses modern technology to generate interest in television shows . He believes that allowing viewers to choose the episodes shown contributes to the show 's high ratings . Best Buy stores across the United States introduced a " Best Day Ever " -themed Best Buy giftcard that doubles as a DVD @-@ ROM packed with music videos , video game previews and more . In addition , " Best Day Ever " -themed activities were held at the Nickelodeon Family Suites Hotel by Holiday Inn including a themed party called the Bikini Bottom Bash . Throughout the month of November , the hotel released a " Best Day Ever " package to its guests starting at $ 369 . On January 9 , 2007 , the episode became available on the series ' fourth season DVD compilation . The " Best Day Ever " shorts called " A Random Act of SpongeBob " were released as a bonus feature on the DVD . The shorts are " Crossing the Street " , " Anything for Baby " , " Flowers for Sandy " , " Me Money " , and " Pie " . " Best Day Ever " was also included on SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes DVD , alongside season one through five episodes . The DVD was released on September 22 , 2009 . = = Reception = = On Friday , November 10 , 2006 , an average of 4 @.@ 4 million viewers tuned in between 6 : 30 am and 10 pm EDT to watch " The Best Day Ever Marathon " . The marathon earned the network its most @-@ watched and highest @-@ rated total programming day in its history , averaging 1 @.@ 9 / 4 @.@ 4 million total viewers . The premiere of the " Best Day Ever " special attracted 6 @.@ 7 million total viewers , with an average of 12 @.@ 0 / 4 @.@ 0 million kids 2 @-@ 11 , 12 @.@ 8 / 2 @.@ 6 million kids 6 @-@ 11 , according to Neilsen data . The " SpongeBob Best Day Ever " , an online game , went live on November 9 . It generated 1 @.@ 3 million gameplay sessions and more than 867 @,@ 000 unique visitors in three days . The full @-@ length music video for " Best Day Ever " generated more than 1 @.@ 4 million streams , with 471 @,@ 000 unique visitors , making it the No. 2 video on TurboNick from November 6 to 12 . During the same time period , " Best Day Ever " ' s promotion video on TurboNick had 370 @,@ 000 streams and was ranked within the top 10 videos of the broadband channel . = = Album = = SpongeBob SquarePants : The Best Day Ever is a concept soundtrack album by the voice cast members of SpongeBob SquarePants . Written by Kenny and musician and producer Andy Paley , it features musical cameos by Brian Wilson , Tommy Ramone , Flaco Jiménez , and others . The Best Day Ever album was released on September 12 , 2006 to positive reviews from critics . = = = Production = = = The album The Best Day Ever was written by SpongeBob 's voice actor , Tom Kenny , and producer Andy Paley . Featuring 27 tracks , it was influenced by the 1960s pop music . The record 's numerous skits refer to a freeform radio station called WH2O . Kenny 's inspiration for the song " My Tighty Whiteys " was " underwear humor " . Kenny said " Underwear humor is always a surefire laugh @-@ getter with kids [ ... ] Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic , normal , Kmart , three @-@ to @-@ a @-@ pack underwear is a funny drawing [ ... ] We thought it was funny to make a really lush , beautiful love song to his underwear . " In addition to the cast , the Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson , NRBQ 's Al Anderson , Joey Spampinato , Tom Ardolino , and Terry Adams , and Tommy Ramone of the Ramones were musical guest artists . Kenny said , on the musical cameos , that " We thought they would spread some magic dust on it . And although this is just a weird little cartoon record , I didn 't want to have today 's equivalent of Kajagoogoo or Men Without Hats on it . " He opined that " the people we got " are " kind of timeless . " Other musicians who contributed to the album were Dave Allen , Don Allen , Mandy Barnett , Jerry Blavat , Mike Bolger , Corky Hale , Lisa Hammon , Flaco Jiménez , James King , Tommy Morgan , Jillinda Palmer , Herb Peterson , Nino Tempo , Mike Uhler , and Jeremy Wakefield . Brian Wilson provided backing vocals for the song " Doin ' the Krabby Patty " . Originally , Kenny and Paley were working on a " Brian Wilson @-@ esque " song with " Brian Wilson @-@ esque " background vocals on it . Kenny said " and at the last minute , we had this opportunity to reach out to him and ask if he 'd do it [ ... ] But Brian 's people said he was going on to Hawaii the next day with his wife and kids , and then going on the road . " Eventually , Kenny got a call from Wilson saying that " I loved the idea . " Elvis Presley 's guitarist James Burton performed the guitar in the song " You Will Obey " . Kenny said " One of our hidden Easter eggs that hopefully more than three people in the world will get is during the guitar solo when Plankton says ' Take it , James ' , which was what Elvis said in every one of those concert movies . " = = = Reception = = = The album received mostly positive reviews . AllMusic gave the album a score of 4 out of 5 . In his review for the IGN , Spence D. gave the album a 7 / 10 score rating it as " good " . He said , " parents who grew up in the late ' 50s and ' 60s will get a kick out of the musical tributes to the music of those eras and perhaps listen along with their kids during a family fun time extravaganza . " Geoffrey Himes of the Baltimore City Paper said " How do little kids respond to this record ? I wouldn 't know ; there aren 't any little kids in my house . You don 't have to be a parent to enjoy the killer hooks and lush harmonies on this disc . All you need is the courage to ignore the raised eyebrows of your friends . " Kerwin So of Common Sense Media gave the album a score of 4 / 5 . However , So claimed that the album is full of consumerism and said " Parents need to know that although the physical packaging of this CD contains a lot of advertisements for other SpongeBob products , the songs themselves contain very positive content and steer clear of commercialism . " Chris Willman of the Entertainment Weekly opined that the album is " not quite a teenage symphony to God . " He called the song " My Tighty Whiteys " " the most obvious nod to the Pet Sounds sound . " According to him , " [ the ] two of the best songs are garage @-@ rock anthems " which includes " Under My Rock " and " You Will Obey " . Willman said that Plankton 's performance in the latter " sounds like a little like Eric Burdon , from the Animals , turned fascist . " He gave it an " A- " rating and recommended it for ages " 4 to ... 94 ! " In a 2014 review , The A.V. Club ranked The Best Day Ever album No. 3 in their list of " 13 novelty albums recorded by TV characters " . The publication called it " a charming throwback " when " TV character novelty albums have faded away in recent years . " = = = Track listing = = = All songs written and composed by Tom Kenny and Andy Paley . Source : = = = Chart positions = = = = M @-@ 8 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 8 is a 5 @.@ 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan lying within the cities of Detroit and Highland Park . Much of it is the Davison Freeway , the nation 's first urban depressed freeway , which became a connector between the Lodge ( M @-@ 10 ) and the Chrysler ( Interstate 75 , I @-@ 75 ) freeways . Named for an English immigrant to the area , Davison Avenue was originally the only street connecting across Highland Park to Detroit . It was rebuilt by the city and Wayne County as a freeway during World War II . The roadway was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) in 1993 and numbered as M @-@ 8 . Subsequent changes by the state rebuilt the freeway and extended the M @-@ 8 designation to connect to the Jeffries Freeway ( I @-@ 96 ) . = = Route description = = M @-@ 8 starts on the western end at an interchange with I @-@ 96 in Detroit . Davison Avenue continues west of this interchange forming a service drive for the freeway while M @-@ 8 uses a short section of freeway to connect between I @-@ 96 and Davison Avenue . This short freeway segment runs easterly to Livernois Avenue where the trunkline transitions into Davison Avenue . East of this transition , the roadway turns northeasterly running through residential areas of Detroit . The trunkline meets M @-@ 10 / Lodge Freeway on the border between Detroit and Highland Park , a city surrounded by Detroit . Northeast of this interchange , M @-@ 8 becomes the Davison Freeway , running depressed below the level of the cross streets . There are interchanges for M @-@ 1 / Woodward Avenue and Oakland Avenue before meeting the Chrysler Freeway ( I @-@ 75 ) on the eastern border of Highland Park . The Davison Freeway continues northeasterly in Detroit north of Hamtramck . The freeway ends between Gallagher and Newbern avenues . M @-@ 8 continues to Conant Street where the designation ends . Davison Avenue continues past Mound Road where it turns back due east until it ends at Van Dyke Street next to the Mt . Olivet Cemetery . MDOT 's 2007 traffic surveys counted the average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of the number of vehicles using a section of roadway on any given day of the year . An average of 38 @,@ 000 vehicles used the western section of M @-@ 8 along Davison Avenue in 2007 each day ; the eastern segment carried 37 @,@ 300 vehicles . The section of freeway in between carried in excess of 50 @,@ 000 vehicles a day in 2007 between M @-@ 10 and I @-@ 75 . Of this traffic , 1 @,@ 900 trucks and other commercial vehicles used the trunkline . = = History = = Davison Avenue predates both the Davison Freeway and the M @-@ 8 state trunkline designation in the area . The roadway was named for Jarad Davison , an English immigrant and one of the early settlers of the area . The street was the only one of the 30 parallel streets in Highland Park that crossed through the city from border to border and connected with Detroit streets . This road was heavily congested , approaching gridlock during rush hour by 1940 . A traffic survey showed that 96 % of the traffic using the street was crossing Highland Park with no destination in the city . A proposal to rebuild the street as a six @-@ lane , limited @-@ access highway was approved by the Highland Park City Council on March 17 , 1941 . The council also appropriated $ 100 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 5 @.@ 75 million in 2015 ) for the construction with Wayne County and the remaining $ 3 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 195 million in 2015 ) paid by state and federal government appropriations . The freeway construction required a half @-@ block of right @-@ of @-@ way on the south side of Davison Avenue and the demolition of 69 homes to accommodate the 12 – 17 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 2 m ) of excavation along the 1 @.@ 3 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) project . Another 63 homes were moved . The outbreak of World War II accelerated the construction schedule after the project was given priority due to the defense plants near the roadway . The freeway opened for traffic without a dedication ceremony at 4 : 00 p.m. on November 25 , 1942 . Travel times across Highland Park dropped from 15 minutes to around 3 – 4 minutes after the freeway opened . The roadway was the first urban , depressed freeway in the United States . The concrete for the road bed was cured underwater by flooding , creating an extremely hard and durable surface which lasted for more than 50 years ( some requiring dynamite for its eventual removal ) . In 1968 , the freeway was extended eastward a few blocks through a junction with the newly opened Chrysler Freeway ( I @-@ 75 ) to its present @-@ day eastern terminus near Conant Street . The state requested additional Interstate Highway System mileage that year as well , and in the proposals submitted was a request to extend the Davison to I @-@ 96 and I @-@ 94 . These plans to transfer the freeway to state control and extend it were dropped in the 1970s after opposition to another freeway in Detroit . The plans would have extended it west to the Jeffries and east to a Van Dyke Freeway ( extended M @-@ 53 ) . Upon its transfer to state control in 1993 , it had previously been a county @-@ maintained freeway , the Davison Freeway was designated as M @-@ 8 . Three years later , the Davison was closed for a year and a half to reconstruct it to Interstate Highway standards with an additional through travel lane and a wider left shoulder for improved safety and traffic handling as well as a new interchange with Woodward Avenue . The reconstructed freeway was reopened on October 8 , 1997 by Governor John Engler . In 2001 , M @-@ 8 was extended to include the two @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) segment of Davison Avenue between the freeway 's western terminus and Davison Avenue 's junction with I @-@ 96 ( Jeffries Freeway ) . Except for a M @-@ 8 shield on the Lodge Freeway 's Davison Avenue exit signs , the non @-@ freeway portion of M @-@ 8 remains unsigned , including at the Davison Avenue exit from the Jeffries where new Clearview signs were erected as part of a large I @-@ 96 reconstruction project in 2005 . = = Exit list = = The entire highway is in Wayne County . All exits are unnumbered . = Son of a Gun ( Homicide : Life on the Street ) = " Son of a Gun " is the third episode of the first season of the American police drama television series Homicide : Life on the Street . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 10 , 1993 . The teleplay was written by James Yoshimura based on a story by executive producer Tom Fontana , and the episode was directed by Nick Gomez . In the episode , recurring character Officer Thormann ( Lee Tergesen ) is shot while on duty , and his close friend Crosetti takes the investigation personally . " Son of a Gun " was originally supposed to be the fourth episode of the first season , but was broadcast third when the episode " Night of the Dead Living " was moved to the end of the season . The shooting of a police officer , as well as other aspects of the script , were directly inspired by real @-@ life events chronicled in David Simon 's non @-@ fiction book , Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets . The episode included guest appearances by actors Luis Guzmán , Paul Schulze and Edie Falco , who played Thormann 's wife . It also marked the first of five appearances by Washington Bullets team sports announcer Mel Proctor , and the first appearance by actor Walt MacPherson , who would later be cast as recurring character Detective Roger Gaffney . " Son of a Gun " was seen by 6 @.@ 52 million households in its original broadcast , continuing a downward trend in ratings since the premiere of Homicide : Life on the Street . " Son of a Gun " lost viewership in part due to competition from a live Oprah Winfrey 90 @-@ minute interview with pop singer Michael Jackson on ABC . The episode , along with the rest of the first and second seasons of Homicide : Life on the Street was released on DVD in the United States on May 27 , 2003 . = = Plot summary = = Gee ( Yaphet Kotto ) informs the detectives that Officer Thormann ( Lee Tergesen ) has been shot in the head , and he orders an immediate investigation . Lewis ( Clark Johnson ) and Crosetti ( Jon Polito ) arrive at the hospital to find the doctors working frantically on Thormann ; Crosetti , a close friend of Thormann , becomes very emotional . Crosetti comforts Thormann 's wife Eva ( Edie Falco ) , but is privately told by Dr. Eli Devilbiss ( Sean Whitesell ) that Thormann may be blind or mentally disabled , even if he survives . Crosetti begs Gee to give him the case and , even though Gee believes he is too emotionally involved , he gives in when Crosetti tries to make him feel guilty by showing him his previous gunshot wounds . When an investigation at the crime scene turns up nothing , Lewis catches Crosetti praying with a rosary in the locker room . Crosetti convinces a skeptical Lewis to pray with him for help in the investigation . Meanwhile , Bayliss ( Kyle Secor ) and Pembleton ( Andre Braugher ) continue their investigation into the murder of 11 @-@ year @-@ old Adena Watson . They repeatedly comb through the crime scene and conduct arrests and interrogations throughout the neighborhood , but they fail to find anything new . A frustrated Bayliss snaps at Pembleton , prompting Pembleton to request a new partner , but Gee refuses and remains confident Bayliss will solve the Watson case . Elsewhere , while Bolander ( Ned Beatty ) prepares for a date with medical examiner Blythe ( Wendy Hughes ) , he complains to his neighbor Lorenzo Molera ( Luis Guzmán ) about noise he is making while doing his carpenter work . The two end up bonding over beers , with both confiding in each other about their ex @-@ wives . Inside Molera 's room is a coffin he built for a customer , which Bolander insists is bad luck . Bolander 's date with Blythe goes well , but he nervously rejects an invitation back to her apartment when he receives a call about a murder . The call brings him back to Molera , who has been found dead inside his coffin . Bolander tells the investigating police that Molera died of " a broken heart " . Inspired by his deceased neighbor , Bolander returns to Blythe and asks to come inside after all . While investigating a murder involving a hitman , Howard ( Melissa Leo ) and Felton ( Daniel Baldwin ) question Miles Stradinger ( Paul Schulze ) , who serves as an arbitrator between hitmen and their customers . Stradinger gives up several of his clients , including Calpurnia Church ( Mary Jefferson ) , a woman suspected of murdering five husbands for insurance money . Although Church denies killing anybody , the detectives find enough evidence to close many outstanding cases . Lewis , who had previously been investigating the Church case , believes his prayer with Crosetti led to her arrest . This is further upheld when Crosetti receives an anonymous call claiming a man named Alfred Smith shot Thormann . While searching for Smith , Crosetti meets a man named Charles Flavin ( Larry E. Hull ) who said he saw Smith shoot Thormann and will testify to it in court . The episode ends with Crosetti sitting with an unconscious Thormann in the hospital and listening to jazz music , which the two friends used to discuss frequently . = = Production = = " Son of a Gun " was written by James Yoshimura based on a story by executive producer Tom Fontana , and was directed by Nick Gomez . It was the first Homicide : Life on the Street episode written by Yoshimura , who would serve as a writer and eventually supervising producer throughout the entirety of the series . The episode featured a blending of hard @-@ edged emotion and amusing character comedy , the combination of which would become common in future Yoshimura @-@ penned episodes . It was originally supposed to be the fourth episode of the first season of Homicide : Life on the Street , but was broadcast third when the episode " Night of the Dead Living " was moved to the end of the season . NBC programmers were worried that the latter episode , which takes place entirely within the detective 's squad room , was too deliberately paced for a series still trying to win viewers . However , as a result of the move , the Adena Watson investigation has suddenly advanced far further than it last stood in the previous episode , " Ghost of a Chance . " The episode continues the story arc of the Adena Watson murder case , which was introduced in the final scene of series premiere " Gone for Goode " and dominates much of the Homicide : Life on the Street first season . The Watson case was based on the real @-@ life 1988 Baltimore slaying of Latonya Kim Wallace , which is chronicled in Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets , the 1991 David Simon non @-@ fiction book about a Baltimore Police Department , which was adapted into the Homicide series . The investigation into Calpurnia Church was inspired by the real @-@ life case of Geraldine Parrish , which was featured in Simon 's book . Parrish was accused of killing five husbands for insurance money and was eventually convicted for three of their deaths . The shooting of Officer Thormann was also adapted from true @-@ life events in Simon 's book , although Homicide writers added the twist of Crosetti taking the case personally based on his close friendship with the victim . Edie Falco made a guest appearance in " Son of a Gun " as Officer Thormann 's wife Eva . Fontana cast Falco after watching her performance in Laws of Gravity , a 1992 film also directed by Nick Gomez . Fontana said of her , " She 's an actress who 's unadorned by any embroidery . She does everything with such simplicity and honesty , it 's breathtaking . " Falco was a struggling actor at the time , and said her salary from one Homicide episode paid for one month 's worth of rent . Fontana cast Falco as a regular in his HBO series Oz based on her work in the Homicide episodes . " Son of a Gun " was also the first of five Homicide : Life on the Street episodes featuring Mel Proctor , then the home team sports announcer for the Washington Bullets , as recurring reporter character Grant Besser . Actor Walt MacPherson made a brief appearance as a uniformed police officer who finds an earring at the Adena Watson crime scene and offers it to Bayliss as possible evidence . MacPherson would return in the third season as the recurring character Detective Roger Gaffney , but there is no indication whether or not the beat cop he played in " Son of a Gun " was the same character . The line spoken by Lewis , " Murderers lie because they have to , witnesses lie because they think they have to , and everyone else lies for the sheer joy of it " , is almost a verbatim line from Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets . The line represents a three @-@ rule theorem about police work Simon created after following a Baltimore Police Department homicide unit for one year while writing his book . = = Cultural references = = " Son of a Gun " continues a common motif repeated throughout the first season of Crosetti discussing various conspiracy theories about the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States . Crosetti said he believes the killing was arranged by the highest ranks of the Confederate States of America . Crosetti 's fascination with the Lincoln assassination was based on Tom Fontana 's real @-@ life obsession with it . A number of songs are featured throughout the episode , including " Going ' Around in Circles " by Jules Taub , " Telephone Blues " by Sam Ling and George Smith , " Something I Dreamed Last Night " by Sammy Fain , Jack Yellen and Herbert Magidson , and " It 's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday " by Freddie Perren and Christine Yarian . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Son of a Gun " was seen by 6 @.@ 52 million viewers , ranking third in its time slot among major television networks . The episode received a 7 rating / 10 share , which continued a downward trend in Homicide ratings since the January 31 post @-@ Super Bowl series premiere , " Gone for Goode " . " Son of a Gun " lost ratings in large part due to a live Oprah Winfrey 90 @-@ minute interview with pop singer Michael Jackson , which aired on ABC and was seen by 36 @.@ 59 million people , the fourth @-@ highest total recorded by an entertainment program at the time since 1960 . Yaphet Kotto said of the scheduling , " " Heck , on that night , even I was watching Oprah instead of our show . " Homicide also lost in its time slot to a cast reunion of The Andy Griffith Show , which aired on CBS and attracted 11 @.@ 36 million viewers . Lon Grahnke of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times called the episode " outstanding " and gave it his highest possible rating of four stars . Nicholas Read of The Gazette praised " Son of a Gun " for its realism ; regarding the episode 's portrayal of Thormann 's injuries , Read said , " For U.S. network television , it 's pretty disturbing stuff . ... The series isn 't afraid to show ( it ) in as graphic a way as network television will allow . " Alex Strachan of The Vancouver Sun said it was among the " sharpest , most gruelling episodes " of Homicide . Bruce Dancis particularly complimented the performances of Jon Polito and Edie Falco , who she said " played brilliantly " in her guest role . = = DVD release = = " Son of a Gun " and the rest of the first and second season episodes were included in the four @-@ DVD box @-@ set " Homicide : Life on the Street : The Complete Seasons 1 & 2 " , which was released by A & E Home Video on May 27 , 2003 for $ 69 @.@ 95 . = Thor ( film ) = Thor is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It is the fourth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by Kenneth Branagh , written by Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne , and stars Chris Hemsworth , Natalie Portman , Tom Hiddleston , Stellan Skarsgård , Colm Feore , Ray Stevenson , Idris Elba , Kat Dennings , Rene Russo and Anthony Hopkins . The film tells the story of Thor , the crown prince of Asgard , who is exiled from his homeland to Earth . While there , he forms a relationship with Jane Foster , a scientist . However , Thor must stop his adopted brother Loki , who intends to become the new king of Asgard . Sam Raimi first developed the concept of a film adaptation of Thor in 1991 , but soon abandoned the project , leaving it in " development hell " for several years . During this time , the rights were picked up by various film studios until Marvel Studios signed Mark Protosevich to develop the project in 2006 , and planned to finance it and release it through Paramount Pictures . Matthew Vaughn was originally assigned to direct the film for a tentative 2010 release . However , after Vaughn was released from his holding deal in 2008 , Branagh was approached and the film 's release was rescheduled into 2011 . The main characters were cast in 2009 , and principal photography took place in California and New Mexico from January to May 2010 . The film was converted to 3D in post @-@ production . Thor premiered on April 17 , 2011 , in Sydney , Australia and was released on May 6 , 2011 , in the United States . The film was a financial success and received positive reviews from film critics . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray sets were released on September 13 , 2011 . A sequel , Thor : The Dark World , was released on November 8 , 2013 . A third film , Thor : Ragnarok is set to be released on November 3 , 2017 . = = Plot = = In 965 AD , Odin , king of Asgard , wages war against the Frost Giants of Jotunheim and their leader Laufey , to prevent them from conquering the nine realms , starting with Earth . The Asgardian warriors defeat the Frost Giants and seize the source of their power , the Casket of Ancient Winters . In the present , Odin 's son Thor prepares to ascend to the throne of Asgard , but is interrupted when Frost Giants attempt to retrieve the Casket . Against Odin 's order , Thor travels to Jotunheim to confront Laufey , accompanied by his brother Loki , childhood friend Sif and the Warriors Three : Volstagg , Fandral , and Hogun . A battle ensues until Odin intervenes to save the Asgardians , destroying the fragile truce between the two races . For Thor 's arrogance , Odin strips his son of his godly power and exiles him to Earth as a mortal , accompanied by his hammer Mjolnir , now protected by an enchantment that allows only the worthy to wield it . Thor lands in New Mexico , where astrophysicist Dr. Jane Foster , her assistant Darcy Lewis , and mentor Dr. Erik Selvig , find him . The local populace finds Mjolnir , which S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson soon commandeers before forcibly acquiring Jane 's data about the wormhole that delivered Thor to Earth . Thor , having discovered Mjolnir 's nearby location , seeks to retrieve it from the facility that S.H.I.E.L.D. quickly constructed but he finds himself unable to lift it , and is captured . With Selvig 's help , he is freed and resigns himself to exile on Earth as he develops a romance with Jane . Loki discovers that he is actually Laufey 's son , adopted by Odin after the war ended . A weary Odin falls into the deep " Odinsleep " to recover his strength . Loki seizes the throne in Odin 's stead and offers Laufey the chance to kill Odin and retrieve the Casket . Sif and the Warriors Three , unhappy with Loki 's rule , attempt to return Thor from exile , convincing Heimdall , gatekeeper of the Bifröst — the means of traveling between worlds — to allow them passage to Earth . Aware of their plan , Loki sends the Destroyer , a seemingly indestructible automaton , to pursue them and kill Thor . The warriors find Thor , but the Destroyer attacks and defeats them , prompting Thor to offer himself instead . Struck by the Destroyer and near death , Thor 's sacrifice proves him worthy to wield Mjolnir . The hammer returns to him , restoring his powers and enabling him to defeat the Destroyer . Kissing Jane goodbye and vowing to return , he and his fellow Asgardians leave to confront Loki . In Asgard , Loki betrays and kills Laufey , revealing his true plan to use Laufey 's attempt on Odin 's life as an excuse to destroy Jotunheim with the Bifröst Bridge , thus proving himself worthy to his adoptive father . Thor arrives and fights Loki before destroying the Bifröst Bridge to stop Loki 's plan , stranding himself in Asgard . Odin awakens and prevents the brothers from falling into the abyss created in the wake of the bridge 's destruction , but Loki allows himself to fall when Odin rejects his pleas for approval . Thor makes amends with Odin , admitting he is not ready to be king ; while	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
on Earth , Jane and her team search for a way to open a portal to Asgard . In a post @-@ credits scene , Selvig has been taken to a S.H.I.E.L.D. facility , where Nick Fury opens a briefcase and asks him to study a mysterious cube @-@ shaped object , which Fury says may hold untold power . An invisible Loki prompts Selvig to agree , and he does . = = Cast = = Chris Hemsworth as Thor : The crown prince of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Director Kenneth Branagh and Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige chose Hemsworth after a back @-@ and @-@ forth process in which the 27 @-@ year @-@ old actor was initially dropped from consideration and then given a second chance to read for the part . Hemsworth stated that he gained 20 pounds for the role by eating non @-@ stop and revealed that " It wasn 't until Thor that I started lifting weights , it was all pretty new to me . " Regarding his take of the character , Hemsworth said , " We just kept trying to humanize it all , and keep it very real . Look into all the research about the comic books that we could , but also bring it back to ' Who is this guy as a person , and what 's his relationship with people in the individual scenes ? ' " About approaching Thor 's fighting style , he remarked , " First , we looked at the comic books and the posturing , the way [ Thor ] moves and fights , and a lot of his power seems to be drawn up through the ground . We talked about boxers , you know , Mike Tyson , very low to the ground and big open chest and big shoulder swings and very sort of brutal but graceful at the same time , and then as we shot stuff things became easier . " Natalie Portman as Jane Foster : A scientist and Thor 's love interest . Marvel Studios stated in an announcement that the character was updated from the comics ' initial portrayal for the feature adaptation . When asked why she took the role , Portman replied , " I just thought it sounded like a weird idea because Kenneth Branagh 's directing it , so I was just like , ' Kenneth Branagh doing Thor is super @-@ weird , I 've gotta do it . ' " Portman stated that she really wanted to do a big effects film that emphasized character , and getting to do it with Branagh was a new way of approaching it , relative to Star Wars . Regarding her preparation for the role Portman remarked , " I signed on to do it before there was a script . And Ken , who 's amazing , who is so incredible , was like , ' You can really help create this character ' . I got to read all of these biographies of female scientists like Rosalind Franklin who actually discovered the DNA double helix but didn 't get the credit for it . The struggles they had and the way that they thought – I was like , ' What a great opportunity , in a very big movie that is going to be seen by a lot of people , to have a woman as a scientist ' . She 's a very serious scientist . Because in the comic she 's a nurse and now they made her an astrophysicist . Really , I know it sounds silly , but it is those little things that makes girls think it 's possible . It doesn 't give them a [ role ] model of ' Oh , I just have to dress cute in movies ' " . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother and nemesis based on the deity of the same name . Hiddleston was chosen after previously working with Branagh on Ivanov and Wallander . Initially Hiddleston auditioned to play Thor but Branagh decided his talent would be better harnessed playing Loki . Hiddleston stated that " Loki 's like a comic book version of Edmund in King Lear , but nastier . " Hiddleston stated that he had to keep a strict diet before the start of filming because " Ken [ Branagh ] wants Loki to have a lean and hungry look , like Cassius in Julius Caesar . Physically , he can 't be posing as Thor " . Hiddleston looked at Peter O 'Toole as inspiration for Loki as well explaining , " Interestingly enough , [ Kenneth Branagh ] said to look at Peter O 'Toole in two specific films , The Lion in Winter and Lawrence of Arabia . What 's interesting about ... his performance [ as King Henry ] is you see how damaged he is . There 's a rawness [ to his performance ] ; it 's almost as if he 's living with a layer of skin peeled away . He 's grandiose and teary and , in a moment , by turns hilarious and then terrifying . What we wanted was that emotional volatility . It 's a different acting style , it 's not quite the same thing , but it 's fascinating to go back and watch an actor as great as O 'Toole head for those great high hills " . Stellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig : A scientist doing research in New Mexico who encounters Thor . Skarsgård stated that he was not initially familiar with the comic book version of Thor . As to why he took the part , Skarsgård remarked , I " chose Thor because of [ director ] Kenneth Branagh . The script was nice and we got to rehearse and talk to the writers and do some collaborating in the process to make it fit us . So I had a very happy time on it . What I always try to do is immediately do something I just haven 't done so I get variation in my life . I 've made about 90 films and if I did the same thing over and over again I would be bored by now . I try to pick different films , I go and do those big ones and having done that I can usually afford to go and do some really small obscure films and experiment a little " . Colm Feore as Laufey : King of the Frost Giants and Loki 's biological father , based on the mythological being of the same name , who in myth was actually Loki 's mother . Feore stated it took five hours for his makeup to be applied . About his character Feore remarked , " I am the King of Frost Giants . And if you 've seen any of the Frost Giants , you know that I am , of course , the Napoleon of Frost Giants . We 've got some massive , fabulous guys who dwarf me and come in at around eight @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half feet , nine feet . But , no . Can 't you tell by the commanding presence ? I am the boss " . He said the Shakespearean training he shared with Hopkins and director Branagh helped keep production moving briskly , saying that " during the breaks , Tony , myself and Ken would be talking in Shakespearean shorthand about what the characters were doing , what we thought they may be like , and how we could focus our attention more intelligently . These were discussions that took no more than a few minutes between takes , but they allowed Ken , Tony and [ me ] to understand each other instantly without Ken taking an hour away to explain to the actors exactly what was going on . So that was enormously helpful . " Ray Stevenson as Volstagg : A member of the Warriors Three ; a group of three Asgardian adventurers who are among Thor 's closest comrades , known for both his hearty appetite and wide girth . Stevenson previously worked with Kenneth Branagh in the 1998 film The Theory of Flight , and with Marvel Studios as the titular character in Punisher : War Zone . Stevenson wore a fat suit for the role , stating , " I 've tried the suit on , and what they 've done is kind of sex him up : he 's sort of slimmer but rounder . " . Stevenson said , " He 's got every bit of that Falstaffian verve and vigor , and a bit of a beer gut to suggest that enormous appetite , but he 's not the sort of Weeble @-@ shaped figure he is in the comics . He 's Falstaff with muscles . I 've got this amazing foam @-@ injected undersuit that flexes with me . " Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all @-@ seeing , all @-@ hearing Asgardian sentry of the bifröst bridge , based on the mythological deity of the same name . Elba said Branagh 's involvement was a major incentive to take the role : " [ Branagh ] called me up personally and said , ' I know this isn 't a big role , but I would really love to see you play it . ' It 's Kenneth Branagh . I was like , ' Definitely ' " . About the role Elba remarked , " I did green screen for the first time ! I wouldn 't like to do a whole movie of green screen , though . You kind of forget the plot a little — like being in a Broadway play and doing it over and over and forgetting your line halfway through " . Elba stated he has made a four @-@ picture commitment with Marvel Studios . Elba 's casting prompted a proposed boycott by the Council of Conservative Citizens and a debate amongst comic book fans , some insisting it was wrong for a black man to play a Nordic god . In response Elba called the debate " ridiculous " . Kat Dennings as Darcy Lewis : A political science major who is Jane Foster 's intern . Dennings described her character as Foster 's " little helper gnome " . Dennings stated that her role was expanded during the rehearsal process . Dennings explained , " She 's kind of like a cute , clueless , little puppy or maybe a hamster . There wasn 't much on the page for the Darcy role to begin with and I didn 't even see a script before I took the job so I didn 't really know who Darcy was at first . But she really evolved — she 's so much fun now even . She 's very Scooby @-@ Doo if that makes sense . She 's always three steps behind and reacting to what 's happening with these great expressions ... She gets things wrong and doesn 't care . " Rene Russo as Frigga : The wife of Odin , queen of Asgard , mother of Thor and adoptive mother of Loki , based on the mythological deity of the same name . Russo stated in March 2011 interview that she has signed on for possible sequels , joking that , " Eventually they 'll kick me out , so who knows how many I 'll do " . Anthony Hopkins as Odin : The ruler of Asgard , father of Thor , and adoptive father of Loki , based on the mythological deity of the same name . In an interview Hopkins stated he knew nothing of the comic . About the film he said , " It 's a superhero movie , but with a bit of Shakespeare thrown in " . Hopkins stated , " I 'm very interested in that relationship between fathers and sons " , and that , " My father 's relationship with me was cold . He was a hot @-@ blood character but to me , cold . When I was young , he expressed his disappointment because I was bad in school and all of that . He didn 't mean any harm , but I felt I could never meet up to his expectations . " Hopkins expressed that he found a personal resonance in the Odin role , saying , " He 's a stern man . He 's a man with purpose . I play the god who banishes his son from the kingdom of Asgard because he screwed up . He 's a hot @-@ headed , temperamental young man ... probably a chip off of the old block but I decide he 's not really ready to rule the future kingdom , so I banish him . I 'm harsh and my wife complains and I say , ' That is why I 'm king . ' He 's ruthless , take @-@ it @-@ or @-@ leave @-@ it . Women are much more forgiving ; men are not so forgiving . I know in my life , my karma is , ' If you don 't like it , tough , move on . ' And I move on . I 'm a little like Odin myself " . In May 2016 , Mel Gibson stated he was offered the role but turned it down . Tadanobu Asano as Hogun : A member of the Warriors Three , primarily identified by his grim demeanor and as the only member who is not an Æsir . Ray Stevenson said of Asano 's character , " He doesn 't speak much but when he does , everybody shuts up . But also in the healing room where everyone licks their wounds , he 's the guy who just goes about his business " . Josh Dallas as Fandral : A member of the Warriors Three , characterized as an irrepressible swashbuckler and romantic . Stuart Townsend was initially cast after Zachary Levi was forced to vacate the role due to a scheduling conflict . However , days before filming began , Townsend was replaced by Dallas citing " creative differences " . Dallas said he believed that Fandral " would like to think of himself a philanderer . He would like to think of himself , I was saying , as the R. Kelly of Asgard . He 's a lover , not a fighter " . Dallas mentioned that Errol Flynn was an inspiration for the character stating , " He was a big inspiration for the character and for me . I watched a lot of his movies and kind of got that into my bones . I tried to bring out that little bit of Flynn @-@ ness in it . Flynn had a lot of that boyish charm that Fandral 's got .... " Jaimie Alexander as Sif : A warrior and Thor 's childhood friend based on the mythological deity of the same name . Alexander was best known for her portrayal of Jessi XX on the ABC Family series Kyle XY . Alexander said that she was familiar with Marvel Comics before having taken the part , having grown up with four brothers . Alexander said the part required hours a day in the gym , though training is not unfamiliar to her , explaining she was one of few girls on her Colleyville , Texas , high @-@ school wrestling team . Alexander described her character as " one of the guys " and that , " She 's a very talented , skilled warrior and can stand on her own against any villain in the film " . About her relationship with Thor she stated , " She is very loyal to Thor and cares a lot about protecting him and protecting Asgard " . Clark Gregg reprises his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson from Iron Man and Iron Man 2 . Adriana Barraza plays diner owner Isabella Alvarez and Maximiliano Hernández plays S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Jasper Sitwell . Actors Joseph Gatt , Joshua Cox and Douglas Tait portray Frost Giants . Stan Lee and J. Michael Straczynski have cameo appearances as pick @-@ up truck drivers . Samuel L. Jackson has an uncredited cameo as Nick Fury , director of S.H.I.E.L.D. Jeremy Renner has an uncredited cameo as Clint Barton . Dakota Goyo and Ted Allpress play Thor and Loki , respectively , as children . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Sam Raimi originally envisioned the idea for Thor after making Darkman ( 1990 ) ; he met Stan Lee and pitched the concept to 20th Century Fox , but they did not understand it . Thor was abandoned until April 1997 , when Marvel Studios was beginning to expand rapidly . The film gained momentum after the success of X @-@ Men ( 2000 ) . The plan was for Thor to be made for television . UPN was in talks for airing it ; excited by the prospect , they pushed for a script and approached Tyler Mane to play Thor . In May 2000 , Marvel Studios brought Artisan Entertainment to help finance it as a film , but by June 2004 the project still had yet to be patronised by a studio . Sony Pictures Entertainment finally purchased the film rights , and in December 2004 David S. Goyer was in negotiations to write and direct . In 2005 , though there were talks between Goyer and Marvel , it was revealed that Goyer was no longer interested , though at this point the film was still set to be distributed through Sony Pictures . Mark Protosevich , a fan of the Thor comic book , agreed to write the script in April 2006 , and the project moved to Paramount Pictures , after it acquired the rights from Sony . That year the film was announced to be a Marvel Studios production . In December 2007 , Protosevich described his plans for it " to be like a superhero origin story , but not one about a human gaining super powers , but of a god realizing his true potential . It 's the story of an Old Testament god who becomes a New Testament god " . In August 2007 Marvel Studios signed Matthew Vaughn to direct the film . Vaughn then rewrote Protosevich 's script in order to bring down the budget to $ 150 million , as Protosevich 's first draft would have cost $ 300 million to produce . He intended to start filming in late 2008 and after the success of Iron Man , Marvel Studios announced that they intended to release Thor on June 4 , 2010 , with Iron Man 2 being used to introduce the character of Thor . = = = Pre @-@ production = = = Vaughn was released when his holding deal expired in May 2008 , at which point Marvel set Protosevich to work on a new draft and began searching for a new director . Guillermo del Toro entered talks to direct the film . Del Toro was a fan of Jack Kirby 's work on the comics , and said that he loved the character of Loki , but wished to incorporate more of the original Norse mythology into the film , including a " really dingy Valhalla , [ with ] Vikings and mud " . However , del Toro ultimately turned down Thor to direct The Hobbit . By September 2008 D. J. Caruso had been discussing taking on the project , though he did not read the script . Later that month , it was revealed that Kenneth Branagh had entered into negotiations to direct , and in December 2008 , Branagh confirmed that he had been hired . He described it as " a human story right in the center of a big epic scenario . " Branagh stated that he hoped to begin filming in January 2010 and Marvel Studios set back the release date of the film from its scheduled July 16 , 2010 date to June 17 , 2011 , almost a full year later . They later moved the release date to May 20 , 2011 , to distance the film 's release from that of Captain America : The First Avenger , another Marvel Studios film that was scheduled to be released on July 22 , 2011 . In October 2008 , Daniel Craig was offered the role , but ultimately turned it down , citing his commitments to the James Bond franchise . In February 2009 , Samuel L. Jackson , who had briefly portrayed Nick Fury at the end of the film Iron Man , signed on to reprise the role in Thor as part of an unprecedented nine @-@ picture deal with Marvel Studios . However , in an April 2010 interview , Jackson stated that he would not be appearing in Thor . When asked why not Jackson explained , " I have no idea . I 'm not in charge of making those kinds of decisions . I thought I was ; they said I was in the trades , and I was like , ' Ooh ! I got a job ! ' I called my agent he said , ' Naw , you 're not in it . ' I was like , ' Well shit , they need to pay me if they 're gonna put my name in it . ' " Later in the month , Jackson revealed that he would be filming a scene for Thor to serve as " connective tissue " for The Avengers . Also in February , a casting call went out looking for actors with certain physical attributes to audition for the role of Thor . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the title role after a back @-@ and @-@ forth process in which the 25 @-@ year @-@ old actor was refused early on , then given a second chance to read for the part . Hemsworth 's brother , Liam also auditioned for the role , but was passed on by Marvel Studios head Kevin Feige . The next day , Marvel announced that Tom Hiddleston , who had worked with Branagh before and had initially been considered to portray the lead role , had been cast as Loki . In June 2009 , Feige confirmed that both Hemsworth and Hiddleston had signed on . Feige mentioned that the film would take place on both modern day Earth and Asgard but Thor 's human host , Dr. Donald Blake , would not be included . In July 2009 , Marvel announced that Natalie Portman would portray Jane Foster . Jaimie Alexander and Colm Feore were reported to have joined the cast in September , with Alexander portraying Sif and Feore 's role unrevealed , though it was thought to be a villain . In an interview with Swedish news site Ystads Allehanda , Stellan Skarsgård stated that he had joined the cast , though he did not specify his role . By late October Anthony Hopkins had been cast as Odin in the film . The following month , Marvel announced that they had cast the Warriors Three ; Fandral was to be played by Stuart Townsend , Hogun was to be played by Tadanobu Asano and Volstagg was to be played by Ray Stevenson . Idris Elba was announced to have joined the cast , portraying Heimdall . Natalie Portman revealed that Kat Dennings would be involved in the project , portraying Darcy , a coworker of Portman 's Jane Foster . In December 2009 , Rene Russo was cast as Frigga , Thor 's stepmother and Odin 's wife . Later that month , actors Joseph Gatt , Troy Brenna , and Joshua Cox had been cast in the film , though none of their roles were revealed . In January 2010 , Adriana Barraza had joined the film 's cast , in a supporting capacity . Only days before filming began , Stuart Townsend was replaced by Joshua Dallas as Fandral , citing " creative differences " . When Spider @-@ Man 4 's production stalled , Paramount and Marvel Entertainment pushed up the release of Thor by two weeks to the then vacated date of May 6 , 2011 . The Science & Entertainment Exchange introduced Marvel Entertainment , Kenneth Branagh , " the screenwriter , and a few people on the design and production side of things " to three physicists ( Sean Carroll , Kevin Hand , and Jim Hartle ) , as well as physics student Kevin Hickerson , to provide a realistic science background for the Thor universe . The consultation resulted in a change in Jane Foster 's profession , from nurse to particle physicist , and the terminology ( Einstein @-@ Rosen bridge ) to describe the Bifrost Bridge . = = = Filming = = = In October 2008 , Marvel Studios signed a long @-@ term lease agreement with Raleigh Studios to photograph their next four films — Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger and The Avengers — at Raleigh 's Manhattan Beach , California facility . Production Weekly reported that filming on Marvel 's Thor was scheduled to begin in Los Angeles mid @-@ January , then move to Santa Fe , New Mexico from March until late @-@ April . Principal photography began on January 11 , 2010 . A few days after filming began , it was reported that Clark Gregg had signed on to reprise his role from Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as Agent Coulson . In February , Paramount Pictures entered negotiations with Del Mar , California to use a 300 @-@ yard stretch of beach to film a scene for Thor involving six horses running down the terrain . Paramount said this coastline was ideal because its gradual slope of sand down to the waterline creates excellent reflective opportunities on film . On March 15 , 2010 production of Thor moved to Galisteo , New Mexico , where an old @-@ fashioned Western film town was extensively modified for the shoot . Branagh , a fan of the comic book since childhood , commented on the challenge of bridging Asgard and the modern world : " Inspired by the comic book world both pictorially and compositionally at once , we 've tried to find a way to make a virtue and a celebration of the distinction between the worlds that exist in the film but absolutely make them live in the same world . It 's about finding the framing style , the color palette , finding the texture and the amount of camera movement that helps celebrate and express the differences and the distinctions in those worlds . If it succeeds , it will mark this film as different .... The combination of the primitive and the sophisticated , the ancient and the modern , I think that potentially is the exciting fusion , the exciting tension in the film " . By April , the prospect for filming parts of Thor in Del Mar , California had fallen through . Paramount Pictures sent a letter informing the city that it has instead chosen an undisclosed Northern California location to film a beachfront scene for the film . The letter cited cost concerns with moving production too far away from its headquarters . = = = Post @-@ production = = = The film ended principal photography on May 6 , 2010 and entered the " post @-@ production " phase . It was reported in February 2010 that France @-@ based BUF Compagnie would be the lead visual effects house working on the film . Digital Domain worked on the visual effects as well . Branagh stated that BUF , who developed the effects for the race through space was much inspired by Hubble photography and other images of deep space . Branagh stated he sent paintings from classic studies by J. M. W. Turner to Digital Domain when creating Jotunheim . Peter Butterworth , VFX supervisor and co @-@ founder of Fuel VFX , said the most challenging task was interpreting what the Bifröst would look like , " You can 't Google what these things look like — they are totally imagined and within the heads of the stakeholders . So to extract that and interpret it for the big screen was an interesting challenge creatively . Technically , probably creating fluid simulations that could be art @-@ directed and used for both the Bifröst and Odin 's chamber shots . Part of the difficulty with solving these is that we had to ensure they would work in stereo . In the film , Odin enters what is known as the " Odinsleep " in his chamber to regenerate . Butterworth stated , " For Odin 's Chamber , we developed a dome and curtain of light rays that hover over Odin 's bed . This dome of light suggests harnessed power and energy that revitalizes him as he sleeps . We took a lot of reference from the natural world such as the corona of the sun and gave the sleep effect plenty of volume and space " . The film was released in a 3 @-@ D version . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Branagh stated that the 3 @-@ D process initially made him cringe but " We came to feel that in our case 3 @-@ D could be the very good friend of story and character for a different kind of experience " . Although 2 @-@ D was used for principal photography , producer Kevin Feige stated that the " special effects for the film were conceived and executed from the beginning in 3 @-@ D " . In October 2010 , casting calls went out for bit players to appear in an undisclosed number of reshoots . In March 2011 , scenes involving Adriana Barraza were removed from the theatrical cut of the film during the editing process . Kenneth Branagh sent a letter of apology explaining the reasons for the cut and desire to work with Barraza again in the future . In response Barraza stated , " It saddens me because the movie is great and because I was acting alongside some tremendous actors that I admire very much , but I understand the nature of films , and it 's not the first or last time that scenes will be cut " . Barraza appears in only one scene in the film 's theatrical cut . In that same month , Douglas Tait revealed that he performed for motion capture of the Frost Giants . On his hiring , Tait said " I am 6 ' 5 " and have a lean , athletic build , and they hired guys who were 6 ' 7 " and taller , and weighed over 250 pounds . When the film was being edited , they wanted to make them even bigger and move faster . They auditioned people again and Kenneth Branagh chose me to perform the motion capture movements of the Frost Giants " . In April 2011 , the IMAX Corporation , Paramount Pictures and Marvel Entertainment announced that they have finalized an agreement to release the film on digital IMAX 3D screens . The release marked the continuation of the partnership between the companies , which started on Iron Man 2 . The post @-@ credits scene in which Skarsgård 's Erik Selvig comes face @-@ to @-@ face with Samuel L. Jackson 's Nick Fury was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) . = = Music = = The film 's score was written by composer Patrick Doyle , a frequent collaborator of Branagh . Doyle described Thor as " the most commercially high profile film I have done since Frankenstein " , adding that the composing process had the challenge of trying to find a tone that fit the duality of Asgard and Earth . Thus Doyle and Branagh had frequent discussions on the musical direction , with the director suggesting a contemporary feel and having a balance between the music and " grand images [ that ] were not in any way hyperbolized " , and the composer in turn implementing " a strong sense of melody , which he responds to in my work " . As Doyle declared that his own Celtic background made him familiar with Norse mythology , an old Celtic folk song also provided the inspiration for Thor 's leitmotif . A soundtrack album was released by Buena Vista Records in April 2011 . The film also features a song by the Foo Fighters , " Walk " , in both a scene where a powerless Thor shares some boilermakers with Selvig in a roadhouse , and the film 's closing credits . Marvel president Kevin Feige stated that " Walk " was a last minute addition , that the crew felt had " these eerie appropriate lyrics and themes " upon hearing it . Branagh in particular thought that " these lyrics about learning to walk again " were appropriate " of [ a ] movie about redemption , learning to be a hero . " = = Release = = The world premiere of Thor took place on April 17 , 2011 , at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney . The U.S. premiere took place on May 2 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The event was hosted by Isaiah Mustafa and streamed live on Marvel 's official website . The film premiered on April 21 , 2011 , in Australia , and on May 6 , 2011 , in the United States . = = = Marketing = = = In July 2010 Marvel Studios held a Thor panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International during which Kenneth Branagh and Chris Hemsworth , Natalie Portman , Kat Dennings , Tom Hiddleston , and Clark Gregg discussed the film and showed some clips from it . A few days later , this footage was leaked on the internet . The first television advertisement was broadcast during Super Bowl XLV on the Fox network in the United States . The rate for advertising during the game was approximately $ 3 million per 30 @-@ second spot . Marvel Studios and Acura launched a joint viral marketing promotion at the 2011 Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo . Other official promotional partners included Burger King , Dr. Pepper , 7 Eleven , and Visa . In May 2011 Marvel Entertainment 's President of Print , Animation and Digital , Dan Buckley , and Marvel Comics Editor @-@ In @-@ Chief , Axel Alonso , rang the NYSE closing bell in celebration of the theatrical release of Thor . A post @-@ credits scene in the film Iron Man 2 showed Coulson reporting the discovery of a large hammer in the desert . Rick Marshall of MTV News believed it to be the weapon Mjöllnir belonging to Thor , writing , " It continues the grand tradition of connecting the film to another property in development around the Marvel movie universe . " In the commentary track of Iron Man 2 ' home media , Iron Man 2 's director , Jon Favreau , stated that " this is a scene from [ the set of ] Thor " . Marvel Animation announced a 26 @-@ episode animated series in November 2008 , to air in late 2010 before the release of Marvel Studios ' film . The company released an animated direct @-@ to @-@ video film , Thor : Tales of Asgard , to coincide with the live @-@ action film . A video game titled Thor : God of Thunder based on the film was developed by Sega using the voices and likenesses of actors Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston and Jaimie Alexander , and was released on May 3 , 2011 . = = = Home media = = = In July 2011 , Marvel Studios and Paramount Pictures announced the release of Thor on Blu @-@ ray 3D , Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD . The discs were released on September 13 , 2011 in three editions : a single @-@ disc DVD , a 2 @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray @-@ DVD combo pack , and a 3 @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray / DVD / 3D combo pack . All sets come with deleted scenes and a " Road to The Avengers featurette . The 2 @-@ disc and 3 @-@ disc packs includes a digital copy , the first in a series of Marvel One @-@ Shots , The Consultant , and 7 behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurettes . Branagh said that the DVD includes at least 20 minutes of deleted scenes . Branagh stated the footage contains " things like the Asgardian parents , Odin and Frigga , played by the beautiful Rene Russo , there 's some beautiful scenes in there that I think people will enjoy . And certainly Thor and Loki interacting in different ways that just fill in a little bit of a back story , that was part of our rehearsal and research . " In its first week of release , Thor took the number one spot on Blu @-@ ray / DVD sales chart and topped Home Media Magazine 's rental chart for the week . The film was also collected in a 10 @-@ disc box set titled " Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One – Avengers Assembled " which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on April 2 , 2013 . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = Thor earned $ 181 @.@ 0 million in North America and $ 268 @.@ 3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $ 449 @.@ 3 million . It was also the 15th highest @-@ grossing film of 2011 . = = = = North America = = = = The film opened in North America on May 6 , 2011 in 3 @,@ 955 theaters with $ 25 @.@ 5 million ( including $ 3 @.@ 3 million from midnight screenings in about 1 @,@ 800 theaters ) and went on to earn $ 65 @.@ 7 million during its opening weekend taking the number one spot . $ 6 @.@ 2 million of the gross came from 214 IMAX 3D theaters . 3D presentations at a then @-@ record 2 @,@ 737 locations accounted for 60 % of the gross . It became the tenth highest @-@ grossing film of 2011 in North America and the highest @-@ grossing comic @-@ book film from May – August 2011 . = = = = Outside North America = = = = The film opened solely in Australia on April 21 , 2011 , generating $ 5 @.@ 8 million and placing second behind Universal Pictures ' Fast Five . The film 's box office was just 1 % more than Iron Man opening in Australia in 2008 , Marvel 's most popular release at the time . The following week , Thor opened in 56 markets and took in $ 89 @.@ 2 million through the weekend . In total earnings , its highest @-@ grossing countries after North America were the UK ( $ 22 @.@ 5 million ) , Australia ( $ 20 @.@ 1 million ) and Mexico ( $ 19 @.@ 5 million ) . = = = Critical response = = = The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 77 % approval rating with an average rating of 6 @.@ 7 / 10 based on 266 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , " A dazzling blockbuster that tempers its sweeping scope with wit , humor , and human drama , Thor is mighty Marvel entertainment . " Metacritic assigned a weighted average score of 57 / 100 based on reviews from 40 film critics , a mixed score on their scale . Richard Kuipers of Variety stated , " Thor delivers the goods so long as butt is being kicked and family conflict is playing out in celestial dimensions , but is less thrilling during the Norse warrior god 's rather brief banishment on Earth " . Megan Lehmann of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , " The hammer @-@ hurling god of thunder kicks off this superhero summer with a bang " . In the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , Richard Roeper liked the film " Thanks in large part to a charming , funny and winning performance from Australian actor Chris Hemsworth in the title role , Thor is the most entertaining superhero debut since the original Spider @-@ Man " . Conversely , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave it a negative review stating , " Thor is a failure as a movie , but a success as marketing , an illustration of the ancient carnival tactic of telling the rubes anything to get them into the tent " . A.O. Scott of The New York Times also disliked the film , calling it " an example of the programmed triumph of commercial calculation over imagination " . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times had mixed feelings , describing the film as " an aesthetic stand @-@ off between predictable elements and unexpected ones " . Turan praised the performances of Hemsworth , Hopkins , and Elba , but found the special effects inconsistent and the Earth storyline derivative . = = = Accolades = = = = = Sequels = = = = = Thor : The Dark World = = = A sequel , Thor : The Dark World , directed by Alan Taylor , was released on November 8 , 2013 . Hemsworth and Hiddleston reprise their roles as Thor and Loki , respectively , along with others from the first film . Christopher Eccleston joins the cast as the Dark Elf Maletkith . = = = Thor : Ragnarok = = = Thor : Ragnarok is scheduled to be released on November 3 , 2017 , directed by Taika Waititi . Stephany Folsom will write the screenplay , with Kevin Feige again producing . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Alexander , Hopkins and Elba will reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Sif , Odin , and Heimdall , respectively , while Mark Ruffalo will appear as Bruce Banner / Hulk reprising his role from previous MCU films . Cate Blanchett , Tessa Thompson , Jeff Goldblum and Karl Urban join the cast as Hela , Valkyrie , Grandmaster , and Skurge , respectively . = Pope Theodore II = Pope Theodore II ( Latin : Theodorus II ; 840 – December 897 ) was pope for twenty days in December 897 . His short reign occurred during a period of partisan strife in the Catholic Church , which was entangled with a period of feudal violence and disorder in central Italy . His main act as pope was to annul the " Cadaver Synod " of the previous January , therefore reinstating the acts and ordinations of Pope Formosus , which had themselves been annulled by Pope Stephen VI . He also had the body of Formosus recovered from the river Tiber and reburied with honour . He died in office in late December 897 . = = Background = = Towards the end of the ninth century , due to the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire the Catholic Church had to rely upon powerful European nobles for support . Pope Stephen V approached Arnulf of Carinthia to protect Rome from " pagan and evil Christians " . After he refused , Stephen V had to rely upon Guy III of Spoleto instead . Guy agreed to protect Rome as long as he was named as the Holy Roman Emperor , to which Stephen V acceded . After Stephen V 's death , Pope Formosus was elected . Formosus and Guy were reluctant allies , and Guy forced Formosus to crown him emperor again and to name his son , Lambert , as co @-@ emperor and successor . Formosus did so , but after Guy 's death , he lobbied Arnulf to rescue Rome from the Spoletans . Arnulf agreed , and Formosus subsequently appointed him as the Holy Roman Emperor in 894 . Both Arnulf and Formosus died within a few years of the coronation , and the new pope , Stephen VI , crowned Lambert as the new emperor shortly thereafter . In January 897 , Stephen VI held what is known as the " Cadaver Synod " . He had the body of Formosus exhumed from St. Peter 's Basilica and dressed in pontifical vestments . The dead pope was charged with " perjury , violating the canons prohibiting the translation of bishops , and coveting the papacy . " Formosus ' defence was provided by a deacon , but he was found guilty of all the charges . The synod annulled all of Formosus ' acts and ordinations . Formosus ' body was reburied in a common grave , and then thrown in the river Tiber . Supporters of Formosus rebelled , and seven months after the synod , Stephen VI was deposed , and died soon after in prison . His replacement , Pope Romanus is generally assumed to have been pro @-@ Formosus , but he was only pope for four months before he was deposed and made a monk . = = Theodore II 's reign = = Little is known of Theodore 's background ; he is recorded as being born a Roman , and the son of Photios I of Constantinople , who was the Patriarch of Constantinople . His brother Theodosius ( or Theosius ) was also a bishop . He was ordained as a priest by Stephen V. The exact dates of his papal reign are unknown , but modern sources generally agree that he was pope for twenty days during December 897 . Flodoard , a tenth @-@ century French chronicler , only credited Theodore with a twelve @-@ day reign , while in his history of the popes , Alexis @-@ François Artaud de Montor listed Theodore 's reign as being twenty days , from 12 February to 3 March 898 . Like his predecessor , Theodore was a supporter of Formosus . Some historians believe that Romanus had been deposed because he had not acted to restore Formosus ' honour quickly enough , though others suggest that he was removed by supporters of Stephen VI . In either case , Theodore immediately threw himself into the task of undoing the " Cadaver Synod " . He called his own synod , which annulled the rulings set out by Stephen VI . In so doing , he restored the acts and ordinations of Pope Formosus , including the restoration of a large number of clergy and bishops to their offices . Theodore also ordered Formosus ' body to be recovered from the harbour of Portus , where it had been secretly buried , and restored to the original grave at St. Peter 's Basilica . Like Romanus before him , Theodore bestowed a privilege upon the See of Grado , and had a coin minted , bearing the name of Lambert on the obverse , and " Scs . Petrus " and " Thedr . " on the reverse . Flodoard cast Theodore in a positive light , describing him as " beloved of the clergy , a friend of peace , temperate , chaste , affable and a great lover of the poor . " He died in office , though the cause of his death is unknown . In her book The Deaths of the Popes , Wendy Reardon suggests that Theodore " died suddenly from unknown ' foul play ' ( most likely poisons ) " . Horace Kinder Mann offers a different suggestion in his papal history , noting that it is possible that Popes who were " infirm or even older than [ ... ] their predecessors " might have been elected intentionally . Theodore was buried at St. Peter 's Basilica , but his tomb was destroyed during the demolition of the old basilica in the seventeenth century . = = Aftermath = = After Theodore 's death , both Pope John IX and Sergius III claimed to have been elected pope ; the latter was excommunicated and driven from the city , though he did later become pope in 904 . John IX held synods reaffirming that of Theodore II , and he further banned the trial of people after their death . In turn , Sergius III later annulled the synods of Theodore II and John IX , and reinstated the validity of the " Cadaver Synod " . = Monday ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Monday " is the fourteenth episode of the sixth season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on February 28 , 1999 . It was written by Vince Gilligan and John Shiban , directed by Kim Manners , and featured guest appearances by Carrie Hamilton and Darren E. Burrows . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Monday " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 2 , being watched by 16 @.@ 7 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received positive reviews from television critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , the world is trapped in a time loop , and only one woman , named Pam ( Carrie Hamilton ) , seems to know . Each day the events that happen differ slightly . A bank robbery is committed over and over again until finally the eventual bombing of the building is prevented . Somehow , Mulder and Scully are trapped in the middle of it all . " Monday , " inspired by The Twilight Zone episode titled " Shadow Play , " required the cast and crew to shoot the same scene several times . Because of this , director Kim Manners attempted to make each camera angle interesting . Actress Carrie Hamilton was cast to play Pam , and Darren E. Burrows , a former regular on the comedy show Northern Exposure , was cast to play her boyfriend Bernard . = = Plot = = The episode opens with FBI special agent Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) bleeding out from a gunshot wound while Scully tends to him . They are revealed to be hostages in a bank holdup , and Scully attempts to reason with their captor ( Darren E. Burrows ) , only to have him reveal a bomb strapped to his chest . The police begin to storm the building , prompting the gunman to detonate the bomb , seemingly killing them all . Mulder then wakes , unharmed , to find that his water bed has sprung a leak , his alarm clock is broken , and he needs to pay his landlord for water damage . To do so , he is forced to go to the bank , instead of going to the meeting with his partner Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) and various other FBI officials . When he arrives , the same gunman , named Bernard , arrives and nervously attempts to rob the bank , shooting Mulder in the process . The teller sets off the bank 's silent alarm and police cars come rushing to the scene . Scully arrives and once again attempts to help her partner as he lies dying , but events go the same way - the police rush the building , Bernard detonates the bomb , and everybody dies . Suddenly , the action starts over . Mulder wakes to find that his water bed has sprung a leak , his alarm clock is broken , and he needs to pay his landlord for water damage . To the audience , time itself is stuck in a loop . Everyone is oblivious to the repetition of events except for one person , Pam ( Carrie Hamilton ) , Bernard 's girlfriend . Over multiple iterations of the events , Pam does everything in her power to save the agents , including trying to prevent them from entering the bank , trying to inform them of the time loop , and even begging Skinner not to let the police into the building . Because however she has a low intellect she is unable to stop things . It is implied that she has lived these events many times , as she refers to having had Mulder ask her the same question over fifty times . There are subtle changes in the events , and Mulder and Scully 's conversation is worded differently each time , but the results are always the same : Bernard detonates the bomb , usually after shooting Mulder , and they all die . The time loop continues ad nauseam , though each time Pam speaks to Mulder , he comes closer to being able to remember her . She is finally able to convince him that events are repeating themselves , and before he is killed by the blast , Mulder begins repeating " he 's got a bomb " to himself , in an attempt to recall it the next time around . In the following iteration of the day Mulder finds himself repeating the phrase in the bank , and acting on his hunch , calls Scully and then confronts Bernard before he begins the holdup , changing events on a fundamental level . Scully , acting on Mulder 's phone call , brings Pam into the Bank . Mulder and Pam convince Bernard to give up and walk out with Pam . The sirens of the approaching Police response become audible and Bernard becomes agitated and attempts to shoot Mulder , but Pam throws herself in front of Mulder as he fires . As she lies dying , she admits , " This never happened before . " Bernard collapses to his knees , horrified by what he has done , and is peacefully arrested . The bomb blast averted , time continues as normal . = = Production = = = = = Writing , casting , and filming = = = The episode was written under " extreme pressure " during the show 's brief Christmas hiatus . Many critics have noted similarities between " Monday " and the 1993 comedy film Groundhog Day . Vince Gilligan and John Shiban , the writers of the episode , however , credit a 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone titled " Shadow Play . " Gilligan later noted that , " the funny thing about ' Monday ' is people seemed to really like it a lot , but people always sorta [ sic ] smiled and said you 're sort of ripping off Groundhog Day aren 't you ? [ ... ] And I 'd say , we 're not ripping off Groundhog Day , we 're ripping off The Twilight Zone . " A similar plot device was used in the Stargate : SG @-@ 1 episode " Window of Opportunity " , in which the characters of Jack O 'Neill and Teal 'c are the only individuals who remain aware of the time loop . Casting director Rick Millikan was tasked with finding a suitable actress to play Pam , the would @-@ be bank robber 's girlfriend . Millikan expressed the difficulty in casting the role , saying , " you had to feel sorry for this woman 's terrible , unbelievable plight — basically she 's trapped in a living hell — without at any time thinking she 's insane . " The role eventually went to actress Carrie Hamilton , who Millikan and the producers unanimously agreed was the perfect choice . This was one of Hamilton 's last roles , as she died from cancer three years later at the age of 38 . For the part of Bernard , Millikan cast Darren Burrows , a former regular on the comedy show Northern Exposure . Millikan later said that his acting was , " beautiful . " Director Kim Manners , realizing the monotony of some of the scenes , such as Mulder waking up after each successive explosion , attempted to make each camera angle interesting . He diagrammed every camera angle and move to make the scenes visually appealing and hold the viewers ' attention . First assistant director Bruce Carter examined the script and created a complex timeline to make shooting easier . It took him two weeks to break all the episode 's elements into their exact timings , but Carter considered it a success . He later said , " It was one of the things I was proudest of all year . " To create the bank needed for the episode , Ilt Jones and the location department staff found a former bank and current animation school and film production house on Fourth and Main Street in downtown Los Angeles . The building was completely renovated , complete with fake ATMs , columns , desks , and double @-@ glazed windows . All of the items inside of the bank were bought from a bank @-@ supply catalogue by set decorator Tim Stepeck . During the hold @-@ up scene outside the bank , a four @-@ block area was sealed off to allow cameras to film . A total of eleven cameras , some at different speeds , were used . Some of the cameras made it onto the film , but they were erased during post @-@ production . = = = Props and make @-@ up = = = Much of the episode relied on props . The water bed , which was purchased by Morris Fletcher earlier in the sixth season episode " Dreamland " while in Mulder 's body , proved to be the hardest prop to locate . Stepeck searched Los Angeles and was unable to find a suitable bed . He had to order the bed from a specialized furniture store in San Francisco . Mulder 's paycheck and envelope were created after several calls to the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington , D.C. The checks were made to be as realistic as possible without looking too convincing . During the hold @-@ up scene outside the bank , the police cruisers were all turned off , because the combined noise of the cars would drown out dialogue . To ensure their flashing lights , car coordinator Danny Briggs installed battery chargers in the cars . To give Pam the proper look , the makeup department , headed by Cheri Montesanto @-@ Mecalf , applied mascara under Hamilton 's eyes and then smudged it to give her a " haunted " look . Pam 's stringy and multi @-@ hued hairstyle was Hamilton 's creation . Dena Green , the hair department head , was tasked with creating an exact wig replica to be worn by Hamilton 's stunt double . In this episode , we see a thick black book on the shelf above Mulder 's bed . The book is a classic textbook on general relativity : Gravitation by Charles Misner , Kip Thorne , and John Wheeler . Thorne is the author of a review paper asking whether the laws of physics outlaw time loops completely . Agent Scully 's undergraduate thesis was about the physics of time in relativity . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Monday " first aired in the United States on February 28 , 1999 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 2 , meaning that roughly 10 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 16 @.@ 7 million viewers . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on June 13 , 1999 and received 0 @.@ 90 million viewers , making it the second most @-@ watched episode that week , behind Friends . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " How do you stop the unstoppable from happening ? Tonight , Mulder may die trying . " = = = Reviews = = = The episode received consistently positive reviews . Tom Kessenich , in his book Examination : An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6 – 9 of the X @-@ Files gave the episode a positive review , writing " One of the strengths of ' Monday ' is in showing us Scully 's evolution and how her experiences with Mulder allow her to embrace , albeit reluctantly , ideas that are not grounded in science . " Den of Geek writer Juliette Harrisson named the episode the " finest stand @-@ alone episode " of the sixth season and wrote , " Time loops , if dragged on for too long , can become tedious , but in small doses they can be hilariously funny or achingly poignant . This episode is definitely the latter , as the downtrodden girlfriend of a bank robber is forced to witness the deaths of her boyfriend , Mulder , Scully and a large group of innocent people die over and over again until finally she breaks the loop by dying herself [ ... ] The onus of saving everyone being largely on the shoulders of an unknown woman effectively brings in a change of pace and a welcome breath of fresh air . " Earl Cressey from DVD Talk called " Monday " one of the " highlights of season six . " Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " A " and called it " a script which balances humor , structural brilliance , and compassion in equal measure . " Handlen compared and contrasted the episode to Groundhog Day , noting that , while both feature a character who is able to restart a day , in " Monday " , the characters have the benefit of free will and can change factors : " Every Monday to her has certain basic requirements : boyfriend with bomb , bank robbery , the FBI agents [ … ] and the earth @-@ shattering Kaboom . Aside from that , nothing is certain . " Handlen concluded that the episode managed to be both " a very funny hour " , as well as possess serious " sadness " . Jordan Farley from SFX magazine named the episode the eighth of the " Top Groundhog Days " episodes . Farley applauded the show 's gall to seemingly kill one of the leads in the teaser and appreciated the entry 's mix of humor — during the scenes with Mulder and his water bed — and its alternative scenarios in the bank . Natalie Prado from Just Press Play gave the episode an A – and wrote , " The episode is well @-@ written and tense . As an audience , we become increasingly frustrated that the two people that we know can solve the problem are unaware that it exists , which makes the payoff when they finally find a way out much more satisfying . There are a few leaps in logic , especially towards the end , but overall it ’ s solid and enjoyable . " Jamie Jeffords , writing for the Dallas Morning News , awarded the episode four out of five stars and praised Hamilton 's performance , saying , " What makes ' Monday ’ is the performance of Hamilton [ ... ] When she is killed in the end , she almost possesses a quiet glee when she realizes her death never happened before , so maybe it is over now . Her performance is haunting . Very powerful . " Michigan Daily writer Melissa Runstrom , in a review of the sixth season , said " Monday " was " well made and entertaining . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . Vitaris called the episode " ingenious and heart @-@ wrenching , " and noted that David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson 's acting was the best of the season . Furthermore , she praised Kim Manners ' directing style , calling the same scenes shot in different ways " new " . UGO Networks listed the episode as number 95 in a countdown of the " 100 Greatest Moments in Time Travel " . = P.N.03 = P.N.03 , short for Product Number Zero Three , is a 2003 third @-@ person shooter video game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo GameCube . Set in a science @-@ fictional space colony compound , the game stars Vanessa Z. Schneider , a mercenary controlled by the player to combat berserk robots . The game was directed by Shinji Mikami as part of the Capcom Five . To avoid similarities with Devil May Cry and Resident Evil , the P.N.03 team emphasized defensive and rhythmic maneuvers and a " delicate " , " feminine " game world . P.N.03 was developed on a tight schedule in an attempt to offset Capcom 's poor fiscal year . However , the game received mixed reviews and failed commercially . Several critics found the game repetitive and unintuitive . They were divided on its gameplay mechanics : some disliked its controls — specifically the inability to move and shoot simultaneously — while others compared it favorably to golden age arcade games . Mikami repurposed ideas from P.N.03 in his 2010 game Vanquish . = = Plot and gameplay = = P.N.03 is a science @-@ fiction third @-@ person shooter . In the game , the player controls Vanessa Z. Schneider , a freelance mercenary who works on colonized planets . She is contracted by a mysterious client to destroy Computerized Armament Management System ( CAMS ) robots that have gone berserk . Robots of this type had been responsible for the deaths of Vanessa 's parents . To combat the CAMS , Vanessa wears " Aegis suits " , powered exoskeletons that allow her to fire energy beams from her palms and to perform powerful attacks called " energy drives " . Energy drives , which deplete the energy meter , grant temporary invulnerability to Vanessa and damage multiple enemies . At checkpoints , the player uses points earned from defeated robots to purchase Aegis suits , suit upgrades and energy drives . The player may play " trial missions " ( randomly generated levels ) between missions to score extra points . The CAMS attack in set patterns , and their next moves are indicated by visual and aural cues . The player avoids these attacks via evasive spins , rolls and other maneuvers . Vanessa cannot move while attacking , and so the player must often use the environment as cover . Defeated enemies sometimes drop items that replenish health and energy or that trigger a combo timer , which multiplies the points earned from enemies destroyed consecutively . Each mission takes place in a series of rooms that contain a fixed number of enemies and may include a boss robot . At the end of a mission , the player receives a score based on the number of rooms explored and enemies destroyed . Late in the game , Vanessa discovers a clone of herself in a CAMS facility but is forced to abandon her when the building 's self @-@ destruct sequence is initiated . After destroying the CAMS central core , Vanessa encounters a digital projection of the client , whose appearance is identical to her own . She speculates that she is a clone of the client , but the client counters that none of their memories may be real . Vanessa debates whether to continue her work as a mercenary as the game ends . = = Development = = In November 2002 , Capcom announced the Capcom Five , a group of video games developed by Capcom Production Studio 4 and overseen by Resident Evil creator Shinji Mikami . Among these titles was P.N.03 , directed by Mikami . Capcom conceived the Capcom Five to bring new intellectual property to the industry , which the company viewed at the time as stagnant . According to producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi , the P.N.03 team 's goal was to make a game both " fun to watch and fun to play " . The team focused on the game 's audiovisuals , action , and speed , and they tried to balance the " tension experienced on the battlefield and the exhilaration of taking out the enemies " . Mikami wanted P.N.03 to evoke the same feelings as classic Nintendo games . While the staff felt the background graphics were important , they prioritized excitement in the game world . During the planning stage , P.N.03 was originally a wargame referred to as the " robot war game " . Five days into development , the staff created a preliminary demonstration of the graphics . Mikami was unsatisfied with this prototype and decided to rework the project as a third @-@ person shooting game . The director wanted to name the game Jaguar to reflect Vanessa 's cat @-@ like agility . However , other staff members disliked the name : some claimed that it failed to describe the game , while others thought that White Jaguar was a better title . Mikami chose P.N.03 as a hint to the game 's plot . Early coverage of P.N.03 by GameSpot and IGN highlighted the game 's acrobatics and shooting . P.N.03 's gameplay was initially similar to that of Devil May Cry : Vanessa attacked with two pistols and performed acrobatic moves like Devil May Cry 's protagonist , Dante . Feeling that it resembled Devil May Cry too closely , Mikami altered the game to reward players for performing defensive moves . Mikami wanted Vanessa to use guns , but the developers were unable to complete the animated graphics for weapons in time for release . The guns were substituted by energy bolts fired from the character 's hands . In an effort to meet yearly sales goals , Capcom developed P.N.03 quickly and released it in March 2003 . Many of Capcom 's releases for the year had underperformed . Viewtiful Joe , another Capcom Five title , was delayed into the next fiscal year to decrease the possible sales that had to be offset . After leaving Capcom , Mikami later incorporated ideas he intended for P.N.03 into the 2010 title Vanquish . Kobayashi aimed to avoid conventions established in Resident Evil , such as that series ' dark , masculine world . With P.N.03 , Kobayashi wanted to portray a " white " world with " feminine , delicate lines " . To that end , the staff applied a minimalist approach to the visuals , used " fine drawn lines " , and emphasized " visibility and creativity " in the game world . To maintain the game 's " delicate image " , the developers tried to make the visuals easy to view and understand . The team crafted the gameplay to avoid " button mashing " ; instead , players were meant to observe enemy attack patterns and think before acting . Mechanical designer Shou Sakai tried to craft " things that would stick in [ the player 's ] mind " . Because of the tight development schedule , 3D models had to be created immediately after their designs were completed . Sakai described the lack of time as the " toughest part " of the process . Mikami was indifferent to the main character 's gender . During the early creation process , he left the decision to his staff , who ultimately chose a female character . Because P.N.03 takes place in a space colony , Mikami wanted Vanessa 's country of origin to be ambiguous . To that end , she was given a combination of French , German , and English names . Vanessa 's movements were animated freehand , without motion capture technology . The designers posed Vanessa crouched on her hands and knees to resemble a jaguar , as an homage to the Jaguar title . The staff integrated rhythmic motions to her maneuvers to emulate dancing and to make her appear stylish . Kobayashi wanted Vanessa to be a " cool and sexy mercenary with a tough exterior that hides her dark past . " In retrospect , he was proud of the character 's style and movements . = = Release = = The Capcom Five were first announced as games exclusive to the Nintendo GameCube ; however , Capcom later ported most of the titles to other consoles . At the end of 2002 , the company confirmed that P.N.03 would be released in 2003 as a GameCube exclusive . In January 2003 , the company slated the game for a March release in Japan but retracted the exclusivity announcement . At a press conference prior to the 2003 Electronic Entertainment Expo , however , Capcom reaffirmed that P.N.03 would be available only for the GameCube . In the end , P.N.03 was the only Capcom Five title to remain exclusive to the system . P.N.03 was the first of the Capcom Five to be released . Before the game 's debut in Japan , Capcom distributed playable demos to stores and released screenshots to the media . Upon P.N.03 's release , Capcom shipped 25 @,@ 000 copies to Japanese retailers . Under 11 @,@ 000 units were sold , which made the game Japan 's 26th best @-@ selling title during the last week of March 2003 . These low sales failed to help Capcom meet its yearly sales goals . The North American localization was announced in July 2003 . Few aspects of the game were changed for the North American market . Capcom advertised a free T @-@ shirt as a pre @-@ order incentive in North America . Promotional sunglasses modeled after Vanessa 's were also released . = = Reception = = P.N.03 failed commercially and received mixed reviews , with scores of 64 % and 63 on review aggregate websites GameRankings and Metacritic , respectively . Electronic Gaming Monthly 's three reviewers characterized the game as shallow , repetitive and devoid of plot and character development . Mark MacDonald of the magazine criticized Vanessa 's inability to move and shoot at the same time . By contrast , the reviewer for Edge wrote , " P.N.03 may be rather short and its premise simple , but grace under fire has rarely been done better . " The writer favorably compared its gameplay to that of Space Invaders , in that the game " rewards skill above all else and mastery brings huge satisfaction " . The reviewer cited Vanessa as one of the game 's high points . In a 2009 retrospective review , the Edge magazine staff echoed its previous praise of P.N.03 but acknowledged the game 's awkward control mechanics . The staff commented that Vanessa 's potentially fluid movement is difficult to execute , but that the challenge of mastering the control scheme is part of the game 's charm . GamePro 's Mike Weigand called the game " a long , intense , thumb @-@ busting shooter that tests trigger fingers and patience levels . " He found the environments and enemies repetitive , but he cited " strong aesthetics " and " a slick reward system " as redemptive features . Weigand summarized that , while the game lacks depth , it may be recommended to " those who crave a shoot @-@ em @-@ up with old @-@ school inflections " . Paul Byrnes of GMR found P.N.03 to be a " boring and repetitive " missed opportunity . He felt that it lacked flow , thanks in large part to Vanessa 's " clumsily staccato " movements and inability to move and shoot simultaneously . Game Informer 's Andrew Reiner wrote that P.N.03 's setting , animations and protagonist give it an " undeniable allure " of freshness and originality . However , he disliked the game 's control system and wrote that " blowing away robots gets old rather quickly " . Reiner called P.N.03 's length , which he estimated to be four hours , its " most disappointing aspect " . Greg Kasavin of GameSpot wrote that " you 'll almost certainly be unimpressed with the repetitive and cumbersome action at the heart of [ P.N.03 ] . " He disliked the game 's separation into brief , discrete sections ; and , while he saw the game 's design as a reference to that of older games , he found that P.N.03 lacked the " extremely precise controls and smooth , colorful graphics " of the titles that inspired it . Kasavin summarized it as " a short , uninspired game that 's yet another would @-@ be imitator of Capcom 's own Devil May Cry . " Matt Casamassina of IGN wrote that players will " want to like " the game , but that its " design flaws and sloppy execution " are impossible to overlook . He found it to be shallow and repetitive , and he wrote that its fast pace and " unresponsive control setup " combine to place the game " at war with itself . " However , he believed that P.N.03 is " not a disaster — merely a disappointment " , and that it sits " solidly in average country . " In a 2012 retrospective from Eurogamer , Chris Schilling called the game the outcast of Shinji Mikami 's work , criticizing its plot and calling its control scheme its " biggest obstacle " . He later added " if at times its appeal can be hard to pin down , that doesn 't mean it should be so easily forgotten " , mentioning the satisfaction of beating the bosses in the game . = Tool ( band ) = Tool is an American rock band from Los Angeles , California . Formed in 1990 , the group 's line @-@ up includes drummer Danny Carey , guitarist Adam Jones , and vocalist Maynard James Keenan . Since 1995 , Justin Chancellor has been the band 's bassist , replacing their original bassist Paul D 'Amour . Tool has won three Grammy Awards , performed worldwide tours , and produced albums topping the charts in several countries . The band emerged with a heavy metal sound on their first studio album , Undertow ( 1993 ) , and later became a dominant act in the alternative metal movement , with the release of their second album , Ænima in 1996 . Their efforts to unify musical experimentation , visual arts , and a message of personal evolution continued , with Lateralus ( 2001 ) and the most recent album , 10 @,@ 000 Days ( 2006 ) , gaining the band critical acclaim , and commercial success around the world . Due to Tool 's incorporation of visual arts and very long and complex releases , the band is generally described as a style @-@ transcending act and part of progressive rock , psychedelic rock , and art rock . The relationship between the band and today 's music industry is ambivalent , at times marked by censorship , and the band 's insistence on privacy . = = History = = = = = Early years ( 1988 – 92 ) = = = During the 1980s , each of the future members of Tool moved to Los Angeles . Both Paul D 'Amour and Adam Jones wanted to enter the film industry , while Maynard James Keenan found employment remodeling pet stores after having studied visual arts in Michigan . Danny Carey and Keenan performed for Green Jellÿ , and Carey played with Carole King and Pigmy Love Circus . Keenan and Jones met through a mutual friend in 1989 . After Keenan played a tape recording for Jones of his previous band project , Jones was so impressed by his voice that he eventually talked his friend into forming their own band . They started jamming together and were on the lookout for a drummer and a bass player . Carey happened to live above Keenan and was introduced to Jones by Tom Morello , an old high school friend of Jones and former member of Electric Sheep . Carey began playing in their sessions because he " felt kinda sorry for them , " as other invited musicians were not showing up . Tool 's lineup was completed when a friend of Jones introduced them to bassist D 'Amour . Early on , the band fabricated the story that they formed because of the pseudophilosophy " lachrymology " . Although " lachrymology " was also cited as an inspiration for the band 's name , Keenan later explained their intentions differently : " Tool is exactly what it sounds like : It 's a big dick . It 's a wrench . ... we are ... your tool ; use us as a catalyst in your process of finding out whatever it is you need to find out , or whatever it is you 're trying to achieve . " After almost two years of practicing and performing locally in the Los Angeles area , the band was approached by record companies , and eventually signed a record deal with Zoo Entertainment . In March 1992 , Zoo published the band 's first effort , Opiate . Described by the band as " slam and bang " heavy music and the " hardest sounding " six songs they had written to that point , the EP included the singles " Hush " and " Opiate " . The band 's first music video , " Hush " , promoted their dissenting views about the then @-@ prominent Parents Music Resource Center and its advocacy of the censorship of music . The video featured the band members naked with their genitalia covered by parental advisory stickers and their mouths covered by duct tape . The band began touring with Rollins Band , Fishbone , and Rage Against the Machine to positive responses , which Janiss Garza of RIP Magazine summarized in September 1992 as a " buzz " and " a strong start " . = = = Undertow ( 1993 – 95 ) = = = The following year , at a time when alternative rock and grunge was at its height , Tool released their first full @-@ length album , Undertow ( 1993 ) . It expressed more diverse dynamics than Opiate and included songs the band had chosen not to publish on their previous release , when they had opted for a heavier sound . The band began touring again as planned , with an exception in May 1993 . Tool was scheduled to play at the Garden Pavilion in Hollywood but learned at the last minute that the venue belonged to L. Ron Hubbard 's Church of Scientology , which was perceived as a clash with " the band 's ethics about how a person should not follow a belief system that constricts their development as a human being . " Keenan " spent most of the show baa @-@ ing like a sheep at the audience . " Tool later played several concerts during the Lollapalooza festival tour , and were moved from the second stage to the main stage by their manager and the festival co @-@ founder Ted Gardner . At the last concert of Lollapalooza in Tool 's hometown Los Angeles , comedian Bill Hicks introduced the band . Hicks had become a friend of the band members and an influence on them after being mentioned in Undertow 's liner notes . He jokingly asked the audience of 10 @,@ 000 people to stand still and help him look for a lost contact lens . The boost in popularity gained from these concerts helped Undertow to be certified gold by the RIAA in September 1993 and to achieve platinum status in 1995 , despite being sold with a censored album cover by distributors such as Wal @-@ Mart . The single " Sober " became a hit single by March 1994 and won the band Billboard 's " Best Video by a New Artist " award for the accompanying stop motion music video . With the release of Tool 's follow @-@ up single " Prison Sex " , the band again became the target of censorship . The song 's lyrics and video dealt with child abuse , which sparked controversial reactions ; Keenan 's lyrics begin with : " It took so long to remember just what happened . I was so young and vestal then , you know it hurt me , but I 'm breathing so I guess I 'm still alive ... I 've got my hands bound and my head down and my eyes closed and my throat wide open . " The video was created primarily by guitarist Adam Jones , who saw it as his " surrealistic interpretation " of the subject matter . And while some contemporary journalists praised the video and described the lyrics as " metaphoric " , the American branch of MuchMusic asked Keenan to represent the band in a hearing . It deemed the music video too graphic and obscene , and MTV stopped airing it after a few showings . In September 1995 , the band started writing and recording their second studio album . At that time Tool experienced its only lineup change to date , with bassist D 'Amour leaving the band amicably to pursue other projects . Justin Chancellor , a member of former tourmates Peach , eventually replaced D 'Amour , having been chosen over competitors such as Kyuss ' Scott Reeder , Filter 's Frank Cavanaugh , Pigmy Love Circus 's E. Shepherd Stevenson , and ZAUM 's Marco Fox . = = = Ænima ( 1996 – 2000 ) = = = On September 17 , 1996 , Tool released their second full @-@ length album , Ænima ( / ˈɒnɪmə / ) . It was certified triple platinum by the RIAA on March 4 , 2003 . D 'Amour left Tool and Chancellor came on board during the recording of the album . The band enlisted the help of producer David Bottrill , who had produced some of King Crimson 's albums , while Jones collaborated with Cam de Leon to create Ænima 's Grammy @-@ nominated artwork . The album was dedicated to stand @-@ up comedian Bill Hicks , who had died two and a half years earlier . The band intended to raise awareness about Hicks 's material and ideas , because they felt that Tool and Hicks " were resonating similar concepts " . In particular , Ænima 's final track " Third Eye " is preceded by a clip of Hicks ' performances , and the lenticular casing of the Ænima album packaging as well as the chorus of the title track " Ænema " make reference to a sketch from Hicks 's Arizona Bay , in which he contemplates the idea of Los Angeles falling into the Pacific Ocean . The first single , " Stinkfist " , garnered limited airplay . It was shortened by radio programmers , MTV ( U.S. ) renamed the music video of " Stinkfist " to " Track No. 1 " due to offensive connotations , and the lyrics of the song were altered . Responding to fan complaints about censorship , Matt Pinfield of MTV 's 120 Minutes expressed regret on air by waving his fist in front of his face while introducing the video and explaining the name change . A tour began in October 1996 , two weeks after Ænima 's release . Following numerous appearances in the United States and Europe , Tool headed for Australia and New Zealand in late March 1997 . April 1 of that year saw the first of several April Fools ' pranks related to the band . Kabir Akhtar , webmaster of the band 's semi @-@ official fanpage , The Tool Page , wrote that " at least three of the band are listed in critical condition " after a tour bus accident on a highway . This hoax gained wide attention and was eventually exposed on radio and MTV . Akhtar later posted an apology , claiming that The Tool Page " will not indulge itself in such outlandish pranks in the future " — a claim that would be belied by later April Fools ' pranks . Eventually returning to the United States , Tool appeared at Lollapalooza ' 97 in July , this time as a headliner , where they gained critical praise from The New York Times : Tool was returning in triumph to Lollapalooza after appearing among the obscure bands on the festival 's smaller stage in 1993 . Now Tool is the prime attraction for a festival that 's struggling to maintain its purpose ... Tool uses taboo @-@ breaking imagery for hellfire moralizing in songs that swerve from bitter reproach to nihilistic condemnation . Its music has refined all the troubled majesty of grunge . Notwithstanding a decline in popularity of alternative rock music during the mid @-@ 1990s in the United States , Ænima eventually matched Tool 's successful debut album in sales . The progressive @-@ influenced Ænima landed the band at the head of the alternative metal genre : It featured the Grammy Award @-@ winning " Ænema " and appeared on several " Best Albums of 1996 " lists , with notable examples being those of Kerrang ! and Terrorizer . A legal battle that began the same year interfered with the band 's working on another release . Volcano Entertainment — the successor of Tool 's by @-@ then defunct label Zoo Entertainment — alleged contract violations by Tool and filed a lawsuit . According to Volcano , Tool had violated their contract when the band looked at offers from other record labels . After Tool filed a countersuit stating that Volcano had failed to use a renewal option in their contract , the parties settled out of court . In December 1998 Tool agreed to a new contract , a three @-@ record joint venture deal . In 2000 , the band dismissed their long @-@ time manager Ted Gardner , who then sued the band over his commission on this lucrative agreement . During this time , Keenan joined the band A Perfect Circle , which was founded by long @-@ time Tool guitar tech Billy Howerdel , while Jones joined The Melvins ' Buzz Osborne and Carey drummed with Dead Kennedys ' Jello Biafra on side projects . Although there were rumors that Tool were breaking up , Chancellor , Jones , and Carey were working on new material while waiting for Keenan to return . In 2000 , the Salival box set ( CD / VHS or CD / DVD ) was released , effectively putting an end to the rumors . The CD contained one new original track , a cover of Led Zeppelin 's " No Quarter " , a live version of Peach 's " You Lied " , and revised versions of old songs . The VHS and the DVD each contained four music videos , plus a bonus music video for " Hush " on the DVD . Although Salival did not yield any singles , the hidden track " Maynard 's Dick " ( which dates back to the Opiate era ) briefly found its way to FM radio when several DJs chose to play it on air under the title " Maynard 's Dead " . = = = Lateralus ( 2001 – 05 ) = = = In January 2001 , Tool announced a new album , Systema Encéphale , along with a 12 @-@ song track list containing titles such as " Riverchrist " , " Numbereft " , " Encephatalis " , " Musick " , and " Coeliacus " . File @-@ sharing networks such as Napster were flooded with bogus files bearing the titles ' names . At the time , Tool members were outspokenly critical of file @-@ sharing networks in general due to their impact on artists that are dependent on record sales to continue their careers . Keenan said during an interview with NY Rock in 2000 , " I think there are a lot of other industries out there that might deserve being destroyed . The ones who get hurt by MP3s are not so much companies or the business , but the artists , people who are trying to write songs . " A year later , the band revealed that the new album was actually titled Lateralus ; the name Systema Encéphale and the track list had been a ruse . Lateralus and the corresponding tours would take Tool a step further toward art rock and progressive rock territory . Rolling Stone wrote in an attempt to summarize the album that " Drums , bass and guitars move in jarring cycles of hyperhowl and near @-@ silent death march ... The prolonged running times of most of Lateralus ' thirteen tracks are misleading ; the entire album rolls and stomps with suitelike purpose . " Joshua Klein of The A.V. Club expressed his opinion that Lateralus , with its 79 minutes and relatively complex and long songs — topped by the ten @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ minute music video for " Parabola " — posed a challenge to fans and music programming alike . The album became a worldwide success , reaching No.1 on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart in its debut week . Tool received their second Grammy Award for the best metal performance of 2001 for the song " Schism " . During the band 's acceptance speech , drummer Carey stated that he would like to thank his parents ( for putting up with him ) and Satan , and bassist Chancellor concluded : " I want to thank my dad for doing my mom . " Extensive touring throughout 2001 and 2002 supported Lateralus and included a personal highlight for the band : a 10 @-@ show joint mini @-@ tour with King Crimson in August 2001 . Comparisons between the two were made , MTV describing the bands as " the once and future kings of progressive rock " . Keenan stated of the minitour : " For me , being on stage with King Crimson is like Lenny Kravitz playing with Led Zeppelin , or Britney Spears onstage with Debbie Gibson . " Although the end of the tour in November 2002 seemed to signal the start of another hiatus for the band , they did not become completely inactive . While Keenan recorded and toured with A Perfect Circle , the other band members released an interview and a recording of new material , both exclusive to the fan club . On April 1 , 2005 , the official Tool website announced that " Maynard has found Jesus " and would be abandoning the recording of the new Tool album temporarily and possibly permanently . Kurt Loder of MTV contacted Keenan via email to ask for a confirmation and received a nonchalant confirmation . When Loder asked again , Keenan 's response was simply " heh heh . " On April 7 the official site announced , " Good news , April fools fans . The writing and recording is back under way . " Work continued on the follow @-@ up to Lateralus ; meanwhile , a Lateralus vinyl edition and two DVD singles were released , and the band 's official website received a new splash intro by artist Joshua Davis . The " double vinyl four @-@ picture disc " edition of Lateralus was first released as a limited autographed edition exclusively available to fan club members and publicly released on August 23 , 2005 . On December 20 the two DVDs were released , one containing the single " Schism " and the other " Parabola " , a remix by Lustmord , and a music video with commentary by David Yow and Jello Biafra . = = = 10 @,@ 000 Days ( 2006 – 07 ) = = = Fifteen years into the band 's career , Tool had acquired what Dan Epstein of Revolver described as a devoted " cult " following , and as details about the band 's next album emerged , such as the influence of Lateralus tourmates Fantômas and Meshuggah , controversy surrounding the new Tool album surfaced with speculation over song titles and pre @-@ release rumors of leaked songs . Speculation over possible album titles was dismissed with a news item on the official Tool website , announcing that the new album 's name was 10 @,@ 000 Days . Nevertheless , speculation continued , with allegations that 10 @,@ 000 Days was merely a " decoy " album to fool audiences . The rumor was proven false when a leaked copy of the album was distributed via filesharing networks a week prior to its official release . The album opener , " Vicarious " , premiered on U.S. radio stations on April 17 , 2006 . The album premiered on May 2 in the U.S. and debuted at the top spots of various international charts . 10 @,@ 000 Days sold 564 @,@ 000 copies in its opening week in the U.S. and was number one on the Billboard 200 charts , doubling the sales of Pearl Jam 's self @-@ titled album , its closest competitor . However , 10 @,@ 000 Days was received less favorably by critics than its predecessor Lateralus had been . Prior to the release of 10 @,@ 000 Days , a tour kicked off at Coachella on April 30 . The touring schedule was similar to the Lateralus tour of 2001 ; supporting acts were Isis and Mastodon . During a short break early the next year , after touring Australia and New Zealand , drummer Carey suffered a biceps tear during a skirmish with his girlfriend 's dog , casting uncertainty on the band 's upcoming concerts in North America . Carey underwent surgery on February 21 and several performances had to be postponed . Back on tour by April , Tool appeared on June 15 as a headliner at the Bonnaroo Music Festival with a guest appearance from Rage Against the Machine 's Tom Morello on " Lateralus " . Meanwhile , " Vicarious " was a nominee for Best Hard Rock Performance and 10 @,@ 000 Days won Best Recording Package at the 49th Grammy Awards . The music video for " Vicarious " was released on DVD on December 18 . = = = Hiatus and upcoming fifth studio album ( 2008 – present ) = = = Chancellor stated in May 2007 that the band would probably continue their tour until early 2008 and then " take some time off " . He added that the band had already written some new material and would surely release another album at some point . He speculated about the possibility of a " band movie " , something the band has considered for a long time . Ideas ranged from " a narrative story in a surreal fashion with as much money and special effects as possible " to " pockets of all of that or something that 's live or the band playing " . Although Carey stated that the necessary know @-@ how was at hand due to the band 's connections to artists working in the movie business , Jones dismissed the idea , saying " It 's just talk right now . " The band 's 2009 summer tour began on July 18 in Commerce City , Colorado , at the Mile High Music Festival . They headlined Lollapalooza 2009 and a show on August 22 for the Epicenter Festival in Pomona , California . Their Tool Winter Tour played dates across the U.S. and Canada in January and February 2012 . The band played at Ozzfest Japan on May 12 , 2013 . Meanwhile , Tool members have pursued their own musical projects . Keenan has toured extensively with Puscifer , which he describes as involving a series of musical ideas he did not have an opportunity to explore with Tool or A Perfect Circle . Keenan and Carey offered conflicting reports on whether or not their next album would surface in 2013 , though Carey later conceded that " early 2014 " seemed more likely . By May 2013 , Keenan stated that he had actively joined the writing process as enough instrumental material had been written . On March 6 , 2014 , Crave Online reported that Jones had said the new album was complete and on track for a 2014 release . The following day , Tool released an official statement to Rolling Stone , explaining that Jones was joking . On July 15 , 2014 , Carey and Jones informed Rolling Stone that family commitments and an ongoing lawsuit are the key reasons for the delayed fifth album . Carey said to the music publication that one untitled track is " pretty much done " and explained in regard to the band 's legal issue : But the point is , we 're fighting the good fight ... We 're going to trial and we want to crush them [ an insurance company ] . But every time we 've gotten close to going to trial , it gets postponed and we 've wasted money and time and it has just drained our creative energy . We bought an insurance policy for peace of mind , but instead we would have been better off if we never had it and just dealt with the original lawsuit . In March 2015 , Jones revealed that the lawsuit had been settled in the band 's favor , and as such , the band was turning their focus towards recording the album . He said that he hoped the album would be finished before the end of 2015 but emphasized that the band would not rush their work to meet an arbitrary deadline . In January 2016 , Tool undertook a tour of the United States . = = Musical style and influences = = Tool was described by Patrick Donovan of The Age as " the thinking person 's metal band . Cerebral and visceral , soft and heavy , melodic and abrasive , tender and brutal , familiar and strange , western and eastern , beautiful and ugly , taut yet sprawling and epic , they are a tangle of contradictions . " Tool has gained critical praise from the International Herald Tribune 's C.B. Liddell for their complex and ever @-@ evolving sound . Describing their general sound , AllMusic refers to them as " grinding , post @-@ Jane 's Addiction heavy metal " , and The New York Times sees similarities to " Led Zeppelin 's heaving , battering guitar riffs and Middle Eastern modes " . Their 2001 work Lateralus was compared by Allmusic to Pink Floyd 's Meddle ( 1971 ) , but thirty years later and altered by " Tool 's impulse to cram every inch of infinity with hard guitar meat and absolute dread " . Tool had been labelled as post @-@ metal in 1993 and 1996 , as well as in 2006 , after the term came into popularity . = = = Musical style = = = A component of Tool 's song repertoire relies on the use of unusual time signatures . For instance , Chancellor describes the time signature employed on the first single from Lateralus , " Schism " , as " six " and " six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half " and that it later " goes into all kinds of other times " . Further examples include the album 's title track , which also displays shifting rhythms , as does 10 @,@ 000 Days : " Wings for Marie ( Pt 1 ) " and " 10 @,@ 000 Days ( Wings Pt 2 ) " . Beyond this aspect of the band 's sound , each band member experiments within his wide musical scope . Bass Player magazine described Chancellor 's bass playing as a " thick midrange tone , guitar @-@ style techniques , and elastic versatility " . As an example of this , the magazine mentioned the use of a wah effect by hammering " the notes with the left hand and using the bass 's tone controls to get a tone sweep " , such as on the song " The Patient " , from Lateralus . Completing the band 's rhythm section , drummer Carey uses polyrhythms , tabla @-@ style techniques , and the incorporation of custom electronic drum pads to trigger samples , such as prerecorded tabla and octoban sounds . Keenan 's ability as a vocalist has been characterized more subjectively by the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer : After his performance during an Alice in Chains reunion concert in 2005 , freelancer Travis Hay saw him as " a natural fit at replacing Layne Staley " . Regarding his role in A Perfect Circle and Tool , The New York Times wrote that " both groups rely on Mr. Keenan 's ability to dignify emotions like lust , anger and disgust , the honey in his voice adding a touch of profundity " . According to Guitar Player magazine , Jones does not rely on any one particular guitar @-@ playing technique but rather combines many techniques . For example , Allmusic wrote that he " alternately utiliz [ es ] power chords , scratchy noise , chiming arpeggios , and a quiet minimalism " in " Sober " . Additionally , the band uses forms of instrumental experimentation , like the use of a " pipe bomb microphone " ( a guitar pickup mounted inside a brass cylinder ) and a talk box guitar solo on " Jambi " . The band puts an emphasis on the sound of their songs and attempts to reduce the effect lyrics can have on the perception of songs by not releasing song lyrics with any album . Lyrical arrangements are often given special attention , such as in " Lateralus " . The number of syllables per line in the lyrics to " Lateralus " correspond to an arrangement of the Fibonacci numbers and the song " Jambi " uses and makes a reference to the common metrical foot iamb . The lyrics on Ænima and Lateralus focus on philosophy and spirituality — specific subjects range from organized religion in " Opiate " , to evolution and Jungian psychology in " Forty @-@ Six & 2 " and transcendence in " Lateralus " . On 10 @,@ 000 Days , Keenan wanted to explore issues more personal to him : the album name and title track refer to the twenty @-@ seven years during which his mother suffered from complications of a stroke until her death in 2003 . = = = Influences = = = The band has named the group Melvins as an influence on its development , but the most @-@ publicized influence is progressive rock pioneer group King Crimson . Longtime King Crimson member Robert Fripp has downplayed any influence his band had on Tool . In an interview , Fripp touched on how the two bands relate to each other , stating " Do you hear the influence ? There 's just one figure where I hear an influence , just one . It was a piece we were developing that we dropped . And it 's almost exactly the same figure : three note arpeggio with a particular accent from the guitar . So I do not think you could have heard it . That 's the only thing . " He also said , " I happen to be a Tool fan . The members of Tool have been generous enough to suggest that Crimson has been an influence on them . Adam Jones asked me if I could detect it in their music , and I said I couldn ’ t . I can detect more Tool influence in King Crimson , than I can hear King Crimson in Tool . " In describing their wide range of styles , critics have noted that they are " influenced as much by Pink Floyd as by the Sex Pistols " . Other reported influences of the band include Rush , Helmet , Faith No More and Jane 's Addiction . Writers Harvey Newquist and Rich Maloof attribute to Tool an influence on modern metal in their book The New Metal Masters . Sean Richardson of The Boston Phoenix sees System of a Down , Deftones , and Korn as examples of Tool 's " towering influence " on the genre . Keenan 's unique style of singing has been seen as heavily influencing artists such as Pete Loeffler of Chevelle , Benjamin Burnley of Breaking Benjamin , Will Martin of Earshot , and Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit . = = Visual arts = = Part of Tool 's work as a band is to incorporate influences of other works of art in their music videos , live shows , and album packaging . Adam Jones doubles as the band 's art director and director of their music videos . Another expression of this is an official website " dedicated to the arts and influences " on the band . = = = Music videos = = = The band has released nine music videos but made personal appearances in only the first two , which the band states is to prevent people from " latching onto the personalities involved rather than listening to the music . " With the exception of " Hush " and " Vicarious " all of Tool 's music videos feature stop motion animation to some extent . The videos are created primarily by Adam Jones , often in collaboration with artists such as Chet Zar , Alex Grey , and Osseus Labyrint . The " Sober " music video in particular attracted much attention . Jones explained that it doesn 't contain a storyline , but that his intentions were to summon personal emotions with its imagery . Rolling Stone described this imagery as " evil little men dwell in a dark dungeon with meat coursing through pipes in the wall " and called it a " groundbreaking " , " epic " clip . Billboard voted it " Best Video by a New Artist " . The video for " Vicarious " was released on DVD on December 18 , 2007 . The video is the first by Tool to be produced entirely through the use of CGI . = = = Album artwork = = = Jones is responsible for most of the band 's artwork concepts . Their album Undertow features a ribcage sculpture by Jones on its cover and photos contributed by the band members . Later albums included artwork by collaborating artists : Ænima and Salival featured works by Cam de Leon ; Lateralus and 10 @,@ 000 Days were created with the help of Alex Grey . The releases garnered positive critical reception , with a music journalist of the Associated Press attributing to the band a reputation for innovative album packaging . Both Ænima and 10 @,@ 000 Days were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Recording Package , but while the former failed to win in 1997 , the latter did win in 2007 . Jones created packaging for 10 @,@ 000 Days that features a pair of stereoscopic lenses for viewing 3 @-@ D artwork and photos . Jones , a lifelong	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
fan of stereoscopic photography , wanted the packaging to be unique and to reflect the 1970s artwork he appreciates . = = = Live shows = = = Following their first tours in the early 1990s , Tool has performed as a headline act in world tours and major festivals such as Lollapalooza ( 1997 and 2009 ) , Coachella ( 1999 and 2006 ) , Voodoo Fest ( 2001 ) , Download Festival ( 2006 ) , Roskilde ( 2001 and 2006 ) , Big Day Out ( 2007 and 2011 ) , Bonnaroo ( 2007 ) , All Points West Music & Arts Festival ( 2009 ) , and Epicenter ( 2009 ) . They have been joined on stage by numerous artists such as Buzz Osborne and Scott Reeder on several occasions ; Tom Morello and Zack de la Rocha during their 1991 tour ; Layne Staley in Hawaii , 1993 ; Tricky , Robert Fripp , Mike Patton , Dave Lombardo , Brann Dailor of Mastodon , and experimental arts duo Osseus Labyrint during their 2001 – 02 Lateralus tour ; and Kirk Hammett , Phil Campbell , Serj Tankian , and Tom Morello during their 2006 – 07 tour . They have covered songs by Led Zeppelin , Ted Nugent , Peach , Kyuss , the Dead Kennedys , and the Ramones . Live shows on Tool 's headline tour incorporate an unorthodox stage setting and video display . Keenan and Carey line up in the back on elevated platforms , while Jones and Chancellor stand in the front , toward the sides of the stage . Keenan often faces the backdrop or the sides of the stage rather than the audience . No followspots or live cameras are used ; instead , the band employs extensive backlighting to direct the focus away from the band members and toward large screens in the back and the crowd . Breckinridge Haggerty , the band 's live video designer , says that the resulting dark spaces on stage " are mostly for Maynard " . He explains , " [ a ] lot of the songs are a personal journey for him and he has a hard time with the glare of the lights when he 's trying to reproduce these emotions for the audience . He needs a bit of personal space , and he feels more comfortable in the shadows . " The big screens are used to play back " looped clips that aren 't tracked to a song like a music video . The band has never used any sort of timecode . They ’ ve always made sure the video can change on @-@ the @-@ fly , in a way that can be improvised . ... The show is never the same twice . " During the 10 @,@ 000 Days tour , the video material consisted of over six hours of material , created by Jones , his wife Camella Grace , Chet Zar , Meats Meier , and Haggerty . Some of the material created by Zar has been released on his DVD Disturb the Normal . = = Band members = = = = Discography = = Undertow ( 1993 ) Ænima ( 1996 ) Lateralus ( 2001 ) 10 @,@ 000 Days ( 2006 ) = = Grammy awards and nominations = = = Ontario Highway 71 = King 's Highway 71 , commonly referred to as Highway 71 , is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . The 194 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 121 mi ) route travels concurrently with Highway 11 for 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the Fort Frances @-@ International Falls International Bridge in Fort Frances , where it continues south as US Route 53 ( US 53 ) and US Route 71 ( US 71 ) in Minnesota . At Chapple , Highway 11 continues west while Highway 71 branches north and travels 154 kilometres ( 96 mi ) to a junction with Highway 17 just east of Kenora . Highway 71 is part of the Trans @-@ Canada Highway for its entire length . The current routing of Highway 71 was created out of a route renumbering that took place on April 1 , 1960 , to extend Highway 11 from Thunder Bay to Rainy River . The portion of the highway that is concurrent with Highway 11 follows the Cloverleaf Trail , which was constructed by the end of 1880s and improved over the next several decades . The portion between Highway 11 and Highway 17 follows the Heenan Highway , which was constructed to connect the Rainy River region with Kenora and the remainder of Ontario 's road network ; before its opening the area was accessible only via the United States . Both highways were incorporated into the provincial highway system in 1937 following the merger of the Department of Highways ( DHO ) and the Department of Northern Development . = = Route description = = Highway 71 connects the Rainy River region with the Trans @-@ Canada Highway near Kenora . The first 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) of the highway traverses the largest pocket of arable land in northern Ontario . Following that , the route suddenly enters the Canadian Shield , where the land is unsuitable for agricultural development . The highway begins at the international bridge in Fort Frances ; within the United States , the road continues south as US 53 and US 71 in Minnesota . From the bridge , it proceeds along Central Avenue , encountering Highway 11 one block north . The two routes travel north concurrently to 3 Street West , where both turn west . At the Fort Frances Cemetery , the route branches southwest and exits Fort Frances after splitting with the Colonization Road ( Highway 602 ) . It follows the old Cloverleaf Trail west through Devlin , where it intersects Highway 613 , and Emo , where it merges with the Colonization Road . Approximately six kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) west of Emo , in the Manitou Rapids First Nations Reserve , Highway 71 branches north , while Highway 11 continues west to Rainy River . North of the Manitou Rapids Reserve , Highway 71 presses through a large swath of land mostly occupied by horse and cattle ranches . It intersects Highway 600 and Highway 615 , both of which have historical connections to Highway 71 . The highway passes through Finland and enters the Boreal Forest , descending into the Canadian Shield over the course of a kilometre and a half ( approximately one mile ) . From this point to its northern terminus , the highway crosses through rugged and isolated terrain , curving around lakes , rivers and mountains on its northward journey . It passes through the community of Caliper Lake before crossing between Rainy River District and Kenora District midway between there and Nestor Falls . North of Nestor Falls , the highway travels along the eastern shore of Lake of the Woods , providing access to Crow Lake , as well as to Whitefish Bay just southeast of Sioux Narrows . Here the route crosses the Sioux Narrows Bridge , the last part of the highway to be constructed and a formidable engineering obstacle in the 1930s . North of Sioux Narrows , the highway meanders northward through an uninhabited region , zigzagging among the numerous lakes that dot Kenora District and crossing the Black River . It provides access to Eagle Dogtooth and Rushing River Provincial Parks several kilometres south of its northern terminus at Highway 17 , four kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) east of the split with Highway 17A and 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) east of downtown Kenora . = = History = = Highway 71 was created out of a renumbering of several highways in the Rainy River District during the late 1950s as Highway 11 was extended west of Thunder Bay . The history of the route is tied to the two major highways in Rainy River District : the Cloverleaf Trail and the Heenan Highway . The Cloverleaf Trail , the older of the two roads , was initially developed as the Rainy River colonization road . A line was blazed as early as 1875 , possibly as part of the Dawson Trail , and improved in 1885 into a trail . This initial trail followed the Rainy River west from Fort Frances to Lake of the Woods ; Highway 602 now follows the road between Fort Frances and Emo . In 1911 , James Arthur Mathieu was elected as a Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) in the Rainy River riding . As a lumber merchant , Mathieu promoted improved road access in the region . Between 1911 and 1915 , he oversaw construction of the gravel Cloverleaf Trail between Fort Frances and Rainy River . The Heenan Highway would become the first Canadian link to the Rainy River area ; before its opening in the mid @-@ 1930s , the only way to drive to the area was via the United States . In 1922 , Kenora MPP Peter Heenan and Dr. McTaggart approached the government to lobby for construction of a road between Nestor Falls and Kenora . Nestor Falls was the northernmost point accessible by road from the Rainy River area . Heenan would become the Minister of Lands and Forests in Mitch Hepburn 's cabinet . This provided the impetus for construction to begin in 1934 . Unlike the Cloverleaf Trail , the Fort Frances – Kenora Highway , as it was known prior to its opening , was constructed through the rugged terrain of the Canadian Shield . Rocks , forests , lakes , muskeg , and insects served as major obstacles during construction of the 100 @-@ kilometre ( 62 mi ) highway , which progressed from both ends . By late 1935 , the only remaining gap in the road was the Sioux Narrows Bridge . Construction on this bridge was underway by March 1936 ; it was rapidly assembled using old @-@ growth Douglas fir from British Columbia ( BC ) as the main structural members . These timbers were cut in BC , and shipped to be built on @-@ site like a jig @-@ saw puzzle . The bridge was completed on June 15 , 1936 , completing the link between Fort Frances and Kenora . On July 1 , 1936 , Premier Mitch Hepburn attended a ceremony in front of the Rainy Lake Hotel in Fort Frances . On a rainy afternoon , at 5 : 30 p.m. , Peter Heenan handed Hepburn a pair of scissors with which to cut the ribbon crossing the road and declare the highway open . Hepburn , addressing the crowd that was gathered , asked " What would you say if we call it the Heenan Highway , what would you think of that ? " . The crowd cheered and Hepburn cut the ribbon . The Cloverleaf Trail and the Heenan Highway were assumed by the DHO shortly after its merger with the Department of Northern Development . Following the merger , the DHO began assigning trunk roads throughout northern Ontario as part of the provincial highway network . Highway 71 was assigned on September 1 , 1937 , along the Cloverleaf Trail . The portion of the Heenan Highway lying within Kenora District was designated as Highway 70 on the same day . The portion within Rainy River District was designated as Highway 70 on September 29 . The original route of Highway 70 split in two south of Finland ; Highway 70 turned east to Off Lake Corner , then south to Emo , while Highway 70A turned west to Black Hawk then south to Barwick . The northern end of the highway was also concurrent with Highway 17 for 21 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 13 @.@ 5 mi ) into Kenora , and the southern end concurrent with Highway 71 for 37 @.@ 0 kilometres ( 23 @.@ 0 mi ) between Emo and Fort Frances . During 1952 , the highway was extended south from its split to Highway 71 , midway between Barwick and Emo . By 1953 , the new road was opened and informally designated as the new route of Highway 70 . The old routes were decommissioned on February 8 , and the new route designated several weeks later on March 10 , 1954 . Both forks were later redesignated as Highway 600 and Highway 615 . Throughout the mid- to late 1950s , a new highway was constructed west from Thunder Bay towards Fort Frances . Initially this road was designated as Highway 120 . In 1959 , it was instead decided to make this new link a westward extension of Highway 11 ; a major renumbering took place on April 1 , 1960 : Highway 11 was established between Rainy River and Fort Frances , Highway 71 was truncated west of the Highway 70 junction , and the entirety of Highway 70 was renumbered as Highway 71 . This established the current routing of the highway . Although now rebuilt as a steel structure , the original Sioux Narrows Bridge was considered to be the longest single span wooden bridge in the world , at 64 metres ( 210 ft ) . The original bridge remained in place until 2003 , when an engineering inspection revealed that 78 % of the structure had failed . A temporary bridge was erected while a new structure was built . The new bridge was completed in November 2007 , incorporating the old timber truss as a decorative element . A ribbon cutting ceremony to dedicate the bridge was held on July 1 , 2008 , 72 years after the original dedication by Mitch Hepburn . = = Major intersections = = The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 71 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . = Bird migration = Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement , often north and south along a flyway , between breeding and wintering grounds . Many species of bird migrate . Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality , including from hunting by humans , and is driven primarily by availability of food . It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere , where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea . Historically , migration has been recorded as much as 3 @,@ 000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle , and in the Book of Job , for species such as storks , turtle doves , and swallows . More recently , Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749 , and scientific studies have used techniques including bird ringing and satellite tracking . Threats to migratory birds have grown with habitat destruction especially of stopover and wintering sites , as well as structures such as power lines and wind farms . The Arctic tern holds the long @-@ distance migration record for birds , travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year . Some species of tubenoses ( Procellariiformes ) such as albatrosses circle the earth , flying over the southern oceans , while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14 @,@ 000 km ( 8 @,@ 700 mi ) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean . Shorter migrations are common , including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas . The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length . Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars , the earth 's magnetic field , and probably also mental maps . = = Historical views = = Records of bird migration were made as much as 3 @,@ 000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod , Homer , Herodotus and Aristotle . The Bible also notes migrations , as in the Book of Job ( 39 : 26 ) , where the inquiry is made : " Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers , spreads its wings southward ? " The author of Jeremiah ( 8 : 7 ) wrote : " Even the stork in the heavens knows its seasons , and the turtle dove , the swift and the crane keep the time of their arrival . " Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile . Pliny the Elder , in his Historia Naturalis , repeats Aristotle 's observations . = = = Swallow migration versus hibernation = = = Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated . This belief persisted as late as 1878 , when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows . Even the " highly observant " Gilbert White , in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selborne , quoted a man 's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse " while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone " , though the man denied being an eyewitness . However , he also writes that " as to swallows being found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of Wight or any part of this country , I never heard any such account worth attending to " , and that if early swallows " happen to find frost and snow they immediately withdraw for a time — a circumstance this much more in favour of hiding than migration " , since he doubts they would " return for a week or two to warmer latitudes " . It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted . Thomas Bewick 's A History of British Birds ( Volume 1 , 1797 ) mentions a report from " a very intelligent master of a vessel " who , " between the islands of Minorca and Majorca , saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward " , and states the situation in Britain as follows : Swallows frequently roost at night , after they begin to congregate , by the sides of rivers and pools , from which circumstance it has been erroneously supposed that they retire into the water . Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years , where they remained warm and dry through the winters . He concludes : These experiments have since been amply confirmed by ... M. Natterer , of Vienna ... and the result clearly proves , what is in fact now admitted on all hands , that Swallows do not in any material instance differ from other birds in their nature and propensities [ for life in the air ] ; but that they leave us when this country can no longer furnish them with a supply of their proper and natural food ... = = General patterns = = Migration is the regular seasonal movement , often north and south , undertaken by many species of birds . Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability , habitat , or weather . Sometimes , journeys are not termed " true migration " because they are irregular ( nomadism , invasions , irruptions ) or in only one direction ( dispersal , movement of young away from natal area ) . Migration is marked by its annual seasonality . Non @-@ migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary . Approximately 1800 of the world 's 10 @,@ 000 bird species are long @-@ distance migrants . Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway . The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south . Of course , in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed , but there is less land area in the far south to support long @-@ distance migration . The primary motivation for migration appears to be food ; for example , some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter . Also , the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young . This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non @-@ migratory species that remain in the tropics . As the days shorten in autumn , the birds return to warmer regions where the available food supply varies little with the season . These advantages offset the high stress , physical exertion costs , and other risks of the migration . Predation can be heightened during migration : Eleonora 's falcon Falco eleonorae , which breeds on Mediterranean islands , has a very late breeding season , coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrants , which it feeds to its young . A similar strategy is adopted by the greater noctule bat , which preys on nocturnal passerine migrants . The higher concentrations of migrating birds at stopover sites make them prone to parasites and pathogens , which require a heightened immune response . Within a species not all populations may be migratory ; this is known as " partial migration " . Partial migration is very common in the southern continents ; in Australia , 44 % of non @-@ passerine birds and 32 % of passerine species are partially migratory . In some species , the population at higher latitudes tends to be migratory and will often winter at lower latitude . The migrating birds bypass the latitudes where other populations may be sedentary , where suitable wintering habitats may already be occupied . This is an example of leap @-@ frog migration . Many fully migratory species show leap @-@ frog migration ( birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes ) , and many show the alternative , chain migration , where populations ' slide ' more evenly north and south without reversing order . Within a population , it is common for different ages and / or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance . Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do . Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front . Often , this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways . These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines , sometimes rivers , and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water . The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees . The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different . A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration , where birds flying North tend to be further West , and flying South tend to shift Eastwards . Many , if not most , birds migrate in flocks . For larger birds , flying in flocks reduces the energy cost . Geese in a V @-@ formation may conserve 12 – 20 % of the energy they would need to fly alone . Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km / h ( 3 @.@ 1 mph ) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone . Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration . An expedition to Mt . Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black @-@ tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5 @,@ 000 m ( 16 @,@ 000 ft ) on the Khumbu Glacier . Bar @-@ headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6 @,@ 540 metres ( 21 @,@ 460 ft ) while crossing the Himalayas , at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird . Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence . Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land , and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds . However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m ( 490 to 1 @,@ 970 ft ) . Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) and almost none above 1 @,@ 800 m ( 5 @,@ 900 ft ) . Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly . Most species of penguin ( Spheniscidae ) migrate by swimming . These routes can cover over 1 @,@ 000 km ( 620 mi ) . Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking . Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long @-@ distance movements on foot during droughts . = = Long @-@ distance migration = = The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds , such as swallows ( Hirundinidae ) and birds of prey , making long flights to the tropics . However , many Holarctic wildfowl and finch ( Fringillidae ) species winter in the North Temperate Zone , in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds . For example , the pink @-@ footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries , whilst the dark @-@ eyed junco Junco hyemalis migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon . Migratory routes and wintering grounds are traditional and learned by young during their first migration with their parents . Some ducks , such as the garganey Anas querquedula , move completely or partially into the tropics . The European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca also follows this migratory trend , breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa . Often , the migration route of a long @-@ distance migrator bird doesn 't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds . Rather , it could follow a hooked or arched line , with detours around geographical barriers . For most land @-@ birds , such barriers could consist in seas , large water bodies or high mountain ranges , because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites , or the lack of thermal columns for broad @-@ winged birds . The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long @-@ distance land @-@ bird migration apply to water birds , but in reverse : a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters . Detours avoiding such barriers are observed : for example , brent geese Branta bernicla migrating from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Wadden Sea travel via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea rather than directly across the Arctic Ocean and northern Scandinavia . = = = In waders = = = A similar situation occurs with waders ( called shorebirds in North America ) . Many species , such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri , undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere , but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere . For some species of waders , migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route . This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage . Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay . Some bar @-@ tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non @-@ stop flight of any migrant , flying 11 @,@ 000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non @-@ breeding areas . Prior to migration , 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey . = = = In seabirds = = = Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl . Some , such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls , are quite sedentary ; others , such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere , move varying distances south in the northern winter . The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest @-@ distance migration of any bird , and sees more daylight than any other , moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non @-@ breeding areas . One Arctic tern , ringed ( banded ) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast , reached Melbourne , Australia in just three months from fledging , a sea journey of over 22 @,@ 000 km ( 14 @,@ 000 mi ) . Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter . The most pelagic species , mainly in the ' tubenose ' order Procellariiformes , are great wanderers , and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the " roaring forties " outside the breeding season . The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean , but congregate when food becomes available . Many are also among the longest @-@ distance migrants ; sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14 @,@ 000 km ( 8 @,@ 700 mi ) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway . Some Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus do this same journey in reverse . As they are long @-@ lived birds , they may cover enormous distances during their lives ; one record @-@ breaking Manx shearwater is calculated to have flown 8 million km ( 5 million miles ) during its over @-@ 50 year lifespan . = = = Diurnal migration in raptors = = = Some large broad @-@ winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar . These include many birds of prey such as vultures , eagles , and buzzards , but also storks . These birds migrate in the daytime . Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water , since thermals only form over land , and these birds cannot maintain active flight for long distances . Mediterranean and other seas present a major obstacle to soaring birds , which must cross at the narrowest points . Massive numbers of large raptors and storks pass through areas such as the Strait of Messina , Gibraltar , Falsterbo , and the Bosphorus at migration times . More common species , such as the European honey buzzard Pernis apivorus , can be counted in hundreds of thousands in autumn . Other barriers , such as mountain ranges , can also cause funnelling , particularly of large diurnal migrants . This is a notable factor in the Central American migratory bottleneck . Batumi bottleneck in the Caucasus is one of the heaviest migratory funnels on earth . Avoiding flying over the Black Sea surface and across high mountains , hundreds of thousands of soaring birds funnel through an area around the city of Batumi , Georgia . Birds of prey such as honey buzzards which migrate using thermals lose only 10 to 20 % of their weight during migration , which may explain why they forage less during migration than do smaller birds of prey with more active flight such as falcons , hawks and harriers . = = = Nocturnal migration in smaller insectivorous birds = = = Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers , hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances , usually at night . They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration . The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations between the origin and destination . Nocturnal migrants minimize predation , avoid overheating , and can feed during the day . One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep . Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss . = = Short @-@ distance and altitudinal migration = = Many long @-@ distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length . Species that move short distances , however , may not need such a timing mechanism , instead moving in response to local weather conditions . Thus mountain and moorland breeders , such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and white @-@ throated dipper Cinclus cinclus , may move only altitudinally to escape the cold higher ground . Other species such as merlin Falco columbarius and Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis move further , to the coast or towards the south . Species like the chaffinch are much less migratory in Britain than those of continental Europe , mostly not moving more than 5 km in their lives . Short @-@ distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins . Those that have long @-@ distance migrants in the same family , such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita , are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere . Species that have no long @-@ distance migratory relatives , such as the waxwings Bombycilla , are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food , rather than enhanced breeding opportunities . In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year , and it is always warm enough for a food supply , but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds . There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits . Altitudinal migration is common on mountains worldwide , such as in the Himalayas and the Andes . = = Irruptions and dispersal = = Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range . Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers , with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century , but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000 . Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive , with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251 , 1593 , 1757 , and 1791 . Bird migration is primarily , but not entirely , a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon . This is because land birds in high northern latitudes , where food becomes scarce in winter , leave for areas further south ( including the Southern Hemisphere ) to overwinter , and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere . In contrast , among ( pelagic ) seabirds , species of the Southern Hemisphere are more likely to migrate . This is because there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere , and more islands suitable for seabirds to nest . = = Physiology and control = = The control of migration , its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non @-@ migratory species of birds . The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as learning . = = = Timing = = = The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length . These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds . In the period before migration , many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe ( German : migratory restlessness ) , first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795 , as well as physiological changes such as increased fat deposition . The occurrence of Zugunruhe even in cage @-@ raised birds with no environmental cues ( e.g. shortening of day and falling temperature ) has pointed to the role of circannual endogenous programs in controlling bird migrations . Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature , changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course . In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism , males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females . This is termed protandry . = = = Orientation and navigation = = = Navigation is based on a variety of senses . Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass . Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time . Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields ( magnetoception ) , use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues . Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites . Once the site attachment is made they show high site @-@ fidelity , visiting the same wintering sites year after year . The ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming , even with the help of responses to environmental cues . The ability to successfully perform long @-@ distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability of the birds to recognize habitats and form mental maps . Satellite tracking of day migrating raptors such as ospreys and honey buzzards has shown that older individuals are better at making corrections for wind drift . Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations : one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience . A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth 's magnetic field , but does not know how far the journey will be . It does this through a radical pair mechanism whereby chemical reactions in special photo pigments sensitive to long wavelengths are affected by the field . Although this only works during daylight hours , it does not use the position of the sun in any way . At this stage the bird is in the position of a boy scout with a compass but no map , until it grows accustomed to the journey and can put its other capabilities to use . With experience it learns various landmarks and this " mapping " is done by magnetites in the trigeminal system , which tell the bird how strong the field is . Because birds migrate between northern and southern regions , the magnetic field strengths at different latitudes let it interpret the radical pair mechanism more accurately and let it know when it has reached its destination . There is a neural connection between the eye and " Cluster N " , the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation , suggesting that birds may actually be able to see the magnetic field of the earth . = = = Vagrancy = = = Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges . This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the " spring overshoot " in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended . Certain areas , because of their location , have become famous as watchpoints for such birds . Examples are the Point Pelee National Park in Canada , and Spurn in England . Reverse migration , where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly , can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range . Drift migration of birds blown off course by the wind can result in " falls " of large numbers of migrants at coastal sites . A related phenomenon called " abmigration " involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population . This is especially common in some waterfowl , which shift from one flyway to another . = = = Migration conditioning = = = It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds , for example in re @-@ introduction schemes . After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis , microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana . = = Adaptations = = Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration . The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations . In addition , the feathers of a bird suffer from wear @-@ and @-@ tear and require to be molted . The timing of this molt - usually once a year but sometimes twice - varies with some species molting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds . Apart from physiological adaptations , migration sometimes requires behavioural changes such as flying in flocks to reduce the energy used in migration or the risk of predation . = = Evolutionary and ecological factors = = Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages . While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control , some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages . This explains the rapid appearance of migratory behavior after the most recent glacial maximum . Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20 % will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently . However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms . An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson 's thrush Catharus ustulatus , which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America ; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions , predation risk , or other factors . = = = Climate change = = = Large scale climatic changes , as have been experienced in the past , are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration . Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration , breeding as well as population variations . = = Ecological effects = = The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species , including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice , which in turn may carry micro @-@ organisms including those of concern to human health . Due to the global spread of avian influenza , bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease transmission , but it has been found not to present a special risk ; import of pet and domestic birds is a greater threat . Some viruses that are maintained in birds without lethal effects , such as the West Nile Virus may however be spread by migrating birds . Birds may also have a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton . Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration . Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines . Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders . = = Study techniques = = Early studies on the timing of migration began in 1749 in Finland , with Johannes Leche of Turku collecting the dates of arrivals of spring migrants . Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest , marking . Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England . Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899 . Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking . Stable isotopes of hydrogen , oxygen , carbon , nitrogen , and sulphur can establish avian migratory connectivity between wintering sites and breeding grounds . Stable isotopic methods to establish migratory linkage rely on spatial isotopic differences in bird diet that are incorporated into inert tissues like feathers , or into growing tissues such as claws and muscle or blood . An approach to identify migration intensity makes use of upward pointing microphones to record the nocturnal contact calls of flocks flying overhead . These are then analyzed in a laboratory to measure time , frequency and species . An older technique to quantify migration involves observing the face of the moon towards full moon and counting the silhouettes of flocks of birds as they fly at night . Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel , which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire @-@ screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues . The orientation behaviour of the bird inside the cage is studied quantitatively using the distribution of marks that the bird leaves on the walls of the cage . Other approaches used in pigeon homing studies make use of the direction in which the bird vanishes on the horizon . = = Threats and conservation = = Human activities have threatened many migratory bird species . The distances involved in bird migration mean that they often cross political boundaries of countries and conservation measures require international cooperation . Several international treaties have been signed to protect migratory species including the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 of the US. and the African @-@ Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement The concentration of birds during migration can put species at risk . Some spectacular migrants have already gone extinct ; during the passenger pigeon 's ( Ectopistes migratorius ) migration the enormous flocks were a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) wide , darkening the sky and 300 miles ( 480 km ) long , taking several days to pass . Other significant areas include stop @-@ over sites between the wintering and breeding territories . A capture @-@ recapture study of passerine migrants with high fidelity for breeding and wintering sites did not show similar strict association with stop @-@ over sites . Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species . The populations of Siberian cranes ( Leucogeranus leucogeranus ) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route , particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia . Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in 2002 . Structures such as power lines , wind farms and offshore oil @-@ rigs have also been known to affect migratory birds . Other migration hazards include pollution , storms , wildfires , and habitat destruction along migration routes , denying migrants food at stopover points . For example , in the East Asian – Australasian Flyway , up to 65 % of key intertidal habitat at the Yellow Sea migration bottleneck has been destroyed since the 1950s . = Nig Clarke = Jay Justin " Nig " Clarke ( December 15 , 1882 – June 15 , 1949 ) was a Canadian professional baseball player . A catcher , Clarke played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for nine seasons with the Detroit Tigers , Cleveland Naps , St. Louis Browns , Philadelphia Phillies , and Pittsburgh Pirates . In 506 career games , Clarke recorded a batting average of .254 and accumulated 20 triples , six home runs , and 127 runs batted in ( RBI ) . Born in Canada and raised in Michigan , Clarke began his baseball career in 1902 , when he reportedly hit eight home runs while playing for the Corsicana Oil Citys of the Texas League . From there , he spent two more seasons in the minor leagues before the Cleveland Naps signed him to a contract . Aside from a loan to the Detroit Tigers , he played for the Naps for six seasons . Clarke was then traded to the St. Louis Browns , where he played for one season . After several years in the minor leagues , Clarke joined the United States Marine Corps . He returned to the major leagues and played there until 1920 , then continued playing for minor league teams until 1927 . Clarke then retired from the game , rejoined the Marines , and moved to River Rouge , Michigan , where he lived until his death in 1949 . = = Early life = = Clarke was born in 1882 at Anderdon Township ( now Amherstburg , Ontario ) , Canada . He moved to Detroit , Michigan as a child in April 1888 . He began playing semi @-@ pro baseball in Adrian , Michigan , while studying at Assumption College in Windsor , Ontario , Canada . Early in his career , he was given the nickname of " Nig " by newspapers due to his dark complexion . = = Professional baseball = = = = = Early career = = = Clarke began his professional career in 1902 with the Corsicana Oil Citys in the Texas League . On July 14 , he hit eight home runs in ten at bats in a 51 – 3 victory over the Texarkana Casketmakers . Because Corsicana 's blue laws forbade Sunday baseball ( or , according to The Sporting News , due to poor attendance in Corsicana ) , the game was played in Ennis , Texas , in a facility that has a right field fence estimated to be 210 feet from home plate along the foul line . While some cast doubt on Clarke 's eight home run game , the feat was later attested to by the official scorer ( under oath ) and by others who observed the game . In a 1940 interview with The Sporting News one of Clarke 's Corsicana teammates claimed : " The right field fence at Ennis wasn 't more than 40 feet back of first base . Nig just pulled eight short flies around and over that wall . I 'm not taking anything away from old Nig 's batting prowess , but that 's the way he hit eight homers that day . Didn 't have to send the ball more than 140 feet at the most . " In 1903 , Clarke played for the Little Rock Travelers in the Southern Association , and had a batting average of .254 in 41 games . While with Little Rock , he clashed with owner Mike Finn , who refused to trade him throughout the season despite Clarke 's demands and trade offers by other teams . After the 1903 season ended , he was traded to the Atlanta Crackers of the same league . With Atlanta , Clarke started off the first half of the season with a .400 batting average before cooling down in the second half . He finished the season with a .264 average in 135 games . = = = Cleveland Naps = = = At the end of the 1904 season , the Cleveland Naps purchased Clarke from Atlanta . The plan was for Clarke to be the third catcher on the roster behind Harry Bemis and Fritz Buelow , and as a result , he only played in a few games during the first half of the season . In August 1905 , Clarke briefly joined the Detroit Tigers after the Cleveland team traveled to Boston without him . He was loaned to Detroit with the understanding that the Naps could reclaim him on one day 's notice . Clarke appeared in only three games for Detroit , compiling a .429 batting average and a home run before being recalled by the Naps . In 45 games between both teams on the season , he had a .208 batting average . Clarke began the 1906 season as the third string catcher . A month into the season , Naps manager Nap Lajoie changed the roster around partially due to Clarke 's hitting , which had improved greatly from last season . To end the year , Clarke compiled a career high batting average of .358 , tying him with George Stone for the American League batting championship . However , Stone was recognized as the batting champion because Clarke had only appeared in only 57 games with 195 plate appearances . Clarke began to wear shin guards early in his career , and was one of the first ballplayers to adopt this layer of protection . After spending the offseason playing winter baseball in Florida with several other major leaguers , Clarke became the everyday catcher for the 1907 season . He started off hitting well , and had a batting average of .381 through the first month of the league , which was second in the American League . He started nearly every game for the Naps until his finger was hit by a foul ball in a game in June , causing him to miss two weeks . By the end of the season , he had stopped playing well , finishing the season with a .269 batting average and six triples in 120 games , as well as a league @-@ leading 25 passed balls . During the offseason , Clarke played winter baseball in Cuba , then returned to Cleveland in March . Clarke spent the 1908 season splitting time at the catcher position with Bemis , as both struggled in spring practice . In September , Clarke sustained an injury in a game against Detroit when the bone of a finger on his right hand was split and he was unable to grow a nail . On October 2 , he caught a perfect game thrown by Addie Joss , which was only the fourth perfect game in MLB history . He finished the year with a .241 batting average and six triples in 97 games . On Thanksgiving night in 1908 , Clarke was married to Mary A. Smith at the home of the bride 's parents in Sandwich , Ontario , Canada . His wife did not like the " Nig " nickname that sports reporters used , and wanted them to simply call him Jay in newspapers . The signing of Ted Easterly and Grover Land gave the Naps four catchers entering spring training . Easterly became the starting catcher and Bemis the backup due to Clarke 's " lack of ambition " , which led to speculation that he could be traded during the season . He finished the season with a .274 batting average in 55 games . During the offseason , St. Louis Browns player @-@ manager Jack O 'Connor attempted to trade for Clarke , but a deal never materialized . Clarke saw little playing time in 1910 due to a bout of typhoid fever , which landed him in the hospital for most of the season . He played 21 games that season , batting .155 . = = = St. Louis Browns and minor leagues = = = On December 14 , 1910 , Cleveland traded Clarke to the St. Louis Browns in exchange for Art Griggs . Clarke split time with Jim Stephens at catcher for the Browns , and appeared in 82 games for the team in 1911 , compiling a .215 batting average . After the 1911 season , was released on waivers to the Washington Senators . The Senators , however , had no interest in him and tried to undo the acceptance , which was overruled by American League president Ban Johnson . Shortly afterwards , he was sold to the Indianapolis Indians in the American Association , where he played from 1912 to 1913 . In 1912 , he hit .266 in 92 games , and the following year he hit .282 in 28 games . Partway through the 1913 season , Clarke was sold to the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League , where he played from 1913 to 1915 . With San Francisco , he hit .281 and .222 in 1913 and 1914 , respectively . He also played parts of the 1915 season with the Houston Buffaloes of the Texas League and the Memphis Chickasaws of the Southern Association , playing in 81 total games for the three teams . In 1916 , Clarke was traded by Houston to the Mobile Sea Gulls of the Southern Association for Hub Northen . That season , he batted .149 in 20 games before being released . = = = Later career = = = On August 1 , 1917 , Clarke enlisted in the United States Marine Corps . While serving , he attained the rank of corporal and served in Brest , France . In 1918 , while serving in the Marine Corps , Clarke filed a military naturalization petition and became a United States citizen ; a year later he was discharged . While serving in the Marines , Clarke stated that he wished he " joined the marine corps twelve years ago and never played ball . " In 1919 , he returned mid @-@ season to the major leagues with the Philadelphia Phillies . He appeared in 26 games , compiling a .242 batting average . He led the National League with a 58 @.@ 8 % caught stealing percentage . Prior to 1919 , only three catchers in major league history had ever compiled a higher caught stealing percentage . In November 1919 , Clarke was selected off waivers by the Pittsburgh Pirates from the Phillies . He appeared in three games for the Pirates and had no hits in seven at bats . He appeared in his final major league game on April 24 , 1920 . After his brief stay in Pittsburgh , the Pirates sent Clarke to Greenville in 1920 . He played next for Toledo and Winston @-@ Salem , and then for the Reading Aces in the International League during the 1922 and 1923 seasons . In 1924 , he played for both Reading and Harrisburg . In 1925 , he played for the Salisbury Indians in the Eastern Shore League . In the spring of 1925 , The Sporting News wrote : " Nig Clarke not only led the league with the bat and the mitt and the arm , he was the very picture of a baseball player . I rather suspect that Nig put away as much corn juice as the next man . In the days of his greatness he was wont to take a couple of snifters every morning before breakfast . Never seemed to hurt Nig any . " At the end of the season , he was given most valuable player honors for his performance with Salisbury . Clarke concluded his professional baseball career in 1927 with Tulsa . = = Later life = = At the time of the 1920 U.S. Census , Clarke and his wife were living in Detroit . In June 1929 , Clarke rejoined the Marine Corps , serving until August 1932 . At the time of the 1930 U.S. Census , Clarke was stationed at the Quantico Marine Barracks in Prince William County , Virginia . After being discharged from the Marine Corps , Clarke built a house in River Rouge , a suburb of Detroit , where he lived with his mother . In June 1949 , Clarke was found dead at his home in River Rouge . = Logarithm = In mathematics , the logarithm is the inverse operation to exponentiation . That means the logarithm of a number is the exponent to which another fixed value , the base , must be raised to produce that number . In simple cases the logarithm counts repeated multiplication . For example , the base 10 logarithm of 1000 is 3 , as 10 to the power 3 is 1000 ( 1000 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 103 ) ; the multiplication is repeated three times . More generally , exponentiation allows any positive real number to be raised to any real power , always producing a positive result , so the logarithm can be calculated for any two positive real numbers b and x where b is not equal to 1 . The logarithm of x to base b , denoted logb ( x ) , is the unique real number y such that by = x . For example , as 64 = 26 , then : log2 ( 64 ) = 6 The logarithm to base 10 ( that is b = 10 ) is called the common logarithm and has many applications in science and engineering . The natural logarithm has the number e ( ≈ 2 @.@ 718 ) as its base ; its use is widespread in mathematics and physics , because of its simpler derivative . The binary logarithm uses base 2 ( that is b = 2 ) and is commonly used in computer science . Logarithms were introduced by John Napier in the early 17th century as a means to simplify calculations . They were rapidly adopted by navigators , scientists , engineers , and others to perform computations more easily , using slide rules and logarithm tables . Tedious multi @-@ digit multiplication steps can be replaced by table look @-@ ups and simpler addition because of the fact — important in its own right — that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors : <formula> provided that b , x and y are all positive and b ≠ 1 . The present @-@ day notion of logarithms comes from Leonhard Euler , who connected them to the exponential function in the 18th century . Logarithmic scales reduce wide @-@ ranging quantities to tiny scopes . For example , the decibel is a unit quantifying signal power log @-@ ratios and amplitude log @-@ ratios ( of which sound pressure is a common example ) . In chemistry , pH is a logarithmic measure for the acidity of an aqueous solution . Logarithms are commonplace in scientific formulae , and in measurements of the complexity of algorithms and of geometric objects called fractals . They describe musical intervals , appear in formulas counting prime numbers , inform some models in psychophysics , and can aid in forensic accounting . In the same way as the logarithm reverses exponentiation , the complex logarithm is the inverse function of the exponential function applied to complex numbers . The discrete logarithm is another variant ; it has uses in public @-@ key cryptography . = = Motivation and definition = = The idea of logarithms is to reverse the operation of exponentiation , that is , raising a number to a power . For example , the third power ( or cube ) of 2 is 8 , because 8 is the product of three factors of 2 : <formula> It follows that the logarithm of 8 with respect to base 2 is 3 , so log2 8 = 3 . = = = Exponentiation = = = The third power of some number b is the product of three factors of b . More generally , raising b to the n @-@ th power , where n is a natural number , is done by multiplying n factors of b . The n @-@ th power of b is written bn , so that <formula> Exponentiation may be extended to by , where b is a positive number and the exponent y is any real number . For example , b − 1 is the reciprocal of b , that is , 1 / b . ( For further details , including the formula bm + n = bm · bn , see exponentiation or for an elementary treatise . ) = = = Definition = = = The logarithm of a positive real number x with respect to base b , a positive real number not equal to 1 , is the exponent by which b must be raised to yield x . In other words , the logarithm of x to base b is the solution y to the equation <formula> The logarithm is denoted " logb ( x ) " ( pronounced as " the logarithm of x to base b " or " the base @-@ b logarithm of x " ) . In the equation y = logb ( x ) , the value y is the answer to the question " To what power must b be raised , in order to yield x ? " . This question can also be addressed ( with a richer answer ) for complex numbers , which is done in section " Complex logarithm " , and this answer is much more extensively investigated in the page for the complex logarithm . = = = Examples = = = For example , log2 ( 16 ) = 4 , since 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 . Logarithms can also be negative : <formula> since <formula> A third example : log10 ( 150 ) is approximately 2 @.@ 176 , which lies between 2 and 3 , just as 150 lies between 102 = 100 and 103 = 1000 . Finally , for any base b , logb ( b ) = 1 and logb ( 1 ) = 0 , since b1 = b and b0 = 1 , respectively . = = Logarithmic identities = = Several important formulas , sometimes called logarithmic identities or logarithmic laws , relate logarithms to one another . = = = Product , quotient , power and root = = = The logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the numbers being multiplied ; the logarithm of the ratio of two numbers is the difference of the logarithms . The logarithm of the p @-@ th power of a number is p times the logarithm of the number itself ; the logarithm of a p @-@ th root is the logarithm of the number divided by p . The following table lists these identities with examples . Each of the identities can be derived after substitution of the logarithm definitions <formula> or <formula> in the left hand sides . = = = Change of base = = = The logarithm logb ( x ) can be computed from the logarithms of x and b with respect to an arbitrary base k using the following formula : <formula> Typical scientific calculators calculate the logarithms to bases 10 and e . Logarithms with respect to any base b can be determined using either of these two logarithms by the previous formula : <formula> Given a number x and its logarithm logb ( x ) to an unknown base b , the base is given by : <formula> = = Particular bases = = Among all choices for the base , three are particularly common . These are b = 10 , b = e ( the irrational mathematical constant ≈ 2 @.@ 71828 ) , and b = 2 . In mathematical analysis , the logarithm to base e is widespread because of its particular analytical properties explained below . On the other hand , base @-@ 10 logarithms are easy to use for manual calculations in the decimal number system : <formula> Thus , log10 ( x ) is related to the number of decimal digits of a positive integer x : the number of digits is the smallest integer strictly bigger than log10 ( x ) . For example , log10 ( 1430 ) is approximately 3 @.@ 15 . The next integer is 4 , which is the number of digits of 1430 . Both the natural logarithm and the logarithm to base two are used in information theory , corresponding to the use of nats or bits as the fundamental units of information , respectively . Binary logarithms are also used in computer science , where the binary system is ubiquitous , in music theory , where a pitch ratio of two ( the octave ) is ubiquitous and the cent is the binary logarithm ( scaled by 1200 ) of the ratio between two adjacent equally @-@ tempered pitches , and in photography to measure exposure values . The following table lists common notations for logarithms to these bases and the fields where they are used . Many disciplines write log ( x ) instead of logb ( x ) , when the intended base can be determined from the context . The notation blog ( x ) also occurs . The " ISO notation " column lists designations suggested by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO 31 @-@ 11 ) . = = History = = The history of logarithm in seventeenth century Europe is the discovery of a new function that extended the realm of analysis beyond the scope of algebraic methods . The method of logarithms was publicly propounded by John Napier in 1614 , in a book titled Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio ( Description of the Wonderful Rule of Logarithms ) . Prior to Napier 's invention , there had been other techniques of similar scopes , such as the prosthaphaeresis or the use of tables of progressions , extensively developed by Jost Bürgi around 1600 . The common logarithm of a number is the index of that power of ten which equals the number . Speaking of a number as requiring so many figures is a rough allusion to common logarithm , and was referred to by Archimedes as the " order of a number " . The first real logarithms were heuristic methods to turn multiplication into addition , thus facilitating rapid computation . Some of these methods used tables derived from trigonometric identities . Such methods are called prosthaphaeresis . Invention of the function now known as natural logarithm began as an attempt to perform a quadrature of a rectangular hyperbola by Gregoire de Saint Vincent , a Belgian Jesuit residing in Prague . Archimedes had written The Quadrature of the Parabola in the third century BC , but a quadrature for the hyperbola eluded all efforts until Saint @-@ Vincent published his results in 1647 . The relation that the logarithm provides between a geometric progression in its argument and an arithmetic progression of values , prompted A. A. de Sarasa to make the connection of Saint @-@ Vincent ’ s quadrature and the tradition of logarithms in prosthaphaeresis , leading to the term " hyperbolic logarithm " , a synonym for natural logarithm . Soon the new function was appreciated by Christiaan Huygens , Patavii , and James Gregory . The notation Log y was adopted by Leibniz in 1675 , and the next year he connected it to the integral <formula> = = Logarithm tables , slide rules , and historical applications = = By simplifying difficult calculations , logarithms contributed to the advance of science , especially astronomy . They were critical to advances in surveying , celestial navigation , and other domains . Pierre @-@ Simon Laplace called logarithms " ... [ a ] n admirable artifice which , by reducing to a few days the labour of many months , doubles the life of the astronomer , and spares him the errors and disgust inseparable from long calculations . " A key tool that enabled the practical use of logarithms before calculators and computers was the table of logarithms . The first such table was compiled by Henry Briggs in 1617 , immediately after Napier 's invention . Subsequently , tables with increasing scope were written . These tables listed the values of logb ( x ) and bx for any number x in a certain range , at a certain precision , for a certain base b ( usually b = 10 ) . For example , Briggs ' first table contained the common logarithms of all integers in the range 1 – 1000 , with a precision of 14 digits . As the function f ( x ) = bx is the inverse function of logb ( x ) , it has been called the antilogarithm . The product and quotient of two positive numbers c and d were routinely calculated as the sum and difference of their logarithms . The product cd or quotient c / d came from looking up the antilogarithm of the sum or difference , also via the same table : <formula> and <formula> For manual calculations that demand any appreciable precision , performing the lookups of the two logarithms , calculating their sum or difference , and looking up the antilogarithm is much faster than performing the multiplication by earlier methods such as prosthaphaeresis , which relies on trigonometric identities . Calculations of powers and roots are reduced to multiplications or divisions and look @-@ ups by <formula> and <formula> Many logarithm tables give logarithms by separately providing the characteristic and mantissa of x , that is to say , the integer part and the fractional part of log10 ( x ) . The characteristic of 10 · x is one plus the characteristic of x , and their significands are the same . This extends the scope of logarithm tables : given a table listing log10 ( x ) for all integers x ranging from 1 to 1000 , the logarithm of 3542 is approximated by <formula> Greater accuracy can be obtained by interpolation . Another critical application was the slide rule , a pair of logarithmically divided scales used for calculation , as illustrated here : The non @-@ sliding logarithmic scale , Gunter 's rule , was invented shortly after Napier 's invention . William Oughtred enhanced it to create the slide rule — a pair of logarithmic scales movable with respect to each other . Numbers are placed on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms . Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms . For example , adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6 , which is read off at the lower part . The slide rule was an essential calculating tool for engineers and scientists until the 1970s , because it allows , at the expense of precision , much faster computation than techniques based on tables . = = Analytic properties = = A deeper study of logarithms requires the concept of a function . A function is a rule that , given one number , produces another number . An example is the function producing the x @-@ th power of b from any real number x , where the base b is a fixed number . This function is written <formula> = = = Logarithmic function = = = To justify the definition of logarithms , it is necessary to show that the equation <formula> has a solution x and that this solution is unique , provided that y is positive and that b is positive and unequal to 1 . A proof of that fact requires the intermediate value theorem from elementary calculus . This theorem states that a continuous function that produces two values m and n also produces any value that lies between m and n . A function is continuous if it does not " jump " , that is , if its graph can be drawn without lifting the pen . This property can be shown to hold for the function f ( x ) = bx . Because f takes arbitrarily large and arbitrarily small positive values , any number y > 0 lies between f ( x0 ) and f ( x1 ) for suitable x0 and x1 . Hence , the intermediate value theorem ensures that the equation f ( x ) = y has a solution . Moreover , there is only one solution to this equation , because the function f is strictly increasing ( for b > 1 ) , or strictly decreasing ( for 0 < b < 1 ) . The unique solution x is the logarithm of y to base b , logb ( y ) . The function that assigns to y its logarithm is called logarithm function or logarithmic function ( or just logarithm ) . The function logb ( x ) is essentially characterized by the above product formula <formula> More precisely , the logarithm to any base b > 1 is the only increasing function f from the positive reals to the reals satisfying f ( b ) = 1 and <formula> = = = Inverse function = = = The formula for the logarithm of a power says in particular that for any number x , <formula> In prose , taking the x @-@ th power of b and then the base @-@ b logarithm gives back x . Conversely , given a positive number y , the formula <formula> says that first taking the logarithm and then exponentiating gives back y . Thus , the two possible ways of combining ( or composing ) logarithms and exponentiation give back the original number . Therefore , the logarithm to base b is the inverse function of f ( x ) = bx . Inverse functions are closely related to the original functions . Their graphs correspond to each other upon exchanging the x- and the y @-@ coordinates ( or upon reflection at the diagonal line x = y ) , as shown at the right : a point ( t , u = bt ) on the graph of f yields a point ( u , t = logbu ) on the graph of the logarithm and vice versa . As a consequence , logb ( x ) diverges to infinity ( gets bigger than any given number ) if x grows to infinity , provided that b is greater than one . In that case , logb ( x ) is an increasing function . For b < 1 , logb ( x ) tends to minus infinity instead . When x approaches zero , logb ( x ) goes to minus infinity for b > 1 ( plus infinity for b < 1 , respectively ) . = = = Derivative and antiderivative = = = Analytic properties of functions pass to their inverses . Thus , as f ( x ) = bx is a continuous and differentiable function , so is logb ( y ) . Roughly , a continuous function is differentiable if its graph has no sharp " corners " . Moreover , as the derivative of f ( x ) evaluates to ln ( b ) bx by the properties of the exponential function , the chain rule implies that the derivative of logb ( x ) is given by <formula> That is , the slope of the tangent touching the graph of the base @-@ b logarithm at the point ( x , logb ( x ) ) equals 1 / ( x ln ( b ) ) . The derivative of ln ( x ) is 1 / x ; this implies that ln ( x ) is the unique antiderivative of 1 / x that has the value 0 for x = 1 . This is this very simple formula that motivated to qualify as " natural " the natural logarithm ; this is also one of the main reasons of the importance of the constant e . The derivative with a generalised functional argument f ( x ) is <formula> The quotient at the right hand side is called the logarithmic derivative of f . Computing f ' ( x ) by means of the derivative of ln ( f ( x ) ) is known as logarithmic differentiation . The antiderivative of the natural logarithm ln ( x ) is : <formula> Related formulas , such as antiderivatives of logarithms to other bases can be derived from this equation using the change of bases . = = = Integral representation of the natural logarithm = = = The natural logarithm of t equals the integral of 1 / x dx from 1 to t : <formula> In other words , ln ( t ) equals the area between the x axis and the graph of the function 1 / x , ranging from x = 1 to x = t ( figure at the right ) . This is a consequence of the fundamental theorem of calculus and the fact that derivative of ln ( x ) is 1 / x . The right hand side of this equation can serve as a definition of the natural logarithm . Product and power logarithm formulas can be derived from this definition . For example , the product formula ln ( tu ) = ln ( t ) + ln ( u ) is deduced as : <formula> The equality ( 1 ) splits the integral into two parts , while the equality ( 2 ) is a change of variable ( w = x / t ) . In the illustration below , the splitting corresponds to dividing the area into the yellow and blue parts . Rescaling the left hand blue area vertically by the factor t and shrinking it by the same factor horizontally does not change its size . Moving it appropriately , the area fits the graph of the function f ( x ) = 1 / x again . Therefore , the left hand blue area , which is the integral of f ( x ) from t to tu is the same as the integral from 1 to u . This justifies the equality ( 2 ) with a more geometric proof . The power formula ln ( tr ) = r ln ( t ) may be derived in a similar way : <formula> The second equality uses a change of variables ( integration by substitution ) , w = x1 / r . The sum over the reciprocals of natural numbers , <formula> is called the harmonic series . It is closely tied to the natural logarithm : as n tends to infinity , the difference , <formula> converges ( i.e. , gets arbitrarily close ) to a number known as the Euler – Mascheroni constant . This relation aids in analyzing the performance of algorithms such as quicksort . There is also another integral representation of the logarithm that is useful in some situations . <formula> This can be verified by showing that it has the same value at x = 1 , and the same derivative . = = = Transcendence of the logarithm = = = Real numbers that are not algebraic are called transcendental ; for example , π and e are such numbers , but <formula> is not . Almost all real numbers are transcendental . The logarithm is an example of a transcendental function . The Gelfond – Schneider theorem asserts that logarithms usually take transcendental , i.e. , " difficult " values . = = Calculation = = Logarithms are easy to compute in some cases , such as log10 ( 1000 ) = 3 . In general , logarithms can be calculated using power series or the arithmetic – geometric mean , or be retrieved from a precalculated logarithm table that provides a fixed precision . Newton 's method , an iterative method to solve equations approximately , can also be used to calculate the logarithm , because its inverse function , the exponential function , can be computed efficiently . Using look @-@ up tables , CORDIC @-@ like methods can be used to compute logarithms if the only available operations are addition and bit shifts . Moreover , the binary logarithm algorithm calculates lb ( x ) recursively based on repeated squarings of x , taking advantage of the relation <formula> = = = Power series = = = Taylor series For any real number z that satisfies 0 < z < 2 , the following formula holds : <formula> This is a shorthand for saying that ln ( z ) can be approximated to a more and more accurate value by the following expressions : <formula> For example , with z = 1 @.@ 5 the third approximation yields 0 @.@ 4167 , which is about 0 @.@ 011 greater than ln ( 1 @.@ 5 ) = 0 @.@ 405465 . This series approximates ln ( z ) with arbitrary precision , provided the number of summands is large enough . In elementary calculus , ln ( z ) is therefore the limit of this series . It is the Taylor series of the natural logarithm at z = 1 . The Taylor series of ln z provides a particularly useful approximation to ln ( 1 + z ) when z is small , \| z \| < 1 , since then <formula> For example , with z = 0 @.@ 1 the first @-@ order approximation gives ln ( 1 @.@ 1 ) ≈ 0 @.@ 1 , which is less than 5 % off the correct value 0 @.@ 0953 . More efficient series Another series is based on the area hyperbolic tangent function : <formula> for any real number z > 0 . Using the Sigma notation , this is also written as <formula> This series can be derived from the above Taylor series . It converges more quickly than the Taylor series , especially if z is close to 1 . For example , for z = 1 @.@ 5 , the first three terms of the second series approximate ln ( 1 @.@ 5 ) with an error of about 3 × 10 − 6 . The quick convergence for z close to 1 can be taken advantage of in the following way : given a low @-@ accuracy approximation y ≈ ln ( z ) and putting <formula> the logarithm of z is : <formula> The better the initial approximation y is , the closer A is to 1 , so its logarithm can be calculated efficiently . A can be calculated using the exponential series , which converges quickly provided y is not too large . Calculating the logarithm of larger z can be reduced to smaller values of z by writing z = a · 10b , so that ln ( z ) = ln ( a ) + b · ln ( 10 ) . A closely related method can be used to compute the logarithm of integers . From the above series , it follows that : <formula> If the logarithm of a large integer n is known , then this series yields a fast converging series for log ( n + 1 ) . = = = Arithmetic – geometric mean approximation = = = The arithmetic – geometric mean yields high precision approximations of the natural logarithm. ln ( x ) is approximated to a precision of 2 − p ( or p precise bits ) by the following formula ( due to Carl Friedrich Gauss ) : <formula> Here M ( x , y ) denotes the arithmetic – geometric mean of x and y . It is obtained by repeatedly calculating the average ( x + y ) / 2 ( arithmetic mean ) and sqrt ( x * y ) ( geometric mean ) of x and y then let those two numbers become the next x and y . The two numbers quickly converge to a common limit which is the value of M ( x , y ) . m is chosen such that <formula> to insure the required precision . A larger m makes the M ( x , y ) calculation take more steps ( the initial x and y are farther apart so it takes more steps to converge ) but gives more precision . The constants π and ln ( 2 ) can be calculated with quickly converging series . = = Applications = = Logarithms have many applications inside and outside mathematics . Some of these occurrences are related to the notion of scale invariance . For example , each chamber of the shell of a nautilus is an approximate copy of the next one , scaled by a constant factor . This gives rise to a logarithmic spiral . Benford 's law on the distribution of leading digits can also be explained by scale invariance . Logarithms are also linked to self @-@ similarity . For example , logarithms appear in the analysis of algorithms that solve a problem by dividing it into two similar smaller problems and patching their solutions . The dimensions of self @-@ similar geometric shapes , that is , shapes whose parts resemble the overall picture are also based on logarithms . Logarithmic scales are useful for quantifying the relative change of a value as opposed to its absolute difference . Moreover , because the logarithmic function log ( x ) grows very slowly for large x , logarithmic scales are used to compress large @-@ scale scientific data . Logarithms also occur in numerous scientific formulas , such as the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation , the Fenske equation , or the Nernst equation . = = = Logarithmic scale = = = Scientific quantities are often expressed as logarithms of other quantities , using a logarithmic scale . For example , the decibel is a unit of measurement associated with logarithmic @-@ scale quantities . It is based on the common logarithm of ratios — 10 times the common logarithm of a power ratio or 20 times the common logarithm of a voltage ratio . It is used to quantify the loss of voltage levels in transmitting electrical signals , to describe power levels of sounds in acoustics , and the absorbance of light in the fields of spectrometry and optics . The signal @-@ to @-@ noise ratio describing the amount of unwanted noise in relation to a ( meaningful ) signal is also measured in decibels . In a similar vein , the peak signal @-@ to @-@ noise ratio is commonly used to assess the quality of sound and image compression methods using the logarithm . The strength of an earthquake is measured by taking the common logarithm of the energy emitted at the quake . This is used in the moment magnitude scale or the Richter magnitude scale . For example , a 5 @.@ 0 earthquake releases 32 times ( 101 @.@ 5 ) and a 6 @.@ 0 releases 1000 times ( 103 ) the energy of a 4 @.@ 0 . Another logarithmic scale is apparent magnitude . It measures the brightness of stars logarithmically . Yet another example is pH in chemistry ; pH is the negative of the common logarithm of the activity of hydronium ions ( the form hydrogen ions H + take in water ) . The activity of hydronium ions in neutral water is 10 − 7 mol · L − 1 , hence a pH of 7 . Vinegar typically has a pH of about 3 . The difference of 4 corresponds to a ratio of 104 of the activity , that is , vinegar 's hydronium ion activity is about 10 − 3 mol · L − 1 . Semilog ( log @-@ linear ) graphs use the logarithmic scale concept for visualization : one axis , typically the vertical one , is scaled logarithmically . For example , the chart at the right compresses the steep increase from 1 million to 1 trillion to the same space ( on the vertical axis ) as the increase from 1 to 1 million . In such graphs , exponential functions of the form f ( x ) = a · bx appear as straight lines with slope equal to the logarithm of b . Log @-@ log graphs scale both axes logarithmically , which causes functions of the form f ( x ) = a · xk to be depicted as straight lines with slope equal to the exponent k . This is applied in visualizing and analyzing power laws . = = = Psychology = = = Logarithms occur in several laws describing human perception : Hick 's law proposes a logarithmic relation between the time individuals take to choose an alternative and the number of choices they have . Fitts 's law predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a logarithmic function of the distance to and the size of the target . In psychophysics , the Weber – Fechner law proposes a logarithmic relationship between stimulus and sensation such as the actual vs. the perceived weight of an item a person is carrying . ( This " law " , however , is less precise than more recent models , such as the Stevens ' power law . ) Psychological studies found that individuals with little mathematics education tend to estimate quantities logarithmically , that is , they position a number on an unmarked line according to its logarithm , so that 10 is positioned as close to 100 as 100 is to 1000 . Increasing education shifts this to a linear estimate ( positioning 1000 10x as far away ) in some circumstances , while logarithms are used when the numbers to be plotted are difficult to plot linearly . = = = Probability theory and statistics = = = Logarithms arise in probability theory : the law of large numbers dictates that , for a fair coin , as the number of coin @-@ tosses increases to infinity , the observed proportion of heads approaches one @-@ half . The fluctuations of this proportion about one @-@ half are described by the law of the iterated logarithm . Logarithms also occur in log @-@ normal distributions . When the logarithm of a random variable has a normal distribution , the variable is said to have a log @-@ normal distribution . Log @-@ normal distributions are encountered in many fields , wherever a variable is formed as the product of many independent positive random variables , for example in the study of turbulence . Logarithms are used for maximum @-@ likelihood estimation of parametric statistical models . For such a model , the likelihood function depends on at least one parameter that must be estimated . A maximum of the likelihood function occurs at the same parameter @-@ value as a maximum of the logarithm of the likelihood ( the " log likelihood " ) , because the logarithm is an increasing function . The log @-@ likelihood is easier to maximize , especially for the multiplied likelihoods for independent random variables . Benford 's law describes the occurrence of digits in many data sets , such as heights of buildings . According to Benford 's law , the probability that the first decimal @-@ digit of an item in the data sample is d ( from 1 to 9 ) equals log10 ( d + 1 ) − log10 ( d ) , regardless of the unit of measurement . Thus , about 30 % of the data can be expected to have 1 as first digit , 18 % start with 2 , etc . Auditors examine deviations from Benford 's law to detect fraudulent accounting . = = = Computational complexity = = = Analysis of algorithms is a branch of computer science that studies the performance of algorithms ( computer programs solving a certain problem ) . Logarithms are valuable for describing algorithms that divide a problem into smaller ones , and join the solutions of the subproblems . For example , to find a number in a sorted list , the binary search algorithm checks the middle entry and proceeds with the half before or after the middle entry if the number is still not found . This algorithm requires , on average , log2 ( N ) comparisons , where N is the list 's length . Similarly , the merge sort algorithm sorts an unsorted list by dividing the list into halves and sorting these first before merging the results . Merge sort algorithms typically require a time approximately proportional to N · log ( N ) . The base of the logarithm is not specified here , because the result only changes by a constant factor when another base is used . A constant factor is usually disregarded in the analysis of algorithms under the standard uniform cost model . A function f ( x ) is said to grow logarithmically if f ( x ) is ( exactly or approximately ) proportional to the logarithm of x . ( Biological descriptions of organism growth , however , use this term for an exponential function . ) For example , any natural number N can be represented in binary form in no more than log2 ( N ) + 1 bits . In other words , the amount of memory needed to store N grows logarithmically with N. = = = Entropy and chaos = = = Entropy is broadly a measure of the disorder of some system . In statistical thermodynamics , the entropy S of some physical system is defined as <formula> The sum is over all possible states i of the system in question , such as the positions of gas particles in a container . Moreover , pi is the probability that the state i is attained and k is the Boltzmann constant . Similarly , entropy in information theory measures the quantity of information . If a message recipient may expect any one of N possible messages with equal likelihood , then the amount of information conveyed by any one such message is quantified as log2 ( N ) bits . Lyapunov exponents use logarithms to gauge the degree of chaoticity of a dynamical system . For example , for a particle moving on an oval billiard table , even small changes of the initial conditions result in very different paths of the particle . Such systems are chaotic in a deterministic way , because small measurement errors of the initial state predictably lead to largely different final states . At least one Lyapunov exponent of a deterministically chaotic system is positive . = = = Fractals = = = Logarithms occur in definitions of the dimension of fractals . Fractals are geometric objects that are self @-@ similar : small parts reproduce , at least roughly , the entire global structure . The Sierpinski triangle ( pictured ) can be covered by three copies of itself , each having sides half the original length . This makes the Hausdorff dimension of this structure ln ( 3 ) / ln ( 2 ) ≈ 1 @.@ 58 . Another logarithm @-@ based notion of dimension is obtained by counting the number of boxes needed to cover the fractal in question . = = = Music = = = Logarithms are related to musical tones and intervals . In equal temperament , the frequency ratio depends only on the interval between two tones , not on the specific frequency , or pitch , of the individual tones . For example , the note A has a frequency of 440 Hz and B @-@ flat has a frequency of 466 Hz . The interval between A and B @-@ flat is a semitone , as is the one between B @-@ flat and B ( frequency 493 Hz ) . Accordingly , the frequency ratios agree : <formula> Therefore , logarithms can be used to describe the intervals : an interval is measured in semitones by taking the base @-@ 21 / 12 logarithm of the frequency ratio , while the base @-@ 21 / 1200 logarithm of the frequency ratio expresses the interval in cents , hundredths of a semitone . The latter is used for finer encoding , as it is needed for non @-@ equal temperaments . = = = Number theory = = = Natural logarithms are closely linked to counting prime numbers ( 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , ... ) , an important topic in number theory . For any integer x , the quantity of prime numbers less than or equal to x is denoted π ( x ) . The prime number theorem asserts that π ( x ) is approximately given by <formula> in the sense that the ratio of π ( x ) and that fraction approaches 1 when x tends to infinity . As a consequence , the probability that a randomly chosen number between 1 and x is prime is inversely proportional to the number of decimal digits of x . A far better estimate of π ( x ) is given by the offset logarithmic integral function Li ( x ) , defined by <formula> The Riemann hypothesis , one of the oldest open mathematical conjectures , can be stated in terms of comparing π ( x ) and Li ( x ) . The Erdős – Kac theorem describing the number of distinct prime factors also involves the natural logarithm . The logarithm of n factorial , n ! = 1 · 2 · ... · n , is given by <formula> This can be used to obtain Stirling 's formula , an approximation of n ! for large n . = = Generalizations = = = = = Complex logarithm = = = The complex numbers a solving the equation <formula> are called complex logarithms . Here , z is a complex number . A complex number is commonly represented as z = x + iy , where x and y are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit . Such a number can be visualized by a point in the complex plane , as shown at the right . The polar form encodes a non @-@ zero complex number z by its absolute value , that is , the distance r to the origin , and an angle between the x axis and the line passing through the origin and z . This angle is called the argument of z . The absolute value r of z is <formula> The argument is not uniquely specified by z : both φ and φ ' = φ + 2π are arguments of z because adding 2π radians or 360 degrees to φ corresponds to " winding " around the origin counter @-@ clock @-@ wise by a turn . The resulting complex number is again z , as illustrated at the right . However , exactly one argument φ satisfies − π < φ and φ ≤ π . It is called the principal argument , denoted Arg ( z ) , with a capital A. ( An alternative normalization is 0 ≤ Arg ( z ) < 2π . ) Using trigonometric functions sine and cosine , or the complex exponential , respectively , r and φ are such that the following identities hold : <formula> This implies that the a @-@ th power of e equals z , where <formula> φ is the principal argument Arg ( z ) and n is an arbitrary integer . Any such a is called a complex logarithm of z . There are infinitely many of them , in contrast to the uniquely defined real logarithm . If n = 0 , a is called the principal value of the logarithm , denoted Log ( z ) . The principal argument of any positive real number x is 0 ; hence Log ( x ) is a real number and equals the real ( natural ) logarithm . However , the above formulas for logarithms of products and powers do not generalize to the principal value of the complex logarithm . The illustration at the right depicts Log ( z ) . The discontinuity , that is , the jump in the hue at the negative part of the x- or real axis , is caused by the jump of the principal argument there . This locus is called a branch cut . This behavior can only be circumvented by dropping the range restriction on φ . Then the argument of z and , consequently , its logarithm become multi @-@ valued functions . = = = Inverses of other exponential functions = = = Exponentiation occurs in many areas of mathematics and its inverse function is often referred to as the logarithm . For example , the logarithm of a matrix is the ( multi @-@ valued ) inverse function of the matrix exponential . Another example is the p @-@ adic logarithm , the inverse function of the p @-@ adic exponential . Both are defined via Taylor series analogous to the real case . In the context of differential geometry , the exponential map maps the tangent space at a point of a manifold to a neighborhood of that point . Its inverse is also called the logarithmic ( or log ) map . In the context of finite groups exponentiation is given by repeatedly multiplying one group element b with itself . The discrete logarithm is the integer n solving the equation <formula> where x is an element of the group . Carrying out the exponentiation can be done efficiently , but the discrete logarithm is believed to be very hard to calculate in some groups . This asymmetry has important applications in public key cryptography , such as for example in the Diffie – Hellman key exchange , a routine that allows secure exchanges of cryptographic keys over unsecured information channels . Zech 's logarithm is related to the discrete logarithm in the multiplicative group of non @-@ zero elements of a finite field . Further logarithm @-@ like inverse functions include the double logarithm ln ( ln ( x ) ) , the super- or hyper @-@ 4 @-@ logarithm ( a slight variation of which is called iterated logarithm in computer science ) , the Lambert W function , and the logit . They are the inverse functions of the double exponential function , tetration , of f ( w ) = wew , and of the logistic function , respectively . = = = Related concepts = = = From the perspective of group theory , the identity log ( cd ) = log ( c ) + log ( d ) expresses a group isomorphism between positive reals under multiplication and reals under addition . Logarithmic functions are the only continuous isomorphisms between these groups . By means of that isomorphism , the Haar measure ( Lebesgue measure ) dx on the reals corresponds to the Haar measure dx / x on the positive reals . In complex analysis and algebraic geometry , differential forms of the form df / f are known as forms with logarithmic poles . The polylogarithm is the function defined by <formula> It is related to the natural logarithm by Li1 ( z ) = − ln ( 1 − z ) . Moreover , Lis ( 1 ) equals the Riemann zeta function ζ ( s ) . = Hannah Buckling = Hannah Buckling ( born 3 June 1992 in Sydney , Australia ) is an Australian water polo centre back . She attended the Wenona Girls School and is currently attending the University of Sydney while working on a Bachelor of Science . She started playing water polo as a twelve @-@ year @-@ old . She played club water polo for the Sydney Northern Beaches Breakers and as a junior player represented New South Wales in national competitions and Australia in international competitions . She plays for the Sydney Uni Lions in the National Water Polo League . As s representative of Australia on the junior and senior level , she had her first international cap during the 2008 Australian Junior Tour at the Pythia Cup . She was a member of the Australian side that finished third at the 2011 FINA Junior World Championships . As a member of the senior team , she competed at the 2011 Canada Cup and helped the team take home gold . She is one of seventeen players vying for thirteen spots to go to 2012 Summer Olympics as a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team . = = Personal = = Buckling was born on 3 June 1992 in Sydney , but calls Mosman , New South Wales her hometown . Her grandfather represented Wales as a member of the Wales School Boy team in rugby union . She attended Wenona Girls School located in North Sydney , New South Wales . She is currently working on a Bachelor of Science at the University of Sydney . She is 177 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) tall , weights 75 kilograms ( 165 lb ) and is right handed . = = Water polo = = Buckling prefers to wear cap number six and plays in the centre back position . She started playing water polo as a twelve @-@ year @-@ old in Year 7 at Wenona Girls School . In 2011 , she was named a Sydney Uni Sport & Fitness / St Andrew ’ s College Foundation Awards winner because of her water polo . She has a water polo scholarship from the New South Wales Institute of Sport . = = = Club and state representative teams = = = When she was Buckling , she joined the Sydney Northern Beaches Breakers water polo team who continue to be her water polo club . One of her club team mates was another future national team member , Emily Scott . Buckling gave Scott advice related to future planning for water polo playing . While playing the sport casually on school and club level , she got a new coach at the Breakers , Jamie Ryan . Ryan helped elevate Buckling 's intensity at practice and become a more serious player . In 2007 , she was a member of the New South Wales development squad and competed on the 2007 16 & Under National Championships Girls where she scored 15 goals in the competition . In 2008 , she again represented New South Wales at the 2008 16 & Under National Championships Girls where she scored 13 goals . At the 18 & Under National Championships Girls in 2008 , she scored only 8 goals . In 2009 , at the 18 & Under Girls National Championship and a member of the New South Wales side , she scored 8 goals . That same year , as a member of New South Wales team at the 20 & Under National Championships Junior Women , she scored 8 goals . In 2010 , she scored 18 goals in the 18 & Under Girls National Championship and 6 goals in the 20 & Under National Championships Junior Women . In 2011 , she scored 8 goals in the 20 & Under Junior Women National Championships . That year , her team finished second at the Perth , Western Australia held event . In 2011 , her training consisted of going to the pool every morning , and doing training at the gym three times a week . During the summer , she would compete in up to three games a week . During the winter , she would compete in an average of one game a week . = = = National Water Polo League = = = Buckling plays for the Sydney Uni Lions of the National Water Polo League . In 2011 , her first year in the league , she wore cap number 14 and fifteen total goals for the season . Her largest single goal came was on 15 March against the Fyfe Adelaide Jets . During the 2012 season , she wore cap number four . As of 3 March , she had scored sixteen goals in the season . = = = Junior national team = = = Within 20 months of having Ryan be her coach on her local club side and as a fifteen @-@ year @-@ old , she made the Australian u @-@ 17 team with her first international appearance for Australia occurring at the 2008 Australian Junior Tour at the Pythia Cup in Greece where her team was runners @-@ up . The tour also included stops in Italy and Hungary . In 2010 , she was a member of the under @-@ 19 women 's national water polo team that did a European tour . In 2010 , as a member of the junior national team , she was a member of the team that toured California and part of the squad that competed in international friendlies against the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
United States , New Zealand and Canada . She was part of the junior national team again in 2011 and in July , she was invited to be part of the training squad for the junior national squad that was training in Perth in preparation for the Junior World Championships . She was a member of the Australian side that finished third at the 2011 FINA Junior World Championships . = = = Senior national team = = = Buckling is a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team . At the 2011 Canada Cup , she scored a goal in the first period in the gold medal match against China that the Australian team ended up winning . She competed in the Pan Pacific Championships in January 2012 for the Australian Stingers . She scored a goal in a Stingers 8 – 7 win over the United States . In 2011 , her goal was to make the national team and compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics . In February 2012 , she was named to the final training squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . She attended training camp that started on 20 February 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport . The team of seventeen players will be cut to thirteen before the team departs for the Olympic games , with the announcement being made on 13 June . She was part of the Stingers squad that competed in a five @-@ game test against Great Britain at the AIS in late February 2012 . This was the team 's first matches against Great Britain 's national team in six years . = Flaws and All = " Flaws and All " is a song by American recording artist Beyoncé , included on the 2007 deluxe edition of her second studio album , B 'Day ( 2006 ) . It was composed by Ne @-@ Yo , Shea Taylor , Beyoncé and Solange Knowles , while Beyoncé Knowles and Taylor produced it . In the R & B song , Beyoncé shows appreciation for the love given by her man , who sees through all of her flaws and loves her unconditionally . " Flaws and All " received positive reviews from critics , who lauded Beyoncé 's emotion and vulnerability on the track . Some critics also noted that the song was better than some of the songs on the standard edition of B 'Day . The music video was directed by Cliff Watts and Beyoncé for B 'Day Anthology Video Album ( 2007 ) . It features clips of a B 'Day promotional ad by Wal @-@ Mart pieced together , in which Beyoncé does not lip @-@ sync the words of the song , but instead acts as if it were an everyday scenario . Beyoncé explained the concept for the video was to show a different side to her , that the paparazzi does not show and that fans would not normally see . Beyoncé performed " Flaws and All " on The Beyoncé Experience ( 2007 ) , and the song was included on the live album The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 ) . It was also sung live on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in 2008 and during Beyoncé 's show Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in May 2012 . = = Background = = " Flaws and All " was written by Ne @-@ Yo , Shea Taylor , Beyoncé Knowles and her sister Solange Knowles . The R & B song was produced by Beyoncé Knowles and Taylor , and mixed by Jean @-@ Marie Horvat at Oz Recording Studios , Valencia , California . " Flaws and All " was recorded by Jim Caruana , Shane Woodley and Robert " LB " Dorsey at Roc the Mic studio , New York City . Although the song was originally included on the re @-@ release of B 'Day , it was additionally included on compilation albums . In 2007 the song was included on Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ? soundtrack . In 2008 , Beyoncé released the song on a compilation album dedicated to karaoke performances titled Beyoncé Karaoke Hits , Vol . I. Author Latrice Gleen references the song in a memoir titled My Life 's Journey ( 2010 ) . = = Reception = = Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly named the song as his favorite addition to the deluxe edition of B 'Day , stating , " Better is ' Flaws and All ' , a ballad in which B [ eyoncé ] expresses melismatic gratitude that workaholic bitches ( her words ! ) merit love too . " Rory Dollard of Metro also wrote that the song was better than some of the tracks on the original track listing of B 'Day . While reviewing the deluxe edition of B 'Day , Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the song , calling it a " surprise gem [ which ] sound [ s ] downright subtle " . BET included the song in its list of the " Top 10 Feel Good R & B Songs " , ranked at number nine . Discussing their choice , they stated " ' Flaws and All ' ... revealed Beyoncé at her most vulnerable . The song showed that even a superstar can struggle with insecurities and be in need of someone to love her . " Bobby Reed of Chicago Sun @-@ Times noted that the lyrics could also refer to " the way fans worship Beyonce " . Anthony Venutolo of New Jersey On @-@ Line noted that the song talks about true love . Destiny 's Child bandmate Kelly Rowland discussed the track during Billboard 's " Woman of the Year " spread for Beyoncé . She stated " Beyoncé is a true artist who brings it every time . My favorite song will always be ' Flaws and All . ' So much feeling , so beautiful ; her voice sounds amazing . " = = Music video = = The music video for " Flaws and All " was directed by Cliff Watts and Beyoncé . The video for the song was shot on inexpensive Super 8 film during the two @-@ week filiming for the B 'Day Anthology Video Album ( 2007 ) . Critics have noted that Beyoncé emulates Marilyn Monroe , Brigitte Bardot and Barbra Streisand throughout the clip . During an interview with MTV on a " Beyoncé : Behind the B 'Day Music Videos " , MTV commented on Beyoncé 's appearance in the music video stating that she acts like " a goofball " and " it also feels like we get to see the real [ her ] . " Beyoncé replied , " I 'm way different in my everyday life . My personal life and my celebrity life — I 've separated them so much it 's like two different people . But I 'm pretty balanced . I 'm over the top and I 'm natural . " In an interview with Vibe , Beyoncé explained that the concept for the video in depth after being questioned as an " everyday woman . " " I don 't sing any of the song . The whole time it 's like a silent movie and I 'm being myself . I 'm not performing . I reveal a side of myself no one 's ever seen . I 'm silly and goofy and not ... trying to be a diva , or trying to be a star – just me . " The video features a black and white theme and a grainy film texture . Beyoncé does not lip @-@ sync the lyrics but acts out parts of the song and poses . Several of the scenes used in the video had been shot in 2006 for a B 'Day promotional ad by Wal @-@ Mart . = = Live performances = = Beyoncé performed the song on multiple occasions , including the song as part of her set list on The Beyoncé Experience ( 2007 ) . Beyoncé cried during the performance , and was then embraced by a male dancer dressed as an angel . Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly praised Beyoncé 's performance of the song stating " The true defibrillator moment , all freakum dress changes aside , is ' Flaws and All ' , during which Beyoncé weeps real tears ( nightly , according to reports from earlier overseas shows ) while apologizing for being such a bitch . That 's a rare campy , melodramatic performance in an otherwise energized two hours . " The performance also caught the attention of The New York Times writer Jon Pareles who stated , " Along the way the concert was a showcase for her consistently expanding music , from the kinetic dance beats of songs like ' Get Me Bodied ' to dramatic ballads like ' Flaws and All ' , which Beyoncé sang wide @-@ eyed in a video close @-@ up . " J. Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post wrote that during the performance she was offering a " litany of her own ' imperfections ' that her lover embraces unconditionally " . John Aizlewood from the Daily Mail criticized the angel embrace at the end of the " Flaws and All " performance as being the weakest part of The Beyoncé Experience set . A writer of The Times also gave a mixed review for the performance of the song , saying that " Her attempt at an introspective ballad , Flaws and All , was less convincing . " Anthony Venutolo of New Jersey On @-@ Line wrote that the performance was " silly " . The performance of the song in Los Angeles on September 2 , 2007 was taped and included on The Beyoncé Experience Live . The performance of the song was also shown independently at MTV.com and was released via digital download at the iTunes Store on November 19 , 2007 . Beyoncé performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on November 25 , 2008 while promoting her third album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . In May , 2012 , she performed " Flaws and All " as a part of her revue show Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States ' entertainment resort , hotel , casino and spa , Revel . While reviewing the show , Ben Ratliff of The New York Times wrote , " She has a fast @-@ reacting face , and opens her eyes wide to look astonished , touched , or grateful . ( She did this especially during ' Flaws and All , ' which she dedicated to her fans : ' I don 't know why you love me / And that 's why I love you . ' ) " A writer for Vibe magazine listed the performance of the song in the five notable moments from the concerts , saying that Beyoncé " had the camera zoom in on her face the whole time , showing the crowd her own ' flaws , ' allowing the crowd to connect to her " . " Flaws and All " was also included on the live album Live in Atlantic City ( 2013 ) which was filmed during the revue . In 2013 , Beyoncé added the song to the set list of her worldwide The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . During the performance she dedicated the song to her fans , the BeyHive . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits are taken from B 'Day Deluxe Edition liner notes . = Geothermal energy = Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth . Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter . The geothermal energy of the Earth 's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials ( in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions ) . The geothermal gradient , which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface , drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface . The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη ( ge ) , meaning earth , and θερμος ( thermos ) , meaning hot . Earth 's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth 's formation . Temperatures at the core – mantle boundary may reach over 4000 ° C ( 7 @,@ 200 ° F ) . The high temperature and pressure in Earth 's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically , resulting in portions of mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock . Rock and water is heated in the crust , sometimes up to 370 ° C ( 700 ° F ) . From hot springs , geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times , but it is now better known for electricity generation . Worldwide , 11 @,@ 700 megawatts ( MW ) of geothermal power is online in 2013 . An additional 28 gigawatts of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating , space heating , spas , industrial processes , desalination and agricultural applications in 2010 . Geothermal power is cost @-@ effective , reliable , sustainable , and environmentally friendly , but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries . Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources , especially for applications such as home heating , opening a potential for widespread exploitation . Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth , but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels . As a result , geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels . The Earth 's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity 's energy needs , but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited . Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive . Forecasts for the future of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology , energy prices , subsidies , and interest rates . Pilot programs like EWEB 's customer opt in Green Power Program show that customers would be willing to pay a little more for a renewable energy source like geothermal . But as a result of government assisted research and industry experience , the cost of generating geothermal power has decreased by 25 % over the past two decades . In 2001 , geothermal energy costs between two and ten US cents per kWh . = = History = = Hot springs have been used for bathing at least since Paleolithic times . The oldest known spa is a stone pool on China 's Lisan mountain built in the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC , at the same site where the Huaqing Chi palace was later built . In the first century AD , Romans conquered Aquae Sulis , now Bath , Somerset , England , and used the hot springs there to feed public baths and underfloor heating . The admission fees for these baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal power . The world 's oldest geothermal district heating system in Chaudes @-@ Aigues , France , has been operating since the 14th century . The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract boric acid from volcanic mud in Larderello , Italy . In 1892 , America 's first district heating system in Boise , Idaho was powered directly by geothermal energy , and was copied in Klamath Falls , Oregon in 1900 . A deep geothermal well was used to heat greenhouses in Boise in 1926 , and geysers were used to heat greenhouses in Iceland and Tuscany at about the same time . Charlie Lieb developed the first downhole heat exchanger in 1930 to heat his house . Steam and hot water from geysers began heating homes in Iceland starting in 1943 . In the 20th century , demand for electricity led to the consideration of geothermal power as a generating source . Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904 , at the same Larderello dry steam field where geothermal acid extraction began . It successfully lit four light bulbs . Later , in 1911 , the world 's first commercial geothermal power plant was built there . It was the world 's only industrial producer of geothermal electricity until New Zealand built a plant in 1958 . In 2012 , it produced some 594 megawatts . Lord Kelvin invented the heat pump in 1852 , and Heinrich Zoelly had patented the idea of using it to draw heat from the ground in 1912 . But it was not until the late 1940s that the geothermal heat pump was successfully implemented . The earliest one was probably Robert C. Webber 's home @-@ made 2 @.@ 2 kW direct @-@ exchange system , but sources disagree as to the exact timeline of his invention . J. Donald Kroeker designed the first commercial geothermal heat pump to heat the Commonwealth Building ( Portland , Oregon ) and demonstrated it in 1946 . Professor Carl Nielsen of Ohio State University built the first residential open loop version in his home in 1948 . The technology became popular in Sweden as a result of the 1973 oil crisis , and has been growing slowly in worldwide acceptance since then . The 1979 development of polybutylene pipe greatly augmented the heat pump ’ s economic viability . In 1960 , Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power plant in the United States at The Geysers in California . The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 MW net power . The binary cycle power plant was first demonstrated in 1967 in the USSR and later introduced to the US in 1981 . This technology allows the generation of electricity from much lower temperature resources than previously . In 2006 , a binary cycle plant in Chena Hot Springs , Alaska , came on @-@ line , producing electricity from a record low fluid temperature of 57 ° C ( 135 ° F ) . = = Direct Usage = = = = Electricity = = The International Geothermal Association ( IGA ) has reported that 10 @,@ 715 megawatts ( MW ) of geothermal power in 24 countries is online , which was expected to generate 67 @,@ 246 GWh of electricity in 2010 . This represents a 20 % increase in online capacity since 2005 . IGA projects growth to 18 @,@ 500 MW by 2015 , due to the projects presently under consideration , often in areas previously assumed to have little exploitable resource . In 2010 , the United States led the world in geothermal electricity production with 3 @,@ 086 MW of installed capacity from 77 power plants . The largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers , a geothermal field in California . The Philippines is the second highest producer , with 1 @,@ 904 MW of capacity online . Geothermal power makes up approximately 27 % of Philippine electricity generation . Geothermal electric plants were traditionally built exclusively on the edges of tectonic plates where high temperature geothermal resources are available near the surface . The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range . Demonstration projects are operational in Landau @-@ Pfalz , Germany , and Soultz @-@ sous @-@ Forêts , France , while an earlier effort in Basel , Switzerland was shut down after it triggered earthquakes . Other demonstration projects are under construction in Australia , the United Kingdom , and the United States of America . The thermal efficiency of geothermal electric plants is low , around 10 – 23 % , because geothermal fluids do not reach the high temperatures of steam from boilers . The laws of thermodynamics limits the efficiency of heat engines in extracting useful energy . Exhaust heat is wasted , unless it can be used directly and locally , for example in greenhouses , timber mills , and district heating . System efficiency does not materially affect operational costs as it would for plants that use fuel , but it does affect return on the capital used to build the plant . In order to produce more energy than the pumps consume , electricity generation requires relatively hot fields and specialized heat cycles . Because geothermal power does not rely on variable sources of energy , unlike , for example , wind or solar , its capacity factor can be quite large – up to 96 % has been demonstrated . The global average was 73 % in 2005 . = = Types = = Geothermal energy comes in either vapor @-@ dominated or liquid @-@ dominated forms . Larderello and The Geysers are vapor @-@ dominated . Vapor @-@ dominated sites offer temperatures from 240 to 300 ° C that produce superheated steam . = = = Liquid @-@ dominated plants = = = Liquid @-@ dominated reservoirs ( LDRs ) were more common with temperatures greater than 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ) and are found near young volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean and in rift zones and hot spots . Flash plants are the common way to generate electricity from these sources . Pumps are generally not required , powered instead when the water turns to steam . Most wells generate 2 @-@ 10MWe . Steam is separated from liquid via cyclone separators , while the liquid is returned to the reservoir for reheating / reuse . As of 2013 , the largest liquid system is Cerro Prieto in Mexico , which generates 750 MWe from temperatures reaching 350 ° C ( 662 ° F ) . The Salton Sea field in Southern California offers the potential of generating 2000 MWe . Lower temperature LDRs ( 120 – 200 ° C ) require pumping . They are common in extensional terrains , where heating takes place via deep circulation along faults , such as in the Western US and Turkey . Water passes through a heat exchanger in a Rankine cycle binary plant . The water vaporizes an organic working fluid that drives a turbine . These binary plants originated in the Soviet Union in the late 1960s and predominate in new US plants . Binary plants have no emissions . = = = Thermal energy = = = Lower temperature sources produce the energy equivalent of 100M BBL per year . Sources with temperatures of 30 – 150 ° C are used without conversion to electricity as district heating , greenhouses , fisheries , mineral recovery , industrial process heating and bathing in 75 countries . Heat pumps extract energy from shallow sources at 10 – 20 ° C in 43 countries for use in space heating and cooling . Home heating is the fastest @-@ growing means of exploiting geothermal energy , with global annual growth rate of 30 % in 2005 and 20 % in 2012 . Approximately 270 petajoules ( PJ ) of geothermal heating was used in 2004 . More than half went for space heating , and another third for heated pools . The remainder supported industrial and agricultural applications . Global installed capacity was 28 GW , but capacity factors tend to be low ( 30 % on average ) since heat is mostly needed in winter . Some 88 PJ for space heating was extracted by an estimated 1 @.@ 3 million geothermal heat pumps with a total capacity of 15 GW . Heat for these purposes may also be extracted from co @-@ generation at a geothermal electrical plant . Heating is cost @-@ effective at many more sites than electricity generation . At natural hot springs or geysers , water can be piped directly into radiators . In hot , dry ground , earth tubes or downhole heat exchangers can collect the heat . However , even in areas where the ground is colder than room temperature , heat can often be extracted with a geothermal heat pump more cost @-@ effectively and cleanly than by conventional furnaces . These devices draw on much shallower and colder resources than traditional geothermal techniques . They frequently combine functions , including air conditioning , seasonal thermal energy storage , solar energy collection , and electric heating . Heat pumps can be used for space heating essentially anywhere . Iceland is the world leader in direct applications . Some 92 @.@ 5 % of its homes are heated with geothermal energy , saving Iceland over $ 100 million annually in avoided oil imports . Reykjavík , Iceland has the world 's biggest district heating system . Once known as the most polluted city in the world , it is now one of the cleanest . = = = Enhanced geothermal = = = Enhanced geothermal systems ( EGS ) actively inject water into wells to be heated and pumped back out . The water is injected under high pressure to expand existing rock fissures to enable the water to freely flow in and out . The technique was adapted from oil and gas extraction techniques . However , the geologic formations are deeper and no toxic chemicals are used , reducing the possibility of environmental damage . Drillers can employ directional drilling to expand the size of the reservoir . Small @-@ scale EGS have been installed in the Rhine Graben at Soultz @-@ sous @-@ Forêts in France and at Landau and Insheim in Germany . = = Economics = = Geothermal power requires no fuel ( except for pumps ) , and is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations . However , capital costs are significant . Drilling accounts for over half the costs , and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks . A typical well doublet ( extraction and injection wells ) in Nevada can support 4 @.@ 5 megawatts ( MW ) and costs about $ 10 million to drill , with a 20 % failure rate . In total , electrical plant construction and well drilling cost about € 2 – 5 million per MW of electrical capacity , while the break – even price is 0 @.@ 04 – 0 @.@ 10 € per kW · h . Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges , with capital costs above $ 4 million per MW and break – even above $ 0 @.@ 054 per kW · h in 2007 . Direct heating applications can use much shallower wells with lower temperatures , so smaller systems with lower costs and risks are feasible . Residential geothermal heat pumps with a capacity of 10 kilowatt ( kW ) are routinely installed for around $ 1 – 3 @,@ 000 per kilowatt . District heating systems may benefit from economies of scale if demand is geographically dense , as in cities and greenhouses , but otherwise piping installation dominates capital costs . The capital cost of one such district heating system in Bavaria was estimated at somewhat over 1 million € per MW . Direct systems of any size are much simpler than electric generators and have lower maintenance costs per kW · h , but they must consume electricity to run pumps and compressors . Some governments subsidize geothermal projects . Geothermal power is highly scalable : from a rural village to an entire city . The most developed geothermal field in the United States is The Geysers in Northern California . Geothermal projects have several stages of development . Each phase has associated risks . At the early stages of reconnaissance and geophysical surveys , many projects are cancelled , making that phase unsuitable for traditional lending . Projects moving forward from the identification , exploration and exploratory drilling often trade equity for financing . = = Resources = = The Earth 's internal thermal energy flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44 @.@ 2 terawatts ( TW ) , and is replenished by radioactive decay of minerals at a rate of 30 TW . These power rates are more than double humanity ’ s current energy consumption from all primary sources , but most of this energy flow is not recoverable . In addition to the internal heat flows , the top layer of the surface to a depth of 10 meters ( 33 ft ) is heated by solar energy during the summer , and releases that energy and cools during the winter . Outside of the seasonal variations , the geothermal gradient of temperatures through the crust is 25 – 30 ° C ( 77 – 86 ° F ) per kilometer of depth in most of the world . The conductive heat flux averages 0 @.@ 1 MW / km2 . These values are much higher near tectonic plate boundaries where the crust is thinner . They may be further augmented by fluid circulation , either through magma conduits , hot springs , hydrothermal circulation or a combination of these . A geothermal heat pump can extract enough heat from shallow ground anywhere in the world to provide home heating , but industrial applications need the higher temperatures of deep resources . The thermal efficiency and profitability of electricity generation is particularly sensitive to temperature . The most demanding applications receive the greatest benefit from a high natural heat flux , ideally from using a hot spring . The next best option is to drill a well into a hot aquifer . If no adequate aquifer is available , an artificial one may be built by injecting water to hydraulically fracture the bedrock . This last approach is called hot dry rock geothermal energy in Europe , or enhanced geothermal systems in North America . Much greater potential may be available from this approach than from conventional tapping of natural aquifers . Estimates of the potential for electricity generation from geothermal energy vary sixfold , from .035to2TW depending on the scale of investments . Upper estimates of geothermal resources assume enhanced geothermal wells as deep as 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) , whereas existing geothermal wells are rarely more than 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) deep . Wells of this depth are now common in the petroleum industry . The deepest research well in the world , the Kola superdeep borehole , is 12 kilometres ( 7 mi ) deep . = = Production = = According to the Geothermal Energy Association ( GEA ) installed geothermal capacity in the United States grew by 5 % , or 147 @.@ 05 MW , ce the last annual survey in March 2012 . This increase came from seven geothermal projects that began production in 2012 . GEA also revised its 2011 estimate of installed capacity upward by 128 MW , bringing current installed U.S. geothermal capacity to 3 @,@ 386 MW . Myanmar Engineering Society has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilized resource . = = Renewability and sustainability = = Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth 's heat content . The Earth has an internal heat content of 1031 joules ( 3 · 1015 TW · hr ) , approximately 100 billion times current ( 2010 ) worldwide annual energy consumption . About 20 % of this is residual heat from planetary accretion , and the remainder is attributed to higher radioactive decay rates that existed in the past . Natural heat flows are not in equilibrium , and the planet is slowly cooling down on geologic timescales . Human extraction taps a minute fraction of the natural outflow , often without accelerating it . Geothermal power is also considered to be sustainable thanks to its power to sustain the Earth ’ s intricate ecosystems . By using geothermal sources of energy present generations of humans will not endanger the capability of future generations to use their own resources to the same amount that those energy sources are presently used . Further , due to its low emissions geothermal energy is considered to have excellent potential for mitigation of global warming . Even though geothermal power is globally sustainable , extraction must still be monitored to avoid local depletion . Over the course of decades , individual wells draw down local temperatures and water levels until a new equilibrium is reached with natural flows . The three oldest sites , at Larderello , Wairakei , and the Geysers have experienced reduced output because of local depletion . Heat and water , in uncertain proportions , were extracted faster than they were replenished . If production is reduced and water is reinjected , these wells could theoretically recover their full potential . Such mitigation strategies have already been implemented at some sites . The long @-@ term sustainability of geothermal energy has been demonstrated at the Lardarello field in Italy since 1913 , at the Wairakei field in New Zealand since 1958 , and at The Geysers field in California since 1960 . Falling electricity production may be boosted through drilling additional supply boreholes , as at Poihipi and Ohaaki . The Wairakei power station has been running much longer , with its first unit commissioned in November 1958 , and it attained its peak generation of 173MW in 1965 , but already the supply of high @-@ pressure steam was faltering , in 1982 being derated to intermediate pressure and the station managing 157MW . Around the start of the 21st century it was managing about 150MW , then in 2005 two 8MW isopentane systems were added , boosting the station 's output by about 14MW . Detailed data are unavailable , being lost due to re @-@ organisations . One such re @-@ organisation in 1996 causes the absence of early data for Poihipi ( started 1996 ) , and the gap in 1996 / 7 for Wairakei and Ohaaki ; half @-@ hourly data for Ohaaki 's first few months of operation are also missing , as well as for most of Wairakei 's history . = = Environmental effects = = Fluids drawn from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases , notably carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) , hydrogen sulfide ( H 2S ) , methane ( CH 4 ) and ammonia ( NH 3 ) . These pollutants contribute to global warming , acid rain , and noxious smells if released . Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of 122 kilograms ( 269 lb ) of CO 2 per megawatt @-@ hour ( MW · h ) of electricity , a small fraction of the emission intensity of conventional fossil fuel plants . Plants that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are usually equipped with emission @-@ control systems to reduce the exhaust . In addition to dissolved gases , hot water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic elements such as mercury , arsenic , boron , and antimony . These chemicals precipitate as the water cools , and can cause environmental damage if released . The modern practice of injecting cooled geothermal fluids back into the Earth to stimulate production has the side benefit of reducing this environmental risk . Direct geothermal heating systems contain pumps and compressors , which may consume energy from a polluting source . This parasitic load is normally a fraction of the heat output , so it is always less polluting than electric heating . However , if the electricity is produced by burning fossil fuels , then the net emissions of geothermal heating may be comparable to directly burning the fuel for heat . For example , a geothermal heat pump powered by electricity from a combined cycle natural gas plant would produce about as much pollution as a natural gas condensing furnace of the same size . Therefore , the environmental value of direct geothermal heating applications is highly dependent on the emissions intensity of the neighboring electric grid . Plant construction can adversely affect land stability . Subsidence has occurred in the Wairakei field in New Zealand . In Staufen im Breisgau , Germany , tectonic uplift occurred instead , due to a previously isolated anhydrite layer coming in contact with water and turning into gypsum , doubling its volume . Enhanced geothermal systems can trigger earthquakes as part of hydraulic fracturing . The project in Basel , Switzerland was suspended because more than 10 @,@ 000 seismic events measuring up to 3 @.@ 4 on the Richter Scale occurred over the first 6 days of water injection . Geothermal has minimal land and freshwater requirements . Geothermal plants use 3 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 4 sq mi ) per gigawatt of electrical production ( not capacity ) versus 32 square kilometres ( 12 sq mi ) and 12 square kilometres ( 4 @.@ 6 sq mi ) for coal facilities and wind farms respectively . They use 20 litres ( 5 @.@ 3 US gal ) of freshwater per MW · h versus over 1 @,@ 000 litres ( 260 US gal ) per MW · h for nuclear , coal , or oil . = = Legal frameworks = = Some of the legal issues raised by geothermal energy resources include questions of ownership and allocation of the resource , the grant of exploration permits , exploitation rights , royalties , and the extent to which geothermal energy issues have been recognized in existing planning and environmental laws . Other questions concern overlap between geothermal and mineral or petroleum tenements . Broader issues concern the extent to which the legal framework for encouragement of renewable energy assists in encouraging geothermal industry innovation and development . = Izzie Stevens = Isobel Katherine " Izzie " Stevens , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actress Katherine Heigl from 2005 to 2010 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Izzie worked her way up to resident level , while her relationships with her colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . Heigl was critical of the character 's development during the show 's fourth season , particularly her romance with George . She declined to put herself forward for the 2008 Emmy Awards , citing insufficient material in the role . After speculation that Izzie would be killed off in the fifth season , the character was diagnosed with Stage 4 metastatic melanoma . She married Alex in the series ' one @-@ hundredth episode , and afterwards , her tumor was successfully removed . Izzie made her final appearance in the sixth season , leaving Seattle after Alex ended their relationship . Heigl requested to be released from her contract 18 months early , in order to spend more time with her family . In January 2012 , Heigl reported that she would like to return to Grey 's Anatomy to give closure to her character , however , Rhimes confirmed that there were no plans to have the character return at that time and has since stated that she has no plans to ever reapproach Izzie 's storyline again . = = Storylines = = Izzie appears in the first episode of Grey 's Anatomy , meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Alex Karev , and George O 'Malley . She and George move in with Meredith and become best friends . Izzie 's boyfriend , hockey player Hank ( Jonathan Scarfe ) , struggles to accept her new role as a surgeon , and the two break up . Izzie is hurt when Alex exposes her past as a lingerie model . However , the two later go on to begin a friendship and then a romance . Alex experiences sexual dysfunction with Izzie and cheats on her with nurse Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) . When Izzie finds out , she breaks up with him , though they briefly reunite following a bomb incident at the hospital . Izzie reveals while treating a pregnant teenager that she had a daughter at the age of 16 and gave up for adoption . Izzie falls in love with cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , and the two become engaged . When Denny 's condition deteriorates , Izzie deliberately worsens his health further by cutting his LVAD wire to move him up the donor register . Although Denny receives a new heart , he has a stroke hours later and dies . Izzie is the sole beneficiary of Denny 's will , inheriting $ 8 @.@ 7 million . She uses the money to open a free clinic at the hospital : the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic . Izzie disapproves of George 's relationship and marriage to orthopedic resident Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . She and George sleep together , and attempt to keep their liaison a secret . George and resident Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) are the only people aware that Izzie gave birth to a daughter at the age of sixteen ; ultimately the child was given up for adoption . He supports Izzie when her daughter Hannah ( Liv Hutchings ) , diagnosed with leukemia , arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital in need of a bone marrow transplant from Izzie . Izzie 's feelings for George grow , and she reveals that she has fallen in love with him . When Callie discovers George has been unfaithful , the two separate , and George and Izzie embark on a short @-@ lived relationship , only to discover there is no real chemistry between them . Izzie supports Alex when he discovers his new girlfriend has psychiatric problems , and convinces him to have her committed . She is also handed primary responsibility for the clinic , as Bailey cuts back on her responsibilities . Izzie and Alex go on to rekindle their relationship , though Izzie is concerned when she begins hallucinating Denny . She discovers she has metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) which has spread to her liver , skin , and brain , causing the hallucinations . Her survival chances are estimated at only 5 % . She is admitted to Seattle Grace as a patient , and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) successfully removes a tumor from her brain . Izzie spends her time in the hospital planning Meredith and Derek 's wedding , but when her condition worsens and Derek discovers a second brain tumor , they give the ceremony to Izzie and Alex , who marry in front of all their friends . The procedure to remove the second tumor from Izzie 's brain causes her to lose her short @-@ term memory , and although she soon regains it , she flatlines moments later . The fifth season ends with her friends ignoring her DNR order and attempting to resuscitate her , transposed with images of Izzie in an elevator encountering George , who has been in an accident and is also currently flatlining . Though George dies , Izzie is resuscitated and recovers enough to return to work . Izzie makes a treatment error that endangers the life of a patient , and is fired from the hospital 's surgical program . Believing Alex is partially to blame , she writes him a Dear John letter and leaves . Izzie later learns that Alex was not responsible for her lost job , and returns to make amends with him , but Meredith informs her that Alex is moving on . Izzie informs Alex that she no longer has cancer . Although he is pleased , Alex officially breaks up with Izzie , telling her that he loves her but deserves better . She leaves Seattle to start fresh . Several episodes later , Alex informs Meredith that Izzie sent divorce papers , which he signs in the episode " How Insensitive " . In the sixth season finale , Alex is shot and asks for Izzie . Imagining that Meredith 's half @-@ sister Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Izzie , he apologizes and asks her never to leave him again . = = Development = = = = = Casting and creation = = = Izzie was created by Grey 's Anatomy producer Shonda Rhimes , with actress Katherine Heigl cast in the role . Heigl originally wanted to play Izzie as a brunette , but was requested to retain her natural blond for the part . Heigl 's comprehension of medical procedures and terminology is slight ; the actress explained that while she has an admiration for doctors , she is not as fascinated by medicine as other cast members . When Kate Walsh 's character Addison Montgomery left Grey 's Anatomy to launch the spin @-@ off show Private Practice , Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin @-@ off for Izzie . Heigl declined to put her name forward for consideration at the 2008 Emmy Awards , claiming that she had been given insufficient material on the series to warrant a nomination . Following Heigl 's statement , speculation arose that her character would suffer a brain tumor and be killed off Grey 's Anatomy , substantiated by the announcement Jeffrey Dean Morgan would return to the series as Denny , who died at the end of season two . ABC 's entertainment president Steve McPherson denied the rumor , stating : " There is an unbelievable storyline for her this year , which is really central to everything that 's going to go on this season " . Speculation resumed , however , when Dean Morgan returned to the show for a second time in its fifth season . Cast member James Pickens , Jr. announced that both Heigl and T.R. Knight were set to depart from the show , but he later retracted his comment . During the course of the fifth season , Izzie was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) which spread to her liver , skin and brain . Following the show 's one @-@ hundredth episode wrap party , Heigl revealed she did not know if Izzie would survive , as no one on the production team would disclose her character 's fate to her . It was confirmed in June 2009 that Heigl would return as Izzie for the show 's sixth season . Heigl 's appearances in the season were sporadic , seeing Izzie depart and return twice . Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season , Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early , and made her final appearance on January 21 , 2010 . Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family , and did not think it would be respectful to Grey 's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again . In August 2010 , Rhimes stated that she did not feel Izzie 's character arc — specifically her relationship with Alex — had fully concluded , and hoped to give proper closure to their relationship in the seventh season . She later confirmed that she had intended to kill off Izzie off @-@ screen , but opted against this a day later as she felt that it would destroy Alex , rather than give him closure . Instead , she concluded : " I 'm open to seeing Izzie again . So if she [ Katherine ] were to come back , we would be thrilled to [ wrap up her story ] . But if she doesn 't , we 'll just move on . " Heigl also went on to say in October 2010 that the character returning to show looks bleak because , " that chapter is closed , and it 's sad . And it 's hard . " She also felt that Izzie coming back to the show would , " just feel manipulative . " However , in January 2012 , Heigl stated in an interview that she has asked the producers if she could return to the show to give closure to Izzie 's storyline : " I 've told them I want to [ return ] , " she said . " I really , really , really want to see where [ Izzie ] is . I just want to know what happened to her and where she went and what she 's doing now . My idea is that she actually like figures it out , and finds some success and does really well in a different hospital . She was always floundering you know , and so she was always one step behind the eight ball and I want to see that girl take some power back . " She later went on to say that she regrets leaving the show , " Oh yeah , sometimes , yeah . You miss it . I miss my friends . It was a great work environment ... and it becomes a family . I spent six years together with these people every day ... you grow up together , in a way , " and again commented on Izzie possibly returning to the show , " I always felt that if they wanted me to come back and sort of wrap up that storyline ... I want them to know that I 'm down with it if they want me to , but I completely understand if it doesn 't necessarily work ... They 've got a lot of story lines going on there . " But in March 2012 , Shonda Rhimes said that there are no plans at the moment for the character to return , " I think it was really nice to hear her appreciating the show . At the same time we are on a track we have been planning . The idea of changing that track is not something we are interested in right now . " Three years later , Rhimes said she has completely moved on from the idea of Izzie coming back , “ I ’ m done with that story . I ’ ve turned that idea over in my mind a thousand times and thought about how it would go . And I don ’ t think so . ” = = = Characterization = = = Heigl believes that the Grey 's Anatomy writers incorporate much of the actors ' personalities into their roles , and that Izzie is a " super moral " version of herself . Episode " Bring the Pain " , which aired as the fifth episode of the second season , was originally intended to be the final episode of the first season . Rhimes explained that Izzie 's character in this episode came " full circle " from her role in the pilot : " Izzie , so vulnerable and underestimated when we first meet her , is the girl who removes her heart from her sleeve in " Bring the Pain " . " Discussing Izzie 's personality in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview , Heigl assessed that she is " immensely kind " and patient . When Denny died in the season two episode " Losing My Religion " , Rhimes discussed the impact it had on Izzie , noting that Izzie is forced to abandon her idealism , which in turn leads to her letting go of medicine . In the aftermath of Denny 's death , Heigl came to believe that Izzie was not cut out to be a doctor . Executive producer Betsy Beers explained , however , that Denny 's death served to make Izzie more mature , and Heigl affirmed that " At the beginning of the [ third ] season they were trying to show how lost Izzie was . She lost her optimism . She realizes now that life is difficult , but she still tries very hard to see the best in people . " In order to demonstrate Izzie 's dislike of George 's love @-@ interest Callie , Rhimes penned a scene which she deemed one of her favorite moments on the show , in which Callie urinates in front of a stunned Izzie and Meredith . Rhimes assessed that : " I love that Mer and Izzie respond with all the trauma of having viewed a car crash [ ... ] the point is Callie pees and Izzie tortures her a tiny bit about the hand washing and that made me overjoyed because that ’ s the kind of thing people do . " Discussing Izzie 's relationship with Alex in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview , Heigl assessed that " Even when Alex was a complete dirtbag to her [ Izzie ] , she forgave him and gave him another chance . And he really screwed her over . [ ... ] To go for a guy like that is to say I want to be damaged . ' " Writer Stacy McKee deemed Izzie 's moving on from Alex to patient Denny Duquette " karma " , as Alex previously treated Izzie badly , yet as he begins to realize his true feelings , he is forced to watch her embark on a romance with " the undeniably handsome - and totally charming " Denny . Series writer Blythe Robe commented on Izzie and Denny : " I love the way Izzie lights up when she 's around him . I love their relationship because it 's so pure and honest and completely game free . " Writer Elizabeth Klaviter noted at this time the way Izzie " seems to be sacrificing her reputation because of her feelings for Denny . " When Izzie deliberately worsened Denny 's condition to move him up the transplant list , series writer Mark Wilding questioned the morality of the actions , asking : " is Izzie bad for doing it ? Is she tremendously irresponsible ? She cut the LVAD wire for love so does that make her action understandable ? " Rhimes discussed costuming choices in the scene which saw the interns gather around Denny 's deathbed , explaining : " Meredith and George and Cristina and Callie and Alex are all dressed , not for a prom , but for a funeral . Everyone in dark colors , everyone dressed somberly . As if they were in mourning . Only Izzie is in happy pink . Only Izzie looks like she didn ’ t know this was coming . " Following Denny 's death , Heigl approached Rhimes to ask when her character would next have a romantic liaison . Rhimes explained that " Izzie doesn 't sleep around " . Heigl expressed a desire for Izzie to reunite with Alex , explaining : " I believe on some level , there 's a connection between Izzie and Alex . He can do honorable things even though he 's cutting and sarcastic . I would like to ultimately see them together , if not this season , then next . " Yahoo ! Voices wrote that Stevens in the third season " has become more condescending and passive aggressive herself , more than anyone else . " Heigl was critical of her character 's development in the show 's fourth season , particularly her affair with George , which she deemed " a ratings ploy " . Heigl explained : " They really hurt somebody , and they didn 't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . I don 't really know Izzie very well right now . She 's changed a lot . " Attempting to rationalise Izzie 's actions , Heigl later assessed that : People who are so infallible , perfect and moral tend to be the first to slip and fall . But I would love to see how she deals with the consequences of what she 's done , because what ’ s interesting is when people make decisions that shake their world , they suddenly have to go , ' Woo , I didn 't know I was capable of this . ' I 'd like to see Izzie take some culpability . = = Reception = = Heigl was nominated for the " Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series " award at the 2007 and 2008 Golden Globe Awards for her role as Izzie . She was named " Favorite Female TV Star " at the 34th People 's Choice Awards , and awarded " Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series " at the 2007 Emmy Awards . Prior to the ceremony , considering Heigl 's chances of winning the Emmy , Variety 's Stuart Levine assessed of her performance : " Heigl has little difficulty reaching Izzie 's highest highs and lowest lows . Showrunner Shonda Rhimes puts a lot of pressure on Heigl to carry many intense storylines , and she 's up to the challenge . " Levine also noted , however : " There are times when Izzy becomes completely irrational during crisis situations , which may bother some . " Fox News included Izzie in its list of " The Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General " . The character was listed in Wetpaint 's " 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV " and in BuzzFeed 's " 16 Hottest Doctors On Television " . During the show 's third season , the New York Post 's Robert Rorke deemed Izzie to be " the heart and soul " of Grey 's Anatomy . He deemed her the show 's heroine , and wrote that : " Izzie is a welcome , calming presence , despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiance Denny Duquette . [ ... ] Besides the formidable Dr. Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , Izzie seems to be the only adult intern at Seattle Grace ; the character has achieved a depth lacking in her fellow interns . " Eyder Peralta of The Houston Chronicle was critical of Izzie 's ethics in cutting Denny 's LVAD wire , writing that she " should not be practising medicine " and stating : " That 's the reason I don 't watch Grey 's Anatomy , anymore , because the super hot blond chick can make an earth @-@ shattering , fatal decision and she doesn 't get canned . " The season four romance between Izzie and George proved unpopular with viewers , and resulted in a fan backlash among Alex and Izzie fans . The return of Izzie 's deceased fiancé Denny and the resumption of their romance during the show 's fifth season also proved unpopular with fans , and was deemed " the world 's worst storyline " by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times . McNamara was also critical of the episode " Now or Never " , which saw Izzie flatline following neurosurgery , opining that Izzie ought to die . The episode in which Izzie married long @-@ term love Alex received 15 @.@ 3 million viewers , the largest television audience of the night . Izzie 's cancer storyline received a mixed response from the medical community . Otis Brawley , chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society , commented that Izzie 's treatment options were unrealistic . Whereas in the show she was offered the drug interleukin @-@ 2 , in reality the drug is never recommended to patients when melanoma has spread to the brain , as it can cause bleeding and strokes . Brawley explained that such patients would instead be offered radiosurgery . Conversely however , Tim Turnham , executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation , praised Grey 's Anatomy for bringing about greater public awareness of melanoma , stating : " We welcome the national spotlight Grey 's Anatomy has created for melanoma and its efforts to encourage viewers to learn more about the importance of prevention , early detection and research . " = Altair = Altair ( α Aquilae , α Aql ) is the brightest star in the constellation Aquila and the twelfth brightest star in the night sky . It is currently in the G @-@ cloud — a nearby accumulation of gas and dust known as an interstellar cloud . Altair is an A @-@ type main sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0 @.@ 77 and is one of the vertices of the Summer Triangle ( the other two vertices are marked by Deneb and Vega ) . It is 16 @.@ 7 light @-@ years ( 5 @.@ 13 parsecs ) from Earth and is one of the closest stars visible to the naked eye . Altair rotates rapidly , with a velocity at the equator of approximately 286 km / s . This is a significant fraction of the star 's estimated breakup speed of 400 km / s . A study with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer revealed that Altair is not spherical , but is flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation . Other interferometric studies with multiple telescopes , operating in the infrared , have imaged and confirmed this phenomenon . = = Characteristics = = Altair is located 16 @.@ 7 light @-@ years ( 5 @.@ 13 parsecs ) from Earth and is one of the closest stars visible to the naked eye . Along with Beta Aquilae and Gamma Aquilae , it forms the well @-@ known line of stars sometimes referred to as the Family of Aquila or Shaft of Aquila . Altair is a type @-@ A main sequence star with approximately 1 @.@ 8 times the mass of the Sun and 11 times its luminosity . Altair possesses an extremely rapid rate of rotation ; it has a rotational period of approximately 9 hours . For comparison , the equator of the Sun requires a little more than 25 days for a complete rotation . This rapid rotation forces Altair to be oblate ; its equatorial diameter is over 20 percent greater than its polar diameter . Satellite measurements made in 1999 with the Wide Field Infrared Explorer showed that the brightness of Altair fluctuates slightly , varying by just a few thousandths of a magnitude with several different periods less than 2 hours . As a result , it was identified in 2005 as a Delta Scuti variable star . Its light curve can be approximated by adding together a number of sine waves , with periods that range between 0 @.@ 8 and 1 @.@ 5 hours . It is a weak source of coronal X @-@ ray emission , with the most active sources of emission being located near the star 's equator . This activity may be due to convection cells forming at the cooler equator . = = = Oblateness and surface temperature = = = The angular diameter of Altair was measured interferometrically by R. Hanbury Brown and his co @-@ workers at Narrabri Observatory in the 1960s . They found a diameter of 3 milliarcseconds . Although Hanbury Brown et al. realized that Altair would be rotationally flattened , they had insufficient data to experimentally observe its oblateness . Altair was later observed to be flattened by infrared interferometric measurements made by the Palomar Testbed Interferometer in 1999 and 2000 . This work was published by G. T. van Belle , David R. Ciardi and their co @-@ authors in 2001 . Theory predicts that , owing to Altair 's rapid rotation , its surface gravity and effective temperature should be lower at the equator , making the equator less luminous than the poles . This phenomenon , known as gravity darkening or the von Zeipel effect , was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer in 2001 , and analyzed by Ohishi et al . ( 2004 ) and Peterson et al . ( 2006 ) . Also , A. Domiciano de Souza et al . ( 2005 ) verified gravity darkening using the measurements made by the Palomar and Navy interferometers , together with new measurements made by the VINCI instrument at the VLTI . Altair is one of the few stars for which a direct image has been obtained . In 2006 and 2007 , J. D. Monnier and his coworkers produced an image of Altair 's surface from 2006 infrared observations made with the MIRC instrument on the CHARA array interferometer ; this was the first time the surface of any main @-@ sequence star , apart from the Sun , had been imaged . The false @-@ color image was published in 2007 . The equatorial radius of the star was estimated to be 2 @.@ 03 solar radii , and the polar radius 1 @.@ 63 solar radii — a 25 % increase of the stellar radius from pole to equator . The polar axis is inclined by about 60 ° to the line of sight from the Earth . = = Etymology , mythology , and culture = = The name Altair has been used since medieval times . It is an abbreviation of the Arabic phrase النسر الطائر , al @-@ nesr al @-@ ṭā ’ ir ( " English : the flying eagle " ) . The term Al Nesr Al Tair appeared in Al Achsasi al Mouakket 's catalogue , which was translated into Latin as Vultur Volans . This name was applied by the Arabs to the asterism of α , β , and γ Aquilae and probably goes back to the ancient Babylonians and Sumerians , who called α Aquilae the eagle star . The spelling Atair has also been used . Medieval astrolabes of England and Western Europe depicted Altair and Vega as birds . The Koori people of Victoria also knew Altair as Bunjil , the wedge @-@ tailed eagle , and β and γ Aquilae are his two wives the black swans . The people of the Murray River knew the star as Totyerguil . The Murray River was formed when Totyerguil the hunter speared Otjout , a giant Murray cod , who , when wounded , churned a channel across southern Australia before entering the sky as the constellation Delphinus . In Chinese , the asterism consisting of α , β , and γ Aquilae is known as hegu ( 河鼓 ; lit . " river drum " ) . Altair is thus known as hegu er ( 河鼓二 ; lit . " river drum two " , meaning the " second star of the drum at the river " ) . However , Altair is better known by its other names : qianniu xing ( 牵牛星 ) or niulang xing ( 牛郎星 ) , translated as the cowherd star . These names are an allusion to a love story , The Weaver Girl and the Cowherd , in which Niulang ( represented by Altair ) and his two children ( represented by β and γ Aquilae ) are separated from respectively their wife and mother Zhinu ( represented by Vega ) by the Milky Way . They are only permitted to meet once a year , when magpies form a bridge to allow them to cross the Milky Way . The people of Micronesia called Altair as Mai @-@ lapa , " big / old breadfruit " , while the Māori people called this star as Poutu @-@ te @-@ rangi , " pillar of heaven " . In Western astrology , the star Altair was ill @-@ omened , portending danger from reptiles . Japan Airlines 's Starjet 777 @-@ 200 JA8983 was named Altair . Altair Airlines was a regional airline that operated out of Philadelphia from 1966 to 1982 . The NASA Constellation Program announced Altair as the name of the Lunar Surface Access Module ( LSAM ) on December 13 , 2007 . The Russian @-@ made Beriev Be @-@ 200 Altair seaplane is also named after the star . The Altair 8800 was one of the first microcomputers intended for home use . Altair is the name of three United States navy ships : USS Altair ( AD @-@ 11 ) , USS Altair ( AK @-@ 257 ) and USNS Altair ( T @-@ AKR @-@ 291 ) . Altair is the name of a 1919 poem by Karle Wilson Baker . Altaïr Ibn @-@ La 'Ahad is named after the star itself , who would become Master Assassin , then Mentor and become a legend in the history of the Assassins in the Assassin 's Creed series . = = Visual companions = = The bright primary star has the multiple star designation WDS 19508 + 0852A and has three faint visual companion stars , WDS 19508 + 0852B , C , and D. Component B is not physically close to A but merely appears close to it in the sky . = Poultry = Poultry ( / ˌpoʊltriː / ) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce , their meat , their feathers , or sometimes as pets . These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae ( fowl ) , especially the order Galliformes ( which includes chickens , quails and turkeys ) and the family Anatidae , in order Anseriformes , commonly known as " waterfowl " and including domestic ducks and domestic geese . Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat , such as the young of pigeons ( known as squabs ) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game . The word " poultry " comes from the French / Norman word poule , itself derived from the Latin word pullus , which means small animal . The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago . This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild , but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity . Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs , but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive @-@ bred source of food . Selective breeding for fast growth , egg @-@ laying ability , conformation , plumage and docility took place over the centuries , and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors . Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems , most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises . Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and , along with eggs , provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high @-@ quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat . All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning . = = Definition = = The word " poultry " comes from the Middle English " pultrie " , from Old French pouletrie , from pouletier , poultry dealer , from poulet , pullet . The word " pullet " itself comes from Middle English pulet , from Old French polet , both from Latin pullus , a young fowl , young animal or chicken . The word " fowl " is of Germanic origin ( cf . Old English Fugol , German Vogel , Danish Fugl ) . " Poultry " is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird , captive @-@ raised for its utility , and traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl ( Galliformes ) and waterfowl ( Anseriformes ) . " Poultry " can be defined as domestic fowls , including chickens , turkeys , geese and ducks , raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food . The Encyclopædia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs ( young pigeons ) . In R. D. Crawford 's Poultry breeding and genetics , squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list , the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild . In his 1848 classic book on poultry , Ornamental and Domestic Poultry : Their History , and Management , Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl , guinea fowl , mute swan , turkey , various types of geese , the muscovy duck , other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams . In colloquial speech , the term " fowl " is often used near @-@ synonymously with " domesticated chicken " ( Gallus gallus ) , or with " poultry " or even just " bird " , and many languages do not distinguish between " poultry " and " fowl " . Both words are also used for the flesh of these birds . Poultry can be distinguished from " game " , defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport , a word also used to describe the flesh of these when eaten . = = Chickens = = Chickens are medium @-@ sized , chunky birds with an upright stance and characterised by fleshy red combs and wattles on their heads . Males , known as cocks , are usually larger , more boldly coloured , and have more exaggerated plumage than females ( hens ) . Chickens are gregarious , omnivorous , ground @-@ dwelling birds that in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds , invertebrates , and other small animals . They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger , preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached . Today 's domestic chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia , with some additional input from grey junglefowl . Domestication is believed to have taken place between 7 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 years ago , and what are thought to be fossilized chicken bones have been found in northeastern China dated to around 5 @,@ 400 BC . Archaeologists believe domestication was originally for the purpose of cockfighting , the male bird being a doughty fighter . By 4 @,@ 000 years ago , chickens seem to have reached the Indus Valley and 250 years later , they arrived in Egypt . They were still used for fighting and were regarded as symbols of fertility . The Romans used them in divination , and the Egyptians made a breakthrough when they learned the difficult technique of artificial incubation . Since then , the keeping of chickens has spread around the world for the production of food with the domestic fowl being a valuable source of both eggs and meat . Since their domestication , a large number of breeds of chickens have been established , but with the exception of the white Leghorn , most commercial birds are of hybrid origin . In about 1800 , chickens began to be kept on a larger scale , and modern high @-@ output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the Second World War . By the mid @-@ 20th century , the poultry meat @-@ producing industry was of greater importance than the egg @-@ laying industry . Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs ; light @-@ framed , egg @-@ laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year ; fast @-@ growing , fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age , and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well @-@ fleshed carcase . Male birds are unwanted in the egg @-@ laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling . In meat breeds , these birds are sometimes castrated ( often chemically ) to prevent aggression . The resulting bird , called a capon , has more tender and flavorful meat , as well . A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken , either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed , or a " true bantam " with no larger counterpart . The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies . Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs . They are kept by small @-@ holders and hobbyists for egg production , use as broody hens , ornamental purposes , and showing . = = = Cockfighting = = = Cockfighting is said to be the world 's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6 @,@ 000 years ago . Two mature males ( cocks or roosters ) are set to fight each other , and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed . Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour . The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians , Chinese , Greeks , and Romans , and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter . Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals . = = Ducks = = Ducks are medium @-@ sized aquatic birds with broad bills , eyes on the side of the head , fairly long necks , short legs set far back on the body , and webbed feet . Males , known as drakes , are often larger than females ( simply known as ducks ) and are differently coloured in some breeds . Domestic ducks are omnivores , eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects , molluscs , worms , small amphibians , waterweeds , and grasses . They feed in shallow water by dabbling , with their heads underwater and their tails upended . Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly , and they are social birds , preferring to live and move around together in groups . They keep their plumage waterproof by preening , a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers . Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture . Even if this is not the case , domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West . Lucius Columella , writing in the first century BC , advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen , because when raised in this way , the ducks " lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen " . Despite this , ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD , when they began to be mentioned alongside geese , chickens , and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners . It is widely agreed that the mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck ( with the exception of the Muscovy duck ( Cairina moschata ) , which is not closely related to other ducks ) . Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat , eggs , and down . As is the case with chickens , various breeds have been developed , selected for egg @-@ laying ability , fast growth , and a well @-@ covered carcase . The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck , which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3 @.@ 5 kg ( 7 @.@ 7 lb ) in 44 days . In the Western world , ducks are not as popular as chickens , because the latter produce larger quantities of white , lean meat and are easier to keep intensively , making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat . While popular in haute cuisine , duck appears less frequently in the mass @-@ market food industry . However , things are different in the East . Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments . = = Geese = = The greylag goose ( Anser anser ) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago , and a different wild species , the swan goose ( Anser cygnoides ) , domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later , is known as a Chinese goose . The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak , a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose , is present to a varying extent in these hybrids . The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds . Despite their early domestication , geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks . Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks , an upright posture , and large bodies with broad rear ends . The greylag @-@ derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat , while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production . The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments . They forage on grass and weeds , supplementing this with small invertebrates , and one of the attractions of rearing geese is their ability to grow and thrive on a grass @-@ based system . They are very gregarious and have good memories and can be allowed to roam widely in the knowledge that they will return home by dusk . The Chinese goose is more aggressive and noisy than other geese and can be used as a guard animal to warn of intruders . The flesh of meat geese is dark @-@ coloured and high in protein , but they deposit fat subcutaneously , although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids . The birds are killed either around 10 or about 24 weeks . Between these ages , problems with dressing the carcase occur because of the presence of developing pin feathers . In some countries , geese and ducks are force @-@ fed to produce livers with an exceptionally high fat content for the production of foie gras . Over 75 % of world production of this product occurs in France , with lesser industries in Hungary and Bulgaria and a growing production in China . Foie gras is considered a luxury in many parts of the world , but the process of feeding the birds in this way is banned in many countries on animal welfare grounds . = = Turkeys = = Turkeys are large birds , their nearest relatives being the pheasant and the guineafowl . Males are larger than females and have spreading , fan @-@ shaped tails and distinctive , fleshy wattles , called a snood , that hang from the top of the beak and are used in courtship display . Wild turkeys can fly , but seldom do so , preferring to run with a long , stratling gait . They roost in trees and forage on the ground , feeding on seeds , nuts , berries , grass , foliage , invertebrates , lizards , and small snakes . The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco , Guerrero and Veracruz . Pre @-@ Aztec tribes in south @-@ central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC , and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC . They used the feathers for robes , blankets , and ceremonial purposes . More than 1 @,@ 000 years later , they became an important food source . The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl , a bird known as a " turkey fowl " at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey . Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions . These are often large buildings , purpose @-@ built to provide ventilation and low light intensities ( this reduces the birds ' activity and thereby increases the rate of weight gain ) . The lights can be switched on for 24 @-@ hrs / day , or a range of step @-@ wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly . Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19 . Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts . Many different breeds have been developed , but the majority of commercial birds are white , as this improves the appearance of the dressed carcass , the pin feathers being less visible . Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as Christmas ( 10 million birds in the United Kingdom ) or Thanksgiving ( 60 million birds in the United States ) . However , they are increasingly becoming part of the everyday diet in many parts of the world . = = Quail = = The quail is a small to medium @-@ sized , cryptically coloured bird . In its natural environment , it is found in bushy places , in rough grassland , among agricultural crops , and in other places with dense cover . It feeds on seeds , insects , and other small invertebrates . Being a largely ground @-@ dwelling , gregarious bird , domestication of the quail was not difficult , although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity . It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC . It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand . These were the common quail ( Coturnix coturnix ) , but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan . They were originally kept as songbirds , and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests . In the early 20th century , Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production . By 1940 , the quail egg industry was flourishing , but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type , as well as almost all of those bred for egg production . After the war , the few surviving domesticated quail were used to rebuild the industry , and all current commercial and laboratory lines are considered to have originated from this population . Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan , India , China , Italy , Russia , and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries . Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics , embryology , nutrition , physiology , pathology , and toxicity studies . These quail are closely related to the common quail , and many young hybrid birds are released into the wild each year to replenish dwindling wild populations . = = Other poultry = = Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa , and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl ( Numida meleagris ) . It is a medium @-@ sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top , and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans . Guinea fowl are hardy , sociable birds that subsist mainly on insects , but also consume grasses and seeds . They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease . They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators . Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens , young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months . A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table . Like other domesticated pigeons , birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon ( Columba livia ) . Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used . Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days . When they hatch , the squabs are fed by both parents on " pigeon 's milk " , a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop . Squabs grow rapidly , but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g ( 18 oz ) . By this time , the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months . = = Poultry farming = = Worldwide , more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry , with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs . Traditionally , such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks , foraging during the day and housed at night . This is still the case in developing countries , where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry . However , rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger , more intensive specialist units . These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed , and result in cheap , safe food being made available for urban communities . Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed , which has been rising . High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production . In free @-@ range husbandry , the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day . Often , this is in large enclosures , but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours . A more intensive system is yarding , in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate . Poultry can also be kept in a barn system , with no access to the open air , but with the ability to move around freely inside the building . The most intensive system for egg @-@ laying chickens is battery cages , often set in multiple tiers . In these , several birds share a small cage which restricts their ability to move around and behave in a normal manner . The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection . Battery cages for hens have been illegal in the EU since January 1 , 2012 . Chickens raised intensively for their meat are known as " broilers " . Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size ( 2 kg ( 4 @.@ 4 lb ) ) in six weeks or less . Broilers grow so fast , their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles . Mortality rates at 1 % are much higher than for less @-@ intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights . Processing the birds is done automatically with conveyor @-@ belt efficiency . They are hung by their feet , stunned , killed , bled , scalded , plucked , have their heads and feet removed , eviscerated , washed , chilled , drained , weighed , and packed , all within the course of little over two hours . Both intensive and free @-@ range farming have animal welfare concerns . In intensive systems , cannibalism , feather pecking and vent pecking can be common , with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure . Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock . In extensive systems , the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease @-@ carrying wild birds . Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare . In Southeast Asia , a lack of disease control in free @-@ range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza . = = Poultry shows = = In many countries , national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards . The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal , as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry . Breed standards were drawn up for egg @-@ laying , meat @-@ type , and purely ornamental birds , aiming for uniformity . Sometimes , poultry shows are part of general livestock shows , and sometimes they are separate events such as the annual " National Championship Show " in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain . = = Poultry as food = = = = = Trade = = = Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world , accounting for about 30 % of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38 % . Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption , more than half of these in industrialised , factory @-@ like production units . Global broiler meat production rose to 84 @.@ 6 million tonnes in 2013 . The largest producers were the United States ( 20 % ) , China ( 16 @.@ 6 % ) , Brazil ( 15 @.@ 1 % ) and the European Union ( 11 @.@ 3 % ) . There are two distinct models of production ; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin . This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements , welfare issues and environmental regulations . In contrast , the United States model turns the product into a commodity . World production of duck meat was about 4 @.@ 2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total , some 1 @.@ 7 billion birds . Other notable duck @-@ producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam , Thailand , Malaysia , Myanmar , Indonesia and South Korea ( 12 % in total ) . France ( 3 @.@ 5 % ) is the largest producer in the West , followed by other EU nations ( 3 % ) and North America ( 1 @.@ 7 % ) . China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat , with a 94 % share of the 2 @.@ 6 million tonne global market . Global egg production was expected to reach 65 @.@ 5 million tonnes in 2013 , surpassing all previous years . Between 2000 and 2010 , egg production was growing globally at around 2 % per year , but since then growth has slowed down to nearer 1 % . = = = Cuts of poultry = = = Poultry is available fresh or frozen , as whole birds or as joints ( cuts ) , bone @-@ in or deboned , seasoned in various ways , raw or ready cooked . The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest , called " breast " meat , and the walking muscles on the legs , called the " thigh " and " drumstick " . The wings are also eaten ( Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States ) and may be split into three segments , the meatier " drumette " , the " wingette " ( also called the " flat " ) , and the wing tip ( also called the " flapper " ) . In Japan , the wing is frequently separated , and these parts are referred to as 手羽元 ( teba @-@ moto " wing base " ) and 手羽先 ( teba @-@ saki " wing tip " ) . Dark meat , which avian myologists refer to as " red muscle " , is used for sustained activity — chiefly walking , in the case of a chicken . The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin , which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells . White muscle , in contrast , is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as , for chickens , flying . Thus , the chicken 's leg and thigh meat are dark , while its breast meat ( which makes up the primary flight muscles ) is white . Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight , such as ducks and geese , have red muscle ( and therefore dark meat ) throughout . Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours , an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration . = = Health and disease ( humans ) = = Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality . This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids . Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight . However , for boneless , skinless chicken breast , the amount is much lower . A 100 @-@ g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein , compared to 10 g of fat and 27 g of protein for the same portion of broiled , lean skirt steak . A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47 % of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus , and 52 % of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics . Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria , but a risk of cross @-@ contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present . Also , some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter . Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling , processing , marketing , or storage , resulting in food @-@ borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled . In general , avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird @-@ specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people ; however , people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia , where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected . The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic . Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media , but viruses need living cells in which to replicate . Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs . Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements , a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine . A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised , but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell @-@ based rather than egg @-@ based culture become available . Cell @-@ based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile , fertile eggs . = Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees = Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees , 468 U.S. 491 ( 1984 ) , is a 4 @-@ to @-@ 3 ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that a New Jersey state gaming law requiring union leaders to be of good moral character was not preempted by the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) . = = Background = = In 1976 , New Jersey amended their state constitution to permit casino gambling in Atlantic City . On June 2 , 1977 , Governor Brendan Byrne signed the Casino Control Act ( N.J. Stat . Ann . Section 5 : 12 @-@ 1 et seq . ) into law . The act established the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and instituted comprehensive regulation of casino gambling — including the regulation of labor unions representing gaming industry employees . In an attempt to forestall organized crime influence over labor unions , Sections 86 and 93 of the act imposed certain qualifications on officials of labor organizations representing casino industry workers . Among these qualifications were that the official be of " good moral character , " not been convicted of certain felonies , and was not associated with organized crime . If a labor union 's leaders did not meet these criteria , the union was prohibited from collecting or receiving dues from its members and from administering pension and welfare funds . Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union Local 54 represented about 12 @,@ 000 workers , 10 @,@ 000 of whom were employed in Atlantic City casinos . Almost all of these casino workers had been organized since the legalization of gambling in the state . On May 13 , 1981 , the Casino Control Commission found that Frank Gerace , president of Local 54 , and Frank Materio , the local 's grievance manager , were associated with organized crime . The commission also ruled that Karlos LaSane , the union 's business agent , was ineligible to be a union officer or agent because he had previously been convicted of extortion . The commission also found that union officers refused to cooperate with Casino Control Commission investigators , and held stock in Resorts International , Inc . ( which owned one of the casinos in which Local 54 represented workers ) . Both actions contravened state regulations . The commission feared that Local 54 was being influenced by Nicodemo " Little Nicky " Scarfo , a reputed leader of the Scarfo organized crime " family " based in Philadelphia . National and state AFL @-@ CIO officials , fearing the New Jersey law might open the door to extensive new state regulation of labor unions , asked Local 54 to test the New Jersey law in court . After a regulatory appeal , the Casino Control Commission unanimously rejected the union 's contention that the law was unconstitutional and preempted by the NLRA . Local 54 then filed suit in federal district court , seeking a permanent injunction prohibiting enforcement of the act . At trial , the union argued that the law infringed on its members ' constitutional right of freedom of association and was preempted by federal labor law . The state countered that the regulation was a permissible infringement of the freedom of association because keeping criminal elements out of the gaming industry was a compelling governmental interest . On March 22 , 1982 , the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey held ( 536 F. Supp . 317 , ( 1982 ) ) that the New Jersey statute was not unconstitutionally vague and did not impermissibly infringe on union members ' First Amendment rights . The union appealed . While the appeal was pending , the Casino Control Commission ordered Gerace and Materio to vacate their union positions . The commission demanded that both men relinquish their union offices by October 12 , 1982 , or the local would not be permitted to collect dues or administer its pension plan . On June 30 , 1983 , a three @-@ judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled ( 709 F.2d 815 ( 1983 ) ) 2 @-@ to @-@ 1 that the district court had erred . The appellate court granted the union 's injunction , finding that Section 93 of the act was preempted by Section 7 of the NLRA . The Court of Appeals relied heavily on the Supreme Court 's decision in Hill v. Florida ex rel . Watson , 325 U.S. 538 ( 1945 ) , when it concluded that Section 7 conferred " an unfettered right on employees to choose the officials of their own bargaining representatives . " The state sought a rehearing en banc , but the entire court of appeals refused to rehear the case after it deadlocked in a 5 @-@ to @-@ 5 vote . The state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , which granted certiorari ( 464 U.S. 990 ( 1983 ) ) . = = Decision = = Justice Sandra Day O 'Connor delivered the opinion of the Court , in which Chief Justice Burger and Justices Harry Blackmun and William Rehnquist joined . Justice Byron White , joined by Justices Lewis F. Powell , Jr. and John Paul Stevens , dissented . Justices William J. Brennan , Jr. and Thurgood Marshall did not participate in the hearing or decision of the case . = = = Majority opinion = = = Justice O 'Connor concluded that Section 7 of the NLRA did not contain explicit pre @-@ emptive language nor indicate congressional intent to usurp a state role in labor @-@ management relations . " [ A ] ppropriate consideration for the vitality of our federal system and for a rational allocation of functions belies any easy inference that Congress intended to deprive the States of their ability to retain jurisdiction over such matters . " O 'Connor then rejected the appellate court 's reading of Hill v. Florida ex rel . Watson . Subsequent to Hill , O 'Connor noted , Congress had enacted the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act ( the " Landrum @-@ Griffin Act " ) . Section 504 ( a ) of the Landrum @-@ Griffin Act explicitly barred from office for a five @-@ year period union officers convicted of any number of crimes . By enacting Section 504 ( a ) , O 'Connor concluded , Congress " unmistakably indicated that the right of employees to select the officers of their bargaining representatives is not absolute ... " Citing the plurality opinion in De Veau v. Braisted , 363 U.S. 144 ( 1960 ) , O 'Connor noted that the Court had previously held that the Landrum @-@ Griffin Act had not preempted the role of state legislation in regulating union officials . O 'Connor next addressed the New Jersey statute 's enforcement mechanism . O 'Connor recognized the continuing controlling nature of Hill in this regard , and acknowledged that questions of constitutionality and preemption must " be assessed independently in terms of its potential conflict with the federal enactment . " O 'Connor concluded , however , that the record was too incomplete on this issue , and remanded the issue to the appellate court so that it could order further proceedings . = = = Dissenting opinion = = = Justice White , writing for the dissent , argued that the linkage between Section 93 and Section 86 of the New Jersey act rendered the act preempted by federal law . If Section 86 merely imposed qualifications on union officials , White concluded , the law would not be preempted by the NLRA . But the act went far beyond that , and imposed sweeping penalties on the union . For the dissent , this proved critical : It is not clear what portion of the statute the Court upholds since it expressly refuses to decide whether the dues prohibition and fund administration provisions are valid . Section 93 ( b ) does nothing more than impose those two restrictions on unions whose officials are disqualified under the criteria set forth in § 86 . It does not , by its terms , provide a mechanism for disqualifying any union officer . Therefore , while it appears that the Court holds that a State is free to disqualify certain individuals from acting as union officials as long as it does not impose sanctions on the union itself , it is not clear that anything in § 93 ( b ) enables the State to do that . White noted that although Section 7 of the NLRA granted employees the absolute right to choose collective bargaining representatives of their choosing , that right was not coextensive with the less absolute right to determine who should serve as officers in that organization . In the current case , White noted , the workers had chosen an organization rather than an individual as their collective bargaining agent . White agreed with the majority that the state can permissibly impose qualifications on the officers of Local 54 . But the language of Section 7 of the NLRA as well as the Court 's ruling in Hill permitted the state to impose sanctions only on the officers , not on the union . Interfering with the relatively untrammeled right of the union to carry out its duties as collective bargaining agent was impermissible as a matter of federal law : Allowing the State to so restrict the union 's conduct infringes on the employees ' right to bargain collectively through the representative of their own choosing because it prevents that representative from functioning as a collective @-@ bargaining agent . ... A union which cannot sustain itself financially obviously cannot effectively engage in collective @-@ bargaining activities on behalf of its members . The record , White noted , was quite clear in showing that Local 54 would not be able to function if either of the Casino Control Commission 's sanctions were imposed . Thus , White would have overturned the statute on grounds of preemption under Section 7 of the NLRA : I am willing to hold that , as a matter of law , a statute like § 93 ( b ) , which prohibits a union from collecting dues from its members , impairs the union 's ability to represent those members to such an extent that it infringes on their § 7 right to bargain through the representative of their choice . = = Consequences of the ruling = = Gerace resigned shortly after the Supreme Court 's ruling . However , Local 54 immediately rehired Gerace as a $ 48 @,@ 000 @-@ a @-@ year " consultant . " The Casino Control Commission declared this " a subterfuge . " The gaming commission declined to impose either of its statutory sanctions , and instead sought a court injunction forcing Gerace to resign his consultancy . In November 1984 , a New Jersey state superior court ruled that the gaming commission had the right to force Gerace 's resignation . Gerace initially fought the court 's order , but eventually resigned after concluding that the continuing legal battle would " be disruptive to the operation of the union . " Materio and LaSane also resigned , but were later hired by the union as business agents to handle non @-@ casino related matters . Five years after the ruling in Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union an academic study concluded that the Casino Control Act had been only marginally successful in preventing or eliminating organized crime influence in New Jersey 's casino unions . The study noted that the law had not been used since its initial 1981 enforcement action , and that many union officials were merely rehired as consultants rather than as elected officers . The state gaming commission never again attempted to use its two statutory sanctions against any union , and relied instead on the threat of injunctions to remove officials it suspected of links to organized crime . = Section Thirty @-@ four of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms = Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the last section of Canada 's Charter of Rights , which is entrenched in the Constitution Act , 1982 . Section 34 provides guidance for the legal citation of the Charter . The section has been interpreted by Canadian writers , who have analyzed both its intention and its meaning . Because the section affirms the name of the Charter and thus entrenches it in the Constitution Act , it came into focus in 1994 when a Member of Parliament ( MP ) proposed to change the name of the Charter . = = Text = = Under the heading " Citation , " the section reads : = = Function = = Section 34 , as part of the Constitution Act , 1982 , came into force on April 17 , 1982 . According to the government of Canada , section 34 's function " simply " relates to citation . The section clarifies that the first 34 sections of the Constitution Act , 1982 may be collectively called the " Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , " which is an " official name . " This would be the name of the English version . The French version of section 34 states " Titre de la présente partie : Charte canadienne des droits et libertés . " In 1982 , constitutional scholar Peter Hogg suggested that the section also clarifies the size and scope of the Charter . Only section 34 and the sections that come before it compose the Charter . The next sections of the Constitution Act , 1982 , including section 35 ( which affirms Aboriginal rights ) and section 36 ( which affirms equalization payments ) , are thus not Charter rights . This is significant , since section 1 of the Constitution Act , 1982 allows for limits on Charter rights , so it cannot apply to sections 35 or 36 . However , this also means that a " judicial remedy " under section 24 of the Act is not available for sections 35 or 36 , since section 24 refers only to the Charter . = = Discussion = = Canadian poet George Elliott Clarke once analyzed section 34 , calling it " bland legalese . " He wrote it was " reassuring " because it was dull , signalling neither fear nor excitement . Thus , it seemed to imply the Charter of Rights was not a radical constitutional change , despite the fact that it was potentially revolutionary for a constitutional monarchy . In considering the name Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Clarke felt the first word , " Canadian , " hinted at Canadian nationalism . He then compared this to the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the United States Bill of Rights , saying that those documents were written by men who had just emerged from conflict and still remembered it , and thus Canada could be duller . However , he noted there was some drama in the Charter in that it was written when there was a threat of Quebec separatism , and section 27 ( multiculturalism ) , section 25 ( Aboriginal rights ) , and section 15 ( 2 ) ( affirmative action ) of the Charter could change the country . In 1994 , the Canadian House of Commons debated changing the name of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the Canadian Charter of Rights , Freedoms and Responsibilities . As Parliamentary Secretary Russell MacLellan pointed out , this would have to be done through a constitutional amendment , particularly to section 34 , since section 34 " establishes the charter 's title . The charter 's title is thus part of the Constitution . " MacLellan believed the amending formula needed would be the one requiring the support of seven provincial governments representing at least half of Canada 's population . Edmonton Southwest MP Ian McClelland had suggested the change , believing it to be necessary because " I felt we were becoming a nation of entitlement . " MacLellan replied that " The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is and aspires to be a statement by Canadians about the rights and freedoms which we as Canadians deeply value in our democratic society . " MacLellan added that section 1 implied a need for responsibilities , so " It is not necessary to change the title of this charter to emphasize the integral relationship between the individual 's rights and his or her responsibility to the rest of society . " = Willie wagtail = The willie ( or willy ) wagtail ( Rhipidura leucophrys ) is a passerine bird native to Australia , New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , the Bismarck Archipelago , and Eastern Indonesia . It is a common and familiar bird throughout much of its range , living in most habitats apart from thick forest . Measuring 19 – 21 @.@ 5 cm ( 7 1 ⁄ 2 – 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ) in length , the willie wagtail is contrastingly coloured with almost entirely black upperparts and white underparts ; the male and female have similar plumage . Three subspecies are recognised ; Rhipidura leucophrys leucophrys from central and southern Australia , the smaller R. l. picata from northern Australia , and the larger R. l. melaleuca from New Guinea and islands in its vicinity . It is unrelated to the true wagtails of the genus Motacilla ; it is a member of the fantail genus Rhipidura and is a part of a " core corvine " group that includes true crows and ravens , drongos and birds of paradise . Within this group , fantails are placed either in the family Dicruridae , alongside drongos , or in their own small family , Rhipiduridae . The willie wagtail is insectivorous and spends much time chasing prey in open habitat . Its common name is derived from its habit of wagging its tail horizontally when foraging on the ground . Aggressive and territorial , the willie wagtail will often harass much larger birds such as the laughing kookaburra and wedge @-@ tailed eagle . It has responded well to human alteration of the landscape and is a common sight in urban lawns , parks , and gardens . It was widely featured in Aboriginal folklore around the country as either a bringer of bad news or a stealer of secrets . = = Taxonomy = = The willie wagtail was first described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 as Turdus leucophrys . Its specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek words leukos " white " and ǒphrys " eyebrow " . Other early scientific names include Muscicapa tricolor by Vieillot , and Rhipidura motacilloides by naturalists Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827 , who erected the genus Rhipidura . The generic term is derived from the Ancient Greek rhipis " fan " and oura " tail " . John Gould and other early writers referred to the species as the black @-@ and @-@ white fantail , although did note the current name . However , willie wagtail rapidly became widely accepted sometime after 1916 . Wagtail is derived from its active behaviour , while the origins of willie are obscure . The name had been in use colloquially for the pied subspecies of the white wagtail ( Motacilla alba ) on the Isle of Man , and Northern Ireland . Other vernacular names applied include shepherd 's companion ( because it accompanied livestock ) , frogbird , morning bird , and Australian nightingale . Many Aboriginal names are onomatopoeic , based on the sound of its scolding call . Djididjidi is a name from the Kimberley , and Djigirridjdjigirridj is used by the Gunwinggu of western Arnhem Land . In Central Australia , southwest of Alice Springs , the Pitjantjatjara word is tjintir @-@ tjintir ( pa ) . Among the Kamilaroi , it is thirrithirri . In Bougainville Island , it is called tsiropen in the Banoni language from the west coast , and in Awaipa of Kieta district it is maneka . In the Solomon Islands Pijin it is sometimes called the polis ( police ) or pris ( priest ) bird , because of its black @-@ and @-@ white colouring . The willie wagtail is unrelated to the Eurasian wagtails of the family Motacillidae . It is one of 47 members of the fantail genus Rhipidura ; some authorities classify this group of birds as a subfamily Rhipidurinae within the drongo family Dicruridae , together with the monarch flycatchers , while others consider them distinct enough to warrant their own family Rhipiduridae . Early molecular research in the late 1980s and early 1990s revealed that the fantails belong to a large group of mainly Australasian birds known as the parvorder Corvida comprising many tropical and Australian passerines . More recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat and the fantails have been classified in a " core corvine " group with the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders . = = = Subspecies = = = The following three subspecies are widely recognised : R. leucophrys leucophrys , the nominate subspecies , is the most widely distributed form found in Australia . The description below refers to it . There is negligible variation within this form , and little between the three ; all have very similar plumage . R. leucophrys picata was described by John Gould in 1848 . It is found across northern Australia , from northern Western Australia to Queensland . It has shorter wings , and it has a gradient in wing length between latitudes 18 – 22 ° S across the Australian continent where this subspecies intergrades with leucophrys . The subspecific epithet is Latin pǐcata " smeared with pitch " . R. leucophrys melaleuca was described by French naturalists Jean René Constant Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard in 1830 . It occurs in eastern Indonesia , New Guinea , the Solomon Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago . It is significantly larger , with longer bristles and larger bill . Its subspecific name is derived from the Ancient Greek melas " black " , and leukos " white " . = = Description = = An adult willie wagtail is between 19 and 21 @.@ 5 cm ( 7 @.@ 5 and 8 @.@ 5 in ) in length and weighs 17 – 24 g ( 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 85 oz ) , with a tail 10 – 11 cm ( approx 4 in ) long . The short , slender bill measures 1 @.@ 64 – 1 @.@ 93 cm ( around 0 @.@ 75 in ) , and is tipped with a small hook . This species has longer legs than other fantails , which may be an adaptation to foraging on the ground . The male and female have similar plumage ; the head , throat , upper breast , wings , upperparts , and tail are all black , with a white eyebrow , " whiskers " and underparts . The bill and legs are black and the iris dark brown . Immature birds in their first year after moulting from juvenile plumage may have pale tips in their wings , while juvenile birds themselves have duller plumage , their upperparts brown @-@ tinged with some pale brown scallops on the head and breast . = = = Vocalisation = = = The wagtail is very " chatty " and has a number of distinct vocalisations . Its most @-@ recognised sound is its alarm call which is a rapid chit @-@ chit @-@ chit @-@ chit , although it has more melodious sounds in its repertoire . The alarm call is sounded to warn off potential rivals and threats from its territory and also seems to serve as a signal to its mate when a potential threat is in the area . John Gould reported that it sounded like a child 's rattle or " small cog @-@ wheels of a steam mill " . In his book What Bird is That ? ( 1935 ) , Neville Cayley writes that it has " a pleasant call resembling sweet pretty little creature , frequently uttered during the day or night , especially on moonlight nights " . = = Distribution and habitat = = Widespread and abundant , the willie wagtail is found across most of Australia and New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , the Bismarck Archipelago , and eastern Indonesia . It is sedentary across most of Australia , though some areas have recorded seasonal movements ; it is an autumn and winter visitor to northeastern New South Wales and southeast Queensland , as well as the Gulf Country and parts of Cape York Peninsula in the far north . It is a vagrant to Tasmania , and on occasion reaches Lord Howe Island . There is one record from Mangere Island in the Chatham Islands archipelago east of New Zealand in 2002 . The willie wagtail was released in Hawaii around 1922 to control insects on livestock , but the introduction was unsuccessful and the last sighting was at Koko Head in 1937 . The willie wagtail is at home in a wide variety of habitats , but avoids densely forested areas such as rainforest . It prefers semi @-@ open woodland or grassland with scattered trees , often near wetlands or bodies of water . In New Guinea , it inhabits man @-@ made clearings and grasslands , as well as open forest and mangroves . On Guadalcanal , it was reported from open areas and coconut groves . It has responded well to human alteration of the landscape and can often be seen hunting in open , grassed areas such as lawns , gardens , parkland , and sporting grounds . The species spread into the Western Australian Wheatbelt after the original vegetation had been cleared for agriculture . = = Behaviour = = The willie wagtail is almost always on the move and rarely still for more than a few moments during daylight hours . Even while perching it will flick its tail from side to side , twisting about looking for prey . Birds are mostly encountered singly or in pairs , although they may gather in small flocks . Unlike other fantails , much of its time is spent on the ground . It beats its wings deeply in flight , interspersed with a swift flying dip . It characteristically wags its tail upon landing after a short dipping flight . The willie wagtail is highly territorial and can be quite fearless in defence of its territory ; it will harry not only small birds but also much larger species such as the Australian magpie ( Cracticus tibicen ) , raven ( Corvus coronoides ) , laughing kookaburra ( Dacelo novaeguineae ) , or wedge @-@ tailed eagle ( Aquila audax ) . It may even attack domestic dogs , cats and humans which approach its nest too closely . It has also been observed harassing snake @-@ neck turtles and tiger snakes in Western Australia . When harassing an opponent , the willie wagtail avoids the head and aims for the rear . Both the male and female may engage in this behaviour , and generally more intensely in the breeding season . Territories range from 1 – 3 ha ( 2 @.@ 5 – 7 @.@ 4 acres ) in area . A pair of birds will declare and defend their territory against other pairs in a diving display . One bird remains still while the other loops and dives repeatedly before the roles are reversed ; both sing all the while . The bird 's white eyebrows become flared and more prominent in an aggressive display , and settled and more hidden when in a submissive or appeasement display . = = = Feeding = = = The willie wagtail perches on low branches , fences , posts , and the like , watching for insects and other small invertebrates in the air or on the ground . It usually hunts by hawking flying insects such as gnats , flies , and small moths , but will occasionally glean from the ground . It will often hop along the ground and flit behind people and animals , such as cattle , sheep or horses , as they walk over grassed areas , to catch any creatures disturbed by their passing . It wags its tail in a horizontal fashion while foraging in this manner ; the exact purpose of this behaviour is unknown but is thought to help flush out insects hidden in vegetation and hence make them easier to catch . The willie wagtail takes ticks from the skin of grazing animals such as cattle or pigs , even from lions asleep in a zoo . It kills its prey by bashing it against a hard surface , or holding it and pulling off the wings before extracting the edible insides . The adaptability and opportunistic diet of the willie wagtail have probably assisted it in adapting to human habitation ; it eats a wide variety of arthropods , including butterflies , moths , flies , beetles , dragonflies , bugs , spiders , centipedes , and millipedes , and has been recorded killing small lizards such as skinks and geckos in a study in Madang on Papua New Guinea 's north coast . The tailbones of these lizards have been found in their faeces although it is unclear whether the whole animal was eaten or merely the tail . Either way , lizards are only a very occasional prey item forming between 1 and 3 % of the total diet . Evidence from the study in Madang suggested that the willie wagtail selectively fed nestlings larger prey . = = = Breeding = = = Willie wagtails usually pair for life . The breeding season lasts from July to December , more often occurring after rain in drier regions . Anywhere up to four broods may be raised during this time . It builds a cup @-@ like nest on a tree branch away from leaves or cover , less than 5 m ( 16 ft ) above the ground . Rafters and eaves may also be used . It has been observed to build its nest in the vicinity of those of the magpie @-@ lark ( Grallina cyanoleuca ) , possibly taking advantage of the latter bird 's territoriality and aggression toward intruders . Similarly , it is not afraid to build near human habitation . The nest consists of grass stems , strips of bark , and other fibrous material which is bound and woven together with spider web . Even hair from pet dogs and cats may be used . It has also been observed attempting to take hair from a pet goat . An alpaca breeder in the Mudgee District of New South Wales has observed alpaca fleece in the nests of willy wagtails ( the results of scraps of fleece not picked up at shearing time ) . The female lays two to four small cream @-@ white eggs with brownish markings measuring 16 mm × 21 mm ( 0 @.@ 63 in × 0 @.@ 83 in ) , and incubates them for 14 days . Like all passerines , the chicks are altricial and nidicolous ; they are born naked and helpless with closed eyes , and remain in the nest . Both parents take part in feeding the young , and may continue to do so while embarking on another brood . Nestlings remain in the nest for around 14 days before fledging . Upon leaving , the fledglings will remain hidden in cover nearby for one or two days before venturing further afield , up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) away by the third day . Parents will stop feeding their fledglings near the end of the second week , as the young birds increasingly forage for themselves , and soon afterwards drive them out of the territory . The female pallid cuckoo ( Cuculus pallidus ) will lay eggs in a willie wagtail nest , although the hosts often recognise and eject the foreign eggs , so successful brood parasitism is rare . Parasitism by the fan @-@ tailed ( Cacomantis flabelliformis ) , brush , ( C. variolosus ) , Horsfield 's bronze ( Chrysococcyx basalis ) , and shining bronze cuckoo ( C. lucidus ) has also been reported . Although the willie wagtail is an aggressive defender of its nest , predators do account for many eggs and young . About two thirds of eggs hatch successfully , and a third leave the nest as fledglings . Nestlings may be preyed upon by both pied butcherbirds , ( Cracticus nigrogularis ) black butcherbirds ( C. quoyi ) , the spangled drongo ( Dicrurus bracteatus ) , and the pied currawong ( Strepera graculina ) , as well as the feral cat ( Felis catus ) , and rat species . The proximity of nesting to human habitation has also left nests open to destruction by children . Although generally a peaceful bird , which lives quite happily alongside humans , the willie wagtail will defend its nest aggressively . Willie wagtails are known to swoop at passers by , much like the Australian magpie . While attacks from willie wagtails are not as common or as formidable as the magpie , they do come as a great shock to recipients . = = Cultural depictions = = The willie wagtail was a feature in Australian Aboriginal folklore . Aboriginal tribes in parts of southeastern Australia , such as the Ngarrindjeri of the Lower Murray River , and the Narrunga People of the Yorke Peninsula , regard the willie wagtail as the bearer of bad news . It was thought that the willie wagtail could steal a person 's secrets while lingering around camps eavesdropping , so women would be tight @-@ lipped in the presence of the bird . The people of the Kimberley held a similar belief that it would inform the spirit of the recently departed if living relatives spoke badly of them . They also venerated the willie wagtail as the most intelligent of all animals . Its cleverness is also seen in a Tinputz tale of Bougainville Island , where Singsing Tongereng ( Willie Wagtail ) wins a contest among all birds to see who can fly the highest , by riding on the back of the eagle . However , the Gunwinggu in western Arnhem Land took a dimmer view and regarded it as a liar and a tattletale . The willie wagtail was held to have stolen fire and tried to extinguish it in the sea in a dreaming story of the Yindjibarndi people of the central and western Pilbara , and was able to send a strong wind if frightened . In the Noongar language dialects , the willie wagtail is known as the Chitti @-@ chitti along the Pallinup River , and the Willaring in the Perth region . The Kalam people of New Guinea highlands called it konmayd , and deemed it a good bird ; if it came and chattered when a new garden was tilled , then there would be good crops . It is said to be taking care of pigs if it is darting and calling around them . It may also be the manifestation of the ghost of paternal relatives to the Kalam . Called the kuritoro bird in New Guinea 's eastern highlands , its appearance was significant in the mourning ceremony by a widow for her dead husband . She would offer him banana flowers ; the presence of the bird singing nearby would confirm that the dead man 's soul had taken the offering . A tale from the Kieta district of Bougainville Island relates that a maneka , the willie wagtail , darting along a river bank echoes a legendary daughter looking for her mother who drowned trying to cross a flooding river in a storm . The bird has been depicted on postage stamps in Palau and the Solomon Islands , and has also appeared as a character in Australian children 's literature , such as Dot and the Kangaroo ( 1899 ) , Blinky Bill Grows Up ( 1935 ) , and Willie Wagtail and Other Tales ( 1929 ) . = Ælle of Sussex = Ælle ( / ˈælɛ / ; also Aelle or Ella ) is recorded in early sources as the first king of the South Saxons , reigning in what is now called Sussex , England , from 477 to perhaps as late as 514 . According to the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , Ælle and three of his sons are said to have landed at a place called Cymensora and fought against the local Britons . The chronicle goes on to report a victory in 491 , at present day Pevensey , where the battle ended with the Saxons slaughtering their opponents to the last man . Ælle was the first king recorded by the 8th century chronicler Bede to have held " imperium " , or overlordship , over other Anglo @-@ Saxon kingdoms . In the late 9th @-@ century Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle ( around four hundred years after his time ) Ælle is recorded as being the first bretwalda , or " Britain @-@ ruler " , though there is no evidence that this was a contemporary title . Ælle 's death is not recorded and although he may have been the founder of a South Saxon dynasty , there is no firm evidence linking him with later South Saxon rulers . The 12th @-@ century chronicler Henry of Huntingdon produced an enhanced version of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle that included 514 as the date of Ælle 's death , but this is not secure . = = Historical context = = Historians are divided on the detail of Ælle 's life and existence as it was during the least @-@ documented period in English history of the last two millennia . By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years . The most troublesome enemies of Roman Britain were the Picts of central and northern Scotland , and the Gaels known as Scoti , who were raiders from Ireland . Also vexatious were the Saxons , the name Roman writers gave to the peoples who lived in the northern part of what is now Germany and the southern part of the Jutland peninsula . Saxon raids on the southern and eastern shores of England had been sufficiently alarming by the late 3rd century for the Romans to build the Saxon Shore forts , and subsequently to establish the role of the Count of the Saxon Shore to command the defence against these incursions . Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century ; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410 , when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British , urging them to look to their own defence . Britain had been repeatedly stripped of troops to support usurpers ' claims to the Roman empire , and after 410 the Roman armies never returned . Sources for events after this date are extremely scarce , but a tradition , reported as early as the mid @-@ 6th century by a British priest named Gildas , records that the British sent for help against the barbarians to Aetius , a Roman consul , probably in the late 440s . No help came . Subsequently , a British leader named Vortigern is supposed to have invited continental mercenaries to help fight the Picts who were attacking from the north . The leaders , whose names are recorded as Hengest and Horsa , rebelled , and a long period of warfare ensued . The invaders — Angles , Saxons , Jutes , and Frisians — gained control of parts of England , but lost a major battle at Mons Badonicus ( the location of which is not known ) . Some authors have speculated that Ælle may have led the Saxon forces at this battle , while others reject the idea out of hand . The British thus gained a respite , and peace lasted at least until the time Gildas was writing : that is , for perhaps forty or fifty years , from around the end of the 5th century until midway through the sixth . Shortly after Gildas 's time the Anglo @-@ Saxon advance was resumed , and by the late 6th century nearly all of southern England was under the control of the continental invaders . = = Early sources = = There are two early sources that mention Ælle by name . The earliest is The Ecclesiastical History of the English People , a history of the English church written in 731 by Bede	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
from Greater Romania . " The poet is a character in Indian novelist Mulk Raj Anand 's Thieves of Fire , part four of his The Bubble ( 1984 ) , as well as in The Prince of West End Avenue , a 1994 book by the American Alan Isler . Rothenberg dedicated several of his poems to Tzara , as did the Neo @-@ Dadaist Valery Oișteanu . Tzara 's legacy in literature also covers specific episodes of his biography , beginning with Gertrude Stein 's controversial memoir . One of his performances is enthusiastically recorded by Malcolm Cowley in his autobiographical book of 1934 , Exile 's Return , and he is also mentioned in Harold Loeb 's memoir The Way It Was . Among his biographers is the French author François Buot , who records some of the lesser @-@ known aspects of Tzara 's life . At some point between 1915 and 1917 , Tzara is believed to have played chess in a coffeehouse that was also frequented by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin . While Richter himself recorded the incidental proximity of Lenin 's lodging to the Dadaist milieu , no record exists of an actual conversation between the two figures . Andrei Codrescu believes that Lenin and Tzara did play against each other , noting that an image of their encounter would be " the proper icon of the beginning of [ modern ] times . " This meeting is mentioned as a fact in Harlequin at the Chessboard , a poem by Tzara 's acquaintance Kurt Schwitters . German playwright and novelist Peter Weiss , who has introduced Tzara as a character in his 1969 play about Leon Trotsky ( Trotzki im Exil ) , recreated the scene in his 1975 @-@ 1981 cycle The Aesthetics of Resistance . The imagined episode also inspired much of Tom Stoppard 's 1974 play Travesties , which also depicts conversations between Tzara , Lenin , and the Irish modernist author James Joyce ( who is also known to have resided in Zürich after 1915 ) . His role was notably played by David Westhead in the 1993 British production , and by Tom Hewitt in the 2005 American version . Alongside his collaborations with Dada artists on various pieces , Tzara himself was a subject for visual artists . Max Ernst depicts him as the only mobile character in the Dadaists ' group portrait Au Rendez @-@ vous des Amis ( " A Friends ' Reunion " , 1922 ) , while , in one of Man Ray 's photographs , he is shown kneeling to kiss the hand of an androgynous Nancy Cunard . Years before their split , Francis Picabia used Tzara 's calligraphed name in Moléculaire ( " Molecular " ) , a composition printed on the cover of 391 . The same artist also completed his schematic portrait , which showed a series of circles connected by two perpendicular arrows . In 1949 , Swiss artist Alberto Giacometti made Tzara the subject of one of his first experiments with lithography . Portraits of Tzara were also made by Greta Knutson , Robert Delaunay , and the Cubist painters M. H. Maxy and Lajos Tihanyi . As an homage to Tzara the performer , art rocker David Bowie adopted his accessories and mannerisms during a number of public appearances . In 1996 , he was depicted on a series of Romanian stamps , and , the same year , a concrete and steel monument dedicated to the writer was erected in Moinești . Several of Tzara 's Dadaist editions had illustrations by Picabia , Janco and Hans Arp . In its 1925 edition , Handkerchief of Clouds featured etchings by Juan Gris , while his late writings Parler seul , Le Signe de vie , De mémoire d 'homme , Le Temps naissant , and Le Fruit permis were illustrated with works by , respectively , Joan Miró , Henri Matisse , Pablo Picasso , Nejad Devrim and Sonia Delaunay . Tzara was the subject of an 1949 eponymous documentary film directed by Danish filmmaker Jørgen Roos , and footage of him featured prominently in the 1953 production Les statues meurent aussi ( " Statues Also Die " ) , jointly directed by Chris Marker and Alain Resnais . = = = Posthumous controversies = = = The many polemics which surrounded Tzara in his lifetime left traces after his death , and determine contemporary perceptions of his work . The controversy regarding Tzara 's role as a founder of Dada extended into several milieus , and continued long after the writer died . Richter , who discusses the lengthy conflict between Huelsenbeck and Tzara over the issue of Dada foundation , speaks of the movement as being torn apart by " petty jealousies " . In Romania , similar debates often involved the supposed founding role of Urmuz , who wrote his avant @-@ garde texts before World War I , and Tzara 's status as a communicator between Romania and the rest of Europe . Vinea , who claimed that Dada had been invented by Tzara in Gârceni ca . 1915 and thus sought to legitimize his own modernist vision , also saw Urmuz as the ignored precursor of radical modernism , from Dada to Surrealism . In 1931 the young , modernist literary critic Lucian Boz evidenced that he partly shared Vinea 's perspective on the matter , crediting Tzara and Constantin Brâncuși with having , each on his own , invented the avant @-@ garde . Eugène Ionesco argued that " before Dadaism there was Urmuzianism " , and , after World War II , sought to popularize Urmuz 's work among aficionados of Dada . Rumors in the literary community had it that Tzara successfully sabotaged Ionesco 's initiative to publish a French edition of Urmuz 's texts , allegedly because the public could then question his claim to have initiated the avant @-@ garde experiment in Romania and the world ( the edition saw print in 1965 , two years after Tzara 's death ) . A more radical questioning of Tzara 's influence came from Romanian essayist Petre Pandrea . In his personal diary , published long after he and Tzara had died , Pandrea depicted the poet as an opportunist , accusing him of adapting his style to political requirements , of dodging military service during World War I , and of being a " Lumpenproletarian " . Pandrea 's text , completed just after Tzara 's visit to Romania , claimed that his founding role within the avant @-@ garde was an " illusion [ ... ] which has swelled up like a multicolored balloon " , and denounced him as " the Balkan provider of interlope odalisques , [ together ] with narcotics and a sort of scandalous literature . " Himself an adherent to communism , Pandrea grew disillusioned with the ideology , and later became a political prisoner in Communist Romania . Vinea 's own grudge probably shows up in his 1964 novel Lunatecii , where Tzara is identifiable as " Dr. Barbu " , a thick @-@ hided charlatan . From the 1960s to 1989 , after a period when it ignored or attacked the avant @-@ garde movement , the Romanian communist regime sought to recuperate Tzara , in order to validate its newly adopted emphasis on nationalist and national communist tenets . In 1977 , literary historian Edgar Papu , whose controversial theories were linked to " protochronism " , which presumes that Romanians took precedence in various areas of world culture , mentioned Tzara , Urmuz , Ionesco and Isou as representatives of " Romanian initiatives " and " road openers at a universal level . " Elements of protochronism in this area , Paul Cernat argues , could be traced back to Vinea 's claim that his friend had single @-@ handedly created the worldwide avant @-@ garde movement on the basis of models already present at home . = Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy = Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy , 162 U.S. 283 ( 1896 ) , was the first litigation of aboriginal title in the United States by a tribal plaintiff in the Supreme Court of the United States since Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) . It was the first such litigation by an indigenous plaintiff since Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) and its companion case of New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) . The New York courts held that the 1788 Phelps and Gorham Purchase did not violate the Nonintercourse Act , one of the provisions of which prohibits purchases of Indian lands without the approval of the federal government , and that ( even if it did ) the Seneca Nation of New York was barred by the state statute of limitations from challenging the transfer of title . The U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the merits of lower court ruling because of the adequate and independent state grounds doctrine . According to O 'Toole and Tureen , " Christy is an important case in that it revived the concept that states had special powers to deal with Indian tribes within their borders . " Although the case has not been formally overruled , two Supreme Court decisions in the 1970s and 1980s have undone its effect by ruling that there is federal subject @-@ matter jurisdiction for a federal common law cause of action for recovering possession based on the common @-@ law doctrine of aboriginal title . Moreover , the New York courts ' interpretation of the Nonintercourse Act is no longer good law . Modern federal courts hold that only Congress can ratify a conveyance of aboriginal title , and only with a clear statement , rather than implicitly . = = Background = = = = = Conveyance = = = The land in question , which had been part of the Seneca Nation 's traditional territory for centuries before the American Revolution , comprised part of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase , a tract of land disputed after the war between claims of New York and Massachusetts . By a December 16 , 1786 interstate compact , the states agreed that Massachusetts would retain the proprietary rights and the pre @-@ emption rights , but New York would retain governmental rights . After the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787 , the federal government ratified their compact . Three private individuals — Robert Troup , Thomas L. Ogden , and Benjamin W. Rogers — obtained the proprietary and preemptive rights from Massachusetts . They executed a treaty of conveyance with the Seneca on August 31 , 1826 , purchasing 87 @,@ 000 acres for $ 48 @,@ 216 . Massachusetts approved the conveyance , but the United States Senate was never consulted and never ratified the treaty , as required for treaties with Native American nations . In 1827 , the money was deposited in Ontario Bank in Canandaigua , New York , and in 1855 it was paid to the United States treasury , which began remitting the interest to the Seneca Nation . = = = Dispute = = = The Seneca Nation could not have brought the lawsuit until 1845 , when the New York legislature granted the nation the right to bring suits in courts of law and equity . The Seneca filed a petition with the Bureau of Indian Affairs on January 5 , 1881 , requesting restoration and possession of certain lands related to the Phelps and Gorham Purchase . This petition was ignored by the BIA . The Seneca hired the lawyer James Clark Strong to represent them , a " prominent lawyer and civic @-@ minded resident of Buffalo . " Strong was a former lieutenant colonel in the Union army ( brevetted to general after the war ) . He had a permanent limp from his wounds in the American Civil War . At the law practice of his brother , John C. Strong , he had also represented the Cayuga in a claim against New York state . = = Procedural history = = = = = New York trial court = = = The Seneca brought suit in the Circuit Court of Erie County , New York on October 13 , 1885 . The Seneca requested the ejectment of Harrison B. Christy from 100 acres of land in the town of Brant , New York ( purchased from the Ogden Land Company ) , known as the " mile strip . " These lands were formerly part of the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation , as established by the New York Treaty of Big Tree ( 1797 ) . The Seneca contended that the purchase was invalid because the treaty was not approved by the Senate , as required by the Constitution ; therefore it violated the Nonintercourse Act . Christy 's " answer consisted of a general denial , the plea of the statute of limitations of 20 years , and that the plaintiff had not the legal right , title , capacity , or authority to maintain the action . " = = = New York intermediate appellate court = = = The General Term of the Fifth Department of the New York Supreme Court heard the intermediate appeal . Bradley J. , writing for himself and Dwight J.J. , affirmed . The court considered whether the Indians had properly surrendered the land and whether the consideration had been paid . As to the first question , the court noted that , while " in view of the known habits of Indians they may not be supposed to represent their occupation or possession by improvements or inclosures of all or great portions of their lands " : [ I ] n this case the abandonment and surrender were not only practically made , but have been characterized by such circumstances and by such recognition , not only by the Indians , but by the government , in such manner as to determine the situation , and in legal effect to sever the prior relation of the Indians to the lands from them . The quantity of land covered by the treaty of conveyance was large . The court cited Johnson v. M 'Intosh ( 1823 ) for the proposition that : " [ t ] he title of the Indians was possessory , and embraced the right of occupancy only . And when abandoned by them the possession attached itself to the fee of the lands . " As to the second question , the court noted : The suggestion that the entire amount of the purchase money was not paid , and that such fact is in the way of supporting the claim to the Indian title , is not sustained . We are not called upon to consider the effect of default in payment of any portion of the purchase money . The treaty recites the payment of it , and as no such question seems ever before to have been raised , or full payment questioned , either by government or the Indians , it must at this late day be assumed , until the contrary is quite clearly made to appear , that the contract in that respect was performed . Finally , the court noted : The plaintiff not being a corporation , and having no such corporate name , could not at common law maintain an action . This right , however , was more than 40 years ago conferred by statute , which , among other things , provides that the Seneca Nation of Indians may maintain any action of ejectment to recover the possession of any part of the Allegany and Cattaraugus reservations unlawfully withheld from them . As a result , the intermediate appellate court did not reach the question of whether the statute of limitation applies . = = = New York Court of Appeals = = = Chief Justice Charles Andrews , writing for a unanimous New York Court of Appeals , affirmed . Validity of the transaction After reviewing the facts , Andrews began by arguing that there were many ways to extinguish aboriginal title . He said : " It is material to observe that there was no uniform procedure on the part of the purchasers from Massachusetts in acquiring the Indian title , " and gave examples of conveyances he believed to have been implicitly ratified by the federal government . As to the Seneca argument that , after the ratification of the Constitution , only the federal government could extinguish aboriginal title , Andrews noted that : These claims challenge the title not only of every purchaser and holder of lands within the boundaries of the grant of August 31 , 1826 , but also the title to many millions of acres of lands in this state , held under Indian treaties made by the state of New York with the Indian tribes within its borders , or under grants made by Indians to individuals under the authority of the state , where no treaty had been made between the United States and the Indian occupants . Andrews expressed the view that the U.S. states , not the federal government , inherited from Great Britain the sole power to extinguish aboriginal title : On the Declaration of Independence the colonies became sovereign states . They were so acknowledged by the treaty of peace of 1783 , and Great Britain by that treaty ‘ relinquished all claims to the government , property , and territorial rights ' within the several colonies . It is the received opinion that the colonies succeeded to the title of the crown to all the ungranted lands within their respective boundaries , with the exclusive right to extinguish by purchase the Indian title , and to regulate dealings with the Indian tribes . ‘ There was no territory in the United States , ’ said JOHNSON , J. , in Harcourt v. Gaillard , 12 Wheat . 523 , ‘ that was claimed in any other right than that of one of the confederated states ; therefore there could be no acquisition of territory made by the United States distinct from or independent of some one of the United States . ’ Andrews rejected the argument that the federal government had acquired Indian lands by treaty out of a legal requirement to do so : But the dealing by the general government with the Indian tribes through treaties was resorted to as a convenient mode of regulating Indian affairs , and not because , as with other nations , it was the only mode , independently of the arbitrament of war , of dealing with them . Andrews relied upon the argument of federal acquiescence : The practical construction given by the state of New York to the federal constitution , as shown by the numerous treaties made by it with the Indian tribes , and the recognition by the federal authority of their validity , is very strong evidence that the clause in the federal constitution prohibiting the states from entering into treaties does not preclude a state , having the preemption right to Indian lands , from dealing with the Indian tribes directly , for the extinguishment of the Indian title . Effect of the Nonintercourse Act As to the Nonintercourse Act , Andrews questioned both whether it applied to purchases by a state and whether it applied to purchases within a state . However , Andrews proceed to assume that the Act applied and held that it had not been violated . Andrews proceeded to argue that the treaty requirement of the Act was satisfied by state treaties : The purchase must be made at a treaty , as in other cases . This insures publicity , and affords a protection against fraud . But the proviso does not require that the treaty should be one between the United States and the tribe from whom the purchase is made , as in the cases coming under the first clause of the section . It is sufficient if the purchase is made at a treaty held ‘ under the authority of the United States , ’ and in the ‘ presence and with the approbation of the commissioner or commissioners of the United States , ’ etc . Andrews also placed reliance on the fact that later versions of the Act excluded the clause " or to any state , whether having the right of pre @-@ emption or not " and instead simply prohibited acquisitions by persons . Applicability of the statute of limitations Independently , Andrews indicated he would have dismissed the action under the statute of limitations : We are also of opinion that as the right of the plaintiff to sue was given by , and is dependent upon , the statute , the statute of limitations is a bar to the action . By the act of 1845 , the actions thereby authorized are to be brought and maintained ‘ in the same time ’ as if brought by citizens of the state . The question is not whether an Indian title can be barred by adverse possession , or by state statutes of limitation . The point is that the plaintiff cannot invoke the special remedy given by the statute , without being bound by the conditions upon which it is given . Andrews emphasized this latter ground because of his desire to prevent any similar lands claims by Indian tribes : In view of the numerous Indian titles in this state originating in treaties by the state , or in purchases made with its sanction by individuals , we prefer to place our judgment on the broader ground , which will remove any cloud upon the validity of those titles . = = Opinion = = Chief Justice Melville Fuller , for a unanimous Court , dismissed the writ of error , relying on the adequate and independent state grounds for the New York Court of Appeals ' decision . After reviewing the facts and the judgment below , he wrote that : The proper construction of this enabling act , and the time within which an action might be brought and maintained thereunder , it was the province of the state courts to determine . The Seneca Nation availed itself of the act in bringing this action , which was subject to the provision , as held by the court of appeals , that it could only be brought and maintained ‘ in the same manner and within the same time as if brought by citizens of this state in relation to their private individual property and rights . ’ Under the circumstances , the fact that the plaintiff was an Indian tribe cannot make federal questions of the correct construction of the act and the bar of the statute of limitations . As it appears that the decision of the court of appeals was rested , in addition to other grounds , upon a distinct and independent ground , not involving any federal question , and sufficient in itself to maintain the judgment , the writ of error falls within the wellsettled rule on that subject , and cannot be maintained . = = Legacy = = A 19th @-@ century New York Times article claimed that " [ t ] he decision is one of local , state , and national importance alike . . . . " In 1998 Prof. Hauptman summed up the case by the following : The Treaties of 1823 and 1826 , although fraudulent at their roots , were allowed to stand . The legal obstacles to Indian land suits at the time made it almost impossible to obtain redress until monetary compensation was awarded the Senecas under the Indian Claims Commission in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Seneca Nation has never been overruled . But , the effect of the decision was undone by rulings in Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State v. Oneida County ( 1974 ) , known as Oneida I , and Oneida County v. Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State ( 1985 ) , known as Oneida II , which held that there is a federal common law cause of action for ejectment based upon aboriginal title for which there is federal subject @-@ matter jurisdiction . Therefore , Indian tribes no longer have to rely on state statutes for a cause of action . In the words of Prof. Hauptman , Oneida I " overturned one hundred forty @-@ three years of American law . " = Frank Sinatra = Francis Albert " Frank " Sinatra ( / sᵻˈnɑːtrə / ; December 12 , 1915 – May 14 , 1998 ) was an American singer , actor , and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century . Sinatra 's music has been considered timeless by many . He is one of the best @-@ selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 150 million records worldwide . Born in Hoboken , New Jersey , to Italian immigrants , he began his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey . He found success as a solo artist after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943 , becoming the idol of the " bobby soxers " . He released his first album , The Voice of Frank Sinatra , in 1946 . Sinatra 's professional career had stalled by the early 1950s , and he turned to Las Vegas , where he became one of its best known performers as part of the Rat Pack . His career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity and his subsequent Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He signed with Capitol Records and released several critically lauded albums , including In the Wee Small Hours ( 1955 ) , Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! ( 1956 ) , Come Fly with Me ( 1958 ) , Only the Lonely ( 1958 ) and Nice ' n ' Easy ( 1960 ) . Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own record label , Reprise Records , and released a string of successful albums . In 1965 he recorded the retrospective September of My Years , starred in the Emmy @-@ winning television special Frank Sinatra : A Man and His Music , and scored hits with " Strangers in the Night " and " My Way " . After releasing Sinatra at the Sands , recorded at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Vegas with frequent collaborator Count Basie in early 1966 , the following year he recorded one of his most famous collaborations with Tom Jobim , the album Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim . It was followed by 1968 's collaboration with Duke Ellington . Sinatra retired for the first time in 1971 , but came out of retirement two years later and recorded several albums and resumed performing at Caesars Palace . In 1980 he scored a Top 40 hit with " ( Theme From ) New York , New York " . Using his Las Vegas shows as a home base , he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998 . Sinatra forged a highly successful career as a film actor . After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity , he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm ( 1955 ) , and received critical acclaim for his performance in The Manchurian Candidate ( 1962 ) . He appeared in various musicals such as On the Town ( 1949 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , High Society ( 1956 ) , and Pal Joey ( 1957 ) , and toward the end of his career he became associated with playing detectives , including the title character in Tony Rome ( 1967 ) . On television , The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950 , and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . Sinatra was also heavily involved with politics from the mid 1940s , and actively campaigned for presidents such as Harry S. Truman , John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan , though before Kennedy 's death Sinatra 's alleged Mafia connections led to his being snubbed . ( The Nevada Gaming Commission stripped Sinatra of his gambling license after he failed to meet an October 7 , 1963 deadline for refuting charges of close associations with Chicago mobster Sam Giancana . ) While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music , he had a fine , natural understanding of it , and he worked very hard from a young age to improve his abilities in all aspects of music . A perfectionist , renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness , he always insisted on recording live with his band . His deep blue eyes earned him the popular nickname " Ol ' Blue Eyes " . Sinatra led a colorful personal life , and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women , such as with his second wife Ava Gardner . He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976 . Sinatra had several violent confrontations , usually with journalists he felt had crossed him , or work bosses with whom he had disagreements . He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983 , was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985 , and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997 . Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards , including the Grammy Trustees Award , Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . After his death , American music critic Robert Christgau called him " the greatest singer of the 20th century " , and he continues to be seen as an iconic figure . = = Early life = = Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12 , 1915 , in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken , New Jersey . He was the only child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino " Marty " Sinatra ( May 4 , 1892 – January 24 , 1969 ) , the son of grape growers from Lercara Friddi , and Natalina " Dolly " Garaventa ( December 26 , 1896 – January 6 , 1977 ) , daughter of a lithographer from Genoa . The couple had eloped on Valentine 's Day 1913 , and married in a civil ceremony in Jersey City , New Jersey . Sinatra weighed 13 @.@ 5 pounds ( 6 @.@ 1 kg ) at birth and had to be delivered with the aid of forceps , which caused severe scarring to his left cheek , neck , and ear , and perforated his ear drum , damage that remained for life . Due to his injuries at birth , his baptism at St. Francis Church in Hoboken was delayed until April 2 , 1916 . A childhood operation on his mastoid bone left major scarring on his neck , and during adolescence he suffered from cystic acne that scarred his face and neck . Sinatra was raised Roman Catholic . When Sinatra 's mother was a child , her pretty face earned her the nickname " Dolly " . Energetic and driven , biographers believe that she was the dominant factor in the development of her son 's personality traits and extraordinary self @-@ confidence . Barbara Sinatra claims that Dolly was abusive to him as a child , and " knocked him around a lot " . Dolly became influential in Hoboken and in local Democratic Party circles . She worked as a midwife , earning $ 50 for each delivery , and according to Sinatra biographer Kitty Kelley , also ran an illegal abortion service that catered to Italian Catholic girls . She also had a gift for languages and served as a local interpreter . Sinatra 's illiterate father was a bantamweight boxer who fought under the name Marty O 'Brien . He later worked for 24 years at the Hoboken Fire Department , working his way up to captain . Sinatra spent much time at his parents ' tavern in Hoboken , working on his homework and occasionally singing a song on top of the player piano for spare change . During the Great Depression , Dolly provided money to her son for outings with friends and to buy expensive clothes , resulting in neighbors describing him as the " best @-@ dressed kid in the neighborhood " . Excessively thin and small as a child and young man , Sinatra 's skinny frame later became a staple of jokes during stage shows . Sinatra developed an interest in music , particularly big band jazz , at a young age . He listened to Gene Austin , Rudy Vallée , Russ Colombo , and Bob Eberly , and " idolized " Bing Crosby . Sinatra 's maternal uncle , Domenico , gave him a ukulele for his 15th birthday , and he began performing at family gatherings . Sinatra attended David E. Rue Jr . High School from 1928 , and A. J. Demarest High School in 1931 , where he arranged bands for school dances . He left without graduating , having attended only 47 days before being expelled for " general rowdiness " . To please his mother , he enrolled at Drake Business School , but departed after 11 months . Dolly found Sinatra work as a delivery boy at the Jersey Observer newspaper , where his godfather Frank Garrick worked , and after that , Sinatra was a riveter at the Tietjen and Lang shipyard . He performed in local Hoboken social clubs such as The Cat 's Meow and The Comedy Club , and sang for free on radio stations such as WAAT in Jersey City . In New York , Sinatra found jobs singing for his supper or for cigarettes . To improve his speech , he began taking elocution lessons for a dollar each from vocal coach John Quinlan , who was one of the first people to notice his impressive vocal range . = = Music career = = = = = Hoboken Four and Harry James ( 1935 – 39 ) = = = Sinatra began singing professionally as a teenager , but he learned music by ear and never learned to read music . He got his first break in 1935 when his mother persuaded a local singing group , the 3 Flashes , to let him join . Fred Tamburro , the group 's baritone , stated that " Frank hung around us like we were gods or something " , admitting that they only took him on board because he owned a car and could chauffeur the group around . Sinatra soon learned they were auditioning for the Major Bowes Amateur Hour show , and " begged " the group to let him in on the act . With Sinatra , the group became known as the Hoboken Four , and passed an audition from Edward Bowes to appear on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour show . They each earned $ 12 @.@ 50 for the appearance , and ended up attracting 40 @,@ 000 votes and won first prize — a six @-@ month contract to perform on stage and radio across the United States . Sinatra quickly became the group 's lead singer , and , much to the jealousy of his fellow group members , garnered most of the attention from girls . Due to the success of the group , Bowes kept asking for them to return , disguised under different names , varying from " The Seacaucus Cockamamies " to " The Bayonne Bacalas " . In 1938 , Sinatra found employment as a singing waiter at a roadhouse called " The Rustic Cabin " in Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , for which he was paid $ 15 a week . The roadhouse was connected to the WNEW radio station in New York City , and he began performing with a group live during the Dance Parade show . Despite the low salary , Sinatra felt that this was the break he was looking for , and boasted to friends that he was going to " become so big that no one could ever touch him " . In March 1939 , saxophone player Frank Mane , who knew Sinatra from Jersey City radio station WAAT where both performed on live broadcasts , arranged for him to audition and record " Our Love " , his first solo studio recording . In June , bandleader Harry James , who had heard Sinatra sing on " Dance Parade " , signed a two @-@ year contract of $ 75 a week one evening after a show at the Paramount Theatre in New York . It was with the James band that Sinatra released his first commercial record " From the Bottom of My Heart " in July . No more than 8 @,@ 000 copies of the record were sold , and further records released with James through 1939 , such as " All or Nothing At All " , also had weak sales on their initial release . Thanks to his vocal training , Sinatra could now sing two tones higher , and developed a repertoire which included songs such as " My Buddy " , " Willow Weep for Me " , " It 's Funny to Everyone But Me " , " Here Comes the Night " , " On a Little Street in Singapore " , " Ciribiribin " and " Every Day of My Life " . = = = Tommy Dorsey years ( 1939 – 42 ) = = = Sinatra became increasingly frustrated with the status of the Harry James band , feeling that he was not achieving the major success and acclaim he was looking for . His pianist and close friend Hank Sanicola persuaded him to stay with the group , but in November 1939 he left James to replace Jack Leonard as the lead singer of the Tommy Dorsey band . Sinatra signed a contract with Dorsey for $ 125 a week at Palmer House in Chicago , and James agreed amicably to release Sinatra from his contract . On January 26 , 1940 , he made his first public appearance with the band at the Coronado Theatre in Rockford , Illinois , opening the show with " Stardust " . Dorsey recalled : " You could almost feel the excitement coming up out of the crowds when the kid stood up to sing . Remember , he was no matinée idol . He was just a skinny kid with big ears . I used to stand there so amazed I 'd almost forget to take my own solos " . Dorsey was a major influence on Sinatra and became a father figure . Sinatra copied Dorsey 's mannerisms and traits , becoming a demanding perfectionist like him , even adopting his hobby of toy trains . He asked Dorsey to be godfather to his daughter Nancy in June 1940 . Sinatra later said that " The only two people I 've ever been afraid of are my mother and Tommy Dorsey " . Though Kelley claims that Sinatra and drummer Buddy Rich were bitter rivals , other authors state that they were friends and even roommates when the band was on the road , but professional jealousy surfaced as both men wanted to be considered the star of Dorsey 's band . Later , Sinatra helped Rich form his own band with a $ 25 @,@ 000 loan and provided financial help to Rich during times of the drummer 's serious illness . In his first year with Dorsey , Sinatra recorded over forty songs . Sinatra 's first vocal hit was the song " Polka Dots and Moonbeams " in late April 1940 . Two more chart appearances followed with " Say It " and " Imagination " , which was Sinatra 's first top @-@ 10 hit . His fourth chart appearance was " I 'll Never Smile Again " , topping the charts for twelve weeks beginning in mid @-@ July . Other records with Tommy Dorsey issued by RCA Victor include " Our Love Affair " and " Stardust " in 1940 ; " Oh ! Look at Me Now " , " Dolores " , " Everything Happens to Me " and " This Love of Mine " in 1941 ; " Just as Though You Were There " , " Take Me " and " There Are Such Things " in 1942 ; and " It Started All Over Again " , " In the Blue of Evening " and " It 's Always You " in 1943 . As his success and popularity grew , Sinatra pushed Dorsey to allow him to record some solo songs . Dorsey eventually relented , and on January 19 , 1942 , Sinatra recorded " Night and Day , " The Night We Called It a Day " , " The Song is You " and " Lamplighter 's Serenade " at a Bluebird recording session , with Axel Stordahl as arranger and conductor . Sinatra first heard the recordings at the Hollywood Palladium and Hollywood Plaza and was astounded at how good he sounded . Stordahl recalled : " He just couldn 't believe his ears . He was so excited , you almost believed he had never recorded before . I think this was a turning point in his career . I think he began to see what he might do on his own " . After the 1942 recordings , Sinatra believed he needed to go solo , with an insatiable desire to compete with Bing Crosby , but he was hampered by his contract which gave Dorsey 43 % of Sinatra 's lifetime earnings in the entertainment industry . A legal battle ensued , eventually settled in August 1943 . On September 3 , 1942 , Dorsey bid farewell to Sinatra , reportedly saying as Sinatra left , " I hope you fall on your ass " . He replaced Sinatra with singer Dick Haymes . Rumors began spreading in newspapers that Sinatra 's mobster godfather , Willie Moretti , coerced Dorsey to let Sinatra out of his contract for a few thousand dollars , holding a gun to his head . Sinatra persuaded Stordahl to leave Dorsey with him and become his personal arranger , offering him $ 650 a month , five times the salary of Dorsey . Dorsey and Sinatra , who had been very close , never patched up their differences before Dorsey 's death in 1956 , worsened by the fact that Dorsey occasionally made biting comments to the press such as " he 's the most fascinating man in the world , but don 't put your hand in the cage " . = = = Onset of Sinatramania and role in World War II ( 1942 – 45 ) = = = By May 1941 , Sinatra topped the male singer polls in Billboard and Down Beat magazines . His appeal to bobby soxers , as teenage girls of that time were called , revealed a whole new audience for popular music , which had been recorded mainly for adults up to that time . The phenomenon became officially known as " Sinatramania " after his " legendary opening " at the Paramount Theatre in New York on December 30 , 1942 . According to Nancy Sinatra , Jack Benny later said , " I thought the goddamned building was going to cave in . I never heard such a commotion ... All this for a fellow I never heard of . " Sinatra performed for four weeks at the theatre , his act following the Benny Goodman orchestra , after which his contract was renewed for another four weeks by Bob Weitman due to his popularity . He became known as " Swoonatra " or " The Voice " , and his fans " Sinatratics " . They organized meetings and sent masses of letters of adoration , and within a few weeks of the show , some 1000 Sinatra fan clubs had been reported across the US . Sinatra 's publicist , George Evans , encouraged interviews and photographs with fans , and was the man responsible for depicting Sinatra as a vulnerable , shy , Italian – American with a rough childhood who made good . When Sinatra returned to the Paramount in October 1944 only 250 persons left the first show , and 35 @,@ 000 fans left outside caused a near riot , known as the Columbus Day Riot , outside the venue because they were not allowed in . Such was the bobby @-@ soxer devotion to Sinatra that they were known to write Sinatra 's song titles on their clothing , bribe hotel maids for an opportunity to touch his bed , and accost his person in the form of stealing clothing he was wearing , most commonly his bow @-@ tie . Sinatra signed with Columbia Records as a solo artist on June 1 , 1943 during the 1942 – 44 musicians ' strike . Columbia Records re @-@ released Harry James and Sinatra 's August 1939 version of " All or Nothing at All " , which reached number 2 on June 2 , and was on the best – selling list for 18 weeks . He initially had great success , and performed on the radio on Your Hit Parade from February 1943 until December 1944 , and on stage . Columbia wanted new recordings of their growing star as quickly as possible , so Alec Wilder was hired as an arranger and conductor for several sessions with a vocal group called the Bobby Tucker Singers . These first sessions were on June 7 , June 22 , August 5 , and November 10 , 1943 . Of the nine songs recorded during these sessions , seven charted on the best – selling list . That year he also made his first solo nightclub appearance at New York 's Riobamba , and a successful concert in the Wedgewood Room of the prestigious Waldorf @-@ Astoria New York that year secured his popularity in New York high society . Sinatra released " You 'll Never Know " , " Close to You " , " Sunday , Monday , or Always " and " People Will Say We 're in Love " as singles . By the end of 1943 he was more popular in a Down Beat poll than Bing Crosby , Perry Como , Bob Eberly and Dick Haymes . Sinatra did not serve in the military during World War II . On December 11 , 1943 , he was officially classified 4 @-@ F ( " Registrant not acceptable for military service " ) by his draft board because of a perforated eardrum . However , army files reported that Sinatra was " not acceptable material from a psychiatric viewpoint " , but his emotional instability was hidden to avoid " undue unpleasantness for both the selectee and the induction service " . Briefly , there were rumors reported by columnist Walter Winchell that Sinatra paid $ 40 @,@ 000 to avoid the service , but the FBI found this to be without merit . Toward the end of the war , Sinatra entertained the troops during several successful overseas USO tours with comedian Phil Silvers . During one trip to Rome he met the Pope , who asked him if he was an operatic tenor . Sinatra worked frequently with the popular Andrews Sisters in radio the 1940s , and many USO shows were broadcast to troops via the Armed Forces Radio Service ( AFRS ) . In 1944 Sinatra released " I Couldn 't Sleep a Wink Last Night " as a single and recorded his own version of Crosby 's " White Christmas " , and the following year he released " I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) " , " Saturday Night ( Is the Loneliest Night of the Week ) " , " Dream " and " Nancy ( with the Laughing Face ) " as singles . = = = Columbia years and career slump ( 1946 – 52 ) = = = Despite being heavily involved in political activity in 1945 and 1946 , in those two years Sinatra sang on 160 radio shows , recorded 36 times , and shot four films . By 1946 he was performing on stage up to 45 times a week , singing up to 100 songs daily , and earning up to $ 93 @,@ 000 a week . In 1946 Sinatra released " Oh ! What it Seemed to Be " , " Day by Day " , " They Say It 's Wonderful " , " Five Minutes More " and " The Coffee Song " as singles , and launched his first album , The Voice of Frank Sinatra , which reached No. 1 on the Billboard chart . William Ruhlmann of AllMusic noted that Sinatra " took the material very seriously , singing the love lyrics with utter seriousness " , and that his " singing and the classically influenced settings gave the songs unusual depth of meaning " . He was soon selling ten million records a year . Such was Sinatra 's command at Columbia that his love of conducting was indulged with the release of the set Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder , an offering unlikely to appeal to Sinatra 's core fanbase at the time , which consisted of teenage girls . The following year he released his second album , Songs by Sinatra , featuring songs of a similar mood and tempo such as Irving Berlin 's " How Deep is the Ocean ? " and Harold Arlen 's and Jerome Kern 's " All The Things You Are " . " Mam 'selle " , composed by Edmund Goulding with lyrics by Mack Gordon for the film The Razor 's Edge ( 1946 ) , was released a single . Sinatra had competition ; versions by Art Lund , Dick Haymes , Dennis Day , and The Pied Pipers also reached the top ten of the Billboard charts . In December he recorded " Sweet Lorraine " with the Metronome All @-@ Stars , featuring talented jazz musicians such as Coleman Hawkins , Harry Carney and Charlie Shavers , with Nat King Cole on piano , in what Charles L. Granata describes as " one of the highlights of Sinatra 's Columbia epoch " . Sinatra 's third album , Christmas Songs by Sinatra , was originally released in 1948 as a 78 rpm album set , and a 10 " LP record was released two years later . When Sinatra was featured as a priest in The Miracle of the Bells , due to press negativity surrounding his alleged Mafia connections at the time , it was announced to the public that Sinatra would donate his $ 100 @,@ 000 in wages from the film to the church . By the end of 1948 , Sinatra had slipped to fourth on Down Beat 's annual poll of most popular singers ( behind Billy Eckstine , Frankie Laine , and Bing Crosby ) . and in the following year he was pushed out of the top spots in polls for the first time since 1943 . Frankly Sentimental ( 1949 ) was panned by Down Beat , who commented that " for all his talent , it seldom comes to life " . Though " The Hucklebuck " reached the top ten , it was his last single release under the Columbia label . Sinatra 's last two albums with Columbia , Dedicated to You and Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra , were released in 1950 . Sinatra would later feature a number of the Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra album 's songs , including " Lover " , " It 's Only a Paper Moon " , " It All Depends on You " , on his 1961 Capitol release , Sinatra 's Swingin ' Session ! ! ! . Cementing the low of his career was the death of publicist George Evans from a heart attack in January 1950 at 48 . According to Jimmy Van Heusen , Sinatra 's close friend and songwriter , Evans 's death to him was " an enormous shock which defies words " , as he had been crucial to his career and popularity with the bobbysoxers . Sinatra 's reputation continued to decline as reports broke out in February of his affair with Ava Gardner and the destruction of his marriage to Nancy , though he insisted that his marriage had long been over even before he had met Gardner . In April , Sinatra was engaged to perform at the Copa club in New York , but had to cancel five days of the booking due to suffering a submucosal hemorrhage of the throat . Evans once noted that whenever Sinatra suffered from a bad throat and loss of voice it was always due to emotional tension which " absolutely destroyed him " . In financial difficulty following his divorce and career decline , Sinatra was forced to borrow $ 200 @,@ 000 from Columbia to pay his back taxes after MCA refused to front the money . Rejected by Hollywood , he turned to Las Vegas and made his debut at the Desert Inn in September 1951 , and also began singing at the Riverside Hotel in Reno , Nevada . Sinatra became one of Las Vegas 's pioneer entertainers , and a prominent figure on the Vegas scene throughout the 1950s and 1960s onwards , a period described by Rojek as the " high @-@ water mark " of Sinatra 's " hedonism and self absorption " . Rojek notes that the Rat Pack " provided an outlet for gregarious banter and wisecracks " , but argues that it was Sinatra 's vehicle , possessing an " unassailable command over the other performers " . Sinatra would fly to Las Vegas from Los Angeles in Van Heusen 's single @-@ engine plane . On October 4 , 1953 , Sinatra made his first performance at the Sands Hotel and Casino , after an invitation by the manager Jack Entratter , who had previously worked at the Copa in New York . Sinatra typically performed there three times a year , and later acquired a share in the hotel . Sinatra 's decline in popularity was evident at his concert appearances . At a brief run at the Paramount in New York he drew small audiences . At the Desert Inn in Las Vegas he performed to half @-@ filled houses of wildcatters and ranchers . At a concert at Chez Paree in Chicago , only 150 people in a 1 @,@ 200 @-@ seat capacity venue turned up to see him . By April 1952 he was performing at the Kauai County Fair in Hawaii . Sinatra 's relationship with Columbia Records was also disintegrating , with A & R executive Mitch Miller claiming he " couldn 't give away " the singer 's records . Though several notable recordings were made during this time period , such as " If I Could Write a Book " in January 1952 , which Granata sees as a " turning point " , forecasting his later work with its sensitivity , Columbia and MCA dropped him later that year . His last studio recording for Columbia , " Why Try To Change Me Now " , was recorded in New York on September 17 , 1952 , with orchestra arranged and conducted by Percy Faith . Journalist Burt Boyar observed , " Sinatra had had it . It was sad . From the top to the bottom in one horrible lesson . " = = = Career revival and the Capitol years ( 1953 – 62 ) = = = The release of the film From Here to Eternity in August 1953 marked the beginning of a remarkable career revival . Santopietro notes that Sinatra began to bury himself in his work , with an " unparalleled frenetic schedule of recordings , movies and concerts " , in what authors Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan describe as " a new and brilliant phase " . On March 13 , 1953 , Sinatra met with Capitol Records vice president Alan Livingston and signed a seven @-@ year recording contract . His first session for Capitol took place at KHJ studios at Studio C , 5515 Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles , with Axel Stordahl conducting . The session produced four recordings , including " I 'm Walking Behind You " , Sinatra 's first Capitol single . After spending two weeks on location in Hawaii filming From Here to Eternity , Sinatra returned to KHJ on April 30 for his first recording session with Nelson Riddle , an established arranger and conductor at Capitol who was Nat King Cole 's musical director . After recording the first song , " I 've Got the World on a String " , Sinatra offered Riddle a rare expression of praise , " Beautiful ! " , and after listening to the playbacks , he could not hide his enthusiasm , exclaiming , " I 'm back , baby , I 'm back ! " In subsequent sessions in May and November 1953 , Sinatra and Riddle developed and refined their musical collaboration , with Sinatra providing specific guidance on the arrangements . Sinatra 's first album for Capitol , Songs for Young Lovers , was released on January 4 , 1954 , and included " A Foggy Day " , " I Get a Kick Out of You " , " My Funny Valentine " , " Violets for Your Furs " and " They Can 't Take That Away from Me " , songs which became staples of his later concerts . That same month , Sinatra and Doris Day released the single " Young at Heart " , which reached # 2 and was awarded Song of the Year . In March , he recorded and released the single " Three Coins in the Fountain " , a " powerful ballad " that reached # 4 . Sinatra 's second album with Riddle , Swing Easy ! , which reflected his " love for the jazz idiom " according to Granata , was released on August 2 of that year and included " Just One of Those Things " , " Taking a Chance on Love " , " Get Happy " , and " All of Me " . Swing Easy ! was named Album of the Year by Billboard , and he was also named " Favorite Male Vocalist " by Billboard , Down Beat , and Metronome that year . Sinatra came to consider Riddle " the greatest arranger in the world " , and Riddle , who considered Sinatra " a perfectionist " , offered equal praise of the singer , observing , " It 's not only that his intuitions as to tempi , phrasing , and even configuration are amazingly right , but his taste is so impeccable ... there is still no one who can approach him . " In 1955 Sinatra released In the Wee Small Hours , his first 12 " LP , featuring songs such as " In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning " , " Mood Indigo " , " Glad to Be Unhappy " and " When Your Lover Has Gone " . According to Granata it was the first concept album of his to make a " single persuasive statement " , with an extended program and " melancholy mood " . Sinatra embarked on his first tour of Australia the same year . Another collaboration with Riddle resulted in the development of Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! , sometimes seen as one of his best albums , which was released in March 1956 . It features a recording of " I 've Got You Under My Skin " by Cole Porter , something which Sinatra paid meticulous care to , taking a reported 22 takes to perfect . His February 1956 recording sessions inaugurated the studios at the Capitol Records Building , complete with a 56 @-@ piece symphonic orchestra . According to Granata his recordings of " Night and Day " , " Oh ! Look At Me Now " and " From This Moment On " revealed " powerful sexual overtones , stunningly achieved through the mounting tension and release of Sinatra 's best @-@ teasing vocal lines " , while his recording of " River , Stay ' Way from My Door " in April demonstrated his " brilliance as a syncopational improviser " . Riddle noted that Sinatra took " particular delight " in singing " The Lady is a Tramp " , commenting that he " always sang that song with a certain amount of salaciousness " , making " cue tricks " with the lyrics . His penchant for conducting was displayed again in 1956 's Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color , an instrumental album that has been interpreted to be a catharsis to his failed relationship with Gardner . Also that year , Sinatra sang at the Democratic National Convention , and performed with The Dorsey Brothers for a week soon afterwards at the Paramount Theatre . In 1957 , Sinatra released Close to You , A Swingin ' Affair ! and Where Are You ? – his first album in stereo , with Gordon Jenkins . Granata considers " Close to You " to have been thematically his closest concept album to perfection during the " golden " era , and Nelson Riddle 's finest work , which was " extremely progressive " by the stands of the day . It is structured like a three @-@ act play , each commencing with the songs " With Every Breath I Take " , " Blame It On My Youth " and " It Could Happen to You " . For Granata , Sinatra 's A Swingin ' Affair ! and swing music predecessor Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! solidified " Sinatra 's image as a ' swinger ' , from both a musical and visual standpoint " . Buddy Collette considered the swing albums to have been heavily influenced by Sammy Davis , Jr . , and noted that when he worked with Sinatra in the mid @-@ 1960s he approached a song much differently than he had done in the early 1950s . On June 9 , 1957 , he performed in a 62 @-@ minute concert conducted by Riddle at the Seattle Civic Auditorium , his first appearance in Seattle since 1945 . The recording was first released as a bootleg , but in 1999 Artanis Entertainment Group officially released it as the Sinatra ' 57 in Concert live album , after Sinatra 's death . In 1958 Sinatra released the album Come Fly with Me with Billy May . It reached the top spot on the Billboard album chart in its second week , remaining at the top for five weeks , and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the inaugural Grammy Awards . The title song , " Come Fly With Me " , written especially for him , would become one of his best known standards . On May 29 he recorded seven songs in a single session , more than double the usual yield of a recording session , and an eighth was planned , " Lush Life " , but Sinatra found it too technically demanding . In September , Sinatra released Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely , a stark collection of introspective saloon songs and blues @-@ tinged ballads which proved a huge commercial success , spending 120 weeks on Billboards album chart and peaking at No. 1 . Cuts from this LP , such as " Angel Eyes " and " One for My Baby ( and One More for the Road ) " , would remain staples of the " saloon song " segments of Sinatra 's concerts . In 1959 , Sinatra released Come Dance with Me ! , a highly successful , critically acclaimed album which stayed on Billboard 's Pop album chart for 140 weeks , peaking at # 2 . It won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , as well as Best Vocal Performance , Male and Best Arrangement for Billy May . He also released No One Cares in the same year , a collection of " brooding , lonely " torch songs , which critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine thought was " nearly as good as its predecessor Where Are You ? , but lacked the " lush " arrangements of it and the " grandiose melancholy " of Only the Lonely . In the words of Kelley , by 1959 , Sinatra was " not simply the leader of the Rat Pack " but had " assumed the position of il padrone in Hollywood " . He was asked by 20th Century Fox to be the master of ceremonies at a luncheon attended by President Nikita Khrushchev on September 19 , 1959 . Nice ' n ' Easy , a collection of ballads , topped the Billboard chart in October 1960 and remained in the charts for 86 weeks , winning critical plaudits . Granata noted the " lifelike ambient sound " quality of Nice and Easy , the perfection in the stereo balance , and the " bold , bright and snappy " sound of the band . He highlighted the " close , warm and sharp " feel of Sinatra 's voice , particularly on the songs " September in the Rain " , " I Concentrate on You " , and " My Blue Heaven " . = = = Reprise years ( 1961 – 81 ) = = = Sinatra grew discontented at Capitol , and fell into a feud with Alan Livingston , which lasted over six months . He decided to part with Riddle , May and Jenkins , to form his own label , Reprise Records . Under Sinatra the company developed into a music industry " powerhouse " , and he later sold it for an estimated $ 80 million . His first album on the label , Ring @-@ a @-@ Ding @-@ Ding ! ( 1961 ) , was a major success , peaking at No.4 on Billboard . The album was released in February 1961 , the same month that Reprise Records released Ben Webster 's The Warm Moods , Sammy Davis , Jr . ' s The Wham of Sam , Mavis River 's Mavis and Joe E. Lewis 's It is Now Post Time . On September 11 and 12 , 1961 , Sinatra recorded his final songs for Capitol . In an effort to maintain his commercial viability in the 1960s , Sinatra recorded Elvis Presley 's hit " Love Me Tender " , and later recorded works by Paul Simon such as " Mrs. Robinson " , the Beatles ( " Something " , " Yesterday " ) , and Joni Mitchell ( " Both Sides , Now " ) . In 1962 , Sinatra released Sinatra and Strings , a set of standard ballads which became one of the most critically acclaimed works of Sinatra 's entire Reprise period . Frank Sinatra , Jr . , who was present during the recording , noted the " huge orchestra " , which Nancy Sinatra stated " opened a whole new era " in pop music , with orchestras getting bigger , embracing a " lush string sound " . Sinatra and Count Basie collaborated for the album Sinatra @-@ Basie the same year , a popular and successful release which prompted them to rejoin two years later for the follow @-@ up It Might as Well Be Swing , arranged by Quincy Jones . The two became frequent performers together , and appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1965 . Also in 1962 , as the owner of his own record label , Sinatra was able to step on the podium as conductor again , releasing his third instrumental album Frank Sinatra Conducts Music from Pictures and Plays . In 1963 , Sinatra released The Concert Sinatra , an ambitious album with a 73 @-@ piece symphony orchestra led by Nelson Riddle . The concert was recorded on a motion picture scoring stage with the use of multiple synchronized recording machines that employed 35 mm magnetic film . Granata considers the album to have been " impeachable " [ sic ] , " one of the very best of the Sinatra @-@ Riddle ballad albums " , in which Sinatra displayed an impressive vocal range , particularly in " Ol ' Man River " , in which he darkened the hue . In 1964 the song " My Kind of Town " was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Sinatra released Softly , as I Leave You , and collaborated with Bing Crosby and Fred Waring on America , I Hear You Singing , a collection of patriotic songs recorded as a tribute to the assassinated President John F. Kennedy . Sinatra increasingly became involved in charitable pursuits in this period . In 1961 and 1962 he went to Mexico , with the sole purpose of putting on performances for Mexican charities , and in July 1964 he was present for the dedication of the Frank Sinatra International Youth Center for Arab and Jewish children in Nazareth . Sinatra 's phenomenal success in 1965 , coinciding with his 50th birthday , prompted Billboard to proclaim that he may have reached the " peak of his eminence " . In June 1965 , Sinatra , Sammy Davis , Jr . , and Dean Martin played live in St. Louis to benefit Dismas House , a prisoner rehabilitation and training center with nationwide programs that in particular helped serve African Americans . The Rat Pack concert was broadcast live via satellite to numerous movie theaters across America . The album September of My Years was released September 1965 , and went on to win the Grammy Award for best album of the year . Granata considers the album to have been one of the finest of his Reprise years , " a reflective throwback to the concept records of the 1950s , and more than any of those collections , distills everything that Frank Sinatra had ever learned or experienced as a vocalist " . One of the album 's singles , " It Was a Very Good Year " , won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance , Male . A career anthology , A Man and His Music , followed in November , winning Album of the Year at the Grammys the following year . In 1966 Sinatra released That 's Life , with both the single of " That 's Life " and album becoming Top Ten hits in the US on Billboard 's pop charts . Strangers in the Night went on to top the Billboard and UK pop singles charts , winning the award for Record of the Year at the Grammys . Sinatra 's first live album , Sinatra at the Sands , was recorded during January and February 1966 at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Sinatra was backed by the Count Basie Orchestra , with Quincy Jones conducting . Sinatra pulled out from the Sands the following year , when he was driven out by its new owner Howard Hughes , after a fight . Sinatra started 1967 with a series of recording sessions with Antônio Carlos Jobim . He recorded one of his most famous collaborations with Jobim , the Grammy @-@ nominated album Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim , which was one of the best @-@ selling albums of the year , behind the Beatles 's Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . According to Santopietro the album " consists of an extraordinarily effective blend of bossa nova and slightly swinging jazz vocals , and succeeds in creating an unbroken mood of romance and regret " . Writer Stan Cornyn noted that Sinatra sang so softly on the album that it was comparable to the time that he suffered from a vocal hemorrhage in 1950 . Sinatra also released the album The World We Knew , which features a chart @-@ topping duet of " Somethin ' Stupid " with daughter Nancy . In December , Sinatra collaborated with Duke Ellington on the album Francis A. & Edward K .. According to Granata , the recording of " Indian Summer " on the album was a favorite of Riddle 's , noting the " contemplative mood [ which ] is heightened by a Johnny Hodges alto sax solo that will bring a tear to your eye " . With Sinatra in mind , singer @-@ songwriter Paul Anka wrote the song " My Way " , using the melody of the French " Comme d 'habitude " ( " As Usual " ) , composed by Claude François and Jacques Revaux . Sinatra recorded it just after Christmas 1968 . " My Way " , Sinatra 's best @-@ known song on the Reprise label , was not an instant success , charting at # 27 in the US and # 5 in the UK , but it remained in the UK charts for 122 weeks , including 75 non @-@ consecutive weeks in the Top 40 , between April 1969 and September 1971 , which was still a record in 2015 . Sinatra told songwriter Ervin Drake in the 1970s that he " detested " singing the song , because he believed audiences would think it was a " self @-@ aggrandizing tribute " , professing that he " hated boastfulness in others " . = = = = " Retirement " and return ( 1970 – 81 ) = = = = In 1970 , Sinatra released Watertown , one of his most acclaimed concept albums , with music by Bob Gaudio ( of the Four Seasons ) and lyrics by Jake Holmes . However , it sold a mere 30 @,@ 000 copies that year and reached a peak chart position of 101 . He left Caesars Palace in September that year after an incident where executive Sanford Waterman pulled a gun on him . He performed several charity concerts with Count Basie at the Royal Festival Hall in London . On November 2 , 1970 , Sinatra recorded the last songs for Reprise Records before his self @-@ imposed retirement , announced the following June at a concert in Hollywood to raise money for the Motion Picture and TV Relief Fund . He finished the concert with a " rousing " performance of " That 's Life " , and stated " Excuse me while I disappear " as he left the stage . He told LIFE journalist Thomas Thompson that " I 've got things to do , like the first thing is not to do anything at all for eight months ... maybe a year " , while Barbara Sinatra later claimed that Sinatra had grown " tired of entertaining people , especially when all they really wanted were the same old tunes he had long ago become bored by " . While he was in retirement , President Richard Nixon asked him to perform at a Young Voters Rally in anticipation of the upcoming campaign . Sinatra obliged and chose to sing " My Kind of Town " for the rally held in Chicago on October 20 , 1972 . In 1973 , Sinatra came out of his short @-@ lived retirement with a television special and album . The album , entitled Ol ' Blue Eyes Is Back , arranged by Gordon Jenkins and Don Costa , was a success , reaching number 13 on Billboard and number 12 in the UK . The television special , Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra , reunited Sinatra with Gene Kelly . He initially developed problems with his vocal cords during the comeback due to a prolonged period without singing . That Christmas he performed at the Sahara Hotel in Las Vegas , and returned to Caesars Palace the following month in January 1974 , despite previously vowing to perform there again [ sic ] . He began what Barbara Sinatra describes as a " massive comeback tour of the United States , Europe , the Far East and Australia " . In July , while on a second tour of Australia , he caused an uproar by describing journalists there – who were aggressively pursuing his every move and pushing for a press conference – as " bums , parasites , fags , and buck @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hookers " . After he was pressured to apologize , Sinatra instead insisted that the journalists apologize for " fifteen years of abuse I have taken from the world press " . In the end , Sinatra 's lawyer , Mickey Rudin , arranged a final concert which was televised to the nation , and Sinatra was given the opportunity to say " I love your attitude , I love your booze " to the Australian people . In October 1974 he appeared at New York City 's Madison Square Garden in a televised concert that was later released as an album under the title The Main Event – Live . Backing him was bandleader Woody Herman and the Young Thundering Herd , who accompanied Sinatra on a European tour later that month . In 1975 , Sinatra performed in concerts in New York with Count Basie and Ella Fitzgerald , and at the London Palladium with Basie and Sarah Vaughan , and in Tehran at Aryamehr Stadium , giving 140 performances in 105 days . In August he held several consecutive concerts at Lake Tahoe together with the newly @-@ risen singer John Denver , who became a frequent collaborator . Sinatra had recorded Denver 's " Leaving on a Jet Plane " and " My Sweet Lady " for Sinatra & Company ( 1971 ) , and according to Denver , his song " A Baby Just Like You " was written at Sinatra 's request for his new grandchild , Angela . During the Labor Day weekend held in 1976 , Sinatra was responsible for reuniting old friends and comedy partners Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis for the first time in nearly twenty years , when they performed at the " Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon " . That year , the Friars Club selected him as the " Top Box Office Name of the Century " , and he was given the Scopus Award by the American Friends of Hebrew University in Israel and an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Nevada . Sinatra continued to perform at Caesars Palace in the late 1970s , and was performing there in January 1977 when his mother Dolly died in a plane crash on the way to see him . He cancelled two weeks of shows and spent time recovering from the shock in Barbados . In March , he performed in front of Princess Margaret at the Royal Albert Hall in London , raising money for the NSPCC . On March 14 he recorded with Nelson Riddle for the last time , recording the songs " Linda " , " Sweet Loraine " and " Barbara " . The two men had a major falling out , and later patched up their differences in January 1985 at a dinner organized for Ronald Reagan , when Sinatra asked Riddle to make another album with him . Riddle was ill at the time , and died that October , before they had a chance to record . In 1978 , Sinatra filed a $ 1 million lawsuit against a land developer for using his name in the " Frank Sinatra Drive Center " in West Los Angeles . During a party at Caesars in 1979 , he was awarded the Grammy Trustees Award , while celebrating 40 years in show business and his 64th birthday . That year , former President Gerald Ford awarded Sinatra the International Man of the Year Award , and he performed in front of the Egyptian pyramids for Anwar Sadat , which raised more than $ 500 @,@ 000 for Sadat 's wife 's charities . In 1980 , Sinatra 's first album in six years was released , Trilogy : Past Present Future , a highly ambitious triple album that features an array of songs from both the pre @-@ rock era and rock era . It was the first studio album of Sinatra 's to feature his touring pianist at the time , Vinnie Falcone , and was based on an idea by Sonny Burke . The album garnered six Grammy nominations – winning for best liner notes – and peaked at number 17 on Billboard 's album chart , and spawned yet another song that would become a signature tune , " Theme from New York , New York " . That year , as part of the Concert of the Americas , he performed in the Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which broke records for the " largest live paid audience ever recorded for a solo performer " . The following year , Sinatra built on the success of Trilogy with She Shot Me Down , an album that was praised for embodying the dark tone of his Capitol years . Also in 1981 , Sinatra was embroiled in controversy when he worked a ten @-@ day engagement for $ 2 million in Sun City , in the internationally unrecognized Bophuthatswana , breaking a cultural boycott against apartheid @-@ era South Africa . President Lucas Mangope awarded Sinatra with the highest honor , the Order of the Leopard , and made him an honorary tribal chief . = = = Later career ( 1982 – 1998 ) = = = Santopietro stated that by the early 1980s , Sinatra 's voice had " coarsened , losing much of its power and flexibility , but audiences didn 't care " . In 1982 , he signed a $ 16 million three @-@ year deal with the Golden Nugget of Las Vegas . Kelley notes that by this period Sinatra 's voice had grown " darker , tougher and loamier " , but he " continued to captivate audiences with his immutable magic " . She added that his baritone voice " sometimes cracked , but the gliding intonations still aroused the same raptures of delight as they had at the Paramount Theater " . That year he made a reported further $ 1 @.@ 3 million from the Showtime television rights to his " Concert of the Americas " in the Dominican Republic , $ 1 @.@ 6 million for a concert series at Carnegie Hall , and $ 250 @,@ 000 in just one evening at the Chicago Fest . He donated a lot of his earnings to charity . He put on a performance at the White House for the Italian Prime Minister , and performed at the Radio City Music Hall with Luciano Pavarotti and George Shearing . Sinatra was selected as one of the five recipients of the 1983 Kennedy Center Honors , alongside Katherine Dunham , James Stewart , Elia Kazan , and Virgil Thomson . Quoting Henry James , President Reagan said in honoring his old friend that " art was the shadow of humanity " and that Sinatra had " spent his life casting a magnificent and powerful shadow " . On September 21 , 1983 , Sinatra filed a $ 2 million court case against Kitty Kelley , suing her in punitive damages , before her unofficial biography , His Way , was even published . The book became a best @-@ seller for " all the wrong reasons " and " the most eye @-@ opening celebrity biography of our time " , according to William Safire of The New York Times . Sinatra was always adamant that such a book would be written on his terms , and he himself would " set the record straight " in details of his life . According to Kelley , the family detested her and the book , which took its toll on Sinatra 's health . Kelley claims that Tina Sinatra blamed her for her father 's colon surgery in 1986 . He was forced to drop the case on September 19 , 1984 , with several leading newspapers expressing concerns about his views on censorship . In 1984 , Sinatra worked with Quincy Jones for the first time in nearly two decades on the album , L.A. Is My Lady , which was well received critically . The album was a substitute for another Jones project , an album of duets with Lena Horne , which had to be abandoned . In 1986 , Sinatra collapsed on stage while performing in Atlantic City and was hospitalized for diverticulitis , which left him looking frail . Two years later , Sinatra reunited with Martin and Davis , Jr. and went on the Rat Pack Reunion Tour , during which they played a number of large arenas . When Martin dropped out of the tour early on , a rift developed between them and the two never spoke again . In 1990 , Sinatra was awarded the second " Ella Award " by the Los Angeles @-@ based Society of Singers , and performed for a final time with Ella Fitzgerald at the award ceremony . Sinatra maintained an active touring schedule in the early 1990s , performing 65 concerts in 1990 , 73 in 1991 and 84 in 1992 in seventeen different countries . In 1993 , Sinatra returned to Capitol Records and the recording studio for Duets , which became his best @-@ selling album . The album and its sequel , Duets II , released the following year , would see Sinatra remake his classic recordings with popular contemporary performers , who added their vocals to a pre @-@ recorded tape . During his tours in the early 1990s , his memory failed him at times during concerts , and he happened to faint onstage in Richmond , Virginia , in March 1994 . His final public concerts were held in Fukuoka Dome in Japan on December 19 – 20 , 1994 . The following year , Sinatra sang for the very last time on February 25 , 1995 , before a live audience of 1200 select guests at the Palm Desert Marriott Ballroom , on the closing night of the Frank Sinatra Desert Classic golf tournament . Esquire reported of the show that Sinatra was " clear , tough , on the money " and " in absolute control " . Sinatra was awarded the Legend Award at the 1994 Grammy Awards , where he was introduced by Bono , who said of him , " Frank 's the chairman of the bad attitude ... Rock ' n roll plays at being tough , but this guy is the boss – the chairman of boss ... I 'm not going to mess with him , are you ? " In 1995 , to mark Sinatra 's 80th birthday , the Empire State Building glowed blue . A star @-@ studded birthday tribute , Sinatra : 80 Years My Way , was held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , featuring performers such as Ray Charles , Little Richard , Natalie Cole and Salt @-@ N @-@ Pepa singing his songs . At the end of the program Sinatra graced the stage for the last time to sing the final notes of the " Theme from New York , New York " with an ensemble . In recognition of his many years of association with Las Vegas , Frank Sinatra was elected to the Gaming Hall of Fame in 1997 . = = Sinatra , the musician = = While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music , he had a fine , natural understanding of it , and he worked very hard from a young age to improve his abilities in all aspects of music . He did , however , learn to follow a lead sheet during a performance by " carefully following the patterns and groupings of notes arranged on the page " and made his own notations to the music , using his ear to detect semi @-@ tonal differences . Granata states that some of the most accomplished classically trained musicians soon noticed his musical understanding , and remarked that Sinatra had a " sixth sense " , which " demonstrated unusual proficiency when it came to detecting incorrect notes and sounds within the orchestra " . Sinatra was an aficionado of classical music , and would often request classical strains in his music , inspired by composers such as Puccini and Impressionist masters . His personal favorite was Ralph Vaughan Williams . He would insist on always recording live with the band because it gave him a " certain feeling " to perform live surrounded by musicians . By the mid 1940s , such was his understanding of music that after hearing an air check of some compositions by Alec Wilder which were for strings and woodwinds , he became the conductor at Columbia Records for six of Wilder 's compositions : " Air for Oboe " , " Air for English Horn " , " Air for Flute " , " Air for Bassoon " , " Slow Dance " and " Theme and Variations " . The works , which combine elements of jazz and classical music were considered by Wilder to have been among the finest renditions and recordings of his compositions @-@ past or present . At one recording session with arranger Claus Ogerman and an orchestra , Sinatra heard " a couple of little strangers " in the string section , prompting Ogerman to make corrections to what were thought to be copyist 's errors . Critic Gene Lees , a lyricist and the author of the words to the Jobim melody " This Happy Madness " , expressed amazement when he heard Sinatra 's recording of it on Sinatra & Company ( 1971 ) , considering him to have worded the lyrics in the way that he had intended when writing them to perfection . Voice coach John Quinlan was impressed by Sinatra 's vocal range , remarking , " He has far more voice that people think he has . He can vocalize to a B @-@ flat on top in full voice , and he doesn 't need a mic either " . As a singer , early on he was primarily influenced by Bing Crosby , but later believed that Tony Bennett was " the best singer in the business " . Bennett also praised Sinatra himself , claiming that as a performer , he had " perfected the art of intimacy . " According to Nelson Riddle , Sinatra had a " fairly rangy voice " , remarking that " His voice has a very strident , insistent sound in the top register , a smooth lyrical sound in the middle register , and a very tender sound in the low . His voice is built on infinite taste , with an overall inflection of sex . He points everything he does from a sexual standpoint " . Despite his heavy New Jersey accent , according to Richard Schuller , when Sinatra sang his accent was " virtually undetectable " , with his diction becoming " precise " and articulation " meticulous " . His timing was impeccable , allowing him , according to Charles L. Granata , to " toy with the rhythm of a melody , bringing tremendous excitement to his reading of a lyric " . Tommy Dorsey observed that Sinatra would " take a musical phrase and play it all the way through seemingly without breathing for eight , ten , maybe sixteen bars . " Dorsey was a considerable influence on Sinatra 's techniques for his vocal phrasing with his own exceptional breath control on the trombone , and Sinatra regularly swam and held his breath underwater , thinking of song lyrics to increase his breathing power . Arranger Nelson Riddle found Sinatra to be a " perfectionist who drove himself and everybody around him relentlessly " , and stated that his collaborators approached him with a sense of uneasiness because of his unpredictable and often volatile temperament . Granata comments that Sinatra was almost fanatically obsessed with perfection to the point that people began wondering if he was genuinely concerned about the music or showing off his power over others . On days when he felt that his voice was not right , he would know after only a few notes and would postpone the recording session until the following day , yet still pay his musicians . After a period of performing , Sinatra tired of singing a certain set of songs and was always looking for talented new songwriters and composers to work with . Once he found ones that he liked , he actively sought to work with them as often as he could , and made friends with many of them . He once told Sammy Cahn , who wrote songs for Anchor 's Away , " if you 're not there Monday , I 'm not there Monday " . Over the years he recorded 87 of Cahn 's songs , of which 24 were composed by Jule Styne , and 43 by Jimmy Van Heusen . The Cahn @-@ Styne partnership lasted from 1942 until 1954 , when Van Heusen succeeded him as Sinatra 's main composer . Unlike many of his contemporaries , Sinatra insisted upon direct input regarding arrangements and tempos for his recordings . He would spend weeks thinking about the songs he wanted to record , and would keep an arranger in mind for each song . If it were a mellow love song , he would ask for Gordon Jenkins . If it were a " rhythm " number , he would think of Billy May , or perhaps Neil Hefti or some other favored arranger . Jenkins considered Sinatra 's musical sense to be unerring . His changes to Riddle 's charts would frustrate Riddle , yet he would usually concede that Sinatra 's ideas were superior . Barbara Sinatra notes that Sinatra would almost always credit the songwriter at the end of each number , and would often make comments to the audience , such as " Isn 't that a pretty ballad " or " Don 't you think that 's the most marvelous love song " , delivered with " childlike delight " . She states that after each show , Sinatra would be " in a buoyant , electrically charged mood , a post @-@ show high that would take him hours to come down from as he quietly relived every note of the performance he 'd just given " . Sinatra 's split with Gardner in the fall of 1953 had a profound impact on the types of songs he sang and his voice . He began to console himself in songs with a " brooding melancholy " , such as " I 'm a Fool to Want You " , " Don 't Worry ' Bout Me " , " My One and Only Love " and There Will Never Be Another You " , which Riddle believed was the direct influence of Ava Gardner . Lahr comments that the new Sinatra was " not the gentle boy balladeer of the forties . Fragility had gone from his voice , to be replaced by a virile adult 's sense of happiness and hurt " . Author Granata considered Sinatra to have been a " master of the art of recording " , noting that his work in the studio " set him apart from other gifted vocalists " . During his career he made over 1000 recordings . Recording sessions would typically last three hours , though Sinatra would always prepare for it by spending at least an hour by the piano beforehand to vocalize , followed by a short rehearsal with the orchestra to ensure the balance of sound . During his Columbia years Sinatra would use a RCA 44 microphone , which Granata describes as " the ' old @-@ fashioned ' microphone which is closely associated with Sinatra 's crooner image of the 1940s " , though when performing on talk shows later he would use a bullet @-@ shaped RCA 77 . At Capitol he used a Neumann U47 , an " ultra @-@ sensitive " microphone which better captured the timbre and tone of his voice . In the 1950s , Sinatra 's career was facilitated by developments in technology . As disc jockey Jonathan Schwartz said , " Never before had there been an opportunity for a popular singer to express emotions at an extended length " . In the words of author John Lahr , " as many as sixteen songs could be held by the twelve @-@ inch L.P. , and this allowed Sinatra to use song in a novelistic way , turning each track in a kind of chapter , which built and counterpointed moods to illuminate a larger theme " . Santopietro writes that through the 1950s , well into the 1960s , " every Sinatra LP was a masterpiece of one sort of another , whether uptempo , torch song , or swingin ' affairs . Track after track , the brilliant concept albums redefined the nature of pop vocal art " . = = Film career = = = = = Debut , musical films and career slump ( 1941 – 52 ) = = = Sinatra attempted to pursue an acting career in Hollywood in the early 1940s . While films appealed to him , being exceptionally self @-@ confident , he was rarely enthusiastic towards his own acting , once remarking that " pictures stink " . Sinatra made his film debut in 1941 , performing in an uncredited sequence in Las Vegas Nights , singing " I 'll Never Smile Again " with Tommy Dorsey 's The Pied Pipers . In 1943 he had a cameo role along with Duke Ellington and Count Basie in Charles Barton 's Reveille with Beverly , making a brief appearance singing " Night and Day " . The following year he was given his leading roles in Higher and Higher and Step Lively for RKO Pictures . In 1945 , Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer cast Sinatra opposite Gene Kelly and Kathryn Grayson in the Technicolor musical Anchors Aweigh , in which he played a sailor on leave in Hollywood for four days . A major success , it garnered several Academy Award wins and nominations , and the song " I Fall in Love Too Easily " , sung by Sinatra in the film , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . In 1946 , Sinatra briefly appeared at the end of Richard Whorf 's commercially successful Till the Clouds Roll By , a Technicolor musical biopic of Jerome Kern , in which he sang " Ol ' Man River . In 1949 , Sinatra co @-@ starred with Gene Kelly in the Technicolor musical Take Me Out to the Ball Game , a film set in 1908 , in which Sinatra and Kelly play baseball players who are part @-@ time vaudevillians . He teamed up with Kelly for a third time in On the Town , playing a sailor on leave in New York City . Today the film is rated very highly by critics , and in 2006 it ranked No. 19 on the American Film Institute 's list of best musicals . Both Double Dynamite ( 1951 ) , an RKO Irving Cummings comedy produced by Howard Hughes , and Joseph Pevney 's Meet Danny Wilson ( 1952 ) failed to make an impression . The New York World Telegram and Sun ran the headline " Gone on Frankie in ' 42 ; Gone in ' 52 " . = = = Career comeback and prime ( 1953 – 59 ) = = = Fred Zinnemann 's From Here to Eternity deals with the tribulations of three soldiers , played by Burt Lancaster , Montgomery Clift , and Sinatra , stationed on Hawaii in the months leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor . Sinatra had long been desperate to find a film role which would bring him back into the spotlight , and Columbia Pictures boss Harry Cohn had been inundated by appeals from people across Hollywood to give Sinatra a chance to star as " Maggio " in the film . During production , Montgomery Clift became a close friend , and Sinatra later professed that he " learned more about acting from him than anybody I ever knew before " . After several years of critical and commercial decline , his Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor win helped him regain his position as the top recording artist in the world . The Los Angeles Examiner wrote that Sinatra is " simply superb , comical , pitiful , childishly brave , pathetically defiant " , commenting that his death scene is " one of the best ever photographed " . In 1954 Sinatra starred opposite Doris Day in the musical film Young at Heart , and earned critical praise for his performance as a psychopathic killer posing as an FBI agent opposite Sterling Hayden in the film noir Suddenly . Sinatra was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor and BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role as a heroin addict in The Man With The Golden Arm ( 1955 ) . After roles in Guys and Dolls , and The Tender Trap , Sinatra was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role as hospital orderly in Stanley Kramer 's début picture , Not as a Stranger . During production , Sinatra got drunk with Robert Mitchum and Broderick Crawford and trashed Kramer 's dressing room . Kramer vowed to never hire Sinatra again at the time , and later regretted casting him as a Spanish guerrilla leader in The Pride and the Passion ( 1957 ) . In 1956 Sinatra featured alongside Bing Crosby and Grace Kelly in High Society for MGM , earning a reported $ 250 @,@ 000 for the picture . The public rushed to the cinemas to see Sinatra and Crosby together on @-@ screen , and it ended up earning over $ 13 million at the box office , becoming one of the highest @-@ grossing pictures of 1956 . In 1957 , Sinatra starred opposite Rita Hayworth and Kim Novak in George Sidney 's Pal Joey , for which he won for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Santopietro considers the scene in which Sinatra sings " The Lady Is a Tramp " to Hayworth to have been the finest moment of his film career . He next portrayed comedian Joe E. Lewis in The Joker Is Wild ; the song " All the Way " won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . By 1958 Sinatra was one of the ten biggest box office draws in the United States , appearing with Dean Martin and Shirley MacLaine in Vincente Minnelli 's Some Came Running and Kings Go Forth with Tony Curtis and Natalie Wood . " High Hopes " , sung by Sinatra in the Frank Capra comedy , A Hole in the Head ( 1959 ) , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , and became a chart hit , lasting on the Hot 100 for 17 weeks . = = = Later career ( 1960 – 88 ) = = = Due to an obligation he owed to 20th Century Fox for walking off the set of Henry King 's Carousel ( 1956 ) , in 1960 Sinatra starred opposite Shirley MacLaine , Maurice Chevalier and Louis Jourdan in Can @-@ Can . He earned $ 200 @,@ 000 and 25 % of the profits for the performance . Later that year he starred in the Las Vegas @-@ set Ocean 's 11 , the first film to feature the Rat Pack together and the start of a " new era of screen cool " for Santopietro . Sinatra personally financed the film , and paid Martin and Davis Jr. fees of $ 150 @,@ 000 and $ 125 @,@ 000 respectively , sums considered exorbitant for the period . In 1962 , Sinatra had a leading role opposite Laurence Harvey in the The Manchurian Candidate , which he considered to be the role he was most excited about and the high point of his film career . Vincent Canby , writing for the magazine Variety , found the portrayal of Sinatra 's character to be " a wide @-@ awake pro creating a straight , quietly humorous character of some sensitivity . " He appeared with the Rat Pack in the western Sergeants 3 , following it with 4 for Texas in 1963 . For his performance in Come Blow Your Horn , he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Though 1965 's Von Ryan 's Express was a major success , and he had directed None but the Brave that year , in the mid 1960s , Brad Dexter wanted to " breathe new life " in Sinatra 's film career by helping him display the same professional pride in his films as he did his recordings . On one occasion , he gave Sinatra Anthony Burgess 's novel A Clockwork Orange ( 1962 ) to read , with the idea of making a film , but Sinatra thought it had no potential and did not understand a word . In the late 1960s , Sinatra became known for playing detectives , including Tony Rome in Tony Rome ( 1967 ) and its sequel Lady In Cement ( 1968 ) . He also played a similar role in 1968 's The Detective . In 1970 , Sinatra starred opposite George Kennedy in the western Dirty Dingus Magee , an " abysmal " affair according to Santopietro , which was panned by the critics . Sinatra had intended to play Detective Harry Callahan in Dirty Harry ( 1971 ) , but had to turn the role down due to developing Dupuytren 's contracture in his hand . Sinatra 's last major film role was opposite Faye Dunaway in Brian G. Hutton 's The First Deadly Sin ( 1980 ) . Santopietro noted that as a troubled New York City homicide cop , Sinatra gave an " extraordinarily rich " , heavily layered characterization , one which " made for one terrific farewell " to his film career . = = Television and radio career = = After beginning on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour radio show with the Hoboken Four in 1935 , and later WNEW and WAAT in Jersey City , Sinatra became the star of various radio shows of his own on NBC and CBS from the early 1940s to the mid 1950s . In 1942 Sinatra hired arranger Axel Stordahl away from Tommy Dorsey before he began his first radio program that year , keeping Stordahl with him for all of his radio work . By the end of 1942 he was named the " Most Popular Male Vocalist on Radio " in a Down Beat poll . Early on he frequently worked with the popular Andrews Sisters on radio , and they would appear as guests on each other 's shows , as well as on many USO shows broadcast to troops via the Armed Forces Radio Service ( AFRS ) . He appeared as a special guest in the sisters ' ABC Eight @-@ to @-@ the @-@ Bar Ranch series , while the trio in turn guested on his Songs by Sinatra series on CBS . Sinatra had two stints as a regular member of cast of Your Hit Parade ; his first was from 1943 to 1945 , and second was from 1946 to May 28 , 1949 , during which he was paired with the then @-@ new girl singer , Doris Day . Starting in September 1949 , the BBD & O advertising agency produced a radio series starring Sinatra for Lucky Strike called Light Up Time – some 176 15 @-@ minute shows which featured Frank and Dorothy Kirsten singing – which lasted through to May 1950 . In October 1951 , the second season of The Frank Sinatra Show began on CBS Television . Ultimately , Sinatra did not find the success on television for which he had hoped . Santopietro writes that Sinatra " simply never appeared fully at ease on his own television series , his edgy , impatient personality conveying a pent up energy on the verge of exploding " . In 1953 Sinatra starred in the NBC radio program Rocky Fortune , portraying Rocco Fortunato ( a.k.a. Rocky Fortune ) , a " footloose and fancy free " temporary worker for the Gridley Employment Agency who stumbles into crime @-@ solving . The series aired on NBC radio Tuesday nights from October 1953 to March 1954 . In 1957 , Sinatra formed a three @-@ year $ 3 million contract with ABC to launch The Frank Sinatra Show , featuring himself and guests in 36 half hour shows . ABC agreed to allow Sinatra 's Hobart Productions to keep 60 % of the residuals , and bought stock in Sinatra 's film production unit , Kent Productions , guaranteeing him $ 7 million . Though an initial critical success upon its debut on October 18 , 1957 , it soon attracted negative reviews from Variety and The New Republic , and The Chicago Sun @-@ Times thought that Sinatra and frequent guest Dean Martin " performed like a pair of adult delinquents " , " sharing the same cigarette and leering at girls " . In return , Sinatra later made numerous appearances on The Dean Martin Show and Martin 's TV specials . Sinatra 's fourth and final Timex TV special , Welcome Home Elvis was broadcast in March 1960 , which earned massive viewing figures . Sinatra had previously been highly critical of Elvis Presley and rock and roll in the 1950s , describing it as a " deplorable , a rancid smelling aphrodisiac " which " fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people . " A CBS News special about the singer 's 50th birthday , Frank Sinatra : A Man and His Music , was broadcast on November 16 , 1965 , and garnered both an Emmy award and a Peabody Award . According his musical collaboration with Jobim and Ella Fitzgerald in 1967 , Sinatra appeared in the TV special , A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim , which was broadcast on CBS on November 13 . When Sinatra came out of retirement in 1973 , he released both an album and appeared in a TV special named " Ol ' Blue Eyes Is Back " . The TV special was highlighted by a dramatic reading of " Send in the Clowns " and a song @-@ and @-@ dance sequence with former co @-@ star Gene Kelly . In the late 1970s , John Denver appeared as a guest in the Sinatra and Friends ABC @-@ TV Special , singing " September Song " as a duet . In 1977 , Sinatra starred as a detective in Contract on Cherry Street , cited as his " one starring role in a dramatic television film " . Ten years later , he made a guest appearance opposite Tom Selleck in Magnum , P.I. , playing a retired policeman who teams up with Selleck to find his granddaughter 's murderer . Shot in January 1987 , the episode aired on CBS on February 25 . = = Personal life = = Sinatra had three children , Nancy ( born 1940 ) , Frank Jr . ( 1944 – 2016 ) , and Tina ( born 1948 ) , all with his first wife , Nancy Sinatra ( née Barbato ; born September 11 , 1917 ) ( m . 1939 – 1951 ) . Sinatra had met Barbato in Long Branch , New Jersey in the late 1930s , where he spent most of the summer working as a lifeguard . He agreed to marry her after an incident at " The Rustic Cabin " which led to his arrest . Sinatra had numerous extra @-@ marital affairs , and gossip magazines published details of affairs with women including Marilyn Maxwell , Lana Turner , and Joi Lansing . Sinatra was married to Hollywood actress Ava Gardner from 1951 to 1957 . It was a turbulent marriage , with many well @-@ publicized fights and altercations , and Gardner aborted a child in November 1952 . The couple formally announced their separation on October 29 , 1953 , through MGM . Gardner filed for divorce in June 1954 , at a time when she was dating matador Luis Miguel Dominguín , but the divorce was not settled until 1957 . Sinatra continued to feel very strongly for her , and they remained friends for life . He was still dealing with her finances in 1976 . Sinatra reportedly broke off engagements to Lauren Bacall in 1958 , and Juliet Prowse in 1962 . He married Mia Farrow on July 19 , 1966 , a short marriage which ended with divorce in Mexico in August 1968 . They remained close friends for life , and in a 2013 interview Farrow admitted that Sinatra might be the father of her son , Ronan Farrow ( born 1986 ) . Sinatra was lastly married to Barbara Marx from 1976 until his death . The couple married at Sunnylands , in Rancho Mirage , California , the estate of media magnate Walter Annenberg , on July 11 , 1976 . Sinatra was close friends with Jilly Rizzo , songwriter Jimmy Van Heusen , golfer Ken Venturi , comedian Pat Henry and baseball manager Leo Durocher . In his spare time , Sinatra enjoyed listening to classical music , and would attend concerts when he could . He swam daily in the Pacific Ocean , finding it to be therapeutic and giving him much @-@ needed solitude . He would often play golf with Venturi at the course in Palm Springs , where he lived , and liked painting , reading , and building model railways . Though Sinatra was critical of the church on numerous occasions , and had an Albert Einstein @-@ like view of God in his earlier life , he turned to the Roman Catholic Church for healing after his mother died in a plane crash in 1977 . He died as a practicing Catholic and had a Catholic burial . = = = Style and personality = = = Sinatra was noted for his impeccable sense of style . He always dressed immaculately , both in his professional and private life . He believed that as he was the best , he had to give his best to the audience , and would wear expensive custom @-@ tailored tuxedos on stage as a sign of respect and to look important . He spent lavishly on stylish pin @-@ striped suits and other clothing , and later admitted that clothing made him feel wealthy and important , bolstering his ego . He was also obsessed with cleanliness — while with the Tommy Dorsey band he developed the nickname " Lady Macbeth " , because of frequent showering and switching his outfits . His deep blue eyes earned him the popular nickname " Ol ' Blue Eyes " . For Santopietro , Sinatra was the personification of America in the 1950s : " cocky , eye on the main chance , optimistic , and full of the sense of possibility " . Barbara Sinatra wrote that " A big part of Frank 's thrill was the sense of danger that he exuded , an underlying , ever @-@ present tension only those closest to him knew could be defused with humor " . Cary Grant , a good friend of Sinatra 's , stated that Sinatra was the " most honest person he 'd ever met " , who spoke " a simple truth , without artifice which scared people " , and was often moved to tears by his performances . Jo @-@ Caroll Dennison commented that he possessed " great inner strength " , and that his energy and drive was " enormous " . A workaholic , he reportedly only slept for four hours a night on average . Throughout his life , Sinatra had mood swings and bouts of mild to severe depression , admitting to an interviewer in the 1950s that " I have an over @-@ acute capacity for sadness as well as elation " . Barbara Sinatra stated that he would " snap at anyone for the slightest misdemeanor " , while Van Heusen said that when Sinatra got drunk it was " best to disappear " . Sinatra 's mood swings often developed into violence , directed at people he felt had crossed him , particularly journalists who gave him scathing reviews , publicists and photographers , According to Rojek he was " capable of deeply offensive behavior that smacked of a persecution complex " . He received negative press for fights with Lee Mortimer in 1947 , photographer Eddie Schisser in Houston in 1950 , Judy Garland 's publicist Jim Byron on the Sunset Strip in 1954 , and for a confrontation with Washington Post journalist Maxine Cheshire in 1973 , in which he implied that she was a cheap prostitute . Yet Sinatra was known for his generosity , particularly after his comeback . Kelley notes that when Lee J. Cobb nearly died from a heart attack in June 1955 , Sinatra flooded him with " books , flowers , delicacies " , paid his hospital bills , and visited him daily , telling him that his finest acting was yet to come . In another instance , after a heated argument with manager Bobby Burns , rather than apologize , Sinatra bought him a brand new Cadillac . = = = Alleged organized @-@ crime links and Cal Neva Lodge = = = Sinatra became the stereotype of the " tough working @-@ class Italian American " , something which he embraced . Sinatra commented that if it had not been for his interest in music he would " probably have ended in a life of crime " . In his early days , Mafia boss Willie Moretti , Sinatra 's godfather and notorious underboss of the Genovese crime family , helped him for kickbacks and was reported to have intervened in releasing him from his contract with Tommy Dorsey . Sinatra was present at the Mafia Havana Conference in 1946 , and when the press learned of Sinatra being in Havana with Lucky Luciano , one newspaper published the headline , " Shame , Sinatra " . He was reported to be a good friend of Sam Giancana , and the two were seen playing golf together . Kelley quotes Jo @-@ Carrol Silvers in saying that Sinatra " adored " Bugsy Siegel , and would boast about him to friends and how many people he had killed . Kelley claims that Sinatra and mobster Joseph Fischetti had been good friends from 1938 onward , and acted like " Sicilian brothers " . She also states that Sinatra and Hank Sanicola were financial partners with Mickey Cohen in the gossip magazine Hollywood Night Life . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) kept records amounting to 2 @,@ 403 pages on Sinatra , becoming a natural target with his alleged Mafia ties , his ardent New Deal politics and his friendship with John F. Kennedy . The FBI kept Sinatra under surveillance for almost five decades beginning in the 1940s . The documents include accounts of Sinatra as the target of death threats and extortion schemes . The FBI documented that Sinatra was losing esteem with the Mafia as he grew closer to President Kennedy , whose brother Bobby was leading a crackdown on organized crime . Sinatra denied Mafia involvement , declaring that " any report that I fraternized with goons or racketeers is a vicious lie " . In 1960 , Sinatra bought a share in the Cal Neva Lodge & Casino , a casino hotel which straddles the border between Nevada and California on the north shores of Lake Tahoe . Though it only opened between June and September , Sinatra built the Celebrity Room theater , which attracted the other Rat Pack members , Red Skelton , Marilyn Monroe , Victor Borge , Joe E. Lewis , Lucille Ball , Lena Horne , Juliet Prowse , the McGuire Sisters and others . By 1962 he reportedly held a 50 % share in the hotel . Sinatra 's gambling license was temporarily stripped by the Nevada Gaming Control Board in 1963 after Giancana was spotted on the premises . Due to ongoing pressure from the FBI and Nevada Gaming Commission on mobster control of casinos , Sinatra agreed to give up his share in Cal Neva and the Sands . That year , Sinatra 's son , Frank Sinatra , Jr . , was kidnapped , but was eventually released unharmed . Sinatra was restored his gaming license in February 1981 , following support from Ronald Reagan . = = Politics and activism = = Sinatra held differing political views throughout his life . His mother , Dolly Sinatra ( 1896 – 1977 ) , was a Democratic Party ward leader . Sinatra met President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 , and subsequently heavily campaigned for the Democrats in the 1944 presidential election . According to Jo Carroll Silvers , in his younger years Sinatra had " ardent liberal " sympathies , and was " so concerned about poor people that he was always quoting Henry Wallace " . He was outspoken on racism , particularly toward blacks and Italians from early on . In November 1945 Sinatra was invited by the mayor of Gary , Indiana , to try to settle a strike by white students of Froebel High School against the " Pro @-@ Negro " policies of the new principal . His comments , while praised by liberal publications , led to accusations by some that he was a Communist , which he strongly denied . In the 1948 presidential election , Sinatra actively campaigned for President Harry S. Truman . In 1952 and 1956 , he also campaigned for Adlai Stevenson . Of all the U.S. Presidents he associated with during his career , he was closest to John F. Kennedy . Sinatra often invited Kennedy to Hollywood and Las Vegas , and the two would womanize and enjoy parties together . In January 1961 Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized the Inaugural Gala in Washington , D.C. , held on the evening before President Kennedy was sworn into office . In 1962 , Sinatra was snubbed by Kennedy during his visit to Palm Springs when he decided to stay with the Republican Bing Crosby , due to FBI concerns about Sinatra 's alleged connections to organized crime . Sinatra had invested a lot of his own money in upgrading the facilities at his home in anticipation of the President 's visit , fitting it with a heliport , which he later reportedly smashed up with a sledgehammer upon being rejected . Despite the snub , when he learned of Kennedy 's assassination he reportedly sobbed in his bedroom for three days . Sinatra worked with Hubert H. Humphrey in 1968 , and remained a supporter of the Democratic Party until the early 1970s . Although still a registered Democrat , Sinatra endorsed Republican Ronald Reagan for a second term as Governor of California in 1970 . He officially changed allegiance in July 1972 when he supported Richard Nixon for re @-@ election in the 1972 presidential election . In the 1980 presidential election , Sinatra supported Ronald Reagan and donated $ 4 million to Reagan 's campaign . Sinatra arranged Reagan 's Presidential gala , as he had done for Kennedy 20 years previously . In 1985 , Reagan presented Sinatra with the Presidential Medal of Freedom , remarking , " His love of country , his generosity for those less fortunate ... make him one of our most remarkable and distinguished Americans . " Santopietro notes that Sinatra was a " lifelong sympathizer with Jewish causes " . He was awarded the Hollzer Memorial Award by the Los Angeles Jewish Community in 1949 . He gave a series of concerts in Israel in 1962 , and donated his entire $ 50 @,@ 000 fee for appearing in a cameo role in Cast a Giant Shadow ( 1966 ) to the Youth Center in Jerusalem . On November 1 , 1972 , he raised $ 6 @.@ 5 million in bond pledges for Israel , and was given the Medallion of Valor for his efforts . The Frank Sinatra Student Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was dedicated in his name in 1978 . From his youth , Sinatra displayed sympathy for African Americans and worked both publicly and privately all his life to help them win equal rights . He blamed racial prejudice on the parents of children . Sinatra played a major role in the desegregation of Nevada hotels and casinos in the 1950s and 1960s . At the Sands in 1955 , Sinatra went against policy by inviting Nat King Cole into the dining room , and in 1961 , after an incident where an African @-@ American couple entered the lobby of the hotel and were blocked by the security guard , Sinatra and Sammy Davis , Jr. forced the hotel management to begin hiring black waiters and busboys . On January 27 , 1961 , Sinatra played a benefit show at Carnegie Hall for Martin Luther King , Jr. and led his fellow Rat Pack members and Reprise label mates in boycotting hotels and casinos that refused entry to black patrons and performers . According to his son , Frank Sinatra , Jr . , King sat weeping in the audience at one of his father 's concerts in 1963 as Sinatra sang " Ol ' Man River " , a song from the musical Show Boat that is sung by an African @-@ American stevedore . When he changed his political affiliations in 1970 , Sinatra became less outspoken on racial issues . Though he did much towards racial causes , it did not stop the occasional racist jibe from him and the other Rat Pack members toward Davis at concerts . = = Death = = Sinatra died with his wife at his side at Cedars @-@ Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on May 14 , 1998 , aged 82 , after suffering a severe heart attack . Sinatra suffered from ill health during the last few years of his life , and was frequently hospitalized for heart and breathing problems , high blood pressure , pneumonia and bladder cancer . He was further diagnosed as suffering from dementia . He had made no public appearances following a heart attack in February 1997 . Sinatra 's wife encouraged him to " fight " while attempts were made to stabilize him , and his final words were , " I 'm losing . " Sinatra 's daughter , Tina , later wrote that she and her sister , Nancy , had not been notified of their father 's final hospitalization , and it was her belief that " the omission was deliberate . Barbara would be the grieving widow alone at her husband 's side . " The night after Sinatra 's death , the lights on the Empire State Building in New York City were turned blue . Also right after Sinatra 's death , the lights on the Las Vegas Strip were dimmed in his honor , and the casinos stopped spinning for a minute . Sinatra 's funeral was held at the Roman Catholic Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills , California , on May 20 , 1998 , with 400 mourners in attendance and thousands of fans outside . Gregory Peck , Tony Bennett , and Sinatra 's son , Frank Jr . , addressed the mourners , who included many notable people from film and entertainment . Sinatra was buried in a blue business suit with mementos from family members including cherry @-@ flavored Life Savers , Tootsie Rolls , a bottle of Jack Daniel 's , a pack of Camel cigarettes and a Zippo lighter , stuffed toys , and a dog biscuit , next to his parents in section B @-@ 8 of Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City , California . His close friends , Jilly Rizzo and Jimmy Van Heusen , are buried nearby . The words " The Best Is Yet to Come " , plus " Beloved Husband & Father " are imprinted on Sinatra 's grave marker . Significant increases in sales worldwide were reported by Billboard in the month of his death . = = Legacy and honors = = American music critic Robert Christgau referred to Sinatra as " the greatest singer of the 20th century " . His popularity was later matched only by Elvis Presley , Michael Jackson , and the Beatles . For Santopietro , Sinatra was the " greatest male pop singer in the history of America " , who amassed " unprecedented power onscreen and off " , and " seemed to exemplify the common man , an ethnic twentieth @-@ century American male who reached the ' top of the heap ' , yet never forgot his roots " . Santopietro argues that Sinatra created his own world , which he was able to dominate — his career was centred around power , perfecting the ability to capture an audience . Composer Gus Levene commented that Sinatra 's strength was that when it came to lyrics , telling a story musically , Sinatra displayed a " genius " ability and feeling , which with the " rare combination of voice and showmanship " made him the " original singer " which others who followed most tried to emulate . George Roberts , a trombonist in Sinatra 's band , remarked that Sinatra had a " charisma , or whatever it is about him , that no one else had " . Biographer Arnold Shaw considered that " If Las Vegas had not existed , Sinatra could have invented it " . He quoted reporter James Bacon in saying that Sinatra was the " swinging image on which the town is built " , adding that no other entertainer quite " embodied the glamour " associated with Las Vegas as him . Sinatra continues to be seen as one of the icons of the 20th century , and has three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in film and music . There are stars on east and west sides of the 1600 block of Vine Street respectively , and one on the south side of the 6500 block of Hollywood Boulevard for his work in television . In Sinatra 's native New Jersey , Hoboken 's Frank Sinatra Park , the Hoboken Post Office , and a residence hall at Montclair State University were named in his honor . Other buildings named for Sinatra include the Frank Sinatra School of the Arts in Astoria , Queens , the Frank Sinatra International Student Center at Israel 's Hebrew University in Jerusalem dedicated in 1978 , and the Frank Sinatra Hall at the USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles , California , dedicated in 2002 . Wynn Resorts ' Encore Las Vegas resort features a restaurant dedicated to Sinatra which opened in 2008 . Items of memorabilia from Sinatra 's life and career are displayed at USC 's Frank Sinatra Hall and Wynn Resort 's Sinatra restaurant . 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sometimes considered unfair or insulting . This is because reviewers sometimes use this term to suggest that the " clone " is a mere imitation , which commonly occurs in the video game industry , designed for the sole purpose of capitalizing on the success of the Grand Theft Auto series . However , this term can also be used as a neutral description of a game , which can range from good to bad . Reviewers have used " Grand Theft Auto clone " to describe games that rest on their own merits , and do not necessarily dismiss the entire class of games as mere imitators . Games of this type are sometimes defined under the broader terminology " open world games " or " sandbox games " . However , many games that predate Grand Theft Auto III , such as Metroid from 1986 , are also called open world games . Conflictingly , games such as Grand Theft Auto III and Body Harvest are credited with inventing this genre more than a decade later . Furthermore , reviewers have stated that this genre does not include every game with a freely explorable world and that this genre is much more specific , thus excluding the free @-@ roaming titles Spider @-@ Man 2 and The Incredible Hulk : Ultimate Destruction from this class of games . The terminology is inconsistent , sometimes including any game with open level design , while other times focusing on a specific genre created at the turn of the century . Without clear classifications to describe the genre popularized by Grand Theft Auto , reviewers have created a number of alternate names for this genre . Some reviewers have focused on the pervasive criminal themes and content in the genre , using terminology such as " crime games " , " crime @-@ based action games " , and what CNN called the " gangsta genre " . Other journalists have emphasized gameplay by describing the genre as " free roaming action adventure games " , " driving @-@ and @-@ shooting games " , and " driving action hybrids " . = = Game design = = = = = Driving and shooting = = = Grand Theft Auto clones offer players the ability to steal and drive a number of vehicles . Games have included all kinds of vehicles , such as cars , helicopters , boats , jet @-@ skis , fixed @-@ wing aircraft , and military vehicles . Reviewers have compared these games based on the number of vehicles they offer , with greater choice resulting in better reviews . Players can also use vehicles as weapons , either by driving into enemies , or by damaging the vehicle until it explodes . Some games allow vehicles to perform stunts . Games in the genre thus incorporate elements of driving simulation games . Some games even allow players to customize their vehicles . Players can engage in combat using range of weapons depending on the game setting , such as assault weapons , sniper rifles , explosives , rocket launchers , and close @-@ range melee weapons . As such , several reviewers have stated that games in this genre are partially third person shooters . Players can find weapons scattered throughout the game world , and may buy weapons in shops or take them from dead enemies . Virtually anyone in the game world can be attacked by the player . In many games , excessive violent behavior will provoke a reaction by police authorities , who the player may then choose to fight or evade . Players must also keep track of their health and ammunition in order to succeed in combat . These games have employed a variety of aiming mechanisms , such as free look aiming or a " lock @-@ on " button . Several games have been criticized for difficult or burdensome controls when it comes to shooting , and thus video game designers have tried refine the aiming and shooting controls in these games . = = = Open world and missions = = = Grand Theft Auto clones allow players to freely explore the game world , which is typically on the scale of an entire city . Some games base their level design on real world cities , such as London , New York City , and Los Angeles . Players are usually able to navigate by vehicle or on foot . Some games put greater emphasis on leaping , climbing , and even swimming . Exploring the world is not just necessary to complete objectives , but also to gain valuable items , weapons , and vehicles . Different parts of the game world may be controlled by different enemy factions , who will attempt to stop the player in a variety of ways . However , more recent games in this genre allow players to acquire their own territory . The freedom of navigating a huge game world may be overwhelming or confusing for new players . Game designers have come up with a variety of navigational aids to solve this problem . A mini @-@ map feature is common , while Saints Row and Grand Theft Auto IV go so far as to offer a GPS service . Games without these navigation tools are sometimes criticized as confusing . The player 's freedom to explore may be limited until they complete certain objectives and advance the game plot . Players must visit specific locations and complete specific missions in order to win the game , such as racing , tailing , couriering , robbing , stealing , shooting , assassinating , and driving to specific checkpoints . There may be multiple ways to complete these missions as the game environment is designed to facilitate shortcuts , experimentation , and creative ways to kill enemies . Completing a core mission will unlock further missions and advance the storyline , and if the player fails a mission they will be able to resume the game from before the mission began . In addition , these games usually offer optional side missions , which allow players to gain other rewards . These side missions improve the game 's replay value . These games are also known for incorporating numerous minigames into the game world , such as circuit races . Ultimately , this allows the player to follow or ignore the game 's storyline as they see fit . = = History = = = = = Origin = = = Open @-@ world , 3D action @-@ adventure games existed for years prior to the release of any similar game from the Scottish developer DMA Design . Mercenary ( 1985 ) has been described as a major ancestor to the Grand Theft Auto series , because it featured an open world which the player could explore freely . The Terminator , released in 1990 , was a free @-@ form , open @-@ world game that set its action in a modern @-@ day city that extended for miles , and included the ability to fire at civilians and steal cars . This game was also among the first American @-@ developed games to feature these elements . Hunter ( 1991 ) has been described as the first sandbox game featuring full 3D , third @-@ person graphics , thus making it an important precursor to the Grand Theft Auto series . The game consisted of a large , open world in which there were numerous possibilities to complete different missions . The character could travel on foot , or steal different vehicles such as cars , tanks , or even bicycles , boats , helicopters and hovercrafts . Moreover , Hunter also had many unique features such as day and night lighting , fuel modelling , a log book , aerial observation units , tank traps , land mines and computer @-@ controlled rocket batteries and tracer guns . It was also possible to ride a bicycle , swim , windsurf or even make a parachute jump from a helicopter . DMA Design began pursuing open @-@ world game design with the first Grand Theft Auto , which allowed players to commandeer various automobiles and shoot various weapons within a mission @-@ based structure . Unlike later games in the series , and indeed many earlier influences , the first two GTA games were 2D . In 1998 , DMA moved many of these design concepts into a 3D world , with Body Harvest , a Nintendo 64 game developed by DMA Design ( which eventually became Rockstar North when it was acquired by Rockstar Games ) . This title featured an open world with nonlinear missions and side @-@ quests , as well as the ability to commandeer and drive a variety of vehicles . As such , it has been retroactively called " GTA in space " ( despite the fact that the entire game takes place in various settings on earth ) , and is credited with making Grand Theft Auto III possible . Dan Houser has also cited the 3D Mario and Zelda games on the Nintendo 64 as major influences . Another important influence came from the Driver series , which was created in 1999 , with its open city environments and being cited as the first driving game to allow the player to go anywhere in the map . Grand Theft Auto III took the gameplay foundation of the first two Grand Theft Auto games and expanded it into a 3D world , and offered an unprecedented variety of minigames and side @-@ missions . The title was a much greater commercial success than its direct precursors , and its influence was profound . As such , Grand Theft Auto III is credited with popularizing this genre , let alone inventing it . Its release is sometimes treated as a revolutionary event in the history of video games , much like the release of Doom nearly a decade earlier . GamePro called it the most important game of all time , and claimed that every genre was influenced to rethink their conventional level design . IGN similarly praised it as one of the top ten most influential games of all time . Subsequent games that follow this formula of driving and shooting in a free @-@ roaming level have been called Grand Theft Auto clones . Other critics , however , likened Grand Theft Auto III to The Legend of Zelda and Metroid , as well as Shenmue in particular , and noted how GTA III had combined elements from previous games and fused them together into a new immersive experience . For instance , radio stations had been implemented earlier in games such as Sega 's Out Run ( 1986 ) and Maxis ' SimCopter ( 1996 ) , open @-@ ended missions based on operating a taxi cab in a sandbox environment were the basis for Sega 's Crazy Taxi ( 1999 ) , the ability to kill non @-@ player characters dated back to action role @-@ playing games like Hydlide II ( 1985 ) , and Final Fantasy Adventure ( 1991 ) , and the way in which players run over pedestrians and get chased by police has been compared to Pac @-@ Man ( 1980 ) . = = = Recent history = = = Rockstar North developed Grand Theft Auto : Vice City in 2002 , which expanded on the open world concept by letting players explore the interior of more than sixty buildings . The game featured an expanded soundtrack and the voice talent of several Hollywood actors , including Ray Liotta . This set a new standard for the genre , making studio talent a pre @-@ requisite for success . Other game developers entered the field that year , with releases such as The Getaway . The Simpsons : Hit & Run in 2003 applied the concept to a cartoon world , while True Crime : Streets of LA reversed the Grand Theft Auto formula by putting the player in the role of a police officer . Even the Driver series , which influenced Grand Theft Auto III , began to follow this formula by combining driving and shooting in Driv3r . Some reviewers began warning parents of the growing number of games in this genre , due to the violent themes intended for mature audiences . Ultimately , rival developers were unable to match the reception of the Grand Theft Auto series . Rockstar North released Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas in 2004 , which featured an open world on the scale of three distinct cities . The game also allowed players to customize the player @-@ character and vehicles , as well as compete for turf by fighting with rival gangs . The continued success of the Grand Theft Auto series led to successful spin @-@ offs , including Grand Theft Auto : Liberty City Stories in 2005 , Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories in 2006 , and the 2D Grand Theft Auto Advance for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console . A market analysis in early 2006 found that new games in this genre would have more difficulty than new first @-@ person shooters or racing games , and noted that that overall revenue for this genre declines during periods without a new Grand Theft Auto game . By 2006 , developers were producing fewer games in this space , estimated at half the number seen in 2005 . City Racing developed by EA Group and published by Gametop continues to be wildly popular GTA clone , despite the complete lack of storyline . With the arrival of the seventh generation of video game consoles , the first " next @-@ gen " Grand Theft Auto clones were released in 2006 , beginning with Saints Row from 2006 and Crackdown from 2007 both introduced online multiplayer to the genre , a feature that had been requested by many fans . Crackdown attracted attention for being created by David Jones , the developer of the original Grand Theft Auto , and featured the ability to develop the player character 's superpowers in a semi @-@ futuristic setting . Meanwhile , The Godfather : The Game and Scarface : The World Is Yours entered the market in 2006 , and attempted to apply the Grand Theft Auto formula to popular movie franchises . Still , reviewers continued to measure these games against the standard set by the Grand Theft Auto series . Grand Theft Auto IV was released in April 2008 and featured a large , detailed environment , redefining gameplay and even adopted the GPS navigation system seen in Saints Row . The game broke numerous sales records , including the record for the fastest selling game in its first 24 hours . Since its inception , this genre has evolved to include larger settings , more missions , and a wider range of vehicles . In 2010 Rockstar Games published Red Dead Redemption , an open world Western themed game . On the day of Grand Theft Auto V ' s release on September 17 , 2013 , Volition released a free downloadable content pack for Saints Row IV titled " GATV " , purposely playing the similarity in the abbreviated titles to promote their game due to the confusion raised on various social networks . = HMS Cygnet ( H83 ) = HMS Cygnet was a C @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . The ship was initially assigned to the Home Fleet , although she was temporarily deployed in the Red Sea during the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935 – 36 . Cygnet was sold to the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) in late 1937 and renamed HMCS St. Laurent . She was stationed on the west coast of Canada when World War II began in September 1939 , and had to be transferred to the Atlantic coast for convoy escort duties . She served as a convoy escort in the Battle of the Atlantic and participated in the sinking of two German submarines . The ship was on anti @-@ submarine patrols during the invasion of Normandy , and was employed as a troop transport after VE Day for returning Canadian servicemen . St. Laurent was decommissioned in late 1945 and scrapped in 1947 . = = Design and construction = = Cygnet displaced 1 @,@ 375 long tons ( 1 @,@ 397 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 865 long tons ( 1 @,@ 895 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers . Cygnet carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( 481 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 200 km ; 6 @,@ 300 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 145 officers and men . The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Cygnet had a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt AA gun between her funnels , and two 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on the aft end of her forecastle deck . The 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) AA gun was removed in 1936 and the 2 @-@ pounders were relocated to between the funnels . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch torpedoes . Three depth @-@ charge chutes were fitted , each with a capacity of two depth charges . After World War II began this was increased to 33 depth charges , delivered by one or two rails and two throwers . The ship was ordered on 15 July 1930 from Vickers @-@ Armstrongs , Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness under the 1929 Programme . Cygnet was laid down on 1 December 1930 , launched on 29 September 1931 , as the 14th ship to carry the name , and completed on 1 April 1932 . = = Service history = = After the ship commissioned on 9 April 1932 , she was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet . Cygnet spent a lot of time in dockyard hands during her first two years of service . She was repaired at Devonport in November 1932 – January 1933 , March – May , July – August and November 1933 – January 1934 before deploying to the West Indies with the Home Fleet between January and March 1934 . The ship required more repairs upon her return in April – May and then a refit from 25 July to 31 August 1934 . Cygnet was detached from the Home Fleet during the Abyssinian Crisis , and deployed in the Red Sea from September 1935 to April 1936 . The ship returned to the UK in April 1936 and refitted at Devonport between 20 April and 18 June before resuming duty with the Home Fleet . In July – August she was deployed for patrol duties off the Spanish coast in the Bay of Biscay to intercept shipping carrying contraband goods to Spain and to protect British @-@ flagged shipping during the first stages of the Spanish Civil War . = = = Transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy = = = Together with her sister HMS Crescent , Cygnet was sold to Canada on 20 October 1936 for a total price of £ 400 @,@ 000 . She was refitted again to meet Canadian standards , including the installation of Type 124 ASDIC , and handed over on 1 February 1937 . The ship was renamed as HMCS St. Laurent and commissioned into the RCN on 17 February . St. Laurent was assigned to Halifax , Nova Scotia and arrived there in May . She remained there for a year before she was transferred to Esquimalt in 1938 . The ship remained there until she was ordered to the East Coast on 31 August 1939 , arriving at Halifax on 18 September . St. Laurent escorted local convoys while based there , including the convoy carrying half of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to the UK on 10 December . The ship was ordered to Plymouth on 24 May 1940 and arrived there on 31 May . Upon arrival , the ship 's rear torpedo tube mount was removed and replaced by a 12 @-@ pounder AA gun and the 2 @-@ pounders were exchanged for quadruple Mark I mounts for the QF 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . On 9 June , St. Laurent was ordered to Le Havre , France to evacuate British troops , but none were to be found and the ship evacuated a small group of French soldiers further up the coast on 11 June . The ship was taken under fire by a German artillery battery near Saint @-@ Valery @-@ en @-@ Caux , but she was not hit and Lieutenant Commander H.G. DeWolf , the ship 's captain , ordered her to return fire although no results were noted . After returning to England , St. Laurent escorted several troop convoys on the last legs of their journeys from Canada , Australia and New Zealand in mid @-@ June and was assigned to escort duties with Western Approaches Command afterwards . On 2 July , whilst escorting the British battleship Nelson , St. Laurent received word that the unescorted British passenger ship SS Arandora Star had been torpedoed by U @-@ 47 , about 125 nautical miles ( 232 km ; 144 mi ) northeast of Malin Head , Ireland . Arriving some four and a half hours after the ocean liner sank , the ship rescued 857 survivors , including German and Italian prisoners of war . Together with the British sloop Sandwich , she badly damaged the German submarine U @-@ 52 whilst defending Convoy HX 60 on 4 August . On 2 December , St. Laurent rescued survivors from the armed merchant cruiser HMS Forfar that had been torpedoed and sunk by U @-@ 99 as well survivors from the British oil tanker Conch . After refitting at Halifax from 3 March to 11 July 1941 , St. Laurent was assigned to the 14th Escort Group of the RCN 's Newfoundland Escort Force which covered convoys in the Mid @-@ Atlantic . Whilst escorting Convoy ON 33 in November in a gale , the ship was damaged severely enough by the weather that she was forced to return to Halifax for repairs . St. Laurent was transferred to the Mid @-@ Ocean Escort Force in December and remained until March 1943 . She was given a lengthy refit at Halifax in April – August 1942 . In early December 1942 , the ship 's director @-@ control tower and rangefinder were exchanged for a Type 271 target indication radar mounted above the bridge . By this time , she had been fitted with a high @-@ frequency direction finding system as well . Whilst assigned to Escort Group C1 defending Convoy ON 154 in late December 1942 , St. Laurent had her first victory on 27 December 1942 when she was credited with sinking U @-@ 356 while north of the Azores . The ship was refitted in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia between 17 August and December 1943 . On 10 March 1944 , St. Laurent was credited with sinking U @-@ 845 in the North Atlantic , along with the destroyer HMS Forester , and frigates HMCS Owen Sound and HMCS Swansea . The other changes made to the ship 's armament during the war ( exactly when these occurred is unknown ) included the replacement of ' B ' gun by a Hedgehog anti @-@ submarine spigot mortar , exchanging the two quadruple .50 @-@ calibre Vickers machine guns mounted between her funnels for two Oerlikon 20 mm AA guns , the addition of two Oerlikon guns to her searchlight platform and another pair were fitted on the wings of her bridge , and the removal of her 12 @-@ pounder AA gun . Type 286 short @-@ range surface search radar was also added . ' Y ' gun was also removed to allow her depth charge stowage to be increased to at least 60 depth charges . In May 1944 she was transferred to the 11th Escort Group to support the Allied landings in Normandy . On D @-@ Day itself – 6 June 1944 – she was deployed with the Canadian destroyers Chaudière , Gatineau , Kootenay and Ottawa stationed in the entrance to the English Channel to prevent U @-@ boat attacks on the invasion convoys . Later she was deployed with her group in the Bay of Biscay for anti @-@ submarine operations . On 8 August she was unsuccessfully attacked by a glide bomb , and on the 13th she and Ottawa rescued survivors from U @-@ 270 which had been sunk with depth charges by a Sunderland aircraft . These duties continued into October , when she returned to Canada to refit . Conducted at Shelburne , Nova Scotia , the refit lasted from November 1944 to 20 March 1945 . St. Laurent returned to service in April 1945 , and was attached to the Halifax Escort Force for convoy defence off the east coast . After the German surrender on 6 May , she was employed as a troop transport , until paid off on 10 October 1945 . The ship was sold for scrap and broken up in 1947 . = = = Trans @-@ Atlantic convoys escorted = = = = = Acclaimed model = = A model of HMS Cygnet by renowned marine model maker Norman A. Ough is held by the National Maritime Museum . = Entombed ( video game ) = Entombed is an action @-@ adventure video game developed and published by Ultimate Play the Game for the Commodore 64 in 1985 . It is the second instalment of the Pendragon series and is a sequel to The Staff of Karnath . The game features series protagonist and aristocrat adventurer , Sir Arthur Pendragon , as he attempts to escape an ancient Egyptian tomb before all oxygen runs out . As with its predecessor , Entombed is presented in an isometric format . The game was created and designed by brothers Dave and Bob Thomas , with Ultimate founders Tim and Chris Stamper otherwise being uninvolved in development . Entombed took considerably longer to develop due to the re @-@ programming of its game engine . It received positive reviews from critics upon release , with praise being directed at its playability and graphics . It was followed by a sequel , Blackwyche , which was released later in the year . = = Gameplay = = The game is presented in a isometric format and is set inside an ancient Egyptian tomb . Sir Arthur Pendragon 's main objective is to escape the tomb , the Great Sphinx , before all oxygen runs out . To achieve this end , the player must navigate a series of chambers linked by corridors , solve logic puzzles and deal with hostile enemies by either avoiding or fighting them . The tomb has seven floors . Pendragon 's only form of defence is his whip , which he can utilise to defend himself from enemies . The player also has access to a torch , which will allow them to see in certain pitch @-@ black areas of the tomb . Unlike other games from the Pendragon series , Entombed features no collectable items required to finish the game . The player @-@ character has a life bar , which will deplete every time he makes contact with an enemy . To replenish life , the player must kill crows which will spawn in rooms at various times , and upon its death the crow will drop an Ankh symbol , the ancient Egyptian " Symbol of Life " . If the player completely runs out of life or if all the oxygen runs out from the tomb , then the game will end . = = Development and release = = Ashby Computers and Graphics was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , along with Tim 's wife , Carol , from their headquarters in Ashby @-@ de @-@ la @-@ Zouch in 1982 . Under the trading name of Ultimate Play the Game , they began producing multiple video games for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s . The company was known for their reluctance to reveal details about their operations and upcoming projects . Little was known about their development process except that they used to work in " separate teams " : one team would work on graphics while the other would concentrate on other aspects such as sound or programming . The Pendragon series and The Staff of Karnath were materialised by brothers Dave and Robert " Bob " Thomas , rather than Ultimate founders Tim and Chris Stamper . Dave Thomas began his career in 1983 when he began producing games for the Atari 400 , including moderate @-@ sellers such as Warlok , which won him GB £ 5 @,@ 000 in a competition from Calisto Software . Although he later began working for the company in producing video games , he quit due to the strain of his daily 68 miles ( 109 km ) commute . Shortly after quitting Calisto Software , Dave Thomas started work on The Staff of Karnath . Bob Thomas was a trained technical illustrator for the Ministry of Defence and had experience with designing interiors for the Royal Navy , which later aided to the military @-@ themed visuals of the Pendragon series . As with all games in the Pendragon series , Entombed was programmed by Dave Thomas , whereas the graphics were designed by Bob Thomas . Dave Thomas admitted in a March 2008 interview that the name of the series protagonist , " Sir Arthur Pendragon " , was copied from the character of the Black Prince Pendragon from the Jack the Giant Killer stories . According to Dave Thomas , Entombed had the longest development cycle due to the expansion of the previous engine . = = Reception = = The game received positive reviews upon release . John Cook of Popular Computing Weekly praised the graphics , heralding them as " colourful " and the detail of the stages as " beautiful " . Julian Rignall of Zzap ! 64 similarly praised the presentation of the game , expressing surprise on the size and graphical advancements from its predecessor . A reviewer of Computer and Video Games praised the graphics as " excellent " , whilst noting the resemblance to Indiana Jones . A reviewer of Computer Gamer similarly cited the graphics as " excellent " , stating that it was " what he expected from an Ultimate game " . However , they criticised the overall gameplay , stating it to be " very boring " and " slowly smegged " . Cook praised the game 's puzzle sections , comparing them more favourably than those of its predecessor , and summarised that the game was " definitely a must for any adventurer 's collection " . Rignall stated that the puzzles were " specular " and similarly praised them more favourably than those in The Staff of Karnath . However , Rignall criticised the sprites of the game , asserting that they were " large and crude " . = HMS Iron Duke ( 1870 ) = HMS Iron Duke was the last of four Audacious @-@ class central battery ironclads built for the Royal Navy in the late 1860s . Completed in 1871 , the ship was briefly assigned to the Reserve Fleet as a guardship in Ireland , before she was sent out to the China Station as its flagship . Iron Duke returned four years later and resumed her duties as a guardship . She accidentally rammed and sank her sister ship , Vanguard , in a heavy fog in mid @-@ 1875 and returned to the Far East in 1878 . The ship ran aground twice during this deployment and returned home in 1883 . After a lengthy refit , Iron Duke was assigned to the Channel Fleet in 1885 and remained there until she again became a guardship in 1890 . The ship was converted into a coal hulk a decade later and continued in that role until 1906 when she was sold for scrap and broken up . = = Design and description = = The Audacious class was designed as a second @-@ class ironclad intended for overseas service . They were 280 feet ( 85 @.@ 3 m ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 54 feet ( 16 @.@ 5 m ) . Iron Duke had a draught of 21 feet 7 inches ( 6 @.@ 6 m ) forward and 22 feet 7 inches ( 6 @.@ 9 m ) aft . The Audacious @-@ class ships displaced 6 @,@ 034 long tons ( 6 @,@ 131 t ) and had a tonnage of 3 @,@ 774 tons burthen . They had a complement of 450 officers and ratings . Iron Duke had a pair of two @-@ cylinder , horizontal @-@ return , connecting @-@ rod steam engines , each driving a single 16 @-@ foot @-@ 6 @-@ inch ( 5 @.@ 03 m ) propeller , using steam provided by six rectangular boilers . The engines were designed to give the ships a speed of 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) ; Iron Duke , however , reached a speed of 13 @.@ 64 knots ( 25 @.@ 26 km / h ; 15 @.@ 70 mph ) from 4 @,@ 268 indicated horsepower ( 3 @,@ 183 kW ) during her sea trials on 2 November 1870 . She carried a maximum of 450 long tons ( 460 t ) of coal . The Audacious class was ship @-@ rigged with three masts and had a sail area of 25 @,@ 054 square feet ( 2 @,@ 327 @.@ 6 m2 ) . Around 1871 they were re @-@ rigged as barques with their sail area reduced to 23 @,@ 700 square feet ( 2 @,@ 200 m2 ) To reduce drag , the funnel was telescopic and could be lowered . Under sail alone , they could reach 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The main armament of the Audacious @-@ class ships consisted of 10 RML 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) rifled muzzle @-@ loading guns . Six of these were positioned on the main deck , three on each broadside , and the other four guns were mounted on the corners of the upper deck battery . The battery protruded over the sides of the ships to give the guns a certain amount of end @-@ on fire . The shell of the nine @-@ inch gun weighed 254 pounds ( 115 @.@ 2 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 12 long tons ( 12 t ) . It had a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 420 ft / s ( 430 m / s ) and was rated with the ability to penetrate 11 @.@ 3 inches ( 287 mm ) of wrought @-@ iron armour at the muzzle . The ships were equipped with four RML 6 in ( 152 mm ) 71 cwt guns as chase guns , two in the bow and another pair in the stern . They fired a 64 @-@ pound ( 29 @.@ 0 kg ) , 6 @.@ 3 @-@ inch ( 160 mm ) shell . They also had six RBL 20 pdr ( 3 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 95 mm ) ) rifled breech @-@ loading guns that were used as saluting guns . In 1878 , the ships received four 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo launchers on the main deck and the 6 @-@ inch guns were replaced by four breech @-@ loading BL 5 @-@ inch guns during the mid @-@ 1880s . The wrought iron waterline armour belt of the Audacious class covered the entire length of the ships . It was eight inches ( 203 mm ) thick amidships , backed by eight – ten inches ( 203 – 254 mm ) of teak , and thinned to six inches towards the ends of the ships . It had a total height of 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) of which 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) was below water and 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) above at deep load . The main deck citadel 's ends were protected by a 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) forward bulkhead and a 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) one aft . The sides and embrasures of the upper battery were six inches thick , but its ends were unprotected . The ships also had a one @-@ man conning tower with walls 3 inches ( 76 mm ) thick . = = Construction and career = = Iron Duke , named after the nickname for Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington , was the first ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy . The ship was laid down at Pembroke Dockyard on 23 August 1868 , launched on 1 March 1870 and was completed on 1 January 1871 , at a cost of £ 208 @,@ 763 . She was initially assigned as a First Reserve Guardship at Plymouth , but was assigned as the flagship of the China Station in September . En route to the Far East , she became the first ironclad to use the Suez canal ; virtually all of her coal had to be unloaded to reduce her draught and she was towed by three tugboats through the canal in three days . Relieved by her sister ship , Audacious , Iron Duke returned to the UK in 1875 . To save money on the return ship , no tugboats were hired and the ship ran aground four times and frequently scraped the sides of the canal during her four @-@ day transit . Upon her arrival , she was paid off in May . Iron Duke recommissioned two months later and was assigned as the guardship at Hull . During the First Reserve Squadron 's summer cruise on 1 September , she was en route with three other ironclads between Dublin and Queenstown ( now Cobh ) . In a thick fog , the ship accidentally rammed her sister , Vanguard , off Kish Bank , in Dublin Bay . Iron Duke had her bowsprit wrecked , but was otherwise little damaged . Her ram , however , had torn a 9 @-@ by @-@ 3 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 74 by 0 @.@ 91 m ) hole in Vanguard 's side . The ram also damaged the watertight bulkhead between Vanguard 's engine and boiler rooms which flooded both compartments and prevented her crew from using her steam @-@ powered pumps . The ship sunk in a little over an hour after all of the crew abandoned ship . Following the loss , Iron Duke replaced Vanguard as the guardship at Kingstown ( now Dún Laoghaire ) , where she received the latter 's crew and remained until July 1877 when the ship began a lengthy refit that lasted until August 1878 . She was inspected by Admiral Thomas Symonds , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , Plymouth , on 22 July . Iron Duke then departed Plymouth on 4 August , bound for the China Station ; en route , she pulled the P & O steamship SS Bengal off a reef in the Red Sea on 7 September after two days ' effort . Vice @-@ Admiral Robert Coote hoisted his flag aboard Iron Duke on 9 November . The ship ran aground herself on a sandbar entering the Huangpu River in May 1880 , after five days , she was pulled free by the American paddlewheel river gunboat Monocacy with little damage . Princes Arisugawa Taruhito and Arisugawa Takehito visited Iron Duke on 22 July while she was visiting Yokohama , Japan . Several weeks later , Arisugawa Takehito came aboard to serve as a midshipman . The ship struck a rock off the coast of Hokkaido en route to Aniva Bay , Sakhalin Island , on 30 July 1880 . She floated off on 1 August after another ship had also grounded while trying to assist ; her repairs required a month in drydock in Hong Kong . On 28 January 1881 , Coote hauled down his flag and was relieved by Vice @-@ Admiral George Willes , the new Commander @-@ in @-@ chief , of the China Station . On 10 October , the ship was drydocked in Nagasaki , Japan and then sailed to Wusong District , Shanghai , China on 26 October . Iron Duke returned home in January 1883 and began a lengthy refit that included the replacement of her boilers . On 16 April 1885 , the ship became a member of Admiral Geoffrey Hornby 's Particular Service Squadron until August , when she joined the Channel Squadron . After the ironclad Sultan broke loose from her anchors in Lisbon on 24 December 1886 during a gale and accidentally rammed and sank the French steamship SS Ville de Victoria , Iron Duke 's crew manned one boat in search for survivors , although it is uncertain how many they saved . The following year , Iron Duke participated in Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee Fleet review on 1 July 1887 at Spithead . She was reduced to reserve in 1890 and was converted to a coal hulk in 1900 , serving at Kyles of Bute . The ship was transferred from Fleet Reserve to Dockyard Reserve at Portsmouth in April 1902 , and eventually sold for scrap on 15 May 1906 to Galbraith of Glasgow . = William McKinley = William McKinley ( January 29 , 1843 – September 14 , 1901 ) was the 25th President of the United States , serving from March 4 , 1897 , until his assassination in September 1901 , six months into his second term . McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish – American War , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War , beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major . After the war , he settled in Canton , Ohio , where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton . In 1876 , he was elected to Congress , where he became the Republican Party 's expert on the protective tariff , which he promised would bring prosperity . His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial ; which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office , led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890 . He was elected Ohio 's governor in 1891 and 1893 , steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests . With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna , he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 , amid a deep economic depression . He defeated his Democratic rival , William Jennings Bryan , after a front @-@ porch campaign in which he advocated " sound money " ( the gold standard unless altered by international agreement ) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity . Rapid economic growth marked McKinley 's presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish – American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but at that time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . Historians regard McKinley 's 1896 victory as a realigning election , in which the political stalemate of the post @-@ Civil War era gave way to the Republican @-@ dominated Fourth Party System , which began with the Progressive Era . McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . However , his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6 , 1901 by Leon Czolgosz , a second @-@ generation Polish @-@ American with anarchist leanings ; McKinley died eight days later , and was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro @-@ business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally considered above average , though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt . = = Early life and family = = William McKinley , Jr. was born in 1843 in Niles , Ohio , the seventh child of William and Nancy ( née Allison ) McKinley . The McKinleys were of English and Scots @-@ Irish descent and had settled in western Pennsylvania in the 18th century . There , the elder McKinley was born in Pine Township , Mercer County . The family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy , settling in New Lisbon ( now Lisbon ) . He met Nancy Allison there , and married her later . The Allison family was of mostly English descent and among Pennsylvania 's earliest settlers . The family trade on both sides was iron @-@ making , and McKinley senior operated foundries throughout Ohio , in New Lisbon , Niles , Poland , and finally Canton . The McKinley household was , like many from Ohio 's Western Reserve , steeped in Whiggish and abolitionist sentiment , the latter based on the family 's staunch Methodist beliefs . William followed in the Methodist tradition , becoming active in the local Methodist church at the age of sixteen . He was a lifelong pious Methodist . In 1852 , the family moved from Niles to Poland , Ohio so that their children could attend the better school there . Graduating in 1859 , he enrolled the following year at Allegheny College in Meadville , Pennsylvania . He remained at Allegheny for only one year , returning home in 1860 after becoming ill and depressed . He also spent time at Mount Union College in Alliance , Ohio , where he joined Sigma Alpha Epsilon . He did not graduate from either university . Although his health recovered , family finances declined and McKinley was unable to return to Allegheny , first working as a postal clerk and later taking a job teaching at a school near Poland , Ohio . = = Civil War = = = = = Western Virginia and Antietam = = = When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began , thousands of men in Ohio volunteered for service . Among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne , who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861 . The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other small units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry . The men were unhappy to learn that , unlike Ohio 's earlier volunteer regiments , they would not be permitted to elect their officers ; they would be designated by Ohio 's governor , William Dennison . Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment , and the men began training on the outskirts of Columbus . McKinley quickly took to the soldier 's life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause . Delays in issuance of uniforms and weapons again brought the men into conflict with their officers , but Major Rutherford B. Hayes convinced them to accept what the government had issued them ; his style in dealing with the men impressed McKinley , beginning an association and friendship that would last until Hayes ' death in 1893 . After a month of training , McKinley and the 23rd Ohio , now led by Colonel Eliakim P. Scammon , set out for western Virginia ( today part of West Virginia ) in July 1861 as a part of the Kanawha Division . McKinley initially thought Scammon was a martinet , but when the regiment finally saw battle , he came to appreciate the value of their relentless drilling . Their first contact with the enemy came in September when they drove back Confederate troops at Carnifex Ferry in present @-@ day West Virginia . Three days after the battle , McKinley was assigned to duty in the brigade quartermaster office , where he worked both to supply his regiment , and as a clerk . In November , the regiment established winter quarters near Fayetteville ( today in West Virginia ) . McKinley spent the winter substituting for a commissary sergeant who was ill , and in April 1862 he was promoted to that rank . The regiment resumed its advance that spring with Hayes in command ( Scammon by then led the brigade ) and fought several minor engagements against the rebel forces . That September , McKinley 's regiment was called east to reinforce General John Pope 's Army of Virginia at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Delayed in passing through Washington , D.C. , the 23rd Ohio did not arrive in time for the battle , but joined the Army of the Potomac as it hurried north to cut off Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia as it advanced into Maryland . The 23rd was the first regiment to encounter the Confederates at the Battle of South Mountain on September 14 . After severe losses , Union forces drove back the Confederates and continued to Sharpsburg , Maryland , where they engaged Lee 's army at the Battle of Antietam , one of the bloodiest battles of the war . The 23rd was also in the thick of the fighting at Antietam , and McKinley himself came under heavy fire when bringing rations to the men on the line . McKinley 's regiment again suffered many casualties , but the Army of the Potomac was victorious and the Confederates retreated into Virginia . The regiment was then detached from the Army of the Potomac and returned by train to western Virginia . = = = Shenandoah Valley and promotion = = = While the regiment went into winter quarters near Charleston , Virginia ( present @-@ day West Virginia ) , McKinley was ordered back to Ohio with some other sergeants to recruit fresh troops . When they arrived in Columbus , Governor David Tod surprised McKinley with a commission as second lieutenant in recognition of his service at Antietam . McKinley and his comrades saw little action until July 1863 , when the division skirmished with John Hunt Morgan 's cavalry at the Battle of Buffington Island . Early in 1864 , the Army command structure in West Virginia was reorganized , and the division was assigned to George Crook 's Army of West Virginia . They soon resumed the offensive , marching into southwestern Virginia to destroy salt and lead mines used by the enemy . On May 9 , the army engaged Confederate troops at Cloyd 's Mountain , where the men charged the enemy entrenchments and drove the rebels from the field . McKinley later said the combat there was " as desperate as any witnessed during the war . " Following the rout , the Union forces destroyed Confederate supplies and skirmished with the enemy again successfully . McKinley and his regiment moved to the Shenandoah Valley as the armies broke from winter quarters to resume hostilities . Crook 's corps was attached to Major General David Hunter 's Army of the Shenandoah and soon back in contact with Confederate forces , capturing Lexington , Virginia , on June 11 . They continued south toward Lynchburg , tearing up railroad track as they advanced . Hunter believed the troops at Lynchburg were too powerful , however , and the brigade returned to West Virginia . Before the army could make another attempt , Confederate General Jubal Early 's raid into Maryland forced their recall to the north . Early 's army surprised them at Kernstown on July 24 , where McKinley came under heavy fire and the army was defeated . Retreating into Maryland , the army was reorganized again : Major General Philip Sheridan replaced Hunter , and McKinley , who had been promoted to captain after the battle , was transferred to General Crook 's staff . By August , Early was retreating south in the valley , with Sheridan 's army in pursuit . They fended off a Confederate assault at Berryville , where McKinley had a horse shot out from under him , and advanced to Opequon Creek , where they broke the enemy lines and pursued them farther south . They followed up the victory with another at Fisher 's Hill on September 22 , and were engaged once more at Cedar Creek on October 19 . After initially falling back from the Confederate advance , McKinley helped to rally the troops and turn the tide of the battle . After Cedar Creek , the army stayed in the vicinity through election day , when McKinley cast his first presidential ballot , for the incumbent Republican , Abraham Lincoln . The next day , they moved north up the valley into winter quarters near Kernstown . In February 1865 , Crook was captured by Confederate raiders . Crook 's capture added to the confusion as the army was reorganized for the spring campaign , and McKinley found himself serving on the staffs of four different generals over the next fifteen days — Crook , John D. Stevenson , Samuel S. Carroll , and Winfield S. Hancock . Finally assigned to Carroll 's staff again , McKinley acted as the general 's first and only adjutant . Lee and his army surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant a few days later , effectively ending the war . McKinley found time to join a Freemason lodge ( later renamed after him ) in Winchester , Virginia , before he and Carroll were transferred to Hancock 's First Veterans Corps in Washington . Just before the war 's end , McKinley received his final promotion , a brevet commission as major . In July , the Veterans Corps was mustered out of service , and McKinley and Carroll were relieved of their duties . Carroll and Hancock encouraged McKinley to apply for a place in the peacetime army , but he declined and returned to Ohio the following month . = = Legal career and marriage = = After the war ended in 1865 , McKinley decided on a career in the law and began studying in the office of an attorney in Poland , Ohio . The following year , he continued his studies by attending Albany Law School in New York . After studying there for less than a year , McKinley returned home and was admitted to the bar in Warren , Ohio , in March 1867 . That same year , he moved to Canton , the county seat of Stark County , and set up a small office . He soon formed a partnership with George W. Belden , an experienced lawyer and former judge . His practice was successful enough for him to buy a block of buildings on Main Street in Canton , which provided him with a small but consistent rental income for decades to come . When his Army friend Rutherford B. Hayes was nominated for governor in 1867 , McKinley made speeches on his behalf in Stark County , his first foray into politics . The county was closely divided between Democrats and Republicans , but Hayes carried it that year in his statewide victory . In 1869 , McKinley ran for the office of prosecuting attorney of Stark County , an office usually then held by Democrats , and was unexpectedly elected . When McKinley ran for re @-@ election in 1871 , the Democrats nominated William A. Lynch , a prominent local lawyer , and McKinley was defeated by 143 votes . As McKinley 's professional career progressed , so too did his social life blossom as he wooed Ida Saxton , the daughter of a prominent Canton family . They were married on January 25 , 1871 , in the newly built First Presbyterian Church of Canton , although Ida soon joined her husband 's Methodist church . Their first child , Katherine , was born on Christmas Day 1871 . A second daughter , Ida , followed in 1873 , but died the same year . McKinley 's wife descended into a deep depression at her baby 's death and her health , never robust , grew worse . Two years later , in 1875 , Katherine died of typhoid fever . Ida never recovered from her daughters ' deaths ; the McKinleys had no more children . Ida McKinley developed epilepsy around the same time and thereafter disliked her husband 's leaving her side . He remained a devoted husband and tended to his wife 's medical and emotional needs for the rest of his life . Ida insisted that McKinley continue his increasingly successful career in law and politics . He attended the state Republican convention that nominated Hayes for a third term as governor in 1875 , and campaigned again for his old friend in the election that fall . The next year , McKinley undertook a high @-@ profile case defending a group of coal miners arrested for rioting after a clash with strikebreakers . Lynch , McKinley 's opponent in the 1871 election , and his partner , William R. Day , were the opposing counsel , and the mine owners included Mark Hanna , a Cleveland businessman . Taking the case pro bono , he was successful in getting all but one of the miners acquitted . The case raised McKinley 's standing among laborers , a crucial part of the Stark County electorate , and also introduced him to Hanna , who would become his strongest backer in years to come . McKinley 's good standing with labor became useful that year as he campaigned for the Republican nomination for Ohio 's 17th congressional district . Delegates to the county conventions thought he could attract blue @-@ collar voters , and in August 1876 , McKinley was nominated . By that time , Hayes had been nominated for president , and McKinley campaigned for him while running his own congressional campaign . Both were successful . McKinley , campaigning mostly on his support for a protective tariff , defeated the Democratic nominee , Levi L. Lamborn , by 3 @,@ 300 votes , while Hayes won a hotly disputed election to reach the presidency . McKinley 's victory came at a personal cost : his income as a congressman would be half of what he earned as a lawyer . = = Rising politician 1877 – 1895 = = = = = Spokesman for protection = = = " Under free trade the trader is the master and the producer the slave . Protection is but the law of nature , the law of self @-@ preservation , of self @-@ development , of securing the highest and best destiny of the race of man . [ It is said ] that protection is immoral .... Why , if protection builds up and elevates 63 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 [ the U.S. population ] of people , the influence of those 63 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 of people elevates the rest of the world . We cannot take a step in the pathway of progress without benefiting mankind everywhere . Well , they say , ' Buy where you can buy the cheapest ' .... Of course , that applies to labor as to everything else . Let me give you a maxim that is a thousand times better than that , and it is the protection maxim : ' Buy where you can pay the easiest . ' And that spot of earth is where labor wins its highest rewards . " McKinley first took his congressional seat in October 1877 , when President Hayes summoned Congress into special session . With the Republicans in the minority , McKinley was given unimportant committee assignments , which he undertook conscientiously . McKinley 's friendship with Hayes did McKinley little good on Capitol Hill ; the President was not well @-@ regarded by many leaders there . The young congressman broke with Hayes on the question of the currency , but it did not affect their friendship . The United States had effectively been placed on the gold standard by the Coinage Act of 1873 ; when silver prices dropped significantly , many sought to make silver again a legal tender , equally with gold . Such a course would be inflationary , but advocates argued that the economic benefits of the increased money supply would be worth the inflation ; opponents warned that " free silver " would not bring the promised benefits and would harm the United States in international trade . McKinley voted for the Bland @-@ Allison Act of 1878 , which mandated large government purchases of silver for striking into money , and also joined the large majorities in each house that overrode Hayes ' veto of the legislation . In so doing , McKinley voted against the position of the House Republican leader , his fellow Ohioan and friend , James Garfield . From his first term in Congress , McKinley was a strong advocate of protective tariffs . The primary purposes of such imposts was not to raise revenue , but to allow American manufacturing to develop by giving it a price advantage in the domestic market over foreign competitors . McKinley biographer Margaret Leech noted that Canton had become prosperous as a center for the manufacture of farm equipment because of protection , and that this may have helped form his political views . McKinley introduced and supported bills that raised protective tariffs , and opposed those that lowered them or imposed tariffs simply to raise revenue . Garfield 's election as president in 1880 created a vacancy on the House Ways and Means Committee ; McKinley was selected to fill it , placing him on the most powerful committee after only two terms . McKinley increasingly became a significant figure in national politics . In 1880 , he served a brief term as Ohio 's representative on the Republican National Committee . In 1884 , he was elected a delegate to that year 's Republican convention , where he served as chair of the Committee on Resolutions and won plaudits for his handling of the convention when called upon to preside . By 1886 , McKinley , Senator John Sherman , and Governor Joseph B. Foraker were considered the leaders of the Republican party in Ohio . Sherman , who had helped to found the Republican Party , ran three times for the Republican nomination for president in the 1880s , each time failing , while Foraker began a meteoric rise in Ohio politics early in the decade . Hanna , once he entered public affairs as a political manager and generous contributor , supported Sherman 's ambitions , as well as those of Foraker . The latter relationship broke off at the 1888 Republican National Convention , where McKinley , Foraker , and Hanna were all delegates supporting Sherman . Convinced Sherman could not win , Foraker threw his support to the unsuccessful Republican 1884 presidential nominee , Maine Senator James G. Blaine . When Blaine stated he was not a candidate , Foraker returned to Sherman , but the nomination went to former Indiana senator Benjamin Harrison , who was elected president . In the bitterness that followed the convention , Hanna abandoned Foraker , and for the rest of McKinley 's life , the Ohio Republican Party was divided into two factions , one aligned with McKinley , Sherman , and Hanna and the other with Foraker . Hanna came to admire McKinley and became a friend and close adviser to him . Although Hanna remained active in business and in promoting other Republicans , in the years after 1888 , he spent an increasing amount of time boosting McKinley 's political career . In 1889 , with the Republicans in the majority , McKinley sought election as Speaker of the House . He failed to gain the post , which went to Thomas B. Reed of Maine ; however , Speaker Reed appointed McKinley chairman of the Ways and Means Committee . The Ohioan guided the McKinley Tariff of 1890 through Congress ; although McKinley 's work was altered through the influence of special interests in the Senate , it imposed a number of protective tariffs on foreign goods . = = = Gerrymandering and defeat for re @-@ election = = = Recognizing McKinley 's potential , the Democrats , whenever they controlled the Ohio legislature , sought to gerrymander or redistrict him out of office . In 1878 , McKinley faced election in a redrawn 17th district ; he won anyway , causing Hayes to exult , " Oh , the good luck of McKinley ! He was gerrymandered out and then beat the gerrymander ! We enjoyed it as much as he did . " After the 1882 election , McKinley was unseated on an election contest by a near party @-@ line House vote . Out of office , he was briefly depressed by the setback , but soon vowed to run again . The Democrats again redistricted Stark County for the 1884 election ; McKinley was returned to Congress anyway . For 1890 , the Democrats gerrymandered McKinley one final time , placing Stark County in the same district as one of the strongest pro @-@ Democrat counties , Holmes , populated by solidly Democratic Pennsylvania Dutch . The new boundaries seemed good , based on past results , for a Democratic majority of 2000 to 3000 . The Republicans could not reverse the gerrymander as legislative elections would not be held until 1891 , but they could throw all their energies into the district , as the McKinley Tariff was a main theme of the Democratic campaign nationwide , and there was considerable attention paid to McKinley 's race . The Republican Party sent its leading orators to Canton , including Blaine ( then Secretary of State ) , Speaker Reed and President Harrison . The Democrats countered with their best spokesmen on tariff issues . McKinley tirelessly stumped his new district , reaching out to its 40 @,@ 000 voters to explain that his tariff was framed for the people ... as a defense to their industries , as a protection to the labor of their hands , as a safeguard to the happy homes of American workingmen , and as a security to their education , their wages , and their investments ... It will bring to this country a prosperity unparalleled in our own history and unrivalled in the history of the world . " Democrats ran a strong candidate in former lieutenant governor John G. Warwick . To drive their point home , they hired young partisans to pretend to be peddlers , who went door to door offering 25 @-@ cent tinware to housewives for 50 cents , explaining the rise in prices was due to the McKinley Tariff . In the end , McKinley lost by 300 votes , but the Republicans won a statewide majority and claimed a moral victory . = = = Governor of Ohio = = = Even before McKinley completed his term in Congress , he met with a delegation of Ohioans urging him to run for governor . Governor James E. Campbell , a Democrat , who had defeated Foraker in 1889 , was to seek re @-@ election in 1891 . The Ohio Republican party remained divided , but McKinley quietly arranged for Foraker to nominate him at the 1891 state Republican convention , which chose McKinley by acclamation . The former congressman spent much of the second half of 1891 campaigning against Campbell , beginning in his birthplace of Niles . Hanna , however , was little seen in the campaign ; he spent much of his time raising funds for the election of legislators pledged to vote for Sherman in the 1892 senatorial election . McKinley won the 1891 election by some 20 @,@ 000 votes ; the following January , Sherman , with considerable assistance from Hanna , turned back a challenge by Foraker to win the legislature 's vote for another term in the Senate . Ohio 's governor had relatively little power — for example , he could recommend legislation , but not veto it — but with Ohio a key swing state , its governor was a major figure in national politics . Although McKinley believed that the health of the nation depended on that of business , he was evenhanded in dealing with labor . He procured legislation that set up an arbitration board to settle work disputes and obtained passage of a law that fined employers who fired workers for belonging to a union . President Harrison had proven unpopular ; there were divisions even within the Republican party as the year 1892 began and Harrison began his re @-@ election drive . Although no declared candidate opposed Harrison , many Republicans were ready to dump the President from the ticket if an alternative emerged . Among the possible candidates spoken of were McKinley , Reed , and the aging Blaine . Fearing that the Ohio governor would emerge as a candidate , Harrison 's managers arranged for McKinley to be permanent chairman of the convention in Minneapolis , requiring him to play a public , neutral role . Hanna established an unofficial McKinley headquarters near the convention hall , though no active effort was made to convert delegates to McKinley 's cause . McKinley objected to delegate votes being cast for him ; nevertheless he finished third , behind the renominated Harrison , and behind Blaine , who had sent word he did not want to be considered . Although McKinley campaigned loyally for the Republican ticket , Harrison was defeated by former President Cleveland in the November election . In the wake of Cleveland 's victory , McKinley was seen by some as the likely Republican candidate in 1896 . Soon after Cleveland 's return to office , hard times struck the nation with the Panic of 1893 . A businessman in Youngstown , Robert Walker , had lent money to McKinley in their younger days ; in gratitude , McKinley had often guaranteed Walker 's borrowings for his business . The governor had never kept track of what he was signing ; he believed Walker a sound businessman . In fact , Walker had deceived McKinley , telling him that new notes were actually renewals of matured ones . Walker was ruined by the recession ; McKinley was called upon for repayment in February 1893 . The total owed was over $ 100 @,@ 000 and a despairing McKinley initially proposed to resign as governor and earn the money as an attorney . Instead , McKinley 's wealthy supporters , including Hanna and Chicago publisher H. H. Kohlsaat , became trustees of a fund from which the notes would be paid . Both William and Ida McKinley placed their property in the hands of the fund 's trustees ( who included Hanna and Kohlsaat ) , and the supporters raised and contributed a substantial sum of money . All of the couple 's property was returned to them by the end of 1893 , and when McKinley , who had promised eventual repayment , asked for the list of contributors , it was refused him . Many people who had suffered in the hard times sympathized with McKinley , whose popularity grew . He was easily re @-@ elected in November 1893 , receiving the largest percentage of the vote of any Ohio governor since the Civil War . McKinley campaigned widely for Republicans in the 1894 midterm congressional elections ; many party candidates in districts where he spoke were successful . His political efforts in Ohio were rewarded with the election in November 1895 of a Republican successor as governor , Asa Bushnell , and a Republican legislature that elected Foraker to the Senate . McKinley supported Foraker for Senate and Bushnell ( who was of Foraker 's faction ) for governor ; in return , the new senator @-@ elect agreed to back McKinley 's presidential ambitions . With party peace in Ohio assured , McKinley turned to the national arena . = = Election of 1896 = = = = = Obtaining the nomination = = = It is unclear when William McKinley began to seriously prepare a run for president . As Phillips notes , " no documents , no diaries , no confidential letters to Mark Hanna ( or anyone else ) contain his secret hopes or veiled stratagems . " From the beginning , McKinley 's preparations had the participation of Hanna , whose biographer William T. Horner noted , " what is certainly true is that in 1888 the two men began to develop a close working relationship that helped put McKinley in the White House . " Sherman did not run for president again after 1888 , and so Hanna could support McKinley 's ambitions for that office wholeheartedly . Backed by Hanna 's money and organizational skills , McKinley quietly built support for a presidential bid through 1895 and early 1896 . When other contenders such as Speaker Reed and Iowa Senator William B. Allison sent agents outside their states to organize Republicans in support of their candidacies , they found that Hanna 's agents had preceded them . According to historian Stanley Jones in his study of the 1896 election , Another feature common to the Reed and Allison campaigns was their failure to make headway against the tide which was running toward McKinley . In fact , both campaigns from the moment they were launched were in retreat . The calm confidence with which each candidate claimed the support of his own section [ of the country ] soon gave way to ... bitter accusations that Hanna by winning support for McKinley in their sections had violated the rules of the game . Hanna , on McKinley 's behalf , met with the eastern Republican political bosses , such as Senators Thomas Platt of New York and Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania , who were willing to guarantee McKinley 's nomination in exchange for promises regarding patronage and offices . McKinley , however , was determined to obtain the nomination without making deals , and Hanna accepted that decision . Many of their early efforts were focused on the South ; Hanna obtained a vacation home in southern Georgia where McKinley visited and met with Republican politicians from the region . McKinley needed 453 ½ delegate votes to gain the nomination ; he gained nearly half that number from the South and border states . Platt lamented in his memoirs , " [ Hanna ] had the South practically solid before some of us awakened . " The bosses still hoped to deny McKinley a first @-@ ballot majority at the convention by boosting support for local favorite son candidates such as Quay , New York Governor ( and former vice president ) Levi P. Morton , and Illinois Senator Shelby Cullom . Delegate @-@ rich Illinois proved a crucial battleground , as McKinley supporters , such as Chicago businessman ( and future vice president ) Charles G. Dawes , sought to elect delegates pledged to vote for McKinley at the national convention in St. Louis . Cullom proved unable to stand against McKinley despite the support of local Republican machines ; at the state convention at the end of April , McKinley completed a near @-@ sweep of Illinois ' delegates . Former president Harrison had been deemed a possible contender if he entered the race ; when Harrison made it known he would not seek a third nomination , the McKinley organization took control of Indiana with a speed Harrison privately found unseemly . Morton operatives who journeyed to Indiana sent word back that they had found the state alive for McKinley . Wyoming Senator Francis Warren wrote , " The politicians are making a hard fight against him , but if the masses could speak , McKinley is the choice of at least 75 % of the entire [ body of ] Republican voters in the Union " . By the time the national convention began in St. Louis on June 16 , 1896 , McKinley had an ample majority of delegates . The former governor , who remained in Canton , followed events at the convention closely by telephone , and was able to hear part of Foraker 's speech nominating him over the line . When Ohio was reached in the roll call of states , its votes gave McKinley the nomination , which he celebrated by hugging his wife and mother as his friends fled the house , anticipating the first of many crowds that gathered at the Republican candidate 's home . Thousands of partisans came from Canton and surrounding towns that evening to hear McKinley speak from his front porch . The convention nominated Republican National Committee vice chairman Garret Hobart of New Jersey for vice president , a choice actually made , by most accounts , by Hanna . Hobart , a wealthy lawyer , businessman , and former state legislator , was not widely known , but as Hanna biographer Herbert Croly pointed out , " if he did little to strengthen the ticket he did nothing to weaken it " . = = = General election campaign = = = Before the Republican convention , McKinley had been a " straddle bug " on the currency question , favoring moderate positions on silver such as accomplishing bimetallism by international agreement . In the final days before the convention , McKinley decided , after hearing from politicians and businessmen , that the platform should endorse the gold standard , though it should allow for bimetallism by international agreement . Adoption of the platform caused some western delegates , led by Colorado Senator Henry M. Teller , to walk out of the convention . However , compared with the Democrats , Republican divisions on the issue were small , especially as McKinley promised future concessions to silver advocates . The bad economic times had continued , and strengthened the hand of forces for free silver . The issue bitterly divided the Democratic Party ; President Cleveland firmly supported the gold standard , but an increasing number of rural Democrats wanted silver , especially in the South and West . The silverites took control of the 1896 Democratic National Convention and chose William Jennings Bryan for president ; he had electrified the delegates with his Cross of Gold speech . Bryan 's financial radicalism shocked bankers — they thought his inflationary program would bankrupt the railroads and ruin the economy . Hanna approached them for support for his strategy to win the election , and they gave $ 3 @.@ 5 million for speakers and over 200 million pamphlets advocating the Republican position on the money and tariff questions . Bryan 's campaign had at most an estimated $ 500 @,@ 000 . With his eloquence and youthful energy his major assets in the race , Bryan decided on a whistle @-@ stop political tour by train on an unprecedented scale . Hanna urged McKinley to match Bryan 's tour with one of his own ; the candidate declined on the grounds that the Democrat was a better stump speaker : " I might just as well set up a trapeze on my front lawn and compete with some professional athlete as go out speaking against Bryan . I have to think when I speak . " Instead of going to the people , McKinley would remain at home in Canton and allow the people to come to him ; according to historian R. Hal Williams in his book on the 1896 election , " it was , as it turned out , a brilliant strategy . McKinley 's ' Front Porch Campaign ' became a legend in American political history . " McKinley made himself available to the public every day except Sunday , receiving delegations from the front porch of his home . The railroads subsidized the visitors with low excursion rates — the pro @-@ silver Cleveland Plain Dealer disgustedly stated that going to Canton had been made " cheaper than staying at home " . Delegations marched through the streets from the railroad station to McKinley 's home on North Market Street . Once there , they crowded close to the front porch — from which they surreptitiously whittled souvenirs — as their spokesman addressed McKinley . The candidate then responded , speaking on campaign issues in a speech molded to suit the interest of the delegation . The speeches were carefully scripted to avoid extemporaneous remarks ; even the spokesman 's remarks were approved by McKinley or a representative . This was done as the candidate feared an offhand comment by another that might rebound on him . Most Democratic newspapers refused to support Bryan , the major exception being the New York Journal , controlled by William Randolph Hearst , whose fortune was based on silver mines . In biased reporting and through the sharp cartoons of Homer Davenport , Hanna was viciously characterized as a plutocrat , trampling on labor . McKinley was drawn as a child , easily controlled by big business . Even today , these depictions still color the images of Hanna and McKinley : one as a heartless businessman , the other as a creature of Hanna and others of his ilk . The Democrats had pamphlets too , though not as many . Jones analyzed how voters responded to the education campaigns of the two parties : For the people it was a campaign of study and analysis , of exhortation and conviction — a campaign of search for economic and political truth . Pamphlets tumbled from the presses , to be read , reread , studied , debated , to become guides to economic thought and political action . They were printed and distributed by the million ... but the people hankered for more . Favorite pamphlets became dog @-@ eared , grimy , fell apart as their owners laboriously restudied their arguments and quoted from them in public and private debate . The battleground proved to be the Midwest — the South and most of the West were conceded to Bryan — and the Democrat spent much of his time in those crucial states . The Northeast was considered most likely safe for McKinley after the early @-@ voting states of Maine and Vermont supported him in September . By then , it was clear that public support for silver had receded , and McKinley began to emphasize the tariff issue . By the end of September , the Republicans had discontinued printing material on the silver issue , and were entirely concentrating on the tariff question . On November 3 , 1896 , the voters had their say in most of the nation . McKinley won the entire Northeast and Midwest ; he won 51 % of the vote and an ample majority in the Electoral College . Bryan had concentrated entirely on the silver issue , and had not appealed to urban workers . Voters in cities supported McKinley ; the only city outside the South of more than 100 @,@ 000 population carried by Bryan was Denver , Colorado . The 1896 presidential election is often seen as a	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, removing or burying weeds and adding organic manures or fertilisers ; sowing seeds or planting young plants ; tending the crop while it grows to reduce weed competition , control pests and provide sufficient water ; harvesting the crop when it is ready ; sorting , storing and marketing the crop or eating it fresh from the ground . Different soil types suit different crops , but in general in temperate climates , sandy soils dry out fast but warm up quickly in the spring and are suitable for early crops , while heavy clays retain moisture better and are more suitable for late season crops . The growing season can be lengthened by the use of fleece , cloches , plastic mulch , polytunnels and greenhouses . In hotter regions , the production of vegetables is constrained by the climate , especially the pattern of rainfall , while in temperate zones , it is constrained by the temperature and day length . On a domestic scale , the spade , fork and hoe are the tools of choice while on commercial farms a range of mechanical equipment is available . Besides tractors , these include ploughs , harrows , drills , transplanters , cultivators , irrigation equipment and harvesters . New techniques are changing the cultivation procedures involved in growing vegetables with computer monitoring systems , GPS locators and self @-@ steer programmes for driverless machines giving economic benefits . = = = Harvesting = = = When a vegetable is harvested , it is cut off from its source of water and nourishment . It continues to transpire and loses moisture as it does so , a process most noticeable in the wilting of green leafy crops . Harvesting root vegetables when they are fully mature improves their storage life , but alternatively , these root crops can be left in the ground and harvested over an extended period . The harvesting process should seek to minimise damage and bruising to the crop . Onions and garlic can be dried for a few days in the field and root crops such as potatoes benefit from a short maturation period in warm moist surroundings during which time wounds heal and the skin thickens up and hardens . Before marketing or storage , grading needs to be done to remove damaged goods and select produce according to its quality , size , ripeness and color . = = = Storage = = = All vegetables benefit from proper post harvest care . A large proportion of vegetables and perishable foods are lost after harvest during the storage period . These losses may be as high as thirty to fifty percent in developing countries where adequate cold storage facilities are not available . The main causes of loss include spoilage caused by moisture , moulds , micro @-@ organisms and vermin . Storage can be short @-@ term or long @-@ term . Most vegetables are perishable and short @-@ term storage for a few days provides flexibility in marketing . During storage , leafy vegetables lose moisture , and the vitamin C in them degrades rapidly . A few products such as potatoes and onions have better keeping qualities and can be sold when higher prices may be available , and by extending the marketing season , a greater total volume of crop can be sold . If refrigerated storage is not available , the priority for most crops is to store high @-@ quality produce , to maintain a high humidity level and to keep the produce in the shade . Proper post @-@ harvest storage aimed at extending and ensuring shelf life is best effected by efficient cold chain application . Cold storage is particularly useful for vegetables such as cauliflower , eggplant , lettuce , radish , spinach , potatoes and tomatoes , the optimum temperature depending on the type of produce . There are temperature @-@ controlling technologies that do not require the use of electricity such as evaporative cooling . Storage of fruit and vegetables in controlled atmospheres with high levels of carbon dioxide or high oxygen levels can inhibit microbial growth and extend storage life . The irradiation of vegetables and other agricultural produce by ionizing radiation can be used to preserve it from both microbial infection and insect damage , as well as from physical deterioration . It can extend the storage life of food without noticeably changing its properties . = = = Preservation = = = The objective of preserving vegetables is to extend their availability for consumption or marketing purposes . The aim is to harvest the food at its maximum state of palatability and nutritional value , and preserve these qualities for an extended period . The main causes of deterioration in vegetables after they are gathered are the actions of naturally @-@ occurring enzymes and the spoilage caused by micro @-@ organisms . Canning and freezing are the most commonly used techniques , and vegetables preserved by these methods are generally similar in nutritional value to comparable fresh products with regards to carotenoids , vitamin E , minerals and dietary fiber . Canning is a process during which the enzymes in vegetables are deactivated and the micro @-@ organisms present killed by heat . The sealed can excludes air from the foodstuff to prevent subsequent deterioration . The lowest necessary heat and the minimum processing time are used in order to prevent the mechanical breakdown of the product and to preserve the flavor as far as is possible . The can is then able to be stored at ambient temperatures for a long period . Freezing vegetables and maintaining their temperature at below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) will prevent their spoilage for a short period , whereas a temperature of − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) is required for longer @-@ term storage . The enzyme action will merely be inhibited , and blanching of suitably sized prepared vegetables before freezing mitigates this and prevents off @-@ flavors developing . Not all micro @-@ organisms will be killed at these temperatures and after thawing the vegetables should be used promptly because otherwise , any microbes present may proliferate . Traditionally , sun drying has been used for some products such as tomatoes , mushrooms and beans , spreading the produce on racks and turning the crop at intervals . This method suffers from several disadvantages including lack of control over drying rates , spoilage when drying is slow , contamination by dirt , wetting by rain and attack by rodents , birds and insects . These disadvantages can be alleviated by using solar powered driers . The dried produce must be prevented from reabsorbing moisture during storage . High levels of both sugar and salt can preserve food by preventing micro @-@ organisms from growing . Green beans can be salted by layering the pods with salt , but this method of preservation is unsuited to most vegetables . Marrows , beetroot , carrot and some other vegetables can be boiled with sugar to create jams . Vinegar is widely used in food preservation ; a sufficient concentration of acetic acid prevents the development of destructive micro @-@ organisms , a fact made use of in the preparation of pickles , chutneys and relishes . Fermentation is another method of preserving vegetables for later use . Sauerkraut is made from chopped cabbage and relies on lactic acid bacteria which produce compounds that are inhibitory to the growth of other micro @-@ organisms . = = = Top producers = = = In 2010 , China was the largest vegetable producing nation , with over half the world 's production . India , the United States , Turkey , Iran and Egypt were the next largest producers . China had the highest area of land devoted to vegetable production , while the highest average yields were obtained in Spain and the Republic of Korea . = = Standards = = The International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) sets international standards to ensure that products and services are safe , reliable and of good quality . There are a number of ISO standards regarding fruits and vegetables . ISO 1991 @-@ 1 : 1982 lists the botanical names of sixty @-@ one species of plants used as vegetables along with the common names of the vegetables in English , French and Russian . ISO 67 @.@ 080 @.@ 20 covers the storage and transport of vegetables and their derived products . = Teaneck , New Jersey = Teaneck / ˈtiːnɛk / is a township in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States , and a suburb in the New York metropolitan area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 39 @,@ 776 , reflecting an increase of 516 ( + 1 @.@ 3 % ) from the 39 @,@ 260 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 1 @,@ 435 ( + 3 @.@ 8 % ) from the 37 @,@ 825 counted in the 1990 Census . As of 2010 it was the second @-@ most populous among the 70 municipalities in Bergen County , behind Hackensack , which had a population of 43 @,@ 010 . Teaneck was created on February 19 , 1895 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature from portions of Englewood Township and Ridgefield Township , both of which are now defunct ( despite existing municipalities with similar names ) , along with portions of Bogota and Leonia . Independence followed the result of a referendum held on January 14 , 1895 , in which voters favored incorporation by a 46 – 7 margin . To address the concerns of Englewood Township 's leaders , the new municipality was formed as a township , rather than succumbing to the borough craze sweeping across Bergen County at the time . On May 3 , 1921 , and June 1 , 1926 , portions of what had been Teaneck were transferred to Overpeck Township . Teaneck lies at the junction of Interstate 95 and the eastern terminus of Interstate 80 . The township is bisected into north and south portions by Route 4 and east and west by the CSX Transportation River Subdivision . Commercial development is concentrated in four main shopping areas , on Cedar Lane , Teaneck Road , DeGraw Avenue , West Englewood Avenue and Queen Anne Road , more commonly known as " The Plaza " . Teaneck 's location at the crossroads of river , road , train and other geographical features has made it a site of many momentous events across the centuries . After the American defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington , George Washington and the troops of the Continental Army retreated across New Jersey from the British Army , traveling through Teaneck and crossing the Hackensack River at New Bridge Landing , which has since been turned into a state park and historic site commemorating the events of 1776 and of early colonial life . In 1965 , Teaneck voluntarily desegregated its public schools , after the Board of Education approved a plan to do so by a 7 – 2 vote on May 13 , 1964 . Teaneck has a diverse population , with large Jewish and African American communities , and growing numbers of Hispanic and Asian residents . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = The origin and meaning of the name " Teaneck " is not known , but speculation is that it could come from various Dutch or English words , or it could be Native American in origin , meaning " the woods " . An alternative is from the Dutch " Tiene Neck " meaning " neck where there are willows " ( from the Dutch " tene " meaning willow ) . The earliest uses of the word " Teaneck " were in reference to a series of Lenni Lenape Native American camps near the ridge formed by what became Queen Anne Road . Chief Oratam was the leader of a settlement called " Achikinhesacky " that existed along Overpeck Creek in the area near what became Fycke Lane . A neighborhood variously called East Hackensack or New Hackensack was established along a ridge on the east bank of the Hackensack River , site of a Native American trail that followed the river 's path along what is now River Road , with the earliest known buildings constructed dating back as far as 1704 . Other early European settlements were established along what became Teaneck Road , which is the site of a number of Dutch stone houses that remain standing since their construction in the 1700s , several of which have been added to the National Register of Historic Places . = = = Revolutionary War period = = = During November 1776 , General George Washington passed through Teaneck in the aftermath of the Battle of Fort Lee , as part of the hasty retreat of ragtag Colonial forces from Fort Lee on the Hudson River in the wake of the successful British invasion and defeat of Continental Army forces in Manhattan on the opposite side of the river during the Battle of Fort Washington . Early on the morning of November 20 , 1776 , Washington rode by horseback from his headquarters in Hackensack through Teaneck and across Overpeck Creek to Fort Lee . There he watched as 6 @,@ 000 British troops travel up the river by boat . He had his troops abandon their position on the Palisades in a poorly organized retreat in which most of their supplies were abandoned , with Washington 's troops moving inland across Overpeck Creek and through Teaneck to New Bridge Landing ( in what is now Brett Park ) and crossing the bridge , one of the few available at the time . The soldiers , many poorly dressed , ill @-@ equipped and without shoes , faced the cold rain , leading Thomas Paine to compose the pamphlet , The American Crisis , in which he captured the depth of the defeat by describing those days with the words " These are the times that try men 's souls " . Throughout the war , both British and American forces occupied local homesteads at various times , and Teaneck citizens played key roles on both sides of the conflict . After the war , Teaneck returned to being a quiet farm community . Fruits and vegetables grown locally were taken by wagon to markets in nearby Paterson and New York City . New growth and development were spurred in the mid @-@ 19th century by the establishment of railroads throughout the area . Wealthy New Yorkers and others purchased large properties on which they built spacious mansions and manor houses . They traveled daily to work in New York City , thus becoming Teaneck 's first suburban commuters . = = = Phelps Estate = = = The largest estate built in Teaneck belonged to William Walter Phelps , the son of a wealthy railroad magnate and New York City merchant . In 1865 , Phelps arrived in Teaneck and enlarged an old farmhouse into a large Victorian mansion on the site of the present Municipal Government Complex . Phelps ' " Englewood Farm " eventually encompassed nearly 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 @.@ 1 km2 ) of landscaped property within the central part of Teaneck , on which some 600 @,@ 000 trees were planted . Subsequent development and house construction were focused along the perimeters of the township , with the central part of the community remaining a large property crisscrossed by roads and trails . = = = Township formed = = = The Township of Teaneck was established on February 19 , 1895 and was composed of portions of Englewood Township , Ridgefield Township and Bogota . Teaneck 's choice to incorporate as a township was unusual in an era of " Boroughitis " , in which a flood of new municipalities were being formed using the borough form of government . The other two municipalities formed in Bergen County in 1895 were both boroughs , in addition to the 26 boroughs that were formed in the county in 1894 alone . At a referendum held on January 14 , 1895 , 46 of 53 voters approved incorporation as a Borough . Citizens of Englewood Township challenged the creation of a borough , but accepted the new municipality as a township , given its more rural character . A bill supporting the creation of the Township of Teaneck was put through the New Jersey General Assembly on February 18 , 1895 , and the New Jersey Senate on the next day . Governor of New Jersey George Werts signed the bill into law , and Teaneck was an independent municipality . At its incorporation , Teaneck 's population was 811 . William W. Bennett , overseer of the Phelps Estate , was selected as chairman of the first three @-@ man Township Committee , which focused in its early years on " construction of streets and street lamps ( originally gaslights ) , trolley lines ( along DeGraw Avenue ) , telephones and speeding traffic . " = = = Growth in early 20th century = = = The opening of the Phelps Estate in 1927 led to substantial population growth . The George Washington Bridge was completed in 1931 , and its connection to Teaneck via Route 4 brought thousands of new home buyers . From 1920 and 1930 , Teaneck 's population nearly quadrupled , from 4 @,@ 192 to 16 @,@ 513 . Rapid growth led to financial turmoil , and inefficiencies in the town government resulted in the adoption of a new nonpartisan Council @-@ Manager form of government under the 1923 Municipal Manager Law in a referendum on September 16 , 1930 . A full @-@ time Town Manager , Paul A. Volcker , Sr. ( father of future Chairman of the Federal Reserve Paul A. Volcker , Jr . ) , was appointed to handle Teaneck 's day @-@ to @-@ day business affairs . During his 20 @-@ year term , from 1930 to 1950 , Volcker implemented prudent financial management practices , a development plan that included comprehensive zoning regulations , along with a civil service system for municipal employees and a professional fire department . The New Jersey Supreme Court issued a ruling in 1942 upholding a Teaneck ordinance that had banned pinball machines on the grounds that they were gambling devices rather than a form of amusement . = = = Development after World War II = = = Teaneck was selected in 1949 from over 10 @,@ 000 communities as America 's model community . Photographs were taken and a film produced about life in Teaneck , which were shown in Occupied Japan as a part of the United States Army 's education program to show democracy in action . After World War II , there was a second major spurt of building and population growth . The African American population in the northeast corner of Teaneck grew substantially starting in the 1960s , accompanied by white flight triggered by blockbusting efforts of township real estate agencies . In 1965 , after a struggle to address de facto segregation in housing and education , Teaneck became the first community in the nation where a white majority voluntarily voted for school integration , without a court order requiring the district to implement the change . The sequence of events was the subject of a book titled Triumph in a White Suburb written by township resident Reginald G. Damerell ( New York : William Morrow & Company , Inc . , 1968 ) . As de facto racial segregation increased , so did tensions between residents of the northeast and members of the predominantly white male Teaneck Police Department . On the evening of April 10 , 1990 , the Teaneck Police Department responded to a call from a resident complaining about a teenager with a gun . After an initial confrontation near Bryant School and a subsequent chase , Phillip Pannell , an African American teenager , was shot and killed by Gary Spath , a white Teaneck police officer . Spath said he thought Pannell had a gun and was turning to shoot him . Witnesses said Pannell was unarmed and had been shot in the back . Protest marches , some violent , ensued ; most African Americans believed that Pannell had been killed in cold blood , while other residents insisted that Spath had been justified in his actions . Testimony at the trial claimed that Pannell was shot in the back , and that he was carrying a gun . A police officer testified to finding a modified starter 's pistol with eight cartridges in Pannell 's jacket pocket . Spath was ultimately acquitted on charges of reckless manslaughter in the shooting . Some months after Spath had been cleared , he decided to retire from law enforcement . The incident was an international news event that brought Reverend Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson to the community and inspired the 1995 book Color Lines : The Troubled Dreams of Racial Harmony in an American Town , by Mike Kelly . Teaneck , and the neighboring communities of Bergenfield and New Milford , has drawn a large number of Modern Orthodox Jews who have established at least fourteen synagogues and four yeshivas ( three high schools and one for young men ) . It is the functional center of the northern New Jersey Orthodox community , with nearly twenty kosher shops ( restaurants , bakeries and supermarkets ) . It is within ten minutes ' driving time of Yeshiva University in New York City . This community tends to be involved with Religious Zionist causes and offers strong support of Israel . = = = Historic homes = = = Several homes in Teaneck date back to the colonial era or the period subsequent to American Revolutionary War and have been preserved and survive to this day . Teaneck sites on the National Register of Historic Places and ( other historic homes ) include : John Ackerman House – 1286 River Road ( constructed 1734 – 1787 ) Banta @-@ Coe House – 884 Lone Pine Lane ( c . 18th century , added 1983 ) Brinkerhoff @-@ Demarest House – 493 Teaneck Road ( c . 1728 , added 1983 ) Christian Cole House – 1617 River Road ( constructed c . 1860 ) Draw Bridge at New Bridge – Main Street and Old New Bridge Road over Hackensack River ( constructed 1888 , added 1989 ) Adam Vandelinda House – 586 Teaneck Road ( constructed 1830 , added 1983 ) James Vandelinda House – 566 Teaneck Road ( constructed 1805 – 1820 , added 1983 ) Caspar Westervelt House – 20 Sherwood Road ( constructed 1763 , added 1983 ) Zabriskie @-@ Kipp @-@ Cadmus House – 664 River Road ( c . 1751 , added 1978 ) The William Thurnauer house – Designed by Edward Durell Stone , 628 North Forest Drive ( constructed 1949 ) = = Geography = = According to the United States Census Bureau , the township had a total area of 6 @.@ 226 square miles ( 16 @.@ 127 km2 ) , including 6 @.@ 006 square miles ( 15 @.@ 557 km2 ) of land and 0 @.@ 22 square miles ( 0 @.@ 57 km2 ) of water ( 3 @.@ 54 % ) . Teaneck is bordered to the west by River Edge and Hackensack which lie across the Hackensack River , to the north by New Milford and Bergenfield , to the east by Englewood and Leonia , and to the south by Ridgefield Park and Bogota . Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include New Bridge and West Englewood . = = Demographics = = English is spoken by 74 @.@ 3 % of residents . Other languages ( accounting for more than 1 % of residents ) include Spanish ( 10 @.@ 5 % ) , Hebrew ( 2 @.@ 8 % ) , Tagalog ( 1 @.@ 9 % ) , Urdu ( 1 @.@ 2 % ) and Russian ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) . = = = 2010 Census = = = At the 2010 United States Census , there were 39 @,@ 776 people , 13 @,@ 470 households , and 10 @,@ 129 families residing in the township . The population density was 6 @,@ 622 @.@ 2 per square mile ( 2 @,@ 556 @.@ 8 / km2 ) . There were 14 @,@ 024 housing units at an average density of 2 @,@ 334 @.@ 8 per square mile ( 901 @.@ 5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the township was 53 @.@ 33 % ( 21 @,@ 214 ) White , 27 @.@ 69 % ( 11 @,@ 013 ) Black or African American , 0 @.@ 28 % ( 113 ) Native American , 9 @.@ 11 % ( 3 @,@ 622 ) Asian , 0 @.@ 06 % ( 25 ) Pacific Islander , 6 @.@ 04 % ( 2 @,@ 403 ) from other races , and 3 @.@ 48 % ( 1 @,@ 386 ) from two or more races . Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 16 @.@ 53 % ( 6 @,@ 575 ) of the population . There were 13 @,@ 470 households , of which 34 @.@ 1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 58 @.@ 0 % were married couples living together , 13 @.@ 4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 24 @.@ 8 % were non @-@ families . 20 @.@ 8 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 10 @.@ 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 88 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 37 . In the township , 25 @.@ 0 % of the population were under the age of 18 , 9 @.@ 4 % from 18 to 24 , 23 @.@ 1 % from 25 to 44 , 27 @.@ 7 % from 45 to 64 , and 14 @.@ 8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 39 @.@ 3 years . For every 100 females there were 89 @.@ 0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 84 @.@ 7 males . The Census Bureau 's 2006 – 2010 American Community Survey showed that ( in 2010 inflation @-@ adjusted dollars ) median household income was $ 92 @,@ 107 ( with a margin of error of + / - $ 3 @,@ 556 ) and the median family income was $ 108 @,@ 777 ( + / - $ 5 @,@ 024 ) . Males had a median income of $ 74 @,@ 055 ( + / - $ 5 @,@ 587 ) versus $ 54 @,@ 959 ( + / - $ 4 @,@ 129 ) for females . The per capita income for the township was $ 42 @,@ 335 ( + / - $ 2 @,@ 061 ) . About 5 @.@ 7 % of families and 6 @.@ 9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 8 @.@ 9 % of those under age 18 and 7 @.@ 2 % of those age 65 or over . Same @-@ sex couples headed 126 households in 2010 , an increase from the 80 counted in 2000 . = = = 2000 Census = = = As of the 2000 United States Census , there were 39 @,@ 260 people , 13 @,@ 418 households , and 10 @,@ 076 families residing in the township . The population density was 6 @,@ 486 @.@ 2 people per square mile ( 2 @,@ 505 @.@ 5 / km2 ) . There were 13 @,@ 719 housing units at an average density of 2 @,@ 266 @.@ 5 per square mile ( 875 @.@ 5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the township was 56 @.@ 3 % White , 28 @.@ 8 % African American , 0 @.@ 2 % Native American , 7 @.@ 1 % Asian , < 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 4 @.@ 2 % from other races , and 3 @.@ 5 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10 @.@ 5 % of the population . There were 13 @,@ 418 households out of which 34 @.@ 9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 59 @.@ 3 % were married couples living together , 12 @.@ 3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 24 @.@ 9 % were non @-@ families . 21 @.@ 2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10 @.@ 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 86 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 34 . In the township the population was spread out with 25 @.@ 8 % under the age of 18 , 8 @.@ 5 % from 18 to 24 , 26 @.@ 1 % from 25 to 44 , 25 @.@ 3 % from 45 to 64 , and 14 @.@ 2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 38 years . For every 100 females there were 89 @.@ 9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 84 @.@ 9 males . The median income for a household in the township was $ 74 @,@ 903 , and the median income for a family was $ 84 @,@ 791 . Males had a median income of $ 53 @,@ 327 versus $ 40 @,@ 085 for females . The per capita income for the township was $ 32 @,@ 212 . About 2 @.@ 4 % of families and 4 @.@ 2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 3 @.@ 7 % of those under age 18 and 6 @.@ 7 % of those age 65 or over . Ancestry information reported in the 2000 Census reflects the diversity of Teaneck residents , with no single country accounting for more than a small fraction of the population . Residents listed Italian ( 6 @.@ 2 % ) , German ( 6 @.@ 0 % ) , Russian ( 5 @.@ 3 % ) , Irish ( 5 @.@ 1 % ) and Polish ( 4 @.@ 2 % ) as the most common countries of ancestry , and an additional 4 @.@ 3 % listed United States . 6 @.@ 3 % of residents identified themselves as being of West Indian ancestry , of which 3 @.@ 4 % were from Jamaica . = = = Historical population = = = After its founding as a township , Teaneck saw rapid growth in its population during the first half of the 20th century . As Teaneck changed from a sparsely populated rural area into a suburb , particularly after development of property that had been part of the Phelps Estate started in the late 1920s , Teaneck 's population grew rapidly , far outpacing the growth of Bergen County . After World War II , the 1950 Census showed growth in Teaneck ( 33 @.@ 6 % ) pacing Bergen County overall ( 31 @.@ 6 % ) . Starting in 1960 , a substantial decline in the rate of growth compared to Bergen County occurred as Teaneck reached the limits of developable land , and the township neared its peak population . Population growth in the 1970 Census was small , but positive , with Teaneck reaching its historical maximum of 42 @,@ 355 . Absolute declines in population followed in both the 1980 ( − 7 @.@ 9 % ) and 1990 ( − 3 @.@ 0 % ) data . The 2000 Census showed recovery in Teaneck 's population to 39 @,@ 260 , though growth ( 3 @.@ 8 % ) was smaller than in Bergen County overall ( 7 @.@ 1 % ) . With almost no land left to develop for housing , Teaneck 's population is likely to remain stable for the foreseeable future . A reluctance to permit high @-@ rise development as a means to increase population density also places a limit on growth . Changes in family size and the possibility of zoning changes to allow denser construction are some of the few influences that may affect population over time . = = = Crime = = = According to the FBI 's 2011 Uniform Crime Report , there were 604 crimes in the township in 2011 ( vs. 678 in 2010 ) , of which 70 were violent crimes ( vs. 79 in 2010 ) and 534 non @-@ violent crimes ( vs. 599 in the previous year ) . The 2011 total crime rate per thousand residents was 15 @.@ 2 ( vs. 17 @.@ 0 in 2010 ) , compared to 13 @.@ 6 in Bergen County and 24 @.@ 7 statewide . The violent crime rate was 1 @.@ 8 per thousand in 2011 ( down from 2 @.@ 0 in the previous year ) , while the rate was 1 @.@ 0 in the county and 3 @.@ 1 in New Jersey . Gang violence hit Teaneck in July 2006 with the death of Ricky Lee Smith , Jr . , a teenager shot outside a house party by a member of the Bloods gang who had attended the party . In June 2007 , the Township Council approved the hiring of five additional officers after the Chief of Police had requested the addition of 14 new officers to Teaneck 's existing 98 @-@ member police force to establish a gang unit . Teaneck has received attention in the media due to sexual crimes committed against minors by New Jersey educators . Joseph White , former principal of Teaneck High School , pleaded guilty to official child endangerment in June 2006 and was sentenced to one year in prison . White had been charged in 2002 with fondling a 17 @-@ year @-@ old student and was subsequently acquitted . James Darden , an award @-@ winning former eighth grade teacher at Thomas Jefferson Middle School , was charged with sexual assault and misconduct in June 2007 . He pleaded guilty on December 2007 to a charge of aggravated sexual assault and faces up to 8 ½ years in prison when sentenced on January 18 , 2008 . The December 1975 murder of Jean Diggs and her four children has never been solved . Police reported in 1977 that they had been unable to identify a perpetrator after two years and thousands of hours spent investigating the crime . A pair of killings hit Teaneck in 2010 , with council watcher Joan Davis and software engineer Robert Cantor both killed in their homes , in cases that had not been solved in more than a year after the incidents . = = Economy = = Major institutions in Teaneck include Holy Name Medical Center and the Metropolitan Campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University , the largest private university in the state . The Teaneck Armory is the home of the New Jersey National Guard 's 50th Main Support Battalion . Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation , a major multinational provider of high @-@ technology services , maintains its global headquarters operations in Teaneck , located in the Glenpointe Centre , Teaneck 's largest single group of commercial ratable entities , which includes a 350 @-@ room Marriott Hotel and 650 @,@ 000 square feet ( 60 @,@ 000 m2 ) of Class A office space at the intersection of Interstate 95 and Interstate 80 . Teaneck has four main commercial districts : Cedar Lane , north Teaneck Road , West Englewood Avenue / The Plaza and Queen Anne Road / DeGraw Avenue . Cedar Lane underwent a $ 3 @.@ 9 million Streetscape project , completed in 2006 , designed to attract additional business to the area through new sidewalk paving with brick edging , bump @-@ outs to allow easier pedestrian crossing , old @-@ fashioned lamp posts and street plantings . The Givaudan Fragrances Corporation Creative Fragrances Centre , a division of Givaudan , was constructed in 1972 from a design by Der Scutt , architect of the Trump Tower . Givaudan Roure vacated the building in 2009 and the facility was acquired by World of Wings , which renovated the building for use as a butterfly exhibition aimed at families . = = Arts and culture = = The Puffin Foundation and its Puffin Cultural Forum have been leading supporters and producers of art in Teaneck , sponsoring plays and art exhibitions at it location on Puffin Way . Teaneck is home to the Ethical Culture Society of Bergen County , founded in 1953 . The Bergen Society is a member organization of the American Ethical Union . The Teaneck Community Band presents a series of outdoor band concerts at the Votee Park Bandshell each summer . The 69th annual series , in 2013 , was sponsored by the Puffin Foundation . 2013 – 14 will mark the 78th season of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra , which performs in the auditorium of Benjamin Franklin Middle School , having been founded in 1938 as the Teaneck Symphony Orchestra . The now @-@ defunct Teaneck Cultural Arts Coalition had organized many community @-@ wide cultural events , including an annual First Night community celebration of the arts held for several years through New Year 's 2005 . The Garage Theatre Group , Bergen County 's first non @-@ profit , professional theatre company , stages fully professional productions , with members of Actors Equity , as well as youth conservatory productions at the Becton Theatre on the campus of Farleigh Dickinson University . Teaneck New Theatre , founded in 1986 , performs productions at St. Mark 's Church in Teaneck and at the Hackensack Cultural Arts Center . Black Box Studios is a theater group based in Congregation Beth Shalom , that has a relationship with the Bergen PAC in Englewood . The actors are mostly children and teens ages 10 – 16 , with a 7 – 9 year old workshop , and an adult workshop . There are two to three performances presented in the first two or three weeks of January , and the first two weeks of June . Drama and musical theatre summer camps are offered . Cedar Lane Cinema had been the township 's lone movie theater , and had also hosted live performances on its stage by local performance groups , until it closed its doors in November 2012 , with theater operator Majestic Entertainment citing costs that could run to as much as $ 500 @,@ 000 to modernize the projection systems on all four screens to use digital technology rather than 35mm reels of film . New owner Matthew Latten signed a lease in April 2013 and undertook extensive renovations that included new seating , modern digital projection systems and digital signage . After hosting the Teaneck International Film Festival in November , the reopening of the renamed Teaneck Cineams was delayed until December 2013 , with added time needed to complete the work needed to add modern features and conveniences while retaining the Art Deco character of a theater first constructed in 1937 . Teaneck has been the site of many films , including The Family Man , the 2000 film starring Nicolas Cage . The Teaneck Armory has been used for films including Sweet and Lowdown , and for interior scenes of You 've Got Mail . In 2007 , two non @-@ fiction volumes appeared dealing , inter alia , with Teaneck 's Orthodox Jewish community . In Foreskin 's Lament , writer Shalom Auslander describes living in Teaneck and finding the Jewish community stifling and claustrophobic . In contrast , Rifka Rosenwein , in Life in the Present Tense , describes the close @-@ knit community as a gift she couldn 't imagine when living in Manhattan . = = Sports = = The Brooklyn Nets NBA pro basketball team were founded as the New Jersey Americans in Teaneck for the 1967 – 68 season , as charter members of the American Basketball Association . The team played their home games at the Teaneck Armory for that one season , and was scheduled to play a one @-@ game playoff at the armory . However , the circus had been booked for the week , and the game was relocated to a court in Commack , New York that was unplayable , and the game had to be forfeited . After the one season in Teaneck , the team relocated to Long Island and was renamed the New York Nets . Following the Long Island run , the Nets moved back to New Jersey in 1977 to be named as the New Jersey Nets until 2012 before they became the Brooklyn Nets . Portions of Fairleigh Dickinson University 's Metropolitan Campus are located in Teaneck , with most of the school 's athletic facilities are located across the river in Hackensack . The school 's University Stadium , home for its men 's and women 's soccer teams , lies on the Hackensack River , just north of Route 4 . The 1 @,@ 100 @-@ seat stadium has hosted NCAA Men 's Soccer Tournament games in recent years . The natural grass field was resurfaced with FieldTurf in 2004 . The Naimoli Family Baseball Complex is situated between Route 4 and University Stadium . Fairleigh Dickinson received a $ 1 million bequest from FDU alumnus Vince Naimoli , founding owner of the Tampa Bay Rays , to establish a 500 @-@ seat stadium with artificial turf and lighting on the site of the current facility . = = Parks and recreation = = Teaneck has 24 municipal parks , of which 14 are developed . Votee Park , the township 's largest , covers 40 @.@ 51 acres ( 16 @.@ 39 ha ) , surrounded by Queen Ann Road , Palisade Avenue , Court Street and Colonial Court . Including baseball fields , soccer fields , playgrounds and the township 's inground swimming facility , the park was renamed in honor of former mayor Milton Votee in 1958 . A Sportsplex was opened at the southern end of Votee Park in 2014 , which includes two synthetic turf full @-@ size soccer fields , one of which is also lined for use for football . The Friends of the Hackensack River Greenway Through Teaneck work to preserve and develop the 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) greenway along the Hackensack River from Terhune Park at the Bogota border in the south north to Brett Park on the New Milford border , encouraging the growth of native plants and providing a verdant area along the river for residents and visitors . A series of 16 laminated signs were created by Teaneck artist Richard Mills along the Greenway , depiciting details of history and the flora and fauna of the river in a series called " Hackensack River Stories " that was installed in 2000 . The Greenway in Teaneck became the fourth National Recreation Trail in the state when it received the designation by the United States Department of the Interior at ceremonies held in Brett Park in June 2009 . Established in 2001 in conjunction with the Puffin Foundation , the Teaneck Creek Conservancy has restored a plot of degraded land east of Teaneck Road near the intersection of Interstates 80 and 95 , removing decades of debris and creating a network of 1 @.@ 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) of trails . Overpeck County Park , along the shores of Overpeck Creek , a tributary of the Hackensack River , is more than 800 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 km2 ) in size , of which about 500 were donated by Teaneck , and which is also in portions of Englewood , Leonia , Ridgefield Park and Palisades Park . = = Government = = = = = Local government = = = Teaneck is governed within the Faulkner Act ( formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law ) under the Council @-@ Manager form of government ( Plan 12 ) , implemented by direct petition as of July 1 , 1988 . Following its founding in 1895 , Teaneck used the traditional township form of government , led by a three @-@ member Township Committee ( later expanded to five seats ) elected on a partisan basis . On September 16 , 1930 , Teaneck residents voted to establish a nonpartisan Council @-@ Manager form of government under the terms of the 1923 Municipal Manager Law , with five members elected concurrently on an at @-@ large basis . In 1962 , the Council expanded to its current size of seven members and the position of Deputy Mayor was created . In 1987 , a referendum to alter the form to a Faulkner Act Council @-@ Manager form of government was approved , providing for staggered terms for the Council . With this change , Council elections now take place in even years on the second Tuesday in May . The Council 's seven members are elected at @-@ large in nonpartisan elections to serve staggered , four @-@ year terms of office . The four seats elected in 2010 will expire in 2014 and the seats of the three who took office in 2012 will expire in 2016 , etc . The Township Council serves as Teaneck 's governing body , setting policies and passing ordinances . It adopts an annual budget and approves contracts and agreements for services . The Council appoints the Manager , Clerk , Auditor , Attorney , Magistrate and Assessor . The Council appoints seven members of the Planning Board , the members of the Board of Adjustment , and all other statutory and advisory boards . As of 2013 , members of the Teaneck Township Council are Mayor Mohammed Hameeduddin ( term as mayor ends June 30 , 2014 ; term as council member ends June 30 , 2016 ) , Deputy Mayor Adam Gussen ( 2014 ) , Elie Y. Katz ( 2014 ) , Lizette Parker ( 2014 ) , Henry Pruitt ( 2016 ) , Mark Schwartz ( 2016 ) and Yitz Stern ( 2014 ) . In May 2000 , three women ran for Township Council , and all three , incumbent Jackie Kates and newcomers Marie Warnke and Deborah Veach , were elected . Kates , Warnke and Veach completed their four @-@ year terms and then ran for re @-@ election in May 2004 . Jackie Kates and Deborah Veach were re @-@ elected and became Mayor and Deputy Mayor , respectively . Ms. Veach resigned her position in October 2005 and was appointed to be the Township 's Municipal Prosecutor , a position in which she continues to serve . On May 13 , 2008 , the township voted to re @-@ elect Monica Honis to the council ( with 2 @,@ 981 votes ) . Elnatan Rudolph ( 2 @,@ 852 ) lost his bid for re @-@ election , falling 38 votes behind his running mate . Barbara Toffler ( leading the voting with 3 @,@ 356 votes ) and Mohammed Hameeduddin ( 2 @,@ 890 ) were elected and took office on July 1 , 2008 , filling the seats left by Rudolph and former @-@ mayor Jackie Kates , who did not run for re @-@ election . In the 2010 municipal elections , Adam Gussen , Elie Katz and Lizette Parker were re @-@ elected to office , with former councilmember Yitz Stern taking the seat vacated by former @-@ mayor Kevie Feit , who did not run for a second term . At its July 1 , 2010 , reorganization meeting the council selected Mohammed Hameeduddin to serve as mayor , making him one of the state 's first Muslim mayors , while Adam Gussen was chosen as deputy mayor . In the May 2012 municipal election , Mohammed Hameeduddin won a second term in office ( with 4 @,@ 374 votes ) and was the only incumbent to win re @-@ election , with challengers Mark Schwartz ( 3 @,@ 150 ) and Henry Pruitt ( 2 @,@ 872 ) taking the seats of Barbara Toffler ( 2 @,@ 526 ) and Monica Honis ( 2 @,@ 238 ) , who lost their bids for re @-@ election and came in fourth and fifth respectively , while Alexander Rashin came in sixth ( 1 @,@ 049 ) . On July 1 , following a municipal election , the Township Council holds an Organizational Meeting where the candidates elected ( or re @-@ elected ) to serve on the Council are sworn in and begin their terms of office . The newly inducted council selects one of its members to serve as Mayor , and another to serve as Deputy Mayor , who presides in the absence of the Mayor . The Mayor , elected by the Council from among its members after each biennial election , serves for a two @-@ year term of office which expires upon the selection of a mayor at the subsequent reorganization meeting . The Mayor presides over all meetings and votes on every issue as a regular member . The Mayor is an ex officio member of the Planning Board and the Library Board . The Mayor appoints the members of the Library Board , and one member of the Planning Board . The Mayor executes bonds , notes , contracts and written obligations of the Township and is empowered to perform marriages . The Municipal Manager is appointed by the Council to serve as a full @-@ time professional chief executive officer . The Manager implements Council policies , enforces ordinances and coordinates the activities of all departments and employees and is responsible for preparing and submitting a budget to the Council . The Manager makes recommendations to the Council on relevant matters , appoints and removes Township employees and investigates and acts on complaints . The Manager appoints the Municipal Courts Prosecutor and Public Defender , members of the Rent Board and one member of the Teaneck Economic Development Corporation , and one member of the Civilian Complaint Review Board . = = = Federal , state and county representation = = = Teaneck is split between the 5th and 9th Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey 's 37th state legislative district . Prior to the 2010 Census , all of Teaneck had been part of the 9th Congressional District , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013 , based on the results of the November 2012 general elections , making Teaneck one of 14 municipalities ( and the only one in Bergen County ) to be split across districts , down from the 29 that had been split after the 2000 Census . As part of the redistricting that took effect in 2013 , 32 @,@ 023 ( about 80 % ) of Teaneck residents were placed in the new 5th District , with the remaining 7 @,@ 753 residents ( about 20 % ) mostly in areas of the township east of Teaneck Road and south of Bedford Avenue placed in the 9th District . New Jersey 's Fifth Congressional District is represented by Scott Garrett ( R , Wantage Township ) . New Jersey 's Ninth Congressional District is represented by Bill Pascrell ( D , Paterson ) . New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Cory Booker ( D , Newark , term ends 2021 ) and Bob Menendez ( D , Paramus , 2019 ) . For the 2016 – 2017 session ( Senate , General Assembly ) , the 37th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Loretta Weinberg ( D , Teaneck ) and in the General Assembly by Valerie Huttle ( D , Englewood ) and Gordon M. Johnson ( D , Englewood ) . The Governor of New Jersey is Chris Christie ( R , Mendham Township ) . The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Kim Guadagno ( R , Monmouth Beach ) . Bergen County is governed by a directly elected County Executive , with legislative functions performed by a seven @-@ member Board of Chosen Freeholders . As of 2015 , the County Executive is James J. Tedesco III ( D , Paramus ; term ends December 31 , 2018 ) . The seven freeholders are elected at @-@ large in partisan elections on a staggered basis , with two or three seats coming up for election each year , with a Chairman , Vice Chairman and Chairman Pro Tempore selected from among its members at a reorganization meeting held each January . Bergen County 's Freeholders are Freeholder Chairwoman Joan Voss ( D , 2017 ; Fort Lee ) , Vice Chairman Steve Tanelli ( D , 2015 ; North Arlington ) Chairman Pro Tempore John A. Felice ( R , 2016 ; River Edge ) , David L. Ganz ( D , 2017 ; Fair Lawn ) , Maura R. DeNicola ( R , 2016 ; Franklin Lakes ) Thomas J. Sullivan Jr . , ( D , Montvale , 2015 ; serving the unexpired term of office that had been occupied by James Tedesco before he was sworn in as County Executive ) and Tracy Silna Zur ( D , 2015 ; Franklin Lakes ) . Countywide constitutional officials are County Clerk John S. Hogan ( D , Northvale ) , Sheriff Michael Saudino ( R ) and Surrogate Michael R. Dressler ( D , Cresskill ) . = = = Politics = = = As of March 23 , 2011 , there were a total of 24 @,@ 862 registered voters in Teaneck Township , of which 12 @,@ 646 ( 50 @.@ 9 % vs. 31 @.@ 7 % countywide ) were registered as Democrats , 2 @,@ 332 ( 9 @.@ 4 % vs. 21 @.@ 1 % ) were registered as Republicans and 9 @,@ 872 ( 39 @.@ 7 % vs. 47 @.@ 1 % ) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were 12 voters registered to other parties . Among the township 's 2010 Census population , 62 @.@ 5 % ( vs. 57 @.@ 1 % in Bergen County ) were registered to vote , including 83 @.@ 4 % of those ages 18 and over ( vs. 73 @.@ 7 % countywide ) . In the 2012 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 13 @,@ 875 votes ( 71 @.@ 5 % vs. 54 @.@ 8 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 5 @,@ 256 votes ( 27 @.@ 1 % vs. 43 @.@ 5 % ) and other candidates with 136 votes ( 0 @.@ 7 % vs. 0 @.@ 9 % ) , among the 19 @,@ 394 ballots cast by the township 's 27 @,@ 145 registered voters , for a turnout of 71 @.@ 4 % ( vs. 70 @.@ 4 % in Bergen County ) . In the 2008 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 14 @,@ 785 votes ( 71 @.@ 6 % vs. 53 @.@ 9 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican John McCain with 5 @,@ 621 votes ( 27 @.@ 2 % vs. 44 @.@ 5 % ) and other candidates with 95 votes ( 0 @.@ 5 % vs. 0 @.@ 8 % ) , among the 20 @,@ 642 ballots cast by the township 's 26 @,@ 294 registered voters , for a turnout of 78 @.@ 5 % ( vs. 76 @.@ 8 % in Bergen County ) . In the 2004 presidential election , Democrat John Kerry received 13 @,@ 254 votes ( 69 @.@ 4 % vs. 51 @.@ 7 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 5 @,@ 672 votes ( 29 @.@ 7 % vs. 47 @.@ 2 % ) and other candidates with 78 votes ( 0 @.@ 4 % vs. 0 @.@ 7 % ) , among the 19 @,@ 088 ballots cast by the township 's 24 @,@ 466 registered voters , for a turnout of 78 @.@ 0 % ( vs. 76 @.@ 9 % in the whole county ) . In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Democrat Barbara Buono received 57 @.@ 8 % of the vote ( 6 @,@ 197 cast ) , ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 41 @.@ 4 % ( 4 @,@ 439 votes ) , and other candidates with 0 @.@ 8 % ( 90 votes ) , among the 10 @,@ 991 ballots cast by the township 's 25 @,@ 615 registered voters ( 265 ballots were spoiled ) , for a turnout of 42 @.@ 9 % . In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Democrat Jon Corzine received 9 @,@ 347 ballots cast ( 71 @.@ 8 % vs. 48 @.@ 0 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 3 @,@ 242 votes ( 24 @.@ 9 % vs. 45 @.@ 8 % ) , Independent Chris Daggett with 343 votes ( 2 @.@ 6 % vs. 4 @.@ 7 % ) and other candidates with 41 votes ( 0 @.@ 3 % vs. 0 @.@ 5 % ) , among the 13 @,@ 027 ballots cast by the township 's 25 @,@ 513 registered voters , yielding a 51 @.@ 1 % turnout ( vs. 50 @.@ 0 % in the county ) . = = = Taxation = = = The Tax Foundation determined that Bergen County had the third @-@ highest median property tax burden in the nation ( $ 8 @,@ 708 vs. a New Jersey median of $ 6 @,@ 579 and a national median of $ 1 @,@ 917 ) and the fourth @-@ highest level of property taxes as a percentage of median income ( 8 @.@ 59 % vs. 7 @.@ 45 % statewide and 3 @.@ 03 % nationally ) , based on an analysis of data from the 2009 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau for all 792 counties in the United States with more than 20 @,@ 000 residents . As of 2010 , Teaneck 's effective tax rate of $ 2 @.@ 492 per $ 100 of equalized value was the 12th @-@ highest of the 70 municipalities in Bergen County , which had a countywide median effective rate of $ 2 @.@ 115 per $ 100 , ranging from a low of $ .596 in Alpine to a high of $ 3 @.@ 005 in Ridgefield Park . As of 2013 , just under 55 % of a Teaneck property owner 's real estate taxes goes to support the local school system , 36 @.@ 7 % goes to municipal taxes ( including an open space tax ) and the remaining 8 @.@ 4 % to cover county services ( which also assesses an open space tax ) . In the decade from 2003 to 2013 , municipal taxes had risen at an annual rate of just over 4 @.@ 5 % and school taxes by almost 2 @.@ 8 % , while the Consumer Price Index for the New York @-@ Northern New Jersey @-@ Long Island area had gone up 2 @.@ 6 % during that time span . The 2013 tax rate was set at $ 2 @.@ 486 per $ 100 of assessed value ( an overall increase of 3 @.@ 7 % from 2012 ) , which is composed of school taxes of $ 1 @.@ 365 ( up almost 3 @.@ 3 % ) , municipal taxes of $ 0 @.@ 871 ( an increase of 5 @.@ 8 % ) , a library tax of $ .031 ( down 3 @.@ 1 % ) and county taxes of $ 0 @.@ 206 ( down 0 @.@ 5 % ) , plus a municipal open space tax of $ 0 @.@ 010 and a county open space tax of $ 0 @.@ 003 ( both unchanged ) . The owner of a median @-@ valued home in Teaneck , assessed at $ 465 @,@ 300 , paid 2011 property taxes of $ 11 @,@ 190 , which would include $ 6 @,@ 244 in school taxes , $ 3 @,@ 992 in municipal taxes and $ 949 to the county ( including open space levies ) . During 2006 , Teaneck underwent a revaluation of all privately owned real estate , as required periodically by the state . This revaluation adjusted property values to market prices , ensuring that taxes are equitably allocated . The average property in Teaneck was assessed at approximately $ 417 @,@ 900 , an increase of 132 @.@ 1 % from the prior year 's average . The new valuations took effect for the 2007 tax year . In the wake of the revaluation implemented in 2007 , a wave of tax appeals hit the township , resulting in a loss of about $ 110 million in ratables and costs to the township of $ 2 @.@ 2 million for the 2012 tax year . The township agreed to complete a revaluation by October 2014 that would go into effect in 2015 , awarding a $ 710 @,@ 000 contract to perform the necessary home visits and determine property values . The Teaneck Public Schools had a Budgetary Per Pupil Cost of $ 18 @,@ 417 in its 2012 – 13 budget , 26 @.@ 8 % higher than the average of $ 14 @,@ 519 budgeted that year by districts in the same grouping of grades and enrollment , ranked as the 101st highest among the 106 K @-@ 12 districts in the state with more than 3 @,@ 500 students . At the April 2006 school elections , voters rejected the proposed $ 84 @.@ 8 million budget for the Teaneck Public Schools for the 2006 – 07 school year by a 1 @,@ 644 to 1 @,@ 336 margin . Based on recommendations specified by the Township Council , the Board of Education approved $ 544 @,@ 391 in cuts . The school budget was rejected again in 2009 , with the Council cutting $ 1 million from the $ 94 @.@ 8 million originally proposed . After the 2010 school budget failed , the Township Council removed $ 6 @.@ 1 million from the $ 95 million budget proposed by the school district , zeroing out what would have been an 8 @.@ 2 % increase in the school tax levy . The school board eliminated 77 positions to meet the cuts approved by the council . = = Education = = = = = Public schools = = = The Teaneck Public Schools serves students in pre @-@ Kindergarten through twelfth grade . As of the 2011 – 12 school year , the district 's 7 schools had an enrollment of 3 @,@ 845 students and 333 @.@ 8 classroom teachers ( on an FTE basis ) , for a student – teacher ratio of 11 @.@ 52 : 1 . Schools in the district ( with 2011 – 12 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Bryant School ( 344 students ; pre @-@ K and Kindergarten ) , Hawthorne School ( 344 ; 1 – 4 ) , Lowell School ( 313 ; 1 – 4 ) , Whittier School ( 368 ; 1 – 4 ) , Benjamin Franklin Middle School ( 570 ; 5 – 8 ) , Thomas Jefferson Middle School ( 598 ; 5 – 8 ) and Teaneck High School with 1 @,@ 308 students in grades 9 – 12 . Longfellow Elementary school was closed in 1998 . Other elementary schools that closed prior to 1998 included Emerson and Eugene Field School , which is used by the Board of Education for its Central Administrative Offices . 2011 – 12 total spending for the district was $ 91 @,@ 382 @,@ 911 , a Total Spending per Pupil of $ 22 @,@ 894 based on 3 @,@ 991 @.@ 6 students , ranking 96th highest of the 106 K @-@ 12 districts statewide with more than 3 @,@ 500 students , with the average district spending $ 18 @,@ 047 per pupil . Based on the 2012 – 13 budget , the district planned to spend a Budgetary Per Pupil Cost of $ 18 @,@ 417 ( a measure that excludes out @-@ of @-@ district tuition payments for special education , transportation costs , legal judgments and certain other expenditures ) , ranking 101st highest among its grouping of districts , compared to a statewide average of $ 14 @,@ 519 . Of the 2012 – 13 Budgetary Per Pupil Cost , $ 11 @,@ 394 per student was allocated to classroom instruction ( 104th highest of K – 12 districts in the state with more than 3 @,@ 500 students , with a statewide average of $ 8 @,@ 588 ) , $ 3 @,@ 012 per student to Total Support Services ( ranked 96th , average of $ 2 @,@ 338 ) , $ 1 @,@ 662 to Total Administrative Costs ( ranked 93rd , average of $ 1 @,@ 448 ) and $ 2 @,@ 031 to Total Operations and Maintenance of Plant ( ranked 89th , average of $ 1 @,@ 787 ) . The district 's 2012 – 13 Median Classroom Teacher Salary of $ 77 @,@ 614 is ranked 98th in the state in its grouping , the Median Support Service Salary was $ 92 @,@ 539 ( 97th ) , while the Median Administrator Salary was $ 140 @,@ 497 ( 95th ) . As of the 2010 No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) Report , Teaneck High School had satisfied the Adequate Yearly Progress measure and had a graduation rate of 97 @.@ 0 % for the class of 2009 – 10 , compared to a statewide average of 94 @.@ 7 % . On the High School Proficiency Assessment ( HSPA ) , 9 @.@ 4 % were partial proficient , 79 @.@ 5 % proficient and 11 @.@ 1 % advanced proficient in Language Arts Literacy ( vs. statewide averages of 10 @.@ 3 % partial , 75 @.@ 7 % proficient and 14 % advanced ) . In Mathematics , 24 @.@ 8 % were partial proficient , 61 @.@ 8 % proficient and 13 @.@ 4 % advanced proficient ( vs. statewide averages of 18 @.@ 4 % partial , 57 @.@ 9 % proficient and 23 @.@ 7 % advanced ) . The Teaneck Community Charter School ( TCCS ) had a 2011 – 12 enrollment of 306 students in Kindergarten through eighth grade with 26 @.@ 0 classroom teachers ( on an FTE basis ) , for a student – teacher ratio of 11 @.@ 77 : 1 . TCCS is a charter school that operates independently of the Teaneck Public Schools under a charter granted by the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Education , which was renewed for five years in 2012 . Admission is open to the public for available slots ( after returning students and siblings of existing students are entered ) and offers an after school program and summer camp . As the school is a public school , no tuition is charged . Funding comes from the Teaneck Public Schools ( and the home districts of non @-@ resident students ) , which provides 90 % of its cost per pupil in the district ; the balance of funding comes directly from the state of New Jersey . The school moved to a new building at 563 Chestnut Avenue in the 2009 – 10 school year , from a space it had rented on Palisade Avenue . 2009 – 10 total spending for the TCCS was $ 5 @,@ 050 @,@ 613 , a Total Spending per Pupil of $ 16 @,@ 614 based on 304 students , ranking 51st highest of the 77 charter schools statewide , with the average district spending $ 17 @,@ 836 per pupil . Based on the 2010 – 11 budget , the TCCS planned to spend a Budgetary Per Pupil Cost of $ 14 @,@ 210 , ranking 54th highest among the 77 districts , compared to a statewide average of $ 13 @,@ 609 . Of the 2010 – 11 Budgetary Per Pupil Cost , $ 8 @,@ 112 per student goes to classroom instruction ( 57th highest of charter schools in the state , with a statewide average of $ 8 @,@ 004 ) , $ 1 @,@ 124 per student to Total Support Services ( ranked 14th , average of $ 2 @,@ 116 ) , $ 1 @,@ 690 to Total Administrative Costs ( ranked 4th , average of $ 1 @,@ 453 ) and $ 3 @,@ 282 to Total Operations and Maintenance of Plant ( ranked 70th , average of $ 1 @,@ 698 ) . The district 's 2010 – 11 Median Classroom Teacher Salary of $ 55 @,@ 860 is ranked 57th in the state in its grouping , the Median Support Service Salary is $ 82 @,@ 433 ( 54th ) , while the Median Administrator Salary is $ 103 @,@ 750 ( 56th ) . Public school students from the township , and all of Bergen County , are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools , which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack , and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Paramus . The district offers programs on a shared @-@ time or full @-@ time basis , with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student 's home school district . = = = Private schools = = = Teaneck is home to the Metropolitan Campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University , which straddles the Hackensack River in Teaneck and Hackensack . The campus served 4 @,@ 114 undergraduates and 2 @,@ 350 graduate students . Private Orthodox Jewish day schools include the Torah Academy of Bergen County ( for boys in grades 9 – 12 ) which completed an $ 8 million expansion project at the start of the 2013 – 14 school year that doubled the size of the school , adding new classrooms and an additional gym to accommodate the record enrollment of 293 students , with room for expansion for the several years ahead . Ma 'ayanot Yeshiva High School serves girls in grades 9 – 12 . Yeshivas Heichal HaTorah , another high school , opened in September 2013 at the Teaneck Jewish Center with an initial enrollment of 17 students . The Community School is a private school , founded in 1968 to serve the bright child with learning and attentional disabilities . Both the lower school and high school are in Teaneck . Teaneck was home to the Metropolitan Schechter High School , a co @-@ ed Conservative Jewish high school , which closed its doors in August 2007 due to fundraising problems . Al @-@ Ghazaly High School , a co @-@ ed religious day school for seventh through twelfth grades founded in 1984 , was located on 441 North Street , serving the Muslim community from the greater Teaneck area . The school relocated to a larger facility in Wayne and opened its doors to students in September 2013 , with the Teaneck facility repurposed to serve students in pre @-@ Kindergarten through third grade . = = Media = = Although licensed to Oakland , a community in Western Bergen County , radio station WVNJ operating at 1160 kHz on the AM dial maintains its studios at 1086 Teaneck Road . WFDU FM @-@ 89 @.@ 1 operates from studios at Fairleigh Dickinson University , and there was a defunct AM Carrier Current version of WFDU on 640 through some time in the 1980s . = = Public services = = The Teaneck Police Department had 96 sworn officers in 2012 , in addition to 13 civilian employees , three parking enforcement officers and 25 school crossing guards out of a total of 106 authorized uniformed positions . Robert Wilson was named Chief as of July 2008 , filling the acting chief role previously held by Deputy Chief Fred Ahearn , who had been serving in that position after the departure of Paul Tiernan in 2007 . The department hired its first two officers in 1914 ; Freddie Greene , its first African @-@ American officer , joined the department on September 15 , 1962 , and its first female officer began serving on January 4 , 1981 . In 2012 , the Teaneck Police Department received accreditation from the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies ( CALEA ) , following a two @-@ year @-@ long process that documented the department 's compliance with 112 standards established by the organization as best practices . The department became the ninth in the state to receive CALEA accreditation . The Teaneck Fire Department is a career fire department that has 91 uniformed members , out of a total of 99 authorized uniformed positions , including 31 officers and 60 firefighters . Teaneck 's four fire stations are staffed around the clock by paid full @-@ time fire fighters . Teaneck is one of four municipalities in Bergen County with a paid fire department , joining Englewood , Hackensack and Ridgewood . Robert J. Montgomery was named Chief of Department as of June 1 , 2006 , and retired in March 2010 , when he was succeeded by Anthony Verley . The department operates four Engine Companies out of four strategically placed firehouses . Additionally , a Tower Ladder , Rescue Truck and Command vehicle responds out of the main Fire Headquarters on Teaneck Road . Reserve apparatus include two Engines , a Rescue and a Ladder Truck that can be manned as required during high service demands . The department responds to approximately 4 @,@ 000 calls per year involving structure fires , vehicle fires , electrical emergencies , natural gas releases , carbon monoxide incidents , explosions , rescues , outside fires , vehicle extrications and first responder medical calls . The department celebrated its 100th anniversary in October 2015 . The Box 54 Canteen Unit provides canteen and other support services at fire scenes , offering water , coffee and other snacks where firefighters have an extended presence . The unit was created in 1952 . The Teaneck Volunteer Ambulance Corps ( TVAC ) was created in 1939 to serve the residents of Teaneck . TVAC has always been Teaneck 's only emergency ambulance service and includes over 100 volunteers and four ambulances , serving Teaneck and its residents around the clock , without pay . In 2011 , TVAC responded to over 4 @,@ 300 emergency calls , routinely saving lives and reducing suffering with their rapid response and application of Basic Life Support skills . Throughout the last 70 years , TVAC has never charged a patient nor the patient 's family for service . The services of the Corps are entirely free of charge , whether the patients are residents of Teaneck , visitors , or individuals who need medical service while passing through the town . The Corps also renders service in nearby towns as part of a mutual aid system , again without charge . The Richard Rodda Community Center , located near Route 4 at the south end of Votee Park , is a 50 @,@ 900 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 4 @,@ 730 m2 ) community and recreation center completed in 1998 . The facility includes two full sized gyms , a dance studio , a kitchen and several multipurpose rooms of different sizes . The Teaneck Recreation Department offers educational , sports and arts programs throughout the year . The Rodda Center is home to the Senior Citizens Service Center , which offers educational and fitness activities for adults ages 55 and up , and serves hot lunch daily , provided by the Bergen County Division of Senior Services . The Community Center also provides a WiFi access point , which resulted in a police investigation in January 2012 after its identifying name was changed to a racist slur . Holy Name Medical Center is a fully accredited , not @-@ for @-@ profit community hospital . Founded and sponsored by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace in 1925 , the hospital has grown to become a comprehensive 361 @-@ bed medical center . Affiliation with NewYork @-@ Presbyterian Healthcare System further brings the advantages of large urban hospitals to the community , with access to clinical trials and expanded education for its physicians . Holy Name Medical Center has undertaken an ambitious effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its growing " Korean Medical Program " , including attracting 1 @,@ 500 people to its annual seventh annual Korean health fair in 2014 . To accommodate the township 's Orthodox Jewish community , the hospital offers a Shabbat elevator , a room prepared for families of patients staying at the hospital during Shabbat and Jewish holidays , as well as a lounge offering kosher food . = = Transportation = = = = = Roads and highways = = = Teaneck is situated along a number of major transportation routes , including the New Jersey Turnpike ( a portion of Interstate 95 ) and Interstate 80 . As of May 2010 , the township had a total of 119 @.@ 41 miles ( 192 @.@ 17 km ) of roadways , of which 103 @.@ 95 miles ( 167 @.@ 29 km ) were maintained by the municipality , 10 @.@ 70 miles ( 17 @.@ 22 km ) by Bergen County , 3 @.@ 47 miles ( 5 @.@ 58 km ) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation , and 1 @.@ 29 miles ( 2 @.@ 08 km ) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority . Teaneck is the eastern terminus of Interstate 80 , which stretches west to San Francisco since the dedication of a segment in Salt Lake City on August 22 , 1986 , marking the completion of the first transcontinental portion of the Interstate Highway System . As the second @-@ longest Interstate route , the highway stretches nearly coast @-@ to @-@ coast for 2 @,@ 899 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @,@ 666 @.@ 3 km ) , shorter than only Interstate 90 . The easternmost 0 @.@ 9 miles ( 1 @.@ 4 km ) of Interstate 80 runs from Bogota to the junction with Interstate 95 . NJ Route 4 traverses east @-@ west through Teaneck , running 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) from Hackensack to Englewood . Unlike all other municipalities situated along the highway , there is no commercial development or billboards , with the open space along the highway maintained by the Township Council 's Preserve the Greenbelt Committee . Route 4 narrows from three lanes in each direction on a section between Belle Avenue and Englewood , causing rush @-@ hour traffic backups that may extend for miles . The New Jersey Department of Transportation ( NJDOT ) has discussed a series of proposed replacement projects for bridges over the highway , pending completion of feasibility studies and design work . While the township has indicated its willingness to cede space along the Greenbelt for a third lane , the lack of space for a shoulder may preclude the creation of a full three @-@ lane route through Teaneck . In November 2013 , NJDOT informed Teaneck officials that it had no plans to widen the highway , as the need to focus the limited funds available on replacing and repairing deteriorating bridges and infrastructure precluded the implementation of a widening project . Interstate 95 heads north for 1 @.@ 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) through Teaneck from Ridgefield Park to Leonia . New Jersey 's other main trunk route , the Garden State Parkway , can be reached just a few miles west of Teaneck . Access to New York City is available for motorists by way of the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee ( via Route 4 or Interstate 95 ) , or through the Lincoln Tunnel in Hudson County ( via the NJ Turnpike ) into Midtown Manhattan . County roads in Teaneck include Teaneck Road , Queen Anne Road , River Road and Fort Lee Road . Cedar Lane , another county road , crosses the Hackensack River and connects to Hackensack over the Anderson Street Bridge . = = = Public transportation = = = New Jersey Transit bus service is available in Teaneck , with frequent service on Teaneck Road , Route 4 and Cedar Lane , and less @-@ frequent service on other main streets . NJTransit bus service is offered to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on the 155 , 157 , 165R , 167 and 168 routes ; to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in Upper Manhattan on the 171 , 175 , 178 , 182 and 186 routes ; and to other New Jersey communities served on the 83 , 751 , 753 , 755 , 756 , 772 and 780 routes . Scheduled bus service is also available from Rockland Coaches to the Port Authority Bus Terminal , on the 21T from New Milford and on the 11T / 11AT from Stony Point , New York . Saddle River Tours / Ameribus provides service to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station on route 11C . Spanish Transportation and several other operators provide frequent jitney service along Route 4 between Paterson , New Jersey and the George Washington Bridge Bus Station While there is currently no passenger train operation in Teaneck , train service is available across the Hackensack River at the New Bridge Landing station in River Edge and at the Anderson Street station in Hackensack . NJTransit 's Pascack Valley Line runs north @-@ south to Hoboken Terminal , with connections to the PATH train from the Hoboken PATH station , and with NJT connecting service to Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan via the Secaucus Junction transfer station . At Hoboken Terminal , connections are also available to NY Waterway ferry service ( to the World Financial Center and other destinations ) and to the Hudson @-@ Bergen Light Rail system ( serving locations along the Hudson River in Hudson County ) . Teaneck is split east and west by railroad tracks , which currently provide freight service by CSX Transportation . Until 1959 , passenger train service was provided on these same tracks by the West Shore Railroad , with Teaneck stations at Cedar Lane and West Englewood Avenue . Commuter service was available from these stations , with 44 passenger trains operating daily to and from Weehawken , where Hudson River ferry service was available to New York City at 42nd Street and at the Financial District in Lower Manhattan . Train service from Teaneck was also available north to Albany , along the west shore of the river . Efforts are ongoing to restore some passenger train service on this line for commuters heading toward New York City , including extension of the Hudson @-@ Bergen Light Rail service via the Northern Branch to Englewood or Tenafly . Teaneck 's closest airport in New Jersey with scheduled passenger service is Newark Liberty International Airport , 20 miles ( 32 km ) away ( about 27 minutes ) in Newark / Elizabeth . New York City 's LaGuardia Airport is 15 miles ( 24 km ) away in Flushing , Queens via the George Washington Bridge , an estimated 22 minutes in ideal conditions . John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens is 26 miles ( 42 km ) and 34 minutes from Teaneck . Teterboro Airport offers general aviation service , and is a 9 @-@ mile ( 14 km ) drive ( about 13 minutes ) . = = Notable people = = = Super Mario RPG = Super Mario RPG ( Japanese : スーパーマリオＲＰＧ , Hepburn : Sūpā Mario Āru Pī Jī ) , subtitled Legend of the Seven Stars in its North American release , is a role @-@ playing game developed by Square ( now Square Enix ) and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It was originally released on March 9 , 1996 , in Japan and on May 13 , 1996 , in North America . Nintendo ported the game , with minor differences , to the Wii 's Virtual Console service in 2008 and to the Wii U 's Virtual Console service by late June 2016 to regions around the world . It is the first role @-@ playing video game in the Mario series . The game contains fundamental gameplay similarities and inspirations to other Square role @-@ playing video games , such as the Final Fantasy series , with a story and action @-@ based gameplay derived from the Super Mario Bros. series . The story focuses on Mario and his party as they seek to eliminate the game 's main antagonist , Smithy . Smithy has stolen the seven star pieces of Star Road where all the world 's inhabitants ' wishes become Wish Stars , and Mario must return the pieces so these wishes may again be granted . The game features five permanent playable characters . Super Mario RPG was directed by Yoshihiko Maekawa and Chihiro Fujioka and produced by Shigeru Miyamoto . Yoko Shimomura composed the game 's score , which was released on a soundtrack album in Japan shortly after the game 's debut . Square did much of the development of Super Mario RPG under direct guidance from producer Shigeru Miyamoto . The game was well @-@ received upon release , praised particularly for its 3D @-@ rendered graphics and humor . The game spawned the Mario RPG series , and two successive RPG @-@ themed spiritual sequels followed : the Paper Mario and Mario & Luigi series , both of which use certain conventions established in the original . = = Gameplay = = Super Mario RPG contains token similarities to other Square @-@ developed video games , such as the Final Fantasy series , along with a story and gameplay based on the Super Mario Bros. series of platform games . Like most traditional JRPGs , there are two main sections to the game : adventuring and turn @-@ based battle sequences . Much of Super Mario RPG 's gameplay is outside monster battles and plays like an isometric 3D platformer , in which traditional Mario elements such as punching floating question blocks from below are prominent . There are no random encounters and as such enemies are visible in the field ; a battle ensues only if Mario comes in contact with one . This allows the player to evade unnecessary battles . The player controls only Mario at the journey 's beginning . Ultimately , the player will gain a party of five characters , though only three members can be used during a battle at any given time . Mario is always in the player 's party , but the other two characters can be selected before battles . Each of the five characters has a unique set of attacks and techniques . For example , Princess Toadstool 's abilities are primarily healing techniques , whereas Geno and Bowser have offensive attacks that deal high amounts of damage . The combat is based on a traditional turn based battle system with the addition of action commands that amplify a move 's effects . The action command consists of timed button presses during an attack , special move , defense , or item usage . This is one of the more innovative features of gameplay , becoming a mainstay of later Mario RPGs . = = Plot = = = = = Characters and setting = = = The game world is set in a geographically diverse land , which includes mountains and bodies of water . Each region has distinct characteristics held by its inhabitants ; Mushroom Kingdom is inhabited by Toads , Moleville is inhabited by moles , Monstro Town is populated by reformed monsters , Yo 'ster Isle is where Yoshi and his eponymous species reside , and Nimbus Land is an area inhabited by cloud people . Bowser 's Castle is another prominent location in the game , as it holds the portal to the main antagonist 's home world . As in most Mario series games , the main protagonist is Mario , whose initial goal is to rescue Princess Peach ( Toadstool ) from Bowser . However , the story takes on an unusual and very important twist . Soon after the start of his journey , the Smithy Gang invades the world . While attempting to stop the group , Mario is joined by Mallow , a cloud boy who thinks he is a tadpole ; Geno , a doll possessed by a celestial spirit from the Star Road ; Bowser , whose armies have deserted him out of fear of the Smithy Gang ; and Princess Toadstool , who was lost in the turmoil that occurred when the Smithy Gang arrived . The Smithy Gang is led by Smithy , a robotic blacksmith from an alternate dimension with aspirations of world domination . = = = Story = = = The game begins when Mario enters Bowser 's Castle to rescue Princess Toadstool . During the battle , a giant sword falls from the sky , breaks through the Star Road ( a pathway that helps grant people 's wishes ) , and crashes into Bowser ’ s castle , sending Mario , Princess Toadstool , and Bowser flying in different directions , as well as scattering seven star fragments . Mario makes his way to the Mushroom Kingdom , where the mushroom chancellor insists that Mario recover the Princess and discover the purpose of the giant sword , but once he returns to Bowser 's castle , the giant sword ( who reveals that it can talk ) destroys the bridge , preventing him from entering . Upon returning , Mario encounters Mallow , a " tadpole " who has lost a frog coin to Croco , a local thief . Mario agrees to help him , but when they return to the castle , he finds that the kingdom is overrun by creatures from the Smithy Gang led by an evil robotic blacksmith king named Smithy . He and Mallow enter the castle and are met by the first boss in the game , a giant knife and spring @-@ like creature named Mack . When Mack is defeated , they find a mysterious Star Piece , which Mario takes . Mallow accompanies Mario as they travel through the Kero Sewers and after they defeat a monster named Belome , they reach Tadpole Pond where they meet Mallow 's grandfather , who reveals that Mallow isn 't really a tadpole and claims that his real parents are waiting for him to return home . The duo travel to Rose Town where they meet a star spirit who has taken control of a doll named Geno . After battling the bow @-@ like creature , Bowyer , who is immobilizing residents of Rose Town with his arrows , they retrieve another Star Piece and Geno joins Mario and tells him that the Star Piece is a part of the shattered Star Road , where he resides . Geno has been tasked with repairing Star Road and defeating Smithy , so that the world 's wishes may again be heard , and he must find the seven pieces held by members of the Smithy gang . The three retrieve the third Star Piece from Punchinello , and continue to Booster Tower where they encounter Bowser , who is trying to reassemble his forces . Though former enemies , they join forces to fight a common enemy as Bowser wishes to reclaim his castle . The new team intercepts the princess , just before she is forcibly married to the eccentric amusement @-@ venue owner , Booster , but it turns out that the wedding wasn 't real and that Booster only wanted the wedding cake . After her rescue , the princess initially returns to Mushroom Kingdom but later joins the party as its final member . After recovering six of the Star Pieces , Mario 's group learns that the final piece is held by Smithy in Bowser 's castle . Upon battling their way through the assembled enemies and returning to the giant sword , they discover that it is actually a gateway to Smithy 's factory and they fight it to gain access to the factory , where Smithy mass @-@ produces his army . In the end , Smithy is defeated , the giant sword disappears , and the collected Star Pieces are used to repair the Star Road . = = Development = = Yoshio Hongo of Nintendo explained the game 's origins : " Square 's RPGs sold well in Japan but not overseas . There have been calls from all ages , and from young girls , for another character to which they could become attached . Mario was the best , but had not been in an RPG . Nintendo 's director , Mr. Miyamoto also wanted to do an RPG using Mario . There happened to be a chance for both companies to talk , which went well . " The game was officially unveiled by both Mario creator and producer Shigeru Miyamoto and co @-@ director Chihiro Fujioka at the 1995 V @-@ Jump Festival event in Japan . Miyamoto led teams at Nintendo and Square , who spent over a year developing the graphics . The story takes place in a newly rendered Mushroom Kingdom based on the Super Mario Bros. series . Square reported that the game was about 70 % complete in October 1995 . The developers created the interior elements such as columns , stairways , and exterior elements with advanced computer modeling techniques . Special lighting effects were used to create shadows and reflections that were meant to improve the 3D elements . With guidance from Miyamoto , Square developed the game , combining role @-@ playing aspects of previous Square games like Final Fantasy VI with the platforming elements of Nintendo 's games . Square 's Final Fantasy series was the model for the battle sequences , while the tradition of Super Mario Bros. games demanded a lot of action . Mario 's ability to jog in eight directions and jump up or down in three – quarter perspective gave him a ( comparatively ) large range of motion . At 70 % completion , the mix of adventure and action game play elements placed it in a category closer to The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past . When Nintendo of America received a 60 % complete version in November , the staff were surprised at the inclusion of an RPG battle system . The battle screens , using pre @-@ rendered sprites as in the rest of the game , included attack animations of equipped weapons . In December , further development and improvements to the gameplay delayed the translation of the game . For example , the Chancellor , who was named the Mushroom Retainer in Japan , was called the " Minister " in North America . Plans continued through February for the North American version , changing the release date forecast from winter to spring . Super Mario RPG : Legend of the Seven Stars is one of only seven SNES games released outside Japan to use the Nintendo SA @-@ 1 chip . Compared with standard SNES games , the additional microprocessor allows higher clock speeds ; faster access to the random @-@ access memory ( RAM ) ; greater memory mapping capabilities , data storage , and compression ; new direct memory access ( DMA ) modes , such as bitmap to bit plane transfer ; and built @-@ in CIC lockout for piracy protection and regional marketing control . When asked about the possibility of a European release , Nintendo representatives said there were no plans for one , and remarked that preparing an RPG for release in Europe is far more difficult than other regions due to the need to optimize the game for PAL TV systems and translate it into multiple languages . = = = Music = = = Yoko Shimomura , best known for her previous work in Street Fighter II , composed the game 's music . As part of the score , she incorporated arrangements of music by Koji Kondo from Super Mario Bros. and three tracks by Nobuo Uematsu from Final Fantasy IV . Shimomura regards the Super Mario RPG soundtrack as one of the turning points in her career as a composer . The music from the game was released as a soundtrack album , titled Super Mario RPG Original Sound Version ( スーパーマリオＲＰＧオリジナル・サウンド・ヴァージョン , Sūpā Mario Āru Pī Jī Orijinaru Saundo Vuājon ) . NTT Publishing released it in Japan on March 25 , 1996 . The two @-@ disc set contains 61 of the game 's 73 songs . = = Reception = = Super Mario RPG received universal acclaim and has appeared on reader @-@ selected " best game of all time " lists , such as 26th on GameFAQs and 30th at IGN . Japanese audiences received Super Mario RPG well with 1 @.@ 47 million copies sold , making it the third highest @-@ selling game in Japan in 1996 . Though various aspects of Super Mario RPG have received mixed reviews , the game garnered praise for the quality of the graphics and for the humor in particular . Nintendo Power 's review commented that the " excellent " 3D graphics helped the game appeal to a much wider audience than most traditional RPGs . In March 1997 , Nintendo Power nominated the game for several awards , including " Best Graphics " , in a player 's choice contest , though Super Mario 64 won " Best Graphics " . Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the graphics , stating that they are " the best seen on the Super NES " . 1UP.com stated that the graphic element is " strong enough to resemble a Mario title but still retains the role @-@ playing theme at the same time " , and Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that the graphics are " typical of Nintendo , using clean and colorful graphics along with nice animation " . RPGamer editor Derek Cavin called the backgrounds " beautiful " and stated that they " perfectly bring the Mushroom Kingdom and surrounding areas into 3D " . Skyler Miller from Allgame stated that the graphics are " absolutely outstanding , with colorful , 3D rendered visuals that once seemed impossible on the Super NES . This is definitely the high watermark for 3D graphics on any 16 @-@ bit system " . The editor also called the music " quite extraordinary " and that the songs " match the mood of the surrounding environment " . In the Virtual Console re @-@ release , IGN 's Lucas Thomas 's review of Super Mario RPG stated that the game 's experience " completes itself with a compelling story , a humorous attitude and a variety of interspersed mini @-@ games that break up the adventuring action " . The publication also stated that the soundtrack is " spectacular and a joy to listen to " and the graphics " took full advantage of the system 's 16 @-@ bit technology and looks great " . Despite the praise , Cavin noted that most of the battle system mechanics " aren 't very original " and also noting the " lack of a unified storyline " which is " far from great " . Miller commented that after engaging in many battles , " the battle music becomes monotonous " and that after the game is beaten , " There aren 't any surprises to be discovered the second time around " . While 1UP.com stated that " The characters seem too childish for older gamers " . = = Legacy = = Super Mario RPG does not have a direct sequel . Nintendo originally announced a game entitled Super Mario RPG 2 , but was changed to " Paper Mario " before release . Considered to be its thematic and spiritual sequels , two successive RPG @-@ themed Mario series , Paper Mario as well as Mario & Luigi , followed conventions established in the original . This includes the use of Flower Points as a shared party resource instead of each character having their own pool of Magic Points , timed action commands during battles , and , in the original Paper Mario , the collection of the seven stars . Mario & Luigi : Superstar Saga features the Geno doll , with a mention of Square Enix as the copyright holder of the character in the end credits . Various locations and characters from the game appear in the children 's book Mario and the Incredible Rescue released by Scholastic in 2006 . On May 30 , 2008 , Nintendo announced that Super Mario RPG was to be released on the Virtual Console in Japan the following month . On June 13 , 2008 , the OFLC rated the game for release in Australia . On June 24 , 2008 , it was released on the Virtual Console in Japan . On August 22 , 2008 , the game was released for the first time in Europe and Australia , as part of the third Hanabi Festival alongside a release of Super Mario Bros : The Lost Levels on the European Virtual Console after being available for a limited period during the first Hanabi Festival . Certain animations , namely those for the Flame Wall and Static E ! attacks , were dimmed to reduce the potential for triggering sensitive players ' seizures , and colors were adjusted . On September 1 , 2008 , it was released on the Virtual Console in North America , under the distinction of being the 250th Virtual Console game released in that region . Super Mario RPG was released on Wii U 's Virtual Console in Japan and Europe in 2015 , and in North America on June 30 , 2016 . Geno , one of the main characters originating in this game , is a downloadable Mii Fighter costume in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. = 1929 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1929 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic on record – featuring only five tropical cyclones . Of these five tropical systems , three of them intensified into a hurricane , with one strengthening further into a major hurricane ( Category 3 or higher on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale ) . The first tropical cyclone of the season developed in the Gulf of Mexico on June 27 . Becoming a hurricane on June 28 , the storm struck Texas , bringing strong winds to a large area . Three fatalities were reported , while damage was conservatively estimated at $ 675 @,@ 000 ( 1929 USD ) . The second storm , nicknamed the Bahamas hurricane , developed north of the Lesser Antilles . It was the most intense tropical cyclone of the season , peaking as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale with maximum sustained winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 924 mbar ( 27 @.@ 3 inHg ) . The storm moved through the Bahamas at this intensity and later struck Florida while slightly weaker . Overall , this hurricane resulted in 59 deaths and at least $ 2 @.@ 36 million in damage . The next three tropical cyclones did not impact land , with the last transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on October 22 . Until HURDAT reanalysis in 2010 , the final two systems were considered the same tropical cyclone . The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 48 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength . = = Storms = = = = = Hurricane One = = = After barometric pressures in the western Gulf of Mexico had been low for several days , the steamship Chester O. Swain encountered a disturbance of " probably moderate intensity " offshore Texas on June 28 . A tropical storm developed in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on the previous day . The storm was abnormally small , having a diameter of only about 20 mi ( 32 km ) . It moderately intensified and by early on June 28 , the storm became a hurricane . While offshore Texas , the hurricane peaked with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . Shortly after making landfall near Matagorda Bay , a minimum barometric pressure of 982 mbar ( 29 @.@ 0 inHg ) was reported . The storm then accelerated westward across the Southwestern United States and weakened to a tropical storm early on June 29 . However , it was still of " considerable intensity " while passing near El Paso about 24 hours later . Thus , the system was thought to have remained a tropical storm until early on June 30 . Several hours later , the storm dissipated over Arizona . The storm brought hurricane @-@ force winds to portions of Texas , including as far inland as Yorktown in DeWitt County . Additionally , a 60 to 80 mi ( 95 to 130 km ) path observed gale force winds as far from the coast as Bexar , Kendall , Kerr , and Medina counties . Wind impacts were significant , with a " conservative " estimate of $ 310 @,@ 000 in damage inflicted on crops , while buildings , windmills , power , telephone , and telegraph lines suffered about $ 365 @,@ 000 in damage . There were three deaths in Wharton County , as well as several injuries . Outside of the area of wind damage , rainfall was considered " highly beneficial " to crops and range . = = = Hurricane Two = = = The second storm of the season originated from a tropical wave that developed in the vicinity of Cape Verde on September 11 . The wave became a tropical depression at 00 : 00 UTC on September 19 , while located about 300 mi ( 480 km ) north @-@ northeast of Anegada in the British Virgin Islands . The depression drifted just north of due west while strengthening slowly , becoming a tropical storm early on September 22 . Later that day , the storm curved northwestward . Around midday on September 23 , it intensified into a hurricane . While turning southwestward on the following day , the hurricane began to undergo rapid deepening . Late on September 25 , the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) , an estimate based on pressure @-@ wind relationship , with a minimum barometric pressure of 924 mbar ( 27 @.@ 3 inHg ) . While crossing through the Bahamas , the storm struck Eleuthera and Andros , on September 25 and September 26 , respectively . Late on September 27 , the system weakened to a Category 3 hurricane and re @-@ curved northwestward . At 13 : 00 UTC the next day , the hurricane made landfall near Tavernier , Florida . The storm then entered the Gulf of Mexico and continued weakening , falling to Category 2 intensity late on September 28 . While approaching the Gulf Coast of the United States , the hurricane weakened to a Category 1 hurricane . Early on October 1 , it made landfall near Panama City Beach , Florida . A few hours later , the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm and then became extratropical over southwestern Georgia shortly thereafter . The remnants continued northeastward up the East Coast of the United States , until entering Canada and dissipating over Quebec early on October 5 . In the Bahamas , the hurricane brought strong winds and large waves to the archipelago . At Nassau , a weather station observed a wind gust of 164 mph ( 264 km / h ) . Within the city alone , 456 houses were destroyed , while an additional 640 houses suffered damage . On Abaco Islands , 19 homes were demolished . The hurricane damaged or destroyed 63 homes and buildings on Andros . Telegraph service was disrupted . There were 48 deaths in the Bahamas . Throughout the Bahamas and the Florida Keys , numerous boats and vessels were ruined or damaged . At the latter , strong winds were observed , with a gust up to 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) in Key Largo . However , damage there was limited to swamped fishing boats and temporary loss of electricity and communications . Farther north , heavy rains flooded low @-@ lying areas of Miami . A devastating tornado in Fort Lauderdale damaged a four story hotel , a railway office building , and several cottages . In the Florida Panhandle , storm surge destroyed several wharves and damaged most of the oyster and fishing warehouses and canning plants . Overall , there was approximately $ 2 @.@ 36 million in damage and three deaths in Florida ; eight others drowned offshore . = = = Tropical Storm Three = = = Historical weather maps indicate that a low pressure area was embedded within a west to east oriented stationary front over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean on September 24 . The low quickly detached from the stationary front and acquired a closed circulation while tracking across sea surface temperatures of 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . Early on September 25 , a tropical depression formed just west of Bermuda and strengthened into a tropical storm later that day . Around 02 : 00 UTC on September 26 , a ship observed a barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 002 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) – the lowest while the storm was tropical . Four hours later , sustained winds peaked at 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The storm eventually curved northward , before becoming extratropical at 06 : 00 UTC on September 27 , while located about 240 mi ( 390 km ) south @-@ southeast of Nantucket , Massachusetts . The extratropical remnants accelerated northeastward and then east @-@ northeastward , before dissipating east @-@ southeast of Newfoundland on September 29 . = = = Tropical Storm Four = = = Early on October 15 , a low pressure area developed into a tropical storm , while located about 625 mi ( 1 @,@ 005 km ) southwest of Flores Island in the Azores . The storm moved west @-@ southwestward and slowly strengthened . At 12 : 00 UTC on October 17 , the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) ; the latter was observed by a few ships . Early on October 18 , it curved northwestward and began to accelerate . Late the next day , the storm became extratropical , while located about 535 mi ( 860 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland . The extratropical remnants of the storm continued northeastward , until dissipating well southeast of Newfoundland on October 20 . = = = Hurricane Five = = = A trough extending southward from the previous system developed into a tropical depression at 12 : 00 UTC on October 19 , while located about 890 mi ( 1 @,@ 430 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . Moving eastward , the depression intensified into a tropical storm early the next day . Later on October 20 , it curved northeastward and accelerated . The storm intensified into a hurricane at 12 : 00 UTC on October 21 . Strengthening further , the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 997 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . At 06 : 00 UTC on October 22 , the hurricane became extratropical , while situated about 665 mi ( 1 @,@ 070 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland . The remnants moved north @-@ northwestward and dissipated early on October 23 . = Wellingborough = Wellingborough is a market town and borough in Northamptonshire , England , situated 11 miles ( 18 km ) from the county town of Northampton . The town is situated on the north side of the River Nene , most of the older town is sited on the flanks of the hills above the river 's current flood plain . Due to frequent flooding by the River Nene , the town was mostly built above the current level of the flood plain . Originally named " Wendelingburgh " , the settlement was established in the Saxon period and is mentioned in the Domesday Book under the name of " Wendelburie " . The town was granted a royal market charter in 1201 , by King John of England . As of 2011 the census states the borough has a population of 75 @,@ 400 , which the town itself accounts for 49 @,@ 087 . The town of Wellingborough is governed by The Borough Council of Wellingborough , with their office located in the town centre . The town is twinned with Niort in France , and with Wittlich in Germany . The town is predicted to grow by around 30 percent under the Milton Keynes South Midlands ( MKSM ) study , as the British government has identified Wellingborough as one of several towns in Northamptonshire where growth will be directed over the next 30 years . The study allocates 12 @,@ 800 additional homes mainly to the east of the town . The town has also a growing commuter population as it is located on the Midland Main Line railway , operated by East Midlands Trains , which has InterCity trains to London St Pancras International station taking under an hour , giving an interchange with Eurostar services . = = History = = The town was established in the Anglo @-@ Saxon period and was called ' Wendelingburgh ' . It is surrounded by five wells : Red Well , Hemming Well , Witche 's Well , Lady 's Well and Whyte Well , which appear on its coat of arms . The medieval town of Wellingborough housed a modest monastic grange – now the Jacobean Croyland ' Abbey ' – which was an offshoot of the larger monastery of Croyland Abbey , near Peterborough , some 30 miles ( 48 km ) down @-@ river . This part of the town is now known as ' Croyland ' . All Hallows Church is the oldest existing building in Wellingborough and dates from c . 1160 . The manor of Wellingborough belonged to Crowland Abbey Lincolnshire , from Saxon times and the monks probably built the original church . The earliest part of the building is the Norman doorway opening in from the later south porch . The church was enlarged with the addition of more side chapels and by the end of the 13th century had assumed more or less its present plan . The west tower , crowned with a graceful broach spire rising to 160 feet ( 49 m ) , was completed about 1270 , after which the chancel was rebuilt and given the east window twenty years later . The church was restored in 1861 by Edmund Francis Law . The 20th @-@ century Church of St Mary was built by Ninian Comper . Wellingborough was given a Market Charter dated 3 April 1201 when King John granted it to the " Abbot of Croyland and the monks serving God there " continuing , " they shall have a market at Wendligburg ( Wellingborough ) for one day each week that is Wednesday " . In the Elizabethan era the Lord of the Manor , Sir Christopher Hatton was a sponsor of Sir Francis Drake 's expeditions ; Drake renamed one of his ships the Golden Hind after the heraldic symbol of the Hatton family . A hotel in a Grade II listed building built in the 17th century , was known variously as the Hind Hotel and later as the Golden Hind Hotel . During the Civil War the largest substantial conflict in the area was the Battle of Naseby in 1645 , although a minor skirmish in the town resulted in the killing of a parliamentarian officer Captain John Sawyer . Severe reprisals followed which included the carrying off to Northampton of the parish priest , Thomas Jones , and 40 prisoners by a group of Roundheads . However , after the Civil War Wellingborough was home to a colony of Diggers . Little is known about this period . Wellingborough was bombed once during World War II . The bomb fell where the town centre McDonald 's restaurant used to be located . The town was also used for evacuated children from London . Originally the town had two railway stations : the first called Wellingborough London Road , opened in 1845 and closed in 1966 , linked Peterborough with Northampton . The second station , Wellingborough Midland Road , is still in operation with trains to London and the East Midlands . Since then the ' Midland Road ' was dropped from the station name . The Midland Road station opened in 1857 with trains serving Kettering and a little later Corby , was linked in 1867 to London St Pancras . In 1898 in the Wellingborough rail accident six or seven people died and around 65 were injured . In the 1880s two businessmen held a public meeting to build three tram lines in Wellingborough , the group merged with a similar company in Newport Pagnell who started to lay tram tracks , but within two years the plans were abandoned due to lack of funds . = = Governance = = Wellingborough is part of the Borough Council of Wellingborough which is , as of July 2010 , a Conservative borough . The borough council covers 20 settlements including the town together with Bozeat , Earls Barton , Easton Maudit , Ecton , Finedon , Great Doddington , Great Harrowden , Grendon , Hardwick , Irchester , Isham , Little Harrowden , Little Irchester , Mears Ashby , Orlingbury , Strixton , Sywell , Wilby , and Wollaston . The electoral wards in the town comprise : Brickhill , Castle , Croyland , Hemmingwell , North , Queensway , Redwell East , Redwell West , South , Swanspool West while other , non @-@ political divisions , are areas in Wellingborough such as : Gleneagles , Hatton Park , Hemmingwell , Kingsway , Queensway , Redhill Grange , and Redwell . Wellingborough is part of the Wellingborough Constituency which includes the town , surrounding villages and other urban areas . The current MP is Peter Bone . Most wards in the Borough Council of Wellingborough are covered by the constituency and also include the wards in East Northamptonshire , the wards are : Brickhill , Castle , Croyland , Finedon , Great Doddington and Wilby , Hemmingwell , Higham Ferrers Lancaster , Higham Ferrers Chichele , Irchester , North , Queensway , Redwell East , Redwell West , Rushden Hayden , Rushden Spencer , Rushden Bates , Rushden Sartoris , Rushden Pemberton , South , Swanspool , and Wollaston . For European representation , Wellingborough is part of the East Midlands constituency with five MEPs . = = Geography = = = = = Geology = = = The town is sited on the hills adjoining the flood plain of the River Nene . In the predominantly agrarian medieval period , this combination of access to fertile , if flood @-@ prone , valley bottom soils and drier ( but heavier and more clay @-@ rich ) hillside / hilltop soils seems to have been good for a mixed agricultural base . The clay @-@ rich hilltop soils are primarily a consequence of blanketing of the area with boulder clay or glacial till during the recent glaciations . On the valley sides and valley floor however , these deposits have been largely washed away in the late glacial period , and in the valley bottom extensive deposits of gravels were laid down , which have largely been exploited for building aggregate in the last century . = = = Iron ore = = = The most economically important aspect of the geology of the area is the Northampton Sands ironstone formation . This is a marine sand of Jurassic age ( Bajocian stage ) , deposited as part of an estuary sequence and overlain by a sequence of limestones and mudrocks . Significant amounts of the sand have been replaced or displaced by iron minerals giving an average ore grade of around 25 wt % iron . To the west the iron ores have been moderately exploited for a very long time , but their high phosphorus content made them difficult to smelt and produced iron of poor quality until the development of the Bessemer steel making process and the " basic slag " smelting chemistry , which combine to make high quality steelmaking possible from these unprepossessing ores . The Northampton Sands were a strategic resource for the United Kingdom in the run @-@ up to World War II , being the best developed bulk iron producing processes wholly free from dependence on imported materials . However , because the Northampton Sands share in the regional dip of all the sediments of this part of Britain to the east @-@ south @-@ east , they become increasingly difficult to work as one progresses east across the county . = = = Climate = = = Wellingborough experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification ) which is similar to most of the British Isles . = = = Compass = = = Wellingborough 's nearest towns are Rushden , Higham Ferrers and Irthlingborough . = = Demography = = Wellingborough 's population expanded rapidly from 26 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 in the 1960s and 1970s	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
tpop Ball . On September 13 , 2014 , Bennett joined Gaga onstage at the ArtRave tour in Tel Aviv , Israel to sing selected tracks from the album . Gaga 's vocals on " I Can 't Give You Anything but Love " drew praise for her range and control . On September 22 , Bennett and Gaga performed a short set list of songs from Cheek to Cheek at the Grand Place of Brussels , Belgium . Their performance received positive reviews , with The Daily Telegraph 's Anne Bilson giving it four out of five stars , complimenting their vocals saying " Bennett had the lungs to compensate , and Gaga had the moves . " Promotional videos were released for " Anything Goes " ( from Brussels performance ) and " Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) " ( from the PBS special ) on September 27 , 2014 . While touring with ArtRave in the United Kingdom , Gaga appeared with Bennett on the twelfth season of British television show , Strictly Come Dancing , performing two songs from the album , " Anything Goes " and " It Don 't Mean a Thing ( If It Ain 't Got That Swing ) " . Following the tour 's completion the duo performed the title track on talk shows The View and The Colbert Report . For the Christmas Tree lighting at Rockefeller Center , Bennett and Gaga performed a rendition of " Winter Wonderland " . A few days later on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , they performed " Cheek to Cheek " and " It Don 't Mean A Thing ( If I Ain 't Got That Swing ) " and Gaga singing solo on " Ev 'ry Time We Say Goodbye " . = = = Cheek to Cheek Tour = = = Bennett had confirmed that he and Gaga would tour jazz festivals in 2015 , supporting Cheek to Cheek . According to him , Gaga was tired from playing bigger venues , and wanted to have the tour visit smaller venues for at least three @-@ four days , or for three @-@ six weeks . Bennett also explained that he was accustomed to playing in acoustic music halls and outdoor theaters , so Gaga had been looking at such options . " I 'm not interested in playing to 45 @,@ 000 people a night , so [ Gaga 's ] finding places where we could work for three or four days , or three or four weeks , in one place at a time . That 's how she wants to work with me . , " the singer concluded . On New Year 's Eve 2014 , the duo started the Cheek to Cheek Tour by performing at the Cosmopolitan Casino of Las Vegas , making it their first concert in US following the album 's release . They also performed at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards and its scheduled a post @-@ Grammy concert on February 8 , 2015 , at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles , just after the conclusion of the ceremony . More shows were scheduled in 2015 , including Hollywood Bowl on May 30 ; the Royal Albert Hall in London on June 8 ; and Radio City Music Hall in New York City on June 19 . Jesse Lawrence from Forbes reported that there was high demand for the tickets , leading to additional dates being added to the itinerary . He also noted that the concerts had a much higher ticket price than the average , especially in the secondary markets . = = = Singles = = = " Anything Goes " was released as the first single from the album on July 29 , 2014 , to digital retailers , followed by the release of its music video to Gaga 's YouTube and Vevo accounts . The video showed Bennett and Gaga recording " Anything Goes " as well as other songs from Cheek to Cheek . In the United Kingdom , " Anything Goes " debuted at number 174 on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending August 9 , 2014 . It also charted at number 132 on the sales chart of the Official Charts Company . In Spain it debuted within the top @-@ fifty of the PROMUSICAE singles chart at number 40 . " Anything Goes " debuted outside the top 100 of the French Singles Chart , at number 178 . On the Billboard Jazz Digital Songs chart , the track debuted at the top , becoming Gaga 's second entry on that chart , following " The Lady is a Tramp " . The song was Bennett 's 15th entry on the Jazz Digital Songs chart , and his third number @-@ one single . According to Nielsen SoundScan , " Anything Goes " sold 16 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the US up to the week ending August 3 , 2014 . The song dropped to number three on Jazz Digital Songs chart the next week . " I Can 't Give You Anything but Love " was released as the second single from the album on August 19 , 2014 . Gaga announced the release on Twitter , accompanied by the single 's cover art . An official music video for the song was released on August 26 , 2014 . The video was shot in the recording studio and the first half showed Gaga in numerous outfits and wigs , while recording the song and roaming around . Bennett joins the studio sessions later on , singing the song . The final chorus finds the two singers belting together , described as " join [ ing ] forces for a peculiar , yet potent blend of styles that transcends generations and genres " . Jon Blistein from Rolling Stone complimented the video , saying that it " proves [ Bennett and Gaga ] exude a unique , adorable brand of musical chemistry " . After its release , " I Can 't Give You Anything but Love " debuted at number @-@ one on the Jazz Digital Songs chart of Billboard , on the week ending September 6 , 2014 , and the French Singles Chart at number 173 . Additionally , " Nature Boy " was released for streaming on Gaga 's Vevo channel from September 16 , 2014 . Gaga had previously tweeted about the background of the song , as well as about the death of flautist Horn . The song debuted on the Billboard Trending 140 Chart at number five and quickly rose to number one . After Cheek to Cheek 's release , " Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) " debuted at number one on the Jazz Digital Songs chart , which became Gaga 's first entry as a solo artist . = = Critical reception = = At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics , Cheek to Cheek received an average score of 64 , indicating " generally favorable reviews " , based on 12 reviews . MTV News 's Gil Kaufman praised the album , calling Bennett and Gaga " a match made in heaven " . He added that the singers were able to " flawlessly " merge their unique vocals , that was reflected in their in @-@ studio rapport , and thus onto the songs on Cheek to Cheek . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian awarded the album with four out of five stars , claiming that " Gaga is a wonder " . She also praised that " Cheek to Cheek reveals the considerable warmth and depth of her voice " . The Times critic Will Hodgkinson praised the album giving it a rating of four out of five stars . He added that Gaga could have been a " habitué of Upper Manhattan piano bars and supper clubs .. as Stefani Germanotta , classy singer of standards " . Jazz critic Marc Myers reviewed the album for The Wall Street Journal , claiming that " the biggest surprise on the album is Gaga 's solo vocal on ' Lush Life ' , a difficult song that has troubled even the most seasoned jazz @-@ pop singers , including Frank Sinatra . Her lower register is warm and her phrasing is heartfelt . " In his favorable review , Chicago Tribune critic Howard Reich wrote that " Cheek to Cheek serves up the real thing , start to finish ... Both singers revel in swing rhythm , eager to buoy from one offbeat to the next and the next . They achieve considerable energy . But it 's when things slow down that you can hear what these artists are capable of as interpreters , alone and together . " Jazz author Ted Gioia , who reviewed the album for The Daily Beast , was surprised by Gaga 's ability to sing jazz , saying that " in all fairness to Lady Gaga , any singer who matches up with Tony Bennett needs to get loud and assertive ... Her voice projects an appealing innocence [ on ] ' But Beautiful ' and ' Ev 'ry Time We Say Goodbye ' " . Rating it four out of five stars , Lewis Corner from Digital Spy complimented the vocal mix on the album , adding that " Cheek to Cheek may not be the glittering spectacle we 've come to expect from Lady Gaga , but with Tony Bennett 's guidance the pair have delivered an authentic and solid jazz record that respects the genre 's generous history . Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone gave the album three out of five stars and praised Gaga 's vocals . Dolan felt the album " proves she can be a sophisticated lady " . Charles J. Gan from Associated Press also praised Bennett and Gaga 's singing , writing that " Had she been born in an earlier era , Gaga would have been right at home in an MGM musical " . Idolator 's Bianca Gracie described the album as " a refreshing listen that highlights the undeniable talent of both Bennett and Gaga and how well they work together " . Writing for the National Post , Mike Doherty observed that Gaga took " liberties with the beat , bends notes , purrs and whoops away " with the vocals , while Bennett was able to complement with his characteristic " dapper approach " . With three and a half stars out of five , Kenneth Partridge from Billboard opined that Gaga sometimes sounded too " forcibly " and definitely she needed Bennett more than he needed her on the recording of the album , but overall they had a " blast together and both will benefit from this pairing " . Another three and a half star rating came from Lydia Jenkin of The New Zealand Herald , who declared the album as " seamless standard renditions " . Jim Farber from New York Daily News awarded the album with four out of five stars , claiming that " Gaga has always been a power singer " and " She has a lot of Liza Minnelli in her " . Bennett received great review from the site about the agility and pluck he is able to sing the songs . James Reed from The Boston Globe praised the album and felt that both singers " bring out the best in each other " . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph gave the album a rating of three stars out of five , writing " If you take this album in the spirit of throwaway fun in which it seems to have been concocted , it is harmlessly engaging " . Giving Cheek to Cheek a rating of A – , Glenn Gamboa from Newsday declared the album as " straightforward jazz , gorgeous and well crafted " . Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly commented that Bennett and Gaga are " in – if not quite heaven , then at least a pretty swell piano bar " and gave the album B + . In a mixed review , Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic declared that " Cheek to Cheek is a record where the music and even the songs take a backseat to the personalities " . Alexa Camp from Slant Magazine gave the album a rating of two out of five stars . Camp criticized Bennett and Gaga 's vocals in the album , adding that " If not for the session musicians ' top @-@ notch work ... much of Cheek to Cheek , which drags at an economical 45 minutes , would sound like glorified karaoke . " San Francisco Chronicle writer Aidin Vaziri was disappointed with Bennett and Gaga not " highlight [ ing ] each other 's wildly distinguishing features " , adding that " the background music is far more exciting than the people singing over it " . Mikael Wood from Los Angeles Times complimented Gaga 's vocals in the album but panned her " cheap exploitation : of a bunch of important songs she brings nothing to ; of an 88 @-@ year @-@ old legend with whom she has zero chemistry ; and , most disappointingly , of our eagerness to follow her down an unlikely creative path . " At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on February 8 , 2015 , Cheek to Cheek won a Grammy for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . = = Commercial performance = = Cheek to Cheek debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 131 @,@ 000 copies sold in its first week according to Nielsen SoundScan , earning Gaga her third consecutive number @-@ one album and the second for Bennett . It also topped the Jazz Albums and Traditional Jazz Albums charts . Bennett beat his own record — previously achieved in 2011 with Duets II — as the oldest living act to earn a number one album in the US . The debut also made Gaga the first female artist in the 2010 decade to have three number @-@ one albums . Along with the Billboard 200 and Jazz Albums , Cheek to Cheek also entered at number four on the Top Digital Albums chart . As of April 17 , 2016 , the album has sold more than 717 @,@ 000 copies in the country , becoming Bennett 's seventh half @-@ million album since Nielsen began tracking data in 1991 , and Gaga 's fifth . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . Cheek to Cheek debuted at number three on the Canadian Albums Chart selling 10 @,@ 000 copies per SoundScan . It was certified Platinum by the Music Canada ( MC ) for shipment of 80 @,@ 000 copies of the album . In the United Kingdom , the album debuted at number ten on the UK Albums Chart with sales of 10 @,@ 469 copies , making it Gaga 's fifth top ten album and Bennett 's third . Cheek to Cheek dropped to number 24 in its second week , selling 4 @,@ 081 copies . Due to Bennett and Gaga 's appearance on Strictly Come Dancing and Gaga 's ArtRave tour , the album rebounded to number 12 on the chart in its fifth week , selling 6 @,@ 257 copies . In November 2015 , the album was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for selling over 60 @,@ 000 copies . In Ireland the album debuted outside the top @-@ ten of the Irish Albums Chart , at number 12 , dropping to number 24 the next week . In its fifth week , Cheek to Cheek again climbed from number 50 to number 24 on the chart . In Australia , Cheek to Cheek debuted at number seven on the ARIA Albums Chart , becoming the second top @-@ ten album for Tony in Australia out of 56 albums released ; it was the fourth top @-@ ten album for Gaga . It dropped to number ten the next week before moving to its peak again in the third week . The Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) certified it Gold for shipment of 35 @,@ 000 copies in the country . In New Zealand it debuted at number 13 on the albums chart , peaking at number three in its fourth week . In Japan , it debuted at number seven on the Oricon albums chart with sales of 11 @,@ 397 copies , dropping one spot the next week with another 7 @,@ 371 copies sold . Cheek to Cheek was Gaga 's fourth top @-@ ten album in France , where it debuted at number nine and has sold 40 @,@ 000 copies according to the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) . On the Greek Albums Chart , the album reached a peak of number two on its third week . In Russia , the album debuted at the top of the albums chart , with sales of 38 @,@ 018 copies as reported by Billboard Russia . For Gaga , it was her sixth chart topper , making her the foreign artist with the most number @-@ one albums in the country . = = Track listing = = All songs produced by Dae Bennett . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from Cheek to Cheek Australia CD liner notes . Management Recorded at KAS Music and Sound , Kaufman , Astoria Studios , Astoria , New York , Manhattan Center Studios , Manhattan , Avatar Studios , New York Mixed at Avatar Studios , New York Mastered at Sterling Sound Studios , New York Sennheiser and Neumann provided the microphones for Tony Bennett RPM Productions representative for Bennett : Sandi Rogers , Dawn Olejar , Sylvia Weiner , Hadley Spanier , Erica Fagundes , John Callahan , Seth Ferris Sony Music Entertainment representative for Bennett : Doug Morris , Rob Stringer , Nancy Marcus @-@ Sekhir Personnel Orchestra Instruments = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway = The Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway ( CCE & HR ) , also known as the Hampstead tube , was a railway company established in 1891 that constructed a deep @-@ level underground " tube " railway in London . Construction of the CCE & HR was delayed for more than a decade while funding was sought . In 1900 it became a subsidiary of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) , controlled by American financier Charles Yerkes . The UERL quickly raised the funds , mainly from foreign investors . Various routes were planned , but a number of these were rejected by Parliament . Plans for tunnels under Hampstead Heath were authorised , despite opposition by many local residents who believed they would damage the ecology of the Heath . When opened in 1907 , the CCE & HR 's line served 16 stations and ran for 7 @.@ 67 miles ( 12 @.@ 34 km ) in a pair of tunnels between its southern terminus at Charing Cross and its two northern termini at Archway and Golders Green . Extensions in 1914 and the mid @-@ 1920s took the railway to Edgware and under the River Thames to Kennington , serving 23 stations over a distance of 14 @.@ 19 miles ( 22 @.@ 84 km ) . In the 1920s the route was connected to another of London 's deep @-@ level tube railways , the City and South London Railway ( C & SLR ) , and services on the two lines were merged into a single London Underground line , eventually called the Northern line . Within the first year of opening , it became apparent to the management and investors that the estimated passenger numbers for the CCE & HR and the other UERL lines had been over @-@ optimistic . Despite improved integration and cooperation with the other tube railways , and the later extensions , the CCE & HR struggled financially . In 1933 the CCE & HR and the rest of the UERL were taken into public ownership . Today , the CCE & HR 's tunnels and stations form the Northern line 's Charing Cross branch from Kennington to Camden Town , the Edgware branch from Camden Town to Edgware , and the High Barnet branch from Camden Town to Archway . = = Establishment = = = = = Origin , 1891 – 1893 = = = In November 1891 , notice was given of a private bill that would be presented to Parliament for the construction of the Hampstead , St Pancras & Charing Cross Railway ( HStP & CCR ) . The railway was planned to run entirely underground from Heath Street in Hampstead to Strand in Charing Cross . The route was to run beneath Hampstead High Street , Rosslyn Hill , Haverstock Hill and Chalk Farm Road to Camden Town and then under Camden High Street and Hampstead Road to Euston Road . The route then continued south , following Tottenham Court Road , Charing Cross Road and King William Street ( now William IV Street ) to Agar Street adjacent to Strand . North of Euston Road , a branch was to run eastwards from the main alignment under Drummond Street to serve the main line stations at Euston , St Pancras and King 's Cross . Stations were planned at Hampstead , Belsize Park , Chalk Farm , Camden Town , Seymour Street ( now part of Eversholt Street ) , Euston Road , Tottenham Court Road , Oxford Street , Agar Street , Euston and King 's Cross . Although a decision had not been made between the use of cable haulage or electric traction as the means of pulling the trains , a power station was planned on Chalk Farm Road close to the London and North Western Railway 's Chalk Farm station ( later renamed Primrose Hill ) which had a coal depot for deliveries . The promoters of the HStP & CCR were inspired by the recent success of the City and South London Railway ( C & SLR ) , the world 's first deep @-@ tube railway . This had opened in November 1890 and had seen large passenger numbers in its first year of operation . Bills for three similarly inspired new underground railways were also submitted to Parliament for the 1892 legislative session , and , to ensure a consistent approach , a Joint Select Committee was established to review the proposals . The committee took evidence on various matters regarding the construction and operation of deep @-@ tube railways , and made recommendations on the diameter of tube tunnels , method of traction , and the granting of wayleaves . After preventing the construction of the branch beyond Euston , the Committee allowed the HStP & CCR bill to proceed for normal parliamentary consideration . The rest of the route was approved and , following a change of the company name , the bill received royal assent on 24 August 1893 as the Charing Cross , Euston , and Hampstead Railway Act , 1893 . = = = Search for financing , 1893 – 1903 = = = Although the company had permission to construct the railway , it still had to raise the capital for the construction works . The CCE & HR was not alone ; four other new tube railway companies were looking for investors – the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway ( BS & WR ) , the Waterloo & City Railway ( W & CR ) and the Great Northern & City Railway ( GN & CR ) ( the three other companies that put forward bills in 1892 ) and the Central London Railway ( CLR , which had received assent in 1891 ) . Only the W & CR , which was the shortest line and was backed by the London and South Western Railway with a guaranteed dividend , was able to raise its funds without difficulty . For the CCE & HR and the rest , much of the remainder of the decade saw a struggle to find investors in an uninterested market . A share offer in April 1894 had been unsuccessful and in December 1899 only 451 out of the company 's 177 @,@ 600 £ 10 shares had been part sold to eight investors . Like most legislation of its kind , the act of 1893 imposed a time limit for the compulsory purchase of land and the raising of capital . To keep the powers granted by the act alive , the CCE & HR submitted a series of further bills to Parliament for extensions of time . Extensions were granted by the Charing Cross Euston and Hampstead Railway Acts , 1897 , 1898 , 1900 , and 1902 . A contractor was appointed in 1897 , but funds were not available and no work was started . In 1900 , foreign investors came to the rescue of the CCE & HR : American financier Charles Yerkes , who had been lucratively involved in the development of Chicago 's tramway system in the 1880s and 1890s , saw the opportunity to make similar investments in London . Starting with the purchase of the CCE & HR in September 1900 for £ 100 @,@ 000 , he and his backers purchased a number of the unbuilt tube railways , and the operational but struggling Metropolitan District Railway ( MDR ) . With the CCE & HR and the other companies under his control , Yerkes established the UERL to raise funds to build the tube railways and to electrify the steam @-@ operated MDR . The UERL was capitalised at £ 5 million with the majority of shares sold to overseas investors . Further share issues followed , which raised a total of £ 18 million ( equivalent to approximately £ 1 @.@ 74 billion today ) to be used across all of the UERL 's projects . = = = Deciding the route , 1893 – 1903 = = = While the CCE & HR raised money , it continued to develop the plans for its route . On 24 November 1894 , a bill was announced to purchase additional land for stations at Charing Cross , Oxford Street , Euston and Camden Town . This was approved as the Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway Act , 1894 on 20 July 1895 . On 23 November 1897 , a bill was announced to change the route of the line at its southern end to terminate under Craven Street on the south side of Strand . This was enacted as the Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway Act , 1898 on 25 July 1898 . On 22 November 1898 , the CCE & HR published another bill to add an extension and to modify part of the route . The extension was a branch from Camden Town to Kentish Town where a new terminus was planned as an interchange with the Midland Railway 's Kentish Town station . Beyond the terminus , the CCE & HR line was to come to the surface for a depot on vacant land to the east of Highgate Road ( occupied today by the Ingestre Road Estate ) . The modification changed the Euston branch by extending it northwards from Euston to connect to the main route at the south end of Camden High Street . The section of the main route between the two ends of the loop was omitted . Included in the bill were powers to purchase a site in Cranbourn Street for an additional station ( Leicester Square ) . It received royal assent as the Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway Act , 1899 on 9 August 1899 . On 23 November 1900 , the CCE & HR announced its most wide @-@ ranging modifications to the route . Two bills were submitted to Parliament , referred to as No. 1 and No. 2 . Bill No. 1 proposed the continuation of the railway north from Hampstead to Golders Green , the purchase of land and properties for stations and the construction of a depot at Golders Green . Also proposed were minor adjustments to route alignments previously approved . Bill No. 2 proposed two extensions : from Kentish Town to Brecknock Road , Archway Tavern , Archway Road and Highgate in the north and from Charing Cross to Parliament Square , Artillery Row and Victoria station in the south . The extension to Golders Green would take the railway out of the urban and suburban areas and into open farmland . While this provided a convenient site for the CCE & HR 's depot it is believed that underlying the decision was Yerkes ' plan to profit from the sale of development land previously purchased in the area that would rise in value when the railway opened . The CCE & HR 's two bills were submitted to Parliament at the same time as a large number of other bills for underground railways in the capital . As it had done in 1892 , Parliament established a joint committee under Lord Windsor to review the bills . By the time the committee had produced its report , the parliamentary session was almost over and the promoters of the bills were asked to resubmit them for the following 1902 session . Bills No. 1 and No. 2 were resubmitted in November 1901 together with a new bill – bill No. 3 . The new bill modified the route of the proposed extension to Golders Green and added a short extension running beneath Charing Cross main line station to the Victoria Embankment where it would provide an interchange with the existing MDR station ( then called Charing Cross ) . The bills were again examined by a joint committee , this time under Lord Ribblesdale . The sections which dealt with the proposed north @-@ eastern extension from Archway Tavern to Highgate and the southern extension from Charing Cross to Victoria were deemed to not comply with parliamentary standing orders and were struck @-@ out . = = = = Hampstead Heath controversy = = = = A controversial element of the CCE & HR 's plans was the extension of the railway to Golders Green . The route of the tube tunnels took the line under Hampstead Heath and strong opposition was raised , concerned about the effect that the tunnels would have on the ecology of the Heath . The Hampstead Heath Protection Society claimed that the tunnels would drain the sub @-@ soil of water and the vibration of passing trains would damage trees . Taking its lead from the Society 's objections , The Times published an alarmist article on 25 December 1900 claiming that " a great tube laid under the heath will , of course , act as a drain ; and it is quite likely that the grass and gorse and trees on the Heath will suffer from the loss of moisture ... Moreover , it seems to be established beyond question that the trains passing along these deep @-@ laid tubes shake the earth to its surface , and the constant jar and quiver will probably have a serious effect upon the trees by loosening their roots . " In fact , the tunnels were to be excavated at a depth of more than 200 feet ( 61 m ) below the surface , the deepest of any on the London Underground . In his presentation to the joint committee , the CCE & HR 's counsel disparagingly refuted the objections : " Just see what an absurd thing ! Disturbance of the water when we are 240 feet down in the London clay – about the most impervious thing you can possibly find ; almost more impervious than granite rock ! And the vibration on this railway is to shake down timber trees ! Could anything be more ludicrous than to waste the time of the Committee in discussing such things presented by such a body ! " A second railway company , the Edgware & Hampstead Railway ( E & HR ) , also had a bill before Parliament which proposed tunnels beneath the Heath as part of its planned route between Edgware and Hampstead . The E & HR had planned to connect to the CCE & HR at Hampstead but , to avoid the needless duplication of tunnels between Golders Green and Hampstead , the two companies agreed that the E & HR would instead connect to the CCE & HR at Golders Green . The Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead had initially objected to the line but gave consent on the condition that a station be constructed between Hampstead and Golders Green to provide access for visitors to the Heath . A new station was added to the plans at the northern edge of the Heath at North End where it could also serve a new residential development planned for the area . Once Parliament was satisfied that the extension would not damage the Heath , the CCE & HR bills jointly received royal assent on 18 November 1902 as the Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway Act , 1902 . On the same date , the E & HR bill received its assent as the Edgware and Hampstead Railway Act , 1902 . = = = Construction , 1902 – 1907 = = = With the funds available from the UERL and the route decided , the CCE & HR started site demolitions and preparatory works in July 1902 . On 21 November 1902 , the CCE & HR published another bill which sought compulsory purchase powers for additional buildings for its station sites , planned the take @-@ over of the E & HR and abandoned the permitted but redundant section of the line from Kentish Town to the proposed depot site near Highgate Road . This bill was approved as the Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway Act , 1903 on 21 July 1903 . Tunnelling began in September 1903 . Stations were provided with surface buildings designed by architect Leslie Green in the UERL house @-@ style . This consisted of two @-@ storey steel @-@ framed buildings faced with red glazed terracotta blocks with wide semi @-@ circular windows on the upper floor . Each station was provided with two or four lifts and an emergency spiral staircase in a separate shaft . While construction proceeded , the CCE & HR continued to submit bills to Parliament . The Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway Act , 1904 , which received assent on 22 July 1904 , granted permission to buy additional land for the station at Tottenham Court Road , for a new station at Mornington Crescent and for changes at Charing Cross . The Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway Act , 1905 received assent on 4 August 1905 . It dealt mainly with the acquisition of the subsoil under part of the forecourt of the South Eastern Railway 's Charing Cross station so that the CCE & HR 's station could be excavated during the 3 months closure following the recent roof collapse . The sale of the building land at North End to conservationists to form the Hampstead Heath extension in 1904 , meant a reduction in the number of residents who might use the station there . Work continued below ground at a reduced pace , and the platform tunnels and some passenger circulation tunnels were excavated , but North End station was abandoned in 1906 before the lift and stair shafts were dug and before a surface building was constructed . Tunnelling was completed in December 1905 , after which work continued on the construction of the station buildings and the fitting @-@ out of the tunnels with tracks and signalling equipment . As part of the UERL group , the CCE & HR obtained its electricity from the company 's Lots Road Power Station , originally built for the electrification of the MDR ; the proposed Chalk Farm generating station was not built . The final section of the approved route between Charing Cross and the Embankment was not constructed , and the southern terminus on opening was Charing Cross . After a period of test running , the railway was ready to open in 1907 . = = Opening = = The CCE & HR was the last of the UERL 's three tube railways to open and was advertised as the " Last Link " . The official opening on 22 June 1907 was made by David Lloyd George , President of the Board of Trade , after which the public travelled free for the rest of the day . From its opening , the CCE & HR was generally known by the abbreviated names Hampstead Tube or Hampstead Railway and the names appeared on the station buildings and on contemporary maps of the tube lines . The railway had stations at : Charing Cross Leicester Square Oxford Street ( now Tottenham Court Road ) Tottenham Court Road ( now Goodge Street ) Euston Road ( now Warren Street ) Euston Mornington Crescent Camden Town Golders Green branch Chalk Farm Belsize Park Hampstead Golders Green Highgate branch South Kentish Town ( closed 1924 ) Kentish Town Tufnell Park Highgate ( now Archway ) The service was provided by a fleet of carriages manufactured for the UERL by the American Car and Foundry Company and assembled at Trafford Park in Manchester . These carriages were built to the same design used for the BS & WR and the GNP & BR and operated as electric multiple unit trains without the need for separate locomotives . Passengers boarded the trains via folding lattice gates at each end of cars which were operated by Gate @-@ men who rode on the outside platform and announced station names as trains arrived . The design became known on the Underground as the 1906 stock or Gate stock . = = Co @-@ operation and consolidation , 1907 – 1910 = = Despite the UERL 's success in financing and constructing the Hampstead Railway in only seven years , its opening was not the financial success that had been expected . In the Hampstead Tube 's first twelve months of operation it carried 25 million passengers , just half of the 50 million that had been predicted during the planning of the line . The UERL 's pre @-@ opening predictions of passenger numbers for its other new lines proved to be greatly over @-@ optimistic , as did the improvement in passenger numbers expected on the newly electrified MDR – in each case achieving only around fifty per cent of their targets . The lower than expected passenger numbers were partly due to competition between the tube and sub @-@ surface railway companies , but the introduction of electric trams and motor buses , replacing slower , horse @-@ drawn road transport , took a large number of passengers away from the trains . The problem was not limited to the UERL ; all of London 's seven tube lines and the sub @-@ surface MDR and Metropolitan Railway were affected to a degree and the reduced revenues generated from the lower numbers of passengers made it difficult for the UERL and the other railways to pay back the capital borrowed and pay dividends to shareholders . In an effort to improve the financial situation , the UERL together with the C & SLR , the CLR and the GN & CR began , from 1907 , to introduce fare agreements . From 1908 , they began to present themselves through common branding as the Underground . The W & CR was the only tube railway that did not participate in the arrangement as it was owned by the mainline London and South Western Railway . The UERL 's three tube railway companies were still legally separate entities with their own management and shareholder and dividend structures . There was duplicated administration between the three companies and , to streamline the management and reduce expenditure , the UERL announced a bill in November 1909 that would merge the Hampstead Tube , the Piccadilly Tube and the Bakerloo Tube into a single entity , the London Electric Railway ( LER ) , although the lines retained their own individual branding . The bill received assent on 26 July 1910 as the London Electric Railway Amalgamation Act , 1910 . = = Extensions = = = = = Embankment , 1910 – 1914 = = = In November 1910 , the LER published notice of a bill to revive the unused 1902 permission to continue the line from Charing Cross to Embankment . The extension was planned as a single tunnel , running in a loop under the Thames , connecting the ends of the two existing tunnels . Trains were to run in one direction around the loop stopping at a single @-@ platform station constructed to provide an interchange with the BS & WR and MDR at Embankment station . The bill received assent as the London Electric Railway Act , 1911 on 2 June 1911 . The loop was constructed from a large excavation north @-@ west of the MDR station and was connected to the sub @-@ surface line with escalators . The station opened on 6 April 1914 as : Charing Cross ( Embankment ) ( now Embankment ) = = = Hendon and Edgware , 1902 – 1924 = = = In the decade after the E & HR received royal assent for its route from Edgware to Hampstead , the company continued to search for finance and revised its plans in conjunction both with the CCE & HR and a third railway company , the Watford & Edgware Railway ( W & ER ) which had plans to build a line linking the E & HR to Watford . Following the enactment of the Watford and Edgware Railway Act , 1906 , the W & ER briefly took over the powers of the E & HR to construct the line from Golders Green to Edgware . Struggling to find funds , the W & ER attempted a formal merger with the E & HR through a bill submitted to Parliament in 1906 , with the intention of constructing and operating the whole of the route from Golders Green to Watford as a light railway but the bill was rejected by Parliament and , when the W & ER 's powers lapsed , control returned to the CCE & HR . The E & HR company had remained in existence and had obtained a series of acts to preserve and develop its plans . The Edgware and Hampstead Railway Acts , 1905 , 1909 and 1912 granted extensions of time , approved changes to the route , gave permissions for viaducts and a tunnel and allowed the closure and re @-@ routeing of roads to be crossed by the railway 's tracks . It was intended that the CCE & HR would provide and operate the trains and this was formalised by the London Electric Railway Act , 1912 , which approved the LER 's take over of the E & HR . No immediate effort was made to start the works and they were postponed indefinitely when World War I started . With wartime restrictions in place , construction work for the railway was prevented . Yearly extensions to the earlier E & HR acts were granted under special wartime powers each year from 1916 until 1922 , giving a final date by which compulsory purchases had to be made of 7 August 1924 . Although the permissions had been maintained , the UERL could not raise the money needed for the works . Construction costs had increased considerably during the war years and the returns produced by the company could not cover the cost of repaying loans . The project was made possible when the government introduced the Trade Facilities Act , 1921 by which the Treasury underwrote loans for public works as a means of alleviating unemployment . With this support , the UERL raised the funds and work began on extending the Hampstead tube to Edgware . The UERL group 's Managing Director / Chairman , Lord Ashfield , ceremonially cut the first sod to begin the works at Golders Green on 12 June 1922 . The extension crossed farmland , meaning it could be constructed on the surface more easily and cheaply than a deep tube line below the surface . A viaduct was constructed across the Brent valley and a short section of tunnel was required at The Hyde , Hendon . Stations were designed in a suburban pavilion style by the UERL 's architect Stanley Heaps . The first section opened on 19 November 1923 with stations at : Brent ( now Brent Cross ) Hendon Central The remainder of the extension opened on 18 August 1924 with stations at : Colindale Burnt Oak ( opened 27 October 1924 ) Edgware = = = Kennington , 1922 – 1926 = = = On 21 November 1922 , the LER announced a bill for the 1923 parliamentary session . It included the proposal to extend the line from its southern terminus to the C & SLR 's station at Kennington where an interchange would be provided . The bill received royal assent as the London Electric Railway Act , 1923 on 2 August 1923 . The work involved the rebuilding of the below ground parts of the CCE & HR 's former terminus station to enable through running and the loop tunnel was abandoned . Tunnels were extended under the Thames to Waterloo station and then to Kennington where two additional platforms were constructed to provide the interchange to the C & SLR . Immediately south of Kennington station , the CCE & HR tunnels connected to those of the C & SLR . The new service was opened on 13 September 1926 to coincide with the opening of the extension of the C & SLR to Morden . The Charing Cross to Kennington link had stations at : Waterloo Kennington The C & SLR had been under the control of the UERL since its purchase by the group in 1913 . An earlier connection between the CCE & HR and the C & SLR had been opened in 1924 linking the C & SLR 's station at Euston with the CCE & HR 's at Camden Town . With the opening of the Kennington extension , the two railways began to operate as an integrated service using the newly built Standard Stock trains . On tube maps the combined lines were shown in a single colour although the separate names continued in use into the 1930s . = = Move to public ownership , 1923 – 1933 = = Despite improvements made to other parts of the network , the Underground railways were still struggling to make a profit . The UERL 's ownership of the highly profitable London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) since 1912 had enabled the UERL group , through the pooling of revenues , to use profits from the bus company to subsidise the less profitable railways . However , competition from numerous small bus companies during the early 1920s eroded the profitability of the LGOC and had a negative impact on the profitability of the whole UERL group . In an effort to protect the UERL group 's income Lord Ashfield lobbied the government for regulation of transport services in the London area . Starting in 1923 , a series of legislative initiatives were made in this direction , with Ashfield and Labour London County Councillor ( later MP and Minister of Transport ) Herbert Morrison , at the forefront of debates as to the level of regulation and public control under which transport services should be brought . Ashfield aimed for regulation that would give the UERL group protection from competition and allow it to take substantive control of the LCC 's tram system ; Morrison preferred full public ownership . After seven years of false starts , a bill was announced at the end of 1930 for the formation of the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) , a public corporation that would take control of the UERL , the Metropolitan Railway and all bus and tram operators within an area designated as the London Passenger Transport Area . The Board was a compromise – public ownership but not full nationalisation – and came into existence on 1 July 1933 . On this date , the LER and the other Underground companies were liquidated . = = Legacy = = For a history of the line after 1933 see Northern line Finding a suitable name for the combined CCE & HR and C & SLR routes proved a challenge for the LPTB and a number of variations were used including Edgware , Morden & Highgate Line in 1933 and Morden @-@ Edgware Line in 1936 . In 1937 , Northern line was adopted in preparation for the uncompleted Northern Heights plan . Today , the Northern line is the busiest on the London Underground system , carrying 206 @.@ 7 million passengers annually , a level of usage which led it to be known as the Misery line during the 1990s due to overcrowding and poor reliability . = Cultivated plant taxonomy = Cultivated plant taxonomy is the study of the theory and practice of the science that identifies , describes , classifies , and names cultigens — those plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity . Cultivated plant taxonomists do , however , work with all kinds of plants in cultivation . Cultivated plant taxonomy is one part of the study of horticultural botany which is mostly carried out in botanical gardens , large nurseries , universities , or government departments . Areas of special interest for the cultivated plant taxonomist include : searching for and recording new plants suitable for cultivation ( plant hunting ) ; communicating with and advising the general public on matters concerning the classification and nomenclature of cultivated plants and carrying out original research on these topics ; describing the cultivated plants of particular regions ( horticultural floras ) ; maintaining databases , herbaria and other information about cultivated plants . Much of the work of the cultivated plant taxonomist is concerned with the naming of plants as prescribed by two plant nomenclatural Codes . The provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( Botanical Code ) serve primarily scientific ends and the objectives of the scientific community , while those of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ( Cultivated Plant Code ) are designed to serve both scientific and utilitarian ends by making provision for the names of plants used in commerce — the cultigens that have arisen in agriculture , forestry and horticulture . These names , sometimes called variety names , are not in Latin but are added onto the scientific Latin names , and they assist communication among the community of foresters , farmers and horticulturists . The history of cultivated plant taxonomy can be traced from the first plant selections that occurred during the agrarian Neolithic Revolution to the first recorded naming of human plant selections by the Romans . The naming and classification of cultigens followed a similar path to that of all plants until the establishment of the first Cultivated Plant Code in 1953 which formally established the cultigen classification category of cultivar . Since that time the classification and naming of cultigens has followed its own path . = = Distinctive characteristics = = Cultivated plant taxonomy has been distinguished from the taxonomy of other plants in at least five ways . Firstly , there is a distinction made according to where the plants are growing — that is , whether they are wild or cultivated . This is alluded to by the Cultivated Plant Code which specifies in its title that it is dealing with cultivated plants . Secondly , a distinction is made according to how the plants originated . This is indicated in Principle 2 of the Cultivated Plant Code which defines the scope of the Code as " ... plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to the intentional actions of mankind " — plants that have evolved under natural selection with human assistance.Thirdly , cultivated plant taxonomy is concerned with plant variation that requires the use of special classification categories that do not conform with the hierarchy of ranks implicit in the Botanical Code , these categories being the cultivar , Group and grex ( which are only loosely equivalent to ranks in the Botanical Code ) . This feature is also referred to in the Preamble to the Cultivated Plant Code which states that " The purpose of giving a name to a taxon is not to indicate its characters or history , but to supply a means of referring to it and to indicate to which category it is assigned . " Fourthly , cultivated plant taxonomy serves a particular community of people : the Botanical Code focuses on the needs of plant taxonomists as they attempt to maintain order and stability for the scientific names of all plants , while the Cultivated Plant Code caters for the needs of people requiring names for plants used in the commercial world of agriculture , forestry and horticulture . Finally , the difference between cultivated plant taxonomy and the taxonomy of other plants has been attributed to the purpose for which the taxonomy has been devised , it being plant @-@ centred in the Botanical Code and human @-@ centred in the Cultivated Plant Code . = = Scientific and anthropocentric classification = = The key activities of cultivated plant taxonomy relate to classification ( taxonomy ) and naming ( nomenclature ) . The rules associated with naming plants are separate from the methods , principles or purposes of classification , except that the units of classification , the taxa , are placed in a nested hierarchy of ranks – like species within genera , and genera within families . There are three classification categories used in the Cultivated Plant Code , the cultivar and the Group and the grex , but they are only loosely equivalent to ranks in the Botanical Code . From the time of the ancient world , at least , plants have been classified in two ways . On the one hand there is the detached academic , philosophical or scientific interest in plants themselves : this groups plants by their relationship to one another according to their similarities and differences in structure and function . Then there is the practical , utilitarian or anthropocentric interest which groups plants according to their human use . Cultivated plant taxonomy is concerned with the special classification categories needed for the plants of agriculture , horticulture and forestry as regulated by the Cultivated Plant Code . This Code serves not only the scientific interests of formal nomenclature , it also caters for the special utilitarian needs of people dealing with the plants of commerce . Those cultigens given names governed by the Cultivated Plant Code fulfill three criteria : they have special features considered of sufficient importance to warrant a name ; the special features are the result of deliberate human breeding or selection and are not found in wild populations ( except in rare cases where the special features represent desirable part of natural variation found in wild populations that is not covered by a scientific name ) ; it is possible to perpetuate the desirable features by propagation in cultivation . The terms cultigen and cultivar may be confused with each other . Cultigen is a general @-@ purpose term for plants that have been deliberately altered or specially selected by humans , while cultivar is a formal classification category . Cultigens include not only plants with cultivar names but also those with names in the classification categories of grex and Group . The Cultivated Plant Code points out that cultigens are : deliberately selected plants that may have arisen by intentional or accidental hybridization in cultivation , by selection from existing cultivated stocks , or from variants within wild populations that are maintained as recognizable entities solely by continued propagation . Included within the group of plants known as cultigens are genetically modified plants , plants with binomial Latin names that are the result of ancient human selection , and any plants that have been altered by humans but which have not been given formal names . In practice most cultigens are cultivars . The following account of the historical development of cultivated plant taxonomy traces the way cultigens have arisen and been incorporated into botanical science ; it also demonstrates how two approaches to plant nomenclature and classification have led to the present @-@ day International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants and International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants . = = Historical development = = The history of cultigen nomenclature has been discussed by William T. Stearn and Brandenberg , Hetterscheid and Berg . It has also been examined from a botanical perspective and from the origin of the Cultivated Plant Code in 1953 until 2004 . The early development of cultigen taxonomy follows that of plant taxonomy in general as the early listing and documentation of plants made little distinction between those that were anthropogenic and those that were natural wild kinds . Formal botanical nomenclature and classification evolved from the simple binomial system of folk taxonomy and it was not until the mid @-@ 19th century that the nomenclatural path of cultigens began to diverge from mainstream plant taxonomy . = = = 10 @,@ 000 to 400 BCE – plant domestication = = = William T. Stearn ( 1911 – 2001 ) , taxonomic botanist , classical scholar and author of the book Botanical Latin has commented that " cultivated plants [ cultigens ] are mankind 's most vital and precious heritage from remote antiquity " . Cultigens of our most common economic plants probably date back to the first settled communities of the Neolithic Revolution 10 @,@ 000 to 12 @,@ 000 years ago although their exact time and place of true origin will probably remain a mystery . In the Western world among the first cultigens would have been selections of the cereals wheat and barley that arose in the early settlements of the Fertile Crescent ( the fertile river valleys of the Nile , Tigris and Euphrates ) in the Western Mediterranean . Food plant selections would also have been made in the ten or so other centres of settlement that occurred around the world at this time . Confining crops to local areas gave rise to landraces ( selections that are highly adapted to local conditions ) although these are now largely replaced by modern cultivars . Cuttings are an extremely effective way of perpetuating desirable characters , especially of woody plants like grapes , figs and olives so it is not surprising that these are among the first known plant selections perpetuated in cultivation in the West . Migrating people would take their plant seeds and cuttings with them ; there is evidence of early Fertile Crescent cereal cultigens being transferred from Western Asia to surrounding lands . = = = 400 BCE to 1400 – the ancient world : Greco @-@ Roman influence to the Middle Ages = = = As early as the 5th century BCE the Greek philosopher Hippo expressed the opinion that cultigens ( as we call them now ) were produced from wild plants as the result of the care bestowed on them by man , a revolutionary view at a time when they were regarded as the special creation and gift of the gods . In devising ways of classifying organisms the philosopher Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BCE ) established the important idea of a fundamentum divisionis — the principle that groups can be progressively subdivided . This has been assumed in biological classification ever since and is congruent with the relatively recent idea of evolution as descent with modification . All biological classification follows this principle of groups within groups , known as a nested hierarchy , but this form of classification does not necessarily presuppose evolution . The earliest scientific ( rather than utilitarian ) approach to plants is attributed to Aristotle 's student Theophrastus ( 371 – 286 BCE ) , known as the " father of botany " . In his Enquiry into Plants Theophrastus described 480 kinds of plant , dividing the plant kingdom into trees , shrubs , undershrubs and herbs with further subdivision into wild and cultivated , flowering and non @-@ flowering , deciduous or evergreen . The utilitarian approach , classifying plants according to their medicinal properties , is exemplified by the work of Roman nobleman , scientist and historian , Pliny the Elder ( 29 – 79 CE ) author of Naturalis historiae . " Cultivars " listed here are named after people , places or special plant characteristics . Most notable is the work of Dioscorides ( ca.40 – ca.90 CE ) a Greek doctor who worked with the Roman army . His five @-@ volume Materia Medica was a forerunner of the herbal which led to the modern pharmacopoeia . This work was endlessly plagiarised by later herbals including those printed between about 1470 and 1670 CE : it listed 600 to 1000 different kinds of plants including the cultigens Gallica , Centifolia , the rose of uncertain origin known as Alba and other rose cultivars grown by the Romans . The first record of a named cultigen occurs in De Agri Cultura. written about 160 BCE by Roman statesman Cato the Elder ( 234 – 149 BCE ) in a list that includes 120 kinds ( cultivars ) of figs , grapes , apples and olives . The names are presented in a way that implies that they would have been familiar to fellow Romans . The " cultivar " names were mostly of one word and denoted the provenance of the cultivar ( the geographical origin of the place where the plant selections were made ) . Writers up to the 15th century added little to this early work . In the Middle Ages the book of hours , early herbals , illuminated manuscripts and economic records indicate that plants grown by the Romans found their way into monastery gardens . For example , in 827 CE the following herbs were mentioned in the poem Hortulus by Walafrid Strabo as growing in the monastery garden of St Gallen in Switzerland : sage , rue , southernwood , wormwood , horehound , fennel , German iris , lovage , chervil , Madonna lily , opium poppy , clary , mint , betony , agrimony , catmint , radish , gallica rose , bottle gourd and melon . It seems likely that aromatic and culinary herbs were quite widespread and similar lists of plants occur in records of plants grown in Villa gardens at the time of Charlemagne ( 742 – 814 CE ) . = = = 1400 to 1700 – Renaissance , imperial expansion , herbals = = = The revival of learning during the Renaissance reinvigorated the study of plants and their classification . From about 1400 CE European expansion established Latin as the common language of scholars and it was adopted for biological nomenclature . Then , from about 1500 CE , the publication of herbals ( books often illustrated with woodcuts describing the appearance , medicinal properties , and other characteristics of plants used in herbal medicine ) extended the formal documentation of plants and by the late 16th century the number of different plant kinds described in Europe had risen to about 4 @,@ 000 . In 1623 Gaspard Bauhin published his Pinax theatre botanici an attempt at a comprehensive compilation of all plants known at that time : it included about 6000 kinds . The combined works of a German physician and botanist Valerius Cordus ( 1515 – 1544 CE ) which were published in 1562 included many named " cultivars " including 30 apples and 49 pears , presumably local German selections . English herbalist John Parkinson 's Paradisi in Sole ... ( 1629 ) lists 57 apple " cultivars " , 62 pears , 61 plums , 35 cherries and 22 peaches . With increasing trade in economic and medicinal plants the need for a more comprehensive classification system increased . Up to about 1650 CE plants had been grouped either alphabetically or according to utilitarian folk taxonomy – by their medicinal uses or whether they were trees , shrubs or herbs . Between 1650 and 1700 CE there was a move from the utilitarian back to a scientific natural classification based on the characters of the plants themselves . = = = 1700 to 1750 – dawn of scientific classification = = = In 1700 French botanist J.P. de Tournefort although still using the broad groupings of " trees " and " herbs " for flowering plants , began to use flower characteristics as distinguishing features and , most importantly , provided a clear definition of the genus as a basic unit of classification . In Institutiones Rei Herbariae he listed about 10 @,@ 000 different plants , which he called species , organised into 698 genera with illustrations . The establishment of this precursor of scientific classification vastly improved the organisation of plant variation into approximately equivalent groups or ranks and many of his genera were later taken up by Carl Linnaeus . There was still at this time no common agreement on the way to present plant names so they ranged in length from one word to lengthy descriptive sentences . As the number of recorded plants increased this naming system became more unwieldy . In England the tradition of documenting garden plants was established long before Linnaeus ' Species Plantarum starting with the herbals , but the most prominent early chronicler was Philip Miller ( 1691 – 1771 ) who was a master gardener in charge of the Chelsea Physic Garden in London from 1722 to 1770 . New plants were coming into Western Europe from southern Europe and the overseas colonies of the Dutch , British and French . These new plants came largely to the botanic gardens of Amsterdam , Leiden , Chelsea and Paris and they needed recording . In 1724 Miller produced a two @-@ volume compendium of garden plants called The Gardeners and Florists Dictionary or a complete System of Horticulture . The first edition was in 1724 , subsequently revised and enlarged until the last and 8th edition in 1768 by which time he had adopted Linnaean binomials . For a while this publication was taken as the starting point for " horticultural " nomenclature equivalent to Linnaeus ' Species Plantarum which is now taken as the starting point for botanical nomenclature in general . Miller 's Dictionary was the first of many English horticultural compendia whose history has been traced by William Stearn . = = = 1750 to 1800 – Linnaeus and binomial nomenclature = = = In the early 18th century colonial expansion and exploration created a demand for the description of thousands of new organisms . This highlighted difficulties in communication about plants , the replication of their descriptions , and the importance of an agreed way of presenting , publishing and applying their names . It was the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus who finally put order into this situation as he attempted to name all the known organisms of his day . In 1735 his Systema Naturae , which included animals ( the tenth edition became the starting point for zoological nomenclature ) was followed by Critica Botanica in 1737 , and Philosophia Botanica in 1751 . But it was his most comprehensive work on plants , the 1753 publication Species Plantarum that formalised the name of a genus with a single epithet to form the name of a species as two words , the binomial thus making secure the biological system of binomial nomenclature . In these works Linnaeus used a third name as a variety within a species . These varieties included both wild and horticultural variants . The horticultural varieties were still written in Latin and some have persisted to this day . Linnaeus had very definite and uncomplimentary views about cultigens , regarding them as inferior plants for the amusement of those people he disparagingly called anthophiles ( flower @-@ lovers ) ; these were plants not deserving the attention of serious botanists . His views revealed both his prejudice , his stance on special creation , and his recognition of the difficulties entailed in cultivated plant taxonomy : = = = 1800 to 1900 – global plant trade = = = The natural distribution of plants across the world has determined when and where cultigens have been produced . The botanical and horticultural collection of economically important plants , including ornamentals , was based in Europe . Although economic herbs and spices had a long history in trade , and there are good records of cultivar distribution by the Romans , European botanical and horticultural exploration rapidly increased in the 19th century with the colonial expansion taking place at the time . New plants were brought back to Europe while , at the same time , valuable economic plants , including those from the tropics , were distributed among the colonies . This plant trade has provided the common global heritage of economic and ornamental cultigens that we use today and which formed the stock for modern plant selection , breeding , and genetic engineering . The plant exchange that occurred as a result of European trade can be divided into several phases : to 1560 mostly within Europe 1560 – 1620 Near East ( esp. bulbous plants from Turkey – " tulipomania " ) 1620 – 1686 Canada and Virginia herbaceous plants 1687 – 1772 Cape of South Africa 1687 – 1772 North American trees and shrubs 1772 – 1820 Australia , Tasmania , New Zealand 1820 – 1900 Tropical glasshouse plants ; hardy Japanese plants 1900 – 1930 West China 1930 Intensive breeding and selection programs = = = 1900 to 1950 – the Botanical Code and cultigen nomenclature = = = As the community of people dealing with the cultigens of commerce grew so , once again , the divergence between taxonomy serving scientific purposes and utilitarian taxonomy meeting human needs re @-@ emerged . In 1865 German botanist Karl Koch , who became General Secretary of the Berlin Horticultural Society , expressed resentment at the continued use of Latin for cultigen names . Many proposals to deal with this were made , perhaps the most prominent being the Lois de la nomenclature botanique submitted in 1867 to the fourth Horticultural and Botanical Congress by Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle who , in Article 40 stated : " Seedlings , half @-@ breeds ( métis ) of unknown origin or sports should receive from horticulturists fancy names ( noms de fantaisie ) in common language , as distinct as possible from the Latin names of species or varieties . " This Article , making provision for the cultigens of horticultural nomenclature was to remain in the Botanical Code ( with a minor amendment in 1935 suggesting the use of the letter ' c ' before the horticultural name and antedating formal recognition of the cultivar ) through 1906 , 1912 and 1935 until the separation , in 1953 , of the Horticultural Code , precursor to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ( Cultivated Plant Code ) . In 1900 there was the first International Botanical Congress and in 1905 at the second Congress in Vienna an agreed set of nomenclatural rules was established , the Vienna Rules , which became known from then on as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( now the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ) . After World War II the responsibility for the Botanical Code was taken up by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy and meetings to discuss revisions are held at six @-@ yearly intervals , the latest being in 2005 In horticulture at this time there existed all the problems that had confronted botanists in the 19th century – a plethora of names of various length , written and published in many languages with much duplication . The period between 1867 and 1953 was an uneasy time in which American horticulturists and other groups in Europe , such as the specialist orchid community , made attempts to put order into this chaos within their particular group of interest and devising their own rules for naming the plants of commerce . Friedrich Alefeld ( 1820 – 1872 ) , who used Latin variety names , in a monographic study of beans , lentils and other legumes distinguished three infraspecific taxonomic categories : Unterart ( subspecies ) , Varietäten Gruppe and Kultur @-@ Varietät , all with Latin names . In doing this he was probably laying the ground for the later establishment of the cultigen classification categories cultivar and Group . In conjunction with the Brussels International Botanical Congress of 1910 there was an International Horticultural Congress having a horticultural nomenclature component . As a result of general dissatisfaction and a submission from the Royal Horticultural Society the Règles de Nomenclature Horticole was established . The use of simple descriptive Latin names ( e.g. compactus , nanus , prostratus ) for horticultural variants was accepted and so too were names in the local language – which were not to be translated and should preferably consist of one word and a maximum of three . This first Horticultural Code consisted of 16 Articles . With the intercession of a World War I it was not until the 9th Horticultural Congress in London in 1930 that the rules of a Horticulture Nomenclature Committee were agreed and added as an appendix to the 1935 Botanical Code . The rules established in 1935 were accepted but needed to be extended to include the cultigens of agriculture and forestry , but it was only a result of discussions at the 1950 International Botanical Congress in Stockholm and the 18th International Horticultural Congress in London in 1952 the first International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants was published in 1953 . The American horticultural botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey was responsible for coining the word cultigen in 1918 and cultivar in 1923 , the word cultivar only coming into general circulation with the new Code of 1953 . The use of these two terms belies the multitude of classification terms and categories that had been suggested as designations for cultigens . = = = 1953 – the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants = = = The first Cultivated Plant Code ( Wageningen ) , which was published in 1953 , has been followed by eight subsequent editions – in 1958 ( Utrecht ) , 1961 ( update of 1958 ) , 1969 ( Edinburgh ) , 1980 ( Seattle ) , 1995 ( Edinburgh ) , 2004 ( Toronto ) and 2009 ( Wageningen ) . Following the structure of the Botanical Code the Cultivated Plant Code is set out in the form of an initial set of Principles followed by Rules and Recommendations that are subdivided into Articles . Amendments to the Cultivated Plant Code are prompted by international symposia for cultivated plant taxonomy which allow for rulings made by the International Commission on the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants . Each new Cultivated Plant Code includes a summary of the changes made to the previous version and these have also been summarised for the period 1953 to 1995 . = = International Association for Cultivated Plant Taxonomy = = Recent concerns have focused on international communication on cultivated plant taxonomy , organisation of international symposia , and general communication on topics of interest . In 1988 a Horticultural Taxonomy Group ( Hortax ) was formed in the UK and a parallel organisation , the Nomenclature and Registration Working Group of the Vaste Keurings Commissie in the Netherlands . One development promoting discussion was the newsletter Hortax News which was superseded in February 2006 by the first issue of Hanburyana , a journal produced by the Royal Horticultural Society in London and dedicated to horticultural taxonomy . This filled a gap left when the American journal Baileya ceased publication in the early 1990s . Another development was the launch , in 2007 , at the Sixth Symposium on the Taxonomy of Cultivated Plants at Wageningen of the International Association for Cultivated Plant Taxonomy . Hortax also publishes Plant Names : A Guide for Horticulturists , Nurserymen , Gardeners and Students . = = Presenting cultigen names = = Most cultigens have names consisting of a Latin name that is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants e.g. Malus domestica , to which is added a cultigen epithet , enclosed in single quotes e.g. Malus domestica ' Granny Smith ' . The formation and use of the three classification categories ( ranks ) used for cultigens , the cultivar , Group and grex , is regulated by the ICNCP . Examples of acceptable ways to present cultigen names are given below : Prunus serrata Sato @-@ zakura Group Prunus serrata ( Sato @-@ zakura Group ) ' Ojochin' Prunus ' Ojochin' Flowering cherry ' Ojochin' = = Contemporary issues = = Current challenges for cultivated plant taxonomists include : the use of large plant name databases ; ways of dealing with the use of non @-@ scientific names in commerce ( known as trade designations ) , especially for plant labels in nurseries ; intellectual property and plants ; adapting modern technology , in particular molecular techniques , to the creation and identification of cultivars ; maintaining germplasm collections of cultivars , including herbaria ; the recording and registration of cultivars . The ways in which the plant variation resulting from human activity is named and classified remains contentious . The replacement of the expression " cultivated plant " with the word " cultigen " is not universally accepted . The debate continues concerning the notions of ranks and taxa as applied to cultigens . Is it appropriate to call the highly modified transgenic products of human artificial selection " taxa " in the same way we do for the products of natural selection in the wild ? To overcome this difficulty the term culton ( pl. culta ) has been suggested to replace the word taxon when speaking about cultigens . Then , most " wild " plants fit neatly into the nested hierarchy of ranks used in Linnaean classification ( species into genera , genera into families etc . ) which aligns with Darwinian descent with modification . Choosing classification categories for cultigens is not clear @-@ cut . Included among cultigens are : simple selections taken from plants in the wild or in cultivation ; artificial hybrids produced both by accident and intention ; plants produced by genetic engineering ; clonal material reproduced by cuttings , grafting , budding , layering etc . ; graft @-@ chimaeras ; selections from the wild ; ancient selections of crops that date back thousands of years ; selections of aberrant growth such as witches brooms ; the results of deliberate repeatable single crosses between two pure lines to produce plants of a particular general appearance that is desirable for horticulture , but which are not genetically identical . The question remains as to whether the classification categories of cultivar , Group and grex are the most appropriate and efficient way to deal with this broad range of plant variation . = The Girls He Left Behind Him and The Iron Clad Lover = The Girls He Left Behind Him and The Iron Clad Lover are two 1910 American silent short comedies produced by the Thanhouser Company . Both films were originally released together on a single reel and are two distinct and separate subjects . The Girls He Left Behind Him focuses on a young man , Jack Redfern , who receives a letter from an old sweetheart of his . This prompts him to reminiscence about all the girls he has had affections for on the eve of his wedding . All the old sweethearts of his life then appear at his wedding to wish him well . The Iron Clad Lover concerns two suitors who are vying for the affections of Bessie . Tom , who plays a game of chess with her father , ends up quarreling with him and he is thrown out of the house . The next day , Tom attempts to bring flowers and candy for Bessie 's birthday , but is dismissed by the angry father . Tom decides to dress up in a suit of armor and ends up breaking a vase when trying to announce himself . The suit of armor is thrown out and Bessie and the other suitor chase down the junk dealer to free Tom from the suit of armor . Both films were released on December 9 , 1910 and were met with positive reviews by The Moving Picture World and The New York Dramatic Mirror . Both films are presumed lost . = = Plot = = Though the films are presumed lost , the synopsis of both film survive in The Moving Picture World from December 10 , 1910 . The plot of the The Girls He Left Behind Him follows Jack Redfern , a young bachelor , who is soon to be married . Jack receives a letter in feminine handwriting from an " old sweetheart " of his , stating how glad she is to hear of his approaching marriage . Jack goes through visions , remembering the various girls of his life and his interactions with each of them . Betty , Kate , Tootsie , Elizabeth , Clara , Jeanette , and Helen . According to the synopsis , the last vision he has is of all the old sweethearts of his waving good luck to him as he marries Mary . Though a review states that he awakes and is obliged to hurry to his wedding . Bowers believes the synopsis to be in error and that the film actually concluded with all the girls present at the wedding , rather than it being a " vision " . For the Iron Clad Lover : " Dick makes love to Bessie while Tom plays a game of chess with her father . Tom , naturally nervous , plays such a poor game that he and the old man quarrel and Tom is ordered from the house . Next day is Bessie 's birthday . Tom brings a bouquet and a box of candy . But he is turned away from the house and has the gifts thrown at his head by Bessie 's father . Dick arrives and is welcomed . Tom , in desperation , buys a suit of armor , puts it on and has himself delivered to the house as a present to Bessie . Dick finds out that Tom is inside the armor and makes life miserable for him , blowing cigar smoke through the visor and making love to Bessie . Tom , unable to stand this , tries to announce himself , but only succeeds in stumbling over and breaking a valuable vase . Bessie 's pa has the ' armor ' thrown out . Dick 's conscience makes him tell Bessie that Tom was in the armor and they started the rescue . They were horrified to learn that the old man has sold the armor to a junk dealer ; and Dick and Bessie have an exciting chase before the junk man is rounded up , when it takes combined efforts of a policeman , locksmith , and plumber to release Tom from his iron suit . " = = Production = = The writer of the scenarios are unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film directors are unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil and / or Lucius J. Henderson . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The cast credits of both films are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . = = Release and reception = = The Girls He Left Behind Him and The Iron Clad Lover were released together on a single reel , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet in length , on December 9 , 1910 . Both films are comedies , but Thanhouser advertisements refer to The Girls He Left Behind Him as a drama . The individual lengths of the reels are not known for certain , but the Thanhouser Company Film Preservation lists The Girls He Left Behind Him as being three @-@ quarters of a reel and The Iron Clad Lover as half a reel in length . This is listed as an approximation of the relative expected lengths of the production , which could have been about 625 feet and 400 feet in length and still be a single reel . Very few advertisements for the films have been found , but the films likely had a wide national release . One advertisement featuring both films was found in Missouri , but The Girls He Left Behind Him was advertised without its other half and with slightly different spellings in Wisconsin and another Missouri theater . Selig would release a similarly titled work The Girl He Left Behind in 1912 . The Girls He Left Behind Him received praise from the reviewer from The Moving Picture World who stated , " [ It is a ] comedy , not by any means original , but with a sentimental touch , ... this excellent film has placed in visible form these visions of the past which often haunt the middle aged or the younger person who about to take some important step . The mechanical work is well done and the audience follows the picture with interest . " The New York Dramatic Mirror also gave it faint praise by stating that " The picture has some novelty and interest . " For The Iron Clad Lover received minor praise from both publications for being a novel even if the story was impossible . = Bowes Castle = Bowes Castle was a medieval castle in the village of Bowes in County Durham , England . Built within the perimeter of the former Roman fort of Lavatrae , the early timber castle on the site was replaced by a more substantial stone structure between 1170 and 1174 on the orders of Henry II . A planned village was built alongside the castle . Bowes Castle withstood Scottish attack during the Great Revolt of 1173 @-@ 74 but was successfully looted by rebels in 1322 . The castle went into decline and was largely dismantled after the English Civil War . The ruins are now owned by English Heritage and run as a tourist attraction . = = History = = = = = 12th century = = = Bowes Castle was built within the ruins of the Roman fort of Lavatrae . The route was one of the few upland passes to link England and Scotland and had remained strategically important during the medieval period . The castle site lay within the Honour of Richmond , a grouping of lands traditionally owned by the Counts of Brittany during the early medieval period , but the land itself was a demesne estate , owned by the Crown . Around 1136 , Alan de Bretagne , the Count of Brittany , built a timber castle in the north @-@ west corner of the old fort . The use made of the older Roman fortification at Bowes was similar to that at the nearby castles of Brough and Malton . This castle was inherited by his son , Conan , and when he in turn died in 1171 , it was claimed by Henry II . Royal concerns over security led to Henry II investing heavily in a new castle structure on the site between 1171 and 1174 . It was unusual for a new royal castle to be built in this part of England during the 12th century , and Henry appears to have been driven by the military threat from Scotland before and during the Great Revolt of 1173 to 1174 . Henry II spent almost £ 600 on the castle between 1170 and 1187 , most of it in the first few years , rebuilding the older structure under the supervision of the Count of Brittany 's local tenants , Torfin , Osbert and Stephen of Barningham . The rebuilt castle featured a hall @-@ keep , an uncommon design in English castles ; built of stone , this was a three @-@ storied structure 82 feet ( 25 m ) long , 60 feet ( 18 m ) wide and 50 feet ( 15 m ) high . Internally the keep was divided to form a long hall and a solar and was lit by large , rounded windows . The keep had architectural similarities to various nearby castles in the region , but in particular to those at Middleham and Outhgill . A ditch formed an inner defensive bailey around the keep , with the ramparts of the old fort forming a larger , outer bailey . A mill , then an essential part of any castle , was built by the River Greta to supply flour for the garrison . The village of Bowes was built after the castle and formed a planned site running up to the castle , complete with a church and a market place ; this form of planned village is again unusual in England . In England , the Great Revolt against Henry 's rule involved a coalition of rebel barons , bolstered by support from the King of Scotland and European allies . William the Lion pushed south from Scotland in 1173 and Bowes Castle was damaged in the raids ; work was carried out in anticipation of further attacks the following year , including repairs to the chamber , gates and the construction of bulwarks around the keep . The next year William of Scotland directly besieged the castle , but was he forced to retreat after the arrival of a relief force led by Henry 's illegitimate son Geoffrey , then the Bishop of Lincoln . = = = 13th - 14th centuries = = = Henry II was successful in quelling the Great Revolt , imprisoning William the Lion until a peace treaty was agreed , extending Henry 's authority north into Scotland . In the subsequent years the security situation in the north of England improved significantly . King John gave control of Bowes Castle to Robert de Vieuxpont , an important administrator in the north , in 1203 and he retained control of the fortification until 1228 . John stayed there himself in 1206 and in 1212 , and the castle was also used briefly to hold John 's niece Eleanor of Brittany , who had been placed under the custody of Vieuxpont . Henry III granted it briefly to William de Blockley and Gilbert de Kirketon , until it was given to Duke Peter of Brittany in 1232 , and then to William de Valence . In 1241 Peter II , the Count of Savoy was made the Earl of Richmond and was then given Bowes by the king . The castle remained in the hands of the Earls of Richmond until 1322 , by when it was in a poor state of repair . Edward II then gave Bowes Castle to John de Scargill instead ; the local tenants of the Earl of Richmond rebelled and attacked the castle . The lord of the castle was away at the time , and the attackers burnt part of a hall , drank four tuns of wine and stole armour , springalds and other goods . Conflict with Scotland led to further raids against the castle and the surrounding manor ; the neighbouring fields were abandoned as a result and by 1340 the castle was in ruins and the manor worth nothing . = = = Later history = = = Still ruined , Bowes Castle was reclaimed by the Crown in 1361 ; between 1444 and 1471 it was controlled by the Neville family , powerful regional landowners , before reverting to the Crown once again . James I sold the castle in the early 17th century and the remaining fortifications were dismantled in the mid @-@ 17th century after the English Civil War . By 1928 , the castle was in a poor condition , with little interest being shown in it from locals or its owner , Lady Lorna Curzon @-@ Howe . Facing death duties on her estate , Curzon @-@ Howe agreed to pass the castle into the care of the Office of Works in 1931 . In the 21st century , the castle is controlled by English Heritage and operated as a tourist attraction . The ruins of the keep survive , largely intact , and are protected as a Grade I listed building and as a scheduled monument . = Mani Ratnam = Gopala Ratnam Subramaniam ( born 2 June 1955 ) , commonly known by his screen name Mani Ratnam , is an Indian film director , screenwriter , and producer who predominantly works in Tamil cinema . Cited by the media as one of India 's most acclaimed and influential filmmakers , Mani Ratnam is widely credited with revolutionising the Tamil film industry and altering the profile of Indian cinema . Although working in the mainstream medium , his films are noted for their realism , technical finesse , and craft . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri , acknowledging his contributions to film in 2002 . Despite being born into a film family , Mani Ratnam did not develop any interest towards films when he was young . Upon completion of his post graduation in management , he started his career as a consultant . He entered the film industry through the 1983 Kannada film Pallavi Anu Pallavi . The failure of his subsequent films would mean that he was left with little offers . However , his fifth directorial outing , Mouna Ragam ( 1986 ) , established him as a leading filmmaker in Tamil cinema . He followed that with the Godfatheresque Nayagan ( 1987 ) , which is regarded as a cult film over the years . Mani Ratnam is well known for his " Political trilogy " consisting of Roja ( 1992 ) , Bombay ( 1995 ) , and Dil Se .. ( 1998 ) . The commercial and critical success of Roja established him as a leading filmmaker in Indian cinema . Mani Ratnam is married to Tamil actress Suhasini and has a son with her . He has won several film awards , including six National Film Awards , Six Filmfare Awards South and three bollywood Filmfare Awards , and a few awards at various international film festivals . = = Early and personal life = = Mani Ratnam was born on 2 June 1955 , as the second child of a family that was closely associated with film production . His father S. Gopala Ratnam was a film distributor who worked for Venus Pictures , and his uncle " Venus " Krishnamurthy was a film producer . His elder brother G. Venkateswaran would go on to produce some of his films . His younger brother , G. Srinivasan , who like Venkateswaran would co @-@ produce some of his films . Mani Ratnam grew up in Madras ( now Chennai ) , along with his siblings and cousins in a joint @-@ family . Despite being a film family , the children were not allowed to watch films as the elders considered it a " taboo " . " As a youngster , films seemed like a waste of time " , he claimed in a 1994 interview ; however , he started watching films more actively when he was studying in the Besant Theosophical School , Adyar , Madras . During this time , he developed an admiration towards actors like Sivaji Ganesan and Nagesh , and watched all their films . By the time when he was 15 , he got to know about director K. Balachander , and became a fan of his . Upon completing his schooling , he graduated with a degree in commerce from the Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College , affiliated to the Madras University . Later , he did his Master of Business Administration in finance from Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies , Mumbai . After finishing his post @-@ graduation in 1977 , he was employed in a firm in Madras as a management consultant , and continued to work there for sometime . Mani is married to Suhasini , an established actress in South Indian cinema then . The two first met in 1988 and got married the same year . The couple have a son Nandhan ( born 1992 ) . The family resides in Alwarpet , Chennai , where he runs his production company , Madras Talkies . = = Film career = = = = = Beginnings : 1977 – 1983 = = = Mani Ratnam was not satisfied with his job as a consultant as he found it to be a mere extension of his academics . During this time his friend Ravi Shankar , son of director B. R. Panthulu , was in the process of making his first film , in Kannada . Mani Ratnam had accompanied Ravi Shankar along with another friend called Raman , son of filmmaker S. Balachander , to complete the script of the film . Mani Ratnam took a sabbatical from his job in order to ensure his participation in the making of the film . Being inexperienced , the makers were largely dependent upon the American Cinematographer magazine . The principal cast included Vishnuvardhan , Srinath , Ambarish , Lakshmi , and Roja Ramani . When the filming was about to begin in Kolar , Karnataka , Mani Ratnam left his consulting job and joined the crew . The film , however , did not take off and was eventually shelved . Nevertheless , he was firm in his idea of becoming a film @-@ maker . Although not pleased with the films made in Tamil cinema till then , he was " amazed " at P. Bharathiraja 's 16 Vayathinile ( 1977 ) , and J. Mahendran 's Mullum Malarum ( 1978 ) and Uthiripookkal ( 1979 ) . During this time , he befriended a group of people namely P. C. Sreeram , Santhana Bharathi , and P. Vasu , who shared common interests of entering into the film industry . With a script in hand , Mani Ratnam had an idea to either get a producer for his film or to narrate the script to a " celebrated " film @-@ maker , so that he could get a chance to work along with them and get to know about the various aspects involved in film @-@ making . He chose three directors — Balachander , Bharathiraja , and Mahendran . As the attempts to meet and convince all the three proved to be unsuccessful , he decided to look out for a producer . In the process , he along with P. C. Sreeram — who would collaborate with him in most of his future projects — met around 20 people ; however , all the efforts turned out to be unsuccessful . = = = Early years and struggle : 1983 – 1986 = = = Mani Ratnam developed a script — originally written in English — into a film and named it Pallavi Anu Pallavi . His uncle Krishnamurthy agreed to produce the film but imposed a condition that it should be made under a limited budget in Kannada , to which he agreed . As a debutant , Mani Ratnam wanted to make sure that the technical aspects of the film are good . He persuaded Balu Mahendra to do the cinematography as he found the latter 's work to be very impressive . He managed to get other crew members B. Lenin ( for editing ) , Thotta Tharani ( for art direction ) and Ilaiyaraaja ( for music composer music ) , all leading craftsmen in their respective fields then . For the male lead , he cast Anil Kapoor after watching his performance in the Telugu film Vamsa Vruksham ( 1980 ) . Lakshmi who was a leading actress then , was signed up as the female lead . The film explored the relationship between a young man and an older woman . Although an average grosser at the box @-@ office , the film fetched Mani Ratnam the Best Screenplay Award from the Karnataka State Government for the year 1983 . After watching Pallavi Anu Pallavi , N. G. John , a Malayalam film producer , offered him a chance to direct a film in Malayalam . Scripted by T. Damodaran , Unaru was about the corruption in labour unions of Kerala . The film was completed with in two months and got released in April 1984 . Mani Ratnam attributed the failure of the film to the conflict of interests that he and the producer had . Following this , he entered Tamil cinema when G. Thyagarajan of Sathya Jyothi Films offered him a chance to direct Pagal Nilavu ( 1985 ) . The film had Murali and Revathi playing lead roles . It was different from his previous two films in a way that it included dance sequences and a " comedy track " . However , the film turned out to be another failure for him . The same year , he directed another Tamil film Idaya Kovil , a romantic drama . He remodeled a ready made script on the lines of Charlie Chaplin 's Limelight ( 1952 ) . Described by himself as an unsatisfied work , the film was a major box @-@ office success . The phase between 1983 and 1986 was the toughest of his career with only Pallavi Anupallavi being a satisfiable film ; the rest three were done with a lot of " compromises " . = = = Breakthrough : 1986 – 1991 = = = In 1986 , Mani directed the Tamil romantic drama Mouna Ragam , which starred Revathi and Mohan . The film was critically acclaimed for portraying urban Tamils in a " realistic " manner . Specifically , it told the story of the friction between a newly @-@ wed couple . The score by Ilaiyaraaja was appreciated and became popular upon release . Mouna Raagam was subsequently dubbed into Telugu under the same title and became a hit in Andhra Pradesh as well . The film elevated Mani 's status as a director , and won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 34th National Film Awards . He won his first Filmfare Award for directing the film . In 1987 , Mani directed Nayagan starring Kamal Haasan , and the film became a huge success and brought him recognition at the national level . Inspired by the 1972 American crime film , The Godfather , the film was based on the real @-@ life story of underworld don Varadarajan Mudaliar , and tells the story of an orphaned slum @-@ dweller and his rise to top of the Mumbai underworld hierarchy , was included in Time magazine 's All @-@ Time 100 Greatest Movies in 2005 . Satyajit Ray 's The Apu Trilogy and Guru Dutt 's Pyaasa are the only other Indian films that have appeared in the list . Indian critics dubbed the film as India 's answer to The Godfather . Nayagan was both commercially successful and critically acclaimed winning three National Awards — Best Actor , Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction — at the 35th National Film Awards . The film was India 's official entry to the Oscars for Best Foreign Language Film at the 60th Academy Awards . Following these two commercial successes , Mani wrote and directed Agni Natchathiram in 1988 . The film deals with the story of step @-@ brothers played by Prabhu and Karthik and is notable for its use of new techniques in camera framework , especially during the songs . The film had a successful run in the box office . In 1989 , Mani opted to make his next project Geethanjali , his maiden venture in Telugu . Starring Nagarjuna in the lead role , the film told the story of an ill @-@ fated couple , both of whom are suffering from terminal diseases . Geethanjali was critically acclaimed and won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment in 1990 . In addition , it won the Best Director and Nandi Award for Best Story Writer for Mani . Mani maintained a momentum of making emotional stories of under @-@ served people through the film Anjali in 1990 , which starred Raghuvaran and told the story of an autistic child who changed the lives of people around her . The film proved to be a commercial success and was nominated as India 's official entry to the Oscars in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the 63rd Academy Awards . Following Anjali 's release , Mani later made another underworld @-@ themed Tamil film , Thalapathi ( 1991 ) , starring Rajinikanth and Mammootty . The film was an adaptation of Mahabharata , dealt with the friendship between Karna and Duryodhana portrayed by Rajinikanth and Mammmooty respectively . The film met with both critical acclaim and commercial success upon release . Ilaiyaraaja 's musical score and Mani 's work were highly appreciated as they both went on to win the Music Director and Best Director awards respectively at the 39th Filmfare Awards . = = = International acclaim : 1992 – 99 = = = With Thalapathi , Mani ended his long @-@ term association with music director Ilaiyaraaja , bringing in debutant music director A. R. Rahman to score his Tamil classic Roja ( 1992 ) . The venture was successful , earning Mani various awards . Roja , a romantic film , was about terrorism in the Kashmir region . Starring Arvind Swamy and Madhoo , it was nominated for the Golden St. George Award at the 18th Moscow International Film Festival . It became highly popular , gaining an iconic status in Indian cinema and was dubbed into other languages and met similar success in other regions . Mani took a more light @-@ hearted approach with his next film — Thiruda Thiruda ( 1993 ) . Scripted by Ram Gopal Varma , the film was a fun filled caper , which was a departure from Mani 's previous style and fared moderately well at the box office . Thiruda Thiruda was premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1994 . Mani again teamed up with Ram Gopal Varma to provide the screenplay for the latter 's Telugu film Gaayam , a socio @-@ politico film loosely based on The Godfather . In 1995 , Mani returned to Tamil language drama through Bombay starring Arvind Swamy and Manisha Koirala , which told the story of a Hindu @-@ Muslim couple in the midst of the 1993 religious Bombay riots and bombings . It was also the first Indian film to focus on marriage between Hindu and Muslim people . The film met with controversy and censorship upon release , was subsequently dubbed into Hindi and was commercially successful and appreciated by critics . It won a number of awards , such as Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration , Special Award from the Political Film Society , In the Spirit of Freedom Award at the Jerusalem International Film Festival and the Gala Award at the Edinburgh International Film Festival . Mani produced his wife 's directorial debut film , Indira , and the critical success Iruvar with Mohanlal , Aishwarya Rai , Tabu and Prakash Raj in the lead , his next film as director . Iruvar was honoured the Best Film at the " Festival of the Auteur Films " at the FEST film festival held in Belgrade . In 1998 came the third part of his " terrorism trilogy " , named Dil Se .. and starring Shahrukh Khan and Manisha Koirala , with the latter fabricating the second collaboration . It showed the relationship between a young man and a dangerous , disturbed woman . Although they fall in love , she is unable to take the romance further due to her bleak past . The soundtrack album , again composed by A. R. Rahman , gained mass appeal and gave Rahman his next Filmfare Award for Best Music Direction in 1999 . Unlike his previous two projects , Dil Se .. opened with well note among the film critics and the film poorly performed in the domestic market , despite being a success overseas . It was screened in many international film festivals , and won the Netpac award ( Ex @-@ Aqueo ) in the Berlin International Film Festival . In 2000 , Mani directed the romantic drama Alaipayuthey that starred R. Madhavan and Shalini . The film focussed on marriage and explored relationships and their consequences , and garnered critical recognition . It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival . Along with Vasanth , he was instrumental in organizing Netru , Indru , Naalai , a stage musical that marked the first theatre production , with numerous other artistes , to aid The Banyan , an organization that rehabilitates women and children with mental illness . = = = Kannathil Muthamittal and onwards : 2002 – present = = = Mani 's next film , Kannathil Muthamittal , dealt with the story of a child of Sri Lankan Tamil parentage adopted by Indian parents , who wishes to meet her biological mother during the Sri Lankan Civil War . The film was critically acclaimed and commercially successful , winning six National Film Awards , Filmfare Award for Best Direction in Tamil , In the Spirit of Freedom Award at the Jerusalem Film Festival , and an award at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles . In 2004 , he made Aaytha Ezhuthu , which tells the story of how one incident sends the lives of three youths on a collision course and received positive reviews . Mani made the film simultaneously in Hindi as Yuva , his second venture into Bollywood . Ajay Devgn , Abhishek Bachchan , and Vivek Oberoi replaced Surya Sivakumar , R. Madhavan , and Siddharth , respectively in the Hindi version . Unlike Yuva , Aaytha Ezhuthu was appreciated by critics . Mani suffered his first heart attack while shooting for Aaytha Ezhuthu . In 2007 , Mani made Guru , a biographical film based on the life of Dhirubhai Ambani , a business magnate from India . The film starred Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai , through his production house , Madras Talkies . The film is set in the early 1950s , became a box office success , and received critical acclaim . Guru was screened at the Tous Les Cinemas du Monde ( World Cinema ) section of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival . In 2010 , Mani worked on a bilingual film , titled Raavanan in Tamil where in the film look was unveiled at 2010 Cannes Film Festival , as part of its marketing campaign. and Raavan in Hindi . The Tamil version was dubbed into Telugu and titled Villain . The film was released worldwide on 18 June 2010 . The film is loosely based on the Hindu epic Ramayana ; its narrative occurs over 14 days when a revolutionist named Veera , who lives in a forest , kidnaps a policeman 's wife to avenge his sister 's death . The Tamil version received positive reviews from the critics compared to its other versions . The New York Times called the movie a " critics ' pick " . However , the reviewers of the Hindi version panned the film ; Rajeev Masand said it was " a crushing bore of a film , a disappointment on virtually every count " The Tamil version was declared a box office success . Mani 's film , Kadal was released worldwide on 1 February 2013 to mixed reviews from critics and became a box office failure . Later the distributor of the film filed a police complaint against Mani on account of the huge losses suffered by him . His film , romantic drama O Kadhal Kanmani starring Dulquer Salmaan and Nithya Menen as the lead pair , was released in April 2015 . The cinematography and editing of the film was handled by P.C. Sreeram and A. Sreekar Prasad respectively , while music was scored by A. R. Rahman . The film depicted the life of a young couple in a live @-@ in relationship in Mumbai , and was said to be a " reflection of the modern mindset of urban India " , dealing with issues such as marriage and traditional values . Made at a small budget of 6 crores , the film achieved widespread critical acclaim and commercial success . His next film is Kaatru Veliyidai , starring Karthi , Aditi Rao Hydari and RJ Balaji . = = Craft , style , and technical collaborations = = Mani Ratnam grew up watching the films of K. Balachander , Guru Dutt and Sivaji Ganesan . He is greatly influenced by the film @-@ making styles of Akira Kurosawa , Martin Scorsese , Krzysztof Kieślowski , Ingmar Bergman and J. Mahendran . Unlike most of his contemporaries , Mani Ratnam did not assist anybody in film @-@ making prior to entering the industry . He is credited with revolutionizing the Tamil film industry and is referred for bringing new dimension to the South Asian cinema . A majority of his films are characterized by a string of socio @-@ political themes . Because of his idea of combining art and commercial elements , most of his films garnered both critical acclaim and commercial success . Nayagan , Bombay and Iruvar were inspired from real @-@ life incidents , while Thalapathi and Raavan were based on Indian epics . Mani Ratnam handled screenplays for a majority of his films . Lauded for his casting in each of his films , he claimed in an interview that " I am not a director who performs and shows . I discuss the role , the scene with my actors and let them bring life to it " . Right from the beginning of his career , his works were noted for their technical expertise in areas such as cinematography , art direction , editing and background score . For his debut film , he managed to handpick Balu Mahendra , Thotta Tharani , B. Lenin , and Ilaiyaraaja , leading craftsmen in their respective fields . As his career progressed , he worked with his childhood friend P. C. Sreeram and continued his collaborations with him until Geethanjali . In 1991 for his film Thalapathi , he chose Santosh Sivan and Suresh Urs — both newcomers to the Tamil film industry — to do cinematography and editing respectively . Both would later go onto become a part of his regular crew . While working on Raavan , Santosh Sivan noted " any cameraman can hone his skills just working with [ Mani ] " and described Mani Ratnam 's films as difficult to film . From his debut project till Thalapathi , Ilaiyaraaja was his regular composer . The duo split due to some creative differences after the film . For his next film Roja ( 1992 ) , he collaborated with debutant A. R. Rahman , who has been his regular composer for all his films till date . He has also worked with Rajiv Menon and Ravi K. Chandran , while switching between Sreeram and Santosh Sivan . Since Alaipayuthey , Sreekar Prasad has been his regular film editor . = = Awards and honours = = Mani is well recognized outside India with a retrospective of his films held at various film festivals around the world such as Toronto International Film Festival , Pusan International Film Festival , Tokyo Filmex and Birmingham International Film Festival . His films are being screened regularly at many film festivals such as Venice Film Festival , Rotterdam Film Festival , Montreal Film Festival and Palm Springs International Film Festival . The Government of India honoured Mani with Padma Shri in 2002 . He has won several National Film Awards , Filmfare Awards , Filmfare Awards South and state awards . Apart from these awards , many of his films have been screened at various film festivals and have won numerous accolades . Geethanjali , directed by him won the Golden Lotus Award for Best Popular Film at the 37th National Film Awards . Other films like Mouna Ragam , Anjali , and Kannathil Muthamittal have won the Best Regional Film awards at the National Film Awards . Two of his films , Roja and Bombay have won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration . The former was also nominated for Best Film category at the 18th Moscow International Film Festival . In 2010 , Mani was honoured with Jaeger @-@ Lecoultre Glory to the Filmmaker at the 67th Venice International Film Festival . In July 2015 , he was honoured with the Sun Mark Lifetime Achievement Award at the Bagri Foundation London Indian Film Festival for his esteemed contribution to international cinema . Around the same time , the Museum of the Moving Image , New York , paid a special tribute to Mani . His films Roja , Bombay , and Dil Se were screened at the museum as a retrospective . = Major General George B. McClellan = Major General George B. McClellan is an equestrian statue in Washington , D.C. that honors politician and Civil War general George B. McClellan . The monument is sited on a prominent location in the Kalorama Triangle neighborhood due to efforts made by area residents . The statue was sculpted by American artist Frederick William MacMonnies , a graduate of the École des Beaux @-@ Arts whose best known work is a statue of Nathan Hale in New York City . MacMonnies was chosen to design the statue following a lengthy competition organized by a statue commission , led by then Secretary of War William Howard Taft . The monument was dedicated in 1907 , with prominent attendees at the ceremony including President Theodore Roosevelt , New York City mayor George B. McClellan , Jr . , politicians , generals and thousands of military personnel . The sculpture is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. , which were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . The bronze statue , which rests on a tall granite base adorned with emblems and bronze reliefs , is surrounded by a small public park bounded by California Street , Columbia Road and Connecticut Avenue NW . The monument and park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department . = = History = = = = = Background = = = George B. McClellan ( 1826 – 1885 ) rose to prominence as a major general during the Civil War who organized the Army of the Potomac . Although he was unsuccessful in early battles , the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam temporarily halted the Confederate invasion of the northern states . He was later removed from his post by President Abraham Lincoln , whom he unsuccessfully ran against in the 1864 presidential election . McClellan ran again for public office after the war , serving as the 24th Governor of New Jersey . Shortly after McClellan 's death in 1885 , the Society of the Army of the Potomac , a fraternal organization consisting of Union veterans , began plans to erect a monument honoring the general . It wasn 't until March 3 , 1901 , that Congress appropriated $ 50 @,@ 000 for the erection of the statue of McClellan . The following month a statue commission , originally led by Secretary of War Elihu Root , Senator George P. Wetmore and General George D. Ruggles , was formed to oversee the project . An advisory committee , composed of sculptors Daniel Chester French and Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens , and architect Charles Follen McKim , was also formed to provide recommendations to the commission . A resolution adopted at one of the first commission meetings stated : " That the monument of Gen. McClellan be an equestrian statue , and that this resolution be communicated by the secretary to any commission hereinafter appointed to execute the work . " In 1902 , a design competition was held at the Corcoran Gallery of Art with a bonus of $ 500 for each of the four sculptors who submitted the best models of the McClellan statue . Twenty @-@ three designs were submitted by May 1 , which was later narrowed down to four finalists : Austin Hays , Charles Henry Niehaus , Attilio Piccirilli and Thomas Waldo Story . The four sculptors were later asked to submit larger models for further review by the advisory committee . The model submitted by Story was favored by McClellan 's widow , Nelly . In 1903 , the committee rejected three of the designs , citing a lack of individuality and symbolism . The fourth design , by Niehaus , was reluctantly approved by the committee , though the commission rejected all of the designs stating " no model submitted upon the competition is satisfactory . " In August 1903 , the commission chose Frederick William MacMonnies ( 1863 – 1937 ) , an American artist and sculptor who lived in Paris , to create the statue . MacMonnies was a graduate of the École des Beaux @-@ Arts who had apprenticed with Saint @-@ Gaudens for four years beginning at the age of seventeen . His previous works included a statue of Nathan Hale in New York City , Columbian Fountain at the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and Bacchante and Infant Faun at the Boston Public Library . MacMonnies ' other well @-@ known Civil War work is the sculptural groupings on the Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Arch in Brooklyn , New York . After his initial design was rejected due to costs overruns , he submitted a new design to the committee , which was later approved by the officials and Nelly McClellan . The accepted design reflected the influence of MacMonnies ' teacher in Paris , Alexandre Falguière , rather than Saint @-@ Gaudens . James Crocroft was chosen to design the monument while the statue was founded by Edmond Gruet Jeune . The Society of the Army of the Potomac paid for the costs associated with improving the monument site . The site chosen for the monument changed several times throughout the planning process . Suggested locations included the intersection of Florida Avenue and Massachusetts Avenue NW , Sheridan Circle ( current site of the General Philip Sheridan statue ) and the intersection of N Street and Connecticut Avenue NW ( current site of the Doctor John Witherspoon statue ) . In 1906 , residents of the Kalorama Triangle neighborhood , then called Washington Heights , represented by cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman and Rear Admiral Thomas Oliver Selfridge , Jr . , asked the statue commission to consider placing the monument in their neighborhood . The commission , then led by Secretary of War and future President William Howard Taft , Senator Wetmore and General Horatio Collins King , approved the suggested site at the intersection of Connecticut Avenue and Columbia Road NW , describing it as a " more satisfactory and imposing " location . An additional factor that led to the site 's approval was that the area had been a Union camp during the summer of 1861 when McClellan arrived in Washington , D.C. = = = Dedication = = = The dedication of the monument was first planned for October 18 , 1906 , to coincide with the 37th annual reunion of the Society of the Army of the Potomac . A fire at MacMonnies ' polishing works prevented him from finishing the pedestal in time , so the dedication and reunion were rescheduled for the following May . During the delay , MacMonnies exhibited the statue at the 1906 Salon d 'Automne in Paris before shipping it to the United States . The reunion began on May 1 , 1907 , with opening events held at the Belasco Theater ( present site of the Howard T. Markey National Courts Building ) , Corcoran Gallery of Art and Thomas Jefferson Building . The dedication took place on Thursday , May 2 , at 2 : 30 pm . Prior to the ceremony , around 700 veterans gathered at the intersection of 18th Street and Columbia Road NW , and marched down Columbia Road in a military parade to the dedication site . Veterans who were unable to march were seated in reviewing stands . The area surrounding the monument included a temporary stand and viewing boxes decorated with bunting , large flags , flowers and shields , while the statue was draped with two American flags . Prominent attendees at the ceremony included the main speaker , President Theodore Roosevelt , New York City mayor and McClellan 's son , George B. McClellan , Jr . , William Howard Taft , New Jersey governor Edward C. Stokes , Generals George Lewis Gillespie , Jr . , Frederick Dent Grant and Wallace F. Randolph , and Nelly McClellan . Additional attendees included members of Congress , foreign diplomats , members of the president 's cabinet and thousands of citizens . The event was led by Brigadier General Henry C. Dwight , president of the Society of the Army of the Potomac . Following an invocation by Episcopal bishop Henry Y. Satterlee , a brief history of the statue was given by General Horatio Collins King . McClellan , Jr. then unveiled the statue to cheers and applause from the crowd . After the unveiling , the Fourth Battery of the Field Artillery saluted as " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " was played by the Marine Band . After a military parade consisting of thousands of troops led by General J. Franklin Bell passed the statue and the reviewing stands , the main speech by Roosevelt was given . Roosevelt 's remarks , which covered various topics including war , peace , national pride and family , included the following : " Modern statuary has added a new terror to death . But I wish on behalf of those who live in the capital of the nation to express my very profound acknowledgment to those who had the good taste to choose a great sculptor to do this work . I thank them for having erected here in so well a chosen site a statue which , not only because of the man it commemorates , but because of its intrinsic worth , adds to the nobility and beauty of the capital city of the country . " Following the president 's remarks , an overture from Semiramide , " On the Field of Glory " , was played . General Oliver O. Howard then spoke about his interactions with McClellan and General Grenville M. Dodge read a letter from General Daniel Sickles ( who was ill at the time ) that discussed his personal experiences with McClellan General Dwight 's speech included the statement : " Statues may crumble to dust . Veterans ' graves will be obliterated by time , but the grandest monument of the service of valor of the soldiers and sailors of the Civil War , the United States of America , the hope and joy of the world , consecrated to liberty by the blood and treasure of the nation , the undying testimonial of the patriotism of her people , will continue years and years . " The benediction was given by William R. Jenvey , Episcopal archdeacon of Jersey City , followed by the band closing the ceremony with " My Country , ' Tis of Thee . " = = = Later history = = = The statue is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) on September 20 , 1978 , and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on March 3 , 1979 . It is also designated a contributing property to the Kalorama Triangle Historic District , listed on the NRHP on May 4 , 1987 . The monument and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , a federal agency of the Interior Department . In 2009 , the monument underwent a $ 114 @,@ 000 restoration by Kreilick Conservation supervised by NPS architectural conservator Catherine Dewey . It was the first major conservation of the statue since its dedication in 1907 . Scaffolding and nylon mesh were installed around the monument for several months during the restoration , which included cleaning , painting and waxing the statue . Damage to the monument that was repaired during the process included removing spray paint from the base , removing water leakage inside the horse 's legs and stomach , and replicating a bronze shield that was missing from the pedestal . = = Design and location = = The monument is sited on a prominent location at the intersection of California Street , Columbia Road and Connecticut Avenue NW , on the southern edge of the Kalorama Triangle Historic District . The statue faces south down Connecticut Avenue toward Dupont Circle and downtown Washington , D.C. It is surrounded by a small public park . Adjacent landmarks include the Churchill Hotel to the west , Lothrop Mansion to the north and Washington Hilton to the east . The bronze statue is 13 @.@ 6 feet ( 4 @.@ 1 m ) tall . It depicts McClellan dressed in his Union Army military uniform , including gauntlets , a hat , sash and sword , while riding a horse . He is holding the horse 's reins with the left hand while the right hand is placed on his hip . The granite pedestal , which measures 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) tall and 9 @.@ 5 ft ( 2 @.@ 9 m ) long , rests on a base measuring 44 ft ( 13 m ) long and 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) wide . Near the top of the pedestal are eight shield @-@ shaped emblems noting Civil War battles McClellan led : Antietam , Fair Oaks , Gaines 's Mill , Malvern Hill , Mechanicsville , South Mountain , Williamsburg and Yorktown . On the east and west sides of the pedestal are bronze reliefs composed of cannons , eagles , flags and	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
The Umayyad @-@ style minaret is constructed from sandstone and stands 77 metres ( 253 ft ) high . It was originally covered with Marrakshi pink plaster , but in the 1990s experts opted to remove the plaster to expose the original stone work . The spire atop the minaret is decorated with gilded copper balls that decrease in size towards the top , a style unique to Morocco . = = = = Ben Youssef Mosque = = = = Ben Youssef Mosque , distinguished by its green tiled roof and minaret , is located in the medina and is Marrakesh 's oldest mosque . It was originally built in the 12th century by the Almoravid Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf in honor of Yusuf ibn Ali al @-@ Sanhaji . When built it was the city 's largest mosque but today it is half its original size . It was rebuilt in the 1560s by Saadian Sultan Abdallah al @-@ Ghalib , as the original had fallen into ruin . He also built a madrasa with a large library beside the mosque , but this also deteriorated over time , leaving only the 19th @-@ century mosque intact . The Almoravid Koubba Ba ’ adiyn , a two @-@ storied kiosk , was discovered in a sunken location on the mosque site in 1948 . In the Moroccan architectural style , its arches are scalloped on the first floor , while those on the second floor bear a twin horseshoe shape embellished with a turban motif . The dome of the kiosk is framed by a battlement decorated with arches and seven @-@ pointed stars . The interior of the octagonally arched dome is decorated with distinctive carvings bordered by a Kufic frieze inscribed with the name of its patron , Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf . The quinches at the corners of the dome are covered with muqarnas . The kiosk has motifs of pine cones , palms and acanthus leaves which are also replicated in the Ben Youssef Madrasa . = = = = Mouassine Mosque = = = = The Mouassine Mosque ( also known as the Al Ashraf Mosque ) was built by the Marinids in the 14th century in the style popularized by the Almohads . It is located in Mouassine and is part of the Mouassine complex , which includes a library , hamman , madrasa ( school ) and the Mouassine Fountain , the largest and most important in the city . Located on a small square to the north of the mosque , it is a triple @-@ arched fountain of Saadian origin . It is decorated with geometric patterns and calligraphy . = = = Tombs = = = = = = = Saadian Tombs = = = = The Saadian Tombs were built in the 16th century as a mausoleum to bury numerous Saadian rulers and entertainers . It was lost for many years until the French rediscovered it in 1917 using aerial photographs . The mausoleum comprises the corpses of about sixty members of the Saadi Dynasty that originated in the valley of the Draa River . Among the graves are those of Saadian sultan Ahmad al @-@ Mansur and his family ; al @-@ Mansur buried his mother in this dynastic necropolis in 1590 after enlarging the original square funeral structure . It is located next to the south wall of the Almohad mosque of the Kasba , in a cemetery that contains several graves of Mohammad 's descendants . His own tomb , richly embellished with decorations , was modeled on the Nasrid mausoleum in Granada , Spain . The building is composed of three rooms ; the best known has a roof supported by twelve columns and encloses the tomb of al @-@ Mansur 's son . The room exemplifies Islamic architecture with floral motifs , calligraphy , zellij and carrara marble , and the stele is in finely worked cedar wood and stucco . Outside the building are a garden and the graves of soldiers and servants . = = = = Tombs of the Seven Saints = = = = The Medina holds the tombs of the seven patron saints of Morocco , which are visited every year by pilgrims during the week @-@ long ziara pilgrimage . According to tradition , it is believed that these saints are only sleeping and will awaken one day to resume their good deeds . A pilgrimage to the tombs offers an alternative to the hajj to Mecca and Medina for people of western Morocco who could not visit Arabia due to the arduous and costly journey involved . Circumambulation of the tombs is undertaken by devotees to achieve inner purity . This ritual is performed on Fridays in the following ordained sequence : Sidi Yusuf ibn Ali Sanhaji , Sidi al @-@ Qadi Iyyad al @-@ Yahsubi , Sidi Bel Abbas , Sidi Mohamed ibn Sulayman al @-@ Jazouli , Sidi Abdellaziz Tabba 'a , Sidi Abdellah al @-@ Ghazwani , and lastly , Sidi Abderrahman al @-@ Suhayli . The most important of the seven tombs is the shrine of Sidi Bel Abbas . = = = Mellah = = = The old Jewish Quarter ( Mellah ) is situated in the kasbah area of the city 's medina , east of Place des Ferblantiers . It was created in 1558 by the Saadians at the site where the sultan 's stables were previously located . At the time , the Jewish community consisted of a large portion of the city 's bankers , jewelers , metalworkers , tailors and sugar traders . During the 16th century , the Mellah had its own fountains , gardens , synagogues and souks . Until the arrival of the French in 1912 , Jews could not own property outside of the Mellah ; all growth was consequently contained within the limits of the neighborhood , resulting in narrow streets , small shops and higher residential buildings . The Mellah , today reconfigured as a mainly residential zone renamed Hay Essalam , currently occupies an area smaller than its historic limits and has an almost entirely Muslim population . The Alzama Synagogue , built around a central courtyard , is located in the Mellah . The Jewish cemetery here is the largest of its kind in Morocco . Characterized by white @-@ washed tombs and sandy graves , the cemetery is located within the Medina on land adjacent to the Mellah . = = = Hotels = = = As one of the principal tourist cities in Africa , Marrakesh has over 400 hotels . Mamounia Hotel is a five @-@ star hotel in the Art Deco @-@ Moroccan fusion style , built in 1925 by Henri Prost and A. Marchis . It is considered the most eminent hotel of the city and has been described as the " grand dame of Marrakesh hotels . " The hotel has hosted numerous internationally renowned people including Winston Churchill , Prince Charles of Wales and Mick Jagger . Churchill used to relax within the gardens of the hotel and paint there . The 231 @-@ room hotel , which contains a casino , was refurbished in 1986 and again in 2007 by French designer Jacques Garcia . Other hotels include Eden Andalou Hotel , Hotel Marrakech , Sofitel Marrakech , Palm Plaza Hotel & Spa , Royal Mirage Hotel , Piscina del Hotel , and Palmeraie Golf Palace . In March 2012 , Accor opened its first Pullman @-@ branded hotel in Marrakech , Pullman Marrakech Palmeraie Resort & Spa . Set in a 17 hectares ( 42 acres ) olive grove at La Palmeraie , the hotel has 252 rooms , 16 suites , six restaurants and a 535 square metres ( 5 @,@ 760 sq ft ) conference room . = = Culture = = = = = Museums = = = = = = = Marrakech Museum = = = = The Marrakech Museum , housed in the Dar Menebhi Palace in the old city centre , was built at the end of the 19th century by Mehdi Menebhi . The palace was carefully restored by the Omar Benjelloun Foundation and converted into a museum in 1997 . The house itself represents an example of classical Andalusian architecture , with fountains in the central courtyard , traditional seating areas , a hammam and intricate tilework and carvings . It has been cited as having " an orgy of stalactite stucco @-@ work " which " drips from the ceiling and combines with a mind @-@ boggling excess of zellij work . " The museum holds exhibits of both modern and traditional Moroccan art together with fine examples of historical books , coins and pottery produced by Moroccan Jewish , Berber and Arab peoples . = = = = Dar Si Said Museum = = = = Dar Si Said Museum , also known as the Museum of Moroccan Arts is located to the north of the Bahia Palace . It was the townhouse of Sidi Said , brother to Grand Vizier Bow Ahmad , and was constructed at the same time as Ahmad 's own Palace De La Bahia . The townhouse was the envy of reigning sultan Abd al @-@ Aziz , and after the Vizier ’ s death the sultan had this house ransacked . The collection of the museum is considered to be one of the finest in Morocco , with " jewellery from the High Atlas , the Anti Atlas and the extreme south ; carpets from the Haouz and the High Atlas ; oil lamps from Taroudannt ; blue pottery from Safi and green pottery from Tamgroute ; and leatherwork from Marrakesh . " = = = = Museum of Islamic Art = = = = The Museum of Islamic Art ( Musée d 'Art Islamique ) is a blue @-@ coloured building located in the Marjorelle Gardens . The private museum was created by Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé in the home of Jacques Majorelle , who had his art studio there . Recently renovated , its small exhibition rooms have displays of Islamic artifacts and decorations including Irke pottery , polychrome plates , jewellery , and antique doors . = = = Music , theatre and dance = = = Two types of music are traditionally associated with Marrakesh . Berber music is influenced by Andalusian classical music and typified by its oud accompaniment . By contrast , Gnaoua music is loud and funky with a sound reminiscent of the Blues . It is performed on handmade instruments such as castanets , ribabs ( three @-@ stringed banjos ) and deffs ( handheld drums ) . Gnaoua music 's rhythm and crescendo take the audience into a mood of trance ; the style is said to have emerged in Marrakesh and Essaouira as a ritual of deliverance from slavery . More recently , several Marrakesh female music groups have also risen to popularity . The Théâtre Royal de Marrakesh , the Institut Français and Dar Chérifa are major performing arts institutions in the city . The Théâtre Royal , built by Tunisian architect Charles Boccara , puts on theatrical performances of comedy , opera , and dance in French and Arabic . A greater number of theatrical troupes perform outdoors and entertain tourists on the main square and the streets , especially at night . Christopher Hudson of the Daily Mail noted that " men dressed as women performed bawdy street theatre , to the delight of a ring of onlookers of all ages . " = = = Crafts = = = The arts and crafts of Marrakesh have had a wide and enduring impact on Moroccan handicrafts to the present day . Riad décor is widely used in carpets and textiles , ceramics , woodwork , metal work and zelij . Carpets and textiles are weaved , sewn or embroidered , sometimes used for upholstering . Moroccan women who practice craftsmanship are known as Maalems ( expert craftspeople ) and make such fine products as Berber carpets and shawls made of sabra ( cactus silk ) . Ceramics are in monochrome Berber @-@ style only , a limited tradition depicting bold forms and decorations . Wood crafts are generally made of cedar , including the riad doors and palace ceilings . Orange wood is used for making ladles known as harira ( lentil soup ladles ) . Thuya craft products are made of caramel coloured thuya , a conifer indigenous to Morocco . Since this species is almost extinct , these trees are being replanted and promoted by the artists ' cooperative Femmes de Marrakech . Metalwork made in Marrakesh includes brass lamps , iron lanterns , candle holders made from recycled sardine tins , and engraved brass teapots and tea trays used in the traditional serving of tea . Contemporary art includes sculpture and figurative paintings . Blue veiled Tuareg figurines and calligraphy paintings are also popular . = = = Festivals = = = Festivals , both national and Islamic , are celebrated in Marrakesh and throughout the country , and some of them are observed as national holidays . Cultural festivals of note held in Marrakesh include the National Folklore Festival , the Marrakech Festival of Popular Arts ( in which a variety of famous Moroccan musicians and artists participate ) , and the Berber Festival . The International Film Festival of Marrakech , which aspires to be the North African version of the Cannes Film Festival , was established in 2001 . The festival , which showcases over 100 films from around the world annually , has attracted Hollywood stars such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola , Susan Sarandon , Jeremy Irons , Roman Polanski and many European , Arabic and Indian film stars . The Marrakech Bienniale was established in 2004 by Vanessa Branson as a cultural festival in various disciplines , including visual arts , cinema , video , literature , performing arts , and architecture . = = = Cuisine = = = Surrounded by lemon , orange , and olive groves , the city 's culinary characteristics are rich and heavily spiced but not hot , using various preparations of Ras el hanout ( which means " Head of the shop " ) , a blend of dozens of spices which include ash berries , chilli , cinnamon , grains of paradise , monk ’ s pepper , nutmeg , and turmeric . A specialty of the city and the symbol of its cuisine is tanjia marrakshia a local tajine prepared with beef meat , spices and " smen " and slow @-@ cooked in a traditional oven in hot ashes . Tajines can be prepared with chicken , lamb , beef or fish , adding fruits , olives and preserved lemon , vegetables and spices , including cumin , peppers , saffron , turmeric , and ras el hanout . The meal is prepared in a tajine pot and slow @-@ cooked with steam . Another version of tajine includes vegetables and chickpeas seasoned with flower petals . Tajines may also be basted with " smen " moroccan ghee that has a flavour similar to blue cheese . Shrimp , chicken and lemon @-@ filled briouats are another traditional specialty of Marrakesh . Rice is cooked with saffron , raisins , spices , and almonds , while couscous may have added vegetables . A pastilla is a filo @-@ wrapped pie stuffed with minced chicken or pigeon that has been prepared with almonds , cinnamon , spices and sugar . Harira soup in Marrakesh typically includes lamb with a blend of chickpeas , lentils , vermicelli , and tomato paste , seasoned with coriander , spices and parsley . Kefta ( mince meat ) , liver in crépinette , merguez and tripe stew are commonly sold at the stalls of Jemaa el @-@ Fnaa . The desserts of Marrakesh include chebakia ( sesame spice cookies usually prepared and served during Ramadan ) , tartlets of filo dough with dried fruit , or cheesecake with dates . The Moroccan tea culture is practiced in Marrakesh ; green tea with mint is served with sugar from a curved teapot spout into small glasses . Another popular non @-@ alcoholic drink is orange juice . Under the Almoravids , alcohol consumption was common ; historically , hundreds of Jews produced and sold alcohol in the city . In the present day , alcohol is sold in some hotel bars and restaurants . = = Education = = Marrakesh has several universities and schools , including Cadi Ayyad University ( also known as the University of Marrakech ) , and its component , the École nationale des sciences appliquées de Marrakech ( ENSA Marrakech ) , which was created in 2000 by the Ministry of Higher Education and specializes in engineering and scientific research , and the La faculté des sciences et techniques @-@ gueliz which known to be number one in Morocco in its kind of faculties . Cadi Ayyad University was established in 1978 and operates 13 institutions in the Marrakech Tensift Elhaouz and Abda Doukkala regions of Morocco in four main cities , including Kalaa of Sraghna , Essaouira and Safi in addition to Marrakech . Sup de Co Marrakech , also known as the École Supérieure de Commerce de Marrakech , is a private four @-@ year college that was founded in 1987 by Ahmed Bennis . The school is affiliated with the École Supérieure de Commerce of Toulouse , France ; since 1995 the school has built partnership programs with numerous American universities including the University of Delaware , University of St. Thomas , Oklahoma State University , National @-@ Louis University , and Temple University . = = = Primary and secondary schools = = = International schools include : Lycée Victor Hugo ( French secondary school ) École Auguste Renoir ( French primary school ) Groupe Scolaire Jacques Majorelle ( French primary and secondary school ) American School of Marrakesh = = = Ben Youssef Madrasa = = = The Ben Youssef Madrasa , located to the north of the Medina , was an Islamic college in Marrakesh named after the Almoravid sultan Ali ibn Yusuf ( 1106 – 1142 ) who expanded the city and its influence considerably . It is the largest madrasa in all of Morocco and was one of the largest theological colleges in North Africa , at one time housing as many as 900 students . The college , which was affiliated with the neighbouring Ben Youssef Mosque , was founded during the Marinid dynasty in the 14th century by Sultan Abu al @-@ Hassan . This education complex specialized in Koranic law and was linked to similar institutions in Fez , Taza , Tale , and Meknes . The Madrasa was re @-@ constructed by the Saadian Sultan Abdallah al @-@ Ghalib ( 1557 – 1574 ) in 1564 as the largest and most prestigious madrasa in Morocco . The construction ordered by Abdallah al @-@ Ghalib was completed in 1565 , as attested by the inscription in the prayer room . Its 130 student dormitory cells cluster around a courtyard richly carved in cedar , marble and stucco . In accordance with Islam , the carvings contain no representation of humans or animals , consisting entirely of inscriptions and geometric patterns . One of the school 's best known teachers was Mohammed al @-@ Ifrani ( 1670 – 1745 ) . After a temporary closure beginning in 1960 , the building was refurbished and reopened to the public as a historical site in 1982 . = = Sports = = Football clubs based in Marrakesh include Najm de Marrakech , KAC Marrakech , Mouloudia de Marrakech and Chez Ali Club de Marrakech . The city contains the Circuit International Automobile Moulay El Hassan a race track which hosts the World Touring Car Championship and from 2017 FIA Formula E. The Marrakech Marathon is also held here . Roughly 5000 runners turn out for the event annually . Golf is a popular sport in Marrakech . The city has three golf courses , located just outside the city limits and played almost through the year . The three main courses are the Golf de Amelikis on the road to Ourazazate , the Palmeraie Golf Palace near the Palmeraie , and the Royal Golf Club , the oldest of the three courses . = = Transport and communications = = = = = Rail = = = The Marrakesh railway station is linked by several trains running daily to other major cities in Morocco such as Casablanca , Tangiers , Fez , Meknes and Rabat . A modern high @-@ speed rail system has been planned . In 2015 , a tramway is proposed . = = = Road = = = The main road network within and around Marrakesh is well paved . The major highway connecting Marrakesh with Casablanca to the south is A7 , a toll expressway , 210 km ( 130 mi ) in length . The road from Marrakesh to Settat , a 145 km ( 90 mi ) stretch , was inaugurated by King Mohammed VI in April 2007 , completing the 558 km ( 347 mi ) highway to Tangiers . Highway A7 connects also Marrakesh to Agadir , 233 km ( 145 mi ) to the south @-@ west . = = = Air = = = The Marrakesh @-@ Menara Airport ( RAK ) is 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) southwest of the city centre . It is an international facility that receives several European flights as well as flights from Casablanca and several Arab nations . The airport is located at an elevation of 471 metres ( 1 @,@ 545 ft ) at 31 ° 36 ′ 25 ″ N 008 ° 02 ′ 11 ″ W. It has two formal passenger terminals , but these are more or less combined into one large terminal . A third terminal is being built . The existing T1 and T2 terminals offer a space of 42 @,@ 000 m2 ( 450 @,@ 000 sq ft ) and have a capacity of 4 @.@ 5 million passengers per year . The blacktopped runway is 4 @.@ 5 km ( 2 @.@ 8 mi ) long and 45 m ( 148 ft ) wide . The airport has parking space for 14 Boeing 737 and four Boeing 747 aircraft . The separate freight terminal has 340 m2 ( 3 @,@ 700 sq ft ) of covered space . = = Healthcare = = Marrakesh has long been an important centre for healthcare in Morocco , and the regional rural and urban populations alike are reliant upon hospitals in the city . The psychiatric hospital installed by the Merinid Caliph Ya 'qub al @-@ Mansur in the 16th century was described by the historian ' Abd al @-@ Wahfd al- Marrakushi as one of the greatest in the world at the time . A strong Andalusian influence was evident in the hospital , and many of the physicians to the Caliphs came from places such as Seville , Zaragoza and Denia in eastern Spain . A severe strain has been placed upon the healthcare facilities of the city in the last decade as the city population has grown dramatically . Ibn Tofail University Hospital is one of the major hospitals of the city . In February 2001 , the Moroccan government signed a loan agreement worth eight million U.S. dollars with The OPEC Fund for International Development to help improve medical services in and around Marrakesh , which led to expansions of the Ibn Tofail and Ibn Nafess hospitals . Seven new buildings were constructed , with a total floor area of 43 @,@ 000 square metres ( 460 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . New radiotherapy and medical equipment was provided and 29 @,@ 000 square metres ( 310 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of existing hospital space was rehabilitated . In 2009 , king Mohammed VI inaugurated a regional psychiatric hospital in Marrakesh , built by the Mohammed V Foundation for Solidarity , costing 22 million dirhams ( approximately 2 @.@ 7 million U.S. dollars ) . The hospital has 194 beds , covering an area of 3 hectares ( 7 @.@ 4 acres ) . Mohammed VI has also announced plans for the construction of a 450 million dirham military hospital in Marrakesh . = = International relations = = = = = Twin towns – sister cities = = = Marrakesh is twinned with : Granada , Spain Marseille , France Clermont @-@ Ferrand , France Timbuktu , Mali Ajaccio , France = Inocybe cookei = Inocybe cookei , commonly known as the straw fibrecap , is a species of mushroom in the Inocybaceae family . It was first described in 1892 by Giacomo Bresadola , and is named in honour of Mordecai Cubitt Cooke . The species can be found in Europe , Asia and North America . It produces small mushrooms of an ochre colour , with a prominent umbo , fibres on the cap and a distinctive bulb at the base of the stem . It grows from soil in mixed woodland , and is encountered in summer and autumn , though is not common . Ecologically , it feeds through use of ectomycorrhiza . Inocybe cookei has been described as both toxic and non @-@ toxic , but either way , is not advised for consumption . = = Taxonomy and naming = = Inocybe cookei was first described by Giacomo Bresadola in 1892 ; the specific epithet cookei honours the British mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke . Mycologists J. Stangl and J. Veselský described Inocybe kuthanii in 1979 , which was later described as a variety of Inocybe cookei ( Inocybe cookei var. kuthanii ) by Thom Kuyper in 1986 , but MycoBank now lists both names as synonyms of I. cookei . The mushroom is commonly known as the straw fibrecap . Within Inocybe , it is placed within the subgenus Inosperma , and was previously categorised within the section Rimosae . However , phylogenetic analysis has shown that section Rimosae as formerly defined does not form a monophyletic group ( that is , descended from a single exclusive ancestor ) , and former Rimosae species are better grouped into two clades , Maculata and Rimosae . Phylogenetic analysis has placed the species in the clade Maculata . Other species joining I. cookei in the Maculata clade include I. maculata , I. quietiodor , I. rhodiola , I. adaequata , and I. erubescens . = = Description = = Inocybe cookei has a conical or bell @-@ shaped cap of between 2 and 5 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 79 and 1 @.@ 97 in ) in diameter . As the mushrooms age , the cap becomes flatter , and an umbo becomes prominent . The margin of the cap frequently cracks towards the centre . The cap is an ochre colour , and the upper surface is covered in long fibres . The silky fibres thickly cover the cap , starting and the centre and extending to the cap 's margin . The species has a whitish or ochre stem of 30 to 60 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) in height by 4 to 8 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 16 to 0 @.@ 31 in ) in thickness . There is a distinctive marginate bulb at the base of the stem , and no ring . The flesh is white , becoming yellow with age . Inocybe cookei mushrooms have closely packed adnexed gills ( gills that are attached to the stem only on part of their depth ) . Gills on young mushrooms are whitish , then become a grey @-@ tinged pale ochre before becoming cinnamon yellow . = = = Microscopic features = = = Inocybe cookei leaves a snuff @-@ brown spore print . The spores themselves are bean @-@ shaped , measuring from 5 @.@ 5 to 10 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00022 to 0 @.@ 00039 in ) by 4 to 6 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00016 to 0 @.@ 00024 in ) . The walls of the spores ( which are around 0 @.@ 5 micrometres ( 2 @.@ 0 × 10 − 5 in ) thick ) can be smooth or slightly wrinkled , and there is a distinct depression just above the hilum ( the scar where the spore was once attached to the basidium ) . The basidia are four @-@ spored , and the thin @-@ walled , gill @-@ edge cheilocystidia are pear @-@ shaped . = = = Similar species = = = The species can be differentiated from the similar I. praetervisa by its spores ; the latter " has irregular , lumpy spores " . Inocybe rimosa , the split fibrecap , is also similar in appearance ; the rarer I. cookei can be differentiated by the smell of honey and the marginate bulb . The colouration , as well as the thick stem with a bulb , are features shared by two other species of Inocybe ; I. mixtilis and I. cryptocystis . Another fragrant Inocybe is I. pyriodora , which has an odor resembling cinnamon , or ripe pears in mature specimens ; unlike I. cookei , it lacks a bulb at the base of its stem , and bruises a reddish colour when handled or with age . = = Distribution and habitat = = Inocybe cookei is an occasional to frequent mushroom , found growing in mixed woodland on the ground . It is ectomycorrhizal , and grows from summer to late autumn , solitarily or in " trooping groups " . It has been recorded in Europe , Russia , China , Mexico , and the United States . = = Toxicity and edibility = = Inocybe cookei has been described as both poisonous ( due to the presence of muscarine compounds ) and non @-@ toxic . Consumption of mushrooms containing muscarine compounds could lead to a number of physiological effects , including : excess salivation , lacrimation , uncontrolled urination or defecation , gastrointestinal problems and emesis ( vomiting ) ; this array of symptoms may also be known by the acronym SLUDGE . Other potential effects include a drop in blood pressure , sweating and death due to respiratory failure . The flesh of the mushroom has a mild taste and a slight smell of honey . Regardless of its actual toxicity or edibility , it is considered " best avoided " . = Assaf dynasty = The Assaf dynasty ( also called Banu Assaf ) were a Sunni Muslim and ethnic Turkmen dynasty of chieftains based in the Keserwan region of Mount Lebanon . They came to the aforementioned area in 1306 after being assigned by the Bahri Mamluks to guard the coastal region between Beirut and Jbeil and to check the power of the mostly Shia Muslim population at the time . During this period , they established their headquarters in Ghazir , which served as the Assafs ' base throughout their rule . Under the leadership of Emir Assaf , they were confirmed as the rulers of Keserwan by Sultan Selim I following the Ottoman conquest in 1516 . Emir Assaf died two years later and was succeeded by his son Hasan , who was in turn killed by his brother Qa 'itbay . The latter ruled Keserwan until his death without progeny in 1523 , after which he was succeeded by Hasan 's son Mansur . Mansur had a long reign and was accorded by the Ottomans numerous districts in Mount Lebanon and its environs as tax farms . He eliminated many of his Sunni rivals , and his local power relied on a Maronite support base and his Maronite agents , namely members of the Hubaysh clan , who served as a check on the Shia Muslim sheikhs of Keserwan . At the peak of his power , Mansur 's realm stretched from Beirut to Homs . Mansur was dismissed in 1579 and replaced by his son Muhammad , who was imprisoned by the authorities in 1584 for alleged involvement in a looting raid against an Istanbul @-@ bound caravan . He was restored to Keserwan in 1585 and was given tax collection authority over the rural districts of Tripoli Eyalet ; this brought him into conflict with the Sayfa clan , the Assafs ' erstwhile Turkmen clients , one of whose members , Yusuf Pasha Sayfa , was governor of Tripoli . The Assaf realm dissipated in 1591 when Muhammad was killed while attempting to collect taxes from the Sayfas in Akkar . Afterward , Yusuf Pasha Sayfa married Muhammad 's widow and inherited the Assaf realm . = = History = = = = = Mamluk era = = = The Assafs were Sunni Muslims and ethnic Turkmens . In 1306 , the Mamluks installed the Assaf tribe as the lords of Keserwan after defeating the Shia Muslims who politically dominated Keserwan and were the majority population in the area . The Assafs @-@ based themselves in the Keserwani village of Ghazir , which became the tribe 's headquarters . The Assaf were entrusted by the Mamluks of maintaining a 300 @-@ strong cavalry unit to patrol the region between Beirut and Jbeil and to guard entry into the Keserwan from Beirut . Historian Kamal Salibi asserts that Turkmen tribesmen were settled in Keserwan after the Mamluk conquest in 1305 , but does not specify that it was the Assaf tribe that became lords of the region . Under Assaf or Turkmen lordship , Shia influence in Keserwan dwindled ; they remained the majority in the region due to continual immigration from the Beqaa Valley , but were forced out of the coastal areas of Keserwan and their population declined . In addition , the Alawite population in the region largely disappeared under Assaf lordship . In 1382 , the Mamluk emir Barquq usurped the throne in Cairo , establishing the Burji regime . The latter were ethnic Circassians unlike their Turkmen Bahri predecessors , which resulted in frayed relations between the Turkmens of Keserwan and the new rulers . The tensions between the Turkmens of Keserwan and the Burji authorities contrasted with the Turkmens ' principal rivals in Mount Lebanon , the Druze Buhturids , who embraced Sultan Barquq . When the latter was briefly toppled in a Bahri revolt in 1389 , the Buhturids fought against the Bahri rebels in Damascus , while the Turkmen tribesmen assaulted the Druze Tanukhi tribesmen in Beirut and the surrounding hills . In those engagements and the executions that followed , the Turkmens killed seven of the eight Tanukhi Abi al @-@ Jaysh Arslan emirs , Druze allies of the Buhturids . Barquq was restored to power in 1390 , after which the Turkmen tribesmen raided the hills around Beirut once more , although they were unable to capture the villages of Ainab and Aramoun . Under Barquq 's direction , the Mamluks mobilized their army troops , Druze warriors , and tribesmen from the Beqaa Valley and dealt a heavy blow against the Turkmens of Keserwan . Nonetheless , Barquq decided to keep the Turkmen emirs as the lords of Keserwan , albeit in a weakened state . Barquq likely kept the Turkmens in place to avoid giving the Buhturids too much power in Mount Lebanon or to avoid over @-@ extending Buhturid forces . According to Salibi , only four Turkmen emirs have been named in primary sources : a certain Sa 'id who ruled in 1361 , his brother and successor Isa , and a certain Ali ibn al @-@ A 'ma and his brother Umar ibn al @-@ A 'ma . The latter two were the Turkmen emirs involved in the rebellion against Barquq . Ali was killed in Barquq 's punitive expedition , while Umar was imprisoned and released . = = = Ottoman era = = = = = = = Reigns of Assaf and Hasan = = = = According to historian Muhammad Adnan Bakhit , reliable information about the Assafs in the early 16th century is relatively scarce . A certain Emir Assaf from among the Turkmen tribesmen of Keserwan was appointed by Ottoman sultan Selim I as governor of the Keserwan nahiya ( subdistrict ; pl. nawahi ) of the Safad Sanjak ( Beirut Sanjak ) after the Ottomans took control of the Levant from the Mamluks in 1516 . Sultan Selim I assigned the Assafs as his chief agents in the region between Beirut and Tripoli , confirming their control of Keserwan , and awarding them tax farms in the nawahi of Jbeil and Beirut . While Emir Assaf had lived in Aintoura in the winter and elsewhere along the Nahr al @-@ Kalb ridge prior to the Ottoman conquest , in 1517 , he moved his headquarters to Ghazir . The move to the latter village in Keserwan 's interior and away from the Turkmen @-@ dominated coastal area likely contributed to a steady deterioration of ties between the Assafs and their fellow Turkmens . At the same time , it brought the Assafs closer to the Maronites who lived in the interior areas of Keserwan . Coiniciding to the Assafs ' relocation to Ghazir , Hubaysh ibn Musa moved to the village from Yanouh . The Assaf and Hubaysh clans thereafter developed strong ties , with members of the latter serving as agents of the Assafs and becoming their chief intermediaries with the local Maronites . In Tripoli , the Assafs had their own chief agent , Muhammad Agha Shu 'ayb , who was their subordinate tax collector for the countryside of Tripoli , including the Akkar plains . Meanwhile , the Buhturids were stripped of power in 1518 when their leader was imprisoned by the authorities for failure to submit allegiance to Selim I. Thus , the Ottomans restored the Assafs to their former prominence in Mount Lebanon . In the historical account of the 17th @-@ century Maronite patriarch and historian , Istifan al @-@ Duwayhi , Emir Assaf died in 1518 , and was succeeded by his son Hasan . Hasan and his brother Husayn had previously served as managers of their father 's affairs . = = = = Reign of Qa 'itbay = = = = Assaf 's other son from a different wife , Qa 'itbay , sought to usurp power from his brothers . In the ensuing power struggle , Qa 'itbay was forced to flee and received refuge in Choueifat , before relocating to Beirut ; there , he accrued funds to bribe the governor of Damascus , Janbirdi al @-@ Ghazali , to replace Hasan as the tax farmer of Keserwan . Hasan and Husayn sought to reconcile with their half @-@ brother , but as they entered Beirut , they were killed in an ambush ordered by Qa 'itbay . In his subsequent assertion of control over Keserwan , Jbeil and Beirut , Qa 'itbay was backed by Janbirdi al @-@ Ghazali , the ex @-@ Mamluk Ottoman governor of Damascus Eyalet . Despite al @-@ Ghazali 's revolt against the Ottomans and its subsequent suppression in 1521 , the authorities did not punish Qa 'itbay for his alliance with al @-@ Ghazali . However , the death of al @-@ Ghazali represented the loss of a major political patron of the emir . After al @-@ Ghazali 's downfall , the Hubaysh clan , who had since been forced out by Qa 'itbay and settled in Lassa , sought to oust Qa 'itbay . They kidnapped Hasan 's son Mansur , who Qa 'itbay had spared from execution due to Qa 'itbay 's lack of male progeny , and organized a revolt against Qa 'itbay in Mansur 's name . The revolt quickly spread through Qa 'itbay 's territories , but after marshaling financial resources to mobilize military support from the Bedouin Ibn al @-@ Hansh tribe of the Beqaa Valley , he managed to drive his opponents back to Lassa . Qa 'itbay died without a male heir in 1523 , and was succeeded by Hasan 's son Mansur , who Qa 'itbay had spared from execution due to Qa 'itbay 's lack of male progeny . = = = = Reign of Mansur = = = = In Ottoman administrative records , a certain Emir Musa Bey is noted as the local authority in Keserwan between Qa 'itbay 's death in 1523 and 1548 , not Mansur . However , nothing else is written about Emir Musa , prompting Bakhit to suggest that by dint of Musa 's title , " emir " , that Musa was a member of the Assaf clan who led the dynasty as a virtual regent during the years of Mansur 's years as a minor . In Duwayhi 's account , only Mansur is mentioned as leader . Mansur was regularly assigned the tax farms of the nawahi of Keserwan , Jbeil , Batroun , Bsharri , Kura and Dinniyah . Mansur installed members of the Hubaysh clan as his chief agents in Keserwan , particularly investing sheikhs Yusuf and Sulayman Hubaysh as his stewards . Mansur also became the patron of the Turkmen Sayfa clan , who entered the region as Ottoman levend ( auxiliary troops ) in 1528 . He installed the Sayfas as his subordinate tax farmers in Akkar , provoking opposition from Muhammad Shu 'ayb , who was killed by Mansur later that year . Mansur subsequently had Shu 'ayb replaced with Yusuf Sayfa as his chief agent in Tripoli . Mansur proceeded to eliminate his Muslim rivals between then and 1541 . Among those killed were the Kurdish Ottoman official in charge of Batroun , a couple of Shia sheikhs from Keserwan , a rival Turkmen clan in Keserwan and the sheikhs of the Bedouin Ibn al @-@ Hansh tribe ; the latter were executed at a reception held by Mansur in Ghazir . Mansur encouraged Maronite settlement in Keserwan , who he viewed as less of a threat to his rule than his Sunni rivals and as a counterweight to the Shia Muslim clans of Keserwan ; the Maronites were the majority population in the nawahi that Mansur tax farmed . In the 1540s , he lowered taxes and reduced property prices in Keserwan , attracting Maronite settlement in that nahiya . With the likely influence of the Hubaysh , who sought to oust the Shia from Keserwan , Maronite families from Jbeil village of Jaj , namely the Khazens , Gemayels and Kumayds , settled in the Keserwani villages of Ballouneh , Bikfaya and Ghazir 's ridge , respectively , in 1545 . With Yusuf Hubaysh as his chief deputy , Mansur managed to control a virtual principality between Beirut to Homs , and built palatial residences for himself in Ghazir , Beirut and Jbeil . Historian William Harris asserts that Mansur 's principality was the " precursor of the Druze lordship of Fakhr ad @-@ Din Ma 'n " . Although Mansur timely delivered taxes to the authorities , the Ottomans became wary of his power in Mount Lebanon and importing of arms from Venice . In 1579 , Sultan Murad III established the Tripoli Eyalet , which was centered in Tripoli and included all of the nawahi north of Keserwan that were ostensibly under Assaf lordship . The authorities assigned Mansur 's client Yusuf Sayfa as Tripoli 's governor , making him independent of Mansur . Yusuf Pasha Sayfa 's elevation also gave him tax rights over the Mansur 's former and predominantly Maronite nawahi . = = = = Reign of Muhammad = = = = Complaints lodged to the authorities against Mansur ultimately led to his dismissal in 1579 . He was replaced with his son Muhammad . Mansur died in 1580 . According to Duwayhi , Muhammad was alleged by the authorities to have participated in the looting of an Istanbul @-@ bound caravan from Egypt while it was passing through the Akkar and was consequently imprisoned in Istanbul . However , Ottoman sources mention that the caravan arrived safely in Istanbul and that the commander of the caravan , Ibrahim Pasha , backed by a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ strong army , arrested Muhammad and Qurqumaz Ma 'an while suppressing rebel activity in Mount Lebanon en route to Istanbul . About a year later , Muhammad was released and assigned the tax farm for Tripoli Eyalet 's rural districts , not including Tripoli itself , which remained under Yusuf Sayfa . The Ottoman authorities were content with Muhammad 's rule , but were vexed by the Maronites in his retinue . Muhammad 's taxation was considered exploitative by Tripoli Eyalet 's inhabitants . Yusuf Sayfa refused to pay taxes to Muhammad , prompting the latter to attempt collecting them through military means . However , while en route to the Akkar to pressure the Sayfas , Muhammad was shot dead outside of Tripoli on Yusuf Sayfa 's orders in 1591 . Muhammad 's death with no male heirs marked the end of Assaf rule . Following his death , Yusuf Sayfa was transferred control of the Assafs ' nawahi in Tripoli Eyalet , and he expelled the Hubaysh clan , promoting his Shia Muslim Hamade allies from Jbeil at their expense . In 1593 , Yusuf Sayfa wed Muhammad 's widow and thus acquired the Assafs ' wealth . He concurrently took control over Keserwan and Assaf properties in Beirut . = = List of Assaf emirs during Ottoman rule = = = Love , Inc . ( TV series ) = Love , Inc. is an American television sitcom , created by Andrew Secunda , which originally aired on United Paramount Network ( UPN ) from September 22 , 2005 to May 11 , 2006 , lasting one season . With an ensemble cast led by Busy Philipps , Vince Vieluf , Reagan Gomez @-@ Preston , Ion Overman , and Holly Robinson Peete , the show revolves around five matchmakers working in a dating agency . The series was produced by Chase TV , the Littlefield Company , Burg / Koules Television , and Paramount Television , and distributed by UPN in its original run and later by LivingTV and Nelonen in the United Kingdom and Sweden respectively . The executive producers were Adam Chase , Warren Littlefied , Mark Burg , and Oren Koules . Originally developed under the working title Wingwoman , Love , Inc. was intended to be a vehicle for Shannen Doherty . It would have marked her first role in a sitcom . Though picked up by UPN , Doherty was removed from the project at the request of the network due to her poor reception by preview audiences ; Doherty was replaced by Philipps . It was set in New York , but the filming took place at Paramount Studios in Hollywood , Los Angeles and California . UPN heavily promoted the show to attract an " urban " audience , and to that end , paired it with Everybody Hates Chris and included contemporary hip hop music . The series suffered low viewership despite its high ratings among young Hispanic women ; it was cancelled following UPN 's merger with the WB to launch the CW in 2006 . The cancellation of the series , along with that of other black sitcoms , was criticized by media outlets for reducing representation of African American characters and roles for African American actors on television . Critical response to Love , Inc. was mixed : some critics praised its multiethnic cast , while other cited the storylines and characters as unoriginal and Philipps ' portrayal of her character as unsympathetic . It was never made available on Blu @-@ ray or DVD . = = Premise = = Set in New York City , the dating agency Love , Inc. features a staff of single friends desperately looking for love . Newly divorced Clea Lavoy , the creator and owner of the company , seeks out the help of her friend and employee Denise Johnson to reignite her romantic life . She continually struggles to find love despite Denise 's best attempts . The future of the agency is put into jeopardy considering that its success and advertising relied on Clea 's " successful " , nearly decade @-@ long marriage . Love , Inc. also includes the receptionist Viviana , the style expert Francine , and the technician and photographer Barry . Episodes typically depict the inner workings of the agency , such as their first experience with a lesbian client , a consultation with a former priest , and marketing strategies to appeal to geeks and agoraphobes . Hired as wingmen for their clients , the employees act as " guardian angels for the conversationally challenged " . Each of the five characters have various comedic and romantic adventures outside the agency , like Viviana 's search for an eligible United States citizen to marry in order to secure a green card and Denise 's inability to find true love despite her talent in matching her clients with their " seemingly unattainable soulmates " . = = Characters = = The series features five main characters throughout its run : Busy Philipps as Denise Johnson , a dating consultant and self @-@ described expert at matchmaking , who provides her clients with " come @-@ on lines to use and avoid ; wardrobe and grooming hints , and conversation starters and stoppers " . Despite being characterized as " the Kung Fu master at setting up freaks , " she struggles with finding her own true love . After being contacted by her ex @-@ boyfriend to find the perfect match , she becomes cynical about dating and love , saying " I ’ ve been Wing Womaning my butt off " . Philipps described the character 's love life as a " complete disaster " . Vince Vieluf as Barry , Denise 's roommate and co @-@ worker who serves as the agency 's technician and photographer . Described as an " idiot savant " , he is characterized as a conspiracy theorist who experiences paranoia about everything from dentists to toothpaste companies . He frequently communicates through " head @-@ scratching non sequiturs " , leading to the characters perceiving him as " operat [ ing ] on a whole other level ... and sometimes on a whole other planet " . Vieluf said the character was pitched as " the only guy on the show " and " the luckiest guy in the world " . Reagan Gomez @-@ Preston as Francine , the agency style expert who encourages her clients to use and trust their fashion as a way to find a partner . She is introduced as criticizing Clea 's outfit as belonging to a coach for a women 's basketball team and is characterized as the hip worker at the agency . Francine 's storylines were not fully developed and " remain [ ed ] a bit of a mystery " by the end of the show . According to Vieluf , Francine communicates through a " whole different language " and has a special bond with Barry due to their different approaches to life . Ion Overman as Viviana , an Argentinian receptionist who " solicits personal information in a rather startling way " . She is constantly searching for an eligible American citizen to marry in order to secure a green card . Her heavy accent is written as a source of humor on the show , which led to critics accusing the writers of reducing the character to an ethnic stereotype . Holly Robinson Peete as Clea Lavoy , the founder and owner of the Love , Inc. dating agency . Clea is " thrust into the dating world " following the end of her nearly decade @-@ long marriage , in which her husband has an affair with a younger woman . = = Production = = Love , Inc. was developed under the working title Wing Woman and promoted as a " new ' Hitch ' -esque comedy " . The show 's concept was based on an article from The New York Times that discussed dating services . Production was handled by Chase TV , the Littlefield Company , Burg / Koules Television , and Paramount Television . The Littlefield Company suggested that the show 's creator Andrew Secunda collaborate with executive producer Adam Chase , who had previously worked on Friends . The series was Secunda 's first experience creating a television sitcom . Marta Kauffman , Liz Tuccillo , and Mark Burg and Oren Koules also contributed to the series as executive producers . On April 12 , 2005 , UPN announced that Doherty was in talks for the lead role while Reagan Gomez @-@ Preston was being considered for the role of the lead character 's " longtime friend , co @-@ worker and roommate " and Ion Overman for an unspecified part . Overman said she was attracted to part since she was searching for a job and viewed the series as a " very cool concept " . On April 18 , Holly Robinson Peete was confirmed to have joined the cast as the boss to Doherty 's character . The series was originally designed as a star vehicle for Doherty , who portrayed Denise Johnson in the unaired pilot . Denise was Doherty 's first role in a television sitcom . Doherty said she immediately loved the script for the pilot , which she described as " hysterical , " but felt intimidated by the role given her inexperience with comedy . The series was initially marketed as featuring Doherty and Peete , before United Paramount Network ( UPN ) announced it would pick it up on the condition Doherty was removed and the character was recast . According to TV Guide , Doherty was poorly received by preview audiences . When queried by an interviewer about the removal of Doherty from the show , executive producer Warren Littlefield said the actress was " fabulous " in the role . According to Littlefield , Doherty actively wanted to change her negative reputation from leaving Beverly Hills , 90210 and Charmed through acting on the show . Peete praised Doherty 's performance on the show , saying " we had so much fun and such a great vibe " . UPN Entertainment president cited the rationale behind Doherty 's departure through the " standard going @-@ in @-@ a @-@ different @-@ direction reason " . Rachel Cericola of TV Fodder listed Love , Inc. as one the " four promising sitcoms for the upcoming TV season " due to the behind the scenes drama involving Doherty 's replacement . UPN announced that Busy Philipps was cast as Denise on July 25 , and later billed as the show 's star . According to Vince Vieluf , the casting change from Doherty to Philipps led to the series being retooled as an ensemble show featuring all the members of the agency rather than focusing on Denise . Vieluf said the alterations in the series ' premise were due to concerns that " people would get tired of a show that was only about the mishaps of one person ’ s love life " . Page Kennedy reported that he was considered for a part on the show , but rejected it for the role of Caleb Applewhite on the second season of the ABC drama Desperate Housewives . Retired Los Angeles Lakers player Rick Fox guest starred in three episodes as David , one of Clea 's love interests . The casting of racially diverse actors was identified with UPN 's position as " the only network to actively program for an African American audience " . Tim Good of the San Francisco Chronicle pointed to the show 's casting as the only way in which it acts as a " positive reference " . Even though the show was set in New York City , filming took place in the Bluhdorn Building at Paramount Studios in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , and used the multiple @-@ camera format . Transitions between scenes feature images of New York City set to contemporary music , such as The Black Eyed Peas ' single " Don 't Phunk with My Heart " and Kelis ' single " Milkshake " . Todd R. Ramlow of PopMatters described the music as a further attempt to appeal to " an ' urban , ' black @-@ white audience , " and praised the musical choices as a " nice try at crossover for a network whose shows usually target a black demographic " . Aaron Korsh wrote the nineteenth episode as freelance work . = = Episodes = = The title for each episode references a popular sitcom . = = Reception = = = = = Broadcast history = = = On August 6 , 2005 , UPN officially ordered the series for thirteen episodes . The network later ordered a full season of twenty @-@ two episodes of the show on November 7 , 2005 amid speculation that it would be cancelled . In 2006 , LivingTV broadcast the series in the United Kingdom , and it was broadcast by Nelonen in Sweden in 2008 . UPN paired the series with Everybody Hates Chris , Eve , and Cuts in order to attract an " urban " audience . The network moved WWE SmackDown to Fridays in favor of scheduling Thursdays as focused on sitcoms . This decision was made to establish a " night of scripted programming " and draw more attention from film studios to purchase advertising space for their upcoming releases . Critics questioned the network 's belief that Love , Inc. and Everybody Hates Chris would appeal to the same viewership , and noted the difference in quality between the two , with Love , Inc. frequently cited as the inferior show . While the series initially retained 59 % of the audience from Everybody Hates Chris , the marketing strategy proved unsuccessful when it lost a majority of the viewership in later episodes . Cericola reported that Love , Inc. earned an average of 3 @.@ 6 million viewers per episode and an article in The Hollywood Reporter stated that the series garnered an average of 1 @.@ 0 / 3 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . It ranked 141st among broadcast television networks in the 2005 @-@ 2006 television season . According to the Nielsen Company , the show achieved high ratings among " Latina adolescents Ages 12 @-@ 17 " and earned 3 @.@ 4 million viewers in that demographic for 2005 . It ranked above two other UPN sitcoms : One on One and Half & Half for Latin women in the 12 @-@ 17 age demographic , and in " the top half of all UPN series " for total viewership . The series premiere saw a 6 % increase in the 18 – 49 age range , 53 % in women between 18 and 34 , and 118 % in women between 18 and 49 from the show that aired in the same time period during the last television season . The show , as well as a majority of UPN 's programs , were officially cancelled due to the network 's merger with the WB Television Network ( the WB ) to form the CW in 2006 . Fern Gillespie of The Crisis was critical of UPN 's decision to cancel the series given how the network " in one swoop , wiped out five of its eight African American comedies " for the creation of the CW . Gillespie expressed disappointment at the lack of African American sitcoms on the three major networks by saying : " Without that opportunity for some of the younger artists to hone and develop their skills , it will potentially have a generational impact . " Critic Tim Goodman identified Love , Inc. as one of six shows " geared for an African American audience " and featuring " an African American lead actress " that were cancelled during the merger . He equated these cancellations as a sign of networks " eliminat [ ing ] niche programming " . The series was never made available on Blu @-@ ray or DVD . = = = Critical response = = = Love , Inc. received mixed critical feedback . Ebony 's Zondra Hughes praised the show as one of the shows " the networks promise will keep you spellbound " and identified Peete and Overman as its primary " star appeal " . While reviewing its broadcast on LivingTV , a reviewer from Daily Record listed the show as its " pick of the day " and suggested it for viewers who would " fancy a giggle " . Diane Werts of Newsday found the characters to be " vibrantly well @-@ defined " and the writing " smart , with a light touch " . Peete received a nomination for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series in the 37th NAACP Image Awards , but lost to Tichina Arnold who starred in Everybody Hates Chris . The Futon Critic 's Brian Ford Sullivan praised Vieluf as the standout despite his limited role , but felt the execution of the matchmaking premise was inferior to that done in the 2005 film Hitch . Variety 's Laura Fries wrote that the series had " a quirky vibe , personable cast and snappy writing , " but likened it to the " proverbial old maid " by determining that the storylines and characters required more original material . Jon Bonné and Gael Fashingbauer Cooper of Today commended the series for its multiethnic cast , but wrote that it " struggles to salvage some screechingly bad jokes " . Bonné and Cooper called the show one of the network 's " most vulnerable properties " following the reports of UPN 's closure . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 28 out of 100 based on 17 reviews , indicating " generally unfavorable reviews " . Virginia Heffernan of The New York Times criticized the writing for being " unsparkly and sometimes labored " and relying too much on sitcom conventions . Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times criticized the series for being " unintentionally unfunny " , comparing it to the fictional sitcom " Rom and Bored " featured in the HBO comedy @-@ drama The Comeback . The Sun @-@ Sentinel 's Tom Jicha wrote that Love , Inc. was a " lethal combination of a stupid show and a suicidal time slot " . The Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan called the series a " grating comedy " that is " destined to be a footnote in history as the show that premiered after ' Everybody Hates Chris , ' and most likely faded shortly thereafter " . Miami Herald 's Glenn Garvin summarized the show as " humdrum " , and Doug Elfman of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times dismissed it as " negligible " . Mike Duffy of the Detroit Free Press found the series to be a " trite little laugh @-@ track factory " . Common Sense Media 's Jill Murphy called the show an " unoriginal look at finding love " filled with " stereotypical clients " , and Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune criticized it for being " neither funny nor particularly youthful " . Critics negatively responded to the character of Denise and Philipps ' performance , and cited both as annoying and unsympathetic . Heffernan described Denise as having a " smug fix @-@ it type " personality similar to Cher Horowitz from the 1995 film Clueless without the charm or charisma . USA Today 's Robert Bianco gave the series a half of a point out of four and called it on the " worst and laziest " comedies of 2005 . Bianco was critical of Philipps ' performance , which was described as " constant motion ; her face contorting , body twitching , voice braying " and transforming the show into something " truly unbearable " . Orlando Sentinel 's Hal Boedeker felt that Phillip 's character was an " overbearing know @-@ it @-@ all " . Matthew GIlbert of The Boston Globe called the show a " one @-@ joke affair " and wrote the premise behind Denise had the " same irony that failed to make Alicia Silverstone 's Miss Match very interesting " . The Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette 's Rob Owen favored Doherty 's portrayal of the character , which he described as " brimming with self @-@ confidence , " and criticized Philipps ' Denise as a " dizzyingly neurotic nutcase " . Ramlow called the series " boringly un @-@ hip " and wrote that the women were " needy and desperate " and " one @-@ shtick ponies " in comparison to those from Sex and the City . = Adult Swim in a Box = Adult Swim in a Box is a seven @-@ disc DVD box set produced by Williams Street and released by Warner Home Video on October 27 , 2009 . The box set contains various seasonal volume releases from Adult Swim series , as well as several pilots that were pitched to the network . The box set was first announced by Warner Home Video on July 31 , 2009 , to be released in October of the same year . The set was promoted as having a roughly threefold value , totaling 21 hours and 20 minutes of content . An Australian version titled the Adult Swim Meat Tray Collection was released on November 28 , 2012 ; a Region 2 version of Adult Swim in a Box had been released a year earlier . Critical reception for Adult Swim in a Box was mixed , with some reviewers confused as to the selection of content or recommending fans who have already purchased the shows on the set passing it on . = = Release = = Adult Swim in a Box was first announced by Warner Home Video on July 31 , 2009 , to be released on October 27 of the same year . The set was promoted as having a roughly threefold retail value ( US $ 180 or $ 160 to $ 69 @.@ 98 ) , containing " 4 of the 5 best selling Adult Swim series . " It consists of seven discs , totaling 21 hours and 20 minutes of content . According to the network 's now @-@ defunct online shopping site , the set was chosen to harken to the experience of purchasing an entire album " because you knew you liked at least one song . " = = Contents = = = = = Series = = = The second season volume release of Aqua Teen Hunger Force The third season volume release of Space Ghost Coast to Coast The first season volume release of Moral Orel The second season volume release of Robot Chicken The first season volume release of Metalocalypse The second season volume release of Sealab 2021 = = = Pilots = = = The following pilots are contained on one disc : Totally for Teens Cheyenne Cinnamon and the Fantabulous Unicorn of Sugar Town Candy Fudge Korgoth of Barbaria Welcome to Eltingville The pilot episode of Perfect Hair Forever = = Australian equivalent = = A similar box set was released for Region 4 markets in Australia . Entitled the Adult Swim Meat Tray Collection , it consists of six discs containing the first and only season of Lucy , the Daughter of the Devil and the entirety of 12 oz . Mouse and Tom Goes to the Mayor . The set was released on November 28 , 2012 . A Region 2 version of Adult Swim in a Box had been released a year earlier on October 19 . = = Critical reception = = The box set received mixed critical reception ; R.L. Shaffer of IGN was critical in his review of it , calling the release was " a complete waste " and the bonus disc " roughly 80 minutes of mediocre entertainment " . He recommended fans purchase " the shows you like instead , and start in the proper place , with the first season . " He ultimately gave the release an eight out of ten , however , stating " while this set is certainly well rated " in its content , he could not " find a reason to recommend it " . Noel Murray of The A.V. Club expressed confusion over the selection of material , suggesting to the network to release a " straight @-@ up Adult Swim best @-@ of set with rarities " . DVD Verdict 's Mac McEntire felt the set was not " good enough to warrant you re @-@ buying them all " , should buyers already own all six season volume releases . He gave the release an 85 out of 100 , remarking the pilots as showing " just how tough it must be to create a pilot , one that not only introduces characters and settings , but also promises a potential for weeks and perhaps years of additional stories . " DVD Talk 's Casey Burchby called the release " sloppy " , stating that fans who already owned DVD releases from their favorite programming on the network " can safely skip the release " , though the set " does fairly represent the insanely creative , off @-@ the @-@ wall nature of the network . " Jeff Niesel of the Cleveland Scene found the physical build of the set " a bit flimsy , but that 's to be expected for such an affordably priced set . " The Austin Chronicle 's James Renovitch dubbed the release " the anti @-@ box @-@ set " that keeps " with the spirit of Adult Swim " , while John Scott Lewinski of Wired called it " a sort of survival kit " for desperate fans of the network . Writing for Filter , Erik Nowlan rated it 90 percent , ensuring fans of Adult Swim will be " in pig heaven " upon its release . Nick Zaino of AOL TV praised the inclusion of Sealab 2021 and Metalocalypse , but called the pilots disc " a mixed bag , but mostly good . " PopMatters ' W. Scott Poole felt that the selection of series was " odd " , stating that while the series included " belong in any selection of Adult Swim bests " , so did others , naming The Venture Bros. and Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law as deserving candidates that were not included . = = = Work cited = = = Shaffer , R.L. ( November 3 , 2009 ) . " Adult Swim in a Box DVD Review " . IGN. pp. 1 – 2 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . = Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu – Tanambogo = The Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu – Tanambogo was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II , between the forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied ( mainly United States ( U.S. ) Marine ) ground forces . It took place from 7 – 9 August 1942 on the Solomon Islands , during the initial Allied landings in the Guadalcanal campaign . In the battle , U.S. Marines , under the overall command of U.S. Major General Alexander Vandegrift , successfully landed and captured the islands of Tulagi , Gavutu , and Tanambogo among which the Japanese Navy had constructed a naval and seaplane base . The landings were fiercely resisted by the Japanese Navy troops who , outnumbered and outgunned by the Allied forces , fought and died almost to the last man . At the same time that the landings on Tulagi and Gavutu – Tanambogo were taking place , Allied troops were also landing on nearby Guadalcanal , with the objective of capturing an airfield under construction by Japanese forces . In contrast to the intense fighting on Tulagi and Gavutu , the landings on Guadalcanal were essentially unopposed . The landings on both Tulagi and Guadalcanal initiated the six @-@ month @-@ long Guadalcanal campaign and a series of combined @-@ arms battles between Allied and Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands area . = = Background = = On 7 December 1941 , the Japanese attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , initiating a state of war between the two nations . The attack crippled much of the U.S. battleship fleet . The initial goals of Japanese leaders in the war were to neutralize the U.S. fleet , seize possessions rich in natural resources , and establish strategic military bases to defend Japan 's empire in Asia and the Pacific . In support of these goals , Japanese forces attacked and took control of the Philippines , Thailand , Malaya , Singapore , the Dutch East Indies , Wake Island , Gilbert Islands , New Britain , and Guam . Two attempts by the Japanese to extend their defensive perimeter in the south and central Pacific were thwarted in the battles of Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) and Midway ( June 1942 ) . These two strategic victories for the Allies provided them with an opportunity to take the initiative and launch an offensive against the Japanese somewhere in the Pacific . The Allies chose the Solomon Islands , specifically the southern Solomon Islands of Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Florida as the location for their first offensive . As part of an operation that resulted in the Coral Sea battle , the Japanese Navy sent troops to occupy Tulagi and nearby islands in the southern Solomons . These troops — mainly members of the 3d Kure Special Naval Landing Force — occupied Tulagi on 3 May 1942 , and constructed a seaplane , ship refueling , and communications base on Tulagi and the nearby islands of Gavutu , Tanambogo and Florida , all of which were soon operational . Aware of the Japanese efforts on Tulagi , the Allies ' concern increased in early July 1942 when the Japanese Navy began constructing a large airfield near Lunga Point on nearby Guadalcanal . By August 1942 , the Japanese had about 900 troops on Tulagi and nearby islands , and 2 @,@ 800 personnel ( many of whom were Korean and Japanese construction specialists and laborers ) on Guadalcanal . The airfield — when complete — would protect Japan 's major base at Rabaul , threaten Allied supply and communication lines , and establish a staging area for possible future offensives against Fiji , New Caledonia , and Samoa ( Operation FS ) . The Allied plan to attack the southern Solomons was conceived by U.S. Admiral Ernest King , Commander in Chief , United States Fleet . He proposed the offensive to deny the use of the southern Solomon Islands by the Japanese as bases to threaten the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia , and to use them as starting points for a campaign with the objective of capturing or neutralizing the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign , with the eventual goal of opening the way for the U.S. to retake the Philippines . U.S Admiral Chester Nimitz — Allied commander @-@ in @-@ chief for Pacific forces — created the South Pacific theater — with U.S. Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley in command — to direct the Allied offensive in the Solomons . In preparation for the offensive , in May 1942 , U.S. Major General Alexander Vandegrift was ordered to move his 1st Marine Division from the U.S. to New Zealand . Other Allied land , naval , and air force units were sent to establish bases in Fiji , Samoa , and New Caledonia . Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides was selected as the headquarters and main base for the impending offensive — codenamed Operation Watchtower — with the commencement date set for 7 August 1942 . At first , the Allied offensive was planned just for Tulagi and the Santa Cruz Islands , omitting Guadalcanal . However , after Allied reconnaissance discovered the Japanese airfield construction efforts on Guadalcanal , capture of that airfield was added to the plan and the Santa Cruz operation was dropped . The Allied Watchtower expeditionary force of 75 warships and transports , which included vessels from both the U.S. and Australia , assembled near Fiji on 26 July , and engaged in one rehearsal landing prior to leaving for Guadalcanal on July 31 . Vandegrift was the overall commander of the 16 @,@ 000 Allied ( primarily U.S. Marine ) ground forces involved in the landings and personally commanded the assault on Guadalcanal . In command of the 3 @,@ 000 U.S. Marines set to land on Tulagi and the nearby islands of Florida , Gavutu , and Tanambogo was U.S. Brigadier General William H. Rupertus on the transport ship USS Neville . = = Prelude = = Bad weather allowed the Allied expeditionary force to arrive in the vicinity of Guadalcanal unseen by the Japanese on the morning of 7 August . The Japanese detected the radio traffic from the incoming Allied invasion force and prepared to send scout aircraft aloft at daybreak . The landing force ships split into two groups , with one group assigned for the assault on Guadalcanal and the other tasked with the assault on Tulagi , Florida , and Gavutu – Tanambogo . Aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS Wasp dive @-@ bombed Japanese installations on Tulagi , Gavutu , Tanambogo , and Florida and strafed and destroyed 15 Japanese seaplanes floating in the anchorages near the islands . Several of the seaplanes were warming their engines in preparation for takeoff and were lost with their aircrews and many of their support personnel . The cruiser USS San Juan and destroyers USS Monssen ( DD @-@ 436 ) and Buchanan bombarded planned landing sites on Tulagi and Florida Island . To cover the assaults on Tulagi , Gavutu , and Tanambogo , U.S. Marines from the 1st Battalion , 2nd Marine Regiment made an unopposed landing on Florida Island at 07 : 40 . They were guided to their objective by several Australians , such as Lieutenant Frank Stackpool ( later Captain , British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force ) , who were familiar with the Tulagi @-@ Florida area from having previously lived and worked in the area . = = Battle = = = = = Tulagi = = = At 08 : 00 on August 7 , 1942 , two battalions of U.S. Marines , including the 1st Raider Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edson ( Edson 's Raiders ) , and the 2nd Battalion , 5th Marines ( 2 / 5 ) made an unopposed landing on the western shore of Tulagi about halfway between the two ends of the oblong @-@ shaped island . Beds of coral near the shore kept the landing craft from reaching the shoreline . The Marines , however , were able to wade the remaining 100 m ( 110 yd ) without hindrance from the Japanese forces , who were apparently taken by surprise by the landings and had yet to begin any organized resistance . At this time , the Japanese forces on Tulagi and Gavutu , a detachment of the 3rd Kure Special Naval Landing Force ( SNLF ) plus members of the Yokohama Air Group — commanded by Captain Shigetoshi Miyazaki — signaled their commander at Rabaul — Captain Sadayoshi Yamada — that they were under attack , were destroying their equipment and papers , and signed off with the message , " Enemy troop strength is overwhelming , We will defend to the last man . " Masaaki Suzuki , commander of the SNLF unit , ordered his troops into pre @-@ prepared defensive positions on Tulagi and Gavutu . Marines of 2 / 5 secured the northwest end of Tulagi without opposition and then joined Edson 's Raiders in their advance towards the southeastern end of the island . The Marines advanced towards the southeast end of the island throughout the day while defeating a few isolated pockets of Japanese resistance . Around noon , Suzuki repositioned his main defenses into a line 9 ° 6 ′ 26 ″ S 160 ° 8 ′ 56 ″ E on a hill — called Hill 281 ( Hill 280 in some sources ) by U.S. forces based on its elevation — and a nearby ravine located at the southeast end of the island . The Japanese defenses included dozens of tunneled caves dug into the hill 's limestone cliffs and machinegun pits protected by sandbags . The Marines reached these defenses near dusk , realized that they did not have enough daylight left for a full @-@ scale attack , and dug in for the night . During the night , the Japanese attacked the Marine lines five times , beginning at 22 : 30 . The attacks consisted of frontal charges along with individual and small group infiltration efforts towards Edson 's command post that at times resulted in hand to hand combat with the Marines . The Japanese temporarily broke through the Marine lines and captured a machine gun , but were thrown back soon after . After taking a few more casualties , the Marine lines held throughout the rest of the night . The Japanese suffered heavy losses in the attacks . During the night , one Marine — Edward H. Ahrens — killed 13 Japanese who assaulted his position before he was killed . Describing the Japanese attacks that took place during the night , eyewitness raider Marine Pete Sparacino said : " ... full darkness set in . There was movement to the front ... you could hear them jabbering . Then , the enemy found a gap and began running through the opening . The gap was ( sealed ) when another squad closed the gate . Some Japanese had crawled within 20 yards of ( Frank ) Guidone 's squad . Frank began throwing grenades from a prone position . His grenades were going off 15 yards from our position ( and ) we had to duck as they exploded . The enemy was all around . It was brutal and deadly . We had to be careful not to kill our comrades . We were tired but had to stay awake or be dead . " At daybreak on 8 August , six Japanese infiltrators hiding under the porch of the former British colonial headquarters shot and killed three Marines . Within five minutes , other Marines killed the six Japanese with grenades . Later that morning , the Marines , after landing reinforcements in the form of the 2nd Battalion , 2nd Marines ( 2 / 2 ) , surrounded Hill 281 and the ravine , pounded both locations with mortar fire throughout the morning , and then assaulted the two positions , utilizing improvised explosive charges to kill the Japanese defenders taking cover in the many caves and fighting positions spread throughout the hill and ravine . Employing the improvised explosives , the individual Japanese fighting positions were destroyed . Significant Japanese resistance ended by the afternoon , although a few stragglers were found and killed over the next several days . In the battle for Tulagi , 307 Japanese and 45 U.S. troops died . Three Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner . = = = Gavutu – Tanambogo = = = The nearby islets of Gavutu and Tanambogo housed the Japanese seaplane base as well as 536 Japanese naval personnel from the Yokohama Air Group and 3rd Kure Special Naval Landing Force and Korean and Japanese civilian technicians and laborers from the 14th Construction Unit . The two islets were basically mounds of coral — both about 42 m ( 138 ft ) high — and connected to each other by a 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) -long causeway . The hills on Gavutu and Tanambogo were called Hills 148 and 121 respectively by the Americans because of their height in feet . The Japanese on both islets were well entrenched in bunkers and caves constructed on and in the two hills . Also , the two islets were mutually supportive since each was in machine gun range of the other . The U.S. mistakenly believed that the islets were garrisoned by only 200 naval troops and construction workers . At 12 : 00 on 7 August , Gavutu was assaulted by the U.S. Marine 1st Parachute Battalion consisting of 397 men . The assault was scheduled for noon because there were not enough aircraft to provide air cover for the Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Gavutu landings at the same time . The preceding naval bombardment had damaged the seaplane ramp , forcing the naval landing craft to land the Marines in a more exposed location on a nearby small beach and dock at 9 ° 6 ′ 53 @.@ 30 ″ S 160 ° 11 ′ 19 @.@ 20 ″ E. Japanese machine gun fire began inflicting heavy casualties , killing or wounding one in ten of the landing Marines as they scrambled inland in an attempt to get out of the crossfire coming from the two islets . Surviving Marines were able to deploy two M1919 Browning machine guns to provide suppressing fire on Gavutu 's caves , allowing more Marines to push inland from the landing area . Seeking cover , the Marines became scattered and were quickly pinned down . Captain George Stallings — the battalion operations officer — directed Marines to begin suppressive fire with machine guns and mortars on the Japanese machine gun emplacements on Tanambogo . Shortly thereafter , American dive bombers dropped several bombs on Tanambogo , diminishing some of the volume of fire from that location . After about two hours , Marines reached and climbed Hill 148 . Working from the top , the Marines began clearing the Japanese fighting positions on the hill , most of which still remained , with explosive charges , grenades , and hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . From the top of the hill , the Marines were also able to put increased suppressive fire on Tanambogo . The Marine battalion commander on Gavutu radioed General Rupertus with a request for reinforcements before attempting to assault Tanambogo . Most of the 240 Japanese defenders on Tanambogo were aircrew and maintenance personnel from the Yokohama Air Group . Many of these were aircraft maintenance personnel and construction units not equipped for combat . One of the few Japanese soldiers captured recounts fighting armed with only hand sickles and poles . Rupertus detached one company of Marines from the 1st Battalion , 2nd Marine Regiment on Florida Island to assist in assaulting Tanambogo , in spite of advice from his staff that one company was not enough . Incorrectly believing that Tanambogo was only lightly defended , this company attempted an amphibious assault directly on Tanambogo shortly after dark on 7 August . Illuminated by fires started during a U.S. naval bombardment of the islet , the five landing craft carrying the Marines were hit by heavy fire as they approached the shore , with many of the U.S. Navy boatcrews being killed or wounded , as well as heavily damaging three of the boats . Realizing the position was untenable the Marine company commander ordered the remaining boats to depart with the wounded marines , and he and 12 men who had already landed sprinted across the causeway to cover on Gavutu . The Japanese on Tanambogo suffered 10 killed in the day 's fighting . Throughout the night , as the Japanese staged isolated attacks on the marines on Gavutu under the concealment of heavy thunderstorms , Vandegrift prepared to send reinforcements to assist with the assault on Tanambogo . The 3rd Battalion 2nd Marines ( 3 / 2 ) , still embarked on ships off Guadalcanal , was notified to prepare to assault Tanambogo on August 8 . The 3rd Battalion began landing on Gavutu at 10 : 00 on 8 August and assisted in destroying the remaining Japanese defenses on that islet , which was completed by 12 : 00 . Then the 3rd Battalion prepared to assault Tanambogo . The Marines on Gavutu provided covering fire for the attack . In preparation for the assault , U.S. carrier @-@ based dive bombers and naval gunfire bombardment were requested . After the carrier aircraft twice accidentally dropped bombs on the U.S. Marines on Gavutu , killing four of them , further carrier aircraft support was canceled . San Juan , however , placed its shells on the correct island and shelled Tanambogo for 30 minutes . The Marine assault began at 16 : 15 , both by landing craft and across the causeway , and , with assistance from two marine Stuart light tanks , began making headway against the Japanese defenses . One of the tanks which became stuck on a stump and isolated from its infantry support was surrounded by a " frenzied mob " of about 50 Japanese airmen . The Japanese set fire to the tank , killing two of its crew and severely beat the other two crewmembers before most of them were killed by Marine rifle fire . The Marines later counted 42 Japanese bodies around the burned @-@ out hulk of the tank , including the corpses of the Yokohama executive officer and several of the seaplane pilots . One of the Japanese survivors of the attack on the tank reported , " I recall seeing my officer , Lieutenant Commander Saburo Katsuta of the Yokohama Air Group , on top of the tank . This was the last time I saw him " . The overall commander of troops on Tanambogo was Captain ( naval rank ) Miyazaki @-@ san who blew himself up inside his dugout on the late afternoon of 8 August . Throughout the day , the Marines methodically dynamited the caves , destroying most of them by 21 : 00 . The few surviving Japanese conducted isolated attacks throughout the night , with hand to hand engagements occurring . By noon on 9 August , all Japanese resistance on Tanambogo ended . In the battle for Gavutu and Tanambogo , 476 Japanese defenders and 70 U.S. Marines or naval personnel died . Of the 20 Japanese prisoners taken during the battle , most were not actually Japanese combatants but Korean laborers belonging to the Japanese construction unit . = = = Landings on Guadalcanal = = = In contrast to Tulagi , Gavutu , and Tanambogo , the landings on Guadalcanal encountered much less resistance . At 09 : 10 on 7 August , General Vandegrift and 11 @,@ 000 U.S. Marines came ashore on Guadalcanal between Koli Point and Lunga Point . Advancing towards Lunga Point , they encountered no resistance except for " tangled " rain forest , and halted for the night about 1 @,@ 000 m ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) from the Lunga Point airfield . The next day , again against little resistance , the Marines advanced all the way to the Lunga River and secured the airfield by 16 : 00 on 8 August . The Japanese naval construction units had abandoned the airfield area , leaving behind food , supplies , and intact construction equipment and vehicles . = = Aftermath = = During the battle , about 80 Japanese escaped from Tulagi and Gavutu – Tanambogo by swimming to Florida Island . They were , however , all hunted @-@ down and killed by Marine and British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force patrols over the next two months . The Allies quickly turned the Tulagi anchorage , one of the finest natural harbors in the South Pacific , into a naval base and refueling station . During the Guadalcanal and Solomon Islands campaigns , Tulagi served as an important base for Allied naval operations . Since the Japanese exerted control over the nearby seas at night throughout the Guadalcanal campaign , any Allied ships in the Guadalcanal area that could not depart by nightfall often took refuge in Tulagi 's harbor . Allied ships damaged in the naval battles that occurred between August and December 1942 in the vicinity of Guadalcanal usually anchored in Tulagi 's harbor for temporary repairs before heading to rear @-@ area ports for permanent repairs . Later in the campaign , Tulagi also became a base for U.S. PT boats that attempted to interdict " Tokyo Express " missions by the Japanese to resupply and reinforce their forces on Guadalcanal . A seaplane base was also established on nearby Florida Island . Except for some troops left to build , garrison , operate , and defend the base at Tulagi , however , the majority of the U.S. Marines that had assaulted Tulagi and the nearby islets were soon relocated to Guadalcanal to help defend the airfield , later called Henderson Field by Allied forces , located at Lunga Point , for it was to be on Guadalcanal where all of the future , crucial , land battles in the Guadalcanal campaign would be fought . The U.S. Navy escort carrier USS Tulagi — in commission from 1943 to 1946 — was named for the fighting on Tulagi . = Typhoon Lee ( 1981 ) = Typhoon Lee , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Dinang , was the second storm to affect the Philippines during December 1981 . Lee originated from an area of thunderstorm activity near the Truk Atoll towards the end of December . Following an increase in organization , the system was classified as a tropical cyclone on December 22 . After becoming a tropical storm , Lee began to slowly strengthen , and attained typhoon status on December 24 . While turning west towards the Philippines , Lee began to intensify more rapidly . It is estimated to have reached peak intensity the next day , with winds of 145 km / h ( 90 mph ) . At peak intensity , the storm moved ashore the central Philippines later on December 25 . Lee emerged into the South China Sea the following day as a tropical storm . Initially , the storm maintained its intensity , but soon began to weaken due to increased wind shear . By December 28 , all of the thunderstorm activity was removed from the center , and on December 29 , Lee dissipated . However , the remnants of the cyclone was last noted a few hundred kilometers south of Hong Kong . Across the Philippines , Typhoon Lee killed 188 people . In addition , 674 @,@ 619 people were directly affected by the typhoon . Furthermore , 76 @,@ 169 dwellings were demolished while 39 @,@ 586 families , or 208 @,@ 336 people , were rendered as homeless . A total of 53 @,@ 314 houses were partially damaged . Also , 548 @,@ 525 people sought refuge in shelters . Additionally , 1 @,@ 586 individuals were injured due to Lee . Overall , damage totaled to $ 74 @.@ 1 million ( 1981 USD ) , $ 46 @.@ 4 million of which was from infrastructure and an additional $ 2 @.@ 2 million came from agriculture . The island of Samar sustained the worst damage caused by the storm . There , 82 fatalities were reported and 56 were injured . A total of 19 @,@ 390 people were displaced ; roughly 8 @,@ 000 families or 48 @,@ 000 people was forced to move to evacuation centers . Elsewhere , in the coastal town of Calapan , 5 @,@ 600 dwellings received damage , and 85 % of the coastal town 's residents were displaced from their homes . = = Meteorological history = = On December 21 , 1981 , an area of convection began to organize west of the Truk Atoll . Despite strong wind shear , Hurricane Hunter aircraft data yielded winds of near @-@ gale force and a barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 002 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) the next day . Initially , the aircraft did not find any evidence of a closed low @-@ level circulation . At 1000 UTC on December 22 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) for the system . Two hours later , the JTWC upgraded the disturbance into Tropical Depression 29 following the discovery of a closed surface circulation by Hurricane Hunters . By that evening , thunderstorm activity had become more concentrated towards the center ; as such , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) first classified the system as a tropical cyclone . Following a further increase in organization , both the JMA and JTWC upgraded the cyclone into Tropical Storm Lee early on December 23 . Meanwhile , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) also monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Dinang . Initially , Lee veered west @-@ northwest due to a mid @-@ latitude trough exiting off the Asia mainland . At 0600 UTC on December 23 , the JTWC classified Lee as a typhoon . At 0000 UTC on December 24 , the JMA upgraded Lee into a severe tropical storm . Six hours later , the agency classified Lee as a typhoon . Around this time , the JTWC predicted that Lee would turn north after entering the South China Sea due to the influence of an extratropical cyclone . However , as the storm turned west because the trough had moved away , the JTWC kept prolonging the northward turn . Moving in the general direction of the Philippines , Lee began to rapidly intensify . At 0600 UTC on December 25 , the JTWC reported winds of 180 km / h ( 110 mph ) , equivalent to a high @-@ end Category 2 hurricane on the United States @-@ based Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale . According to the JTWC , this would be the storm 's peak intensity . Meanwhile , the JMA estimated peak intensity of 145 km / h ( 90 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar ( 30 inHg ) . That afternoon , the typhoon made landfall along the central portion of the Philippines . After landfall , rapid weakening occurred , and when the storm entered the South China Sea on December 26 , the JTWC reduced the winds of Lee to 70 km / h ( 45 mph ) . Despite this , data from the JMA suggests that system was stronger , with winds of 105 km / h ( 65 mph ) . Based on additional reports from Hurricane Hunters , the JTWC revised its forecast and now anticipated the tropical cyclone to move on a westerly course and strike central Vietnam . Moving into an area of decreased monsoonal flow , Lee maintained its intensity for 18 hours . Satellite imagery showed a banding @-@ type eye . However , by December 27 , Lee began to feel the effects of an extratropical cyclone located to the north of the storm ; consequently , Lee began to make a gradual turn towards the northwest . Lee began to encounter increased vertical wind shear , and early on December 27 , the JMA lowered the intensity of Lee to 105 km / h ( 65 mph ) . Later that day , a Hurricane Hunter investigation recorded a pressure of 998 mbar ( 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) as the storm began to turn towards the north , exiting PAGASA 's warning zone . By 0000 UTC on December 28 , all of the deep convection was displaced from the center . Six hours later , the JMA estimated that Lee weakened to winds below tropical storm force . By midday , satellite imagery suggested that Lee was no longer a tropical cyclone ; however , the JTWC continued to issue warnings on the system until 0000 UTC on December 29 . At 1800 UTC , the JMA stopped watching the system . The remnants of Lee were last noted by the JTWC roughly 275 km ( 170 mi ) south of Hong Kong . = = Preparations and impact = = Prior to landfall , twelve provinces , including some in Luzon , were placed on typhoon alert . Upon moving through the central Philippines , Typhoon Lee affected some of the same areas devastated by Typhoon Irma earlier that month , which was considered the strongest storm to affect the island since 1970 . Lee knocked out communications and left many coconut @-@ producing areas isolated . Railway services to and from Manila was suspended . Even though nine domestic flights were canceled , the Manila International Airport remained open throughout the passage of the typhoon . Across Manila , some flooding was reported and high winds tore off some Christmas decorations in hotels along the bay . The Sorsogon Province was one of the hardest hit areas by the typhoon ; 20 casualties happened there because of flooding . In the coastal region of Legaspi , home to a large volcano , 150 houses were demolished due to storm surge , 25 of which were swept out at sea . Telephone lines were also cut off for four days in the city . Storm surge was also noted in coastal towns in the Sorsogon , Masbate , and Albay provinces . In the latter , three villages were damaged . Just south of the capital city of Manila , in the coastal town of Calapan on Mindoro Island , 5 @,@ 600 houses were damaged , and 20 @,@ 000 persons or 85 % of the town 's residents were left without a home . Two fatalities were reported in the city . In the fishing village of San Fernando on Masbate Island , 50 thatched huts were flattened . Elsewhere , four people were killed and three others injured in Naujan , where 86 homes were either damaged or destroyed . According to officials , 82 people were killed on the island of Samar . Throughout the island , the system destroyed schools , residences , an airport terminal , the government house in Catarman , and a jail , enabling 11 prisoners to escape . Most of damage to Samar was caused by collapsing houses and uprooted coconut trees hurled by the gusty winds . A total of 19 @,@ 390 people were displaced ; roughly 8 @,@ 000 families or 48 @,@ 000 people of which were forced to move to evacuation centers . An additional 56 people were hurt province @-@ wide . Ten homes were washed away along a coastal village in the Marinduque Province . One person also perished due to electrocution outside of Naga City . One hundred eighty @-@ eight people were killed , primarily due to drownings . Another 674 @,@ 619 people were directly affected by the typhoon . A total of 76 @,@ 169 dwellings were demolished , and 39 @,@ 586 families , or 208 @,@ 336 people , were displaced . This total included approximately 6 @,@ 000 people in the provinces of Romblon , Quezon , and Albay . Overall , a total of 53 @,@ 314 homes were partially damaged . Moreover , 548 @,@ 525 people sought refuge in shelters . Additionally , 1 @,@ 586 persons were injured due to Lee . Overall , damage totaled to $ 74 @.@ 1 million , including $ 46 @.@ 4 million from infrastructure and $ 2 @.@ 2 million from agriculture . Damage was estimated at $ 44 million in Samar . = = Aftermath = = Within a few days after the passage of Typhoon Lee , relief agencies were deployed to distribute food and medicines to families temporarily housed in schools , town halls and churches . Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared an emergency and a " state of calamity " in the provinces of Northern Samar , Masbate , Mindoro Oriental , and Romblon . He subsequently released $ 1 @.@ 8 million in order to repair roads , bridges and schools . Several evacuation centers were opened up in schools and town halls . = Inocybe maculata = Inocybe maculata , commonly known as the frosty fibrecap , is a species of mushroom in the Inocybaceae family . First described by Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1885 , I. maculata can be found throughout Europe , Asia and North America . It is a medium @-@ sized brown mushroom with a fibrous , brown cap with white remnants of a universal veil in the middle . The stem is cream or brown . The species is ectomycorrhizal and grows at the base of various trees , including beech . Inocybe maculata is poisonous , containing muscarine . Possible symptoms after consumption of I. maculata mushrooms are salivation , lacrimation , urination , defecation , gastrointestinal problems and vomiting , with the possibility of death due to respiratory failure . = = Taxonomy , phylogeny , and naming = = The species was given its specific epithet , " maculata " ( from the Latin for " spotted " ) , by Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1885 in an article in the Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France . Within the genus Inocybe , it has placed within the subgenus Inosperma and section Rimosae . However , Phylogenetic analysis , has shown that section Rimosae as formerly defined does not form a monophyletic group ( that is , descended from a single exclusive ancestor ) , and former Rimosae species are better grouped into two clades , Maculata and Rimosae . Other species joining I. maculata in the Maculata clade include I. cookei , I. quietiodor , I. rhodiola , I. adaequata , and I. erubescens . Inocybe maculata has no generally recognised synonyms . However , there has been some debate about its status as a single species ; due to the wide geographic and morphological variation of the species , some authors have proposed multiple species and varieties . In response , mycologist Thom Kuyper has listed over thirty specific names and varieties as synonyms of Inocybe lacera ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
05 km / h ) . Early the next day , Frances struck Cat Island while somewhat weaker . The system decelerated and weakened slightly to a Category 2 hurricane before landfall in Eleuthera hours later . By September 4 , Frances made another landfall on Grand Bahama with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . Moving slowly west @-@ northwestward , the hurricane made landfall in Hutchinson Island , Florida at the same intensity , early on September 5 . Rapidly weakening , Frances fell to Category 1 intensity around midday and deteriorated to a tropical storm about six hours later . On September 6 , the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico near New Port Richey , before another landfall at the mouth of the Aucilla River with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Early on September 7 , Frances weakened to a tropical depression over Georgia . By late the next day , the system became extratropical , though the remnants persisted until dissipation over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on September 11 . In the Bahamas , about 75 % of residents lost electricity . Between 13 and 17 percent of the non @-@ native Australian pine on San Salvador Island experienced damage , primarily from snapping , though some browning from salt spray was noted . Several feet of water flooded the international airport at Freeport . Insured losses reached about $ 300 million . Severe damage was also dealt to banana , corn , and pineapple crops . About 4 @,@ 160 homes received minor damage , while 2 @,@ 522 houses were rendered uninhabitable or destroyed . About 700 people were left homeless . Additionally , sea walls , schools , bridges , roads , and docks suffered damage . Strong winds brought severe damage to Florida , especially counties along the east coast . Hundreds of homes , mobile homes , and businesses were destroyed in Indian River , Martin , and St. Lucie counties , and damage was inflicted on thousands of other structures there . In the tri @-@ county area alone , damage totaled approximately $ 4 @.@ 5 billion . Palm Beach County also suffered particularly severely , with 15 @,@ 000 houses and 2 @,@ 400 businesses damaged there . About 4 @.@ 27 million customers were left without electricity in Florida . Frances and its remnants brought extensive flooding to other states , especially in Georgia , North Carolina , Ohio , and Pennsylvania . The storm spawned 101 tornadoes in the United States , with 45 in South Carolina alone . Damage in the United States totaled approximately $ 9 @.@ 5 billion , placing Frances among the costliest hurricanes in the country . Overall , the storm caused 49 deaths , two each in the Bahamas and Ohio , eight in Georgia , and thirty @-@ seven in Florida . = = = Hurricane Gaston = = = A frontal low pressure area developed into Tropical Depression Seven at 12 : 00 UTC on August 27 , while located about 130 mi ( 210 km ) east @-@ southeast of Charleston , South Carolina . The depression gradually strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gaston early on August 28 . Initially , Gaston tracked slowly , moving southeastward and then westward , before a developing mid- to upper @-@ level ridge re @-@ curved the storm northwestward . Gaston strengthened and became a hurricane at 120 : 00 UTC on August 29 . Two hours later , the storm made landfall near Awendaw , South Carolina with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Gaston weakened rapidly inland and was only a tropical depression by early on August 30 . Gaston re @-@ strengthened into a tropical storm while located over eastern Virginia on August 31 , just hours before emerging into the Atlantic . Gaston re @-@ intensified slightly further , but became extratropical near Sable Island on September 1 . In South Carolina , an unofficial measurement indicated wind gusts up to 82 mph ( 132 km / h ) in South Capers Island , which is near Parris Island . Strong winds destroyed eight homes , damaged more than 3 @,@ 000 buildings , and left more than 150 @,@ 000 people without power . Additionally , flash flooding further inland severely damaged or destroyed at least 20 homes in Berkeley County . In North Carolina , widespread street flooding occurred , including inundation of portions of Interstates 40 and 95 . Several trees were downed by strong winds , especially in Chatham and Johnston counties . A tornado in Hoke County damaged several homes . Severe flooding occurred in east @-@ central Virginia due to rainfall amounts up to 12 @.@ 6 in ( 320 mm ) . In Chesterfield , Dinwiddie , Hanover , Henrico , and Prince George counties , 350 homes and 230 businesses were damaged or destroyed , and many roads were closed due to high water . In Richmond , more than 120 roads were closed , including a portion of Interstate 95 . There were nine fatalities . Throughout the United States , Gaston caused about $ 130 million in damage . The remnants produced light rainfall in Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and Sable Island . = = = Tropical Storm Hermine = = = The frontal zone that spawned Hurricane Gaston developed an area of convection south of Bermuda on August 25 . After detaching from the front and developing a circulation , the system became a tropical depression at 18 : 00 UTC on August 27 . It initially remained weak while the convection fluctuated , until intensifying into Tropical Storm Hermine at 12 : 00 UTC on August 29 . Later that day , wind shear exposed the circulation to the north of the convection , though the storm was able to a peak as a 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) tropical storm on August 30 . The storm turned northward under the steering currents of a subtropical ridge . Increased wind shear from Gaston weakened Hermine . By late on August 30 , the circulation was entirely exposed from the convection . Early on August 31 , Hermine made landfall near New Bedford , Massachusetts as a minimal tropical storm . It rapidly weakened while moving northward , and after becoming extratropical , Hermine was absorbed by a frontal zone later that day . The storm brought tropical storm force winds and light rainfall to eastern Massachusetts , reaching about 0 @.@ 5 in ( 13 mm ) in Cape Cod . The remnants of Hermine tracked across New Brunswick and produced locally heavy rainfall , peaking at about 2 @.@ 36 in ( 60 mm ) . In Moncton , minor basement flooding and street closures were reported . = = = Hurricane Ivan = = = A westward @-@ moving tropical wave developed into a tropical depression on September 2 , before becoming Tropical Storm Ivan on the following day . After reaching hurricane intensity on September 5 , the storm strengthened significantly , becoming a Category 4 hurricane on September 6 . It subsequently weakened , though it reached major hurricane status again the next day . Late on September 7 , Ivan passed close to Grenada while heading west @-@ northwestward . While located near the Netherlands Antilles on September 9 , Ivan briefly became a Category 5 hurricane . During the next five days , Ivan fluctuated between a Category 4 and 5 hurricane . The storm passed south of Jamaica on September 11 and then the Cayman Islands on the next day . While curving northwestward , Ivan brushed western Cuba as a Category 5 hurricane on September 14 . Shortly after moving to the west of Cuba on September 14 , Ivan entered the Gulf of Mexico . Over the next two days , the storm gradually weakened while tracking north @-@ northwestward and northward . At 06 : 50 UTC on September 16 , Ivan made landfall near Gulf Shores , Alabama with winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . It quickly weakened inland , falling to tropical storm status later that day and tropical depression strength by early on September 17 . The storm curved northeastward and eventually reached the Delmarva Peninsula , where it became extratropical on September 18 . The remnants of Ivan moved southward and then southwestward , crossing Florida on September 21 and re @-@ entering the Gulf of Mexico later that day . Late on September 22 , the remnants regenerated into Ivan in the central Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression , shortly before re @-@ strengthening into a tropical storm . After reaching winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) , wind shear weakened Ivan back to a tropical depression on September 24 . Shortly thereafter , Ivan made a final landfall near Holly Beach , Louisiana with winds of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) and subsequently dissipated hours later . Throughout the Lesser Antilles and in Venezuela , Ivan caused 44 deaths and slightly more than $ 1 @.@ 15 billion in losses , with nearly all of the damage and fatalities in Grenada . While Ivan was passing south of Hispaniola , the outer bands of the storm caused four deaths in the Dominican Republic . In Jamaica , high winds and heavy rainfall left $ 360 million in damage and killed 17 people . The storm brought strong winds to the Cayman Islands , resulting in two deaths and $ 3 @.@ 5 billion in damage . In Cuba , a combination of rainfall , storm surge , and winds resulted in $ 1 @.@ 2 billion in damage , but no fatalities . Heavy damage was reported along the Gulf Coast of the United States . Along the waterfront of Escambia and Santa Rosa counties in Florida , nearly every structure was impacted . In the former , 10 @,@ 000 roofs were damaged or destroyed . About 4 @,@ 600 homes were demolished in the county . Similar impact occurred in Alabama . Property damage was major along Perdido Bay , Big Lagoon , Bayou Grande , Pensacola Bay and Escambia Bay . A number of homes were completely washed away by the high surge . Further inland , thousands of other houses were damaged or destroyed in many counties . Ivan produced a record tornado outbreak , with at least 119 twisters spawned collectively in nine states . Throughout the United States , the hurricane left 54 fatalities and slightly more than $ 18 @.@ 8 billion in damage . Six deaths were also reported in Atlantic Canada . = = = Tropical Depression Ten = = = A tropical wave accompanied with a well @-@ organized area of convection emerged off the western coast of Africa on August 29 . Performing a slow curve over the eastern Atlantic , the wave became increasingly less @-@ defined over subsequent days as a result of strong southwesterly wind shear . Following the development of shower and thunderstorm activity near the center , the system acquired enough organization to be deemed a tropical depression at 12 : 00 UTC on September 7 , while positioned about 725 mi ( 1 @,@ 165 km ) southwest of the southernmost Azores . Hostile environmental conditions caused the depression to remain below tropical storm intensity and instead degenerate into a remnant low by 12 : 00 UTC on September 9 after the center decoupled from the remainder of the convective activity . The low @-@ level circulation persisted near the Azores until dissipating the following day . = = = Hurricane Jeanne = = = Tropical Depression Eleven developed from a tropical wave at 18 : 00 UTC on September 13 , while located about 70 mi ( 110 km ) east @-@ southeast of Guadeloupe . After crossing the island while moving west @-@ northwestward , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Jeanne around midday on September 14 . It strengthened further in the Caribbean Sea , before making landfall near Guayama , Puerto Rico with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) at 16 : 00 UTC the following day . Hours later , Jeanne emerged into the Mona Passage and resumed deepening , becoming at Category 1 hurricane at midday on September 16 . Around the time , the hurricane made another landfall at the eastern tip of Dominican Republic with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . By early on September 17 , Jeanne weakened to a tropical storm due to its slow movement over the rough terrain of Hispaniola , and briefly fell to tropical depression intensity at 18 : 00 UTC . After re @-@ emerging into the Atlantic , the storm then moved generally northward . After the system passed between the eastern Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands on September 18 , slow re @-@ intensification occurred . Late on September 20 , Jeanne again became a Category 1 hurricane ; around that time , it began to execute an anti @-@ cyclonic loop . The storm moved eastward , before an extratropical trough caused Jeanne to curve southeastward . Early on September 22 , the system strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane . A deep @-@ layer ridge slowly curved Jeanne to the west by the following day , around the time it weakened to a Category 1 hurricane due to upwelled waters . However , the storm began re @-@ intensifying on September 24 , becoming a Category 2 hurricane again that day and a Category 3 by September 25 . At 14 : 00 UTC on the latter , Jeanne struck the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . The hurricane strengthened slightly further , peaking with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . Jeanne made its final landfall on Hutchinson Island , Florida at the same time around 04 : 00 UTC on September 26 . It quickly weakened after moving inland and fell to tropical storm intensity only 14 hours later . Curving northward , Jeanne decayed to a tropical depression over Georgia late on September 27 . Jeanne turned northeastward and became extratropical over Virginia after about 24 hours . The remnants briefly re @-@ strengthened after moving offshore the Delmarva Peninsula , but dissipated late on September 29 . In Guadeloupe , rainfall amounts up to 11 @.@ 81 in ( 300 mm ) caused flooding and mudslides throughout the island . Many roads and bridges were inundated or washed out . About 470 homes were damaged or destroyed . Similar impact was reported in Puerto Rico , with heavy precipitation causing flooding and mudslides . There was also heavy damage to crops , schools , houses , and businesses . Strong wind gusts left 70 % of the island without power . Jeanne resulted in $ 169 @.@ 9 million in damage and eight deaths . In Dominican Republic , major flooding was reported , with rivers overflowing , bridges collapsing , roads cut off , damage to agriculture , and mudslides . Strong winds disrupted telephone services and caused power outages . Overall , hundreds of people became homeless and there was 23 deaths and $ 270 million in damage . Up to 13 in ( 330 mm ) of rain fell on the mountainous region of Haiti , causing extreme flooding and mudslides , especially in the Gonaïves area . Over 200 @,@ 000 people were left homeless and an estimated 3 @,@ 006 fatalities occurred . In the Bahamas , communications were disrupted and some homes were inundated by storm surge in the Abaco Islands . Similar impact was reported on Grand Bahama , with several houses and the airport being flooded . Further , winds tore @-@ off and damaged a number of roofs . Throughout the state of Florida , strong winds were observed , leaving approximately 3 @.@ 44 million people without electricity . Additionally , more than 101 @,@ 611 homes were impacted by the storm , almost 14 @,@ 000 of which severely or beyond repairs . Several other states experienced severe flooding . Overall , there were five deaths and about $ 7 @.@ 66 billion in damage in the United States . = = = Hurricane Karl = = = A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Twelve early on September 16 , while located 390 mi ( 630 km ) southwest of Cape Verde . The depression moved westward under a subtropical ridge and became Tropical Storm Karl later that day . On September 17 , the storm curved northwestward and continued strengthening , reaching hurricane status early on September 18 . Karl intensified significant while moving west to west @-@ northwestward and became a major hurricane by early the next day . The storm briefly deepened to a Category 4 hurricane on September 20 , before weakening slightly and subsequently re @-@ strengthening to that intensity . Early on September 21 , Karl peaked with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) while moving northwestward again . After peak intensity on September 21 , Karl weakened due to increasing wind shear , while moving northeastward in response to a baroclinic trough . After wind shear lessened , the storm briefly became a major hurricane again on September 23 . However , wind shear returned later that day and ocean temperatures began cooling . Another trough re @-@ curved Karl northward on September 24 as the storm was gradually weakening . Early on September 25 , Karl became extratropical while located about 585 mi ( 940 km ) east of Cape Race , Newfoundland . The remnants of Karl accelerated northeastward and then east @-@ northeastward . Sustained winds up to 89 mph ( 143 km / h ) and gusts reaching 112 mph ( 180 km / h ) were observed on Mykines in the Faroe Islands . The extratropical remnants of Karl dissipated over Norway on September 28 . = = = Hurricane Lisa = = = At 18 : 00 UTC on September 19 , a tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen , which was centered located about 520 mi ( 840 km ) west @-@ southwest of Cape Verde . Despite unfavorable conditions from being located near Hurricane Karl , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Lisa on September 20 . After nearly reaching hurricane status , Lisa began executing a small cyclonic loop due to a Fujiwhara interaction with a tropical wave . Additionally , the interaction caused Lisa to weaken to a tropical depression on September 23 . During the next several days , the storm fluctuated in intensity , from a tropical depression to a strong tropical storm . A deep mid- to upper @-@ level trough caused Lisa to turn northward on September 25 . By October 1 , a short @-@ wave trough re @-@ curved and accelerated Lisa toward the northeast . The storm strengthened and was finally upgraded to a hurricane at 06 : 00 UTC on October 2 . At that time , Lisa attained its peak intensity with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 987 mbar ( 29 @.@ 1 inHg ) . After sea surface temperatures dropped to around 73 @.@ 4 ° F ( 23 @.@ 0 ° C ) , Lisa weakened and was downgraded to a tropical storm later on October 2 . The storm lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 12 : 00 UTC on October 3 . Shortly thereafter , the remnants of Lisa were absorbed by a frontal zone while located about 1 @,@ 150 mi ( 1 @,@ 850 km ) of Cape Race , Newfoundland . = = = Tropical Storm Matthew = = = A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen on October 8 , while located about 205 mi ( 330 km ) southeast of Brownsville , Texas . The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Matthew about six hours later . The storm moved generally northeastward or northward throughout its duration . After briefly weakening , Matthew attained its peak intensity late on October 9 , with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 997 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . At 11 : 00 UTC on October 10 , Matthew made landfall near Cocodrie , Louisiana with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Only an hour later , Matthew weakened to a tropical depression and became extratropical early on October 11 . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in southeastern Louisiana , with a peak total of 18 in ( 460 mm ) near Haynesville . Along the coast , storm surge up to 5 @.@ 85 ft ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) was observed at Frenier . A combination of storm surge and heavy rainfall inundated numerous roads in Lafourche , Orleans , St. Bernard , St. John the Baptist , St. Tammany , and Terrebonne parishes . About 20 homes in Terrebonne Parish were damaged , while several others were flooded in Lafourche Parish . A tornado also damaged the roof of a trailer in Golden Meadow . Winds resulted in electrical outages for approximately 2 @,@ 500 customers . The storm cracked water line in LaPlace , leaving nearly 30 @,@ 000 residents without tap water . Overall , losses in Louisiana reached $ 255 @,@ 000 . In Mississippi , storm surge caused coastal flooding in Hancock County . Damage in the state totaled only $ 50 @,@ 000 . = = = Subtropical Storm Nicole = = = The interaction between an upper @-@ level trough and a cold front developed a low pressure area on October 8 to the southwest of Bermuda . It developed a curved band of convection northwest of the center , and it organized into Subtropical Storm Nicole by October 10 . An approaching mid @-@ level trough turned the system northeastward . Early on October 11 , Nicole passed about 60 mi ( 95 km ) northwest of Bermuda . On the island , Nicole and its precursor dropped 5 @.@ 86 in ( 148 mm ) of rainfall and produced wind gusts reaching 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . The winds left 1 @,@ 800 homes and businesses without power , while the unsettled conditions caused delays at the L.F. Wade International Airport . After passing Bermuda , Nicole developed an area of convection near the center , suggesting the beginning of a transition to a tropical cyclone . However , strong wind shear caused weakening after the storm reached peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . A larger extratropical storm absorbed Nicole on October 11 , while the storm was located south of Nova Scotia . In Maine , gusty winds from the remnants of Nicole downed trees and electrical lines , resulting some power outages , especially along or near the coast . Similarly , 11 @,@ 300 people were left without electricity in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick alone after winds uprooted trees and toppled power lines . Significant rainfall was also produced in the region , peaking at about 5 in ( 130 mm ) in northeastern Nova Scotia . = = = Tropical Storm Otto = = = A cold front and a strong upper @-@ level trough interacted , resulting in the development of an extratropical low pressure area on November 26 . After losing frontal characteristics , the system transitioned into Subtropical Storm Otto at 12 : 00 UTC on November 29 , while located about 1 @,@ 150 mi ( 1 @,@ 850 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . Initially , the storm moved northwestward due to a weakness in a subtropical ridge . Late on November 29 , Otto attained its maximum sustained wind speed of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Deep convection formed near the center and the storm began transitioning to a warm core system . The system was re @-@ classified as Tropical Storm Otto at 12 : 00 UTC on November 30 . Although sea temperatures were relatively cold , Otto did not quickly weaken , because of low wind shear . On December 1 , the storm curved southeastward and completed a cyclonic loop later that day . After wind shear began increasing , Otto started weakening and was downgraded to a tropical depression at 12 : 00 UTC on December 2 . At that , Otto reached its minimum barometric pressure of 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . Early on December 3 , the storm degenerated into a remnant low pressure while located about 920 mi ( 1 @,@ 480 km ) southeast of Bermuda . = = Season effects = = The following table lists all of the storms that have formed in the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season . It includes their duration , names , landfall ( s ) ( in parentheses ) , damages , and death totals . Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect ( an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident ) , but were still related to that storm . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical , a wave , or a low , and all of the damage figures are in 2004 USD . = = Storm names = = The following names were used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2004 . This is the same list used for the 1998 season except for Gaston and Matthew , which replaced Georges and Mitch . The names not retired from this list were used again in 2010 . Storms were named Gaston , Matthew , and Otto for the first time in 2004 . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray . = = = Retirement = = = The World Meteorological Organization retired four names in the spring of 2005 – Charley , Frances , Ivan , and Jeanne due to extreme damages and death toll . They were replaced in 2010 by Colin , Fiona , Igor , and Julia . The 2004 season was tied with the 1955 season and 1995 season for the most storm names retired after a single season until the 2005 season , when five names were retired . = Saman ( novel ) = Saman is a controversial Indonesian novel by Ayu Utami published in 1998 . It is Utami 's first novel , and depicts the lives of four sexually @-@ liberated female friends , and a former Catholic priest , Saman , for whom the book is named . Written in seven to eight months while Utami was unemployed , Saman sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies and ignited a new literary movement known as sastra wangi ( originally used pejoratively ) that opened the doors to an influx of sexually @-@ themed literary works by young Indonesian women . Saman deals explicitly with themes of sexuality , taboo for women writers in Indonesia at that time . She also writes about the supernatural and mysticism . Utami has said the stories reflect some of her personal experiences , such as her loss of religion which mirrors that of the priest , Saman . Utami also includes passages reflecting the destructiveness of Suharto 's political authoritarianism ; in later interviews she said the political realities reflected in Saman are still applicable to post @-@ Suharto Indonesia . Saman won the 1997 Jakarta Art Institute novel writing contest , which led to its publication . Critical reception was mixed . Some critics praised the richness of its language , while others derided the novel for its sexual explicitness and questioned whether it was Utami 's own work . The novel eventually was hailed for its groundbreaking portrayal of a woman 's views of sexuality . As of 2008 , it has been translated into six languages and won several awards , including the 1998 Jakarta Arts Council Novel Competition and the 2000 Prince Claus Award . A film adaptation is in the making . = = Plot = = Saman follows four sexually liberated female friends : Yasmin , a married Catholic lawyer from Medan ; Cok , a Balinese lawyer with a high libido ; Shakuntala , a bisexual Catholic Javanese dancer ; and Laila , a Muslim Minangkabau journalist . The other protagonist is the titular Saman , a former Catholic priest turned human rights activist who becomes the target of sexual advances by Yasmin and Cok . The first chapter , beginning in Central Park , New York , describes Laila waiting for the married Sihar and planning to lose her virginity to him . Eventually Laila realises that Sihar is still in Jakarta with his wife , and feels depressed . The second chapter covers Saman 's childhood — including his relationship with his mother , a woman drawn to the spiritual world — his entry into priesthood , and his attempt to protect a rubber tapping community from the attempt by a local plantation to acquire their land . After the attempt fails and the plantation 's hired thugs raze the community to the ground and kills those who resist , Saman is captured and tortured . He eventually is broken out of his confinement by the surviving resistance members , becoming a fugitive and relinquishing his duty as a priest . He becomes a human rights advocate , assisted by Yasmin . The third chapter , written from the point of view of Shakuntala , tells how Yasmin , Cok , Shakuntala , and Laila met at high school and their escapades there , both sexual and academic . Shakuntala recounts a fantasy she had as a teenager about meeting a " foreign demon " , embracing him and then having a debate on the different cultural aspects of sexuality . Towards the end of the chapter , Shakuntala notes that she is attracted to Laila and dislikes Sihar , but supports her friend 's efforts as she cares for her . During the fourth chapter , Saman is spirited away to New York by Yasmin and Cok . Although both Cok and the married Yasmin make advances toward him , he initially declines . However , during the middle of the night he and Yasmin have sex , but Saman is distressed because he ejaculated quickly . The entirety of the last chapter consists of emails sent between Saman and Yasmin , discussing their insecurities , that become increasingly sexualised . = = Writer = = When written , Saman was intended to be included in a work in progress entitled Laila Tak Mampir Ke New York ( Laila Does Not Come to New York ) . However , after the character Larung became too developed Utami split the storylines . Saman was published first , with Larung following in 2001 . Saman was written during a period of seven to eight months while Utami was unemployed . A. Junaidi of The Jakarta Post suggests that the political insights in Saman are partially inspired by Utami 's earlier career as a journalist , both with Forum Keadilan and as a founding member of the Alliance of Independent Journalists . = = Themes = = Junaidi notes that although Saman is about a female 's perspective of sexuality , it also deals with the authoritarianism of Suharto 's regime of the New Order , including the repression of human rights activists . In a 2005 interview with The Jakarta Post , Utami said that her critique of the New Order is still relevant ; at the time of the interview , she saw the Suharto government as having left Indonesia with a legacy of what she calls " nuclear waste " , including a loss of Indonesia 's agricultural ability . In the interview , Utami also noted that Indonesians had become corrupt and lazy , increasingly bureaucratic , and without a feeling of sportsmanship . Utami has also noted that the novel is a reflection of her own restlessness and anxiety . Although little of it directly reflects events in her life , she notes that Saman 's loss of religion reflects her own , and the book reflects her belief that a double standard exists regarding virginity in Indonesian culture . Although the novel touches on racial harmony , Utami said that she considers the theme to be undeveloped . Barbara Hatley notes that Saman contrasts the perceived differences between Eastern and Western cultures . She cites the scene where Shakuntala fantasizes encountering a " foreign demon " ( European explorer ) while bathing , later " embracing " him and discussing the " bizarre " requirement that Asian men are required to wear penis decorations and the " crassness " of Europeans who do not care about virginity , wear bikinis in public , and show sex on television . According to Hatley , this is rendered more ironic by both characters being naked during the discussion . She also notes that Saman touches on the traditional archetype of feminine power drawn from nature and the supernatural , and it reinterprets the hero archetype through Saman , who is small , thin , and inexperienced with women but able to withstand torture and defend a community of rubber tappers . Junaidi writes that Saman also includes bits of the supernatural , including ghosts and mysticism . In her master 's thesis , Micaela Campbell writes that Saman 's mother , known only as " Ibu " ( Indonesian for ' Mother ' ) , was " highly susceptible to supernatural forces that seem to govern over her " . Through Ibu , Javanese mysticism and other supernatural content is introduced that contrasts Saman 's father , a realist ; this leads to Ibu " failing " in her role as a mother , and , according to Campbell , may be a factor driving Saman to priesthood . Campbell notes that Shakuntala also lives in a world of jinns and peri ; however , unlike Ibu , Shakuntala draws further strength from this spiritual world . = = Release and reception = = Saman was released in 1998 after winning the 1997 Jakarta Art Institute novel writing contest . In 1998 , Saman won the Jakarta Arts Council Novel Competition . In 2000 , it received the Prince Claus Award . By 2005 , it had been translated into Dutch and English ; the English translation took a long time to write because Utami was concerned that an overexplanation of the novel caused it to lose all of its sensuality . It has also been translated into French , Czech , and Japanese ( by two separate translators ) . As of 2008 , a translation into Korean is underway . By 2004 , the book had sold 100 @,@ 000 copies , a large figure for an Indonesian novel . Critical reception was mixed . Some critics praised the " rich language " used in the novel . However , others disapproved of the open sexuality of the novel , and its explicit use of the words " penis " , " vagina " , " orgasm " and " condoms " was considered " too much " ; other controversial terms include " rape me " , " I am still a virgin " , and " masturbation " . Utami 's own mother refused to read the novel aloud to her nearly blind husband , stating that it is " not meant for those of their generation " . Campbell notes that the use of language in Saman reflects the positioning of the female characters as self @-@ empowered and independent , capable of making their own decisions . In Saman Utami became one of the first female Indonesian authors to explicitly discuss sexuality , generally a taboo subject for women , in her work . However , when it was first released Utami faced charges that she was not the actual writer ; among those suggested as the author was poet Goenawan Mohamad , known as Utami 's mentor . Mohamad denied the rumours and said that he wished he " could write the kind of prose which Ayu uses " . Utami suggests that the rumours were based on a belief that only men could write good novels ; the literature scene before Saman had indeed been dominated by male writers . The novel started a new era of literature after the downfall of President Suharto and ignited the sastra wangi ( literally ' fragrant literature ' ) literary movement as well as an influx of sexually themed literary works by women . Utami disagrees with the label sastra wangi , stating that it reflects the obsession of the press with the women writers and not their work . A film adaptation is in the works , with Dutch director Orlow Seunke expressing interest to be involved with the project . However , Seunke and Utami have had creative differences regarding which characters should be kept . = History of a Six Weeks ' Tour = History of a Six Weeks ' Tour through a part of France , Switzerland , Germany , and Holland ; with Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva and of the Glaciers of Chamouni is a travel narrative by the English Romantic authors Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley . Published in 1817 , it describes two trips taken by Mary , Percy , and Mary 's stepsister , Claire Clairmont : one across Europe in 1814 , and one to Lake Geneva in 1816 . Divided into three sections , the text consists of a journal , four letters , and Percy Shelley 's poem " Mont Blanc " . Apart from the poem , the text was primarily written and organised by Mary Shelley . In 1840 she revised the journal and the letters , republishing them in a collection of Percy Shelley 's writings . Part of the new genre of the Romantic travel narrative , History of a Six Weeks ' Tour exudes spontaneity and enthusiasm ; the authors demonstrate their desire to develop a sense of taste and distinguish themselves from those around them . The romantic elements of the work would have hinted at the text 's radical politics to nineteenth @-@ century readers . However , the text 's frank discussion of politics , including positive references to the French Revolution and praise of Enlightenment philosopher Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , was unusual for a travel narrative at the time , particularly one authored primarily by a woman . Although it sold poorly , History of a Six Weeks ' Tour received favourable reviews . In proposing another travel narrative to her publisher in 1843 , Mary Shelley claimed " my 6 weeks tour brought me many compliments " . = = Biographical background = = Mary Godwin and Percy Shelley met and fell in love in 1814 . Percy Shelley initially visited the Godwin household because he was interested in meeting his philosophical hero , Mary 's father , William Godwin . However , Mary and Percy soon began having secret rendezvous , despite the fact that Percy was already married . To Mary 's dismay , her father disapproved of their extramarital affair and tried to thwart the relationship . On 28 July 1814 , Mary and Percy secretly left for France , taking Mary 's stepsister , Claire Clairmont , with them . The trio travelled for six weeks , from 28 July to 13 September 1814 , through France , Switzerland , Germany , and the Netherlands ( which is referred to as " Holland " ) ; however , they were forced to return to England due to financial considerations . The situation upon their return was fraught with complications : Mary had become pregnant with a child who would soon die , she and Percy now found themselves penniless , and , to Mary 's genuine surprise , her father refused to have anything to do with her . In May 1816 , Mary Godwin , Percy Shelley , and their second child travelled to Geneva with Claire Clairmont . They spent the summer months with the Romantic poet Lord Byron , but , as Mary Shelley later wrote of the year without a summer , " [ i ] t proved a wet , ungenial summer and incessant rain often confined us for days to the house " . The group spent their time writing , boating on Lake Geneva , and talking late into the night . Sitting around a log fire at Byron 's villa , the company also amused themselves by reading German ghost stories , prompting Byron to suggest they each write their own supernatural tale . Mary Godwin began writing what she assumed would be a short story , but with Percy Shelley 's encouragement and collaboration , she expanded this tale into her first novel , Frankenstein : or , The Modern Prometheus . Mary , Percy , and Claire returned to England in September and on 30 December 1816 Percy and Mary married ( two weeks after the death of Percy 's first wife ) , healing the family rift . In March 1817 , the Shelleys and Claire moved to Marlow , Buckinghamshire . At Marlow , they entertained friends , worked hard at their writing , and often discussed politics . Early in the summer of 1817 , Mary Shelley finished Frankenstein , which was published anonymously in January 1818 . She also began work on History of a Six Weeks ' Tour , which was published in November 1817 . = = Composition and publication = = In the summer of 1817 , Mary Shelley started to assemble the couple 's joint diary from their 1814 journey into a travel book . At what point she decided to include the letters from the 1816 Geneva trip and Percy Shelley 's poem " Mont Blanc " is unclear , but by 28 September the journal and the letters were a single text . By the middle of October she was making fair copies for the press and correcting and transcribing Frankenstein for publication while Percy was working on The Revolt of Islam . Percy probably corrected and copyedited the journal section while Mary did the same for his letters . Advertisements for the work appeared on 30 October in the Morning Chronicle and on 1 November in The Times , promising a 6 November release . However , the work was not actually published until 12 and 13 November . It was Mary Shelley 's first published work . ( Frankenstein was not published until January 1818 . ) History of a Six Weeks ' Tour begins with a " Preface " , written by Percy Shelley , followed by the journal section . The journal consists of edited entries from the joint diary that Percy and Mary Shelley kept during their 1814 trip to the Continent , specifically those from 28 July to 13 September 1814 . Of the 8 @,@ 500 words in the journal section , 1 @,@ 150 are from Percy 's entries and either copied verbatim or only slightly paraphrased . Almost all of the passages describing the sublime are in Percy 's words — passages describing God in nature , experiences of terror and awe , the transportation of the soul , and particularly the feeling of being overwhelmed by the majesty of nature , are Percy 's . When Mary turned to her own entries , however , she significantly revised them ; according to Jeanne Moskal , the editor of the recent definitive edition of the Tour , " almost nothing of her original phrasing remains " . She even included sections of Claire Clairmont 's journal . The second section of the text consists of four " Letters written during a Residence of Three Months in the Environs of Geneva , in the Summer of the Year 1816 " . The first two letters are signed " M " and the second two " S " . The first two are attributed to Mary Shelley , but their origin is obscure . As Moskal writes , " the obvious inference is that they are literary versions of lost private epistles to Fanny Godwin " , Mary Shelley 's stepsister who remained in England and with whom she corresponded during the journey . However , Moskal also notes that there is a missing Mary Shelley notebook from precisely this time , from which the material in these letters could have come : " It is extremely likely that this notebook contained the same kind of mix of entries made by both Shelleys that the surviving first ( July 1814 – May 1815 ) and second ( July 1816 – June 1819 ) journal notebooks exhibit .... Furthermore , Letter I contains four short passages found almost verbatim in P. B. Shelley 's letter of 15 May to T. L. Peacock . " The third and fourth letters are composites of Mary 's journal entry for 21 July and one of Percy 's letters to Peacock . The third section of the text consists only of Percy 's poem " Mont Blanc . Lines written in the vale of Chamouni " ; it was the first and only publication of the poem in his lifetime . It has been argued by leading Percy Shelley scholar Donald Reiman that the History of a Six Weeks ' Tour is arranged so as to lead up to " Mont Blanc " . However , those who see the work as primarily a picturesque travel narrative argue that the descriptions of Alpine scenes would have been familiar to early nineteenth @-@ century audiences and they would not have expected a poetic climax . In 1839 , History of a Six Weeks ' Tour was revised and republished as " Journal of a Six Weeks ’ Tour " and " Letters from Geneva " in Essays , Letters from Abroad , Translations and Fragments , by Percy Bysshe Shelley , Edited by Mrs. Shelley ( 1840 ) . Although these works were not by her husband , she decided to include them because they were " part of his life " , as she explained to her friend Leigh Hunt . She appended her initials to the works to indicate her authorship . As Moskal explains , " the unity of the 1817 volume as a volume was dissolved " to make way for a biography of Percy Shelley . After Percy Shelley drowned in 1822 , his father forbade Mary Shelley from writing a memoir or biography of the poet . She therefore added significant biographical notices to the edited collections of his works . The 1840 version of History of a Six Weeks ' Tour has four major types of changes according to Moskal : " ( i ) modernization and correction of spelling , punctuation and French ( ii ) self @-@ distancing from the familial relationship with Claire Clairmont ( iii ) a heightened sensitivity to national identity ( iv ) presentation of the travelers as a writing , as well as reading , circle " . As a result of these changes , more of Percy Shelley ’ s writing was included in the 1840 version than in the 1817 version . In 1845 , Mary Shelley published a one @-@ volume edition with additional minor changes , based on the 1840 version . = = Description = = History of a Six Weeks ' Tour consists of three major sections : a journal , letters from Geneva , and the poem " Mont Blanc " . It begins with a short preface , which claims " nothing can be more unpresuming than this little volume " and makes it clear that the couple in the narrative is married ( although Mary and Percy were not at the time ) . The journal , which switches between the first @-@ person singular and plural but never identifies its narrators , describes Percy , Mary , and Claire 's 1814 six @-@ week tour across the Continent . It is divided by country : France , Switzerland , Germany , and the Netherlands . After the group arrives in Calais and proceeds to Paris , they decide on a plan : " After talking over and rejecting many plans , we fixed on one eccentric enough , but which , from its romance , was very pleasing to us . In England we could not have put it in execution without sustaining continual insult and impertinence : the French are far more tolerant of the vagaries of their neighbours . We resolved to walk through France " . Each day they enter a new town ; but even while travelling , they spend time writing and reading . The journal comments on the people they meet , the countryside , and the current events that have shaped the environment . Some of what they see is beautiful and some is " barren and wretched " . Percy sprains his ankle , which becomes an increasing problem — the group is forced to hire a carriage . By the time the trio reaches Lucerne , they are nearly out of money and decide to return home . They return by boat along the Rhine , the cheapest mode of travel . Despite problems with unreliable boats and dangerous waters , they see some beautiful scenery before landing in England . The four " Letters from Geneva " cover the period between May and July 1816 , which the Shelleys spent at Lake Geneva and switch between the singular and plural first @-@ person . Letters I , II , and IV describe the sublime aspects of Mont Blanc , the Alps , Lake Geneva , and the glaciers around Chamonix : Mont Blanc was before us , but it was covered with cloud ; its base , furrowed with dreadful gaps , was seen above . Pinnacles of snow intolerably bright , part of the chain connected with Mont Blanc , shone through the clouds at intervals on high . I never knew — I never imagined what mountains were before . The immensity of these serial summits excited , when they suddenly burst upon the sight , a sentiment of extatic [ sic ] wonder , not unallied to madness . Letter III describes a tour around the environs of Vevey and other places associated with the Enlightenment philosopher Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau : " This journey has been on every account delightful , but most especially , because then I first knew the divine beauty of Rousseau 's imagination , as it exhibits itself in Julie . " " Mont Blanc " compares the sublime aspect of the mountain to the human imagination : While emphasising the ability of the human imagination to uncover truth through a study of nature , the poem also questions religious certainty . However , according to the poem only a privileged few are able to see nature as it truly is and reveal its secrets to the world . = = Genre = = History of a Six Weeks ’ Tour is a travel narrative , part of a literary tradition begun in the seventeenth century . Through the sixteenth , seventeenth , and eighteenth centuries , Continental travel was considered educational : young , aristocratic gentlemen completed their studies by learning European languages abroad and visiting foreign courts . In the early seventeenth century , however , the emphasis shifted from classical learning to empirical experience , such as knowledge of topography , history , and culture . Detailed travel books , including personal travel narratives , began to be published and became popular in the eighteenth century : over 1 @,@ 000 individual travel narratives and travel miscellanies were published between 1660 and 1800 . The empiricism that was driving the scientific revolution spread to travel literature ; for example , Lady Mary Wortley Montagu included information she learned in Turkey regarding smallpox inoculation in her travel letters . By 1742 , critic and essayist Samuel Johnson was recommending that travellers engage in " a moral and ethical study of men and manners " in addition to a scientific study of topography and geography . Over the course of the eighteenth century , the Grand Tour became increasingly popular ; travel to the Continent for Britain 's elite was not only educational but also nationalistic . All aristocratic gentlemen took similar trips and visited similar sites , often devoted to developing an appreciation of Britain from abroad . The Grand Tour was celebrated as educational travel when it involved exchanging scientific information with the intellectual elite , learning about other cultures , and preparing oneself to lead . However , it was condemned as trivial when the tourist simply purchased curio collectibles , acquired a " superficial social polish " , and pursued fleeting sexual relationships . During the Napoleonic Wars , the Continent was closed to British travellers and the Grand Tour came under increasing criticism , particularly from radicals such as William Godwin who scorned its aristocratic connections . Young Romantic writers criticised its lack of spontaneity ; they celebrated Madame de Staёl 's novel Corinne ( 1807 ) , which depicts proper travel as " immediate , sensitive , and above all [ an ] enthusiastic experience " . A new form of travel emerged — Romantic travel — which focused on developing " taste " , rather than acquiring objects , and having " enthusiastic experiences " . History of a Six Weeks ' Tour embodies this new style of travel . It is a specifically Romantic travel narrative because of its enthusiasm and the writers ' desire to develop a sense of " taste " . The travellers are open to new experiences , changing their itinerary frequently and using whatever vehicles they can find . For example , at one point in the journal , Mary Shelley muses : The money we had brought with us from Paris was nearly exhausted , but we obtained about £ 38 @.@ in silver upon discount from one of the bankers in the city , and with this we resolved to journey towards the lake of Uri , and seek in that romantic and interesting country some cottage where we might dwell in peace and solitude . Such were our dreams , which we should probably have realized , had it not been for the deficiency of that indispensible article money , which obliged us to return to England . Not everything she encounters is beautiful , however , and she juxtaposes her distaste for the German working class with her delight with French servants . Although politically liberal , Mary Shelley is aesthetically repelled by the Germans and therefore excludes them . Unlike the non @-@ discriminating Claire Clairmont , Shelley feels free to make judgments of the scenes around her ; Shelley writes that Claire " on looking at this scene ... exclaimed , ' Oh ! this is beautiful enough ; let us live here . ' This was her exclamation on every new scene , and as each surpassed the one before , she cried , ' I am glad we did not stay at Charenton , but let us live here ' " . Shelley also compares herself positively to the French peasants who are unaware that Napoleon has been deposed . As scholar Angela Jones contends , " Shelley may be said to figure herself as a more knowledgeable , disinterested English outsider capable of rendering impartial judgment " — an Enlightenment value . However , as Romanticist Jacqueline Labbe argues , Mary Shelley challenges the conventions of the Romantic travel narrative as well . For example , one reviewer wrote , " now and then a French phrase drops sweetly enough from [ the author 's ] fair mouth " , and as Labbe explains , these phrases are supposed to lead the reader to imagine a " beautiful heroine and her group passing easily from village to village " . However , both French quotations in History of a Six Weeks ' Tour undercut this Romantic image . The first describes the overturning of a boat and the drowning of its occupants ; the second is a warning not to travel on foot through France , as Napoleon 's army has just been disbanded and the women are in danger of rape . While the overarching generic category for History of a Six Weeks ' Tour is that of the travel narrative , its individual sections can be considered separately . The first journey is told as a " continuous , undated diary entry " while the second journey is told through epistolary and lyric forms . Moskal agrees with Reiman that the book was constructed to culminate in " Mont Blanc " and she notes that this was accomplished using a traditional hierarchy of genres — diary , letters , poem — a hierarchy that is gendered as Mary Shelley 's writings are superseded by Percy 's . However , these traditional gender @-@ genre associations are undercut by the implicit acknowledgment of Mary Shelley as the primary author , with her journal giving the entire work its name and contributing the bulk of the text . The journal is also threaded through with elements of the medieval and Gothic romance tradition : " accounts of ruined castles , enchanting valleys , and sublime views " . In fact , in " The English in Italy " , Mary Shelley writes of the journey that " it was acting in a novel , being an incarnate romance " . However , these romantic descriptions are often ambiguous . Often single sentences contain juxtapositions between " romance " and " reality " : " Many villages , ruined by war , occupied the most romantic spots " . She also references Don Quixote , but he was " famous for his delusions of romance " , as Labbe points out . Mary Shelley 's allusions to Cervantes 's Don Quixote ( 1605 ) not only places her text in a romance tradition , they would also have hinted at its radicalism to contemporary readers . During the 1790s , Mary Shelley 's father , William Godwin , connected his support for the French Revolution with the romance tradition , specifically Don Quixote and any allusion to the novel would have signalled Godwinian radicalism to readers at the time . It would also have suggested support for reform efforts in Spain , which was rebelling against Napoleon . The beginning of the journal is dominated by romance conventions , but this style disappears when the travellers run out of money . However , romance conventions briefly return during the trip down the Rhine . As Labbe argues , " it would appear that while [ Shelley ] seems to be industriously salting her narrative with romance in order , perhaps , to garner public approval , she also ... exposes the falsity of such a scheme . " One of the most important influences on History of a Six Weeks ' Tour was Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark ( 1796 ) , written by Mary Shelley 's mother Mary Wollstonecraft . A travel narrative that reflects on topography , politics , society , aesthetics , and the author 's personal feelings , it provided a model for Mary Shelley 's work . Like her mother , Mary Shelley revealed her liberalism by boldly discussing politics ; however , this political tone was unusual for travel works at the time and was considered inappropriate for women writers . Like Wollstonecraft 's Letters , History of a Six Weeks ' Tour blurs the line between private and public spheres by using intimate genres such as the journal and the letter , allowing Mary Shelley to present political opinions through personal anecdote and the picturesque . = = Themes = = History of a Six Weeks ' Tour is part of a liberal reaction to recent history : its trajectory begins with a survey of the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars and ends by celebrating the sublime in nature . William Wordsworth 's 1850 The Prelude and the third canto of Byron 's Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage follow a similar course . As Moskal explains , " nature is troped as the repository of a sublimity , once incarnated in Napoleon , that will re @-@ emerge in politics " . The book is therefore not only a liberal political statement but also a Romantic celebration of nature . The journal begins with , as Moskal describes , a " view of Napoleon 's shattered political power " . He had just been exiled to Elba a few months before the Shelleys arrived in Europe . Surveying the devastation caused by the Napoleonic Wars , Mary Shelley worries about how the British will handle Paris and grieves over the " ruin " brought to the small French town of Nogent by the Cossacks . Between the two journeys recorded in the text , Napoleon returned to power in the so @-@ called Hundred Days and was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . The four letters from Geneva reflect obliquely on this event . As Moskal argues , " the Shelleys focus on the forms of sublimity and power that outlast Napoleon : the literary genius of Rousseau and the natural sublimity of Lake Geneva and Mont Blanc " . Both Shelleys use their works in History of a Six Weeks ’ Tour to assess and evaluate the French Revolution , making it a highly political travel narrative . In Letter II , Mary Shelley writes : Here a small obelisk is erected to the glory of Rousseau , and here ( such is the mutability of human life ) the magistrates , the successors of those who exiled him from his native country , were shot by the populace during that revolution , which his writing mainly contributed to mature , and which , notwithstanding the temporary bloodshed and injustice with which it was polluted , has produced enduring benefits to mankind . Mary Shelley also includes positive portrayals of the French people . As Mary Shelley scholar Betty T. Bennett explains , " politically pointed , these accolades underscore the link between the 1814 defeated enemy of Britain and the pre @-@ Napoleon democratic spirit of the 1789 Revolution , a spirit the Shelleys wished to reactivate " . Lives of people interested Mary Shelley and she recorded them , but she also recorded a great deal of the travellers ’ own feelings , suggesting to the reader the appropriate reaction . For example , she wrote of the French town Nogent : Nothing could be more entire than the ruin which these barbarians had spread as they advanced ; perhaps they remembered Moscow and the destruction of the Russian villages ; but we were now in France , and the distress of the inhabitants , whose houses had been burned , their cattle killed , and all their wealth destroyed , has given a sting to my detestation of war , which none can feel who have not travelled through a country pillaged and wasted by this plague , which , in his pride , man inflicts upon his fellow . = = Reception = = History of a Six Weeks ' Tour received three major reviews , mostly favourable . However , the book did not sell well . Percy Shelley discovered in April or May 1820 that there were no profits to pay the printer and when Charles Ollier , the co @-@ publisher , went out of business in 1823 , his inventory included 92 copies of the work . Still , Mary Shelley believed the work was successful , and when she proposed another travel narrative , Rambles in Germany and Italy , to publisher Edward Moxon in 1843 , she wrote " my 6 weeks tour brought me many compliments " . Her comments may have been self @-@ interested , however . The first review of History of a Six Weeks ' Tour was published by The Eclectic Review in May 1818 , which reviewed the book along with publisher Thomas Hookham 's account of a Swiss tour , A Walk through Switzerland in September 1816 . Although both works share the same fascination with Rousseau and his liberal ideas , only Hookham is attacked ; as scholar Benjamin Colbert explains , " Shelley tends to remain on more neutral territory " , such as the cult of sensibility and the novel Julie . However , the reviewer questions the authenticity of the work : " To us ... the value of the book is considerably lessened by a strong suspicion that the dramatis personae are fictitious , and that the little adventures introduced for the purpose of giving life and interest to the narration , are the mere invention of the Author . " He identifies passages that remind him of similar travel narratives by Patrick Brydone , Ann Radcliffe , and John Carr , effectively identifying the generic tradition in which the Shelleys were writing . The second and most positive review was published by Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine in July 1818 . The reviewer was most impressed with the journal section , particularly its informality and concision : " the perusal of it rather produces the same effect as a smart walk before breakfast , in company with a lively friend who hates long stories " . Covertly comparing the work to bluestocking Lady Morgan 's recent France ( 1817 ) , the reviewer found the female writer of History of a Six Weeks ' Tour much more favourable : " The writer of this little volume , too , is a Lady , and writes like one , with ease , gracefulness , and vivacity . Above all , there is something truly delightful in the colour of her stockings ; they are of the purest white , and much more becoming than the brightest blue . " The Monthly Review published a short review in January 1819 ; they found the first journey " hurried " but the second one better described . For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , Mary Shelley was known as the author of Frankenstein and the wife of famous Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley . It was not until the 1970s , with the rise of feminist literary criticism , that scholars began to pay attention to her other works . In fact , with the exception of Frankenstein and The Last Man , until the 1990s almost all of Mary Shelley 's writings had gone out of print or only been available in expensive , scholarly editions . It was not until the publication of scholarship by Mary Poovey and Anne K. Mellor in the 1980s that Mary Shelley 's " other " works — her short stories , essays , reviews , dramas , biographies , travel narratives , and other novels — began to be recognised as literary achievements . = Robotomy = Robotomy is an American animated television series created by Michael Buckley and Joe Deasy for Cartoon Network . The series revolves around Thrasher and Blastus , two teenage outcast robots who enter high school at their home planet Insanus . It was produced by World Leaders Entertainment in New York ( in association with Cartoon Network Studios ) , and co @-@ executively produced by Christy Karacas , co @-@ creator of Superjail ! . The series was the result of numerous failed pitches to the network by the creators . Production proved difficult for World Leaders , who were simultaneously working on The Venture Bros. The series premiered on October 25 , 2010 on Cartoon Network . The network marketed it to an older demographic , as the channel was attempting to blend its Adult Swim brand with its primary youth demographic . It saw its finale on January 24 , 2011 after ten episodes , and is the shortest @-@ running original series on the network . = = Plot = = Thrasher and Blastus are two teenage robots who live on the planet of Insanus . Their planet is inhabited by murderous robots who seek to kill one another for no apparent reason . Slightly less horrific than their peers , the duo seek to make it through high school , and navigate their lives with mixed results . Thrasher ( Patton Oswalt ) , a tall and lanky robot , wishes to gain the affections of an attractive female robot named Maimy ( Jessie Cantrell ) . Meanwhile , Blastus ( John Gemberling ) , a small and rotund robot , just wants to be popular . As with Blastus , unlike most robots on Insanus , he is mostly sensitive and non @-@ criminal , much to the disapproval of his mother . In his quest to be cool , however , he is incredibly impulsive and overconfident in his abilities . Thrasher , though calm and reserved , often falls prey to Blastus ' badly @-@ thought out plans . Other characters include various schoolmates and staff members . Weenus ( Michael Sinterniklaas ) is a nerdy , psychopathic robot who is even lower on the social pyramid than the protagonists . Dreadnot ( Dana Snyder ) is a teacher at Harry S. Apocalypse who finds joy in torturing and invoking pain into his students . Their principal , Thunderbite ( also voiced by Snyder ) , is an oversized , skull @-@ shaped robot who , when not causing pain , acts sweet and motherly to the students . Megawatt ( also voiced by Sinterniklaas ) is a spoiled rich kid who is attractive to the female robots , most of whom he blows up ; to Thrasher 's disdain , he is dating Maimy . Tacklebot ( Roger Craig Smith ) , Megawatt 's friend and musclehead jock , acts violent and hostile toward the protagonists . = = Production = = The series was created by Michael Buckley and Joe Deasy and produced by World Leaders Entertainment in New York . It was originally created with the working title Horrorbots . The network had contacted Buckley to create a series three years prior to the broadcast of Robotomy . He asked for Deasy 's help , and together they pitched five ideas , to which all were rejected . Six months later , a second wave of ideas proved equally unsuccessful . Reaching their third trial , also six months later , the two pinpointed the rejections on them thinking within the network 's mindset as opposed to their own . Frustrated with the project , they submitted a rough premise of Robotomy , which was accepted , much to their surprise . Buckley described the plot as when " Superbad meets the Transformers meets WWE . " According to crew , the style of animation required a distinct set of skills , compared to another production by World Leaders , The Venture Bros. While that series was animated by the same team that did Batman : The Animated Series , Robotomy was done by the Chowder production team . In an interview , it was said that the style of the former team follows " perspective , anatomy , and real @-@ world physics in animation " , while the latter team laid its focus on " the humor of the movement and timing , squash and stretch , " among other principles . Co @-@ executive producer Christy Karacas 's unique art style also proved laborious for them in that it provided " very clean polished lines " over more organic drawings . Karacas stated that the look and feel lent itself to science fiction , robotics as a whole and rock and roll . For its fictional universe , the planet of Insanus ( originally called Killglobe ) , the production crew thought of it in unending chaos . This made way for weaponry covering the ground , a constant state of duskiness and the scarring of the land . Karacas particularly enjoyed designing and diversifying the robots in regard to their size and shape . The show 's color has been described by Karacas as a major part of the visuals ; inspirations included Paul Klee and Katsuhiro Otomo , as well as the concept of fluorescence . The team wanted to create " a bold , fresh look " that reflected the universe , and so they chose to be minimal with their palette to attract attention to the line work . In addition , they eschewed the use of vivid primary colors and instead chose more secondary colors . However , they took to accentuate the scenes with " pop colors " that mimic the glow of neon lighting , and lastly they added vertical reflections to the floors and grunge textures to the backgrounds . = = Broadcast and reception = = Robotomy premiered on October 25 , 2010 on Cartoon Network , following a new episode of Mad . A crew member from World Leaders established that the network was doing more to blend its Adult Swim brand with its primary youth demographic . The series was ultimately targeted for an older demographic than other series on the network , although it still had to be appropriate to the " broad age range . " The debut broadcast was seen by 1 @.@ 7 million viewers in the United States , acquiring a 0 @.@ 2 Nielsen rating for adults aged 18 to 49 . The season received an average of 1 @.@ 5 million viewers , also with a Nielsen rating of 0 @.@ 2 . After ten episodes , the series concluded on January 24 , 2011 , making it the shortest run of any original series on the network . Renn Brown of Cinematic Happenings Under Development noted Oswalt , a high @-@ profile actor , as contradictory to the show 's short @-@ lived run . Will Wade of Common Sense Media gave the series a lukewarm review , finding it suitable for older teens while calling it appealing to those who struggled to gain popularity in high school . Wade called the storylines " pretty thin " and its focus on " the imagery that sells the metaphor of school as a battlefield " . Aaron Simpson of Lineboil called the storylines " irreverent " and the chaos similar to Superjail ! , " minus the dismembered bodies " . The series was eventually added to Netflix in 2013 after the service announced a deal with Warner Bros. to include programming from Cartoon Network series , among other shows . = = Series overview = = = = Episodes = = = Arular = Arular is the debut studio album by English recording artist M.I.A .. It was released on 22 March 2005 in the United States , and one month later in the United Kingdom , with a slightly different track listing . In 2004 , the album 's release was preceded by two singles and a mixtape . M.I.A. wrote or co @-@ wrote all the songs on the album and created the basic backing tracks using a Roland MC @-@ 505 sequencer / drum machine given to her by long @-@ time friend Justine Frischmann . Collaborators included Switch , Diplo , Richard X and Ant Whiting . The album 's title is the political code name used by her father , Arul Pragasam , during his involvement with Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups , and themes of conflict and revolution feature heavily in the lyrics and artwork . Musically , the album incorporates styles that range from hip hop and electroclash to funk carioca and punk rock . Arular was hailed by critics for its blending of styles and integration of political lyrics into dance tunes . It was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2005 and was included in the 2005 edition of the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Although it only reached number 98 on the UK Albums Chart and number 190 on the US Billboard 200 , several publications named it as one of the best albums of the year . By mid @-@ 2007 , the album had sold 129 @,@ 000 copies in the US , Arular spawned the singles " Sunshowers " , " Bucky Done Gun " and " Galang " , which was released twice . = = Composition and recording = = In 2001 , M.I.A. ( Mathangi " Maya " Arulpragasam ) had worked exclusively in the visual arts . While filming a documentary on Elastica 's 2001 tour of the US , she was introduced to the Roland MC @-@ 505 sequencer / drum machine by electroclash artist Peaches , whose minimalistic approach to music inspired her . She found Peaches ' decision to perform without additional instrumentation to be brave and liberating and felt that it emphasised the artist . Returning to London , she unexpectedly gained access to a 505 owned by her friend , former Elastica singer Justine Frischmann . M.I.A. used the 505 to make demo recordings in her bedroom . She initially planned to work as a producer . To this end , she approached Caribbean girls in clubs to see if they would provide vocals for the songs , but without success . M.I.A. secured a record deal with XL Recordings after Frischmann 's manager overheard the demo . M.I.A. began work on the album by composing lyrics and melodies , and she programmed drum beats at home on the drum machine . Having produced rough tracks via trial and error , she honed the finished songs in collaboration with other writer @-@ producers . Through these collaborations , she sought to produce a diverse style and " drag [ her collaborators ] out of their boxes , musically " . DJ Diplo introduced elements of Brazilian baile funk to " Bucky Done Gun " . Fellow composer @-@ producer Richard X worked on the track " Hombre " , which featured a drum pattern created from the sounds made by toys that M.I.A. had bought in India , augmented with sounds produced by objects such as pens and mobile phones . Steve Mackey and Ross Orton , known professionally as Cavemen , worked on " Galang " , which M.I.A. had initially produced with her 505 and a basic four @-@ track tape recorder . Working with Cavemen in a professional studio , she added a bass line and new vocals to give the song " a more analogue sound " than was possible with the 505 . The track was co @-@ written by Frischmann , whose input M.I.A. described as " refreshing " . She initially hoped to feature guest vocalists on the album , but was unable due to budget constraints and other artists ' unfamiliarity with her work . She chose to perform all the vocals herself , saying , " I just quietly got on with it ... I didn 't wanna convince anyone it was good . I felt it was much better to prove that I could be an individual . " = = Music and lyrics = = Arular takes its title from the political code name employed by M.I.A. ' s father , Arul Pragasam , during his involvement with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam , popularly known as the Tamil Tigers ; she contends that her father 's " revolutionary ideals " are the album 's thematic base . " In Sri Lankan , arular means ' enlightenment from the sunshine ' or something " , she remarked , " but a friend pointed out that it was a pun in English – ' a ruler ' – which is funny because he is a politician . And my mum always used to say about my father , ' He was so useless , all he ever gave you was his name ' . So I turned it around and turned that something into nothing . And at the same time I thought it would be a good way to find him . If he really was an egomaniac , he 'd be looking himself up and he 'd get this pop album stealing his name that would turn out to be me , and he 'd have to get in touch " , a prediction which ultimately came true . ) The album is influenced by music that M.I.A. listened to as a child in London , including hip hop , dancehall , and punk rock . She cited as particular influences Eric B. & Rakim , Public Enemy , and London Posse , whom she described as " the best of British hip hop " . Her work on the album drew on the punk music of The Clash and music from genres such as Britpop and electroclash , to which she was exposed during her time studying at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design . Living in West London , she met many musicians who to her defined an era of British music that was " actually credible " . In a 2008 interview , she elaborated on the importance of the west London punk scene , citing acts such as The Slits , The Clash , and Don Letts ; she claimed that Bow Wow Wow and Malcolm McLaren had a similar cultural impact in England to that of Public Enemy in America . Before the album 's release , M.I.A. said that audiences found it hard to dance to political songs . This made her keen to produce music that sounded like pop but addressed important issues . " Sunshowers " , with its lyrical references to snipers , murder and the PLO , was written in response to the Tamil Tigers being considered terrorists in some quarters . She said , " you can 't separate the world into two parts like that , good and evil . America has successfully tied all these pockets of independence struggles , revolutions and extremists into one big notion of terrorism . " The lyrics caused controversy ; MTV censored the sounds of gunshots in the song and MTV US refused to broadcast the video unless a disclaimer that disavowed the lyrics was added . The BBC described the lyrics as " always fluid and never too rhetorical " and sounding like " snatches of overheard conversation " . The songs deal with topics ranging from sex to drug dealing . Musically , the album incorporates elements of baile funk , grime , hip hop , and ragga . Peter Shapiro , writing in The Times , summed up the album 's musical influences as " anything as long as it has a beat " . Some tracks drew on Tamil film music , which M.I.A. listened to while growing up . Shapiro described her music as a " multi @-@ genre pile @-@ up " and likened it to her graphic art , calling it " vivid , gaudy , lo @-@ fi and deceptively candyfloss " . In a 2005 interview , when asked about the difficulty in categorising her sound , M.I.A. explained , " Influences are crossing over into each other 's puddles . I just accept where I 'm at , I accept where the world is at and I accept how we receive and digest information . I get that somebody in Tokyo is on the internet instant messaging , and someone in the favelas is on the internet . Everybody seems to know a little bit about everything and that 's how we process information now . This just reflects that . " = = Artwork = = M.I.A. and Steve Loveridge created all the album 's artwork , using what Spin writer Lorraine Ali called a " guerrilla " style . The CD booklet features motifs of tanks , bombs and machine guns , and depictions of tigers , which writers connected with the Tamil Tigers . Village Voice critic Robert Christgau connected the album 's imagery with the artist 's " obsession " with the organisation , but claimed that its use was purely artistic and not propaganda . In his view , the images were considered controversial only because " rock and roll fans are assumed to be stupid " and would not be expected to ascertain their true significance . Similarly , PopMatters writer Robert Wheaton observed that tiger imagery " does predominate M.I.A. ' s vision of the world " , but noted that the tiger is more widely associated with Tamil nationalism and that the singer 's use of such imagery did not necessarily indicate her support for the Tamil Tigers . Joshua Chambers @-@ Letson determined that the imagery was perhaps " a means of negotiating the violence necessary " and described the controversy as " an attempt to disengage " from the performative intervention that M.I.A. ' s album 's made , through what he called " the complicated negotiation " of M.I.A. ' s own autobiographical trauma , violence , and loss , as well as the geopolitical trauma , violence , and loss that her audience are engaged in from different subject positions . = = Release = = Arular was to be released in September 2004 , but was delayed . M.I.A. ' s record label stated that the delay was caused by problems obtaining permission to use an unspecified sample . Revised release dates of December 2004 and February 2005 were publicised , but the album remained unreleased ; at one point , Pitchfork Media announced that it had been shelved indefinitely . It was eventually released on 22 March 2005 , when XL Recordings made it available in the US , albeit with the track " U.R.A.Q.T. " omitted as the issues with a sample had not been resolved . The UK edition was released the following month with the track included , and this edition was released in the US by Interscope Records on 17 May . Arular sparked internet debates on the rights and wrongs of the Tamil Tigers . By the time it was released , a " near hysterical buzz " on the internet had created " slavish anticipation " for the album . Despite this , M.I.A. claimed in late 2005 that she had little comprehension of her prior popularity with music bloggers , stating that she did not even own a computer . = = Promotion and accolades = = The first track from the album to be made available was " Galang " . It was initially released in late 2003 by independent label Showbiz Records , which pressed and distributed 500 promotional copies before M.I.A. signed with XL Recordings . The song was re @-@ released on XL as the second official single from the album in September 2004 , and again in October 2005 , under the title " Galang ' 05 " , with a remix by Serj Tankian . The first official single , " Sunshowers " , was M.I.A. ' s first on XL and was released on 5 July 2004 . It was supported by a music video directed by Indian filmmaker Rajesh Touchriver . Following the re @-@ release of " Galang " , the third single from the album , " Bucky Done Gun " , was released on 26 July 2005 . The video was directed by Anthony Mandler . In December 2004 , M.I.A. independently released a mixtape titled Piracy Funds Terrorism , produced by M.I.A. and Diplo , as a " teaser " for the album . The release featured rough mixes of tracks from Arular mashed up with songs by other artists , and was promoted by word @-@ of @-@ mouth . In early 2005 , after the release of Arular , an extensive collection of fan @-@ made remixes of M.I.A. ' s work was uploaded , expanded and made available as an " online mixtape " on XL 's official website , under the banner Online Piracy Funds Terrorism . M.I.A. toured extensively during 2005 to promote the album . The Arular Tour included concerts in North America supporting LCD Soundsystem and appearances at music festivals in Europe , Japan and South America . In November 2005 , she appeared as the support act at a number of dates on Gwen Stefani 's Harajuku Lovers Tour . Arular was nominated for the Mercury Prize and the Shortlist Music Prize , and was named as the best album of the year by Stylus Magazine . It was number two on The Village Voice 's 33rd annual Pazz & Jop poll for the Best Album of 2005 . The Washington City Paper chose it as the second best album of the year , and Pitchfork Media and Slant Magazine named Arular the fourth best of 2005 . The Observer listed it as one of the year 's five best albums . Arular was featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , where it was described as " the most sparkling debut since Madonna 's first album " . The singer Nelly Furtado expressed her admiration for M.I.A. ' s style , flow and dancing on Arular , having listened to it during the recording of her album Loose . Thom Yorke of alternative rock band Radiohead cited M.I.A. ' s method of music making on Arular as an influence on his own work , saying that it reminded him of " just picking up a guitar and [ liking ] the first three chords you write " as opposed to " agonizing over the hi @-@ hat sound which seems to happen with programming and electronica a lot of the time " . In 2009 , the NME placed the album at number 50 in its list of the 100 greatest albums of the decade . In 2009 , online music service Rhapsody ranked the album at number four on its " 100 Best Albums of the Decade " list . In 2011 , Rolling Stone ranked the album number 52 on its list of the 100 best albums of the 2000s . = = Critical reception = = Arular received widespread acclaim from music critics . Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , reported an average score of 88 based on 33 reviews , described as " universal acclaim " . Julianne Shepherd of Spin appreciated the album 's fusion of " hip hop 's cockiness with dancehall 's shimmy and the cheap and noisy aesthetics of punk " and claimed that Arular would be regarded as the best political album of the year . Adam Webb , writing for Yahoo ! Music , described the album 's style as " professionally amateurish " and M.I.A. ' s approach as " scattergun " , but said that she " effortlessly appropriates the music of various cultures and filters them through the most elementary equipment " . He said , " dancehall is the primary influence , but also one of many seismic collisions with several other genres . " In his review for Stylus Magazine , Josh Timmermann described Arular as " a swaggering , spitting , utterly contemporary album " and went on to say , " We 've not heard its like before . " Rolling Stone writer Rob Sheffield found Arular " weird , playful , unclassifiable , sexy , brilliantly addictive " . Sasha Frere @-@ Jones , writing in The New Yorker , described the album as " genuine world music " , based on " the weaving of the political into the fabric of what are still , basically , dance tunes " . Other reviewers were not as complimentary . Paste 's Jeff Leven said that the album , although strong , was not as " mindblowing " as many critics were saying . Q characterised the album as " style mag @-@ cool pop @-@ rap " and claimed that it lacked the substance suggested by M.I.A. ' s decision to name it after her father . = = Commercial performance = = Arular peaked at number 190 on the Billboard 200 , while reaching number three on the Top Electronic Albums chart and number 16 on the Top Independent Albums . By April 2007 , it had sold 129 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . The album peaked at number 92 on the UK Albums Chart , while in mainland Europe , it reached number 20 in Norway , number 47 in Sweden , number 71 in Germany and number 97 in Belgium . = = Track listing = = Digital bonus tracks " You 're Good " – 4 : 13 " Lady Killa " – 3 : 32 " Do Ya " – 3 : 22 Notes ^ a signifies an additional producer ^ b signifies a co @-@ producer " Bucky Done Gun " is inspired by " Injeção " by Deize Tigrona and incorporates elements of " Gonna Fly Now " by Bill Conti . " U.R.A.Q.T. " contains a sample from " Sanford and Son Theme ( The Streetbeater ) " by Quincy Jones . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Arular . = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = David Evans ( RAAF officer ) = Air Marshal David Evans , AC , DSO , AFC ( born Selwyn David Evans on 3 June 1925 ) is a retired senior commander of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , and a writer and consultant on defence matters . He served as Chief of the Air Staff from 1982 until 1985 . Since leaving the RAAF he has published two military treatises , A Fatal Rivalry : Australia 's Defence at Risk and War : A Matter of Principles , as well as an autobiography . Enlisting in the Air Force in 1943 , Evans graduated from flying school as a sergeant pilot , and was converting to Beaufort bombers when World War II ended . He gained his commission as a pilot officer in 1947 . From 1948 to 1949 , he was a member of the Australian contingent operating C @-@ 47 Dakota transports in the Berlin Airlift . He was a flying instructor in the early 1950s , before becoming a VIP captain with the Governor @-@ General 's Flight in 1954 . His service in the flight earned him the Air Force Cross in 1957 . In the 1960s Evans was twice posted to No. 2 Squadron , flying Canberra jet bombers : first as a flight commander when the unit was based in Malaysia from 1960 to 1962 and then as its commanding officer during the Vietnam War from 1967 to 1968 . The Canberras achieved a high degree of accuracy on their bombing missions under his leadership , and he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order after completing his tour in Vietnam . Evans held senior staff positions in the early 1970s , before serving as Officer Commanding RAAF Base Amberley from 1975 until 1977 . Promoted to air vice marshal , he then became Chief of Air Force Operations . In this role he worked to improve the RAAF 's strategy for the defence of Australia , to fully exploit the " air @-@ sea gap " on the northern approaches to the continent . Appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1981 , he was Chief of Joint Operations and Plans for the Australian Defence Force before his promotion to air marshal and elevation to Chief of the Air Staff in April 1982 . As head of the Air Force he focussed on morale , air power doctrine , and improving defensive capabilities in northern Australia . He was raised to Companion of the Order of Australia in 1984 . Retiring from the RAAF in May 1985 , Evans began to write and lecture on defence matters , and also stood for election in Federal politics . He was a board member of and defence advisor to British Aerospace Australia ( later BAE Systems Australia ) from 1990 to 2009 , and chairman of the National Capital Authority from 1997 until 2003 . In 2001 he was awarded the Centenary Medal for his services to the ADF and the Canberra community . = = Early career = = Selwyn Evans , known by his middle name of David , was born in the Sydney suburb of Paddington on 3 June 1925 . The son of policeman Selwyn Douglas Evans and his wife Eileen , David was educated at Marist Brothers College in Mosman . A schoolboy when war was declared , he avidly followed reports of Allied fighter aces during the Battle of Britain , and resolved that , once he was old enough , he would serve as a pilot . He subsequently became one of the earliest recruits to the Air Training Corps , established in 1941 to facilitate basic training for youths aged 16 to 18 whose ambition was to become aircrew in the Royal Australian Air Force . After spending a short time as a bank clerk , Evans duly enlisted in the RAAF on 5 June 1943 . He received instruction under the Empire Air Training Scheme , firstly at No. 2 Initial Training School in Bradfield Park , Sydney , then at No. 5 Elementary Flying Training School in Narromine , New South Wales , and finally at No. 8 Service Flying Training School in Bundaberg , Queensland . After graduating as a sergeant pilot , he was posted in October 1944 to the flying staff of No. 1 Air Observer School at Evans Head , New South Wales . Promoted to flight sergeant , Evans was in the middle of a Bristol Beaufort light bomber conversion course at No. 1 Operational Training Unit in East Sale , Victoria , when the war ended on 14 August 1945 . His Air Force career should have finished then and there , as he was slated for demobilisation along with thousands of other wartime enlistees . Evans was determined to remain and travelled to RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne to take his case to the officer responsible for discharges . He found a sympathetic ear and within days was transferred to No. 38 Squadron , with which he flew C @-@ 47 Dakota transports on a regular courier service to Japan between October 1945 and May 1948 . Evans was commissioned as a pilot officer on 3 March 1947 , becoming the most junior name in the 1947 Air Force List of serving officers according to seniority . On 23 August 1948 he married Dorothy ( Gail ) Campbell , the daughter of a Merchant Navy captain ; the couple had three daughters and a son . They had planned to wed on 29 August but had to bring the ceremony forward when Evans was selected to take part in Australia 's contribution to the Berlin Airlift . Having been promoted to flying officer , he departed Sydney on 28 August , bound for London . From there he joined RAAF Squadron Berlin Air Lift — which comprised crews from Nos. 36 and 38 Squadrons and was based in Lübeck , West Germany — and over the next 14 months flew over 250 sorties in Royal Air Force Dakotas . Airlift operations were considered particularly challenging , as aircraft were expected to fly on instruments their entire route , often in inclement weather , and keep just three minutes separation . On one occasion , Evans and his crew discovered that boxes of condoms were their main cargo . According to Air Force historian Alan Stephens , " as they took off into a bleak , snow @-@ filled night they found themselves questioning the worth of the sortie , an attitude which doubtless was not shared by the eventual recipients " . Evans ' worst moment was when one of his engines failed just after take @-@ off , with 23 passengers — mostly children — aboard , but he was able to land safely . Returning to Australia in November 1949 , Evans was posted to Central Flying School ( CFS ) at RAAF Base East Sale , Victoria , where he qualified as a flying instructor . He served in this capacity for the next four years , including an exchange posting with the Royal New Zealand Air Force from May 1951 to July 1953 . As he was preparing to depart New Zealand , he received word that his next posting would be to the Korean War as a pilot with No. 77 Squadron ; the armistice prevented this and he returned to No. 38 Squadron as an instructor . In 1954 he was assigned to transporting VIPs , serving with the Governor @-@ General 's Flight ( later No. 34 ( Special Transport ) Squadron } until 1956 . As well as Governor @-@ General Sir William Slim and Lady Slim , his passengers included Prime Minister Robert Menzies and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh . Promoted to squadron leader , Evans ' service with the VIP flight earned him the Air Force Cross in the Queen 's Birthday Honours promulgated in the London Gazette on 13 June 1957 . The same year , he attended RAAF Staff College at Point Cook , Victoria . He became personal staff officer to the Minister for Air in 1958 , a position he found valuable for the insight he gained into Australia 's political culture . In November 1959 , he took a refresher course at CFS , qualifying on De Havilland Vampire and English Electric Canberra jets . He underwent further training on Canberra bombers with No. 1 Operational Conversion Unit at RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland , graduating in May 1960 . From then until 1962 he served as a flight commander in No. 2 Squadron , operating Canberras out of RAAF Base Butterworth , Malaysia . He subsequently attended the RAF College of Air Warfare . In January 1963 , Evans was transferred to Air Staff Division , Canberra , where he helped formulate operational requirements for a new RAAF bomber . His final specification included a payload of 14 @,@ 000 lb ( 6 @,@ 400 kg ) , speed of Mach 2 , and range of 1 @,@ 100 nmi ( 2 @,@ 000 km ) . This requirement was met by the General Dynamics F @-@ 111C , 24 of which were ordered by the Australian government in October 1963 . As an interim measure until delivery of the F @-@ 111 , the US government offered 24 Boeing B @-@ 47 Stratojets to the RAAF . Though the offer was never seriously considered , a B @-@ 47 was test flown from Amberley to Darwin in November 1963 by the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Marshal Val Hancock , with Evans as passenger . Evans had been assigned to fly the plane but was replaced at the last moment by Hancock ; the take @-@ off almost ended in disaster after Hancock unknowingly switched off the engines ' water injection — needed to ensure sufficient thrust in hot conditions — that Evans had switched on before vacating the pilot 's seat . In January 1965 , Evans was posted to Washington , DC , as Assistant Air Attaché , having " had quite enough of writing Air Staff Requirements " . = = Vietnam War and senior command = = In April 1967 , the Australian government committed No. 2 Squadron and its Canberra bombers to action in the Vietnam War . Operating from Phan Rang Air Base outside Saigon , under the direction of the US 35th Tactical Fighter Wing ( TFW ) , the Canberras were initially engaged in medium @-@ altitude missions against Viet Cong forces , guided by Sky Spot ground radar , usually at night . Promoted to wing commander , Evans assumed control of the squadron in December 1967 . Having never heard a shot fired in anger in his 24 years of service , he was anxious for a combat assignment . The Japanese surrender in August 1945 had prevented him from seeing action in World War II , and the Korean War had ended just as he was on the verge of a posting for active duty with No. 77 Squadron . " Vietnam " , he reasoned , " would be my last chance " . By the time he took command , the Canberras were flying a greater proportion of their missions at lower levels in daylight , using visual bomb @-@ aiming methods honed during their earlier service in Malaysia ; this gave the bombers an average circular error probability ( CEP ) of 50 metres . Evans introduced intensive post @-@ mission analysis to refine their technique , and permitted his pilots to bomb at the lowest level possible at which the bombsight would operate . The CEP was eventually reduced to 20 metres , making the Canberras the most accurate bombing force in the region . In January 1968 , the unit participated in the air campaigns to defend Huế and Khe Sanh during the Tet Offensive . Phan Rang itself was often subjected to harassing attacks and mortar fire from the Viet Cong , requiring Evans to undertake improvements to the airfield 's ground defences . He completed his posting to Vietnam in November 1968 and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his performance as commanding officer of No. 2 Squadron . The decoration was gazetted on 2 May 1969 and backdated to 13 March . Evans was promoted to group captain in January 1969 and appointed Director of Air Force Plans . In this position he proposed and organised the gift of 23 of the RAAF 's old CAC Sabres to the Indonesian Air Force , following an earlier presentation of 10 Sabres to the Royal Malaysian Air Force . He completed studies at the Royal College of Defence Studies , London , in 1972 . Returning to Australia , he was promoted to air commodore and appointed Director @-@ General Plans and Policy , Air Force , in January 1973 . He served as Officer Commanding RAAF Base Amberley from February 1975 until April 1977 . In this role he qualified as a pilot on the recently delivered F @-@ 111C swing @-@ wing bomber , as well as the UH @-@ 1 Iroquois helicopter . Following his tour as Amberley base commander , Evans was promoted to air vice marshal and became Chief of Air Force Operations ( CAFOPS ) . He held this newly created position for the next two years , broken by a temporary posting as Deputy Chief of the Air Staff between January and August 1978 . As CAFOPS , Evans played a major part in developing the RAAF 's plans for the defence of Australia . Following America 's announcement in the 1969 Guam Doctrine that its allies would have to assume greater self @-@ reliance in their military affairs , Australia 's strategic thought underwent a change from its earlier policy of " forward defence " to a more localised defensive posture . While the consensus among RAAF planning staff was to adopt a " repulsion " concept of attacking an enemy force along the air and sea approaches to northern Australia , Evans considered that this did not go far enough in exploiting the long @-@ range offensive capabilities of such aircraft as the F @-@ 111 . Convinced that Australia 's numerically small forces would be hard @-@ pressed to dislodge an invader that had gained a foothold on the continent , he refined the " repulsion " stance into what he termed an " anti @-@ lodgement " strategy , focussing on defeating the enemy at its potential staging bases north of Australia and then , as a last resort , on the approaches closer to home . The Air Force 's role in shaping an overall strategy that took advantage of the " air @-@ sea gap " was later acknowledged in the Federal government paper The Defence of Australia 1987 . Evans was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia on 26 January 1981 for his achievements as CAFOPS . In 1980 , Evans was appointed Chief of Joint Operations and Plans for the Australian Defence Force ( ADF ) . He was promoted to air marshal and became Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) on 21 April 1982 , succeeding Air Marshal Sir Neville McNamara . As CAS , Evans took steps to enhance discipline , bearing and morale in the Air Force , demanding high personal standards . He sponsored the development of an Australian air power doctrine , eventually published as the Air Power Manual under one of his successors , Air Marshal Ray Funnell , in 1990 . Evans also commissioned a marching tune especially for the RAAF , later to be called " Eagles of Australia " , to replace the Royal Air Force march that had been in use previously . As early as 1969 , he had advocated permanently basing a squadron of fighter aircraft at RAAF Tindal in the Northern Territory . Tindal was one of a series of forward air bases initiated by Air Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger when he was CAS in 1959 , but a defence committee decision prior to Evans becoming CAS had determined to locate the RAAF 's northernmost fighter squadron at Darwin . His chance remark in mid @-@ 1982 to the new Minister of Defence , Ian Sinclair , regarding the suitability of Tindal over Darwin led to the former base being chosen as the home of No. 75 ( Fighter ) Squadron . Alan Stephens described the permanent manning of Tindal as having " formalised the shift to the strategy of defence @-@ in @-@ depth — of defending Australia by controlling its air @-@ sea gap " . Late in 1983 , Evans selected the site for the last of the Air Force 's northerly " bare bases " , RAAF Scherger , near Weipa on Cape York Peninsula . For his service as CAS , he was raised to a Companion of the Order of Australia on 11 June 1984 . On 2 May 1985 , he became the first serving member of the ADF to be invited to speak at the National Press Club in Canberra . During his speech he reiterated the need for Australia to acquire an airborne early warning capability to enhance the effectiveness of the soon @-@ to @-@ be @-@ delivered F / A @-@ 18 Hornet multirole fighter , declaring that " Jindalee is not sufficient " . Later that month two Hornets , whose acquisition Evans had supported while CAFOPS , were handed over to No. 2 Operational Conversion Unit at RAAF Base Williamtown , New South Wales , following a record non @-@ stop flight from Naval Air Station Lemoore in California . Evans had pushed for the long @-@ distance flight , employing a McDonnell Douglas KC @-@ 10 tanker to refuel the Hornets in flight , to demonstrate the RAAF 's capability and the benefit of tanker aircraft . Six Mirage fighters from No. 77 Squadron intercepted the Hornets and the KC @-@ 10 and escorted them to their landing at Williamtown , an action the CAS considered " icing on the cake — a touch of class " . = = Later career = = Evans retired as CAS on 30 May 1985 , having flown in excess of 8 @,@ 600 hours during his RAAF career . He was praised by his successor , Air Marshal Jake Newham , for his " extraordinary zeal and robustness " that helped instil " a renewed sense of pride in the Service " . In retirement Evans became a consultant on defence and aviation matters , and wrote and lectured extensively on air power . As a visiting fellow at the Australian National University 's Strategic and Defence Studies Centre in 1986 , he produced a working paper focussing on the RAAF 's concept of operations , Air Operations in Northern Australia . The same year , he was publicly critical of the Federal government 's Dibb Report , claiming that while it contained " sensible policy for the defence of Australia " , it did not recognise the ADF 's offensive capabilities : " People win wars by taking the initiative . In war the aim must be to win . ... If you are a small force you cannot afford to wait , and otherwise you will be defeated . " Evans also stood for political office , running as the Liberal candidate for the seat of Eden @-@ Monaro , New South Wales , in the 1987 Australian federal election . He was competing for the conservative vote with National candidate Peter Cochran , whose party advertising was considered to have outperformed the Liberals ' . The seat was retained by incumbent Labor member Jim Snow . In 1990 , Evans published his critique of Australian defence policies , A Fatal Rivalry : Australia 's Defence at Risk ; he followed this in 2000 with War : A Matter of Principles , featuring contributions from senior soldiers and military analysts . Also in 1990 , Evans joined the Board of British Aerospace Australia as a non @-@ executive director , and was later appointed senior defence advisor to BAE Systems Australia , retiring in 2009 . From 1997 until 2003 , he was chairman of the National Capital Authority , and from 1999 until 2003 was national president of the Royal United Services Institute Australia . Evans has been the patron of numerous organisations including the Airfield Defence Guards Association , the Royal Australian Air Force Association ( ACT Division ) , The Celtic Club Australia , and the Royal Australian Air Force Staff College Association . He was one of three former members of Australia 's Berlin Airlift squadron to be specially honoured by the City of Berlin on the 50th anniversary of the Berlin Blockade in 1998 . In January 2001 he was awarded the Centenary Medal for " service to Australian society through Australian Defence Force and to the Canberra community " . He was chairman of the 60th Anniversary Victory in the Pacific Steering Committee in 2005 . His autobiography , Down to Earth , was launched on 19 July 2011 by former Prime Minister John Howard at Old Parliament House , Canberra . = Westinghouse Air Brake Company General Office Building = The Westinghouse Air Brake Company General Office Building ( Known locally as The Castle or Library Hall ) in Wilmerding , Pennsylvania is a building from 1890 . It was listed on the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation in 1975 , National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . Originally built as an office building for the Westinghouse Air Brake Company , it now houses The George Westinghouse Museum . = = Construction = = Constructed by architect Frederick J. Osterling , the building has a four @-@ sided clock tower , which was operated by a system of chains and pulleys . Additional designs and remodeling were done by Janssen & Cocken in 1927 , which added the " Executive Wing " , containing executive offices as well as conference and dining rooms . The architectural style is a mix of Renaissance Revival and Romanesque . It was destroyed by a fire on 8 April 1896 ; the foundation , being made of brick , stone , and cement survived , however , and the structure was rebuilt upon the same foundation . It was during this reconstruction that the clock tower was added . At the time , the entire first floor was designed for employees ' use , with accommodations such as a library , fully equipped gymnasium , restaurant , swimming pool , and bowling alleys . This brought the total area inside the building to 55 @,@ 000 square feet ( 5 @,@ 100 m2 ) . The building also housed a boiler house and light station , that supplied both steam and power to the plant , as well as various businesses in the community , such as the Wilmerding YMCA . = = Business history = = This building contained the offices of the Westinghouse Air Brake Company for well over a century . The company was originally established by George Westinghouse in 1869 . Westinghouse had developed many companies during this time of industrial growth at the beginning of the twentieth century . The Air Brake plant , that made for improved performance and increased speed on the nations railways , was moved to its new location in Wilmerding , Pennsylvania in 1889 . Wilmerding is a small town about 14 miles ( 23 km ) outside of Pittsburgh which , at the time , was only inhabited by about 5 @,@ 000 people . Socialism was strong in Wil	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare at the National Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome . The Center sponsored numerous song collection trips across the peninsula , especially to southern and central Italy . Giorgio Nataletti was an instrumental figure in the Center , and also made numerous recordings himself . The American scholar Alan Lomax and the Italian , Diego Carpitella , made an exhaustive survey of the peninsula in 1954 . By the early 1960s , a roots revival encouraged more study , especially of northern musical cultures , which many scholars had previously assumed maintained little folk culture . The most prominent scholars of this era included Roberto Leydi , Ottavio Tiby and Leo Levi . During the 1970s , Leydi and Carpitella were appointed to the first two chairs of ethnomusicology at universities , with Carpitella at the University of Rome and Leydi at the University of Bologna . In the 1980s , Italian scholars began focusing less on making recordings , and more on studying and synthesizing the information already collected . Others studied Italian music in the United States and Australia , and the folk musics of recent immigrants to Italy . = Azure @-@ hooded jay = The azure @-@ hooded jay ( Cyanolyca cucullata ) is a species of bird in the family Corvidae . It is found in Middle America . Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest . This species is known to have four subspecies . It is 11 to 12 inches ( 28 to 30 cm ) in length and is dark blue with a black head and upper chest . The back of the head and neck are sky blue with a white border . The jays travel in groups of two to ten individuals and may join mixed @-@ species flocks . It is a secretive species and therefore difficult to observe in the wild . As an omnivore , this jay eats berries , seeds , and small , dead animals . Females lay three to four eggs , and the young fledge after twenty days . This species is listed as Least Concern , meaning it is not threatened with extinction . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described by the American ornithologist Robert Ridgway in 1885 . Its specific epithet , cucullata , is the Latin word for " hooded " . Its closest relative is the beautiful jay ( C. pulchra ) of Colombia and Ecuador ; in his 1934 study , Hellmayr treated these species as conspecific . Phylogenetic analysis published in 2009 confirmed the close relationship between the two species ; Bonaccorso speculates that the geographic ( and subsequent genetic ) separation between these species and others in the Cyanolyca genus may have been initiated by the formation of the Río Cauca Valley in western Colombia . The azure @-@ hooded jay has four subspecies . Cyanolyca cucullata mitrata is found in eastern Mexico , from San Luis Potosí to north central Oaxaca . This subspecies was initially treated as a separate species by Ridgway , but it was later merged into the azure @-@ hooded jay . C. c. guatemalae ranges from southern Mexico in Chiapas to central Guatemala . C. c. hondurensis resides in western Honduras . C. c. cucullata , the nominate subspecies , is found in Costa Rica and western Panama . = = Description = = The azure @-@ hooded jay ranges in length from 11 to 12 inches ( 28 to 30 cm ) , and it tends to weigh 35 @.@ 2 ounces ( 1 @,@ 000 g ) . Its large size and frame help the bird manage the large amount of flying it does . The adult is dark blue with black on the head and upper chest , while the rear of the crown and nape , or back of the neck , are sky blue with a white border . The legs and bill are black and the eyes are dark red . Both sexes are similar in appearance . Juveniles are duller than adults and their sky blue hood does not possess the white bordering . Its voice has been described as a loud and bright eihnk @-@ eihnk that is typically repeated four to five times . It is also known to repeat a nasal ehr @-@ ehn or eh ’ enk noise twice and give off a low , gruff , hard cheh @-@ r . The alarm and flock @-@ social calls of this species , characterized as a reek ! sound , are " nasal , querulous , and upwardly or double inflected . " = = Distribution and habitat = = This species is known from Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras , southeastern Mexico , and western Panama . It lives in humid evergreen forests that are sometimes interspersed with pine trees . It can be found at the edges of these forests typically in the middle and higher levels within these trees . It is also normally found only where cloud forest is uninterrupted . = = Ecology and behavior = = This corvid is known to join mixed @-@ species flocks with other species including unicolored jays and emerald toucanets . It is also known to travel in groups with two to ten other azure @-@ hooded jays . It is a skulking and secretive species , rarely coming out into the open . Because of this habit , the bird is extremely difficult to observe in the wild and not much is known about its ecology . Mates are known to preen each other , a process which entails one bird bending over in front of the other and tugging on its throat feathers . The feathers of the crown are often moving swiftly , and it is believed that the condition of a mate can be determined by this movement . Like other jays , this species is likely extremely intelligent . Similar species are known to use ants to keep their feathers clean , store seeds and nuts for later consumption , and use their toes to hold food . However , due to its secretive nature , these characteristics have not yet been observed in the species . The bird 's bright plumage makes it easy for predators to find this species . Whenever the jay feels threatened , it gives off a warning alarm call . = = = Diet = = = The azure @-@ hooded jay is omnivorous , eating berries , seeds , and small , dead animals . This species has been known to steal and eat bait from traps set for small mammals . The bird tends to forage in the forest canopy . = = = Reproduction = = = The jay ’ s nest is typically built 16 @.@ 4 to 23 feet ( 5 to 7 m ) above the ground next to a tree trunk . The base of the azure @-@ hooded jay 's first studied nest was coarsely made out of twigs that were 0 @.@ 08 to 0 @.@ 12 inches ( 2 to 3 mm ) long . That nest was about 4 @.@ 3 inches ( 11 cm ) wide inside and 7 @.@ 4 to 13 inches ( 19 to 33 cm ) wide overall depending on the length of the exterior twigs . The nest is 2 inches ( 5 cm ) deep and has an interior constructed with woven thin fibrils and twigs , and no feathers or other softening devices are used in the nest ’ s construction . In addition to building its own nest , this jay is known to reuse old , abandoned nests made by other species . Three to four eggs are normally laid . The young are typically raised in the nest between April and June and they take at least 20 days to fledge . Both parents care for the young and feed them a variety of insects , including katydids . After the young fledge , they stay close to their parents . = = Conservation = = This jay is treated as a species of Least Concern , or not threatened with extinction , by BirdLife International due to its large geographical range of about 42 @,@ 500 square miles ( 110 @,@ 000 km2 ) , population which , while unsurveyed , is believed to be above 10 @,@ 000 individuals , and lack of a 30 % population decline over the last ten years . However , the azure @-@ hooded jay is uncommon in some parts of its range . It is also believed that deforestation may have an effect on this bird . = = Relationship with humans = = Although this species has not been observed doing this , closely related jays are known to destroy and eat human @-@ planted crops such as orchards , cane , pineapples , and potatoes . The azure @-@ hooded jay has appeared on one stamp in Mexico in 1996 . = Dnestr radar = Dnestr radar ( Russian : Днестр ) and Dnepr radar ( Russian : Днепр ) , both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars . Six radars of this type were built around the periphery of the Soviet Union starting in the 1960s to provide ballistic missile warnings for attacks from different directions . They were the primary Soviet early warning radars for much of the later Cold War . In common with other Soviet and Russian early warning radars they are named after rivers , the Dnestr and the Dnepr . The Dnestr / Dnepr radars were intended to be replaced by the newer Daryal radars starting in the 1990s . Only two of the planned Daryal radars became operational , due to issues such as the dissolution of the Soviet Union . As of 2012 , the Russian early warning network still consists of some radars of this vintage . It is likely that all the existing radars will be replaced by the third generation Voronezh radars by 2020 . = = TsSO @-@ P = = The Dnestr radar came from work on ballistic missile defence undertaken in the late 1950s and early 1960s . System A , the prototype for the A @-@ 35 anti @-@ ballistic missile system , was set up in the Sary Shagan testing grounds , in the Kazakh SSR . : 123 Work on the system was led by design bureau KB @-@ 1 which proposed using VHF radar RTN ( Russian : РТН ) and the Dunay @-@ 2 UHF radar . Other alternatives were sought from Soviet industry and RTI proposed using VHF radar TsSO @-@ P ( Russian : ЦСО @-@ П ) and UHF radar TsSS @-@ 30 ( Russian : ЦСС @-@ 30 ) . TsSO @-@ P ( standing for Russian : центральная станция обнаружения – полигонная meaning central detection station – test site ) was selected for further development , together with the Dunay @-@ 2 . TsSO @-@ P had a long horn antenna 250 metres ( 820 ft ) long and 15 metres ( 49 ft ) high . It had an array with an open ribbed structure and used 200 microseconds pulses . Hardware methods were designed for signal processing as the intended M @-@ 4 computer could not run . It was built at area 8 in Sary Shagan and was located at 46 ° 00 ′ 04 @.@ 65 ″ N 73 ° 38 ′ 52 @.@ 11 ″ E. It first detected an object on 17 September 1961 . TsSO @-@ P took part in the 1961 and 1962 Soviet Project K nuclear tests tests above the Sary Shagan range to examine the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions on missile defence hardware . = = Dnestr = = TsSO @-@ P was effective at satellite tracking and was chosen as the radar of the Istrebitel Sputnik ( IS ) anti @-@ satellite programme . This programme involved the construction of two sites separated in latitude to form a radar field 5 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 3 @,@ 100 mi ) long and 3 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 900 mi ) high . The two sites chosen were at the village of Mishelevka near Irkutsk in Siberia , which was called OS @-@ 1 , and at Cape Gulshad on Lake Balkhash near Sary Shagan , which was called OS @-@ 2 . Each site received four Dnestr radar systems in a fan arrangement . : 421 : 433 A Dnestr radar was composed of two TsSO @-@ P radar wings joined together by a two story building containing a joint computer system and command post . Each radar wing covered a 30 @-@ degree sector with a 0 @.@ 5 degree scanning beam . The elevation scanning pattern was a ' spade ' with a width of 20 degrees . The radar systems were arranged to create a fan shaped barrier . Of the four radars , called cells ( Russian : РЛЯ , tr . RLYa roughly radio location cell ) , two faced to the west and two faced to the east . All scanned between + 10 degrees and + 90 degrees in elevation . Construction at the two sites started between 1962 and 1963 with improvements in the TsSO @-@ P test model being fed back into the deployed units . They gained an M @-@ 4 2 @-@ M computer with semiconductors , although the rest of the radar used Vacuum tubes . The radar systems were completed in late 1966 with the fourth Dnestr at Balkhash being used for testing . In 1968 the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik target satellite , DS @-@ P1 @-@ Yu , was used to test the ability of the system . The Dnestr radars were accepted for service by the Soviet Air Defence Forces in April 1967 and became part of the space surveillance network SKKP . : 434 = = Dnestr @-@ M = = Parallel with the implementation of the Dnestr space surveillance units , a modified version of the original Dnestr units , Dnestr @-@ M radar , was being developed to act as an early warning radar to identify attacks by ballistic missiles . The first two were built at Murmansk in northern Russia ( Olenegorsk – RO @-@ 1 ) and near Riga in the then Latvian SSR ( Skrunda – RO @-@ 2 ) . They constituted the beginning of the Soviet SPRN network , the equivalent of the NATO BMEWS . : 421 The first Dnestr @-@ M at Olenegorsk was completed by 1968 . In 1970 , the radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda , and an associated command centre at Solnechnogorsk , were accepted for service . According to Podvig ( 2002 ) , it seems they were positioned to identify missile launches from NATO submarines in the Norwegian and North Seas . The Dnestr @-@ M included many improvements over the previous versions such as an increase in the pulse length from 200μs to 800μs which increased the range of objects identified , more semiconductors , and many other scanning and processing changes . A version of this radar was built at the Sary Shagan test site and was called TsSO @-@ PM ( Russian : ЦСО @-@ ПМ ) . After this had completed tests in 1965 it was decided to upgrade nodes 1 and 2 of the two OS sites to Dnestr @-@ M , keeping nodes 3 and 4 as Dnestr . These radars remained as space surveillance radars which scanned between + 10 and + 90 degrees , comparative to scanning between + 10 and + 30 degrees for the missile warning radars . A space surveillance network of four Dnestrs and four Dnestr @-@ Ms , and two command posts was formally commissioned in 1971 . = = Dnepr = = Work to improve the radar continued . An improved array was designed which covered 60 degrees rather than 30 . The first Dnepr radar was built at Balkhash as a new radar , cell 5 . It entered service on 12 May 1974 . The second was a new early warning station at Sevastopol . New Dneprs were also built at Mishelevka and another at Skrunda , and then one at Mukachevo . The remaining radars were all converted to Dnepr with the exception of cells 3 and 4 at Balkhash and Mishelevka which remained space surveillance radars . : 422 All current operational radars are described as Dnepr , and have been updated incrementally . = = Technical details = = Each Dnepr array is a double sectoral horn antenna 250m long by 12 m wide . It has two rows of slot radiators within two waveguides . At each end of the two arrays , there is a set of transmitting and receiving equipment . It emits a signal covering a sector 30 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation , with the scanning controlled by frequency . Four sets mean the radar covers 120 degrees in azimuth and 30 degrees in elevation ( 5 to 35 degrees ) . The Dnepr involved the horn antenna being reduced from 20 to 14 metres in height and the addition of a polarising filter = = Current status = = These radars have been installed at six different radar stations and as of 2012 are operational at three – Balkhash , Mishelevka and Olenegorsk . The 1972 Anti @-@ Ballistic Missile Treaty required that early warning radars were located on the periphery of national territory and faced outwards . This caused problems when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 as many of the radar stations were now in newly independent states . The first station to close was Skrunda , in newly independent Latvia . A 1994 agreement between Russia and Latvia agreed that the two Dnepr radars there would stop working in 1998 , and would be fully demolished by 2000 . : 129 : 65 : 426 Russia signed an agreement with Ukraine in 1992 allowing it to continue using the Dnepr radars at Sevastopol and Mukachevo . The stations were run by Ukrainian personnel and data was sent to the headquarters of the Russian early warning system in Solnechnogorsk . In 2008 Russia announced that it was pulling out of the agreement with Ukraine and that the last data given to Russia from the stations would be in 2009 . : 76 The Ukrainian government announced that the stations were to be used part @-@ time for space surveillance . The station in Balkhash in Kazakhstan remains the only Dnepr operational outside Russia . It has been modernised and is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces . The remaining stations in Russia are due to be replaced by the Voronezh radar . The Dneprs in Mishelevka , Irkutsk will close once the second array of the new Voronezh radar is operational . The Dnepr at Olenegorsk , Murmansk will be replaced by a Voronezh as well . It is planned to start construction there in 2017 . = Hikari ( Utada Hikaru song ) = " Hikari " ( Japanese : 光 , " light " ) is a song recorded by Japanese – American recording artist Utada Hikaru for her fourth studio and third Japanese language album , Deep River ( 2002 ) . It premiered on March 20 , 2002 as the third single from the album in Japan . It was written and composed by Utada , whilst production and arrangement was handled by Utada , her father Teruzane Utada , and long @-@ time collaborator Miyake Akira . The single , and a remix by Russell McNamara ( under the alias PlanitB ) , was used as the official Japanese theme song 's for the 2002 action role @-@ playing video game Kingdom Hearts , and appeared on its original soundtrack respectively . Musically , " Hikari " is pop folk song . Lyrically , it is about mysteries in life and human activities . Upon its release , the track garnered positive reviews from music critics . Many critics highlighted the track as one of Utada 's best singles , and commended her vocal abilities and songwriting . It was also successful in Japan , peaking at number one both on the Oricon Singles Chart and Tokyo Broadcasting System 's ( TBS ) Count Down TV singles chart . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for physical shipments of 500 @,@ 000 units . An accompanying music video was shot by her then @-@ husband , Kazuaki Kiriya ; it features Utada washing dishes and drinking water . It was performed on some of her concert tours , including the Utada United and Wild Life tour . To promote the international formats of Kingdom Hearts , Utada re @-@ recorded an English language version entitled " Simple & Clean " . Both the original edit and remix version by PlanitB served as international theme songs . It did not appear on Utada 's English studio Exodus ( 2004 ) , but the original version was included on her 2009 English studio album This Is the One . It was later released as an A @-@ side 12 @-@ inch single with Utada 's single " Colors " in 2003 , and received positive reviews from most music critics . = = Background and release = = In February 2000 , Japanese video game artist Tetsuya Nomura announced the development of an action role @-@ playing video game named Kingdom Hearts . According to Nomura , he only had Utada in mind to create the theme song for the video game , so he had contacted her to collaborate ; as a result , she accepted his offer . In a brief interview with IGN.com , Nomura further stated ; " Her music has moved millions of fans , and I was absolutely thrilled when she agreed to contribute to this project . I see her as an icon for young artists and she also proves that music transcends national and language barriers . " " Hikari " was written and composed by Utada , whilst production was handled by Utada , her father Teruzane Utada , and long @-@ time collaborator Miyake Akira . The song 's instrumentation consists of keyboards and programming handled by Kawano Kei , synthesizers from Tsunemi Kazuhide , and an acoustic guitar from Akiyama Hironori . The song was recorded by Ugajin Masaaki and mixed by Goh Hotoda in 2001 at Bunkamura Studio , Shibuya , Tokyo . It was released as the third single from her fourth studio and third Japanese language album , Deep River ( 2002 ) . Since then , the song has been remastered and re @-@ released twice ; the first on April 1 , 2004 , and the second time on December 9 , 2014 for Utada 's first greatest hits album Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol . 1 ( 2003 ) . It was available on a CD single , released in Japan and Taiwan . Both formats included the original track , a remix each by Russell McNamara ( under the alias PlanitB ) and Alex Richbough ( under the alias Godson ) , plus the instrumental version . The artwork for the CD single 's were photographed by Takimoto Mikiya . It has a long @-@ distance shot of Utada in a greyish living room . A promotional 12 " vinyl was released by EastWorld Records in 2002 , and included both the remixed tracks . = = Composition = = Musically , " Hikari " is a pop folk song , as described by staff members from Japanese music magazine CD Journal . Similarly , rock musician and music journalist David Bertrand Wilson had reviewed the parent album Deep River , and described the sound and its appeal as " so commercial " . Square Enix Music 's Neo Locke described the song 's composition and melody in an extended review : " The acoustic guitar combined with the synth in the background creates a pleasant and gentle harmony that helps bring out Utada 's voice . " A reviewer from OngakuDB.com noted the acoustic guitar as one of the composition 's key elements , and described its sound as " melancholy " and a big " impact " . Similarly , Yeah ! J @-@ Pop ! editor Hiromi Yonemoto noted that the acoustic instrumentation was an " unusual " change in Utada 's normal pop musical style . Shinko Music 's Hiroshi Shinito described " Hikari " as a mid @-@ tempo ballad . According to Kano , the editor in chief of Rockin 'On Japan , he stated that the lyrical content discusses themes of mystery and daily life actions ; he furthered believed that the song 's lyrics is an open interpretation , due to its lack of major characteristics and identified philosophy and religion as examples . In an interview that promoted her fifth Japanese studio album Ultra Blue ( 2005 ) and her single " Passion " , which is the follow to " Hikari " , Utada felt the writing process was difficult . She believed that the plot to Kingdom Hearts was soulless , and was unable to become inspired by it to write the song . She further explained ; " when I was making the song ' Hikari ' , the whole outlook for the game and its entry onto the world was so crucial that I got a lot more info on the characters ( so that ' Hikari ' would mirror the image that they wanted ) . " = = Critical response = = " Hikari " received positive reviews from most music critics . Neo Locke from Square Enix Music was positive in his review , saying " ' Hikari ' has always impressed me for having a very recognizable and easy to manipulate melody despite the fact that the vocals are the only melodic line in the piece — partially due once again to Utada Hikaru 's strong and versatile voice . " He awarded the single seven out of ten points . In another positive , staff members from CD Journal complimented Utada 's " simple " and " distinctive " vocals , and her songwriting . Similarly , a reviewer from OngakuDB.com praised Utada 's vocals and expressed happiness for the song 's nostalgic vibe . Yeah ! J @-@ Pop ! editor Hiromi Yonemoto believed that " Hikari " demonstrated some of Utada 's best vocals to date , and labeled them and the song 's melody as " synergistic " . In a similar review , Shinko Music 's Hiroshi Shinito praised the songwriting and the chorus . Although describing the song in a positive manner , Sharon G. from KpopBreaks.com compared the song to many other of Utada 's music , and felt " Hikari " didn 't come close to her " true sound " . Despite Daniel Kalabakov from Soundtrack Central disliking pop songs , he complimented Utada 's singing and the track 's instrumentation . = = Commercial performance = = Commercially , " Hikari " was a success in Japan . It became her seventh single to debut at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart , with sales of 270 @,@ 370 units . It stayed at number one for a sole week , and spent a total of 20 weeks on that chart . By the end of 2002 , the single was ranked at number 10 on Oricon 's Annual 2002 chart with sales of 598 @,@ 130 units . This made " Hikari " her third single to reach inside the top ten of the yearly Oricon chart ; the other two singles being " Sakura Drops " at number six , and " Traveling " at number two . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for physical shipments of 500 @,@ 000 units . The single debuted at number one on Tokyo Broadcasting System 's ( TBS ) Count Down TV chart during the chart week of March 30 , 2002 , her eighth non @-@ consecutive single to do so . It stayed at the top spot for three consecutive weeks . The single stayed in the chart for 13 weeks , and was ranked at number eight on their 2002 Annual Chart . Despite it not charting on any digital record charts in Japan , it was certified gold by the RIAJ for 100 @,@ 000 full @-@ length cell phone downloads . According to the Oricon Style database , it is Utada 's 11th highest selling single . = = Music video = = An accompanying music video was filmed by her then @-@ husband , Kazuaki Kiriya . Utada intended to have " Hikari " directed by Kiriya , but the original idea was more complex and intricate . However , he was unable to submit her ideas and portray them into the video due to scheduling and work conflicts . Then , in a blog post , Utada revealed that the music video would feature her washing dishes because she found it enjoyable . She further explained ; " Actually we were to shoot the music video of ' Hikari ' with him ( Kazuaki Kiriya ) but it didn 't come true due to his scheduling conflicts at the last moment and that 's why we requested Kiriya urgently to shoot that dish @-@ washing video . " The entire four minute and 22 second video has Utada washing dishes in her kitchen ; during some portions of the video , Utada drinks water , stops washing her dishes , and walks away from the camera . According to Utada , no further editing was needed , and was completed in one take . The music video received positive reviews from critics . According to Naomi Gingfold , writing for The Global Post , she commended the departure of Utada 's general " beautiful and intricate music videos " , stating " The camera did not move once . Occasionally she lip @-@ synced along ; occasionally she just washed dishes . " Daniel Montesinos @-@ Donaghy from Noisey Vice noted and complimented Utada 's abilities in adapting to different roles through her music videos , specifically highlighting the " mundane " activity of washing dishes . A reviewer from OngakuDB.com noted a contrast between the song and the video , stating that the video had shown her " lonely " and the song more " gracious " . = = Live performances and promotion = = The song has been performed on some of Utada 's concert tours . Despite Utada 's plans to promote the song between 2002 and 2003 , she halted all promotional activities due to her diagnosis of a benign ovarian tumor , which was surgically removed that same year . Its first performance was in 2004 , during her Bokuhan concert tour ; it was included as the first song performed . It appeared on the live DVD , which was released on July 28 , 2004 . It was included on Utada 's debut English concert tour named Utada United . Featured as the closing number , it was later included on the live DVD , released on December 20 , 2006 . " Hikari " was performed during Utada 's two date concert series Wild Life in December 2010 . Since the track 's release , it has appeared on three compilation releases : Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol . 1 ( 2003 ) , it 's 2014 remastered version , and a special bundle of the compilation and the vol . 2 collection on a USB . In 2014 , Love Psychedelico recorded the song for Utada Hikaru no Uta , a tribute album celebrating 15 years since Utada 's debut . = = Simple & Clean = = To promote the international formats of Kingdom Hearts , Utada recorded an English version of " Hikari " , named " Simple & Clean " . Both the original edit and remix version by PlanitB served as the international theme songs . It did not appear on Utada 's English studio Exodus ( 2004 ) , but the original version was included on her 2009 English studio album This Is the One . It was released as an A @-@ side 12 @-@ inch single with Utada 's single " Colors " in 2003 , and received positive reviews from most music critics . It has been performed on two of Utada 's concerts , these being Utada United in 2006 and In The Flesh 2010 . = = = Background and composition = = = Much of the song 's production is similar to the Japanese version ; it was written and composed by Utada , whilst production was handled by Utada , her father Teruzane Utada , and Miyake Akira . The song included live instrumentation by Kawano Kei ( keyboards and programming ) , Tsunemi Kazuhide ( synthesizers ) , and Akiyama Hironori ( acoustic guitar ) , whilst it was arranged by Utada and Kawano Kei . The song was recorded by Ugajin Masaaki and mixed by Goh Hotoda in 2001 at Bunkamura Studio , Shibuya , Tokyo . The song was also remixed by Russell McNamara ( under the alias PlanitB ) . Like the Japanese version , Utada felt the writing process was difficult . Musically , " Simple & Clean " is a pop folk song , as described by staff members from Japanese music magazine CD Journal . Utada explained the song process in a detailed interview with Jetanny Magazine ; " ... that was so hard , it 's just , and it felt strained , and as a result , I 'm happy that I worked hard to do those , because those English versions are really good and " Simple and Clean , " I think , is a really good song , and people- most of the people that know me here , they know me for that- but it 's not ideal for me as a writer , to- because , actually , I changed the melodies for " Simple and Clean " and " Hikari , " because when you change the language you 're singing in , the same melodies don 't work- and as a writer , it 's just very frustrating to have , like- I wrote these melodies for Japanese words , and to have to write in English for that , it 's just not right . And then , so , for this , uh , this contract with Island Def Jam , in the beginning I separated it to this English language album , and I don 't do Japanese translations . I just , my integrity as an artist just would not take that , could not take that . " According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , the song is written in the key of B ♭ major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 84 beats per minute . Utada 's vocal range spans between the notes G3 to G5 , specifically between the chorus lyrics ; " When you walk away / You don 't hear me say / Please oh baby don 't go / Simple and clean is the way that you 're making me feel tonight / It 's hard to let it go " . = = = Release and reception = = = The original edit and PlanitB remix of " Simple & Clean " first appeared on Utada 's single " Colors " as a B @-@ side , which was released on January 29 , 2003 . It was also available on the Taiwanese versions of " Colors " , released in mid @-@ 2003 . Near the end of 2003 , " Simple & Clean " was released as an A @-@ side 12 @-@ inch single with " Colors " in Japan ; it included the original and PlanitB remix . The original version was included on her 2009 English studio album This Is the One . Upon its release , " Simple & Clean " received positive reviews from most music critics . Benjamin Turner from GameSpy was impressed by the translation of " Hikari " into English , and felt Utada 's vocals were a good addition to the opening and ending segments of the game . Michael Pascua from BlogCritics.org was generally positive , stating in a detail review ; " Utada made a smart decision with the physical release of the CD : she included the songs “ Simple and Clean ” and “ Sanctuary ” from the Kingdom Hearts series . Both songs showcase a strong musical style that isn ’ t necessarily in the R & B flare that This is the One provides . They also help connect any video game player who hasn ’ t necessarily listened to any of her Japanese albums or even knew that she had another English album . " He also labelled the song and " Sanctuary " " happy additions " to This Is The One . = = = Live performances and promotions = = = The song has been performed on some of Utada 's concert tours . Its first performance was at a special event that celebrated Utada 's 20th birthday in Japan on January 19 , 2003 ; she sung " Simple & Clean " as the encore track . Throughout the song , she performed the acoustic guitar . When Kingdom Hearts was released in North America , Utada performed the song ; this was one of Utada 's first performances outside on Japan . Despite Utada 's plans to promote the song between 2002 and 2003 , she halted all promotional activities due to her diagnosis of a benign ovarian tumor , which was surgically removed that same year . Its most recent performance was in 2010 , which was included on her Utada : In the Flesh 2010 concert tour in North America and the United Kingdom . = = Legacy = = When the single was released and promoted through Kingdom Hearts , " Hikari " and " Simple & Clean " were widely considered a " hot topic " around the world of music , as described by a staff member at OngakuDB.com. Their inclusion in the video game 's respective international versions was successful , as Kingdom Hearts sold over 4 @.@ 78 million units worldwide , subsequently earning the rank of being the tenth best selling PlayStation 2 video game . Both songs were then included on the spin @-@ off titles : Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories ( 2004 ) , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep ( 2010 ) , and the remix versions Kingdom Hearts HD 1 @.@ 5 Remix ( 2013 ) and Kingdom Hearts HD 2 @.@ 5 Remix ( 2014 ) . The first two games , alongside the original release , sold over 5 @.@ 9 million units worldwide together . Both the original and remix versions of the two songs ( alongside an orchestral instrumental by Kingdom Hearts composer Yoko Shimomura ) were included on the first soundtrack , and the HD 1 @.@ 5 Remix soundtrack . Due to the success of the songs , Utada was invited to record another track for the original video game 's sequel , Kingdom Hearts II ( 2007 ) . This track was the Japanese written " Passion " , which was re @-@ written to " Sanctuary " as part of the international releases . Jeff Chuang from Japanator.com believed that " Simple & Clean " is what Utada is " best known for " by her fans outside of Japan . Similarly , Emily Goodman from Axs.com believed that " Simple & Clean " was her most successful work outside of Japan . " Hikari " and " Simple & Clean " are often cited as " one of the best video game songs in recent history " , as described by Dannii C. from Celebmix.com. Alex Hanavan from The Young Folks listed the orchestral version of " Hikari " , which also appeared during the credits section of Kingdom Hearts , at number two on their " Top Ten Video Game Theme Songs " . He stated his reason through his extended review ; " Kingdom Hearts has several ' theme songs ' but the orchestrated version of ' Hikari ' takes the cake with all the makings of a grand adventure . It resonates with the many themes of the games : friendship , teamwork , and adventure . ' Hikari ' undoubtedly brings back wealth of memories for any fan of the franchise . " GameFaqs 's editor Pierce Sparrow listed both " Simple & Clean " and " Sanctuary " at number two on their " Top Ten Lyrical Songs for a Video Game " . Sparrow stated : " It was a little too difficult for me to choose just one of the songs , seeing as they have very similar qualities ... I doubt that anyone will disagree that these are two of the greatest theme songs ever produced . " " Hikari " brought Utada a number of accolades and award nominations . In 2008 , the Guinness World Records listed the track as the best @-@ selling video game single in Japan , and was included on the 2008 Gamer 's Edition book ; this is Utada 's first , and current , induction into this . At the 17th Japan Gold Disc Awards in 2003 , Utada won the Song of the Year award ; she had also won two awards with the same name that year for her single 's " Sakura Drops " and " Colors " . Similarly , she also received the Silver Award for Foreign Production recognition at the 2003 Japanese Society for Rights of Authors , Composers and Publishers Awards ( JASRAC ) . In December 2015 , in honor of Utada 's comeback into the music business , Japanese website Goo.ne.jp hosted a poll for fans to rank their favourite songs by Utada out of 25 positions ; the poll was held in only twenty @-@ four hours , and thousands submitted their votes . As a result , " Hikari " was ranked at number three with 97 votes in total . = = = Accolades = = = = = Track listings and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits and personnel adapted by the CD liner notes of " Hikari " and " Colors " . = = Chart and certifications = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Thomas H. Tongue = Thomas H. Tongue ( June 23 , 1844 – January 11 , 1903 ) was an American politician and attorney in the state of Oregon . Born in England , his family immigrated to Washington County , Oregon , in 1859 . In Oregon , he would serve in the State Senate from 1889 to 1893 and was the seventh mayor of Hillsboro . A Republican , he was chairman of the state party , and national convention delegate in 1892 . Tongue served as Congressman from 1897 to 1903 representing Oregon 's 1st congressional district . = = Early life = = Thomas H. Tongue was born in Lincolnshire , England , on June 23 , 1844 . He attended the public schools of England before immigrating to the United States with his parents . The family settled in Washington County , Oregon , in the Tualatin Valley on November 23 , 1859 . His parents Rebecca and Anthony Tongue had a house west of North Plains . In Oregon , Tongue attended the Tualatin Academy preparatory school in nearby Forest Grove . He then enrolled at Pacific University , a college affiliated with Tualatin Academy , and graduated from the school in June 1868 . After graduating he moved to Hillsboro , the county seat of Washington County , where he studied law . On December 25 , 1869 , he married Emily Margaret Eagleton , daughter of George Eagleton . = = Career = = Tongue was admitted to the Oregon State Bar in 1870 and began private legal practice in Hillsboro . While practicing law he was also a farmer and raised livestock while a member of the Knights of Pythias and Odd Fellows . Also a member of the Masonic Order , he served as a grand master in that organization . Tongue started his political career as mayor of Hillsboro , serving two terms . He was elected in 1882 as the seventh person to hold that office , serving from December 13 , 1882 , to December 10 , 1883 . He would serve a second term three years later from December 13 , 1886 to December 9 , 1887 . In 1884 , he purchased the former fairgrounds where the Washington County Fair had been held for approximately 15 years . The 50 acres ( 200 @,@ 000 m2 ) were south of First Avenue and Baseline in present @-@ day downtown Hillsboro , with Tongue using the land for his hobby farm . In 1888 , Tongue was elected to a four @-@ year term in the Oregon State Senate . Serving in both the 1889 and 1891 sessions , the Republican represented District 27 and Washington County . While in the State Senate he was selected as the chairperson of the judiciary committee . He replaced William D. Hare as both mayor and state senator . A Republican Party official , Tongue served on the party 's state central committee from 1886 to 1896 . In 1890 , he was elected to the post of chairman for the Republican state convention and followed that position as president of the state party from 1892 to 1894 . In 1892 , Oregon received a second congressional district , and Tongue served as the Republican party 's chairman for the district until 1896 . Also in 1892 , Tongue served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention held in Minneapolis , Minnesota , and served as the vice president of the Oregon delegation to the convention in 1894 . = = Congress = = Thomas Tongue was elected in 1896 as a Republican to the 55th Congress from Oregon 's 1st congressional district . Replacing Binger Hermann , Tongue won by a total of 63 votes over his opponents . He was re @-@ elected three times and served in the 56th and 57th United States Congresses . Tongue also won re @-@ election in 1902 to the 58th Congress , but died before that session began . In the 1898 campaign he defeated three opponents led by Fusion Party candidate Robert M. Veatch , winning by 2 @,@ 037 votes over Veatch . Tongue won by 3 @,@ 100 votes in 1900 and by 7 @,@ 318 votes in the 1902 campaign . On March 4 , 1897 , he began serving in the United States House of Representatives and remained until his death in Washington , D.C. , on January 11 , 1903 , before the start of what would have been a fourth term . In Congress , Tongue was chairman of the Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands during both the 56th and 57th Congresses . He served alongside William R. Ellis and Malcolm Adelbert Moody as Oregon 's House delegates . While in Congress , Tongue advocated for the creation of a national park for Crater Lake in Southern Oregon . He introduced bills to create the park in 1898 , 1899 , and finally in 1901 when the bill was passed by Congress . In May 1902 , Crater Lake National Park became the United States ' fifth national park when President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill into law . After Tongue 's death , Binger Hermann , who Tongue succeeded in Congress , was elected to complete Tongue 's term . Thomas Brackett Reed , Speaker of the House during Tongue 's first two terms , considered Tongue " one of the seven ablest men in the House . " = = Family = = Tongue and his wife , the former Margarite Eagleton , had eight children : Edmund Burke Tongue , Edwin Tongue , Mary G. Lombard , Thomas H. Tongue , Jr . , Elizabeth Fey , Florence Munger , Bertha Rebecca Tongue , and Edith . Edith married Alfred E. Reames , who would serve in the United States Senate . Thomas Tongue , Jr. and Edmund both became lawyers , with the older Edmund forming a legal partnership with his father in 1897 . Congressman Tongue was buried in Hillsboro , Oregon , at the family 's private plot next to the Masonic Cemetery ( now Pioneer Cemetery ) . Tongue was the grandfather of Thomas H. Tongue III ( 1912 – 1994 ) , who served as an associate justice on the Oregon Supreme Court . = Jürgen Ehlers = Jürgen Ehlers ( German : [ ˈjʏʁɡŋ ̩ ˈeːlɐs ] ; 29 December 1929 – 20 May 2008 ) was a German physicist who contributed to the understanding of Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity . From graduate and postgraduate work in Pascual Jordan 's relativity research group at Hamburg University , he held various posts as a lecturer and , later , as a professor before joining the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Munich as a director . In 1995 , he became the founding director of the newly created Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam , Germany . Ehlers ' research focused on the foundations of general relativity as well as on the theory 's applications to astrophysics . He formulated a suitable classification of exact solutions to Einstein 's field equations and proved the Ehlers – Geren – Sachs theorem that justifies the application of simple , general @-@ relativistic model universes to modern cosmology . He created a spacetime @-@ oriented description of gravitational lensing and clarified the relationship between models formulated within the framework of general relativity and those of Newtonian gravity . In addition , Ehlers had a keen interest in both the history and philosophy of physics and was an ardent populariser of science . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Jürgen Ehlers was born in Hamburg . He attended public schools from 1936 to 1949 , and then went on to study physics , mathematics and philosophy at Hamburg University from 1949 to 1955 . In the winter term of 1955 – 56 , he passed the high school teacher 's examination ( Staatsexamen ) , but instead of becoming a teacher undertook graduate research with Pascual Jordan , who acted as his thesis advisor . Ehlers ' doctoral work was on the construction and characterization of solutions of the Einstein field equations . He earned his doctorate in physics from Hamburg University in 1958 . Prior to Ehlers ' arrival , the main research of Jordan 's group had been dedicated to a scalar @-@ tensor modification of general relativity that later became known as Jordan – Brans – Dicke theory . This theory differs from general relativity in that the gravitational constant is replaced by a variable field . Ehlers was instrumental in changing the group 's focus to the structure and interpretation of Einstein 's original theory . Other members of the group included Wolfgang Kundt , Rainer K. Sachs and Manfred Trümper . The group had a close working relationship with Otto Heckmann and his student Engelbert Schücking at Hamburger Sternwarte , the city 's observatory . Guests at the group 's colloquium included Wolfgang Pauli , Joshua Goldberg and Peter Bergmann . In 1961 , as Jordan 's assistant , Ehlers earned his habilitation , qualifying him for a German professorship . He then held teaching and research positions in Germany and in the US , namely at the University of Kiel , Syracuse University and Hamburg University . From 1964 to 1965 , he was at the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest in Dallas . From 1965 to 1971 , he held various positions in Alfred Schild 's group at the University of Texas at Austin , starting as an associate professor and , in 1967 , obtaining a position as full professor . During that time , he held visiting professorships at the universities of Würzburg and Bonn . = = = Munich = = = In 1970 , Ehlers received an offer to join the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich as the director of its gravitational theory department . Ehlers had been suggested by Ludwig Biermann , the institute 's director at the time . When Ehlers joined the institute in 1971 , he also became an adjunct professor at Munich 's Ludwig Maximilian University . In March 1991 , the institute split into the Max Planck Institute for Physics and the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics , where Ehlers ' department found a home . Over the 24 years of his tenure , his research group was home to , among others , Gary Gibbons , John Stewart and Bernd Schmidt , as well as visiting scientists including Abhay Ashtekar , Demetrios Christodoulou and Brandon Carter . One of Ehlers ' postdoctoral students in Munich was Reinhard Breuer , who later became editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Spektrum der Wissenschaft , the German edition of the popular @-@ science journal Scientific American . = = = Potsdam = = = When German science institutions reorganized after German reunification in 1990 , Ehlers lobbied for the establishment of an institute of the Max Planck Society dedicated to research on gravitational theory . On 9 June 1994 , the Society decided to open the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam . The institute started operations on 1 April 1995 , with Ehlers as its founding director and as the leader of its department for the foundations and mathematics of general relativity . Ehlers then oversaw the founding of a second institute department devoted to gravitational wave research and headed by Bernard F. Schutz . On 31 December 1998 , Ehlers retired to become founding director emeritus . Ehlers continued to work at the institute until his death on 20 May 2008 . He left behind his wife Anita Ehlers , his four children , Martin , Kathrin , David , and Max , as well as five grandchildren . = = Research = = Ehlers ' research was in the field of general relativity . In particular , he made contributions to cosmology , the theory of gravitational lenses and gravitational waves . His principal concern was to clarify general relativity 's mathematical structure and its consequences , separating rigorous proofs from heuristic conjectures . = = = Exact solutions = = = For his doctoral thesis , Ehlers turned to a question that was to shape his lifetime research . He sought exact solutions of Einstein 's equations : model universes consistent with the laws of general relativity that are simple enough to allow for an explicit description in terms of basic mathematical expressions . These exact solutions play a key role when it comes to building general @-@ relativistic models of physical situations . However , general relativity is a fully covariant theory – its laws are the same , independent of which coordinates are chosen to describe a given situation . One direct consequence is that two apparently different exact solutions could correspond to the same model universe , and differ only in their coordinates . Ehlers began to look for serviceable ways of characterizing exact solutions invariantly , that is , in ways that do not depend on coordinate choice . In order to do so , he examined ways of describing the intrinsic geometric properties of the known exact solutions . During the 1960s , following up on his doctoral thesis , Ehlers published a series of papers , all but one in collaboration with colleagues from the Hamburg group , which later became known as the " Hamburg Bible " . The first paper , written with Jordan and Kundt , is a treatise on how to characterize exact solutions to Einstein 's field equations in a systematic way . The analysis presented there uses tools from differential geometry such as the Petrov classification of Weyl tensors ( that is , those parts of the Riemann tensor describing the curvature of space @-@ time that are not constrained by Einstein 's equations ) , isometry groups and conformal transformations . This work also includes the first definition and classification of pp @-@ waves , a class of simple gravitational waves . The following papers in the series were treatises on gravitational radiation ( one with Sachs , one with Trümper ) . The work with Sachs studies , among other things , vacuum solutions with special algebraic properties , using the 2 @-@ component spinor formalism . It also gives a systematic exposition of the geometric properties of bundles ( in mathematical terms : congruences ) of light beams . Spacetime geometry can influence the propagation of light , making them converge on or diverge from each other , or deforming the bundle 's cross section without changing its area . The paper formalizes these possible changes in the bundle in terms of the bundle 's expansion ( convergence / divergence ) , and twist and shear ( cross @-@ section area @-@ conserving deformation ) , linking those properties to spacetime geometry . One result is the Ehlers @-@ Sachs theorem describing the properties of the shadow produced by a narrow beam of light encountering an opaque object . The tools developed in that work would prove essential for the discovery by Roy Kerr of his Kerr solution , describing a rotating black hole – one of the most important exact solutions . The last of these seminal papers addressed the general @-@ relativistic treatment of the mechanics of continuous media . However useful the notion of a point mass may be in classical physics ; in general relativity , such an idealized mass concentration into a single point of space is not even well @-@ defined . That is why relativistic hydrodynamics , that is , the study of continuous media , is an essential part of model @-@ building in general relativity . The paper systematically describes the basic concepts and models in what the editor of the journal General Relativity and Gravitation , on the occasion of publishing an English translation 32 years after the original publication date , called " one of the best reviews in this area " . Another part of Ehlers ' exploration of exact solutions in his thesis led to a result that proved important later . At the time Ehlers started his research on his doctoral thesis , the Golden age of general relativity had not yet begun and the basic properties and concepts of black holes were not yet understood . In the work that led to his doctoral thesis , Ehlers proved important properties of the surface around a black hole that would later be identified as its horizon , in particular that the gravitational field inside cannot be static , but must change over time . The simplest example of this is the " Einstein @-@ Rosen bridge " , or Schwarzschild wormhole that is part of the Schwarzschild solution describing an idealized , spherically symmetric black hole : the interior of the horizon houses a bridge @-@ like connection that changes over time , collapsing sufficiently quickly to keep any space @-@ traveler from traveling through the wormhole . = = = Ehlers group = = = In physics , duality means that two equivalent descriptions of a particular physical situation exist , using different physical concepts . This is a special case of a physical symmetry , that is , a change that preserves key features of a physical system . A simple example for a duality is that between the electric field E and the magnetic field B electrodynamics : In the complete absence of electrical charges , the replacement E <formula> – B , B <formula> E leaves Maxwell 's equations invariant . Whenever a particular pair of expressions for B and E conform to the laws of electrodynamics , switching the two expressions around and adding a minus sign to the new B is also valid . In his doctoral thesis , Ehlers pointed out a duality symmetry between different components of the metric of a stationary vacuum spacetime , which maps solutions of Einstein 's field equations to other solutions . This symmetry between the tt @-@ component of the metric , which describes time as measured by clocks whose spatial coordinates do not change , and a term known as the twist potential is analogous to the aforementioned duality between E and B. The duality discovered by Ehlers was later expanded to a larger symmetry corresponding to the special linear group <formula> . This larger symmetry group has since become known as the Ehlers group . Its discovery led to further generalizations , notably the infinite @-@ dimensional Geroch group ( the Geroch group is generated by two non @-@ commuting subgroups , one of which is the Ehlers group ) . These so @-@ called hidden symmetries play an important role in the Kaluza – Klein reduction of both general relativity and its generalizations , such as eleven @-@ dimensional supergravity . Other applications include their use as a tool in the discovery of previously unknown solutions and their role in a proof that solutions in the stationary axi @-@ symmetric case form an integrable system . = = = Cosmology : Ehlers – Geren – Sachs theorem = = = The Ehlers – Geren – Sachs theorem , published in 1968 , shows that in a given universe , if all freely falling observers measure the cosmic background radiation to have exactly the same properties in all directions ( that is , they measure the background radiation to be isotropic ) , then that universe is an isotropic and homogeneous Friedmann – Lemaître spacetime . Cosmic isotropy and homogeneity are important as they are the basis of the modern standard model of cosmology . = = = Fundamental concepts in general relativity = = = In the 1960s , Ehlers collaborated with Felix Pirani and Alfred Schild on a constructive @-@ axiomatic approach to general relativity : a way of deriving the theory from a minimal set of elementary objects and a set of axioms specifying these objects ' properties . The basic ingredients of their approach are primitive concepts such as event , light ray , particle and freely falling particle . At the outset , spacetime is a mere set of events , without any further structure . They postulated the basic properties of light and freely falling particles as axioms , and with their help constructed the differential topology , conformal structure and , finally , the metric structure of spacetime , that is : the notion of when two events are close to each other , the role of light rays in linking up events , and a notion of distance between events . Key steps of the construction correspond to idealized measurements , such the standard range finding used in radar . The final step derived Einstein 's equations from the weakest possible set of additional axioms . The result is a formulation that clearly identifies the assumptions underlying general relativity . In the 1970s , in collaboration with Ekkart Rudolph , Ehlers addressed the problem of rigid bodies in general relativity . Rigid bodies are a fundamental concept in classical physics . However , the fact that by definition their different parts move simultaneously is incompatible with the relativistic concept of the speed of light as a limiting speed for the propagation of signals and other influences . While , as early as 1909 , Max Born had given a definition of rigidity that was compatible with relativistic physics , his definition depends on assumptions that are not satisfied in a general space @-@ time , and are thus overly restrictive . Ehlers and Rudolph generalized Born 's definition to a more readily applicable definition they called " pseudo @-@ rigidity " , which represents a more satisfactory approximation to the rigidity of classical physics . = = = Gravitational lensing = = = With Peter Schneider , Ehlers embarked on an in @-@ depth study of the foundations of gravitational lensing . One result of this work was a 1992 monograph co @-@ authored with Schneider and Emilio Falco . It was the first systematic exposition of the topic that included both the theoretical foundations and the observational results . From the viewpoint of astronomy , gravitational lensing is often described using a quasi @-@ Newtonian approximation — assuming the gravitational field to be small and the deflection angles to be minute — which is perfectly sufficient for most situations of astrophysical relevance . In contrast , the monograph developed a thorough and complete description of gravitational lensing from a fully relativistic space @-@ time perspective . This feature of the book played a major part in its long @-@ term positive reception . In the following years , Ehlers continued his research on the propagation of bundles of light in arbitrary spacetimes . = = = Frame theory and Newtonian gravity = = = A basic derivation of the Newtonian limit of general relativity is as old as the theory itself . Einstein used it to derive predictions such as the anomalous perihelion precession of the planet Mercury . Later work by Élie Cartan , Kurt Friedrichs and others showed more concretely how a geometrical generalization of Newton 's theory of gravity known as Newton – Cartan theory could be understood as a ( degenerate ) limit of general relativity . This required letting a specific parameter <formula> go to zero . Ehlers extended this work by developing a frame theory that allowed for constructing the Newton – Cartan limit , and in a mathematically precise way , not only for the physical laws , but for any spacetime obeying those laws ( that is , solutions of Einstein 's equations ) . This allowed physicists to explore what the Newtonian limit meant in specific physical situations . For example , the frame theory can be used to show that the Newtonian limit of a Schwarzschild black hole is a simple point particle . Also , it allows Newtonian versions of exact solutions such as the Friedmann – Lemaître models or the Gödel universe to be constructed . Since its inception , ideas Ehlers introduced in the context of his frame theory have found important applications in the study of both the Newtonian limit of general relativity and of the Post @-@ Newtonian expansion , where Newtonian gravity is complemented by terms of ever higher order in <formula> in order to accommodate relativistic effects . General relativity is non @-@ linear : the gravitational influence of two masses is not simply the sum of those masses ' individual gravitational influences , as had been the case in Newtonian gravity . Ehlers participated in the discussion of how the back @-@ reaction from gravitational radiation onto a radiating system could be systematically described in a non @-@ linear theory such as general relativity , pointing out that the standard quadrupole formula for the energy flux for systems like the binary pulsar had not ( yet ) been rigorously derived : a priori , a derivation demanded the inclusion of higher @-@ order terms than was commonly assumed , higher than were computed until then . His work on the Newtonian limit , particularly in relation to cosmological solutions , led Ehlers , together with his former doctoral student Thomas Buchert , to a systematic study of perturbations and inhomogeneities in a Newtonian cosmos . This laid the groundwork for Buchert 's later generalization of this treatment of inhomogeneities . This generalization was the basis of his attempt to explain what is currently seen as the cosmic effects of a cosmological constant or , in modern parlance , dark energy , as a non @-@ linear consequence of inhomogeneities in general @-@ relativistic cosmology . = = = History and philosophy of physics = = = Complementing his interest in the foundations of general relativity and , more generally , of physics , Ehlers researched the history of physics . Up until his death , he collaborated in a project on the history of quantum theory at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin . In particular , he explored Pascual Jordan 's seminal contributions to the development of quantum field theory between 1925 and 1928 . Throughout his career , Ehlers had an interest in the philosophical foundations and implications of physics and contributed to research on this topic by addressing questions such as the basic status of scientific knowledge in physics . = = = Science popularization = = = Ehlers showed a keen interest in reaching a general audience . He was a frequent public lecturer , at universities as well as at venues such as the Urania in Berlin . He authored popular @-@ science articles , including contributions to general @-@ audience journals such as Bild der Wissenschaft . He edited a compilation of articles on gravity for the German edition of Scientific American . Ehlers directly addressed physics teachers , in talks and journal articles on the teaching of relativity and related basic ideas , such as mathematics as the language of physics . = = Honours and awards = = Ehlers became a member of the Berlin @-@ Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities ( 1993 ) , the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur , Mainz ( 1972 ) , the Leopoldina in Halle ( 1975 ) and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich ( 1979 ) . From 1995 to 1998 , he served as president of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation . He also received the 2002 Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society , the Volta Gold Medal of Pavia University ( 2005 ) and the medal of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Charles University , Prague ( 2007 ) . In 2008 , the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation instituted the " Jürgen Ehlers Thesis Prize " in commemoration of Ehlers . It is sponsored by the scientific publishing house Springer and is awarded triennially , at the society 's international conference , to the best doctoral thesis in the areas of mathematical and numerical general relativity . Issue 9 of volume 41 of the journal General Relativity and Gravitation was dedicated to Ehlers , in memoriam . = = Selected publications = = Börner , G. ; Ehlers , J. , eds . ( 1996 ) , Gravitation , Spektrum Akademischer Verlag , ISBN 3 @-@ 86025 @-@ 362 @-@ X Ehlers , Jürgen ( 1973 ) , " Survey of general relativity theory " , in Israel , Werner , Relativity , Astrophysics and Cosmology , D. Reidel , pp. 1 – 125 , ISBN 90 @-@ 277 @-@ 0369 @-@ 8 Schneider , P. ; Ehlers , J. ; Falco , E. E. ( 1992 ) , Gravitational lenses , Springer , ISBN 3 @-@ 540 @-@ 66506 @-@ 4 = Anniemal = Anniemal is the debut album by Norwegian recording artist Annie . It was first released by 679 Recordings in September 2004 . Annie began recording music in 1999 with her boyfriend , Tore Kroknes , who died in 2001 . She returned to recording later that year , collaborating with Richard X , Röyksopp , and Timo Kaukolampi . The album combines Annie 's thin , airy vocals with heavily layered beats . It is heavily influenced by 1980s dance @-@ pop . Upon release , the album was successful in Norway . Blogs leaked tracks from Anniemal before it was released internationally , and publications from other countries soon praised the album for its blissful but melancholic sound . Before releasing the album internationally in 2005 , Annie 's record label 679 Recordings was not confident in the album 's ability to achieve commercial success overseas , so it did not heavily promote Anniemal . The album eventually sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . It yielded four singles : " Chewing Gum " , " Heartbeat " , " Happy Without You " , and " Always Too Late " . = = Background and development = = In the late 1990s , Annie held a monthly DJ night called Pop Till You Drop with friend Frøken Blytt in her hometown of Bergen , Norway . There she met producer Tore Kroknes , and the two began dating . Annie and Kroknes borrowed a small studio from downtempo duo Röyksopp to record her debut single " The Greatest Hit " . The song , which uses a sample of Madonna 's 1982 dance @-@ pop single " Everybody " , had a limited edition release in 1999 . It became an underground hit at clubs in Norway and Britain , resulting in offers for record deals . The two recorded Annie 's second single , titled " I Will Get On " . She focused on vocals and melodies in music , and Kroknes concentrated on production , influenced by techno , disco and house music . As she began to work on her debut album , Kroknes became ill due to a heart defect . He died eighteen months later , in April 2001 . Because of their plan to make the album together , Annie struggled with the idea of collaborating with anyone else and stopped work on it entirely . Half a year passed before Annie returned to music . She asked Timo Kaukolampi from Finnish electronic group Op : l Bastards to DJ in Bergen . Starting with a song titled " Kiss Me " , he had Annie contribute vocals to some of his tracks . She asked Kaukolampi to work on the album , and he produced nine of its songs for her . She could not afford to rent a studio , so Annie recorded demos by asking to use local studios at night or borrowing one owned by her friend . In late 2003 , Annie signed with 679 Recordings , and the advance enabled her to complete the record . Producer Richard X , impressed with " The Greatest Hit " , asked her to record vocals for his debut album Richard X Presents His X @-@ Factor Vol . 1 . In exchange , he contributed " Chewing Gum " and " Me Plus One " , both written with Hannah Robinson . Annie also worked with Röyksopp , who co @-@ wrote and produced three songs on the album . Rather than recording and selecting from a large number of songs , Annie stopped after around thirteen and compiled the tracklist . She selected the title Anniemal based on a suggestion by Kroknes . The two had planned on writing a song titled " Anniemal " , so she chose it as the album 's title because to her , " it just made sense . Anniemal is simple and easy and good . " = = Composition = = When working on songs , Annie was involved with the whole recording and production processes , with a focus on the melodies . Annie stated that while promoting the album , she wanted to make sure people knew of her involvement in the album 's writing and production . Of its twelve songs , ten were co @-@ written by Annie . She stated that although singing songs written by someone else might not feel less personal , " It 's special to be on the stage and actually sing something you had done . " With respect to her involvement in the songwriting process , Annie referred to herself as " a bit of a control freak " . The lyrics of Anniemal generally describe falling in or out of love . Annie 's vocals are thin and breathy , working within a narrow vocal range . Reviewers noted a sense of melancholy in the vocals , suggesting that it could be attributed to the death of Kroknes . Annie acknowledged that none of the songs " are directly happy " and that some are " happy but still a bit melancholy . " She stated that she thought bittersweet melodies " [ sound ] timeless … Very Scandinavian of me ! " She insisted , however , that she tries to write songs that are cheerful : " For me , it 's really easy to write depressive songs and that 's why I never do that . I try to do songs that are a bit happier and a bit more complicated . I think there are too many songwriters writing sad , depressive songs , and I find it really boring , listening to music where people are just complaining . People should stop whining ! I find it much more challenging to make songs that are pop songs , to make happy songs , and that 's why I like to do it . I really like to make quite hopeful , happy music with a little bit of melancholy in it , with a little spice of melancholy . " Anniemal focuses on heavily layered beats , with a strong 1980s influence . Annie was influenced by 1980s dance @-@ pop , and on " No Easy Love " , she includes a sample of Shakatak 's 1982 song " Easier Said Than Done " . Unlike many of her contemporaries , Annie avoids using an ironic or kitschy in her take on 1980s music . The songs ' styles span genres including bubblegum pop , electro , disco , R & B , dance @-@ pop , and rock . Annie 's DJing experiences taught her about sound and production and had an impact on her music . She stated that she wanted to make a pop album that would not quickly become dated , " an album that you could listen to in five years and it wouldn 't sound terrible . " Annie considered excluding " Greatest Hit " from Anniemal to achieve this but ultimately included it because she felt it did not sound as if it were five years old . = = Critical reception = = Anniemal received acclaim from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 81 , based on 23 reviews , which indicates " universal acclaim " . Scott Plagenhoef of Pitchfork Media referred to the songs as a " dozen slices of stylish , sophisticated electro @-@ pop , crisp tracks that move between the fizzy and the woozy , all anchored by Annie 's breathy ( sometimes almost muted ) vocals . " The site 's endorsement was uncommon during a period when sites covering independent music were often dismissive of pop acts . In his review for AllMusic , Andy Kellman described Anniemal as " cunning " but also " deeply affecting " . Dylan Hicks ' review for The Village Voice stated that the blogosphere and British music press overrated Anniemal but that " an overrated good record is still a good record " . Jody Rosen wrote for The New York Times that the album " is a true album , strong from top to bottom " and that " there is charm in [ Annie 's ] deadpan delivery , and her songwriting is full of the flair for melody for which Scandinavian pop is famous . " Rosen also contributed a review to Slate , where she noted that " other singers have made whole careers out of singles less winning than ' Chewing Gum , ' but [ Anniemal ] includes several other superb songs " . Kitty Empire 's review in The Observer stated that the album 's songs " boast a winning combination of innocence and experience , breezy blonde melodies and just @-@ so productions " . PopMatters ' Pierre Hamilton called Anniemal " riveting " for how " it lacks the waxy sheen " that listeners were used to hearing in manufactured pop music . However , a second PopMatters review , written by Rob Horning , criticised the album for using a similar formula to previous generations of electropop , adding that the result was " exquisitely empty … enough to suck the feelings out of its listeners and leave them happily vacant , blank and unburdened . " In his review for Billboard magazine , Michael Paoletta described the album as " slinky and sensual , cool and classy , fun and fiery " and labeled it " one of the best debut albums of 2005 . " Several reviewers drew parallels between mainstream pop acts and Annie . Entertainment Weekly 's Raymond Fiore called the album an " addictive " debut where Annie " flaunts whispery Kylie cool and old @-@ school @-@ Madonna cheekiness " , but added that " this sugar rush of an album proves … candy is best consumed in moderation . " Hua Hsu of Blender magazine made a similar comparison , proclaiming Annie the " Kylie Minogue hipsters don 't have to feel guilty about liking " . Barry Walters of Rolling Stone touted how the album " comes packed with both instant surface fizz and quirky finesse that sustains repeated listenings " , and ending his review , " Goodbye , Britney . Hello , Annie . " Pitchfork listed Anniemal at number fifteen on its list of the top fifty albums of 2004 , stating that its strength was how " its downtime feels so decidedly personal " , and the album appeared at number 167 on Pitchfork 's list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s . The album was placed on Slant Magazine 's list of best albums of the 2000s at number twenty @-@ three . Rolling Stone ranked Anniemal number thirty @-@ nine on its " Top 50 Records of 2005 " list , exclaiming , " Hail the Norse goddess . " = = Release and commercial performance = = 679 Recordings first released Anniemal in Norway on 28 September 2004 . The album debuted at its peak of number six on the Norwegian Albums Chart . It won in the pop category at the 2005 Alarm Prizes , and Annie won for newcomer of the year . She again won for Newcomer of the Year at Spellemannprisen 2005 , where she was invited to present an award . Following the album 's Norwegian release , the songs were leaked onto the Internet , and some appeared on year @-@ end best @-@ of lists in other countries . Annie stated that she had not expected North American publications to show interest in the album because she thought " the record sounds really European . " The songs reached an international audience through online blogs , message boards , and file @-@ sharing networks before they had been released outside Scandinavia . This was more common for independent bands , and Annie became the first European dance @-@ pop musician to cultivate an underground fanbase this way . 679 released the album in the rest of Europe during early 2005 but was unsure how to categorise and market Anniemal . It asked Annie about artists like Goldfrapp whose audiences 679 thought it should target . Uncertain that the album 's Internet hype would significantly bolster the album 's sales , the label did not heavily promote it . In support of the album , Annie opened for English alternative dance band Saint Etienne at several June 2005 gigs in the United Kingdom . Annie had never performed her songs live before the release of Anniemal , so replicating the sound of more electronic songs like " Chewing Gum " became a long process . By September of that year , the album had sold 20 @,@ 000 copies . For its 7 June 2005 American release , Anniemal was distributed by Big Beat Records . To promote the album , Annie performed a set of DJing gigs in the United States for the Anniemix Tour during late June and early July 2005 . She and Kaukolampi spun vinyl , and Annie performed her songs during the tour . Before the tour began , Anniemal was selling over one thousand copies per week in the US , and it went on to sell a total of 22 thousand copies there . Although it did not chart on the US Billboard 200 , Anniemal reached number thirteen on the Top Electronic Albums chart . When released in Australia the following year , the album failed to chart on the ARIA Albums Chart but peaked at number twenty @-@ five on the Dance Albums Chart . Anniemal sold a total of over 100 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . = = Singles = = " Chewing Gum " was released as the album 's lead single in September 2004 . Built around a retro beat by Richard X , the song uses chewing gum as a metaphor for men , with Annie singing " You spit it out when all the flavor has gone / Wrap him round your finger like you 're playing with gum " . It was the album 's most commercially successful single , reaching number eight on the Norwegian Singles Chart and number twenty @-@ five on the UK Singles Chart . It was also a critical success , listed thirty @-@ first on the 2004 Pazz & Jop list , a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau . " Heartbeat " was the second single released from Anniemal . It narrates a night of going to clubs with friends , using a beat symbolizing a heartbeat , which doubles its tempo when Annie 's persona catches the attention of her romantic interest on the dancefloor . Like " Chewing Gum " , it received acclaim from music critics . It was one place behind " Chewing Gum " on the Pazz & Jop list , and Pitchfork Media named it the best single of 2004 . However , it did not sell as well as " Chewing Gum " , reaching number eighteen in Norway and fifty in the United Kingdom . " Happy Without You " and " Always Too Late " were released as the third and fourth singles in 2005 , but neither charted . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from Anniemal album liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = Keith Fahey = Keith Declan Fahey ( born 15 January 1983 in Dublin ) is a retired ex @-@ Republic of Ireland international footballer who played most of his career with League of Ireland side St Patrick 's Athletic as well as English side Birmingham City . He played predominantly as a central midfielder , but also occasionally as a winger . Fahey started his professional career as a trainee with Arsenal . He played for Aston Villa , Bluebell United , St Patrick 's Athletic and Drogheda United before his transfer to Birmingham City . With Birmingham City he won the 2011 League Cup in England , as well as helping the club gain promotion from the Football League Championship to the Premier League during the 2008 – 09 season . He left the club at the end of the 2012 – 13 season , and returned to St Patrick 's Athletic for a third spell with the club . With Ireland , he was part of the team that secured qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 . Manager Giovanni Trapattoni called Fahey into the Irish squad for the tournament , but he was later sent home due to injury . = = Club career = = = = = Early career = = = Fahey started his professional career as a trainee with Arsenal before signing for Aston Villa in April 2000 for a fee of £ 250 @,@ 000 . He played for Villa 's youth and reserve teams , but never made a first @-@ team appearance . = = = Return to Ireland = = = Having failed to settle in England , Fahey returned home in 2003 . He initially played a few games in non @-@ League football for Bluebell United , before a six @-@ week trial at St Patrick 's Athletic led to a contract . He made his League of Ireland debut and had a goal disallowed at Waterford United on 21 April . He contributed to St Pats 's victory in the League of Ireland Cup and scored a " stunning " free kick in extra time of the semi @-@ final replay against Bohemians to reach the FAI Cup final . However the final turned out to be very disappointing for both team and player , who was sent off for a " two @-@ footed lunge " on Longford Town 's Sean Prunty after 77 minutes as the Saints lost 2 – 0 . He joined Drogheda United in exchange for Alan Reilly and a cash adjustment in July 2005 . He was involved in Mark Leech 's golden goal that won the Setanta Cup for Drogheda in April 2006 , but a few months later was released , following a disagreement with manager Paul Doolin , and returned to St Pats . RTÉ reported that " Danger man Fahey was quieter than usual " as Pats lost 2 – 0 to Hertha BSC in the first round of the 2008 – 09 UEFA Cup , held at the Olympiastadion ; however , in the second leg , despite Pats ' " excellent performance " failing to overturn the deficit , an RTÉ feature picked out " Keith Fahey 's control of the game , dictating almost every Pat 's attack with that delicate but incisive right foot of his . Fahey stood head and shoulders above the many highly decorated full internationals in the Hertha team , showing the full range of his passing from deep and from close range , and generally showing a poise and guile on the ball that you would not expect from a League of Ireland player amongst such illustrious company . " His performances for St Pats in 2008 , in which he scored 11 goals in all competitions , earned Fahey the PFAI Player of the Year award . He also won Monday Night Soccer 's 2008 Goal of the Season . After Pats were beaten by Bohemians in the FAI Cup , Fahey declared that he wished to move to an English club to further his career . = = = Birmingham City = = = On 2 December 2008 , Fahey signed a pre @-@ contract agreement with Football League Championship side Birmingham City to join the club when the transfer window opened in January 2009 . The Irish season having finished , Fahey joined up with Birmingham in mid @-@ December for training , though manager Alex McLeish suggested supporters should not " expect him to walk straight into the team " when he became eligible in January . Fahey made his Birmingham debut on 17 January 2009 , coming on as a late substitute in a 1 – 1 draw against Cardiff City . He scored his first goal for the club , a " delicate lob " which the player admitted was meant to be a cross , to clinch a 2 – 0 home victory against Nottingham Forest on 14 February . His second goal gave the Blues a 1 – 0 home win over Southampton some weeks later . Fahey retained his place in the side for the rest of the season ( keeping loan signings Scott Sinclair and Hameur Bouazza out of the starting eleven ) , and was a key player for Birmingham in their successful bid for promotion to the Premier League , scoring a goal and making a goal in a vital 2 – 1 win at Reading on the last day of the campaign . Fahey made his Premier League debut in the opening game of the 2009 – 10 season at Old Trafford , in the 1 – 0 defeat against Manchester United . He made 34 appearances in his first Premier League season ( 18 of which he started ) , but failed to score all season , as Birmingham finished in ninth place , their highest ever position in the Premier League . In July 2010 , Fahey 's contract was extended to 2013 , in recognition of his having " proved to [ McLeish ] that he 's a Premier League player " . He was part of the starting eleven as Birmingham won the 2011 League Cup , defeating favourites Arsenal 2 – 1 at Wembley Stadium . However , the season would prove to be less successful for both player and club , with Fahey making only 24 appearances in the league ( although he did score his first Premier League goal ) , and Birmingham finishing 18th , and being relegated on the last day of the season , following a 2 – 1 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur . Following relegation from the Premier League at the end of the 2010 – 11 season , Barry Ferguson and Lee Bowyer left the club , giving Fahey the chance to establish himself in his preferred central position . After recovering from hernia surgery early in the 2011 – 12 season , he partnered Jonathan Spector in a solid midfield supporting two attacking wide players . Later in the season , he played a defensive support role alongside the more attacking Jordon Mutch , and manager Chris Hughton suggested he was " enjoying playing in that central role and he 's enjoying the development he 's had there all season " . When he suffered a groin problem that caused him to miss the last few weeks of the season , Hughton called it " a real blow for us ... because he 's a player that has been in really good form " . He scored four goals during the season , including " a venomous left @-@ foot drive from 20 yards " at Barnsley and a goal he " couldn 't have hit ... any sweeter first time , or with any more power " at home to Crystal Palace that earned him the club 's Goal of the Season award . Fahey returned to the team in mid @-@ September , and made seven appearances , four of which were starts . In November , he returned home to Ireland on indefinite compassionate leave for personal and family reasons . After two months away , Fahey took part in pre @-@ season training with Shamrock Rovers , ahead of a full fitness assessment which preceded his return to training with Birmingham in mid @-@ February . However , Fahey was ruled out for the rest of the season in April with a recurrence of a hip problem , having played just twice since his return from compassionate leave . At the end of the season , Fahey announced he was leaving Birmingham as the club had decided not to take up their option to extend his contract . = = = Return to St. Patrick 's Athletic = = = After a few months out of the game , Fahey trained with Sheffield United in October 2013 . Following this , he returned to Ireland , where he rejoined his old club St Patrick 's Athletic on 23 December 2013 . Commenting on his move back to Richmond Park , he said " Both the fans and the club have always been great to me , and the stability of the club behind the scenes really made me want to come back and play my football in Inchicore again . " He made his third debut for the club in a 2 – 1 victory over Dundalk on 17 February 2014 in a Leinster Senior Cup match , scoring a free kick . On 2 March 2014 , Fahey scored the only goal as St. Patrick 's Athletic became the first team to win the FAI President 's Cup , defeating Sligo Rovers in the process . His goal drew praise from Republic of Ireland manager Martin O 'Neill and Sligo Rover 's Alan Keane , the latter of whom stated " A wonder goal won it , it was a great strike . No keeper in the world could have saved that . " Fahey started the first day of the season in the 1 @-@ 1 away draw against Cork City . Fahey started the famous 1 @-@ 1 draw away to Legia Warsaw in the Second Qualifying Round of the UEFA Champions League , his sublime through ball found Ian Bermingham who assisted Christy Fagan who slotted home to make it 1 @-@ 0 to the Inchicore side . He started the return leg in Tallaght , Pats lost 5 @-@ 0 . Fahey scored his first goal of the season against UCD in a 3 @-@ 2 win . Overall Fahey made 26 league appearances scoring two goals throughout the season . = = = Shamrock Rovers = = = On 11 November 2014 , Fahey switched to Shamrock Rovers . He announced his retirement in August 2015 having failed to recover from knee surgery . His last ever game of professional football turned out to be the 2 – 1 FAI Cup loss to his old club St Patrick 's Athletic at Richmond Park as he was substituted off with his knee injury for the last time in his career . = = International career = = Fahey played for the Republic of Ireland at the 2000 UEFA European Under @-@ 16 Football Championship and scored against their English counterparts . He also played at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship , where he contributed to Ireland topping their group to reach the knockout stages . In the second round match against Colombia under @-@ 20 , he came on as a late substitute to assist Kevin Doyle 's goal and help turn the game around , coming back from a two @-@ goal deficit only to lose on the golden goal . On 25 May 2010 , Fahey won his first senior cap for the Republic of Ireland in a 2 – 1 win against Paraguay at the RDS Arena , replacing Damien Duff in the 77th minute . He made his first start against Argentina on 12 August , in the first international match at the new Aviva Stadium . Fahey scored his first goal for the Republic of Ireland eight minutes into his competitive debut , coming off the bench to score the only goal in a Euro 2012 qualifying win over Armenia in Yerevan on 3 September 2010 . On his first competitive start , in a 1 – 1 draw against Slovakia in Zilina on 12 October , Fahey delivered the free kick that led to Ireland 's goal , scored by Sean St. Ledger . In February 2011 , he scored his second goal for Ireland in a 3 – 0 defeat of Wales in the 2011 Nations Cup , and his third came in March 2011 , a penalty against Uruguay . Fahey was part of the squad that clinched victory in the inaugural Nations Cup with a 1 – 0 win over Scotland on 29 May 2011 at the Aviva Stadium . He was called into the UEFA Euro 2012 squad but withdrew due to injury before the tournament . = = = International goals = = = = = Club statistics = = = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = St Patrick 's Athletic League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2003 President 's Cup ( 1 ) : 2014 Leinster Senior Cup ( 1 ) : 2014 FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2014 Drogheda United Setanta Sports Cup : 2006 Birmingham City Football League Cup : 2011 Football League Championship runner @-@ up : 2008 – 09 = = = International = = = Republic of Ireland Nations Cup ( 1 ) : 2011 = = = Individual = = = PFAI Players ' Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2008 Monday Night Soccer Goal of the Season ( 1 ) : 2008 Birmingham City Goal of the Season ( 1 ) : 2011 – 12 ( vs Crystal Palace ) = British Army during World War I = The British Army during World War I fought the largest and most costly war in its long history . Unlike the French and German Armies , its units were made up exclusively of volunteers — as opposed to conscripts — at the beginning of the conflict . Furthermore , the British Army was considerably smaller than its French and German counterparts . During World War I , there were three distinct British Armies . The " first " army was the small volunteer force of 400 @,@ 000 soldiers , over half of which were posted overseas to garrison the British Empire . This total included the Regular Army and reservists in the Territorial Force . Together , they formed the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , which was formed for service in France and became known as the Old Contemptibles . The ' second ' army was Kitchener 's Army , formed from the volunteers in 1914 – 1915 destined to go into action at the Battle of the Somme . The ' third ' was formed after the introduction of conscription in the United Kingdom in January 1916 , and by the end of 1918 , the British Army had reached its maximum strength of 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 men and could field over 70 divisions . The vast majority of the British Army fought in the main theatre of war on the Western Front in France and Belgium against the German Empire . Some units were engaged in Italy and Salonika against Austria @-@ Hungary and the Bulgarian Army , while other units fought in the Middle East , Africa and Mesopotamia — mainly against the Ottoman Empire — and one battalion fought alongside the Japanese Army in China during the Siege of Tsingtao . The war also posed problems for the army commanders , given that , prior to 1914 , the largest formation any serving General in the BEF had commanded on operations was a division . The expansion of the British Army saw some officers promoted from brigade to corps commander in less than a year . Army commanders also had to cope with the new tactics and weapons that were developed . With the move from manoeuvre to trench warfare , both the infantry and the artillery had to learn how to work together . During an offensive , and when in defence , they learned how to combine forces to defend the front line . Later in the war , when the Machine Gun Corps and the Tank Corps were added to the order of battle , they were also included in the new tactical doctrine . The men at the front had to struggle with supply problems - there was a shortage of food ; and disease was rife in the damp , rat @-@ infested conditions . Along with enemy action , many troops had to contend with new diseases : trench foot , trench fever and trench nephritis . When the war ended in 1918 , British Army casualties , as the result of enemy action and disease , were recorded as 673 @,@ 375 killed and missing , with another 1 @,@ 643 @,@ 469 wounded . The rush to demobilise at the end of the war substantially decreased the strength of the British Army , from its peak of 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 men in 1918 to 370 @,@ 000 men by 1920 . = = Organization = = The British Army during World War I could trace its organisation to the increasing demands of imperial expansion . The framework was the voluntary system of recruitment and the regimental system , which had been defined by the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late 19th century . The British Army had been prepared and primarily called upon for Empire matters and the ensuing colonial wars . In the last years of the 19th century , the Army was involved in a major conflict , the Second Boer War ( 1899 – 1902 ) , which highlighted shortcomings in its tactics , leadership and administration . The 1904 Esher Report recommended radical reform , such as the creation of an Army Council , a General Staff , the abolition of the office of Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Forces , and the creation of a Chief of the General Staff . The Haldane Reforms of 1907 formally created an Expeditionary Force of seven divisions ( one cavalry , six infantry ) , reorganised the volunteers into a new Territorial Force of fourteen cavalry brigades and fourteen infantry divisions , and changed the old militia into the Special Reserve to reinforce the expeditionary force . At the outbreak of the war in August 1914 , the British regular army was a small professional force . It consisted of 247 @,@ 432 regular troops organised in four regiments of Guards ( Grenadier , with 3 Battalions ; Coldstream , with 3 Battalions ; Scots , with 2 Battalions ; Irish with 1 Battalion ) , 68 regiments of the line and the Rifle Brigade ( despite its name , this was an infantry regiment ) , 31 cavalry regiments , artillery and other support arms . Most of the line infantry regiments had two regular battalions , one of which served at home and provided drafts and replacements to the other which was stationed overseas , while also being prepared to be part of the Expeditionary Force - the Royal Fusiliers , Worcestershire Regiment , Middlesex Regiment , King 's Royal Rifle Corps and the Rifle Brigade ( Prince Consort 's Own ) had four regular battalions , two of which served overseas . Almost half of the regular army ( 74 of the 157 infantry battalions and 12 of the 31 cavalry regiments ) , was stationed overseas in garrisons throughout the British Empire . The Royal Flying Corps was part of the British Army until 1918 . At the outbreak of the war , it consisted of 84 aircraft . The regular army was supported by the Territorial Force , and by reservists . In August 1914 , there were three forms of reserves . The Army Reserve of retired soldiers was 145 @,@ 350 strong . They were paid 3 Shillings and 6 pence a week ( 17 @.@ 5 pence ) worth about £ 70 per week in 2013 terms , and had to attend 12 training days per year . The Special Reserve had another 64 @,@ 000 men and was a form of part @-@ time soldiering , similar to the Territorial Force . A Special Reservist had an initial six months full @-@ time training and was paid the same as a regular soldier during this period ; they had three or four weeks training per year thereafter . The National Reserve had some 215 @,@ 000 men , who were on a register that was maintained by Territorial Force County Associations ; these men had military experience , but no other reserve obligation . The regulars and reserves — at least on paper — totalled a mobilised force of almost 700 @,@ 000 men , although only 150 @,@ 000 men were immediately available to be formed into the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) that was sent to the continent . This consisted of six infantry divisions and one of cavalry . By contrast , the French Army in 1914 mobilised 1 @,@ 650 @,@ 000 troops and 62 infantry divisions , while the German Army mobilised 1 @,@ 850 @,@ 000 troops and 87 infantry divisions . Britain , therefore , began the war with six regular and 14 reserve infantry divisions . During the war , a further six regular , 14 Territorial , 36 Kitchener 's Army and six other divisions , including the Naval Division from the Royal Navy were formed . In 1914 , each British infantry division consisted of three infantry brigades , each of four battalions , with two machine guns per battalion , ( 24 in the division ) . They also had three field artillery brigades with fifty @-@ four 18 @-@ pounder guns , one field howitzer brigade with eighteen 4 @.@ 5 in ( 110 mm ) howitzers , one heavy artillery battery with four 60 @-@ pounder guns , two engineer field companies , one royal engineer signals company , one cavalry squadron , one cyclist company , three field ambulances , four Army Service Corps horse @-@ drawn transport companies and divisional headquarters support detachments . The single cavalry division assigned to the BEF in 1914 consisted of 15 cavalry regiments in five brigades . They were armed with rifles , unlike their French and German counterparts , who were only armed with the shorter range carbine . The cavalry division also had a high allocation of artillery compared to foreign cavalry divisions , with 24 13 @-@ pounder guns organised into two brigades and two machine guns for each regiment . When dismounted , the cavalry division was the equivalent of two weakened infantry brigades with less artillery than the infantry division . By 1916 , there were five cavalry divisions , each of three brigades , serving in France , the 1st , 2nd , 3rd divisions in the Cavalry Corps and the 1st and 2nd Indian Cavalry Divisions in the Indian Cavalry Corps , each brigade in the Indian cavalry corps contained a British cavalry regiment . Over the course of the war , the composition of the infantry division gradually changed , and there was an increased emphasis on providing the infantry divisions with organic fire support . By 1918 , a British division consisted of three infantry brigades , each of three battalions . Each of these battalions had 36 Lewis machine guns , making a total of 324 such weapons in the division . Additionally , there was a divisional machine gun battalion , equipped with 64 Vickers machine guns in four companies of 16 guns . Each brigade in the division also had a mortar battery with eight Stokes Mortars . The artillery also changed the composition of its batteries . At the start of the war , there were three batteries with six guns per brigade ; they then moved to four batteries with four guns per brigade , and finally in 1917 , to four batteries with six guns per brigade to economise on battery commanders . In this way , the army would change drastically over the course of the war , reacting to the various developments , from the mobile war fought in the opening weeks to the static trench warfare of 1916 and 1917 . The cavalry of the BEF represented 9 @.@ 28 % of the army ; by July 1918 , it would only represent 1 @.@ 65 % . The infantry would decrease from 64 @.@ 64 % in 1914 to 51 @.@ 25 % of the army in 1918 , while the Royal Engineers would increase from 5 @.@ 91 % to 11 @.@ 24 % in 1918 . = = British Expeditionary Force = = Under the terms of the Entente Cordiale , the British Army 's role in a European war was to embark soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , which consisted of six infantry divisions and five cavalry brigades that were arranged into two Army corps : I Corps , under the command of Douglas Haig , and II Corps , under the command of Horace Smith @-@ Dorrien . At the outset of the conflict , the British Indian Army was called upon for assistance ; in August 1914 , 20 percent of the 9 @,@ 610 British officers initially sent to France were from the Indian army , while 16 percent of the 76 @,@ 450 other ranks came from the British Indian Army . German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm — who was famously dismissive of the BEF — issued an order on 19 August 1914 to " exterminate ... the treacherous English and walk over General French 's contemptible little army " . Hence , in later years , the survivors of the regular army dubbed themselves " The Old Contemptibles " . By the end of 1914 ( after the battles of Mons , Le Cateau , the Aisne and Ypres ) , the old regular British Army had been virtually wiped out ; although it managed to stop the German advance . In October 1914 , the 7th Division arrived in France , forming the basis of the British III Corps ; the cavalry had grown into its own corps of three divisions . By December 1914 , the BEF had expanded , fielding five army corps divided between the First and the Second Armies . As the Regular Army 's strength declined , the numbers were made up — first by the Territorial Force , then by the volunteers of Field Marshal Kitchener 's , New Army . By the end of August 1914 , he had raised six new divisions ; by March 1915 , the number of divisions had increased to 29 . The Territorial Force was also expanded , raising second and third battalions and forming eight new divisions , which supplemented its peacetime strength of 14 divisions . The Third Army was formed in July 1915 and with the influx of troops from Kitchener 's volunteers and further reorganisation , the Fourth Army and the Reserve Army , which became the Fifth Army were formed in 1916 . = = Recruitment and conscription = = In August 1914 , 300 @,@ 000 men had signed up to fight , and another 450 @,@ 000 had joined @-@ up by the end of September . Recruitment remained fairly steady through 1914 and early 1915 , but it fell dramatically during the later years , especially after the Somme campaign , which resulted in 360 @,@ 000 casualties . A prominent feature of the early months of volunteering was the formation of Pals battalions . Many of these pals who had lived and worked together , joined up and trained together and were allocated to the same units . The policy of drawing recruits from amongst the local population ensured that , when the Pals battalions suffered casualties , whole towns , villages , neighbourhoods and communities back in Britain were to suffer disproportionate losses . With the introduction of conscription in January 1916 , no further Pals battalions were raised . Conscription for single men was introduced in January 1916 . Four months later , in May 1916 , it was extended to all men aged 18 to 41 . The Military Service Act March 1916 specified that men from the ages of 18 to 41 were liable to be called up for service in the army , unless they were married ( or widowed with children ) , or served in one of a number of reserved occupations , which were usually industrial but which also included clergymen and teachers . This legislation did not apply to Ireland , despite its then status as part of the United Kingdom ( but see Conscription Crisis of 1918 ) . By January 1916 , when conscription was introduced , 2 @.@ 6 million men had volunteered for service , a further 2 @.@ 3 million were conscripted before the end of the war ; by the end of 1918 , the army had reached its peak strength of four million men . Women also volunteered and served in a non @-@ combatant role ; by the end of the war , 80 @,@ 000 had enlisted . They mostly served as nurses in the Queen Alexandra 's Imperial Military Nursing Service ( QAIMNS ) , the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry ( FANY ) , the Voluntary Aid Detachment ( VAD ) ; and from 1917 , in the Army when the Queen Mary 's Army Auxiliary Corps ( WAAC ) , was founded . The WAAC was divided into four sections : cookery ; mechanical ; clerical and miscellaneous . Most stayed on the Home Front , but around 9 @,@ 000 served in France . = = Commanders = = In 1914 , no serving British officer of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) had controlled a formation larger than a division on active operations . The first Commander in Chief of the BEF appointed in August 1914 was Field Marshal John French . His last active command had been the cavalry division in the Second Boer War . The commander of the British I Corps in 1914 was Douglas Haig . French had remarked in 1912 that Haig would be better suited to a position on the staff than a field command . Like French , Haig was a cavalryman . His last active command had been during the Second Boer War , first as a senior staff officer in the cavalry division , then commanding a brigade @-@ sized group of columns . The first commander of the British II Corps was Lieutenant General James Grierson , a noted tactician who died of a heart attack soon after arriving in France . French wished to appoint Lieutenant General Herbert Plumer in his place , but against French 's wishes , Kitchener instead appointed Lieutenant General Horace Smith @-@ Dorrien , who had begun his military career in the Zulu War in 1879 and was one of only five officers to survive the battle of Isandlwana . He had built a formidable reputation as an infantry commander during the Sudan Campaign and the Second Boer War . After the Second Boer War , he was responsible for a number of reforms , notably forcing an increase in dismounted training for the cavalry . This was met with hostility by French ( as a cavalryman ) . By 1914 , French 's dislike for Smith @-@ Dorrien was well known within the army . After the failed offensive at the Battle of Loos in 1915 , French was replaced as commander of the BEF by Haig , who remained in command for the rest of the war . He became most famous for his role as its commander during the battle of the Somme , the battle of Passchendaele , and the Hundred Days Offensive , the series of victories leading to the German surrender in 1918 . Haig was succeeded in command of the First Army by General Charles Carmichael Monro , who in turn was succeeded by General Henry Horne in September 1916 , the only officer with an artillery background to command a British army during the war . General Plumer was eventually appointed to command II Corps in December 1914 , and succeeded Smith @-@ Dorrien in command of the Second Army in 1915 . He had commanded a mounted infantry detachment in the Second Boer war , where he started to build his reputation . He held command of the Ypres salient for three years and gained an overwhelming victory over the German Army at the battle of Messines in 1917 . Plumer is generally recognised as one of the most effective of the senior British commanders on the Western Front . In 1914 , General Edmund Allenby was commander of the Cavalry Division and later the Cavalry Corps in the BEF . His leadership was noted during the retreat from Mons and the first battle of Ypres . After commanding an infantry corps , he was appointed to command the Third Army on the western front . He had previously served in the Zulu War , the Sudan campaign , and the Second Boer war . In 1917 , he was given command of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , where he oversaw the conquest of Palestine and Syria in 1917 and 1918 . Allenby replaced Archibald Murray , who had been the Chief of Staff of the British Expeditionary Force in France in 1914 . Allenby was replaced as Third Army commander by General Julian Byng , who began the war as commander of the 3rd Cavalry Division . After performing well during the First Battle of Ypres , he succeeded Allenby in command of the Cavalry Corps . He was sent to the Dardanelles in August 1915 , to command the British IX Corps . He planned the highly successful evacuation of 105 @,@ 000 Allied troops and the majority of the equipment of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) . The withdrawal was successfully completed in January 1916 , without the loss of a single man . Byng had already returned to the western front , where he was given command of the Canadian Corps . His most notable battle was the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917 , which was carried out by the Canadian Corps with British support . General Henry Rawlinson served on Kitchener 's staff during the advance on Omdurman , in 1898 , and served with distinction in the Second Boer War , where he earned a reputation as one of the most able British commanders . Rawlinson took command of the British IV Corps in 1914 and then command of the Fourth Army in 1916 , as the plans for the Allied offensive on the Somme were being developed . During the war , Rawlinson was noted for his willingness to use innovative tactics , which he employed during the battle of Amiens , where he combined attacks by tanks with artillery . General Hubert Gough commanded a mounted infantry regiment with distinction during the relief of Ladysmith , but his command was destroyed while attacking a larger Boer force in 1901 . When he joined the BEF , he was in command of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade , and was promoted from a brigade to a corps command in less than a year . He was given command of the 2nd Cavalry Division in September 1914 , the 7th Division in April 1915 , and the British I Corps in July 1915 . He commanded I Corps during the battle of Loos . In May 1916 , he was appointed commander of the Fifth Army , which suffered heavy losses at the battle of Passchendaele . The collapse of the Fifth Army was widely viewed as the reason for the German breakthrough in the Spring Offensive , and Gough was dismissed as its commander in March 1918 , being succeeded by General William Birdwood for the last months of the war . Birdwood had previously commanded the Australian Corps , an appointment requiring a combination of tact and tactical flair . On the Macedonian front , General George Milne commanded the British Salonika Army , and General Ian Hamilton commanded the ill @-@ fated MEF during the Gallipoli Campaign . He had previously seen service in the First Boer War , the Sudan campaign , and the Second Boer War . Back in Britain , Chief of the Imperial General Staff ( CIGS ) , effectively the professional commander of the British Army , was General James Murray , who retained that post during the early years of the war . He was replaced as CIGS in 1916 by General William Robertson . A strong supporter of Haig , Robertson was replaced in 1918 , by General Henry Hughes Wilson . = = = Officer selection = = = In August 1914 , there were 28 @,@ 060 officers in the British Army , of which 12 @,@ 738 were regular officers , the rest were in the reserves . The number of officers in the army had increased to 164 @,@ 255 by November 1918 . These were survivors among the 247 @,@ 061 officers who had been granted a commission during the war . Most pre @-@ war officers came from families with military connections , the gentry or the peerage ; a public school education was almost essential . In 1913 , about 2 % of regular officers had been promoted from the ranks . The officer corps , during the war , consisted of regular officers from the peacetime army , officers who had been granted permanent commissions during the war , officers who had been granted temporary commissions for the duration of the war , territorial army officers commissioned during peacetime , officers commissioned from the ranks of the pre @-@ war regular and territorial army and temporary officers commissioned from the ranks for the duration of the war alone . In September 1914 , Lord Kitchener announced that he was looking for volunteers and regular NCOs to provide officers for the expanding army . Most of the volunteers came from the middle class , with the largest group from commercial and clerical occupations ( 27 % ) , followed by teachers and students ( 18 % ) and professional men ( 15 % ) . In March 1915 , it was discovered that 12 @,@ 290 men serving in the ranks had been members of a university or public school Officers ' Training Corps ( OTC ) . Most applied for and were granted commissions , while others who did not apply were also commissioned . Direct commissioning largely ceased early in 1916 , from then most new officers had served in the ranks first , even if in a unit of potential officers . Once a candidate was selected as an officer , promotion could be rapid . A. S. Smeltzer was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in 1915 , after serving in the Regular Army for 15 years . He rose in rank , and by the Spring of 1917 had been promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and was commanding officer of the 6th Battalion , The Buffs ( Royal East Kent Regiment ) . Along with rapid promotion , the war also noticeably lowered the age of battalion commanding officers . In 1914 , they were aged over 50 , while the average age for a battalion commanding officer in the BEF between 1917 and 1918 was 28 . By this stage , it was official policy that men over 35 were no longer eligible to command battalions . This trend was reflected amongst the junior officers . Anthony Eden was the Adjutant of a battalion when aged 18 , and served as the Brigade Major in the 198th Brigade while still only aged 20 . The war also provided opportunities for advancement onto the General Staff , especially in the early days , when many former senior officers were recalled from retirement . Some of these were found wanting , due to their advanced age , their unwillingness to serve , or a lack of competence and fitness ; most were sent back into retirement before the first year of the war was over , leaving a gap that had to be filled by lower @-@ ranking officers . Criticism of the quality of staff work in the Crimean War and the Second Boer War had led to sweeping changes under Haldane . The Staff College , Camberley was greatly expanded and Lord Kitchener established another staff college at Quetta for Indian Army officers in 1904 . Nonetheless , when war broke out in August 1914 , there were barely enough graduates to staff the BEF . Four @-@ month @-@ long staff courses were introduced , and filled with regimental officers who , upon completing their training , were posted to various headquarters . As a result , staff work was again poor , until training and experience slowly remedied the situation . In 1918 , staff officers who had been trained exclusively for static trench warfare were forced to adapt to the demands of semi @-@ open warfare . During the course of the war , 78 British and Dominion officers of the rank of Brigadier @-@ General and above were killed or died during active service , while another 146 were wounded , gassed , or captured . = = Doctrine = = British official historian Brigadier James Edward Edmonds , in 1925 , recorded that " The British Army of 1914 was the best trained , best equipped and best organized British Army ever sent to war " . This was in part due to the Haldane reforms , and the Army itself recognising the need for change and training . Training began with individual training in winter , followed by squadron , company or battery training in spring ; regimental , battalion and brigade training in summer ; and division or inter @-@ divisional exercises and army manoeuvres in late summer and autumn . The common doctrine of headquarters at all levels was outlined in the Field Service Pocket Book , which Haig had introduced while serving as Director of Staff Studies at the War Office in 1906 . The Second Boer War had alerted the army to the dangers posed by fire zones that were covered by long @-@ range , magazine @-@ fed rifles . In the place of volley firing and frontal attacks , there was a greater emphasis on advancing in extended order , the use of available cover , the use of artillery to support the attack , flank and converging attacks and fire and movement . The Army expected units to advance as far as possible in a firing line without opening fire , both to conceal their positions and conserve ammunition , then to attack in successive waves , closing with the enemy decisively . The cavalry practised reconnaissance and fighting dismounted more regularly , and in January 1910 , the decision was made at the General Staff Conference that dismounted cavalry should be taught infantry tactics in attack and defence . They were the only cavalry from a major European power trained for both the mounted cavalry charge and dismounted action , and equipped with the same rifles as the infantry , rather than short @-@ range carbines . The cavalry were also issued with entrenching tools prior to the outbreak of war , as a result of experience gained during the Second Boer War . The infantry 's marksmanship , and fire and movement techniques , had been inspired by Boer tactics and was established as formal doctrine by Colonel Charles Monro when he was in charge of the School of Musketry at Shorncliffe . In 1914 , British rifle fire was so effective that there were some reports to the effect that the Germans believed they were facing huge numbers of machine guns . The Army concentrated on rifle practice , with days spent on the ranges dedicated to improving marksmanship and obtaining a rate of fire of 15 effective rounds a minute at 300 yd ( 270 m ) ; one sergeant set a record of 38 rounds into a 12 in ( 300 mm ) target set at 300 yd ( 270 m ) in 30 seconds . In their 1914 skill @-@ at @-@ arms meeting , the 1st Battalion Black Watch recorded 184 marksmen , 263 first @-@ class shots , 89 @-@ second @-@ class shots and four third @-@ class shots , at ranges from 300 – 600 yd ( 270 – 550 m ) . The infantry also practised squad and section attacks and fire from cover , often without orders from officers or NCOs , so that soldiers would be able to act on their own initiative . In the last exercise before the war , it was noted that the infantry made wonderful use of ground , advances in short rushes and always at the double and almost invariably fires from a prone position . = = = Weapons = = = The British Army was armed with the Short Magazine Lee – Enfield Mk III ( SMLE Mk III ) , which featured a bolt @-@ action and large magazine capacity that enabled a trained rifleman to fire 20 – 30 aimed rounds a minute . World War I accounts tell of British troops repelling German attackers , who subsequently reported that they had encountered machine guns , when in fact , it was simply a group of trained riflemen armed with SMLEs . The heavy Vickers machine gun proved itself to be the most reliable weapon on the battlefield , with some of its feats of endurance entering military mythology . One account tells of the action by the 100th Company of the Machine Gun Corps at High Wood on 24 August 1916 . This company had 10 Vickers guns ; it was ordered to give sustained covering fire for 12 hours onto a selected area 2 @,@ 000 yd ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) away , to prevent German troops forming up there for a counterattack while a British attack was in progress . Two companies of infantry were allocated as ammunition , rations and water carriers for the gunners . Two men worked a belt – filling machine non – stop for 12 hours , keeping up a supply of 250 @-@ round belts . They used 100 new barrels and all of the water — including the men 's drinking water and the contents of the latrine buckets — to keep the guns cool . In that 12 @-@ hour period , the 10 guns fired just short of one million rounds between them . One team is reported to have fired 120 @,@ 000 . At the close of the operation , it is alleged that every gun was working perfectly and that not one had broken down during the whole period . The lighter Lewis gun was adopted for land and aircraft use in October 1915 . The Lewis gun had the advantage of being about 80 % faster to build than the Vickers , and far more portable . By the end of World War I , over 50 @,@ 000 Lewis Guns had been produced ; they were nearly ubiquitous on the Western Front , outnumbering the Vickers gun by a ratio of about 3 : 1 . The Stokes Mortar was rapidly developed when it became clear that some type of weapon was needed to provide artillery @-@ like fire support to the infantry . The weapon was fully man @-@ transportable yet also capable of firing reasonably powerful shells at targets beyond the range of rifle grenades . Finally , the Mark I tank — a British invention — was seen as the solution to the stalemate of trench warfare . The Mark I had a range of 23 mi ( 37 km ) without refuelling , and a speed of 3 mph ( 4 @.@ 8 km / h ) ; it first saw service on the Somme in September 1916 . = = = Infantry tactics = = = After the " race to the sea " , manoeuvre warfare gave way to trench warfare , a development for which the British Army had not prepared . Expecting an offensive mobile war , the Army had not instructed the troops in defensive tactics and had failed to obtain stocks of barbed wire , hand grenades , or trench mortars . In the early years of trench warfare , the normal infantry attack formation was based on the battalion , which comprised four companies that were each made up of four platoons . The battalion would form 10 waves with 100 yd ( 91 m ) between each , while each company formed two waves of two platoons . The first six waves were the fighting elements from three of the battalions ' companies , the seventh contained the battalion headquarters ; the remaining company formed the eighth and ninth waves , which were expected to carry equipment forward , the tenth wave contained the stretcher bearers and medics . The formation was expected to move forward at a rate of 100 yd ( 91 m ) every two minutes , even though each man carried his rifle , bayonet , gas mask , ammunition , two hand grenades , wire cutters , a spade , two empty sandbags and flares . The carrying platoons , in addition to the above , also carried extra ammunition , barbed wire and construction materials to effect repairs to captured lines and fortifications . By 1918 , experience had led to a change in tactics ; the infantry no longer advanced in rigid lines , but formed a series of flexible waves . They would move covertly , under the cover of darkness , and occupy shell holes or other cover near the German line . Skirmishers formed the first wave and followed the creeping barrage into the German front line to hunt out points of resistance . The second or main wave followed in platoons or sections in single file . The third was formed from small groups of reinforcements , the fourth wave was expected to defend the captured territory . All waves were expected to take advantage of the ground during the advance . ( see below for when operating with tanks ) Each platoon now had a Lewis gun section and a section that specialised in throwing hand @-@ grenades ( then known as bombs ) , each section was compelled to provide two scouts to carry out reconnaissance duties . Each platoon was expected to provide mutual fire support in the attack they were to advance , without halting ; but leap frogging was accepted , with the lead platoon taking an objective and the following platoons passing through them and onto the next objective , while the Lewis gunners provided fire support . Grenades were used for clearing trenches and dugouts , each battalion carried forward two trench mortars to provide fire support . = = = Tank tactics = = = The tank was designed to break the deadlock of trench warfare . In their first use on the Somme , they were placed under command of the infantry and ordered to attack their given targets in groups or pairs . They were also assigned small groups of troops , who served as an escort while providing close defence against enemy attacks . Only nine tanks reached the German lines to engage machine gun emplacements and troop concentrations . On the way , 14 broke down or were ditched , another 10 were damaged by enemy fire . In 1917 , during the battle of Cambrai , the Tank Corps adopted new tactics . Three tanks working together would advance in a triangle formation , with the two rear tanks providing cover for an infantry platoon . The tanks were to create gaps in the barbed wire for the accompanying infantry to pass through , then use their armament to suppress the German strong points . The effectiveness of tank – infantry co @-@ operation was demonstrated during the battle , when Major General George Montague Harper of the 51st ( Highland ) Division refused to co @-@ operate with the tanks , a decision that compelled them to move forward without any infantry support ; the result was the destruction of more than 12 tanks by German artillery sighted behind bunkers . The situation had changed again by 1918 , when tank attacks would have one tank every 100 or 200 yd ( 180 m ) , with a tank company of 12 – 16 tanks per objective . One section of each company would be out in front , with the remainder of the company following behind and each tank providing protection for an infantry platoon , who were instructed to advance , making use of available cover and supported by machine gun fire . When the tanks came across an enemy strong point , they would engage the defenders , forcing them into shelter and leaving them to the devices of the following infantry . = = = Artillery tactics = = = Prior to the war , the artillery worked independently and was taught to support the infantry to ensure a successful attack . In 1914 , the heaviest artillery gun was the 60 @-@ pounder , four in each heavy battery . The Royal Horse Artillery employed the 13 @-@ pounder , while the Royal Field Artillery used the 18 @-@ pounder gun . By 1918 , the situation had changed ; the artillery were the dominant force on the battlefield . Between 1914 and 1918 , the Royal Field Artillery had increased from 45 field brigades to 173 field brigades , while the heavy and siege artillery of the Royal Garrison Artillery had increased from 32 heavy and six siege batteries to 117 heavy and 401 siege batteries . With this increase in the number of batteries of heavier guns , the armies needed to find a more efficient method of moving the heavier guns around . ( It was proving difficult to find the number of draught horses required . ) The War office ordered over 1 @,@ 000 Holts caterpillar tractors , which transformed the mobility of the siege artillery . The army also mounted a variety of surplus naval guns on various railway platforms to provide mobile long @-@ range heavy artillery on the Western Front . Until 1914 , artillery generally fired over open sights at visible targets , the largest unit accustomed to firing at a single target was the artillery regiment or brigade . One innovation brought about by the adoption of trench warfare was the barrage — a term first used in the battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915 . Trench warfare had created the need for indirect fire , with the use of observers , more sophisticated artillery fire plans , and an increasingly scientific approach to gunnery , where artillerymen had to use increasingly complicated calculations to lay the guns . Individual guns were aimed so that their fall of shot was coordinated with others to form a pattern ; in the case of a barrage , the pattern was a line . The creeping barrage was a barrage that lifted in small increments , perhaps 50 yards ( 46 m ) , so that it moved forward slowly , keeping pace with the infantry , who were trained to follow close behind the moving wall of their own fire , often as close as 55 yd ( 50 m ) ; infantry commanders were encouraged to keep their troops as close to the barrage as possible , even at the risk of casualties from friendly fire . A creeping barrage could maintain the element of surprise , with guns opening fire only shortly before the assault troops moved off . It was useful when enemy positions had not been thoroughly reconnoitred , as it did not depend on identifying individual targets in advance . The idea behind the creeping barrage was that the infantry should reach the enemy positions before the defenders had time to recover , emerge from shelters , and man their positions . On the first	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
to the influence of a large mid- to upper @-@ level trough . Located in a favorable environment of sea surface temperatures around 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) and low vertical wind shear , Marty strengthened steadily . Early on September 27 , the NHC noted that rapid intensification was possible . However , as Marty neared the base of the trough , westerly vertical wind shear increased rapidly , causing the low @-@ level circulation center to be partially exposed . Despite the hostile wind shear , the cyclone reformed a central dense overcast and intensified into a hurricane by 12 : 00 UTC ( 7 a.m. CDT ) on September 28 , as a mid @-@ level eye feature was seen in microwave satellite imagery . Operationally , the NHC upgraded Marty to a hurricane nine hours later , after a reconnaissance aircraft flight observed hurricane @-@ force winds . At 18 : 00 UTC , Marty attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 987 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 15 inHg ) . Computer forecast models indicated that the storm would pass within just 25 mi ( 40 km ) of the Southwestern Mexican coast on September 29 or September 30 . Turning north and northeast while under the influence of the aforementioned trough , Marty began to weaken soon after peak intensity as deep convection was displaced to the east due to the strong westerly shear ; the low @-@ level circulation center became fully exposed in a span of three hours late on September 28 . Upwelling of cooler waters further decayed the deep convection , prompting the NHC to downgrade Marty to a tropical storm at 06 : 00 UTC ( 1 a.m. CDT ) on September 29 . Continuing to steadily weaken , Marty degenerated into a post @-@ tropical low a day later about 140 mi ( 225 km ) west @-@ southwest of Acapulco , while still producing gale @-@ force winds . The shallow system turned westwards in the low @-@ level flow and eventually opened up into a trough twelve hours later about 195 mi ( 315 km ) west of Acapulco . The low became closed once again on October 1 , however , it failed to produce sufficient organized deep convection to re @-@ qualify as a tropical cyclone . It turned north @-@ northeastwards towards the southern Gulf of California , however it dissipated before reaching the coast of Western Mexico . The remnant moisture continued into Northwestern Mexico and caused flooding in Sonora . = = Preparations and impact = = In preparation for the arrival of Marty , classes were suspended in Acapulco and the Costa Grande region . The Mexican Navy was put on standby to deal with incidents occurring within the zones of Chiapas , Guerrero , Michoacan and Jalisco . The Government of Mexico issued multiple watches and warnings for coastal communities across Guerrero ; by 21 : 00 UTC ( 4 p.m. CDT ) on September 28 , a tropical storm watch was in effect for west of Lázaro Cárdenas to Punta San Telmo , a tropical storm warning for Acapulco to east of Tecpán de Galeana , and a hurricane warning for Tecpán de Galeana to Lázaro Cárdenas . These were discontinued as Marty weakened and moved away from the region ; all had been cancelled by early on September 30 . Stalling south of Mexico , Marty produced heavy rains , mainly in the state of Guerrero . Many areas reported at least 2 in ( 50 mm ) of rain between September 26 and October 1 ; coastal areas near and west of Acapulco received up to 6 in ( 150 mm ) . As river levels rose , a state of emergency was declared for eight municipalities , which was only concluded on September 30 . Two landslides occurred in Chilpancingo ; several others occurred in Coyuca de Benitez and Sierra de Atoyac . More than 300 homes were flooded with up to 6 in ( 15 cm ) of water in Coyuca de Benitez . Three temporary shelters were opened in Barra de Coyuca , however , they were closed as no one moved in . As the remnants of Marty moved into northwestern Mexico , heavy rains and flooding rendered 35 @,@ 000 people homeless in Sonora . A state of emergency was declared in 16 municipalities . Flooding in Guaymas , which was hit hardest , damaged 800 homes and 400 vehicles ; three people sustained injuries when a wall collapsed . The Mexico @-@ Nogales Highway between Guaymas and Ciudad Obregón had to be closed due to the floods . Total estimated damage in the state amounted to 500 million pesos ( US $ 30 million ) . = Peace on Earth ( Casting Crowns album ) = Peace on Earth is the first Christmas album by American Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Produced by Mark Hall and Mark A. Miller , it was released on October 7 , 2008 . Intended by Hall to bring out the worshipful aspect of Christmas , the album does not have songs relating to secular Christmas traditions , instead featuring a mix of traditional Christmas carols and original songs . As co @-@ producer , Hall attempted to differentiate the album from their previous ones by attempting to use creative ideas they had not tried before , and he also wanted to utilize the band 's female members in a broader and more visible role on the album . Upon its release , Peace on Earth met with mixed reviews . Some critics praised the album 's emphasis on traditional Christmas songs and the worship aspect of Christmas , while others criticized the album 's original songs and felt it was a disappointment in comparison to the band 's previous albums . The album peaked at number one on the Billboard Christian Albums and Catalog Albums charts , number two on the Holiday Albums chart , and number fifteen on the Billboard 200 . Peace on Earth has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , signifying shipments of five hundred thousand copies in the United States . = = Background and recording = = According to Casting Crowns ' lead vocalist Mark Hall , Peace on Earth was written based on the question " How do you know there 's peace on earth in a world that isn 't very peaceful ? " Hall opined that when people hear Christmas carols , they often don 't hear their true message . Hall intended the album to help people rediscover the worshipful nature behind the carols . As an example of a message he wanted people to hear , he gave " I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day " , a song written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow about his rediscovery of hope amidst several personal tragedies . Hall felt that the song 's message of hope was one that his kids and their generation needed to hear . As a co @-@ producer on the album , Hall wanted to introduce aspects and ideas that the band had not done before , and he felt the album offered a chance to branch out . He wanted the band 's female members , Megan Garrett and Melodee DeVevo , to play a more prominent role , in part to show people " the gifts they have " . = = Composition = = Peace on Earth does not contain material relating to secular Christmas traditions like Santa Claus or Jack Frost , instead featuring a mix of traditional Christmas carols and original songs . " I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day " , instead of using a carol of bells , has a choir of children personifying the bells by singing the refrain of ' peace on earth ' . " While You Were Sleeping " , originally included on the band 's 2005 album Lifesong , is included in its original form . On the Lifesong version , the band had altered the song ( originally written as a Christmas song ) to remove the most " seasonal " elements ; the version included on Peace on Earth features the lyrics in their original form . On " God Is With Us " , originally recorded by Amy Grant , Hall shares lead vocal duties with the band 's female members . " O Come , O Come , Emmanuel " is an instrumental piece , which makes extensive use of DeVevo 's violin playing . " Away in a Manger " was originally included on WOW Christmas ( 2005 ) , and is included on Peace on Earth in that form . = = Commercial reception = = Peace on Earth was released on October 7 , 2008 . It debuted at number four on the Billboard Christian Albums chart as well as at number two on the Holiday Albums chart and number fifty @-@ six on the Billboard 200 . It reached a peak of number one , two , and fifteen on those charts , respectively , as well as a peak of number one on the Catalog Albums chart . In the United States , it ranked as the thirtieth best @-@ selling Christian album of 2008 , the fifth best @-@ selling Christian album of 2009 , and the 151st best @-@ selling album of 2009 . Peace on Earth received a Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in November 2009 , signifying shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . The album 's lead single , " I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day " , peaked at number three on the Billboard Christian Songs chart and number one on the Hot Christian AC chart ; it also became the band 's first and only entry on the Adult Contemporary chart , peaking at number twenty @-@ six . Several other songs from the album also charted ; " Away in a Manger " charted in 2005 following its appearance on WOW Christmas , peaking at number seven on the Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC chart . " While You Were Sleeping " peaked at number eight on the Christian Songs chart and number four on the Hot Christian AC chart , and " Joy to the World " peaked at number twenty @-@ two on the Christian Songs chart . = = Critical reception and accolades = = Upon its release , Peace on Earth met with a mixed reception from music critics . Jared Johnson of Allmusic gave the album 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars , praising it for its " wide appeal " and for having " a cohesive set of songs that brings out the worship aspect of the holidays " and particularly praising " While You Were Sleeping " and " O Come , O Come , Emmanuel " . Andrew Greer of CCM Magazine gave it 3 out of 5 stars , regarding it as a let @-@ down in comparison to the band 's previous albums as well as holiday albums that other artists had put out . Russ Breimier of Christianity Today gave it 2 out of 5 stars , describing it as " predictable " . However , he praised " While You Were Sleeping " as an example of Mark Hall 's " bold , poignant songwriting " . Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms gave the album a perfect 10 out of 10 stars , saying that it " bucks all the trends in that it doesn 't contain saccharine , sleigh bell @-@ drenched arrangements nor those ghastly songs about Santa and chestnuts roasting in an open fire " and praising it as an " inventive and on occasions brilliant exploration of the wonders of the incarnation " . Justin Mabee of Jesus Freak Hideout gave the album 3 out of 5 stars , praising the traditional Christmas songs on the album but criticizing the original songs as having a " forced feel to them , almost like Casting Crowns wanted to do a whole album of traditional songs , but were told differently " ; he remarked that " this would have probably worked better , because the originality is lacking in these few original Christmas tunes " . At the 40th GMA Dove Awards , Peace on Earth was nominated for and received the award for Christmas Album of the Year . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel and credits = = Credits taken from the album liner notes = = Charts and certifications = = = Kanche = Kanche ( English : The Fence ) is a 2015 Indian Telugu @-@ language war film written and directed by Krish . It features Varun Tej , Pragya Jaiswal , and Nikitin Dheer in the lead roles . Y. Rajeev Reddy and J. Sai Babu produced the film under their banner , First Frame Entertainment . Kanche revolves around the enmity between two friends — Dhupati Haribabu and Eeshwar Prasad . Haribabu and Eeshwar 's sister Sitadevi graduate from the University of Madras in the late 1930s and fall in love . Due to the prevailing casteism in their native village , Eeshwar opposes their relationship and kills Sitadevi accidentally . Years later , Haribabu joins the British Indian Army as a captain to fight against the Axis Powers in World War II and Eeshwar , now a colonel , is his commanding officer . Krish began research on the film 's subject after seeing a bomb , dropped by the Imperial Japanese Army , preserved in a museum in Vishakhapatnam during the filming of Vedam ( 2010 ) . He worked on the film 's screenplay for nine @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half months and considered it his most ambitious project . Chirantan Bhatt composed the film 's soundtrack and score , marking his debut in Telugu cinema . V. S. Gnanasekhar was the film 's director of photography ; Sahi Suresh was the film 's art director , and Sai Madhav Burra penned the film 's dialogue . Principal photography commenced on 27 February 2015 in Hyderabad . Kanche was filmed in Tatipaka , Draksharamam , Kapotavaram , and in Peruru Agraharam near Palakollu . Major sets were erected in Ramoji Film City , Hyderabad . The war sequences were filmed in Georgia and the film 's unit was allotted 700 guns , four tanks , and a machine gun from the Georgia Military Institute a military training school . Principal photography was wrapped up on 6 July 2015 . Kanche was filmed in 55 working days , 35 of which were in Georgia . Promoted as Telugu cinema 's first World War II @-@ based film , Kanche was released worldwide on 22 October 2015 , on 700 screens , and received positive reception from critics . It grossed ₹ 200 million on a budget of ₹ 180 million , and became the 14th highest grossing Telugu film of the year . Kanche earned the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu at the 63rd National Film Awards ceremony . = = Plot = = In 1936 , Dhupati Haribabu and Rachakonda Sitadevi meet at the Madras Cultural Club in Madras Presidency on the latter 's birthday and realise that they are studying at the same college , the University of Madras . Sitadevi is the princess of Rachakonda estate , whereas Haribabu belongs to a lower caste and is the grandson of a local barber . By the time they graduate , they have fallen in love , and leave for their native town , Devarakonda . Haribabu is introduced to Sitadevi 's brother Eeshwar and they become friends . Eeshwar , and his grandfather Pedababu , learn of Haribabu and Sitadevi 's affair and instigate a fight between people of both castes . Hundreds of people from both sides die and a fence ( Kanche ) is erected to separate the two groups forever . While Eeshwar and Pedababu decide to marry off Sitadevi to a bridegroom of their choice , Haribabu arrives back from town and is severely injured when he is stabbed . Sitadevi looks after him secretly in her bedroom , and on the wedding day , a frustrated Haribabu marries Sitadevi , in the presence of her grandmother , and leaves . That evening , Eeshwar and Haribabu duel , and in the process Sitadevi is killed accidentally . During World War II , as a member of the allied nations , the British Raj send over two and a half million Indian volunteer soldiers to fight under British command against the Axis powers . Haribabu joins them as a captain and Eeshwar , now a colonel , is his commanding officer . In May 1944 , the Nazis attack the Indian army in the Italian Campaign , and capture them . Haribabu , his friend Dasu , and three other soldiers escape . They decide to save the captured troops and follow the Nazis . They take shelter in an Italian baker 's house and his granddaughter saves them from the Nazis . She reveals that the Nazis want to kill a little girl whose parents were a German doctor and a Jew . The Nazis find the doctor and a group of civilians , and Haribabu , along with his cohorts , rescues them . The soldiers find the captured troops in an old building and rescue them from the Nazis . When Eeshwar asks Haribabu why he saved him despite the rivalry between them , he replies that Sitadevi 's love for Eeshwar made him do so . They leave with the civilians and find a German base near a river which they can use to escape . When Haribabu formulates a plan , Eeshwar , who still hates him , points out that the plan is flawed . Haribabu reminds him that World War II commenced because of racism and he does not want to see the same bloodshed repeated here that happened in their village . The soldiers raid all the tents and find a boat in which the civilians and the other soldiers board . To divert the German army 's attention , Haribabu continues to fight alone until the boat reaches safety . Severely injured , Haribabu dies with a smile , thinking of the memories of his life with Sitadevi . Eeshwar is shocked to see Haribabu die and carries his body back to his village . He also reads the letters Haribabu had written to Sitadevi during the war and realises that humans should not be divided by caste . He reaches the village and asks Haribabu 's grandfather to dig the grave . Eeshwar calls Haribabu a great human , soldier , lover , son and mainly a good friend whom he never recognised . He acknowledges that without the borderlines of caste , Haribabu would have been happy with Sitadevi and salutes him . Pedababu orders the fences ' removal and the people continue to live happily . = = Cast = = Varun Tej as Dhupati Haribabu Pragya Jaiswal as Rachakonda Sitadevi Nikitin Dheer as Eeshwar Prasad Srinivas Avasarala as Dasu , Haribabu 's friend Gollapudi Maruti Rao as Dhupati Haribabu 's grandfather Sowcar Janaki as Sitadevi 's grandmother Ravi Prakash as Janardhan Sastry Singeetham Srinivasa Rao as a pianist in Madras Cultural Club ( cameo appearance ) = = Production = = = = = Development = = = During the filming of Vedam ( 2010 ) in Vishakhapatnam , Krish visited a museum which displayed a bomb dropped by the Imperial Japanese Army on the city during World War II . The bomb was used with the intention of creating a situation similar to the attack on Pearl Harbor . After further research , Krish learned that over 2 @.@ 5 million Indian soldiers participated in World War II , and 2000 Telugu people from Madhavaram , West Godavari were sent to the war by the British government in India . Krish worked on the film 's screenplay for nine @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half months , and cited the process of obtaining accurate details as the reason for the length of time it took to finish . Krish gathered most of the information using the Google search engine and two teams were employed — one in India , the other in Italy . He chose to narrate a love story set in the 1930s and focused on the macro and micro divisions between people , countries , races and religions . During the production of Gabbar Is Back , Krish 's collaboration with Varun Tej was reported in January 2015 ; Ramoji Rao was to produce the film under the banner Ushakiron Movies jointly with Krish 's banner First Frame Entertainment . Pragya Jaiswal , who auditioned for Gabbar Is Back , was signed as the film 's female lead . The film was officially launched on 27 February in Hyderabad and was titled Kanche . Kanche translates to fence in English and Krish relates that the film focuses on the effects of a fence on friendship . On the 75th anniversary of World War II , Krish told the Indo @-@ Asian News Service on 1 September that Kanche is his " most ambitious project " and also the first Telugu film set in World War II . Sai Madhav Burra , who collaborated with Krish on Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum ( 2013 ) , was signed to write the film 's dialogues . V. S. Gnanasekhar was signed as the film 's director of photography , and Sahi Suresh was selected as the film 's art director . Because of discontinuing his studies at a young age , Suresh was not knowledgeable about World War II , and spent three to four months watching old war films and reading about the war . Chirantan Bhatt , who collaborated earlier with Krish on Gabbar Is Back , was signed to compose the film 's soundtrack and score . Kanche marked Bhatt 's debut in Telugu cinema . Rama Krishna Arram and Suraj Jagtap edited the film . Kanche was produced on a budget of ₹ 180 million . = = = Casting = = = Varun Tej played the role of Dhupati Haribabu , a captain in the British Indian Army . Varun Tej described the first phase of Haribabu 's character as a 23 @-@ year old " college pass @-@ out , happy @-@ go @-@ lucky , chilled out guy " . He had to modify his diction according to the timeline and observed the dialogue delivery of actors in old Telugu films . For the second phase , Varun Tej was trained by an army officer on a soldier 's body language , and the way to hold guns among other things . He watched films like Saving Private Ryan ( 1988 ) , The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) , Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , and Fury ( 2014 ) as well . He underwent training in a boot camp for more than a week , during the gap between the Indian and Georgia schedules . During the filming of the war sequences in Georgia , Varun Tej was provided with an original Thompson submachine gun , which was manufactured in 1939 , and used during the actual war . Jaiswal played the role of Sitadevi , a princess whose character was modelled on Maharani Gayatri Devi of Jaipur . After auditioning for the role , Jaiswal watched Krish 's Vedam and Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum to understand his work and was " really touched " by the former . Krish advised her not to watch any old Telugu films but try to analyse old English and Hindi films instead . Jaiswal opined that her character needed to focus " more on expressions than acting " . She joined kathak classes after the film 's shoot began , and no workshops were conducted for her . Nikitin Dheer was chosen to play Colonel Eeshwar Prasad in the film , because Krish , who wanted an actor to match Varun Tej 's persona , was impressed with his performance in Chennai Express ( 2013 ) . Srinivas Avasarala was cast as Dasu , Haribabu 's friend and another volunteer soldier from the British Indian Army , who quotes writer Sri Sri as his friend Srinivasa Rao . Avasarala was trained in the use of guns in Hyderabad and received training from an army officer along with Varun Tej on body language and other important aspects . Gollapudi Maruthi Rao and Sowcar Janaki were cast as Haribabu 's grandfather and Sitadevi 's grandmother respectively . Filmmaker Singeetham Srinivasa Rao made a cameo appearance as a pianist in Madras Cultural Club , where Haribabu works as a part @-@ time employee . Krish described Rao 's cameo a " colourful " one and added that his look was inspired by that of Colonel Sanders , the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken . 700 people were required to form an army and the film 's unit selected nearly 100 Non @-@ resident Indians apart from the local people . They were given formal training before they went on the film 's sets . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography commenced on 27 February 2015 at Hyderabad . The second schedule commenced on 23 March at Tatipaka , a village near Razole in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh . Apart from Draksharamam and Kapotavaram , the village portions were filmed in Peruru Agraharam , Palakollu as Krish wanted a primitive settlement with poor infrastructure and palaces , resembling one of the pre @-@ independence era . The film 's crew then put up flower and fruit markets , and purchased antiques from a flea market . The local people extended their support to the film 's crew in return for the laying down of proper roads . In other villages where there was better infrastructure , Suresh and his crew spoke to village heads and covered most of the roads with sand and mud . The houses were whitewashed for the film 's shoot and were restored with their previous colours later . As all the houses in those villages were constructed using reinforced concrete , a team of 70 members were summoned from Hyderabad to recreate 1940s style . According to Suresh , the " nativity feel came alive " due to the presence of coconut trees . The steam engine and the interiors of the first class compartments in the train Haribabu and Sitadevi travel in from Madras to Devarakonda were designed in Ramoji Film City , Hyderabad . Suresh 's experience working as an art director on Venkatadri Express ( 2013 ) helped him . The construction of the palace where Sitadevi lives took four to five days to complete at a cost of ₹ 4 million . The war sequences were filmed in Georgia . The film 's crew finalised 20 locations and the filming of the war sequences lasted for 35 days . With the assistance of the Government of Georgia , huge sets were erected , including a German military base camp fitted with trenches and bunkers . For the film 's shoot , Krish hired a few telegraph machines , typewriters , and coffee cups and saucers manufactured during the timeline of the World War II . Some key action sequences were filmed in a few old , dilapidated buildings located near Georgia and Varun Tej performed his stunts without a body double . A few sequences were filmed at the Ananuri Bridge in Tbilisi , Georgia . 700 guns , four tanks , and a machine gun used in the war were allotted from the Georgia Military Institute military school . The Georgian Armed Forces trained the film 's unit to use these weapons properly . The rent for each tank was 5000 dollars per day , and another tank was designed by Suresh and his crew . Thousands of bullets were used every day and 15 people were employed to load the guns . On the last day of the filming of the climax episode , Varun Tej used more than 7000 bullets . For filming few bomb @-@ blast sequences , the film 's unit consulted several Hollywood technicians . Principal photography was wrapped up on 6 July , after a shoot of 55 working days . = = Music = = The official soundtrack of Kanche composed by Chirantan Bhatt consists of six songs , including instrumental theme music . The lyrics for the remaining five songs were penned by Sirivennela Sitaramasastri . Kanche marked Bhatt 's debut in South Indian cinema . Krish worked with Bhatt on Gabbar Is Back and asked him to compose a song for Kanche . Impressed with it , Krish signed him as the film 's music director . Bhatt found Kanche to be " an intense and emotional story " and ensured that the music was not generic and in sync with the film 's scale . Krish also provided a few references to the works of Ilaiyaraaja and M. M. Keeravani to Bhatt during the composing sessions . Bhatt used tabla tarang ( an Indian melodic percussion instrument consisting of more than ten drums ) and sarod ( an Indian lute @-@ like stringed instrument ) predominantly in the instrumentation as he felt that the songs had to : " depict a lot of mood and emotions " . The song " Nijamenani Nammani " was composed using Charukesi raga and Nandini Srikar , who provided the additional vocals along with Shreya Ghoshal who was not listed in the album 's credits . Abhay Jodhpurkar initially provided the vocals for the raw cut of the song " Itu Itu Ani Chitikelu Evvarivo " , which was recorded in two hours at his friend 's studio . Bhatt found his voice apt and retained it in the final version without any further improvements . The songs " Itu Itu Ani Chitikelu Evvarivo " , and " Bhaga Bhagamani " were composed using the Natabhairavi , and Kamavardani ragas ; Bhatt used both Charukesi and Kamavardani ragas for " Raa Mundadugeddam " . After releasing a teaser of the song " Nijamenani Nammani " on YouTube , Varun Tej released the song " Itu Itu Ani Chitikelu Evvarivo " sung by Jodhpurkar and Ghoshal at the Radiocity FM station in Hyderabad on the eve of Ganesh Chaturthi ( 17 September 2015 ) . The soundtrack , marketed by Aditya Music , was released at a promotional event on the same day at Hyderabad with actor Ram Charan in attendance as the guest of honour . Karthik Srinivasan of The Hindu called " Nijamenani Nammani " the soundtrack 's best song and praised the renditions by Ghoshal and Srikar . The Times of India gave the soundtrack 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 and opined that the themed style of the soundtrack is a : " delightful change from the song and dance routine seen these days " . Behindwoods gave the soundtrack 3 @.@ 25 stars out of 5 and called it a : " musical and lyrical feast for the ears " . Track listing All lyrics written by Sirivennela Sitaramasastri . = = Release and reception = = Kanche was initially scheduled for a worldwide release on 2 October 2015 . The film 's release was postponed to 6 November to avoid clashing with the releases of Puli and Singh Is Bliing . Due to a delay in post @-@ production activities , Akhil : The Power of Jua , which was initially scheduled for a worldwide release on 22 October , was postponed and Kanche was confirmed for release on 22 October during the Vijayadasami festival season . Kanche was released at 400 screens across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , and at 150 screens in rest of India . Though 80 screens were booked initially in the overseas market for the film 's release , the screen count was later increased to 150 , of which 130 screens were in the United States . = = = Critical reception = = = Kanche received positive reviews from the critics . Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu remarked that Kanche is a film that does not stand out " merely by being different , but also because it ’ s earnest " , and added that Krish " Step [ s ] across the fence to a new world of storytelling " . Praising Krish 's choice of genre , Suresh Kavirayani of the Deccan Chronicle gave the film 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 , stating , " If you are looking for a change from the regular action @-@ masala @-@ song @-@ dance @-@ drama kind of films , you should watch Kanche " . Kavirayani added : " The war scenes look authentic . Credit to cinematographer [ V. S. Gnanasekhar ] for capturing the war scenes . Kanche is no less than any Hollywood film as far as the war scenes are concerned " . Rajeswari Kalyanam of The Hans India also gave the film 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 and stated : " With Kanche , Jagarlamudi Krish has once again proven his ability to choose an offbeat theme , weave an engrossing tale and give it a technically brilliant cinematic rendition " . Pranita Jonnalagedda of The Times of India gave Kanche 3 stars out of 5 and stated : " Kanche is a daring attempt for mainstream [ Telugu cinema ] . While there 's an interesting story which is told really well , you will be left with the lingering feeling that it could have been a lot better " . Sify too gave Kanche 3 stars out of 5 and called it a film that is " [ s ] uitable only for discerning audiences " and praised the storyline , performances , production design , and dialogues . Behindwoods gave the film 3 stars out of 5 as well and called it a " commendable attempt " and added : You don ’ t get to see too many Indian films being made on war , especially South Indian industry hasn ’ t made many . ( sic ) Even the ones that have been made have not made a huge impact , especially with it comes to battle scenes . But that is where Kanche scores big time . The war sequence looks authoritative and intriguing . It travels throughout and the intensity has been maintained right through " . = = = Box office = = = Kanche grossed approximately ₹ 55 million and collected a distributor share of ₹ 38 @.@ 5 million globally , thereby performing better than Raju Gari Gadhi and Columbus . According to trade analyst Taran Adarsh , Kanche earned US $ 53 @,@ 057 from its paid previews ; it amassed US $ 46 @,@ 751 on its first day and US $ 92 @,@ 998 on its second day , taking its two @-@ day United States box office total to US $ 192 @,@ 806 ( ₹ 12 @.@ 5 million ) . The first weekend global box office gross and distributor share figures stood at approximately ₹ 130 million and ₹ 70 million respectively . In its first weekend at the United States box office , Kanche collected US $ 380 @,@ 361 ( ₹ 24 @.@ 7 million ) . It earned US $ 6 @,@ 826 ( ₹ 0 @.@ 443 million ) from two screens in Canada and MYR15,921 ( ₹ 0 @.@ 243 million ) from 2 screens at the Malaysian box office in its opening weekend , thereby managing to recover 100 % of the overseas distributors ' investments . In ten days , Kanche collected US $ 489 @,@ 701 ( ₹ 32 @.@ 1 million ) at the United States box office , US $ 9 @,@ 261 ( ₹ 0 @.@ 607 million ) at the Canada box office , and MYR19,316 ( ₹ 0 @.@ 295 million ) at the Malaysian box office respectively , taking its ten @-@ day overseas box office total to US $ 503 @,@ 461 ( ₹ 33 million ) . Kanche earned US $ 522 @,@ 325 ( ₹ 34 @.@ 7 million ) in 17 days at the United States box office . After losing many screens due to new releases in the United States , Kanche 's 31 @-@ day total stood at US $ 527 @,@ 724 ( ₹ 35 million ) . In its lifetime run , Kanche grossed ₹ 200 million globally , with a distributor share of ₹ 140 million , and was declared a commercial success and also the 14th highest grossing Telugu film of the year . = = Awards = = Kanche earned the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu at the 63rd National Film Awards ceremony . = Battle of Brunanburh = The Battle of Brunanburh was fought in 937 between Æthelstan , King of England , and an alliance of Olaf Guthfrithson , King of Dublin ; Constantine , King of Scotland ; and Owen , King of Strathclyde . Following an unchallenged large @-@ scale invasion of Scotland by Æthelstan in 934 , possibly launched because of a peace treaty violation by Constantine , it became apparent that Æthelstan could only be defeated by an allied force of his enemies . Olaf led Constantine and Owen in the alliance . In August 937 , Olaf and his army crossed the Irish Sea to join forces with Constantine and Owen , and the invaders were routed in the subsequent battle against Æthelstan . The poem Battle of Brunanburh in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle recounted that there were " never yet as many people killed before this with sword 's edge ... since from the east Angles and Saxons came up over the broad sea " . Æthelstan 's victory prevented the dissolution of England 's unity . The historian Æthelweard , perhaps writing sometime around 975 , said that " [ t ] he fields of Britain were consolidated into one , there was peace everywhere , and abundance of all things " . The battle has been called " the greatest single battle in Anglo @-@ Saxon history before Hastings " . The site of the battle is unknown , but scholars have proposed many possible locations . = = Background = = After Æthelstan defeated the Vikings at York in 927 , King Constantine of Scotland , King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth , Ealdred I of Bamburgh , and King Owen I of Strathclyde ( or Morgan ap Owain of Gwent ) accepted Æthelstan 's overlordship at Eamont , near Penrith . He became King of England , and there was peace until 934 . Æthelstan invaded Scotland with a large force , both ground and naval , in 934 . Although the motivation for this invasion is uncertain , John of Worcester stated that the cause was Constantine 's violation of the peace treaty made in 927 . Æthelstan evidently travelled through Beverley , Ripon , and Chester @-@ le @-@ Street . The army harassed the Scots up to Kincardineshire , and the navy up to Caithness . Æthelstan 's force was never engaged . Following Æthelstan 's invasion of Scotland , it became apparent that he could only be defeated by an allied force of his enemies . The leader of the alliance was Olaf Guthfrithson , King of Dublin . The other two members were Constantine II , King of Scotland ; and Owen , King of Strathclyde . ( According to John of Worcester , Constantine was Olaf 's father @-@ in @-@ law . ) Though they had all been enemies in living memory , historian Michael Livingston points out that " they had agreed to set aside whatever political , cultural , historical , and even religious differences they might have had in order to achieve one common purpose : to destroy Æthelstan " . In August 937 , Olaf crossed the Irish Sea with his army to join forces with Constantine and Owen , and in Livingston 's opinion this suggests that the battle of Brunanburh occurred in early October of that year . According to Paul Cavill , the invading armies raided Mercia , from which Æthelstan obtained Saxon troops as he travelled north to meet them . However , Michael Wood notes that no source mentions any intrusion into Mercia . John of Worcester wrote that the invaders entered via the Humber , and is the only chronicle writer to mention this . Because of the lack of sources supporting the claim , along with other issues , philologist Paul Cavill argues John 's statement is not true . According to Symeon of Durham , Olaf had 615 ships , but this number is likely exaggerated . Livingston theorises that the invading armies entered England in two waves : Constantine and Owen coming from the north , possibly engaging in some skirmishes with Æthelstan 's forces as they followed the Roman road across the Lancashire plains between Carlisle and Manchester , with Olaf 's forces joining them on the way . It is possible , Livingston speculates , that the battle site at Brunanburh was chosen in agreement with Æthelstan , on which " there would be one fight , and to the victor went England " . = = Battle = = Surviving documents that mention the battle include accounts from the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , the writings of Anglo @-@ Norman historian William of Malmesbury , and the Annals of Clonmacnoise . In Snorri Sturluson 's Egils saga , the antihero , mercenary , berserker and skald , Egill Skallagrimsson , served as a trusted warrior for Æthelstan . The name of the battle appears in various forms in early sources : Brunanburh ( in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle or the chronicle of John of Worcester , or in accounts derived from them ) , Brunandune ( Aethelweard ) , Brunnanwerc or Bruneford or Weondune ( Symeon of Durham and accounts derived from him ) , Brunefeld or Bruneford ( William of Malmesbury and accounts derived from him ) , Duinbrunde ( Scottish traditions ) , Brun ( Welsh traditions ) , plaines of othlynn ( Annals of Clonmacnoise ) , and Vinheithr ( Egil 's Saga ) , among others . The main source of information about the battle is the praise @-@ poem Battle of Brunanburh in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . After travelling north through Mercia , Æthelstan , his brother Edmund , and the combined Saxon army from Wessex and Mercia met the invading armies and attacked them . In a battle that lasted all day , the Saxons fought the invaders and finally forced them to break up and flee . There was probably a prolonged period of hard fighting before the invaders were finally defeated . According to the poem , the Saxons " split the shield @-@ wall " and " hewed battle shields with the remnants of hammers ... [ t ] here lay many a warrior by spears destroyed ; Northern men shot over shield , likewise Scottish as well , weary , war sated " . Wood states that all large battles were described in this manner , so the description in the poem is not unique to Brunanburh . The invaders had attempted to take refuge in trenches fortified with timber , but the Saxons overran them . Æthelstan and his army pursued the invaders until the end of the day , slaying great numbers of enemy troops . The poem states that " they pursued the hostile people ... hew [ ing ] the fugitive grievously from behind with swords sharp from the grinding " . Olaf fled and sailed back to Dublin with the remnants of his army , and Constantine escaped to Scotland ; Owen 's fate is not mentioned . The poem states that the Northmen " [ d ] eparted ... in nailed ships " and " sought Dublin over the deep water , leaving Dinges mere to return to Ireland , ashamed in spirit . " In contrast , the poem records that Æthelstan and Edmund victoriously returned to Wessex , stating that " the brothers , both together , King and Prince , sought their home , West @-@ Saxon land , exultant from battle . " It is universally agreed by scholars that the invaders were routed by the Saxons . According to the Chronicle , " countless of the army " died in the battle , and there were " never yet as many people killed before this with sword 's edge ... since from the east Angles and Saxons came up over the broad sea " . The Annals of Ulster describe the battle as " great , lamentable and horrible " and record that " several thousands of Norsemen ... fell " . Among the casualties were five kings and seven earls from Olaf 's army . The poem records that Constantine lost several friends and family members in the battle , including his son . The largest list of those killed in the battle is contained in the Annals of Clonmacnoise , which names several kings and princes . A large number of Saxons also died in the battle , including two of Æthelstan 's cousins , Alfric and Athelwin . = = Aftermath = = Æthelstan 's decisive victory prevented the dissolution of England 's unity . Foot writes that " [ e ] xaggerating the importance of this victory is difficult " . Livingston wrote that the battle was " the moment when Englishness came of age " and " one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England but of the whole of the British isles " . The battle has been called " the greatest single battle in Anglo @-@ Saxon history before Hastings " by Alfred Smyth , but he also states that its consequences beyond Æthelstan 's reign have been overstated . Alex Woolf describes it a " pyrrhic victory " for Æthelstan : the campaign seems to have ended in a stalemate , his power appears to have declined , and after he died Olaf acceded to the Kingdom of Northumbria without resistance . However , England was once again unified by the time Edmund I died in 946 . The Norse lost all remaining territory in York and Northumbria in 954 , when Eric Bloodaxe died . Æthelweard , writing in the late 900s , said that the battle was " still called the ' great battle ' by the common people " and that " [ t ] he fields of Britain were consolidated into one , there was peace everywhere , and abundance of all things " . = = Location = = The location of the battle is unknown . However , according to Michael Livingston , the case for a location in the Wirral has wide support among current historians . Charters from the 1200s suggest that Bromborough ( a town on the Wirral Peninsula ) was originally named Brunanburh ( which could mean " Bruna 's fort " ) . In his essay " The Place @-@ Name Debate " , Paul Cavill listed the steps by which this transition may have occurred . Evidence suggests that there were Scandinavian settlements in the area starting in the late 800s , and the town is also situated near the River Mersey , which was a commonly used route by Vikings sailing from Ireland . Additionally , the Chronicle states that the invaders escaped at Dingesmere , and Dingesmere could be interpreted as " mere of the Thing " . The word Thing ( or þing , in Old Norse ) might be a reference to the Viking Thing ( or assembly ) at Thingwall on the Wirral . In Old English , mere refers to a body of water , although the specific type of body varies depending on the context . In some cases , it refers to a wetland , and a large wetland is present in the area . Therefore , in their article " Revisiting Dingesmere " , Cavill , Harding , and Jesch propose that Dingesmere is a reference to a marshland or wetland near the Viking Thing at Thingwall on the Wirral Peninsula . Since the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle describes the battle as taking place " ymbe Brunanburh " ( " around Brunanburh " ) , numerous locations near Bromborough have been proposed , including the Brackenwood Golf Course in Bebington , Wirral ( formerly within the Bromborough parish ) . Many other sites have been suggested ; historian Paul Hill identified over thirty possibilities . Michael Wood published a 2014 article suggesting a Yorkshire location ; philologist Andrew Breeze favours Durham , and Kevin Halloran argues for southern Scotland . Tim Clarkson discounts locations other than southern Scotland or northern England as a battle site , given the logistical capacity of the kingdoms of Alba and Strathclyde . Other possibilities include : Barnsdale , South Yorkshire : The civil parish of Burghwallis was recorded as " Burg " in the Domesday book , likely because of a Roman fort situated near the place where the Great North Road ( Ermine Street ) is met by the road from Templeborough . The site is overlooked by a hill called " Barnsdale Bar " , past which flows the River Went . Michael Wood has suggested this site , noting the similarity between Went and Symeon of Durham 's Wendun . Brinsworth , South Yorkshire : Michael Wood suggests Tinsley Wood , near Brinsworth , as a possible site of the battle . He notes that there is a hill nearby , White Hill , and observes that the surrounding landscape is strikingly similar to the description of the battlefield contained in Egil 's Saga . There is an ancient Roman temple on White Hill , and Wood states that the name Symeon of Durham used for the place of the battle , Weondun , means " the hill where there had been a pagan Roman sanctuary or temple " . According to Wood , Frank Stenton believed that this piece of evidence could help in finding the location of the battle . There is also a Roman fort nearby , and burh means " fortified place " in Old English ; Wood suggests that this fort may have been Brunanburh . Bromswold : According to Alfred Smyth , the original form of the name Bromswold , Bruneswald , could fit with Brunanburh and other variants of the name . Burnley : In 1856 , Burnley Grammar School master and antiquary Thomas T. Wilkinson published a paper suggesting that the battle occurred on the moors above Burnley , noting that the town stands on the River Brun . His work was subsequently referenced and expanded by a number of local authors . Burnswark , situated near Lockerbie in southern Scotland : Burnswark is a hill 280 metres ( 920 ft ) tall , and is the site of two Roman military camps and many fortifications from the Iron Age . It was initially suggested as the site of the battle by George Neilson in 1899 and was the leading theory in the early 1900s , having obtained support from historians such as Charles Oman . Kevin Halloran argues that the different forms used by various authors when naming the battle site associate it with a hill and fortifications , since burh ( used by the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle poem ) means " a fortified place " , and dune ( used by Æthelweard and Symeon of Durham , in names such as Brunandune and We ( o ) ndune ) means " a hill " . He also states that the name " Burnswark " could be related to Bruneswerce , another alternative name for the battle site used by Symeon of Durham and Geoffrey Gaimar . Lanchester , County Durham : Andrew Breeze has argued for Lanchester , since the Roman fort of Longovicium overlooks the point where the road known as Dere Street crossed the River Browney . = Sandefjord Airport Station = Sandefjord Airport Station ( Norwegian : Sandefjord lufthavn stasjon ) , also known as Torp Station ( Torp stasjon ) , is on the Vestfold Line in Sandefjord , Norway . It is served with regional trains operated by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) . Located close to Sandefjord Airport , Torp , the station is served by a free four @-@ minute shuttle bus service from the station to the airport . The trains operate northwards via towns in Vestfold to Drammen and Oslo and onwards via Oslo Airport , Gardermoen to towns in Hedmark and Oppland . Southwards , the trains serve Sandefjord , Larvik and Grenland . The station opened as Raastad , later Råstad , in 1881 . It had a single building , designed by Balthazar Lange . It was upgraded with a passing loop in 1910 , but this was removed in 1971 , and the station was closed in 1978 . In 2008 , the station reopened to serve the airport . The station is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . = = Service = = Torp Station 's primary function is to serve as an airport rail link for Sandefjord Airport . The station is served by regional trains that operate northwards via towns such as Tønsberg , Holmestrand and Drammen to Oslo Central Station and onwards via Oslo Airport to Hamar and Lillehammer , calling at several other smaller stations . Southwards , the trains serve Sandefjord , Larvik , Porsgrunn and Skien . Travel time to Oslo is 1 hour and 48 minutes , and to Oslo Airport it is 2 hours 23 minutes . The station is equipped with a shed , but no other amenities , and also lacks a ticket machine . The platform ( but not necessarily the train ) is wheelchair accessible . There are about ten parking spaces at the station . A shuttle bus corresponds to all trains during the opening hours of the airport , and a bus trip takes four minutes to the airport terminal . The shuttle bus leaves the airport ten minutes before each train 's scheduled departure . The bus is operated by NSB , and is included in the price of the train ticket . There are 42 bus departures each day . The train supplements a coach service , Torp Expressen operated by UniBuss , to Oslo , and a local bus service to Sandefjord , operated by Vestviken Kollektivtrafikk . = = History = = The station was originally named Raastad , and opened as part of the Vestfold Line on 7 December 1881 . It was located in the former municipality of Sandar , that was also served by Jåstad Station . Raastad was equipped with a wooden station building designed by Balthazar Lange , and cargo expedition . There was initially only one track , but on 1 July 1910 , a passing loop was installed at the station , allowing trains to pass . The station was renamed Råstad in April 1921 . In 1969 – 70 the passing loop was extended , but already on 15 September 1971 it was disabled , and subsequently removed , with the automation of the signaling . The station became unmanned on 1 October 1971 and was closed on 28 May 1978 . The following day , the new InterCity Express services started on the Vestfold Line . Sandefjord Airport experienced a rapid growth as an airport for low @-@ cost carriers serving Eastern Norway since the late 1990s . Along with the success of the Airport Express Train that connects Oslo with Oslo Airport , Gardermoen , and the decision to provide a shuttle service to the competing Moss Airport , Rygge from Rygge Station , local politicians took initiative to open a dedicated stop for the airport . During the planning of high @-@ speed upgrade of the line , plans called to move the line to create a station integrated in the airport terminal , as had been done with Oslo Airport Station and Trondheim Airport Station . However , as the construction of a new Vestfold Line was put on hold , an intermediate solution was found to reopen Råstad Station , and offer a shuttle bus to the airport . On 16 May 2007 , Vestfold County Municipality announced that they would forward the investment costs of NOK 7 million for the new station , with a payback from the National Rail Administration by 2012 . The latter would build , own and operate the station . The station opened on 21 January 2008 , and the new platform is located on the east side of the tracks . The old station building , location in the west side , has been converted into a museum . During the first year , 80 @,@ 000 passengers used the station , sufficient to make the NOK 4 @.@ 5 million used by NSB on the shuttle bus profitable . = 2003 Afro @-@ Asian Games = The 2003 Afro @-@ Asian Games , officially known as the First Afro @-@ Asian Games or I Afro @-@ Asian Games and unofficially known as the Inaugural Afro @-@ Asian Games , was a major international multi @-@ sport event held in Hyderabad , India , from October 24 ( excluding football and hockey , which began on October 22 and October 23 respectively ) to November 1 , 2003 . The Afro @-@ Asian Games was the largest sporting event ever to be held in Hyderabad , and one of the largest in India , second only to the 2010 Commonwealth Games by athletes ' volume . The scale of these Games exceeds even the two Asian Games held in Delhi in 1951 ( both by athletes ' volume and by number of participating nations ) and 1982 ( by number of participating nations ) . More than 2000 athletes from 96 countries competed in the Games . A total of 131 sporting events in eight disciplines were conducted . Also , 120 countries sent 1 @,@ 565 official representatives to these Games . The First Afro @-@ Asian Games were held after nearly two decades of delays , shifts and cancellations . The prolonged amount of time for these Games considerably reduced interest in them . After the preliminary decision of hosting the Games , the venue was shuttled between New Delhi and Kuwait City . At the last moment , New Delhi was outfavoured by Hyderabad , which had hosted the National Games of India in 2002 . These Games , however , had lesser scope than the Asian Games or Commonwealth Games , since 96 nations participated in only eight disciplines . The Games witnessed only one new world record . Thirty @-@ seven countries - an unprecedented 39 % of the participating nations - won at least one medal in these Games . = = History = = The idea to hold an inter @-@ continental sporting event between Asia and Africa was initiated in April 1983 , with New Delhi as the proposed venue . However , for unknown circumstances , the venue was shifted to Kuwait and the Games were proposed to be held in 1985 . Political instability led to the cancellation of the Games . In 1989 , the proposal was reconsidered , with New Delhi again chosen as the venue for the Games . The Games were then scheduled for 1991 . The plans went wrong due to inefficient communication between the members , and so could not come into force . In 1999 , a proposal for the renewal of the Games was accepted . Subsequently , Pune and then New Delhi were proposed as venues . However , they were postponed till November 2001 . Slow preparations led to indefinite postponement again . After the occurrence of 9 / 11 , Delhi pulled out . This led to the circulation of rumours that the games were " jinxed " . Later , the IOA announced that the Olympic Council of Asia ( OCA ) and the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa ( ANOCA ) had sanctioned 2003 as the new date for the Games . Also , the venue was changed to Hyderabad after Delhi pulled out . Most critics point to the successful hosting of the 32nd National Games of India , which were held at Hyderabad , as the main reason for Hyderabad being chosen . = = Preparation = = The Indian Government spent ₹ 1 @.@ 03 billion ( US $ 22 @.@ 92 million ) , for the Afro @-@ Asian Games , making these Games one of the most expensive sporting events held in Hyderabad . All preparations were completed within 60 days before the events began . = = = General Preparation = = = The Indian Olympic Association ( IOA ) decided to set up a central head of the development for the Games . Thus , the Afro @-@ Asian Games Secretariat was set up at the Greenlands Guest House to organize , monitor and manage all the activities related to the Games . 17 functional organizing sub @-@ committees were formed to oversee the development of the venues and other infrastructure . The various functions were divided within these committees . The special officer @-@ in @-@ charge of the Games was Sabyasachi Ghosh , while the Secretary @-@ General of the Games was Ali Moradi . A large development Planning Association meant a great amount of inter @-@ connectivity and communication requirements . A 24 @-@ hour call centre with interpreters was set up , using a Closed User Group ( CUG ) circuit . A large " web " of networking facilities was built to connect all the hotels , media centres , stadia and Transportation Committees . This would help in easing pressure on any one committee . Since the African continent is not very well @-@ connected , an Accreditation Committee was dispatched to Abuja - in Nigeria - the host city of the 2003 All @-@ Africa Games . The Accreditation committee brought all sports @-@ persons and officials from Africa to Hyderabad . = = = Technology = = = The software company CMC Limited had developed a Games and Event Management System ( GEMS ) , which helped the organizers to efficiently manage events across the sports venues . It worked closely with Doordarshan , the official television broadcasters of the Games , to provide results of sporting competitions and live Games information . Additionally , cutting @-@ edge technology like the implementation of geo @-@ referenced maps and Geographic Information System ( GIS ) was implemented , so as to ensure a smooth and rapid flow of work . = = = Transport = = = In the month of September , less than a month away from the Afro @-@ Asian Games , the Transport Ministry of Hyderabad released a large number of luxury vehicles , to be used in the Games . It was the second time in the span of one year that the Transport Ministry had done so - the first time being for the 32nd National Games of India . In an effort to spruce up the city in time for the Games , the organizers arranged several buses , vans and cars to ferry the athletes and the guests . = = = Accommodation = = = Accommodation of the athletes and foreign officials posed a serious problem to the organisers . Contrary to what the Olympics and related multi @-@ sport events provide , no actual Games Village was available for the athletes to stay . The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh ( SAAP ) had initially wanted to have a separate Games Village for the Games , but could not arrange for it . Even though Hyderabad had hosted the 32nd National Games of India in 2002 , for which a Games Village had been built , the organizers could not utilise it due to severe financial problems . It was estimated that about ₹ 800 million ( US $ 16 million ) would be required to upgrade the existing Games Village . The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh ( SAAP ) instead opted to obtain bulk bookings from all the major hotels in the city so as to provide accommodation for the athletes , foreign dignitaries and the media . = = = Security = = = About 1400 police personnel were drawn from various districts of Andhra Pradesh to provide the first layer of security . In addition to this , over 5000 city policemen were deployed in various places , including the event venues and all the major hotels of the city . Strict anti @-@ sabotage measures were taken to provide security at the athlete hotels . Also , a 24 @-@ hour access control system was placed , with sniffer dogs used to sanitise the area . To facilitate foreign athletes and officials , four immigration counters were set up at the airport . A time limit of 30 minutes was laid down to clear any athlete or official . To improve security speed , six interpreters of Russian , Japanese , Mandarin Chinese , Korean , French and Arabic were present at the airport . In addition , 24 specially trained immigration personnel were stationed round the clock in the airport . = = Pressure on Organizing Committee = = There was a lot of pressure upon the Secretariat for the smooth performance of these Games , as the IOA would keenly observe the Afro @-@ Asian Games , in preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi , India . Also , officials from Beijing , China - the venue of 2008 Summer Olympics - and Doha , Qatar - the host of 2006 Asian Games - would attend the Afro @-@ Asian Games , and keenly observe the way the Games functioned . However , hosting of the Games was not the only major issue for the Committee . The Afro @-@ Asian Games would see the participation of various nations which are not in good terms with some other nations . The then Prime Minister of India , Atal Behari Vajpayee , had hinted that " some nations might withdraw from the Games , rather than get embroiled in international conflicts " . = = Marketing = = Logo The logo of the Afro @-@ Asian Games was the Charminar - Hyderabad 's most famous landmark - surrounded by a string of pearls . Hyderabad is also famous for its pearls . The official logo of the Games was unveiled , along with the official website , by Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu on September 3 , 2003 . Mascot The Mascot for these Games was Sheroo , also spelt Sheru , a cartoon lion . Subsequently , a variation of the name ' Sheroo ' , called ' Shera ' , would be given for the mascot of the 2010 Commonwealth Games . Sponsorships Several Indian corporates such as Indian Oil Corporation ( IOC ) , GVK Group and State Bank of Hyderabad provided sponsorships worth INR 10 million each towards the staging of several events of the inaugural Games . Several other corporates such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) , Videocon and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) also contributed to the Games . Also , Florida @-@ based IMG Academy assisted in the conduct of the Games . = = Participating countries = = The First Afro @-@ Asian Games were the first time that Asia and Africa came together for such a large event . 43 Asian countries and 53 African countries participated in this sporting event . Below is a list of all the participating countries in the Inaugural Afro @-@ Asian Games . = = Venues = = The events of the Games were held across eight stadiums , spread throughout the suburb of Gachibowli . The venues were : = = Sports = = The program of the Afro @-@ Asian Games was almost the same as that of the Asian Games , the only difference being in the number of sports . These Games witnessed eight disciplines in eight sports . Synchronised swimming and diving were not contested . The list of sports is given below ( Number in parentheses indicates number of events ) . Athletics ( 41 ) Boxing ( 11 ) Football ( 1 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Shooting ( 16 ) Swimming ( 38 ) Tennis ( 7 ) Weightlifting ( 15 ) = = = Calendar = = = The 2003 Afro @-@ Asian Games Calendar is given below . * The shooting events include 50 birds and 75 birds events . = = = Qualification = = = Qualification for the Games depended upon the performance of the countries in other major multi @-@ sport events . Since these Games featured delegations from two continents , the qualification criteria for nations from the different continents was different . The qualification of the African nations was based on their performance in the 2003 All @-@ Africa Games held in Abuja , Nigeria . The qualification for the Asian nations was based on their performance in the 2002 Asian Games held in Busan , South Korea . = = Media coverage = = = = = Television = = = The official television host broadcaster of the Afro @-@ Asian Games was DD Sports , India 's first sports channel . The experience gained through broadcasting these Games would prove to be extremely helpful for its parent company Doordarshan , as they broadcast the 2004 Olympic Games live and will also be telecasting the 2010 Commonwealth Games . However , the schedule of the Games clashed with an ongoing Triangular Cricket Tournament , and the events were aired on DD Metro . Doordarshan deployed 350 personnel , 10 outdoor broadcasting vans and 86 cameras for obtaining coverage of the Games . Additionally , five cameras were used for the Sports news and the sidelights . = = = Radio = = = India 's premier radio broadcaster , the All India Radio ( A.I.R ) , was the official radio partner of the Games . The AIR hired 150 programmers and engineers for the coverage of the Games . = = Ceremonies = = The opening and closing ceremonies were described as " eye @-@ filling " and " opulent " by several media centers . The ceremonies cost INR 150 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 34 million ) to execute . Children from India , China and some African nations had practiced for a reported 21 days to ensure the success of the beginning and the end of the Inaugural Games . The settings utilised for the ceremonies were designed by well @-@ known art director and film production designer Nitin Chandrakant Desai . = = = Opening ceremony = = = The Opening ceremony of the Games were held in the GMC Balayogi Stadium - the main stadium of the events - at 5 : 30 pm IST . The organisers considered it as " a benchmark of the Games " . The Opening ceremony of the Games showcased the cultural heritage of both the attending continents - Asia and Africa . 30 @,@ 000 people came to watch the beginning of the gala sporting event . The ceremony , which was hosted by Bollywood actor Priyanka Chopra , was spread over a time period of two hours and forty minutes . Many celebrities , like actor Sanjay Dutt and tennis player Leander Paes graced the occasion . Also , six @-@ time pole vault winner Sergey Bubka , along with his wife , attended the ceremony . Around 12 @,@ 000 schoolchildren and college students came up with a show depicting the vast and vibrant culture of the two continents . Chief Guest L K Advani declared the Games open . Shooter Anjali Bhagwat took the Athlete 's Oath . This was followed by a laser show , fireworks and a space cannon show . The highlight of the Opening ceremony was the Umojas - a group of professional tribal dancers from Africa . There were other international showcases - the spiritual chanting by the Chinese monks , and the peace prayers by thousands of schoolchildren . Singer Shankar Mahadevan sang the theme song . Bollywood divas Shilpa Shetty , Simran and Urmila Matondkar did dance performances . Unlike the Olympic Games , there was no individual march past for the countries . The countries came in batches of two - Asian countries in one batch and African countries in another . = = = Closing ceremony = = = The closing ceremony of the Games was marked by lights , colour and technology . The closing ceremony was hosted by Yukta Mookhey . President APJ Abdul Kalam officially closed the Games , in front of a near capacity crowd . His closing words were : " I congratulate all the athletes and officials who were part of the Games . When I see thousands of sportspersons I am sure the combined power of youth through sport will be the most powerful resource on earth . " As he did so , the Stadium was lit up in a pyrotechnics display , and fireworks burst in the sky . A " daredevil " act was done by a few service personnel , who came riding on motorcycles . A fly @-@ past of the Indian Army airplanes , trailing smoke in the colours of the Indian flag took place as the dignitaries took their seats . The expected " high @-@ point " of the closing ceremony was the show of camaraderie between the sportspersons of the two continents . However , few athletes trooped into the Stadium for that purpose . The " camaraderie ceremony " was followed by speeches of various important people , among them being IOA President Suresh Kalmadi , IOA and OCA Secretary @-@ General Raja Randhir Singh , ANOCA President Alfa Ibrahim Diallo , Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu and Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports Vikram Verma . The speeches were shortly followed by a memento presentation . As night fell , hundreds of Army recruits brought lighted torches , and did the " mashal dance " . Laser lights and several technological innovations followed . Sheroo , the mascot , was bid farewell by noted Indian singer Hariharan and many costumed children . The Umojas performed yet again at the closing ceremony . The Chinese State circus was considered " breath @-@ taking " . Lebanese singer Diana Haddad , Egyptian singer Hisham Abbas and Indian singer Remo Fernandes performed at the closing ceremony as well . The host country was portrayed by a number of traditional folk dances , after which the Games officially ended . = = Highlights = = Africa was the clear leader in the athletics , winning 73 medals as compared to Asia 's 47 , even though the maximum number of nation @-@ wise medals were garnered by Asian nations ( China and India ) . Four time Olympic medallist Frankie Fredericks ( Namibia ) won the 200 metres race – the last major tournament win of his distinguished 17 @-@ year @-@ long career . Indian tennis player Sania Mirza won four gold medals in the tournament , thereby becoming the largest gold @-@ medal winner in the tennis tournament . Sun Dan , a 19 @-@ year @-@ old Chinese Army officer of the 75 @-@ kg category , lifted a weight of 168 @.@ 5 kg , breaking the previous world record of 168 kg ( set by her compatriot Tang Gonghong ) . In addition , Nigerian athlete Mike Eamson hoisted a weight of 210 kg , which was the heaviest weight ever lifted in India according to the organisers . Asia won the dual @-@ continental event with 82 gold medals , against Africa 's 49 . = = Medal table = = The official medal tally of the Afro @-@ Asian Games is given below . China bagged the largest number of gold medals , followed by the host India in second place . Athletes from India won the most number of total medals , with 80 . Host nation = = Legacy = = The success of the Games was a point in favor of India being able to host a major international sporting event . Subsequently , this success was used in the bidding of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , which was ultimately awarded to Delhi . In addition , the hospitality sector received a major boost due to the games , as hotels and guest houses received large booking orders from people who were coming to see the Games - media @-@ persons , delegates , officials , visitors , sports @-@ persons , etc . Tourism also benefited from the Games , and the State Tourism Department showed many foreign journalists key tourism spots in the city . Many famous places such as the Charminar and the Chowmahalla Palace saw record number of visitors . Also , famous local markets witnessed exceptional growth in sales and business , as demand peaked during the Games . Business of the world @-@ renowned pearls of Hyderabad increased by about 50 % , generating revenue of ₹ 50 million in one week . The rise in buyers was mainly driven by African visitors , who prefer pearls as jewellery . Also , sale of gold jewellery increased substantially , being driven by a large number of Muslim visitors who looked for traditional and intricate designs . In addition , bangles became the center of attraction for Chinese and African athletes . = Hugh Bradner = Hugh Bradner ( November 5 , 1915 – May 5 , 2008 ) was an American physicist at the University of California who is credited with inventing the neoprene wetsuit , which helped to revolutionize scuba diving . A graduate of Ohio 's Miami University , he received his doctorate from California Institute of Technology in Pasadena , California , in 1941 . He worked at the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory during World War II , where he researched naval mines . In 1943 , he was recruited by Robert Oppenheimer to join the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory . There , he worked with scientists including Luis Alvarez , John von Neumann and George Kistiakowsky on the development of the high explosives and exploding @-@ bridgewire detonators required by atomic bombs . After the war , Bradner took a position studying high @-@ energy physics at the University of California , Berkeley , under Luis Alvarez . Bradner investigated the problems encountered by frogmen staying in cold water for long periods of time . He developed a neoprene suit which could trap the water between the body and the neoprene , and thereby keep them warm . He became known as the " father of the wetsuit . " Bradner worked on the 1951 Operation Greenhouse nuclear test series on Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands . He joined the Scripps Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics as a geophysicist in 1961 . He remained there for the rest of his career , becoming a full professor in 1963 , and retiring in 1980 . In retirement , continued to work both on oceanographic research , as well as on the DUMAND deep ocean neutrino astronomy project . = = Early life = = Hugh Bradner was born in Tonopah , Nevada , on November 5 , 1915 , but he was raised in Findlay , Ohio . His father , Donald Byal Bradner , was briefly director of the Chemical Warfare Service at Maryland 's Edgewood Arsenal . His mother was Agnes Claire Bradner née Mead . He had an older brother , Mead Bradner . Bradner graduated from Ohio 's Miami University in 1936 and later received his doctorate from California Institute of Technology in Pasadena , California , in 1941 , writing his thesis on " Electron @-@ optical studies of the photoelectric effect " under the supervision of William Vermillion Houston . = = Manhattan Project = = After receiving his doctorate from Caltech , Bradner worked at the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory where he researched naval mines until 1943 . He was recruited by Robert Oppenheimer to join the Manhattan Project in 1943 at the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , which helped to develop the first atomic bomb . Bradner helped to develop a wide range of technology needed for the bomb , including research on the high explosives and exploding @-@ bridgewire detonators needed to implode the atomic bomb , developed the bomb 's triggering mechanism , and even helped design the new town around the laboratory . He worked closely with some of the most scientists including Luis Alvarez , John von Neumann and George Kistiakowsky . He witnessed the Trinity test , the first nuclear weapons test , at Alamogordo on July 16 , 1945 . Bradner met his future wife , Marjorie Hall Bradner , who was also working as a secretary on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory . The couple were married in Los Alamos in 1943 . Security at the top secret facility was so tight that neither Bradner 's nor Hall 's parents were allowed to attend the ceremony , though Oppenheimer was among the wedding guests . The couple remained together for over 65 years until she died on April 10 , 2008 at the age of 89 . = = Wetsuit = = After the war , Bradner took a position studying high @-@ energy physics at the University of California , Berkeley under Luis Alvarez , whom he had worked with at the Manhattan Project . He remained at the University until 1961 . He worked on the 1951 atomic bombing test on Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands , which was part of the Operation Greenhouse nuclear test series . Bradner 's job at Berkeley required him to do a number of underwater dives . He had previously talked to United States Navy frogmen during World War II concerning the problems of staying in cold water for long periods of time , which causes the diver to lose large amounts of body heat quickly . He worked on developing a new suit that would counter this in the basement of his family 's home on Scenic Avenue in Berkeley , California , and researched the new wetsuit at a conference in Coronado , California , in December 1951 . According to the San Francisco Chronicle , the wetsuit was invented in 1952 . Bradner and other engineers founded the Engineering Development Company ( EDCO ) in order to develop it . He and his colleagues tested several versions and prototypes of the wetsuit at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla , California . Scripps scientist and engineer Willard Bascom advised Bradner to use neoprene for the suit material , which proved successful . He found that it " would trap the water between the body and the neoprene , and the water would heat up to body temperature and keep you warm " . A 1951 letter showed that Bradner clearly understood that the insulation in such a suit was not provided by the water between the suit and the skin , but rather that this layer of water next to the skin , if trapped , would quickly heat to skin temperature , if the material in the suit were insulative . Thus , the suit only needed to limit purging by fresh cold water , and it did not need to be dry to work . He applied for a U.S. patent for the wetsuit , but his patent application was turned down due to its similar design with the flight suit . The United States Navy also did not adopt the new wetsuits because of worries that the neoprene in the wetsuits might make its swimmers easier to spot by underwater sonar and , thus , could not exclusively profit from his invention . Bradner and his company , EDCO , tried to sell his wetsuits in the consumer market . However , he failed to successfully penetrate the wetsuit market the way others have done - including Bob Meistrell and Bill Meistrell , the founders of Body Glove , and Jack O 'Neill . Various claims have been made over the years that it was the O 'Neill or the Meistrell brothers who actually invented the wetsuit instead of Bradner , but recent researchers have concluded that it was Bradner who created the original wetsuit , and not his competitors . In 2005 the Los Angeles Times concluded that Bradner was the " father of the wetsuit " , and a research paper published by Carolyn Rainey at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1998 provided corroborating evidence . = = Later career and life = = Bradner joined the Scripps Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics as a geophysicist in 1961 . He became a full professor in 1963 and retired in 1980 . He remained interested in oceanography , scuba diving , seashell collecting and the outdoors throughout his later years , and continued to work both on oceanographic research , as well as on the DUMAND deep ocean neutrino astronomy project , which combined his two careers in physics and oceanography . Hugh Bradner died at the age of 92 at his home in San Diego , California , on May 5 , 2008 , from complications of pneumonia . He was survived by his daughter , Bari Cornet , three grandchildren and one great @-@ granddaughter . = Tropical Storm Delia ( 1973 ) = Tropical Storm Delia was the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in the same city twice . Forming out of a tropical wave on September 1 , 1973 , Delia gradually strengthened into a tropical storm as it moved north by September 3 . After reaching this strength , the storm turned more westward and further intensified , nearly attaining hurricane status the next day . The storm peaked with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 986 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 11 inHg ) . Several hours later , Delia made landfall near Freeport , Texas ; however , the storm began to execute a counterclockwise loop , causing it to move back over the Gulf of Mexico . On September 5 , the storm made another landfall in Freeport before weakening to a depression . The remnants of Delia eventually dissipated early on September 7 over northern Mexico . Due to the erratic movement of the storm along the Texas coastline , significant rainfall fell in areas near the center and in parts of Louisiana . This led to widespread flooding , especially of farmland , that left $ 6 million in damages . Five people were killed during the storm . = = Meteorological history = = Tropical Storm Delia originated from a tropical wave that formed over the central Caribbean Sea in late August 1973 . Tracking towards the west @-@ northwest , convective activity increased and the overall structure of the system improved . By August 31 , a weak area of low pressure formed over the Gulf of Honduras . This system tracked northward and further organized into a tropical depression just off the southeastern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula on September 1 . Gradually intensifying , the depression became a tropical storm on September 3 as it turned towards the west . In accordance with its upgrade , it was given the name Delia . This upgrade followed a reconnaissance mission into the system that found sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . A complex steering patter formed later that day , resulting in a more hostile environment for the cyclone . As Delia neared the Texas coastline , it managed to intensify into a strong tropical storm with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and reconnaissance reported winds well in excess of hurricane @-@ force in numerous squalls associated with the storm . The lowest pressure was recorded at 986 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 11 inHg ) . However , Delia was not classified a hurricane as it had not developed an eyewall around the center of circulation . Delia subsequently made its first landfall at Freeport , Texas late on September 4 . After executing a counterclockwise loop , the storm made its second landfall in Freeport on September 5 . After moving inland , the storm quickly weakened , becoming a depression on September 6 before dissipating early the next day over northern Mexico . = = Preparations and impact = = On September 3 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) issued gale warnings and hurricane watches for areas between Lake Charles , Louisiana and the mouth of the Mississippi . Later that day , they were extended westward to Palacios , Texas and eventually , warnings for areas east of Morgan City , Louisiana were canceled . Due to the unexpected loop taken by Delia , gale warnings were extended as far south as Baffin Bay , Texas . By September 6 , the NHC discontinued all watches and warnings associated with the storm . Around this time , the National Weather Service issued flood warnings , and warned residents about the possibility of tornadoes forming with the weakening tropical cyclone . In Cameron , Louisiana , an estimated 6 @,@ 000 residents were evacuated with memories of Hurricane Audrey , a storm that killed 575 in the city , still fresh . Due to the erratic track of the storm along the Texas coastline , widespread heavy rains fell in areas near the storm and in Louisiana . Tides up to 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) , in addition to rainfall up to 13 @.@ 9 in ( 350 mm ) , caused significant flooding in the Galveston @-@ Freeport area . Up to $ 3 million was reported in damages to homes due to the flooding . In southern Louisiana , numerous areas received more than 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain and most of the state recorded at least 3 in ( 76 mm ) . This rainfall led to widespread flooding , particularly in agricultural areas . Damages to crops amounted to $ 3 million . In addition to the flooding rains produced by Delia , eight tornadoes also touched down due to the storm , injuring four people . Five people were killed during Delia , two of which were directly related to the storm . Two of the other deaths resulted from a car crash , triggered by slick roads , with the two occupants of a pickup truck being killed . The fifth death resulted occurred while a man was boarding up his home and suffered a stress @-@ induced heart attack . The outer bands of the storm also produced significant rainfall in Arkansas and Oklahoma , peaking at 9 @.@ 72 in ( 247 mm ) and 8 @.@ 22 in ( 209 mm ) respectively . = Mike Garcia ( baseball , born 1923 ) = Edward Miguel " Mike " Garcia ( November 17 , 1923 – January 13 , 1986 ) , nicknamed " Big Bear " and " Mexican Mike " , was an American right @-@ handed pitcher in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Garcia grew up In Orosi California and entered minor league baseball at the age of 18 . After one season , he joined the U.S. Army and served for three years . Following his military discharge , Garcia returned to baseball . He was promoted to the MLB in 1948 . He played 12 of his 14 major league seasons for the Cleveland Indians . From 1949 to 1954 , Garcia joined Bob Lemon , Early Wynn , and Bob Feller on the Indians ' " Big Four " pitching staff . Historians consider the " Big Four " to be one of the greatest starting pitching rotations in baseball history . During those six seasons with the " Big Four " , Garcia compiled a record of 104 wins against 57 losses . He had two 20 @-@ win seasons and led the American League ( AL ) in earned run average ( ERA ) and shutouts twice each . Garcia 's best season came in 1954 when the Indians won a league record 111 games . Baseball historian Stephen Lombardi said that Garcia may have been the best AL pitcher that year . Garcia remained with the Indians until 1959 , but never duplicated the success he had achieved in 1954 . In his last five seasons with Cleveland , he finished with losing records three times . After leaving the Indians , Garcia spent a season with the Chicago White Sox and a season with the Washington Senators . Garcia retired from baseball in 1961 . He developed diabetes within a few years and suffered from kidney disease and heart problems until his death . Garcia died outside of Cleveland at the age of 62 and was buried in his home state of California . He was the only member of the " Big Four " not elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame , but he has been included on a list of the 100 Greatest Indians and has been inducted into the Cleveland Indians Hall of Fame . Baseball experts and former teammates have commented on Garcia 's overpowering pitching , his fine control and his low ERA . = = Early life = = Garcia was born in San Gabriel , California . He grew up on a ranch in Orosi , California , where his Mexican father , Merced Garcia , moved the family when Mike was two years old . Mike 's father raised horses , and Mike aspired to race them . He participated in one race and was thrown from the horse . Garcia played four years of high school baseball , the first three years at Orosi High School and the last at Visalia High School . Garcia was pitching in semipro baseball when Cleveland Indians scout Willis Butler noticed him in Tulare , California . In 1942 Butler signed him as an amateur free agent to the organization 's Class D farm team , the Appleton Papermakers of the Wisconsin State League . Garcia earned a 10 – 10 win – loss record with Appleton . He spent the next three years as a signalman in the United States Army during World War II . Garcia was discharged from the military at the age of 22 and returned to the Cleveland organization . He played for the Class C Bakersfield Indians of the California League . With Bakersfield , Garcia 's ERA and strikeouts led the league and he earned 22 wins . In 1947 he joined the Cleveland Indians during spring training , but he was assigned to the Class A Wilkes @-@ Barre Barons of the Eastern League by Cleveland coach Bill McKechnie . He finished the season with 17 wins and a 3 @.@ 24 ERA . In 1948 , he pitched for the Double @-@ A Oklahoma City Indians of the Texas League and earned 19 wins . = = Major league career = = = = = Early career = = = Garcia debuted with the Indians on October 8 , 1948 , just before the Indians played in the 1948 World Series . He allowed three hits and no runs in two innings , and he struck out one batter . The Indians won the World Series in six games . It was the franchise 's second World Series victory , but Garcia did not make a World Series appearance . Nicknamed " The Big Bear " by teammate Joe Gordon for his large frame , Garcia was listed at 6 feet 1 inch ( 1 @.@ 85 m ) , 200 lb ( 91 kg ) during his career . Garcia said that his actual playing weight was between 215 – 220 lb ( 97 – 100 kg ) . Garcia also acquired the nickname " Mexican Mike " in the press . However , Garcia 's minority status was not a novelty . The Indians had signed Larry Doby , the first black player in the American League , in 1947 . The 1951 team would add manager Al López and Latino players Minnie Miñoso and Jesse Flores to a squad that already included Garcia and Mexican player Bobby Ávila . Early on , Garcia was paired to room with Avila , who had just signed with the team and did not speak English . Garcia served as a translator for Avila well beyond their first season together . Garcia returned to the Indians in 1949 . A newspaper article predicted that Garcia might fill big needs in the Cleveland bullpen . Garcia saw action as a starter and as a relief pitcher that year , starting 20 of his 41 regular season appearances . He finished his rookie season with a 14 – 5 record , a league @-@ leading 2 @.@ 36 ERA , 94 strikeouts and five shutouts . Fellow pitcher Bob Feller said , " From the beginning , Mike was a sneaky quick pitcher . For a big guy , he was certainly mobile . " One year removed from his rookie season , expectations from Indians General Manager Hank Greenberg and pitching coach Mel Harder were for Garcia to become a key piece of the Indians ' rotation . " Garcia has all the potentialities of a really great pitcher . I see no reason he should not reach greatness this season " , Greenberg said . Garcia finished the 1950 season 11 – 11 . By the 1951 season , media sources had given the nickname " Big Four " to the pitching combination of Garcia , Bob Feller , Bob Lemon and Early Wynn . Garcia had learned to control the curveball that Harder taught him in spring training of 1949 . Harder said that Garcia already had a terrific fastball , but that he became a good pitcher by learning the curveball and working on his control . Cleveland sportswriter Hal Lebovitz wrote , " Garcia , until the day he died , would tell me how much of the success he owed to Harder . " Garcia also once admitted to throwing an occasional spitball , an illegal pitch . " Maybe a dozen in my life . I 'm sure plenty of the great pitchers did " , he said . Garcia pitched a 10 @-@ hit complete game on June 4 , 1951 in an 8 – 2 Cleveland win , helping the Indians beat New York Yankees pitcher Ed Lopat for the first time in two years . Before the game , Lopat 's record was 8 – 0 on the season . Garcia improved his season mark to 5 – 3 . On August 7 against the St. Louis Browns , Garcia reached a career @-@ high 15 wins . In a 5 – 1 victory , he also recorded his second career home run . Garcia won 20 games in 1951 and finished fifth in the AL with six saves . = = = All @-@ Star seasons = = = In 1952 , Garcia made his first of three consecutive All @-@ Star teams . As the Indians battled for the 1952 American League pennant heading into September , he began the month with three consecutive shutouts during an eight @-@ game Indian win streak . The Indians faced Ed Lopat and the Yankees again on September 14 in what Associated Press columnist Jack Hand labeled " one BIG game . " In a 7 – 1 loss , Garcia gave up four earned runs on five hits in three innings . He finished the 1952 season with a 22 – 11 record , 143 strikeouts , an AL @-@ best six shutouts and four saves . He was second in the league in ERA ( 2 @.@ 37 ) , games ( 46 ) and innings pitched ( 292 @.@ 1 , behind Lemon ) . Only Wynn had more wins ( 23 ) among right @-@ handers ; Garcia and Lemon had 22 each , and the pair tied for the league lead with 36 starts . Garcia finished ninth in the 1952 MVP voting . In 1953 , Garcia and Lemon were named pitchers on the AL All @-@ Star squad . Doby and Al Rosen were also on the team , with Rosen selected as the game 's MVP . Garcia finished the season 18 – 9 ; he pitched a career @-@ high 29 complete games with 134 strikeouts and a 3 @.@ 25 ERA . Like the previous season , Lemon and Garcia finished first and second in the American League in innings pitched . Garcia was labeled " one of the hardest @-@ throwing pitchers in the game " by The Cleveland Press Guide . As Feller 's dominance faded in the latter part of his career , Garcia , Lemon , and Wynn were increasingly referred to as the " Big Three " . On May 16 , 1954 , Garcia pitched a one @-@ hitter against the Philadelphia Athletics in a 6 – 0 Indians win . Garcia called it the finest game of his career . He was selected for his third and final All @-@ Star Game when American League manager Casey Stengel added him , Lemon , and Doby to an American League roster that already featured Avila and top vote @-@ getter Al Rosen . During a late July exhibition game , Garcia learned that his father had died at the age of 65 ; Garcia 's son Michael was born the same day . He missed several games that year with a broken blood vessel in his throwing hand , but he managed 45 appearances on the season . Entering the final regular season game in 1954 , Garcia had 19 wins ; he would have received a bonus if he collected 20 wins . After pitching 12 innings , he left with the score tied at 6 – 6 . The Tigers won after 13 innings , 8 – 7 . Earning a no @-@ decision , Garcia failed to reach the 20 @-@ win mark . However , Greenberg had assured Garcia he would receive a bonus whether he won 20 games or not . Garcia pitched six innings or more in six out of his seven August appearances . He earned wins in three out of his last four appearances , and pitched seven innings or more in all four appearances . The team finished 111 – 43 . The win total broke a 154 @-@ game season record , and the team had the lowest team ERA ( 2 @.@ 78 ) in the AL since the Dead @-@ ball era season of 1919 . Garcia was 19 – 8 with 129 strikeouts , again leading the AL in both ERA ( 2 @.@ 64 ) and shutouts ( 5 ) . In the 1954 World Series , the heavily favored Indians were defeated by the New York Giants . Garcia started game three , but was replaced by a pinch hitter in the bottom of the third inning , already trailing 4 – 0 . Author Jonathan Knight described the progression of the game : " ... a throwing error by George Strickland , and Mike Garcia had struggled in the opening frame , allowing three baserunners , as panic began to creep into Municipal Stadium . For the first time all year , it was warranted . " The Giants won the game , 6 – 2 , and would win game four to claim the Series . = = = Final years with Indians = = = From 1955 – 1959 , Garcia finished with losing records in three of five seasons . The 1955 season represented Garcia 's first losing record ( 11 – 13 ) and his first season ERA over 4 @.@ 00 . The 1954 ERA leader finished 1955 with a 4 @.@ 02 ERA . The Indians finished in second place in the AL at 93 – 61 , three games behind the Yankees . Garcia repeated a losing mark on the 1956 season ( 11 – 12 ) , the only time in his career he finished with consecutive losing seasons . He and Wynn were among those who tied for second place in shutouts on the season ( 4 ) behind fellow Indian Herb Score . Cleveland finished 88 – 66 and nine games behind first place , which went to the Yankees again . Lopez was replaced as manager by Kerby Farrell . In spring training before the 1957 season , Farrell observed that the league 's best pitching staff could not carry the team alone . Garcia ended the season 12 – 8 with a 3 @.@ 75 ERA , but the Indians finished sixth in the American League . Their 76 – 77 finish was the club 's first losing record since 1946 . Bobby Bragan replaced Farrell as manager to begin the 1958 season . During a spring training game in March , Garcia slipped on a wet pitcher 's mound and injured his back . He did not make his first regular season appearance until April 27 and he underwent surgery in June for a herniated disc . He finished the season with a 1 – 0 record in six appearances and eight innings of work . That same month , Bragan was fired as manager . He was replaced by former Indians player Joe Gordon , and the Indians finished 77 – 76 . Garcia elected to become a free agent in the offseason , but he returned to the Indians , saying that his home and his dry cleaning business were in Cleveland . " Everything being equal , I 'll sign with the Indians if I decide I 'm able to pitch ... This is a friendly city and I like it " , he said . During a spring training game in March 1959 , Garcia was hit in the knee by a Billy Consolo line drive and was carried off the field on a stretcher and taken to a Tucson hospital . He did not make his first season start until May 3 , when he allowed four hits and no earned runs in a complete game loss . He finished with a 3 – 6 record , a 4 @.@ 00 ERA and 72 innings pitched in his twelfth and final season with the Indians . = = = Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators ( 1960 – 61 ) = = = Garcia signed with the Chicago White Sox for the 1960 season , reuniting with manager Al López and former Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck . Veeck said , " Our reports on Mike were real good . He might help us in 1960 . " He appeared in 15 games and pitched 17 @.@ 2 innings with 4 @.@ 58 ERA and 0 – 0 record . In July 1961 , the expansion Washington Senators signed the 37 @-@ year @-@ old Garcia to a contract . The Senators placed him on waivers before the end of the season . He finished with a 0 – 1 record , pitched 19 innings in 16 games and earned a 4 @.@ 74 ERA . Garcia finished his major league career with a 142 – 97 record , 1 @,@ 117 strikeouts , a 3 @.@ 27 ERA , 27 shutouts and 23 saves in 428 games ( 281 starts ) and 2 @,@ 174 @.@ 6 innings . = = Outside of baseball = = Garcia married Gerda Martin on January 13 , 1951 ; they had three children . He served as a sponsor for Camel cigarettes during his playing days . Garcia raced midget cars during and after his baseball career . Garcia injured the index finger of his throwing hand while working on a midget car in late 1959 , but the wound was repaired without lasting effects . = = Illness and death = = Garcia developed diabetes in his forties . As a result , he suffered from kidney disease and heart damage in the last years of his life . Faced with dialysis three times per week , Garcia joined his former teammates at fundraising events to defray his medical expenses . He died in Fairview Park , Ohio on January 13 , 1986 at the age of 62 . He died on his thirty @-@ fifth wedding anniversary . He was buried in his hometown of Visalia , California . Garcia , whose annual salary was never greater than $ 35 @,@ 000 , died with more than $ 100 @,@ 000 in outstanding medical bills . = = Legacy = = Garcia was not selected a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame . His normal window of eligibility has closed , and he would only be elected by decision of the Hall 's Veterans Committee . Baseball historian Bill James dismissed Garcia 's low ERA due to the " cold , cavernous Cleveland Municipal Stadium , which at that time had a pitcher 's mound higher than white cliffs of Dover " . Referring to Garcia 's great seasons of 1949 to 1954 , baseball historian Wayne Corbett countered , " Garcia 's more famous teammates enjoyed the same home @-@ field advantage , but it was Garcia who recorded the staff 's lowest ERA in four of those six seasons . " Historian Stephen Lombardi wrote , " It is a shame that Mike Garcia is sometimes disregarded . A career such as his does not deserve to fade away from the memory of the overall baseball public . " Cleveland sportswriter and Hall of Fame voter Hal Lebovitz wrote , " If Garcia had pitched long enough , he probably would be in the Hall of Fame . " Teammates have recalled the difficulty that Garcia presented for opposing hitters . George Strickland , who roomed with Garcia on road trips for several seasons , described Garcia as " a big , strong , powerful pitcher " who threw a " very heavy ball . " Bob Lemon describes his pitches similarly . " Hitting a Garcia pitch was like hitting a shotput " , Lemon said . Lemon also commented on his deceptive control . " Mike was a sneak . His physical size belied really fine control " , said Lemon . Garcia was named one of the 100 Greatest Indians in March 2001 and inducted into the Cleveland Indians Hall of Fame on August 11 , 2007 . Each year , the Indians organization gives the Mike Garcia Award to an area high school student who demonstrates " outstanding success in the classroom , on the field , and in their community . " = Aphrodite ( album ) = Aphrodite is the eleventh studio album by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue , released on 30 June 2010 . Beginning in early 2009 , the singer met with British singer @-@ songwriter Nerina Pallot to begin recording sessions for a new album . Although successful at first , the sessions later became unproductive ; Minogue then began working with British electronic music producer Stuart Price , who became the executive producer of the album . The two collaborated with various producers and writers on the album , including Jake Shears , Calvin Harris , Sebastian Ingrosso and Pascal Gabriel . Aphrodite follows a musical approach largely similar to Minogue 's previous albums and is primarily a dance @-@ pop and disco record . It draws influences from various dance @-@ based genres including electropop , hi @-@ NRG , club and rave music . Upon its release , Aphrodite was met with generally positive reviews from music critics , many of whom complimented it as a return to form for Minogue . However , critics were divided on its production ; many felt Price 's production helped make the album cohesive , while some felt it made the album sound too similar to Minogue 's previous work and lacked innovation . Commercially , Aphrodite was a success . In Minogue 's native country Australia , it peaked at number two on the Australian Albums chart , and was later certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association . In the United Kingdom , the album debuted at number one on the UK Albums chart , a feat accomplished by Minogue 's debut studio album Kylie ( 1988 ) during the same week 22 years prior . Aphrodite was the fourth studio album by Minogue to peak atop the UK albums chart and made her the first solo artist to have a number one album in four different decades in the region , achieving this in the 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . She also became a Guinness World Record @-@ holder for achieving the most consecutive decades with top five albums in the United Kingdom . The British Phonographic Industry certified Aphrodite platinum . The album also achieved strong charting internationally , reaching the top @-@ five in countries like Belgium , France , Greece , Spain and Switzerland . It became Minogue 's second highest @-@ charting album in the United States by peaking at number 19 on the Billboard 200 chart . Four singles were released from Aphrodite . Its lead single " All the Lovers " was a commercial success , peaking at number three in the United Kingdom and reaching the top ten in numerous countries like France , Italy , Scotland and Spain . In Australia , it narrowly missed the top ten by peaking at number 13 on the singles chart . " Get Outta My Way " was released as the second single and reached the top 20 in the United Kingdom , but underperformed in Australia after failing to peak inside the top 50 . Similarly , the third single " Better than Today " missed the top 50 in Australia , and additionally missed the top 20 in the United Kingdom . In response to their poor chart performances , Minogue expressed disappointment in her label and stated that no further singles would be released . Despite this statement , " Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) " was released as the fourth and final single from Aphrodite and peaked at number 50 in Australia . In the United States , all four singles released from the album peaked atop the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . To further promote the album , Minogue embarked on the successful Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour in 2011 . = = Background and production = = Following her recovery from breast cancer , Minogue released her tenth studio album X in 2007 . Slated to be released as Minogue 's comeback album , X went platinum in her native country Australia after it debuted at number one on the Australian Albums chart . In the United Kingdom , the album entered and peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart and was eventually certified platinum . Critical reception towards X was generally favourable , although many critics felt that it lacked introspection from Minogue 's side due to its lack of consistency and high amount of " filler " tracks . In retrospect , critics argued that the album did not serve as a worthy comeback for Minogue . Soon , Minogue began working on her eleventh studio album Aphrodite . The initial recording sessions began in April 2009 when Minogue met with British singer @-@ songwriter Nerina Pallot , with whom she readied the track " Better than Today " . Its live instrumentation , along with the fact that X had been burdened by contributions from too many producers , prompted Minogue 's record label Parlophone to decide on a more natural and less convoluted production style for Aphrodite . Later sessions with Pallot proved to be less successful , as her suggested songs were " rapidly supplemented with tracks from a wide range " of contributors . Minogue felt her sessions with Pallot did not yield any dance @-@ pop tracks ; fearing that she was " going down the same road , doing the rounds of all the pop dynamos but lacking any cohesive quality , " she approached her close friend Jake Shears , male lead singer of American pop group Scissor Sisters , for advice . Shears encouraged her to work with Stuart Price , a Grammy award @-@ winning British electronic music producer who had collaborated with Scissor Sisters on their third studio album Night Work ( 2010 ) . Miles Leonard , chairman of Parlophone , enlisted Price as the executive producer of the album . He had previously served as the executive producer of American recording artist Madonna 's tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) , and international news agency Reuters regarded him as " one of the most in @-@ demand pop producers " . In an interview with a writer for Popjustice , Price revealed that he got involved in the production of Aphrodite after he met Minogue for a writing session in October 2009 . As executive producer , Price was responsible for " shaping the album 's sound " , deciding its track listing , and mixing the songs in order to ensure that they " feel like they 're part of the same album " . Popjustice commented that every song on the album has " gone through a bit of a Stuart Price filter so that it doesn 't sound like some dickhead [ sic ] A & R has just aimlessly scooped a load of tracks off a shelf " . Aphrodite marked the first time Minogue enlisted an executive producer ; discussing the process , she said " It was just the best experience , and funnily enough I think it 's the most cohesive album I 've had since the beginning of my career , back in the PWL days , where by its very nature made it cohesive . There 's a lot to be said for working with different producers and trying different stuff which has worked really well for me in the past but I definitely wanted someone to tie this together as Stuart has done so beautifully [ ... ] so that it existed as a real body of work " . Minogue and Price subjected songs on Aphrodite to a " Parton Test " , as they " knew a song would work if it made sense when sung in the style of Dolly Parton " . Shears also contributed to the album , while two of Pallot 's collaborations with Minogue were kept . Additional collaborators on the album include Scottish disc jockey Calvin Harris , Swedish disc jockey Sebastien Ingrosso and Belgian musician Pascal Gabriel . = = Composition = = Billed by her record label Parlophone as her comeback album , Aphrodite is a celebration of Minogue 's " dance @-@ floor roots " , and is primarily a dance @-@ pop and disco album . Its title alludes to the Greek goddess of love , beauty , pleasure , and procreation . " All the Lovers " , one of the last tracks to be recorded for the album , is a " squiggly " electropop @-@ influenced disco song written by Jim Eliot and Mima Stilwell , who had previously collaborated with Minogue on " 2 Hearts " , the lead single from X. It is similar to Minogue 's 2004 single " I Believe in You " , but has a " more danceable edge " , and features a " gauzy , heartbeat rhythm " and 1980s @-@ stylised synthesiser riffs . The song was met with critical acclaim from music critics and was frequently commended for its production and chorus . The second track " Get Outta My Way " combines electronic music and bubblegum pop with disco elements . The song focuses on a " frustrated and furious " Minogue delivering " wispy " vocals in a form of a warning to her uncaring partner , indicating that she may leave him and start " grinding away with another chap " . Its lyrical content is suggestive in nature . The song received generally favourable reviews from music critics and was complimented for its musical composition and subject matter . " Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) " is a hi @-@ NRG @-@ influenced club song . Receiving mixed critical reviews , its lyrics were criticised for being clichéd although one critic named it a " concert hit waiting to happen . " " Closer " takes a darker and more atmospheric approach , featuring " sighing background vocals and spiralling harpsichord @-@ esque synths . " Critics felt that it was one of the more interesting and experimental songs of the album . Although Price said that no ballads were included in the album , critics opined that the downtempo pop song " Everything is Beautiful " was penned like one . " Aphrodite " , the title track of the album , is a nineties @-@ influenced dance @-@ pop song which features a " foot @-@ stomping " beat and " military drummed " instrumentation , similar to that of a marching band . Stuart Price likened the song to Janet Jackson for its " ' Rhythm Nation ' -esque qualities . " The song , one of Minogue 's two collaborations with Pallot that were kept on the track list , is penned like a dance anthem through which Minogue " brags " about her sexual prowess . It was met with critical acclaim by most music critics , and was declared to be one of the strongest tracks on the album . Minogue wrote the melancholic seventh track " Illusion " with Price . " Better Than Today " , the first track to be recorded for the album and the second collaboration with Pallot , is a " breezy summertime " pop song with influences of electropop and country music . It was complimented as likeable and a stand @-@ out , but criticised for its monotony . Rave music acts as a significant influence on " Too Much " , a disco and synthpop track written by Minogue , Jake Shears , and Calvin Harris . Critics were divided on the track , with its energy being praised but Harris ' production being disapproved of . The dance @-@ rock song " Cupid Boy " finds inspiration from English alternative rock band New Order and features Minogue delivering " lusty " vocals over a retro bass line . Its intro , New Order @-@ influenced bass line , and rock guitar instrumentation positively surprised critics . " Looking for an Angel " , one of the first songs Minogue and Price wrote together , is composed of " celestial synth strings " and contains an extended breakdown . Price 's production of the song received mixed opinions from critic . The set closes with the electropop track " Can 't Beat the Feeling " , which is similar to the work of French electronic music duo Daft Punk . Its energetic composition and placement as the closing track was appreciated by critics . = = Singles = = Four singles were released to promote Aphrodite . " All the Lovers " was released as its lead single in June 2010 . Explaining her decision to release it as the lead single , Minogue said that " as I was recording it I knew that " All The Lovers " had to be the first single ; it sums up the euphoria of the album perfectly . It gives me goose @-@ bumps , so I 'm really excited to hear what everyone thinks of it " . Commercially , " All the Lovers " performed well , particularly in Europe . It peaked at number three on the UK Singles chart , where it was later certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 units . The single also reached the top ten in France , Italy , where it was later certified gold , Scotland , and Spain , where it peaked atop the physical singles chart . In Australia , " All the Lovers " missed peaking inside the top ten by reaching number 13 on the singles chart . In this region , it was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 35 @,@ 000 units . In the United States , the song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Joseph Kahn and features Minogue singing the song , dressed in a white cobweb @-@ style T @-@ shirt worn over a black bra and knickers , while standing atop a mountain of lingerie @-@ clad couples caressing each other . " Get Outta My Way " was released as the second single , on 27 September 2010 . While it was moderately successful in the United Kingdom , and reached number 14 on the UK Singles chart , it was a commercial disappointment in Australia and only managed to peak at number 69 on the singles chart . In the United States , the song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . The accompanying music video , directed by AlexandLiane , features Minogue , and a number of male models , performing various dance routines wearing a gold chain mini dress , a red silk mini trench and an LBD . " Better than Today " was released as the third single from the album , on 3 December 2010 . Although critics were generally favourable towards the song as a track on the album , some dismissed its release as a single due to its overly sweet @-@ sounding composition . The single was less successful than " All the Lovers " and " Get Outta My Way " . It peaked at number 55 on the Australian singles chart , and thus became the second single release from Aphrodite to miss charting inside the top 50 . In the United Kingdom , it missed charting inside the top 20 by peaking at number 32 on the UK singles chart . In the United States , the song became the third consecutive single release from the album to peak at number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . An old school arcade game @-@ inspired music video was directed for the song by Minogue and her stylist William Baker . Following the poor chart performance of " Get Outta My Way " and " Better Than Today " , Minogue expressed disappointment in her record label Parlophone , saying : " It 's confusing . I felt a little let down with my releases from Aphrodite . I was caught out like a lot of artists were , with record companies figuring out how to do single releases these days . I remember doing a promo for one of the last singles and it just felt really old @-@ fashioned . I 'm pretty computer @-@ savvy , something didn 't feel right , but no one said anything to me . You get Britney releasing " Hold It Against Me " and Gaga 's " Born This Way " available on iTunes the day you hear it first . That 's how it should be . And there 's me waiting for a mid @-@ week chart figure like it 's 1989 . " Although Minogue mentioned that " Better Than Today " would be the last single to be released from Aphrodite , " Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) " was released as the fourth and final single from the album , on 29 May 2011 . The single managed to reach the top 50 in Australia , peaking at number 50 on the singles chart . It peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart , thus becoming the fourth single from Aphrodite to peak atop the chart . No official music video for the single was commissioned , although a lyric video for a remixed version of the song by Pete Hammond was released . = = Release and promotion = = Aphrodite was released in Australia on 2 July 2010 in digital download , standard CD , and vinyl formats . In the United Kingdom , it was released on 5 July 2010 . A special " Experience Edition " CD , which contains a 28 page booklet , unseen footage from Minogue 's 2009 For You , For Me tour , behind the scenes footage of the promotional photo and video shoots of the album , an exclusive interview , and a previously unreleased bonus track entitled " Mighty Rivers " , was also released on the same day . The artwork of the album captures Minogue " transformed into a goddess " as she is dressed in a dark blue , metal @-@ adorned , silk muslin gown , taken from French fashion designer Jean Paul Gaultier 's spring @-@ summer 2010 haute couture collection . Gaultier had previously designed the costumes for Minogue 's KylieX2008 and For You , For Me tours . On 6 July , Minogue celebrated the worldwide release of the album with a performance held at the Pacha Club at Ibiza , Spain . It was released in the United States on the same day . = = = Tour = = = To promote Aphrodite , Minogue embarked on the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , beginning in early 2011 . The tour was staged by the creative team behind Disneyland Resort 's World of Color show , and the budget of the tour was reported to be around $ 25 million . Concert shows were held at Europe , North America , Asia , Australia and Africa . Minogue 's costumes and wardrobe was designed by her frequent collaborators Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana , owners of the Italian luxury industry fashion house Dolce and Gabbana . The concert shows were spectacles " loosely based around Greek mythology " . The entire tracklist of the album , excluding only the song " Too Much " , was included in the setlist of the tour ; other songs were taken from Minogue 's previous studio albums , such as Light Years ( 2000 ) and Fever ( 2001 ) . The tour was a commercial success , and ranked at number 21 on Pollstar 's year @-@ end " Top 25 Worldwide Tours " list , with a total gross of $ 52 @.@ 8 million and ticket sales of 527 @,@ 683 units . A live album of the concert show held at the O2 Arena in London , was released as Aphrodite Les Folies : Live in London , on 7 June 2011 . = = Critical reception = = The album received generally positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Aphrodite received an average score of 67 based on 21 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Ben Norman from About.com appreciated Price 's production , noting Aphrodite to be more consistent than X. Although the critic mentioned that the songs do not provide the " immediate appeal " , like those in X did , he labelled Aphrodite " another knockout hit album " from Minogue and the " Do Not Miss album of 2010 " . Tim Sendra from AllMusic commended Minogue 's choice of collaborators and producers , commenting that the album is the " work of someone who knows exactly what her skills are and who to hire to help showcase them to perfection " . He also appreciated the album 's cohesion and commercial prospect , and named it " one of her best " . The Billboard review of the album complimented Price 's " ability to create consistent sound without sacrificing each track 's individuality " , and termed Aphrodite a " journey cohesive , fun and fitting for a goddess " . Ian Wade from BBC Music gave the album an extremely positive review and found it to be an " astonishing return to form " for Minogue . Wade commended her for returning to her roots and becoming the " Kylie of Fever and Light Years " ; he concluded the review by calling Aphrodite an " all @-@ killer , flags @-@ aloft amazing triumph " and that " not liking this ( album ) would be like not being keen on breathing " . Nick Levine from Digital Spy felt that it was her best album since Fever and admitted that while Aphrodite isn 't " deep " , it " sure ain 't dumb either " , opining that it is meant to be heard for relaxation and enjoyment . Mikael Wood praised the tracks ' danceability and concluded that " The diminutive Australian diva is still delivering disco thunder from Down Under " . Priya Elan from NME felt that Price was the " perfect choice of musical partner " and complimented him for producing Minogue 's " most unified work in ages " . Christel Loar from PopMatters found the album similar to Light Years and Fever and commended the production , opining that while " dance pop with this much gloss and unabashed glee is relegated to the realms of guilty pleasure " , Aphrodite is " that rare representation of perfect production that is just pleasure , pure and simple " . Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone labelled the album Minogue 's " finest work since 1997 's underrated Impossible Princess " . Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph complimented Price for enlisting a " top notch " team of collaborators and termed Aphrodite a " mainstream pop blast " . Barry Walters from Spin commended Minogue for returning to her original style of music , saying " Finally even the suits realize that no one wants ersatz hip @-@ hop or Americanized AOR from Australia 's ultimate pop tart " . However , many critics were displeased with Minogue 's lack of innovation on Aphrodite . Helen Clarke from MusicOMH gave the album an overall positive review and appreciated Minogue for " just what she does , and somehow it works " , but did mention that it " fails to quite hit the spot " . Jon Parales from The New York Times found the album too similar to the work of Madonna , especially her studio albums Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) and Ray of Light ( 1998 ) , and commented that " No one 's asking for reality in this ( Minogue 's ) pop bubble — just a little bit more innovation " . Kitty Empire from The Observer enjoyed the album and complimented Price for " lending a sleek cohesion to the whole ( album ) " , but opined that Aphrodite " lacks the depth and chutzpah of some of her rivals ' efforts " . Slant Magazine critic Sal Cinquemani noted it to be " more stylistically coherent than the abovementioned albums " and predicted that it would " no doubt please longtime fans " , but also criticized Price 's shallow " antiseptic " production which he felt was not able to complement Minogue 's voice . James Reed from The Boston Globe gave the album a negative review and criticized it for being too dated , commenting that its " release date is 2010 , but its freshness seal is clearly stamped 2000 ( circa Minogue 's Light Years ) [ sic ] " . He called the album Minogue 's " least interesting work she 's made in a decade " and a " letdown " , and concluded by saying that " simply being fabulous isn 't enough " . Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian acknowledged the album 's " sharp production " , but commented that the album is " only as good as Kylie herself " and criticized it for being uninteresting ; she concluded by saying that " Perhaps thinking outside the box – an acoustic album ? – is what 's needed next " . Margaret Wappler from the Los Angeles Times commented on the album 's dependency on " old reliable " music and concluded " Our midnight bird ( Minogue ) has been in the club for a long time , however , and it shows " . Sophia Money @-@ Coutts from The National was not impressed with Minogue for bringing " the usual stuff about being completely herself on this album and how happy that has made her " and also criticized Price for not producing anything inventive . The critic was specifically negative towards billing Aphrodite as a comeback similar to Fever , because she felt it lacked new and diverse material from Minogue 's previous efforts ; she summed up by saying that " Criticising Kylie feels like swearing at the Dalai Lama , but this is a princess that needs a slight prod " . = = = Accolades and recognition = = = In 2010 , Aphrodite was nominated for " Best Pop Release " at the ARIA Music Awards , but lost to Sia Furler 's We Are Born ; Minogue was nominated for " Best Female Artist " , but lost to Megan Washington . AllMusic included Aphrodite on their list of " Favorite Pop Albums of 2010 " year @-@ end list . Idolator included the album on their list of " 10 Out of ' 10 : Idolator 's Favorite Albums of the Year " list , with critic Robbie Daw writing that " hooking up with producer Stuart Price turned out to be the perfect way for Kylie to give her already impressive career a fresh jolt " and that " Aphrodite pretty much was my Summer 2010 " . Minogue finished at number 40 on music website Last.fm 's " Best of 2010 " list , which is compiled on the basis of amount of " scrobbles " an album gets on the site . At the 2011 Virgin Media Music Awards , Aphrodite was voted the " Best Album " by British music fans . The lead single " All the Lovers " also received an award , being voted " Best Single " . At the 2011 Brit Awards , Minogue received her eighth nomination for " Best International Female Solo Artist " . = = Commercial performance = = On the chart date of 18 July 2010 , Aphrodite debuted and peaked at number two on the Australian Albums chart ; it stayed in the position for three weeks . It spent a total of 15 weeks on the chart , and by 2011 , Aphrodite had been certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 units . In the United Kingdom , Aphrodite debuted at number one on UK Albums chart , selling 79 @,@ 000 copies on the chart date of 17 July 2010 @.@ and at number two on the Top Electronic Albums chart . The same feat had been accomplished by Minogue 's debut studio album Kylie ( 1988 ) during the same week 22 years prior . Aphrodite was Minogue 's fourth studio album to peak at number one in the region , after Kylie , Enjoy Yourself ( 1989 ) , and Fever , and her tenth studio album to chart within the top 10 . The album spent one week at number one and a total of 29 weeks in the top 40 of the chart . In April 2011 , Aphrodite was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments of 300 @,@ 000 units . Minogue became a Guinness World Record @-@ holder for become the female artist with the most consecutive decades with top five albums in the United Kingdom . She also became the first solo artist to have a number one album in four different decades in the United Kingdom , in the 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . In Austria , the album entered and peaked at number three on the Austrian Albums charts and stayed on the chart for a total of 10 weeks . In the Dutch @-@ speaking Flanders region of Belgium , it entered the Ultratop chart at number six and peaked at number four , spending a total of 12 weeks on the chart . It was more successful in the French @-@ speaking Wallonia region of the country , where it entered the Ultratop chart at number 11 and peaked at number three , spending a total of 16 weeks on the chart . In Belgium , Aphrodite was certified gold by the Belgian Entertainment Association ( BEA ) for sales of 10 @,@ 000 units . In France , the album entered and peaked at number three on the French Albums chart , and spent a total of 23 weeks on the chart . Similarly , in Germany , it entered and peaked at number three on the German Albums chart , spending a total of 12 weeks on the chart . In Greece , Aphrodite entered the Greek Albums chart at number 28 and peaked at number one , spending a total of seven weeks on the chart . It was Minogue 's first album to chart in the region . In Spain , the album entered the Spanish Albums chart at number three and peaked at number two , spending a total of 37 weeks on the chart and becoming Minogue 's highest @-@ charting album in the region . In Switzerland , Aphrodite entered and peaked at number two on the Swiss Albums , spending a total of 13 weeks on the chart . In Canada , Aphrodite became Minogue 's highest @-@ charting album to date by peaking at number eight on the Billboard Canadian Albums chart . In the United States , the album peaked at number 19 on the Billboard 200 chart , spending a total of three weeks on the chart . It marked Minogue 's second @-@ highest @-@ charting album in the region , behind only Fever , which peaked at number three . It also debuted and peaked at number one on the Billboard European Albums chart , and at number two on the Top Electronic Albums chart . = = Track listing = = Credits for Aphrodite adapted from liner notes . = = = Les Folies Tour Edition = = = On 28 June 2011 , a three @-@ disc remix collection of Aphrodite , subtitled the Les Folies Tour Edition , was released . It contains remixes of the original songs by various producers such as Pete Hammond , Denzal Park , Muscles , and Bimbo Jones . Notes ^ [ a ] signifies a co @-@ producer = = Personnel = = Credits for Aphrodite adapted from liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Hurricane Bonnie ( 1992 ) = Hurricane Bonnie was a long @-@ lived storm in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season . It was the third tropical storm ( including the April subtropical storm ) and second hurricane of the 1992 season . Bonnie formed at high latitudes in the central Atlantic on September 17 . Devoid of any real steering currents for much of its lifespan , it was nearly stationary for over a week in the central Atlantic Ocean . On September 27 , it began to slowly track east and northeast towards the Azores . Just before becoming extratropical , it affected the Azores on September 30 , although no damage was reported . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of the system was a cold front that moved off the U.S. East Coast on September 11 . The front moved gradually off the coast and into the subtropical Atlantic Ocean before becoming stationary just east of Bermuda on September 15 . Over the next two days , the cloud cover slowly detached itself from the front and form into a tropical low in its own right . On the afternoon of September 17 , the system was organized enough to be declared Tropical Depression Four . The depression organized steadily that evening and into the morning of September 18 . Later that day , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bonnie and it began to move slowly to the northeast . Like most storms that develop in higher latitudes , Bonnie was embedded in a larger @-@ scale cyclonic circulation at first , which minimized shear ( allowing it to develop ) and provided weak steering currents . The low shear allowed Bonnie to rapidly develop and a small but well @-@ defined eye formed late that morning . The storm was upgraded to a hurricane later that day while meandering in the open ocean . The intensification rate slowed down after becoming a hurricane . In addition , Bonnie began to slowly move more to the northeast on September 19 as steering currents slowly developed . Bonnie strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson hurricane scale that morning as well , peaking at 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) with a 970 mbar central pressure . The general track and intensity maintained itself throughout the day and into September 20 , when the eye became less distinct and Bonnie weakened slightly , although remaining a Category 2 hurricane . Early on September 21 , the eye became better defined once again and Bonnie restrengthened slightly while continuing its slow northeast motion . That afternoon , the storm gradually strengthened some more and reached its peak intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a central pressure of 965 mbar , just under Category 3 intensity . Bonnie maintained its strength through the evening and into the early morning of September 22 , when it began to weaken very gradually and level off . Bonnie also began to turn more eastward at that point before it became held up by a blocking mid @-@ latitude ridge of high pressure , which stalled the motion	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
. Bonnie remained virtually stationary until the morning of September 23 when it drifted very slowly to the west @-@ southwest in response to the ridge . It also began to gradually weaken as the low @-@ level center became exposed and the storm became poorly organized . Convection also diminished , and on the afternoon of September 24 , Bonnie was downgraded to a tropical storm as it drifted over cooler waters . Bonnie continued to lose most of its deep convection during the day on September 25 as it began to make a turn back around to the south . That evening , Bonnie was downgraded to a tropical depression . The weakening trend ended early on September 26 and Bonnie regained tropical storm status that afternoon as deep convection re @-@ established itself . Bonnie continued its change in direction , turning to the southeast at this point as it slowly redeveloped despite being in a high @-@ shear environment . It had also briefly showed signs of becoming extratropical on September 27 as it made the turn to the northeast as a weak tropical storm , and was operationally declared extratropical at that point until the afternoon of September 28 . During that period , Bonnie actually strengthened back into a high @-@ end tropical storm . Bonnie roughly followed Hurricane Charley 's path towards the Azores thereafter . The storm became entrenched in an environment with greater wind shear , although it only weakened slightly on September 29 as it accelerated towards the northeast . The storm crossed over the Azores on September 30 as a strong tropical storm with 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) winds . After that , Bonnie quickly lost its tropical characteristics and was declared extratropical late that afternoon , just east of the Azores . The extratropical low drifted back to the southwest in a clockwise loop , actually approaching the Azores once again while dissipating . It dissipated on October 2 . = = Impact = = When Bonnie passed over the Azores only four days after Charley , it resulted in tropical storm @-@ force winds across much of the island chain . Lajes Air Base reported sustained winds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) with gusts to 59 mph ( 94 km / h ) . In addition , one man was killed by a rock fall on the island of São Miguel . No damage was reported in the Azores . = Mary Martha Sherwood = Mary Martha Sherwood ( née Butt ; 6 May 1775 – 22 September 1851 ) was a prolific and influential writer of children 's literature in 19th @-@ century Britain . She composed over 400 books , tracts , magazine articles , and chapbooks . Among her best known works are The History of Little Henry and his Bearer ( 1814 ) , The History of Henry Milner ( 1822 – 37 ) , and The History of the Fairchild Family ( 1818 – 47 ) . While Sherwood is known primarily for the strong evangelicalism that coloured her early writings , her later works are characterized by common Victorian themes , such as domesticity . Sherwood 's childhood was uneventful , although she recalled it as the happiest part of her life . After she married Captain Henry Sherwood and moved to India , she converted to evangelical Christianity and began to write for children . Although her books were initially intended only for the children of the military encampments in India , the British public also received them enthusiastically . The Sherwoods returned to England after a decade in India and , building upon her popularity , Sherwood opened a boarding school and published scores of texts for children and the poor . Many of Sherwood 's books were bestsellers and she has been described as " one of the most significant authors of children 's literature of the nineteenth century " . Her depictions of domesticity and Britain 's relationship with India may have played a part in shaping the opinions of many young British readers . However , her works fell from favor as a different style of children 's literature came into fashion during the late nineteenth century , one exemplified by Lewis Carroll 's playful and nonsensical Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . = = Early life = = Sherwood was born on 6 May 1775 , in Stanford @-@ on @-@ Teme , Worcestershire , as the eldest daughter and second child of Martha Butt and Reverend George Butt , the chaplain in ordinary to George III . In her autobiography , Sherwood describes herself as an imaginative and playful child . She composed stories in her head before she could write and begged her mother to copy them down . Sherwood remembered her childhood as a delightful time filled with exciting " adventures " undertaken with her brother . She even makes the best of the " stocks " that she was forced to stand in while she did her lessons : It was the fashion then for children to wear iron collars round the neck , with back @-@ boards strapped over the shoulders . To one of these I was subjected from my sixth to my thirteenth year . I generally did all my lessons standing in stocks , with this same collar round my neck ; it was put on in the morning , and seldom taken off till late in the evening . . . And yet I was a very happy child , and when relieved from my collars I not unseldom manifested my delight by starting from our hall @-@ door and taking a run for half a mile through the woods . Sherwood and her sister , Lucy Lyttelton 's education was wide @-@ ranging for girls during the late eighteenth century : Sherwood learned Latin and Greek and was permitted to read freely in her father 's library . Sherwood states in her autobiography that she was tall and ungainly for her age and that she hid in the woods with her doll to escape visitors . But she seems to have enjoyed attending Madame St. Quentin 's School for Girls at Reading Abbey , which was run by French émigrés and was the same school Jane Austen had attended . Sherwood seems to have had a generally happy childhood , marred only by the intrusion of the French Revolution and the upheavals it caused throughout Europe . Sherwood spent some of her teenage years in Lichfield , where she enjoyed the company of the eminent naturalist Erasmus Darwin , the educational reformer Richard Lovell Edgeworth , his daughter Maria Edgeworth — who later became a famous writer in her own right — and the celebrated poet Anna Seward . Although she was intellectually stimulated by this group of gifted writers , she was distressed by their lack of faith and later described Richard Edgeworth as an " infidel . " She also criticized Seward 's persona of the female author , writing in her autobiography that she would never model herself after a woman who wore a wig and accumulated male flatterers . Despite what she viewed as the pitfalls of fame , she was determined to become a writer and when she was seventeen her father , who encouraged her writing , helped her publish her first story , Traditions ( 1795 ) . When Sherwood 's father died in 1795 , her family retired from its active social life , since her mother preferred seclusion , and moved to Bridgnorth , Shropshire . At Bridgnorth Sherwood began writing sentimental novels ; in 1802 she sold Margarita for £ 40 to Mr. Hazard of Bath , and The History of Susan Grey , a Pamela @-@ like novel , for £ 10 . During this time she also taught at a local Sunday school . = = Marriage and India = = On 30 June 1803 , Sherwood became an army wife by marrying her cousin , Captain Henry Sherwood ( 1776 – 1849 ) ( cousin marriage was a common practice before the twentieth century ) . For several years , she accompanied her husband and his regiment , the 53rd Foot , on numerous postings throughout Britain . In 1804 , Capt. Sherwood was promoted to paymaster , which slightly improved the couple 's finances . In 1805 the regiment was ordered to India and the Sherwoods were forced to leave their first child , Mary Henrietta , with Sherwood 's mother and sister in England . Sherwood 's four @-@ month sea voyage to India was difficult ; she was again pregnant and the regiment 's ship was attacked by French warships . The Sherwoods stayed in India for eleven years , moving with the army and an ever @-@ increasing family from Calcutta ( Kolkata ) to Dinapore ( Danapur ) to Berhampore ( Baharampur ) to Cawnpore ( Kanpur ) to Meerut ( Meerut ) . They had six children in India : Henry ( 1805 – 1807 ) , Lucy Martha ( 1807 – 1808 ) , Lucy Elizabeth ( 1809 – 1835 ) , Emily ( 1811 – 1833 ) , Henry Martyn ( 1813 – ? ) , and Sophia ( 1815 – ? ) . The deaths of the infants Henry and Lucy Martha and later of young Emily and Lucy Elizabeth affected Sherwood deeply ; she frequently named the heroes and heroines of her books ( many of whom die ) after her late children . Following the agonizing death of her second child , Henry , of whooping cough , Sherwood began to consider converting to evangelical Christianity . The famous missionary Henry Martyn ( for whom she named her sixth child ) finally convinced her ; but it was the chaplain to the company , Mr. Parson , who first made her aware of her " human depravity " and her need for redemption . After her conversion , she was anxious to pursue evangelical missionary work in India , but she first had to persuade the East India Company that its policy of religious neutrality was ill @-@ conceived . Because there was social and political support for missionary programs in Britain , the Company eventually approved her endeavors . Sherwood established schools for both the children of army officers and the local Indian children attached to the camp . The children were often taught in her home , as no buildings were available . The first school began with 13 children and grew to over 40 , with pupils ranging from the very young to adolescents ; uneducated soldiers also attended at times . Sherwood discovered that traditional British teaching materials did not appeal to children raised in India , and therefore wrote her own Indian- and army @-@ themed stories , such as The History of Little Henry and his Bearer ( 1814 ) and The Memoirs of Sergeant Dale , his Daughter and the Orphan Mary ( 1815 ) . Sherwood also adopted neglected or orphaned children from the camp . In 1807 she adopted Annie Child , a three @-@ year @-@ old who had been given too much medicinal gin and in 1808 a malnourished two @-@ year @-@ old Sally Pownal . She found homes for those she could not adopt and founded an orphanage . In 1816 , on the advice of doctors , she and her family returned to Britain ; in her autobiography Sherwood relates that she was continually ill in India and it was believed at the time that neither she nor any of her children could survive in a tropical climate . = = Return to Britain and death = = When the Sherwoods returned to Britain , they were financially strapped . Captain Sherwood , having been put on half @-@ pay , opened a school in Henwick , Worcestershire . Relying on her fame as an author and her teaching experience in India , Sherwood also decided to establish a boarding school for girls in Wick ; it remained in operation for eight years . She taught English , French , astronomy , history , geography , grammar , writing and arithmetic . At the same time , she wrote hundreds of tracts , novels and other works for children and the poor , increasing her popularity in both the United States and Britain . The History of Henry Milner ( 1822 ) was one of Sherwood 's most successful books ; children sent her fan mail , begging her to write a sequel — one sent her " ornamental pens " with which to do so . Babies were named after the hero . Sherwood published much of what she wrote in The Youth 's Magazine , a children 's periodical that she edited for over two decades . By the 1830s , the Sherwoods had become more prosperous and the family decided to travel to the continent . The texts that Sherwood wrote following this trip reflect her exposure to French culture in particular . She also embarked on a large and complex Old Testament project at this time , for which she learned Hebrew . To assist her , her husband assembled , over the course of ten years , a large Hebrew @-@ English concordance . Unfortunately , Sherwood 's autobiography provides scant details regarding the last forty @-@ odd years of her life . However , we do know that even in her seventies , Sherwood wrote for four or five hours a day ; many of these books were co @-@ authored with Sherwood 's daughter , Sophia . According to M. Nancy Cutt , a Sherwood scholar , this joint authorship led to a " watery sentimentality " not evident in Sherwood 's earlier works as well as a greater emphasis on issues of class . In 1849 , the Sherwoods moved to Twickenham , Middlesex , and in December of that year Captain Sherwood died . Sherwood herself died almost two years later on 20 September 1851 . = = Literary analysis = = Sherwood scholar M. Nancy Cutt has argued that Sherwood 's career can be usefully divided into three periods : ( 1 ) her romantic period ( 1795 – 1805 ) , during which she wrote a few sentimental novels ; ( 2 ) her evangelical period ( 1810 – c . 1830 ) , during which she produced her most popular and influential works ; and ( 3 ) her post @-@ evangelical period ( c . 1830 – 1851 ) . Several underlying themes pervade most of Sherwood 's works throughout these periods : " her conviction of inherent human corruption " ; her belief that literature " had a catechetical utility " for every rank of society ; her belief that " the dynamics of family life " should reflect central Christian principles ; and her " virulent " anti @-@ Catholicism . = = = Early writings : sentimental novels = = = Sherwood 's earliest works are the sentimental novels Traditions ( 1795 ) and Margarita ( 1795 ) ; although both are more worldly than her later works , neither received much recognition . By contrast , The History of Susan Gray , which was written for the girls of her Sunday school class in Bridgnorth , made Sherwood a famous author . Like Hannah More 's tracts , the novel is designed to teach middle @-@ class morality to the poor . This novel — which Patricia Demers , a children 's literature scholar , describes as a " purified Pamela " — tells the story of Susan , an orphaned servant girl , who " resists the advances of a philandering soldier ; though trembling with emotion at the man 's declaration of love and promise of marriage . " The reader is regularly reminded of the " wages of sin " since Susan 's story is told from her deathbed . A separate narrator , seemingly Sherwood , often interrupts the tale to warn readers against particular actions , such as becoming a " bad woman . " Despite a didactic tone that is often distasteful to modern readers , Susan Gray was so popular at the time of its release that it was pirated by multiple publishers . In 1816 , Sherwood published a revised and " improved " version , which Sarah Trimmer positively reviewed in The Guardian of Education . Sherwood wrote a companion story , The History of Lucy Clare , which was published in 1810 . = = = French literary influences = = = Although Sherwood disagreed with the principles espoused by French revolutionaries , her own works are modeled on French children 's literature , much of which is infused with Rousseauvian ideals . For example , in The History of Henry Milner , Part I ( 1822 ) and The History of the Fairchild Family , Part I ( 1818 ) Sherwood adopts Arnaud Berquin 's " habitual pattern of small domestic situations acted out by children under the eye of parents or fellows . " Likewise , The Lady of the Manor ( 1823 – 29 ) shares similar themes and structures with Madame de Genlis ' Tales of the Castle ( 1785 ) . David Hanson , a scholar of nineteenth @-@ century literature , has questioned this interpretation , however , arguing that the tales told by the maternal figure in The Lady of the Manor demonstrate a " distrust of parents , " and of mothers in particular , because they illustrate the folly of overly permissive parenting . In these inset stories , only outsiders discipline children correctly . One of Sherwood 's aims in her evangelically themed The History of Henry Milner ( 1822 – 37 ) was to challenge what she saw as the irreligion inherent in French pedagogy . Henry Milner was written in direct response to Thomas Day 's The History of Sandford and Merton ( 1783 – 89 ) , a novel founded on the philosophy of Rousseau ( whose writings Sherwood had lambasted as " the well @-@ spring of infidelity " ) . Nevertheless , as children 's literature scholar Janis Dawson points out , the structure and emphasis of Henry greatly resemble Rousseau 's own Emile ( 1762 ) : their pedagogies are very similar , even if their underlying assumptions about childhood are diametrically opposed . Both books isolate the child in order to encourage him to learn from the natural world , but Sherwood 's Henry is naturally depraved while Rousseau 's Emile is naturally good . As the series progressed , however , Sherwood 's views of religion changed ( she became a universalist ) , causing her to place greater emphasis on childhood innocence in the later volumes . = = = Evangelicalism = = = The strongest themes in Sherwood 's early evangelical writings are the need to recognize one 's innate " depravity " and the need to prepare oneself for eternity . For Sherwood , the most important lessons emphasize " faith , resignation , and implicit obedience to the will of God . " In her adaptation of John Bunyan 's Pilgrim 's Progress ( 1678 ) — The Infant 's Progress ( 1821 ) — she represents original sin as a child named " In @-@ bred Sin " who tempts the young pilgrims on their way to the Celestial City ( Heaven ) and it is these battles with In @-@ bred Sin that constitute the major conflict of the text . The allegory is complex and , as Demers admits , " tedious " for even the " willing reader . " Thus , " some young readers may have found [ In @-@ bred Sin 's ] activities more interesting than the spiritual struggles of the little heroes , reading the book as an adventure story rather than as a guide to salvation . " Such religious allegory , although not always so overt , continued to be a favorite literary device of Sherwood 's . Sherwood also infused her works with political and social messages dear to evangelicals during the teens and twenties , such as the crucial role of missions , the value of charity , the evils of slavery and the necessity of Sabbath observance . She wrote Biblically based introductions to astronomy and ancient history so that children would have Christian textbooks . As Cutt argues , " the intent of these ( as indeed of all Evangelical texts ) was to offset the deistic tendency to consider knowledge an end in itself . " Sherwood also revised classic children 's books to make them appropriately religious , such as Sarah Fielding 's The Governess ( 1749 ) . Sherwood 's efforts to make religion more palatable through children 's fiction were not always regarded favorably by the entire evangelical community ; The Evangelical Magazine harshly reviewed her Stories Explanatory of the Church Catechism ( 1817 ) , complaining that it was overly reliant on exciting fictional tales to convey its religious message . = = = = The History of the Fairchild Family ( 1818 – 1847 ) = = = = As Cutt argues , " the great overriding metaphor of all [ Sherwood 's ] work is the representation of divine order by the harmonious family relationship ( inevitably set in its own pastoral Eden ) . . . No writer made it clearer to her readers that the child who is dutiful within his family is blessed in the sight of God ; or stressed more firmly that family bonds are but the earthly and visible end of a spiritual bond running up to the very throne of God . " Demers has referred to this " consciously double vision " as the quintessentially Romantic element of Sherwood 's writing . Nowhere is this theme more evident than in Sherwood 's The History of the Fairchild Family , the first part of which was published in 1818 . Of all of Sherwood 's evangelically themed books , The History of the Fairchild Family was the most popular . When she published it with John Hatchard of Piccadilly , she assured it and the ten other books she published with him a " social distinction " not attached to her other publications . The Fairchild Family tells the story of a family striving towards godliness and consists of a series of lessons taught by the Fairchild parents to their three children ( Emily , Lucy and Henry ) regarding not only the proper orientation of their souls towards Heaven but also the right earthly morality ( envy , greed , lying , disobedience , and fighting are immoral ) . The overarching narrative of the tale also includes a series of tract @-@ like stories which illustrate these moral lessons . For example , stories of the deaths of two neighborhood children , Charles Trueman and Miss Augusta Noble , help the Fairchild children to understand how and why they need to look to the state of their own hearts . The faithful and " true " Charles has a transcendent deathbed experience , suggesting that he was saved ; by contrast , the heedless and disobedient Augusta burns up while playing with candles and is presumably damned . Unlike previous allegorical literature with these themes , such as Bunyan 's Pilgrim 's Progress , Sherwood domesticated her story — actions in the children 's day @-@ to @-@ day lives , such as stealing fruit , are of supreme importance because they relate directly to their salvation . Each chapter also includes prayers and hymns ( by Philip Doddridge , Isaac Watts , Charles Wesley , William Cowper and Ann and Jane Taylor , among others ) that are thematically linked to it . The Fairchild Family continued to be a bestseller ( remaining in print until 1913 ) despite the increasingly popular Wordsworthian image of childhood innocence . In fact , one scholar has even suggested that it " influenced Dickens 's depictions of Pip 's fears of the convict , the gibbet , and ' the horrible young man ' at the close of Chapter 1 " in Great Expectations ( 1860 – 61 ) . Children 's literature scholar Gillian Avery has argued that The Fairchild Family was " as much a part of English childhood as Alice was later to become . " Although the book was popular , some scraps of evidence have survived suggesting that readers did not always interpret it as Sherwood would have wanted . Lord Frederic Hamilton writes , for instance , that " there was plenty about eating and drinking ; one could always skip the prayers , and there were three or four very brightly written accounts of funerals in it . " Although The Fairchild Family has gained a reputation in the twentieth century as an oppressively didactic book , in the early nineteenth century it was viewed as delightfully realistic . Charlotte Yonge ( 1823 – 1901 ) , a critic who also wrote children 's literature , praised " the gusto with which [ Sherwood ] dwells on new dolls " and " the absolutely sensational naughtiness " of the children . Most twentieth @-@ century critics , including George Orwell , who called it " an evil book " , have condemned the book 's harshness , pointing to the Fairchilds ' moral @-@ filled visit to a gibbet with a rotting corpse swinging from it ; but Cutt and others argue that the positive depiction of the nuclear family in the text , particularly Sherwood 's emphasis on parents ' responsibility to educate their own children , was an important part of the book 's appeal . She argues that Sherwood 's " influence , " via books such as the Fairchild Family , " upon the domestic pattern of Victorian life can hardly be overestimated . " The Fairchild Family was so successful that Sherwood wrote two sequels , one in 1842 and one in 1847 . These reflected her changing values as well as those of the Victorian period . Significantly , the servants in Part I , " who are almost part of the family , are pushed aside in Part III by their gossiping , flattering counterparts in the fine manor @-@ house . " But the most extensive thematic change in the series was the disappearance of evangelicalism . Whereas all of the lessons in Part I highlight the children 's " human depravity " and encourage the reader to think in terms of the afterlife , in Parts II and III , other Victorian values such as " respectability " and filial obedience come to the fore . Dawson describes the difference in terms of parental indulgence ; in Parts II and III , the Fairchild parents employ softer disciplinary tactics than in Part I. = = = = Evangelical tract literature in the 1820s and 1830s = = = = During the 1820s and 1830s , Sherwood wrote a great many tracts for the poor ; like her novels for the middle class , they " taught the lessons of personal endurance , reliance on Providence , and acceptance of one 's earthly status . " Emphasizing individual experience and one 's personal relationship with God , they discouraged readers from attributing their successes or failures to " larger economic and political forces . " In this , they resembled the Cheap Repository Tracts , many of which were written by Hannah More . As Linda Peterson , a scholar of nineteenth @-@ century women 's literature , argues , Sherwood 's tracts use a Biblical " interpretative frame " in order to highlight the fleetingness of earthly things . For example , in A Drive in the Coach through the Streets of London ( 1819 ) , Julia is granted the privilege of shopping with her mother only if she will " behave wisely in the streets " and " not give [ her ] mind to self @-@ pleasing . " Of course , she cannot keep this promise and she eagerly peeks in at every store window and begs her mother to buy her everything she sees . Her mother therefore allows her to select one item from every shop . Julia , ecstatic , chooses , among other things , blue satin boots , a penknife , and a new hat with flowers , until the pair reach the undertaker 's shop . There her mood droops considerably and she realizes the moral of the lesson , recited by her mother , as she picks out a coffin : " but she that liveth in pleasure is dead while she liveth " ( 1 Timothy 5 : 6 ) . = = = = Anti @-@ Catholicism in the 1830s = = = = Sherwood 's vigorous anti @-@ Catholicism appears most obviously in her works from the 1820s and 1830s . During the 1820s in Britain , Catholics were agitating for greater civil rights and it was at this time that Sherwood wrote her most sustained attacks against them . When the Catholic Emancipation Act was passed in 1829 , Sherwood and many like her were frightened of the influence that Catholics might gain in the government . Therefore , she wrote Victoria ( 1833 ) , The Nun ( 1833 ) and The Monk of Cimies ( 1834 ) in order to illustrate some of the dangers of Catholicism . The Monk narrates , in the first person , Edmund Etherington 's decision to renounce the Church of England and join the Catholic church . While a monk , he ridicules his fellow brothers , plans a murder and debauches a young woman . But evangelicals were not all in agreement on the issue of Catholic Emancipation and some were uncomfortable with these books ; one evangelical reviewer called The Monk of Cimies " unfair and unconvincing . " = = = Colonialism = = = While in India , Sherwood wrote a series of texts based on colonial life . Her most popular work , The History of Little Henry and his Bearer ( 1814 ) , tells the story of a young British boy who , on his deathbed , converts Boosy , the Indian man who has taken care of him throughout his childhood . The book was enormously successful ; it reached 37 editions by 1850 and was translated into French , German , Spanish , Hindustani , Chinese , and Sinhalese . Sherwood 's tale blends the realistic with the sentimental and introduces her readers to Hindustani words and descriptions of what she felt was authentic Indian life . As Cutt explains , " with this work , the obituary tract ( which invariably stressed conversion and a Christian death ) had assumed the colouring of romance . " Sherwood also wrote a companion story titled Little Lucy and her Dhaye ( 1825 ) that told a similar tale but from a little girl 's perspective . In The Indian Pilgrim ( 1818 ) Sherwood tried to adapt Pilgrim 's Progress for the Indian context ; the work focused on " the supposed depravity and pagan idolatry of Brahmans , fakirs , nautch ( dance ) girls , and soldiers ' temporary wives . " This text demonstrates Sherwood 's religious biases : " Muslims and Jews receive better treatment than Hindus because of their belief in one God , but Roman Catholics fare little better than the Hindu idolaters . " The Indian Pilgrim , although never published in India , was popular in Britain and America . Sherwood also wrote texts for Indian servants of British families in the style of British writings for the poor . One of these was The Ayah and Lady ( 1813 ) in which the ayah , or maid , is " portrayed as sly , selfish , lazy , and untrustworthy . Her employers are well aware of her faults , yet they tolerate her . " A more culturally sensitive and realistic portrayal of Indians appears in The Last Days of Boosy ( 1842 ) , a sequel to The History of Little Henry and his Bearer , in which the converted Boosy is cast out of his family and community because of his conversion to Christianity . Colonial themes were a constant thread in Sherwood 's texts ; The History of Henry Milner ( 1822 – 37 ) , its sequel John Marten ( 1844 ) , and The Indian Orphans ( 1839 ) all evince Sherwood 's interest in these topics . Her writings on India reveal her strong sense of European , if not specifically British , superiority ; India therefore appears in her works as a morally corrupt land in need of reformation . She wrote The History of George Desmond ( 1821 ) to warn young men of the dangers of emigrating to India . Sherwood 's books shaped the minds of several generations of young Britons . According to Cutt , Sherwood 's depictions of India were among the few available to young British readers ; such children " acquired a strong conviction of the rightness of missions , which , while it inculcated sincere concern for , and a genuine kindness towards an alien people for whom Britain was responsible , quite destroyed any latent respect for Indian tradition . " Cutt attributes the growing paternalism of nineteenth @-@ century British polices on India in part to the widespread popularity of Sherwood 's books . Using a postcolonial analysis , Nandini Bhattacharya emphasizes the complex relationship between Sherwood 's evangelicalism and her colonialism . She argues that Sherwood 's evangelical stories demonstrate the deep colonial " mistrust of feminized agency , " represented by a dying child in Little Henry and his Bearer . Henry " subvert [ s ] the colonialist 's fantasy of universal identity by generating a subaltern identity that mimics and explodes that fantasy . " But , ultimately , Bhattacharya argues , Sherwood creates neither a completely colonialist text nor a subaltern text ; the deaths of children such as Henry eliminate any possibility for an alternative consciousnesses to mature . = = = Later writings : Victorianism = = = By 1830 , Sherwood 's works had drifted away from evangelicalism and her novels and stories reflected more conventional Victorian plots and themes . For example , Gipsy Babes ( 1826 ) , perhaps inspired by Walter Scott 's Guy Mannering ( 1815 ) , emphasizes " human affections . " In 1835 , she published a Gothic novel for adolescents titled Shanty the Blacksmith ; it employs all the tropes of the genre — " lost heir , ruined castle , humble helpers and faithful retainer , sinister and mysterious gypsies , prisoner and plot " in what Cutt calls " a gripping " and " exciting tale . " In 1835 Sherwood published the novel Caroline Mordaunt ; it tells the story of a young woman forced to become a governess . Her parents die when she is young , but luckily her relatives pay to educate her so that she can earn her own living . The novel follows her progress from a flighty , discontented girl to a reliable , content woman ; she learns how to accommodate herself to the whims of the proud nobility , silly literati , and dogmatic evangelicals . She realizes that in her dependent position she must content herself with less than complete happiness . Once she recognizes this , though , she finds God and , in the last chapter , an ideal husband , thus granting her near complete happiness . Cutt suggests that Sherwood drew on the works of Jane Austen and Jane Taylor for a new " lively , humorous , and satirical strain " in works such as this . In both later works such as Caroline Mordaunt and her earlier evangelical texts , Sherwood participated in the Victorian project of prescribing gender roles ; while her later works outlined ever more stringent and narrow roles for each sex , her early works such as The Fairchild Family suggested such demarcations as well : Lucy and Emily learn to sew and keep house while Henry tends the garden and learns Latin . = = Legacy = = As Britain 's education system became more secularized in the second half of the nineteenth century , Sherwood 's evangelical books were used mainly to teach the poor and in Sunday schools . Hence her missionary stories were the most influential of all her works . According to Cutt , " these stories , which in themselves kept alive the missionary spirit and perpetuated that paternal attitude towards India that lasted into the [ twentieth century ] , were widely imitated " and " an unfortunate assumption of racial superiority was fostered by the over @-@ simplification of some of Mrs. Sherwood 's successors . " These books influenced Charlotte Maria Tucker ( " A.L.O.E. " ) and even perhaps Rudyard Kipling . In the United States , Sherwood 's early works were very popular and were republished well into the 1840s ; after that , a tradition of specifically American children 's literature began to develop with authors such as Louisa May Alcott . Sherwood was also instrumental in developing the ideology of the Victorian family . Cutt acknowledges that " the omniscient Victorian parent was not the creation of Mrs. Sherwood , but of the Victorians themselves ; nevertheless , by presenting the parent as God 's vicar in the family , she had planted and fostered the idea . " This in turn increased the value placed on childhood innocence . The prevalence of death in Sherwood 's early stories and her vivid portrayal of its worldly and otherworldly consequences have often caused twentieth @-@ century critics to deride her works . Nevertheless , Sherwood 's stories prepared the literary ground for writers such as Charles Kingsley and Charlotte Yonge . It has even been suggested that John Ruskin used Henry Milner as the basis for his imaginative autobiography Praeterita ( 1885 – 89 ) . Sherwood 's narrative experiments with a variety of genres allowed other writers to pursue innovative forms of children 's fiction . Furthermore , her imaginative use of tracts domesticated reformist literature and also encouraged radical writers such as Harriet Martineau to employ the same genre , if to opposite ends . Because of the popularity of Sherwood 's works and their impact on later writers , Janis Dawson writes : " though her books are no longer widely read , she is regarded as one of the most significant authors of children 's literature of the nineteenth century . " = = Selected works = = This is a list of some of Sherwood 's most important works . For a more complete list of her works that includes her many chapbooks and religious tracts , see the list of works by Mary Martha Sherwood . The History of Little Henry and his Bearer ( 1814 ) The History of Susan Gray ( 1815 ) ( revised ) Stories Explanatory of the Church Catechism ( 1817 ) The History of the Fairchild Family ( 1818 ) The Indian Pilgrim ( 1818 ) An Introduction to Geography ( 1818 ) The Governess , or The Little Female Academy ( 1820 ) The History of George Desmond ( 1821 ) The Infant 's Progress ( 1821 , 2nd edition ) The History of Henry Milner ( 1822 ) The History of Little Lucy and her Dhaye ( 1823 ) The Lady of the Manor ( 1823 – 29 ) The Monk of Cimies ( 1834 ) Caroline Mordaunt , or The Governess ( 1835 ) Shanty the Blacksmith ( 1835 ) The Last Days of Boosy , the Bearer of Little Henry ( 1842 ) The Youth 's Magazine ( 1822 – 48 ) – " This periodical . . . brought out tales , tracts , and articles by Mrs. Sherwood for over twenty @-@ five years ( signed at first M.M. , and after 1827 , M.M.S. ) The earlier tales were rapidly reprinted by Houlston , Darton , Melrose , Knight and Lacey and the R.T.S. [ Religious Tract Society ] , as well as by various American publishers . " The Works of Mrs. Sherwood by Harper & Bros. ( 1834 – 57 ) – most complete collected works = = = Online full @-@ text resources = = = Works by Mary Martha Sherwood at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Mary Martha Sherwood at Internet Archive History of the Fairchild Family Part I ( 1818 ) The Lady of the Manor ( 1823 – 29 ) Père la Chaise ( 1823 ) Arzoomund ( 1829 , 2nd edition ) The Indian Pilgrim ( 1858 edition ) The History of the Fairchild Family , Part III ( 1847 ) The Little Woodman and his Dog Cæsar and the Orphan Boy ( 1860 edition ) The History of Little Henry and his Bearer ( 1816 , 7th edition ) The Infant 's Progress ( 1821 , 2nd edition ) The History of Henry Milner Part IV ( 1837 ) Shanty the Blacksmith ( 1852 ) Roxobel , Vol . 1 ( 1831 ) The Orphans of Normandy ( 1828 , 2nd edition ) Emancipation ( 1829 ) The Lily of the Valley ( 1844 , 6th edition ) The Latter Days ( 1833 ) The Fairy Knoll ( 1848 ) The Little Momiere ( 1833 ) Katharine Seward ( 1837 , 3rd edition ) The Garland ( 1835 ) Jamie Gordon ( 1851 ) = Webster 's Brewery = Webster 's Brewery ( Samuel Webster & Sons Ltd ) , was founded in 1838 by Samuel Webster and operated at the Fountain Head Brewery in Halifax , West Riding of Yorkshire , England . Webster 's Green Label , a light mild , and Yorkshire Bitter gained national distribution after the company was taken over by Watney Mann in 1972 . Throughout the 1970s it was known for the advertising slogan : " Drives out the northern thirst " . The brewery was closed with the loss of 400 jobs in 1996 . The brand had suffered lower sales after marketing support was withdrawn following its acquisition by Courage Brewery in 1990 . After the brewery 's closure , Webster 's beers were initially brewed at the John Smith 's Brewery in Tadcaster before moving to the Thomas Hardy Brewery at Burtonwood in 2004 . Silvan Brands have owned the company since 2003 when they acquired it from Scottish & Newcastle . = = History = = = = = Origins : 1838 – 1900 = = = Samuel Webster ( 1813 – 1872 ) was born in Ovenden , a small village about 2 miles from Halifax town centre . He was the eldest of seven brothers born into a Congregationalist family of the 10 acre @-@ owning farmer James Webster . Webster acquired the small Fountain Head Brewery in Ovenden Wood in 1838 when he was 25 and opened an office in Union Cross Yard , Halifax . The company bought its first public house in 1845 . In 1860 he was joined in partnership by his three sons Isaac , George Henry and Samuel Green , and the firm began trading as Samuel Webster & Sons . Samuel Webster died in 1872 , leaving his sons to continue the business . The firm also imported and sold wines and cigars , in addition to its brewing concerns . By 1880 the company had 100 tied houses . In March 1890 Samuel Webster & Sons became a registered company with £ 175 @,@ 000 ( £ 17 @.@ 5 million in 2010 ) of capital and Isaac Webster , Samuel 's eldest son , its first chairman . In 1892 net profit was £ 20 @,@ 000 ( £ 2 million in 2010 ) . In 1896 the company took over H & T T Ormerod of Brighouse , West Yorkshire which could trace its origins back to 1760 . Isaac Webster died in 1899 , leaving an estate of £ 87 @,@ 454 ( £ 9 million ) . By 1900 the company 's office had moved to 57 Northgate , Halifax . = = = 20th @-@ century consolidation = = = The temperance movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century , and emergency laws aimed at restricting drinking during the First World War created difficult trading conditions for brewers . In 1919 net profit was reported at £ 22 @,@ 325 ( £ 900 @,@ 000 at 2010 prices ) . Samuel Wentworth Webster , a director of the company and grandson of the founder , died in 1928 with a personalty of £ 45 @,@ 000 ( £ 2 @.@ 2 million in 2010 ) . In 1928 , one of the brewery 's most successful beers was launched ; Webster 's Green Label , a light mild ale . In 1929 the company 's entire stock of properties , land and brewery buildings was valued at £ 468 @,@ 833 ( £ 23 @.@ 2 million in 2010 ) . The company took over Joseph Stocks of Halifax in December 1932 , which could trace its origins back to 1790 . In 1957 , Webster 's took over the brewer , John Ainley & Sons of Huddersfield and Woodhead Brothers of Elland , near Halifax , a mineral water manufacturer . The company dray horses , used for local beer deliveries , were retired by the end of the 1950s . In 1961 Webster 's bought Daniel Fielding & Sons of Halifax , which added 19 public houses to their tied estate . The same year the company sought out partnership with the national brewer Watney Mann in order to benefit from the technical knowledge of the much larger company . In return Webster 's brewed and sold the brewery conditioned Watney 's Red Barrel ale throughout their tied estate . In 1962 , a reciprocal trading agreement was reached with Ind Coope 's North East division which saw Webster 's houses stock lager for the first time . That same year the group won the contract to bottle Tuborg for West Yorkshire . In September 1966 , a friendly takeover of the Bradford brewers J. Hey & Company Ltd added 73 public houses to their estate . Webster 's had a market value of £ 3 @.@ 3 million , and J. Hey had a value of £ 1 million . The combined group had assets of over £ 4 @.@ 5 million ( £ 65 million in 2010 prices ) . Webster 's continued to bottle Guinness under their Hey & Humphries subsidiary label into the late 1980s . Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s , consolidation , a good product and successful marketing made the company successful , according to The Times , with the social club trade accounted for around half of turnover . By 1967 Watney Mann owned 18 @.@ 4 per cent of the company , and Webster 's had a market capitalisation of £ 6 million ( £ 85 million in 2010 prices ) and owned 320 public houses and 12 off licences . Watney Mann had gradually increased their share to 27 @.@ 1 per cent by 1972 when it initiated a takeover of the rest of the company . Samuel Webster & Sons was offered £ 18 million for the 73 per cent of the company that Watney did not already own . The Watney Mann offer valued the entire company at almost £ 250 million in 2010 prices . The takeover was a friendly one , and dependent upon the agreement of the Webster family , who owned 20 per cent of the company . Watney Mann was motivated by an increase to their tied estate . Following the takeover , Webster 's continued as a regional subsidiary of the Watney Mann brewing empire , responsible for Yorkshire , Humberside , north Derbyshire and north Nottinghamshire . The takeover saw heavy investment in the brewery and the Webster 's brands enjoyed increased distribution nationally . That same year , Watney Mann itself was taken over by Grand Metropolitan . In 1979 , Webster 's employed a total of 1 @,@ 500 people across production , distribution and retailing . The early 1980s saw the " gradual transformation " of Webster 's into a national brand . In 1985 , Grand Met merged the Wilson Brewery of Manchester ( which Watney Mann had bought in 1960 ) with Webster 's to form Samuel Webster and Wilsons Ltd . In 1986 , Wilsons Brewery was closed down and production of Wilsons Original Bitter and Wilsons Mild was moved to Halifax . By 1988 Webster 's was supplying around 1000 pubs in the North of England , and as far afield as North Wales . Moving out of the brewing industry , Grand Met sold Webster 's to Courage in 1990 . By that year Webster 's had an annual revenue of around £ 100 million and claimed 7 per cent of the national bitter market . However Courage owned the higher selling John Smith 's ale brand , and Webster 's was deprioritised . The brands suffered further after the Scottish & Newcastle takeover of Courage , as S & N , with their own Theakstons brand , now owned three major bitter brands from Yorkshire alone . By 1996 Scotland on Sunday described the brand as " staid " and argued that it " never caught on outside its Yorkshire heartland . " By this time John Smith 's was outselling Webster 's three to one . Following the closure of the Fountain Head Brewery in 1996 , Webster 's beers were initially brewed at Scottish Courage 's John Smith 's Brewery in Tadcaster , but were subsequently moved to the Thomas Hardy Brewery at Burtonwood in 2004 . Scottish & Newcastle sold the Webster 's brands to Silvan Brands in 2003 . The chairman Brian Stewart defended the sale , claiming : " Webster 's was a brand that did not have a strong brand franchise . What has happened is that brands [ which ] consumers demand are still here " . In 2011 , H B Clark took over the distribution rights for the Webster 's brands in the north of England . The bitter is now simply known as Webster 's Bitter . In 2015 , Silvan Brands Ltd dissolved and the brand is believed no longer to be sold . = = Fountain Head Brewery = = The brewery site was chosen for its Pennine spring which provided the ready water supply necessary for brewing . The water was rich in magnesium sulphate which added bitterness to the beer and provided it with a dry finish . In 1873 the brewery was extended and redeveloped . In 1890 the brewery was linked to the Halifax High Level Railway network , which facilitated the brewery 's distribution . In 1900 the Château @-@ influenced maltings building was built as part of a £ 10 @,@ 000 ( £ 1 million in 2010 ) development project . By 1958 the company 's existing offices in Northgate , Halifax , were proving too small for the expanding company , and new offices were custom built on the Ovenden Wood site . The landmark maltings building was closed in 1960 as its 12 @,@ 000 stone ( 76 @,@ 000 kg ) per annum capacity proved insufficient for the brewery 's increasing needs , and the building was used for storage . In 1973 , Watney Mann commissioned a new brewhouse . In 1979 a new £ 6 million lager plant was started , initially brewing Holsten . By the early 1980s the brewery had beer production volumes of around 400 @,@ 000 barrels per annum and employed around 600 people . At this time , the brewery was described as " wonderfully traditional " by Roger Protz and had open fermentation vessels , mash tuns and copper brewing vessels . Production of Budweiser began in 1984 . Having previously been used for storage , in 1986 the historic Long Can Hall was converted to function as the brewery 's visitor 's centre . A £ 10 million expansion project was embarked upon at the brewery in 1988 . Construction of a new plant increased brewing capacity from 1 million to 1 @.@ 3 million barrels a year . In 1989 , the derelict former maltings building was converted into brewery offices in a £ 4 million project . Also , a new distribution depot was constructed in Elland . In 1990 , the Old Maltings was categorised as a Grade II listed building . By 1990 , most of the Fountain Head Brewery was dedicated to brewing Webster 's and Wilsons ales . The brewery 's bottling line was closed in 1991 , resulting in the loss of 54 jobs . At the time of the brewery 's closure in November 1996 , it employed 184 people on a ten hectare site . As well as Webster 's and Wilson 's beers , the brewery had been producing the lager brands Foster 's and Molson . The brewery had been running at " well below " 50 per cent of its 1 @.@ 3 million barrel capacity which was deemed " unsustainable " according to Scottish & Newcastle management . Although productivity per employee had been the highest of any of Scottish & Newcastle 's brewing plants it was claimed that it would have required substantial investment if it was to remain competitive . In 2004 , housing was built on the former brewery site . After a period of dormancy , the Old Maltings reopened as a children 's day nursery in 2007 , and a school and community centre was opened alongside the nursery in 2011 . The Maltings College sixth form opened at the site in 2013 . = = Webster 's Yorkshire Bitter = = Webster 's Yorkshire Bitter was launched in the summer of 1982 . Largely a cask product , by 1984 Grand Metropolitan had transformed Yorkshire Bitter into a " massive " national brand , available in the company 's 5 @,@ 000 tied houses and 15 @,@ 000 free houses . It was marketed as their response to the growing popularity of Yorkshire bitter in the south of England , particularly John Smith 's . Yorkshire Bitter was the highest selling off trade bitter by 1985 with 18 per cent of the market . It had become the fifth best selling bitter nationally by 1989 , helped by a competitive pricing policy , and was the highest selling bitter in London . The beer was not without its critics , with the 1990 Good Beer Guide describing it as " weak flavour [ ed ] , reminiscent of a poor quality home brew – worty , bland , cloying , with a dirty finish on the tongue " . In 1993 , Yorkshire Bitter was reduced from 3 @.@ 8 per cent to 3 @.@ 5 per cent ABV in order to save money on duty . When Scottish & Newcastle acquired the John Smith 's and Webster 's bitter brands as part of their takeover of Courage in 1995 , the lower selling Webster 's brands were deprioritised , and virtually all marketing support ceased . Roger Protz has described the brand as " almost redundant " and production of cask conditioned Webster 's beer was ended in 2010 . = = Advertising = = Webster 's Pennine Bitter was known for its slogan : " Drives out the northern thirst " , first used in 1970 and supported throughout the 1970s by a local television campaign featuring Yorkshire cricketer Fred Trueman . In the advertisements , Trueman would breathe fire after drinking his pint of Pennine Bitter and say " We like things right in Yorkshire – like our beer . Webster 's Pennine Bitter . Drives out the northern thirst " . The comedian Charlie Williams appeared in television advertisements for Yorkshire Bitter in 1984 – 85 . One of the Williams advertisements featured a cameo from Yorkshire cricketers Fred Trueman and Ray Illingworth . The Webster 's Yorkshire Bitter " Talking horses " campaign ran from 1986 until 1992 with the slogan " It 's right tasty is Webster 's " . Dray horses were used in the 1980s , but replaced by animatronic puppets in the 1990s . = = = Sponsorship = = = The company sponsored The Hallé orchestra to appear in Halifax to sell out audiences in 1966 and 1967 . In the summer of 1984 , Webster 's Yorkshire Bitter invested £ 100 @,@ 000 into English cricket , with the aim of finding six fast bowlers by winter . From 1986 to 1992 , Webster 's sponsored Bradford Northern RLFC rugby league team , and Halifax RLFC from 1992 to 1993 , Dinnington Colliery Band from 1987 to 1990 , the UK Open darts championship in 1989 and 1990 , and the World Matchplay darts tournament in 1995 and 1996 . = Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ( Hong Kong ) = The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ( Chinese : 聖母無原罪主教座堂 ) is a late 19th @-@ century English Gothic revival church that serves as the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong . It is located in the Mid @-@ Levels area of the city at 16 Caine Road . Groundbreaking and construction of the cathedral began in 1883 after the previous cathedral , on Wellington Street , was destroyed by fire . Built from brick and stone , the new cathedral was designed by the London @-@ based architectural firm Crawley and Company . The church opened on 7 December 1888 , the day before the Feast of the Immaculate Conception , and was consecrated in 1938 . Three years later , it was damaged during the Battle of Hong Kong , but remained untouched throughout the subsequent Japanese occupation of Hong Kong . At the turn of the century , the cathedral underwent an extensive and costly program of refurbishment , which was completed in 2002 . The cathedral is listed as a Grade I historic building by the Government of Hong Kong . = = History = = = = = Original structure ( 1843 – 1859 ) = = = After the First Opium War , Hong Kong was ceded to the British in the Treaty of Nanking and the colony soon became a popular stopover for missionaries travelling onwards to China . The parish was established in 1842 by Theodore Joset , the first Prefect Apostolic of Hong Kong , and work began on a new and permanent church soon afterwards . The new church was located at the junction of Pottinger Street and Wellington Street . Construction was completed in 1843 . Within the next few years , the number of Catholics in the parish grew significantly , partly due to the emigration of people from neighbouring Macau . The Portuguese colony was in gradual decline , and many people who resided there sought better opportunities in the young and prospering colony of Hong Kong . In 1859 , just sixteen years after it was built , the church was destroyed by fire . This was not uncommon , however , as devastating fires frequently plagued the developing colony , and a new cathedral was quickly built on the same site . It featured iconic twin steeples at its facade . However , the Victoria Harbour waterfront district where the church was situated became more overcrowded with the rapid growth of Hong Kong at the time , and it became apparent that a permanent and larger cathedral was necessary . As a result , plans were made for a new church on a more elevated ground in Mid @-@ Levels , located close to the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens . The original site was redeveloped as a commercial and residential area . A small park along Lok Hing Lane is located nearby . = = = Present @-@ day cathedral = = = A new site for the cathedral was selected above Caine Road by the Glenealy Ravine and the cornerstone of the new church was laid on 8 December 1883 . Crawley and Company of London were hired to be the architects and five years later , construction was completed . The church opened on 7 December 1888 , the vigil of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception , and was blessed one day later . The construction of the cathedral cost US $ 15 @,@ 400 , and since a Catholic church can only be consecrated once it has become free from debt , the cathedral did not have its rite of consecration held until 8 December 1938 , exactly fifty years after it first opened . The ceremony was officiated by the Vicar Apostolic of Hong Kong Enrico Valtorta , the Bishop of Macau José da Costa Nunes and the Bishop Emeritus of Canton ; three of the cathedral 's altars were also consecrated . During the Second World War , the cathedral suffered damage on its anniversary in 1941 , when a Japanese shell was dropped onto it during the Battle of Hong Kong . However , it survived the war relatively unscathed due to a decree made a century before . When the mission in Hong Kong was first established in 1841 , Pope Pius IX ruled that , although the colony was under British rule , the Prefecture Apostolic should remain under the administration of the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions ( PIME ) , a missionary society from Italy . As a result , the Japanese treated the cathedral as being under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Italy , with whom they were not at war . Because of this , the cathedral was spared from being ransacked and plundered by the occupying forces and its archives were preserved better than other churches throughout Hong Kong , having been left " relatively unscathed . " After the conclusion of the war , the cathedral underwent a series of renovations . The roof — which was previously made of timber — was replaced with a concrete one in 1952 due to damage from termites . The reordering of the sanctuary took place in 1969 after the Second Vatican Council , in which the main altar was moved to the cathedral 's crossing . In 1988 , air conditioning was installed and the roof underwent reparation . Significant leaks in the roof were reported in 1997 and a massive restoration project took place . This entailed fixing the roof , repainting the walls and the niche housing the statue of the Immaculate Conception , replacing tiles , enhancing the lighting and sound system and installing new stained glass windows in the Chapel of Our Lord 's Passion , which was rededicated to the Chinese Martyrs . The renovation was completed on 8 December 2002 and cost a total of US $ 1 @.@ 1 million . The project 's success in preserving the building 's heritage resulted in the cathedral being given an honourable mention at the 2003 UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation and presented with the award on its anniversary in 2003 . The cathedral holds a Red Mass every other year for the Judiciary of Hong Kong , alternating with St. John 's Cathedral in hosting the annual opening of the Assizes . = = Architecture = = = = = Interior = = = The cathedral , built in an English Gothic style , is cruciform in the shape of the Latin cross . The exterior walls of the church were built from brick and stone , while its base and columns were made of granite . Its dimensions are 82 m ( 269 ft ) long , 40 m ( 131 ft ) wide and 23 @.@ 7 m ( 78 ft ) tall , with the tower at the centre rising to 33 @.@ 7 m ( 111 ft ) . = = = Altar of St. Joseph = = = Located to the right of the main altar and sanctuary is the side altar of St. Joseph . It was given to the cathedral by King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and the donation was facilitated by Joseph Mary Sala , an expatriate living in Hong Kong who was from the nobility of Italy . It is adorned by the royal coat of arms of the House of Savoy ; this conspicuous symbol of Italy was said to have helped the cathedral identify itself as Italian rather than British , and thus , remain untouched throughout the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong , as the Kingdom of Italy and Empire of Japan were both signatories to the Tripartite Pact . = = = Altar of the Sacred Heart = = = Located to the left of the main altar is the side altar of the Sacred Heart . It was previously used as the high altar of the original cathedral at Wellington Street . It now houses the Blessed Sacrament — serving as the cathedral 's main tabernacle after the removal of the high altar in 1969 — and is reserved for Eucharistic adoration . = = = Chapel of Our Lord 's Passion = = = Located to the right of the cathedral 's sacristy is the side chapel of Our Lord 's Passion . Given by J.J. Braga , a parishioner from Portugal , it was rededicated to the Chinese Martyrs after the 1997 – 2002 renovation . The chapel was chosen out of the four to commemorate the then @-@ newly canonised saints because it was the most thematically similar , in that the martyrs gave up their lives for the faith , emulating Jesus ' sacrifice to save mankind . New stained glass windows were installed depicting the saints . = = = Crypt = = = A crypt was constructed beneath the former Chapel of St. Anthony in 2009 to house the remains of former Bishops of Hong Kong . This consists of two Vicar Apostolics , Timoleon Raimondi and Dominic Pozzoni , and all five deceased bishops — Enrico Valtorta , Lorenzo Bianchi , Francis Hsu , Peter Lei and John Wu . Bianchi 's remains were interred later than the others due to the fact that he was buried in Milan . Thus , the diocese had to apply for permission to allow for some of his remains to be transported back to Hong Kong ; the request was eventually granted . The inspiration for the crypt came from the design of a traditional Chinese family house , which would contain the remains of ancestors . The Bishop at the time , Joseph Cardinal Zen , felt that the crypt would be a " symbolic move to inherit the teachings of previous generations in order to inspire future ones . " Because the cathedral is a Grade I historic building , prior approval had to be obtained from the Buildings Department before any construction work could be carried out . = = Treasures = = = = = Relics of the Chinese Martyrs = = = Shortly after the canonisation of the 120 Chinese Martyrs on 1 October 2000 , the relics of sixteen of them were placed at the Chapel of Our Lord 's Passion . They are stored in a relic box — designed locally by Sister Paola Yue — that is situated at the foot of the side altar . = = = Relic of Pope John Paul II = = = In November 2011 , a lock of John Paul II 's hair was brought to the cathedral after the Holy See granted the Diocese of Hong Kong a relic from the late pontiff . The diocese had earlier requested this , since they felt this would symbolically accomplish the Pope 's longtime dream of visiting China . He had constantly stated his intent of visiting the country , but never did so due to the longstanding tensions and strained relations between China and the Holy See . Bishop John Tong Hon expressed his hope that the relic would be able to venerated by the Mainland Chinese faithful who visited Hong Kong , the only city on Chinese soil and the first city in Asia to house a relic of John Paul II . It is currently displayed in the same chapel as the bishops ' crypt . = Aransas Bay = Aransas Bay is a bay on the Texas gulf coast , approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast of Corpus Christi , and 173 miles ( 278 km ) south of San Antonio . It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by San José Island ( also referred to as St. Joseph Island ) . Aransas Pass is the most direct navigable outlet into the Gulf of Mexico from the bay . The cities of Aransas Pass and Port Aransas are located at the southern end , and Rockport is found on the central western shore . The bay is oriented laterally northeast @-@ southwest , and is extended by Redfish Bay to the southwest , Copano Bay to the west , Saint Charles Bay to the north , and Mesquite Bay to the northeast . Aransas Bay is part of the Mission @-@ Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve . There is a rich history of settlements on the bay , including : ancient Native American campgrounds dating back millennia ; 19th @-@ century European immigrant towns such as Lamar and Aransas ; and the present day cities of Rockport , Fulton and Aransas Pass . Resources such as shrimp , fish , oysters and oil are found in or near the bay , and contribute to the local economies . = = History = = Humans first inhabited the area surrounding Aransas Bay approximately 6 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 years ago . The name derives from a group of indigenous people called the Aransas Indians , whose 4 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old campsites have been found near the bay . The nomadic Aransas , left the area circa 1200 to 1300 CE . According to archeologists , the Karankawa and Coahuiltecan had coalesced as people and migrated into the area by 1400 . They had severe losses and were much reduced by the 1800s due to new infectious diseases contracted from European explorers . Alonso Álvarez de Pineda of Spain is believed to be the first European to sail the bay , circa 1519 . For over a century later , the Spanish had little interest in the area until the French established a colony in Texas in the late 17th century . At this time , Alonso De León was ordered to found a settlement in the area , but no permanent colony on the bay was ever established . During the years of Mexican control , the bay was put off limits to settlement by the authorities . An empresario granted in 1828 allowed Irish and Mexican immigration . In 1832 , the settlement of Aransas City on the bay , was founded by James Power . After the development of the nearby port Lamar in 1840 , Aransas City was deserted by 1846 . But Lamar soon met a similar fate , after being burnt to the ground during the American Civil War . The city of Aransas , which was founded on San Jose Island around the same time as Lamar , was also destroyed in the fighting . During the war , the bay was a strategically significant waterway for the transfer of freight , due to its protection from Gulf seas by barrier islands . As a result of the destruction from the war , the new ports of Fulton and Rockport were developed in the later 1860s . At first , Rockport was intended as a deep @-@ water port , but after a series of mishaps , Aransas Pass was selected when deepening was approved in 1879 . By 1912 , a 100 feet wide and 8 ½ feet deep channel was operational . After hurricanes ransacked the port in 1916 and 1919 , the United States Army Corps of Engineers chose Corpus Christi as the preferred deepwater port for the lower Gulf coast . Later twentieth @-@ century development has been based on the area 's natural beauty . In the 1960s , the affluent resort of Key Allegro , located between Rockport and Fulton , was founded . By 2000 , 24 @,@ 615 people lived in the surrounding Aransas County , including the cities of Rockport , Fulton , Aransas Pass and the unincorporated Key Allegro , Holiday Beach and Estes . The outer Refugio County located on the shore of Copano Bay , had 7 @,@ 828 residents . = = Features = = On average , the Aransas Bay system is 3 meters deep , and covers approximately 539 square kilometers . The system is made up of the bay itself and its extensions . The main extensions include : Saint Charles Bay , to the east of the Lamar peninsula ; Copano Bay , to the west of both the Live Oak and Lamar peninsulas , Mesquite Bay to the bay 's northeast , and Redfish Bay to the southwest . Redfish Bay is sometimes considered an extension of Corpus Christi Bay . Every second , approximately 28 cubed meters of water flows into the bay . The exchange with the Gulf of Mexico occurs at Cedar Bayou and Aransas Pass . As a result of the seawater exchange , the bay 's salinity is 15 parts per thousand , compared to the seawater average of 35 ppt . This discrepancy is brought about by the volume of fresh water that empties into the bay and its extensions , from Copano Creek , Mission River and Aransas River , forming the Mission @-@ Aransas estuary . Fresh water flows also arrive from the impact of the Guadalupe River on San Antonio Bay . Combined , the fresh water influence is 60 to 70 percent of the system 's volume , which is judged to be minimal . Texas State Highway 35 runs parallel to the shore of Aransas Bay on its route from Corpus Christi to Houston . The highway includes the 1 @.@ 5 mile long Copano Bay causeway , which connects the Live Oak and Lamar peninsulas at the confluence of Copano and Aransas Bays . The first causeway was constructed in 1933 , but was replaced in 1966 with the Lyndon Baines Johnson causeway . The former causeway was transformed into a fishing pier in later years . In 1981 , nearly 10 @,@ 000 vehicles passed over the bridge on a daily basis . = = Ecosystem = = A wide variety of wildlife can be found in and around Aransas Bay . According to Texas Parks and Wildlife , the following fish have been caught in the bay : catfish , black drum , red drum , eel , southern flounder , crevalle jack , yellowtail amberjack , ladyfish , silver perch , pigfish , pinfish , sea trout , blacktip shark , bull shark , sheepshead , mangrove snapper , common snook and toadfish . Shrimp , Oysters and crabs also reside in the waters . The sea grass carpets found at numerous locations , provide a habitat and an ideal place for fish to spawn . The grasses also act as a filter , clearing the bay of environmental contaminants . Many birds migrate to the area around Aransas Bay , most notably to the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge . Year @-@ round residents include least grebe , brown pelican , neotropic cormorant , white @-@ faced ibis , roseate spoonbill , black @-@ bellied whistling @-@ duck , mottled duck , white @-@ tailed hawk , crested caracara , pauraque , golden @-@ fronted woodpecker , great kiskadee , green jay , long @-@ billed thrasher , olive sparrow , seaside sparrow , and bronzed cowbird . The endangered whooping crane has also been spotted near the bay . Despite the fact that there were only 15 in 1900 , over 180 are found in the wild today . The whooping crane 's and other birds ' survival depends on the availability of blue crab . Thousands of crab traps have been removed to preserve the population . = = Industry = = Given the location of Aransas bay , shipping has always been a major industry . Following the Civil War , the meatpacking industry became a major source of income for ports on the bay , especially Rockport and Fulton , where numerous slaughterhouses were constructed . In the early years of meatpacking , cattle were slaughtered strictly for their hide since there was no way to refrigerate the meat . As a result , most of the left over cow parts not used as pig feed , were disposed in the bay . This changed in 1871 , when an ice machine was installed in a packing plant . By this time , the meatpacking industry near Aransas Bay reached its prime . Prior to the decline of the industry in the area , in 1880 , 93 % of the beef from Texas slaughterhouses were processed in Rockport @-@ Fulton . Along with fishing , oyster farming and most notably shrimping became major industries on the bay in the early 20th century . Shipbuilding also developed and reached its prime following the first World War . During World War II , the United States Navy took over several shipyards . In 1936 , oil was discovered on the bay . By 1946 , 13 wells were in operation . In 1990 , 498 @,@ 703 barrels were produced , part of the 77 million barrels produced between 1936 and 1990 . Today , tourism is a prosperous industry . Numerous hotels are set up along the bay for individuals wanting to fish , bird or sight @-@ see . A large concentration of hotels are located in Rockport , where the bay 's only beach ( Rockport Beach ) is located . = East Washington Avenue Bridge = The East Washington Avenue Bridge refers to the bridges that have connected East Washington Avenue over the Pequonnock River in Bridgeport , Connecticut . Records state that a bridge was first constructed on the site in 1836 , but no description of the bridge has been found . The second bridge was a truss swing design and underwent heavy repair and modernization in 1893 . The third design was a movable Strauss underneath @-@ counter weight deck @-@ girder bascule bridge . The plans were drafted by James A. McElroy , using Joseph B. Strauss 's design in 1916 . However , construction was delayed for years because of a dispute with the contractor and a lack of funds . The bridge was completed by Bridgeport Dry Dock and Dredging when the State of Connecticut appropriated $ 350 @,@ 000 to erect the bridge . Completed in 1925 , the bridge underwent several modifications throughout its service life . On July 26 , 1983 , the bridge was closed after it was found to be in danger of collapse . It reopened after repair , but was closed in the 1990s before being replaced with a modern bascule bridge in 1998 . In 2010 , the report listed the deck and superstructure conditions as " Good " and the substructure condition as " Satisfactory " . = = Original bridge = = The East Washington Avenue Bridge serves an area that was previously known as Pembroke , the name stemming from the 1650s , that grew to become a prosperous agricultural community . East of Pembroke was the village of Newfield , which was chartered as the borough of Bridgeport in 1800 . In 1821 , it became the township of Bridgeport before being chartered as a city in 1836 . The need for the bridge arose when Reverend Birdsey Noble purchased 50 acres from Senator Wright ; with the intention of selling housing lots . The location of the bridge was originally planned to be one quarter of a mile to the south , but it was changed through public opposition , and a toll bridge was constructed in 1836 . The description of this bridge and details of its service life and replacement have not been found in records . = = Second bridge = = The design of the second East Washington Avenue Bridge is unknown , but the survey in 1916 for its replacement documented a cantilever through truss swing that was 184 ft ( 56 m ) long . The bridge was heavily repaired and remodeled in 1893 , around this same period a trolley line was added . Two decades later , the bridge needed to be replaced and restrictions were made to extend the service life of the bridge , with trolleys , then heavy trucks being banned . The bridge 's service life ended in 1917 with its closure . = = Third bridge = = The City of Bridgeport appointed a bridge commission to replace the aging East Washington Avenue Bridge on December 7 , 1915 . The commission chose a Joseph B. Strauss 's patented design from the Strauss Bascule Bridge Company of Chicago , Illinois . The city engineer James A. McElroy drew up the plans for the bridge 's specifications and the plans were completed on February 17 , 1916 . The steel for the construction was ordered from the Penn Bridge Company . The project was suspended because of a dispute with the contractor and a lack of funds to erect the bridge , but in 1923 the State of Connecticut appropriated $ 350 @,@ 000 to complete the project . Only two bids for the bridge 's erection were placed , the first by Bridgeport Dry Dock and Dredging for $ 326 @,@ 575 and the second by C. W. Blakeslee and Sons for $ 389 @,@ 492 with estimations varying based on extra work needed . Bridgeport Dry Dock and Dredging won the contract and the materials were shipped to Bridgeport , with work beginning mid @-@ 1924 . The completed bridge included an operator 's house and a public toilet building . The bridge , costing over $ 550 @,@ 000 in total , was turned over to the city on October 14 , 1925 . = = = Service life = = = The original bascule deck of creosote @-@ impregnated yellow pine and the spruce plank sidewalks were replaced with concrete in the early 1940s . In 1960 , the original fender system was replaced . In June 1968 , the ornamental lamps were replaced with modern street lights . A 1979 inspection of the bridge found it listed in " poor condition " and recommended repairs totaling $ 820 @,@ 000 to be completed by 1985 . A 1980 report by the Connecticut Department of Transportation listed the East Washington Avenue bridge as 1 of the 127 bridges in " poor condition " ; requiring " immediate " repair . The report defines " poor condition " as serviceable and not in danger of collapse . The Hartford Courant states that the 1979 report went unnoticed for four years and another inspection was carried out in 1982 ; also listing the bridge in " poor condition " . After the Mianus River Bridge collapsed on June 29 , 1983 , a state @-@ wide assessment of bridges began . An engineering firm , Flaherty and Giavara , reported that a critical beam had nearly rusted through , prompting the bridge 's closure . Bridgeport 's mayor Leonard S. Paoletta said " the bridge could [ collapse ] at any moment . " The bridge was closed on July 26 , 1983 , around 3 p.m. Eastern Standard Time as a response to Flaherty and Giavara 's report . Repairs were completed and the bridge was reopened on August 10 , 1983 . The repairs billed at $ 5 @,@ 000 were a temporary solution and the bridge was slated to close in February 1984 when $ 1 @.@ 5 million in funds were unavailable . = = Current bridge = = The bridge was closed in the 1990s and a replacement bridge was required . In 1998 , the demolition and construction of a modern bascule bridge replaced the previous East Washington Avenue Bridge . The railings were upgraded and the original operator 's house and connected toilet @-@ building were restored . In 2010 , the current state of the bridge listed the deck and superstructure conditions as " Good " and the substructure condition as " Satisfactory " . In 2013 , the East Washington Avenue Bridge was described by officials as rarely opening to accommodate marine traffic . = No Debes Jugar = " No Debes Jugar " ( English : " You Shouldn 't Play Around " ) is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her first live album Live ! ( 1993 ) . It was composed by Selena y Los Dinos keyboardist Ricky Vela and Selena 's brother and principal record producer A.B. Quintanilla III . The song was produced by Quintanilla III and Argentine music producer Bebu Silvetti . " No Debes Jugar " was released as the lead single from Live ! . It peaked at number 3 on the US Hot Latin Tracks on the week ending 14 August 1993 . On the week ending 9 April 2011 , " No Debes Jugar " entered the Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart . Lyrically the song describes a woman whose life is centered on being unappreciated by her boyfriend . She finally stands up for herself announcing that she is done playing around and threatens to leave . The central theme explored on the song suggests women empowerment in its lyrical content . " No Debes Jugar " is an uptempo Mexican cumbia song with influences of Rock en Español . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics who praised its originality and mixing of music genres . " No Debes Jugar " received a " Song of the Year " nomination from the 1994 Tejano Music Awards and the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards . The song has been covered by Mexican American singer Jennifer Peña , Puerto Rican salsa singer La India , Mexican contestant Érika Alcocer Luna , and Mexican band Banda El Grullo . = = Background and composition = = " No Debes Jugar " was written by Selena y Los Dinos keyboardist Ricky Vela and Selena 's brother , principle record producer and songwriter A.B. Quintanilla III . It was produced by Quintanilla III and Argentine music producer Bebu Silvetti . The song was intended to be one of three studio tracks for Selena 's Live ! ( 1993 ) album . Vela had written most of the lyrics while touring with Los Dinos in the 1992 @-@ 93 period . Quintanilla III later co @-@ wrote the song after Vela finished the lyrics . Quintanilla III only made a few adjustments to the song and began adding music notes for pre @-@ production . " No Debes Jugar " was recorded in Corpus Christi , Texas at Selena 's father and manager Abraham Quintanilla , Jr . ' s recording studio Q @-@ Productions . After recording sessions were done , EMI Latin argued that the song should be the lead single from Live ! . Before the album was released , the song was mixed by Brian " Red " Moore , a family friend . " No Debes Jugar " is an uptempo Mexican cumbia song with influences of Rock en Español . Written in the key of E @-@ flat major , the beat is set in common time and moves at a moderate 89 beats per minute . It centers the organ as its musical instrument foundation . Ramiro Burr of the Houston Chronicle stated that Selena blended Mexican polka rhythms with melodic , synth @-@ driven pop hooks in " No Debes Jugar " and " La Llamada " . Lyrically , the song describes a woman whose life is centered on being unappreciated by her boyfriend . She finally stands up for herself announcing that she is done playing around and threatens to leave . The central theme explored on the song suggests women empowerment . = = Critical reception and covers = = Jim Beal Jr. of the San Antonio Express @-@ News wrote that " No Debes Jugar " " outshines " the rest of the songs on Live ! including the two other studio tracks . An editor from the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram praised Selena 's usage of different genres when recording " No Debes Jugar " , which the editor believed helped the song to be distinguished when played on radio . Sally Jacobs of the Boston Globe noted the originality of " No Debes Jugar " as being Selena 's trademark . Jacobs also believed that it is one of her cumbia signature songs and most popular cumbia song . " No Debes Jugar " received a " Song of the Year " nomination at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards , and " Regional Mexican Song of the Year " at the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards Awards . It was among the " Top 10 Spanish Hits of 1993 " according to the Orlando Sentinel . According to the Austin American @-@ Statesman , " No Debes Jugar " was the best Tejano single of 1993 . Mexican American Latin pop artist Jennifer Peña covered " No Debes Jugar " when she was 12 at the Jim Wells County Fair in Corpus Christi , Texas . Puerto Rican salsa singer La India covered the song during the Selena ¡ VIVE ! concert . Michael Clark of the Houston Chronicle wrote that " India belted effortless notes that wafted to the rafters on " No Debes Jugar " " . On the second season of La Academia , contestant Érika Alcocer Luna covered " No Debes Jugar " . Mexican band Banda El Grullo recorded the song for their album 30 Numeros 1 en Banda . = = Track listing = = CD Single " No Debes Jugar " — 3 : 49 = = Credits and personnel = = All credits were taken from the Live ! album notes . = = Charts = = = = Awards and nominations = = = Eighth Army Ranger Company = The Eighth Army Ranger Company , also known as the 8213th Army Unit , was a Ranger light infantry company of the United States Army that was active during the Korean War . As a small special forces unit , it specialized in irregular warfare . Intended to combat the North Korean ( NK ) commandos who had been effective at infiltration and disruption behind United Nations ( UN ) lines , the Eighth Army Ranger Company was formed at the height of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter in September 1950 and was the first U.S. Army Ranger unit created since World War II . The company went into action as a part of the 25th Infantry Division during the UN advance into North Korea in October and November . It was best known for its defense of Hill 205 against an overwhelming Chinese attack during the Battle of the Ch 'ongch 'on River which resulted 41 of the 51 Rangers becoming casualties . The company later undertook a number of other combat missions during late 1950 and early 1951 , conducting infiltration , reconnaissance and raiding . It scouted Chinese positions during Operation Killer and struck behind Chinese lines during Operation Ripper before being deactivated at the end of March 1951 . The company saw 164 days of continuous combat and was awarded a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation . Military historians have since studied the economy of force of the company 's organization and utilization . Although the experimental unit led to the creation of 15 more Ranger companies , historians disagree on whether the unit was employed properly as a special forces unit and whether it was adequately equipped for the missions it was designed to conduct . = = Origins = = Following the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 , the North Korean People 's Army had invaded the Republic of Korea ( ROK ) with 90 @,@ 000 well @-@ trained and equipped troops who had easily overrun the smaller and more poorly equipped Republic of Korea Army . The United States ( U.S. ) and United Nations ( UN ) subsequently intervened , beginning a campaign to prevent South Korea from collapsing . The U.S. troops engaged the North Koreans first at the Battle of Osan , and were badly defeated by the better @-@ trained North Koreans on 5 July . By August , U.S. and UN forces had been pushed back to the Pusan Perimeter . At the same time , North Korean agents began to infiltrate behind UN lines and attack military targets and cities . UN units , spread out along the Pusan Perimeter , were having a difficult time repelling these units as they were untrained in combating guerrilla warfare . North Korean special forces units like the NK 766th Independent Infantry Regiment had been successful in defeating ROK troops , prompting Army Chief of Staff General J. Lawton Collins to order the creation of an elite force which could " infiltrate through enemy lines and attack command posts , artillery , tank parks , and key communications centers or facilities . " All U.S. Army Ranger units had been disbanded after World War II because they required time @-@ consuming training , specialization , and expensive equipment . Yet with the defeat of the NK 766th Regiment at the Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong , and the strength of U.S. infantry units in question , U.S. commanders felt recreating Ranger units was essential to beginning a counteroffensive . In early August as the Battle of Pusan Perimeter was beginning , the Eighth United States Army ordered Lieutenant Colonel John H. McGee , the head of its G @-@ 3 Operations Miscellaneous Division , to seek volunteers for a new experimental Army Ranger unit . McGee was given only seven weeks to organize and train the unit before it was sent into combat , as commanders felt the need for Rangers was dire , and that existing soldiers could be trained as Rangers in a relatively short period of time . Because of this limitation , volunteers were solicited only from existing Eighth Army combat units in Korea , though subsequent Ranger companies were able to recruit Ranger veterans from World War II . From the Eighth Army replacement pool , McGee recruited Second Lieutenant Ralph Puckett , newly commissioned from West Point and with no combat experience , to serve as the company commander . Second Lieutenants Charles Bunn and Barnard Cummings , Jr . , became Puckett 's two platoon leaders . Several hundred enlisted men volunteered from the Eighth Army , though few had combat experience . Through a quick and informal selection process , Puckett picked the men to fill out the company based on weapons qualifications , athleticism , and duty performance . There was no time to administer physical fitness tests for the applicants , and unmarried men younger than 26 were preferred . Recruits were told they would receive no hazard pay . Once Puckett had selected 73 enlisted men , the Eighth Army Ranger Company was formally organized at Camp Drake , Japan , on 25 August 1950 . Three days later , it sailed from Sasebo to Pusan , South Korea , aboard the ferry Koan Maru . Upon arrival , the company was sent to the newly established Eighth Army Ranger Training Center for seven weeks of specialized training . This took place at " Ranger Hill " near Kijang , where the men became skilled in reconnaissance , navigation , long @-@ range patrolling , motorized scouting , setting up roadblocks , maintaining camouflage and concealment , and adjusting indirect fire . They also undertook frequent live fire exercises , many at night , simulating raids , ambushes and infiltration , using North Korean operatives that were known to be hiding in the area as an opposing force . Adopting techniques that had been established during World War II , they worked 60 hours per week , running 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) each day and frequently undertaking 20 @-@ mile ( 32 km ) speed marches . The troops also all shaved their hair into mohawks , under orders of the officers who wanted to build esprit de corps . Of the original 76 men who started the course , 12 either dropped out or were injured , and as a result 10 South Korean troops , known as KATUSAs , were attached to the unit to fill its ranks . = = = Organization = = = Established to experiment with the notion of deploying small light infantry units that specialized in infiltration and irregular warfare to Korea , the Eighth Army Ranger Company was created with an organization that was unique to other U.S. Army units . Consisting of three officers and 73 enlisted men , it was organized as a company of two platoons based on the Table of Organization and Equipment documents used to raise Ranger units during World War II . Within each platoon , a headquarters element of five men provided command and control . In addition , both platoons had thirty @-@ six men in three squads – two assault squads and one heavy weapons squad – and were furnished with a 60 mm M2 mortar , two M20 Super Bazookas , and a M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle as well as the M1 Garand and M2 Carbines that the majority of the men were armed with . One man from each platoon was designated as a sniper . The company was assigned no vehicles , and no provision was made for mess facilities or to provide medical assets . As no independent battalion @-@ level headquarters existed in Korea , the company had to be attached to a higher formation at all times . Employing the Sub Intelligent Numbers Selector theory that assigned non @-@ descript unit names and randomized numerical designations to formations in order to disguise their role from the enemy , the company was designated the 8213th Army Unit . Upon formation , it was decided that the company would be considered an ad hoc , or provisional unit , which meant it did not have a permanent lineage and was only a temporary formation , akin to a task force . This decision was unique to the Eighth Army Ranger Company , as subsequent companies assumed the lineage of Ranger units from World War II , and veterans later expressed resentment with the choice as it prevented the company from accruing its own campaign streamers or unit decorations . While subsequent Ranger companies were authorized shoulder sleeve insignia with the distinctive black and red scroll of their World War II predecessors , the Eighth Army Ranger Company wore the shoulder patch of the Eighth United States Army , which commanded all UN troops in Korea . = = History = = = = = Advance = = = By the time the Eighth Army Ranger Company completed training on 1 October , UN forces had broken out of the Pusan Perimeter following an amphibious landing at Inchon . The company was subsequently committed to the offensive from Pusan Perimeter . On 8 October it was redesignated the 8213th Army Unit signifying its activation as a unit , and on 14 October Puckett took an advance force to join the US 25th Infantry Division at Taejon , as part of the US IX Corps . The Rangers ' first assignment was to probe north to Poun with the division 's reconnaissance elements in search of pockets of guerrillas which had been isolated during the UN breakout from Pusan . The platoons moved to two villages near Poun and began a northward sweep with the 25th Infantry Division . The troops then rapidly moved 175 miles ( 282 km ) to Kaesong where they eliminated the last North Korean resistance south of the 38th Parallel . In these missions , the Eighth Army Ranger Company saw frequent combat with small groups of North Korean troops . During this time they also scrounged supplies from local units , including commandeering a jeep , and taking rice and other rations from the countryside . With South Korea liberated , the Rangers led the 25th Infantry Division 's advance into North Korea . Acting as a spearhead , they sent out reconnaissance patrols ahead of the divisional main body and set up roadblocks to limit the movement of retreating North Korean forces . The Rangers became a part of " Task Force Johnson " with the 25th Infantry Division Reconnaissance Company and the 2nd Battalion , 35th Infantry in November to probe and clear the Uijeongbu , Dongducheon , and Shiny @-@ ri areas of North Korean elements . On 18 November , the Rangers were detached from Task Force Johnson and returned to Kaesong , where they were attached to the 89th Medium Tank Battalion . On 20 November , the 89th Medium Tank Battalion moved to join the renewed UN offensive north to destroy the remaining North Korean troops and advance to the Yalu River . The battalion was designated " Task Force Dolvin " and ordered to spearhead the drive . At 01 : 00 that morning they advanced to Kunu @-@ ri , reaching the front lines at Yongdungpo by 16 : 00 . = = = Hill 205 = = = On 23 November , the 25th Infantry Division rested in preparation for its final advance to the Yalu , which was to begin the next day at 10 : 00 . As the division spent the day enjoying a Thanksgiving Day meal , the Rangers scouted 5 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) north of the planned line of departure but made no contact with North Korean forces . On 24 November , the company moved out on time in the center of Task Force Dolvin 's advance , riding on tanks from B Company , 89th Tank Battalion , including M4A3 Sherman and M26 Pershings . About 5 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) into their advance , they rescued 30 U.S. prisoners of war from the 8th Cavalry Regiment who had been captured at the Battle of Unsan but abandoned by the retreating Chinese . At 14 : 00 they reached their objective at Hill 222 . As soon as the Rangers dismounted the tanks , the troops came under mortar fire . One Ranger was subsequently killed , the company 's first fatality since its formation . Cummings and 2nd Platoon advanced 800 meters ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) to the crest of the hill . At that time the tanks of the 89th mistakenly opened fire on the Rangers , causing a number of friendly fire casualties including two killed , before Puckett was able to signal them to stop . The Rangers took up positions on Hill 222 for the night . An additional two men became weather casualties , suffering frostbite that evening as temperatures fell to 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) . The next day , 25 November , Task Force Dolvin resumed its advance , with 51 Rangers of the Eighth Army Ranger Company continuing north on the 89th 's tanks . The troops immediately ran into Chinese resistance as they began to advance . On both flanks , Task Force Dolvin troops encountered sporadic resistance throughout the morning , but were able to capture their objectives . The Eighth Army Ranger Company rode the tanks a further 5 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) north to Hill 205 . As the Rangers and tanks approached the hill they came under mortar and small arms fire , but were able to capture the hill after light Chinese resistance , suffering four wounded in the process . The Rangers then established a perimeter on the position and spent the remainder of the day fortifying it . The Chinese Second Phase Offensive was launched that evening , with the unprepared UN troops hit all along the Korean front as 300 @,@ 000 Chinese troops swarmed into Korea . Several kilometers away on the Rangers ' left flank , the U.S. 27th Infantry Regiment 's E Company was hit with a heavy Chinese attack at 21 : 00 , alerting the Rangers to a pending attack . At 22 : 00 , troops of the Chinese 39th Army began a frontal assault on Hill 205 , signaled by drums and whistles . An estimated platoon @-@ sized force of Chinese made the first attack . The Rangers fought back with heavy small arms fire and several pre @-@ sighted artillery concentrations , repulsing this first attack at 22 : 50 . A number of Rangers were wounded in this attack , including Puckett , who refused evacuation . At 23 : 00 the Chinese launched a second attack which was quickly repelled , as was a third attack several minutes later . Both of these attacks were an estimated company in strength . The Rangers inflicted heavy casualties each time as a result of a well @-@ established defensive perimeter , though the platoon of tanks at the foot of the hill opposite the Chinese attack were unable to assist the Rangers , as the crews had no experience in night operations . By 23 : 50 the Chinese began attacking in greater numbers , with an estimated two companies advancing at a time , moving to within hand grenade range . The Rangers began to run low on ammunition while their casualties continued to mount , and Puckett was wounded again . Over the course of several hours the Chinese launched a fourth and a fifth attack , each of which was narrowly pushed back by the Rangers . The Rangers were then ordered to fix bayonets in preparation for the next attack . At 02 : 45 , the Chinese began a sixth and final attack with a heavy mortar barrage which inflicted heavy casualties on the remaining Rangers , including Cummings , who was killed instantly by a mortar shell and Puckett , who was severely wounded . The Chinese then sent a reinforced battalion of 600 infantry at the hill , while simultaneously striking other elements of Task Force Dolvin , preventing artillery from providing effective support . Without artillery support of their own , and low on ammunition , they were overwhelmed by the subsequent Chinese attack . The Chinese forces swarmed the hill in overwhelming numbers , and many of the Rangers were shot and killed in their foxholes or stabbed with bayonets . The company was destroyed in the fighting , with the survivors retreating from the hill . Three Rangers later chased away Chinese troops as they tried to capture the severely wounded Puckett . The remaining Rangers gathered at an assembly area at the base of the hill under First Sergeant Charles L. Pitts , the highest ranking unwounded member of the company , and withdrew . The Rangers suffered over 80 percent casualties on Hill 205 ; of the 51 who captured the hill , 10 were killed or missing and another 31 wounded . = = = 1951 raids = = = The heavy casualties on Hill 205 rendered the company ineffective , and for several weeks it was only capable of being used to conduct routine patrols or as a security force for divisional headquarters elements . Puckett was evacuated to recover from his wounds . On 5 December , Captain John P. Vann assumed command of the company , and Captain Bob Sigholtz , a veteran of Merrill 's Marauders , was also assigned to the unit . Yet with the company 's casualties being replaced by regular soldiers who had no Ranger training it did not return to full combat capability after the Hill 205 battle . The replacements were subsequently given cursory training between missions , but U.S. military historians contend that the inexperienced replacements dramatically decreased the usefulness of the company as a special forces unit . The company participated in a few isolated missions in late 1950 and early 1951 , including the recapture of Ganghwa Island from Chinese forces while attached to the Turkish Brigade . It advanced with the 25th Division during Operation Killer in late February as part of an effort to push Chinese forces north of the Han River . During that operation the company was employed as a scouting force , probing the strength of Chinese formations as they launched raids and attacks on the 25th Infantry Division . The frequent scouting missions were also intended to draw Chinese fire and determine the locations of their units . Returning to action , the company 's 2nd Platoon effected a crossing of the Han River at 22 : 00 on 28 February 1951 for a raid on Yangsu @-@ ri to destroy Chinese positions and capture a prisoner . Despite difficulties crossing the icy river the platoon moved into the village after 23 : 00 , finding it deserted . After probing 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north and finding no Chinese , the Rangers returned to UN lines . On 1 March , 1st Platoon conducted a follow @-@ up mission to scout railroad tunnels north of the village but had to turn back as heavy ice blocked its boats from crossing , and several men fell into the freezing water . During the first days of March , the company stepped up its patrols across the Han River , this time with a renewed emphasis on determining the locations of Chinese forces and pinpointing their strongpoints , in preparation for the next major offensive . = = = Operation Ripper = = = Vann was replaced by Captain Charles G. Ross on 5 March 1951 . At the same time , the UN began Operation Ripper to drive the Chinese north of the 38th Parallel . As the 25th Infantry Division attacked forward , the Eighth Army Ranger Company scouted 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) ahead of the general attack , reconnoitering Chinese positions . For much of the month they were utilized as a flank security force for the 25th Infantry Division , holding successive blocking positions as elements of the division advanced . On 18 March , they were sent a further 7 miles ( 11 km ) north of the front lines to set up an ambush at a road and railway line which ran through a defile . Chinese troops were retreating through this defile , and at 15 : 30 on 19 March Ross assembled the men nearby . Through the night they established roadblocks and prepared to attack oncoming Chinese troops , but none passed through the area , and Ross took the company back to UN lines at 05 : 00 . The company 's final mission came on 27 March , an infiltration 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north to Changgo @-@ ri to reconnoiter the size of a Chinese force holding there and to prevent it from setting a rearguard . The 25th Infantry Division would then attack and overwhelm the Chinese concentration more easily . The Rangers began their advance at 22 : 00 and arrived at the village at 01 : 00 . Ross then ordered 2nd Platoon to conduct a stealth attack into the village which destroyed an outpost and a food cache and caught the Chinese troops by surprise . The Rangers temporarily succeeded in pushing the sizable Chinese force out of the village and into a trench , inflicting heavy casualties on it in the process . The Chinese , estimated to be a battalion , subsequently attempted to counterattack but were repulsed by the Rangers . Following this , Ross ordered the company to withdraw back to UN lines , arriving there at 05 : 00 having suffered no casualties in the action . The Eighth Army Ranger Company was deactivated on 31 March 1951 . Some of its equipment was subsequently consolidated with the 5th Ranger Infantry Company , which was newly arrived in Korea and had been assigned to the 25th Infantry Division . The men of the new Ranger company had formally attended Ranger School , though they were inexperienced and less effective in their initial actions with the division . In the meantime , most of the men of the former Eighth Army Ranger Company were transferred to other units of the 25th Infantry Division , while those who were paratrooper qualified through the United States Army Airborne School were allowed to transfer to the 187th Regimental Combat Team or one of the other Ranger companies then beginning to arrive in Korea . During its brief existence , the Eighth Army Ranger Company saw 164 days of combat and was awarded a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation . = = Analysis = = In September 1950 , on Collins ' orders the Ranger Training Center was moved to Fort Benning , Georgia , and in October the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , and 4th Ranger Companies began training . The effective employment of the Eighth Army Ranger Company had demonstrated the viability of the concept to Army planners , and the subsequent Chinese attacks in November reinforced the need for more such units . As a result , the 5th , 6th , 7th , and 8th Ranger Companies were ordered to form . Altogether , another fifteen Ranger companies would be formed in 1950 and 1951 , and six of them would see combat in Korea . Subsequent military science studies of the use of Rangers during the Korean War have focused on analysing their economy of force by looking at how well the U.S. military employed them as special forces . In an analysis of the operations of all Ranger units in the Korean War , Major Chelsea Y. Chae proposed in a 1996 thesis to the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College that they were misused and ineffective in general , and that in particular the Eighth Army Ranger Company had been poorly employed . Chae noted that the Ranger formations ' lack of support personnel made them a logistic and administrative liability , as they had to be attached to conventional units for support . Furthermore , he argued that the Rangers ' small formation sizes meant that they lacked the manpower to conduct basic tactical maneuvers , and their employment with divisional elements did not provide them with the intelligence information necessary for effective infiltration operations . He concluded that these problems were due to a " lack of understanding of Ranger capabilities , limitations inherent in Rangers ' force structure , and basic distrust of elite forces . " However , retired Colonel Thomas H. Taylor , a military historian , contended in his 1996 book that in spite of their original purpose of short range infiltration , the Eighth Army Ranger Company was employed well for the missions they conducted , most of which were reactionary and borne out of a need to rapidly counter North Korean and Chinese attacks . Taylor noted that particularly in their earlier missions , the Rangers had been successful at operating as a night combat force , a skill that the rest of the U.S. forces in Korea were largely untrained in . Taylor also believed that the Rangers , who were drawn from replacement and occupation units in Japan , effectively gave the 25th Infantry Division an extra force it would not otherwise have possessed , allowing it to employ its conventional forces elsewhere . Taylor praised division commander Major General William B. Kean for his employment of the Rangers , and argued that the successes of the subsequent Ranger companies validated the existence of the Eighth Army Ranger Company . = Abbas Kiarostami = Abbas Kiarostami ( Persian : عباس کیارستمی pronunciation ; 22 June 1940 – 4 July 2016 ) was an Iranian film director , screenwriter , photographer and film producer . An active film @-@ maker from 1970 , Kiarostami had been involved in over forty films , including shorts and documentaries . Kiarostami attained critical acclaim for directing the Koker trilogy ( 1987 – 94 ) , Close @-@ Up ( 1990 ) , Taste of Cherry ( 1997 ) – which was awarded the Palme d 'Or at the Cannes Film Festival that year – and The Wind Will Carry Us ( 1999 ) . In his later works , Certified Copy ( 2010 ) and Like Someone in Love ( 2012 ) , he filmed for the first time outside Iran : in Italy and Japan , respectively . Kiarostami had worked extensively as a screenwriter , film editor , art director and producer and had designed credit titles and publicity material . He was also a poet , photographer , painter , illustrator , and graphic designer . He was part of a generation of filmmakers in the Iranian New Wave , a Persian cinema movement that started in the late 1960s and includes pioneering directors such as Masoud Kimiai , Sohrab Shahid Saless , Dariush Mehrjui , Bahram Beyzai , Nasser Taghvai and Parviz Kimiavi . These filmmakers share many common techniques including the use of poetic dialogue and allegorical storytelling dealing with political and philosophical issues . Kiarostami had a reputation for using child protagonists , for documentary @-@ style narrative films , for stories that take place in rural villages , and for conversations that unfold inside cars , using stationary mounted cameras . He is also known for his use of Persian poetry in the dialogue , titles , and themes of his films . Kiarostami 's films contain a notable degree of ambiguity , an unusual mixture of simplicity and complexity , and often a mix of fictional and documentary elements . The concepts of change and continuity , in addition to the themes of life and death , play a major role in Kiarostami 's works . = = Early life and background = = Kiarostami was born in Tehran . His first artistic experience was painting , which he continued into his late teens , winning a painting competition at the age of 18 shortly before he left home to study at the University of Tehran School of Fine Arts . He majored in painting and graphic design , and supported his studies by working as a traffic policeman . As a painter , designer , and illustrator , Kiarostami worked in advertising in the 1960s , designing posters and creating commercials . Between 1962 and 1966 , he shot around 150 advertisements for Iranian television . In the late 1960s , he began creating credit titles for films ( including Gheysar by Masoud Kimiai ) and illustrating children 's books . = = Film career = = = = = 1970s = = = In 1969 , when the Iranian New Wave began with Dariush Mehrjui 's film Gāv , Kiarostami helped set up a filmmaking department at the Institute for Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults ( Kanun ) in Tehran . Its debut production and Kiarostami 's first film was the twelve @-@ minute The Bread and Alley ( 1970 ) , a neo @-@ realistic short film about a schoolboy 's confrontation with an aggressive dog . Breaktime followed in 1972 . The department became one of Iran 's most noted film studios , producing not only Kiarostami 's films , but acclaimed Persian films such as The Runner and Bashu , the Little Stranger . In the 1970s , Kiarostami pursued an individualistic style of film making . When discussing his first film , he stated : Bread and Alley was my first experience in cinema and I must say a very difficult one . I had to work with a very young child , a dog , and an unprofessional crew except for the cinematographer , who was nagging and complaining all the time . Well , the cinematographer , in a sense , was right because I did not follow the conventions of film making that he had become accustomed to . Following The Experience ( 1973 ) , Kiarostami released The Traveler ( Mossafer ) in 1974 . The Traveler tells the story of Qassem Julayi , a troubled and troublesome boy from a small Iranian city . Intent on attending a football match in far @-@ off Tehran , he scams his friends and neighbors to raise money , and journeys to the stadium in time for the game , only to meet with an ironic twist of fate . In addressing the boy 's determination to reach his goal , alongside his indifference to the effects of his amoral actions , the film examined human behavior and the balance of right and wrong . It furthered Kiarostami 's reputation for realism , diegetic simplicity , and stylistic complexity , as well as his fascination with physical and spiritual journeys . In 1975 , Kiarostami directed two short films So Can I and Two Solutions for One Problem . In early 1976 , he released Colors , followed by the fifty @-@ four @-@ minute film A Wedding Suit , a story about three teenagers coming into conflict over a suit for a wedding . Kiarostami 's first feature film was the 112 @-@ minute Report ( 1977 ) . It revolved around the life of a tax collector accused of accepting bribes ; suicide was among its themes . In 1979 , he produced and directed First Case , Second Case . = = = 1980s = = = In the early 1980s , Kiarostami directed several short films including Toothache ( 1980 ) , Orderly or Disorderly ( 1981 ) , and The Chorus ( 1982 ) . In 1983 , he directed Fellow Citizen . It was not until his release of Where Is the Friend 's Home ? that he began to gain recognition outside Iran . The film tells a simple account of a conscientious eight @-@ year @-@ old schoolboy 's quest to return his friend 's notebook in a neighboring village lest his friend be expelled from school . The traditional beliefs of Iranian rural people are portrayed . The film has been noted for its poetic use of the Iranian rural landscape and its realism , both important elements of Kiarostami 's work . Kiarostami made the film from a child 's point of view . Where Is the Friend 's Home ? , And Life Goes On ( 1992 ) ( also known as Life and Nothing More ) , and Through the Olive Trees ( 1994 ) are described by critics as the Koker trilogy , because all three films feature the village of Koker in northern Iran . The films also relate to the 1990 Manjil – Rudbar earthquake , in which 40 @,@ 000 people died . Kiarostami uses the themes of life , death , change , and continuity to connect the films . The trilogy was successful in France in the 1990s and other Western European countries such as the Netherlands , Sweden , Germany and Finland . But , Kiarostami did not consider the three films to comprise a trilogy . He suggested that the last two titles plus Taste of Cherry ( 1997 ) comprise a trilogy , given their common theme of the preciousness of life . In 1987 , Kiarostami was involved in the screenwriting of The Key , which he edited but did not direct . In 1989 , he released Homework . = = = 1990s = = = Kiarostami 's first film of the decade was Close @-@ Up ( 1990 ) , which narrates the story of the real @-@ life trial of a man who impersonated film @-@ maker Mohsen Makhmalbaf , conning a family into believing they would star in his new film . The family suspects theft as the motive for this charade , but the impersonator , Hossein Sabzian , argues that his motives were more complex . The part @-@ documentary , part @-@ staged film examines Sabzian 's moral justification for usurping Makhmalbaf 's identity , questioning his ability to sense his cultural and artistic flair . Ranked # 42 in British Film Institute 's The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time , Close @-@ Up received praise from directors such as Quentin Tarantino , Martin Scorsese , Werner Herzog , Jean @-@ Luc Godard , and Nanni Moretti and was released across Europe . In 1992 , Kiarostami directed Life , and Nothing More ... , regarded by critics as the second film of the Koker trilogy . The film follows a father and his young son as they drive from Tehran to Koker in search of two young boys who they fear might have perished in the 1990 earthquake . As the father and son travel through the devastated landscape , they meet earthquake survivors forced to carry on with their lives amid disaster . That year Kiarostami won a Prix Roberto Rossellini , the first professional film award of his career , for his direction of the film . The last film of the so @-@ called Koker trilogy was Through the Olive Trees ( 1994 ) , which expands a peripheral scene from Life and Nothing More into the central drama . Critics such as Adrian Martin have called the style of filmmaking in the Koker trilogy as " diagrammatical " , linking the zig @-@ zagging patterns in the landscape and the geometry of forces of life and the world . A flashback of the zigzag path in Life and Nothing More ... ( 1992 ) in turn triggers the spectator 's memory of the previous film , Where Is the Friend 's Home ? from 1987 , shot before the earthquake . This symbolically links to the post @-@ earthquake reconstruction in Through the Olive Trees in 1994 . In 1995 , Miramax Films released Through the Olive Trees in the US theaters . Kiarostami next wrote the screenplays for The Journey and The White Balloon ( 1995 ) , for his former assistant Jafar Panahi . Between 1995 and 1996 , he was involved in the production of Lumière and Company , a collaboration with 40 other film directors . Kiarostami won the Palme d 'Or ( Golden Palm ) award at the Cannes Film Festival for Taste of Cherry . It is the drama of a man , Mr. Badii , determined to commit suicide . The film involved themes such as morality , the legitimacy of the act of suicide , and the meaning of compassion . Kiarostami directed The Wind Will Carry Us in 1999 , which won the Grand Jury Prize ( Silver Lion ) at the Venice International Film Festival . The film contrasted rural and urban views on the dignity of labor , addressing themes of gender equality and the benefits of progress , by means of a stranger 's sojourn in a remote Kurdish village . An unusual feature of the movie is that many of the characters are heard but not seen ; at least thirteen to fourteen speaking characters in the film are never seen . = = = 2000s = = = In 2000 , at the San Francisco Film Festival award ceremony , Kiarostami was awarded the Akira Kurosawa Prize for lifetime achievement in directing , but surprised everyone by giving it away to veteran Iranian actor Behrooz Vossoughi for his contribution to Iranian cinema . In 2001 , Kiarostami and his assistant , Seifollah Samadian , traveled to Kampala , Uganda at the request of the United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Development , to film a documentary about programs assisting Ugandan orphans . He stayed for ten days and made ABC Africa . The trip was originally intended as a research in preparation for the filming , but Kiarostami ended up editing the entire film from the video footage shot there . The high number of orphans in Uganda has resulted from the deaths of parents in the AIDS epidemic . Time Out editor and National Film Theatre chief programmer , Geoff Andrew , said in referring to the film : " Like his previous four features , this film is not about death but life @-@ and @-@ death : how they 're linked , and what attitude we might adopt with regard to their symbiotic inevitability . " The following year , Kiarostami directed Ten , revealing an unusual method of filmmaking and abandoning many scriptwriting conventions . Kiarostami focused on the socio @-@ political landscape of Iran . The images are seen through the eyes of one woman as she drives through the streets of Tehran over a period of several days . Her journey is composed of ten conversations with various passengers , which include her sister , a hitchhiking prostitute , and a jilted bride and her demanding young son . This style of filmmaking was praised by a number of critics . A. O. Scott in The New York Times wrote that Kiarostami , " in addition to being perhaps the most internationally admired Iranian filmmaker of the past decade , is also among the world masters of automotive cinema ... He understands the automobile as a place of reflection , observation and , above all , talk . " In 2003 , Kiarostami directed Five , a poetic feature with no dialogue or characterization . It consists of five long shots of nature which are single @-@ take sequences , shot with a hand @-@ held DV camera , along the shores of the Caspian Sea . Although the film lacks a clear storyline , Geoff Andrew argues that the film is " more than just pretty pictures " . He adds , " Assembled in order , they comprise a kind of abstract or emotional narrative arc , which moves evocatively from separation and solitude to community , from motion to rest , near @-@ silence to sound and song , light to darkness and back to light again , ending on a note of rebirth and regeneration . " He notes the degree of artifice concealed behind the apparent simplicity of the imagery . Kiarostami produced 10 on Ten ( 2004 ) , a journal documentary that shares ten lessons on movie @-@ making while he drives through the locations of his past films . The movie is shot on digital video with a stationary camera mounted inside the car , in a manner reminiscent of Taste of Cherry and Ten . In 2005 and 2006 , he directed The Roads of Kiarostami , a 32 @-@ minute documentary that reflects on the power of landscape , combining austere black @-@ and @-@ white photographs with poetic observations , engaging music with political subject matter . Also in 2005 , Kiarostami contributed the central section to Tickets , a portmanteau film set on a train traveling through Italy . The other segments were directed by Ken Loach and Ermanno Olmi . In 2008 , Kiarostami directed the feature Shirin , which features close @-@ ups of many notable Iranian actresses and the French actress Juliette Binoche as they watch a film based on a partly mythological Persian romance tale of Khosrow and Shirin , with themes of female self @-@ sacrifice . The film has been described as " a compelling exploration of the relationship between image , sound and female spectatorship . " That summer , he directed Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's opera Così fan tutte conducted by Christophe Rousset at Festival d 'Aix @-@ en @-@ Provence starring with William Shimell . But the following year 's performances at the English National Opera was impossible to direct because of refusal of permission to travel abroad from his country . = = = 2010s = = = Certified Copy ( 201	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
turned eighteen . Following the 1938 Anschluss ( union ) between Germany and Austria , Yugoslavia came to share a border with the Third Reich and fell under increasing pressure as her neighbours became aligned with the Axis powers . In April 1939 , Italy opened a second frontier with Yugoslavia when it invaded and occupied neighbouring Albania . At the outbreak of World War II , the Yugoslav government declared its neutrality . Between September and November 1940 , Hungary and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact and Italy invaded Greece . From that time , Yugoslavia was almost completely surrounded by the Axis powers and their satellites , and her neutral stance toward the war came under tremendous pressure . In late February 1941 , Bulgaria joined the Pact . The next day , German troops entered Bulgaria from Romania , closing the ring around Yugoslavia . Intending to secure his southern flank for the impending attack on the Soviet Union , Adolf Hitler began placing heavy pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Axis . On 25 March 1941 , after some delay , the Yugoslav government conditionally signed the Pact . Two days later , a group of pro @-@ Western , Serbian nationalist air force officers deposed Prince Paul in a bloodless coup d 'état . The conspirators declared the 17 @-@ year @-@ old Prince Peter of age and brought to power a " government of national unity " led by General Dušan Simović . The coup enraged Hitler . " Even if Yugoslavia at first should give declarations of loyalty , " he stated , " she must be considered ... a foe and ... destroyed as quickly as possible . " He then ordered the invasion of Yugoslavia , which commenced on 6 April 1941 . = = = Fall of Bjelovar = = = The Royal Yugoslav Army ( Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije , VKJ ) was quickly overwhelmed by the combined German , Italian and Hungarian assault . Much of its equipment was obsolete , its military strategy was outdated and its soldiers were ill @-@ disciplined and poorly trained . To make matters worse , many of the VKJ 's Croat personnel refused to fight against the Germans , whom they considered liberators from Serb oppression . This attitude was shared by many soldiers of the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska 's largely Croat 108th Regiment , which was stationed in the village of Veliki Grđevac . The regiment had been mobilised in Bjelovar , and on 7 April was marching towards Virovitica to take up positions , when its Croat members revolted and arrested the Serb officers and soldiers . Led by Captain Ivan Mrak , the regiment disarmed a Yugoslav gendarmerie post in Garešnica and began marching back to Bjelovar alongside a band of Ustaše rebels under Mijo Hans . The following morning , elements of the 108th Regiment entered Bjelovar and clashed with the local gendarmerie , sustaining losses of two killed and three wounded . At about noon , the regiment joined up with elements of the 42nd Infantry Regiment and other units of the 40th Infantry Division . At around the same time , Julije Makanec , the Croat mayor of Bjelovar , joined Ustaše official Ivan Šestak and HSS representative Franjo Hegeduš in demanding that the VKJ surrender the town to the rebels . When the 4th Army 's commander , General Petar Nedeljković , learned of the rebel approach , he ordered the local gendarmerie commander to maintain order , but was advised that this would not be possible as local Croat conscripts would not report for duty . Fourth Army headquarters reported the rebels ' presence to the headquarters of the 1st Army Group , which requested that HSS leader Vladko Maček intervene with the rebels . Maček agreed to send an emissary to the 108th Infantry Regiment urging them to obey their officers , to no avail . Later in the day , two trucks of rebels arrived at 4th Army headquarters in Bjelovar with the intention of killing the staff . The headquarters guard force prevented this , but the operations staff immediately withdrew from Bjelovar to Popovača . After issuing several unanswered ultimatums , around 8 @,@ 000 rebels attacked Bjelovar , assisted by Croat fifth @-@ columnists within the town . Bjelovar surrendered , and many Yugoslav officers and soldiers were captured by the Germans and Ustaše rebels . Local Croats welcomed the revolt with great enthusiasm . When Nedeljković heard of Bjelovar 's capture , he called Makanec and threatened to bomb the city if VKJ prisoners were not immediately released . Detained officers from 4th Army headquarters and the 108th Infantry Regiment were then sent to Zagreb . At about 16 : 00 , Nedeljković informed the Ban of Croatia , Ivan Šubašić , of the revolt , but Šubašić was powerless to influence events . At about 18 : 00 , Makanec proclaimed that Bjelovar was part of an independent Croatian state . This was the only significant pro @-@ Ustaše revolt in Croatia and Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina prior to 10 April . Ustaše propaganda celebrated it as " an uprising of the Croatian people against the April War " and claimed that it proved Croats wholeheartedly supported the destruction of Yugoslavia . = = = Creation of the NDH = = = On 10 April , senior Ustaše commander Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia ( Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) . The declaration came exactly one week before the VKJ 's unconditional surrender to the Axis powers . The leader of the Ustaše , Ante Pavelić , was in Rome at the time and made arrangements to travel to Karlovac , just west of Zagreb . He arrived in Karlovac on 13 April , accompanied by 250 – 400 of his followers . Pavelić reached Zagreb on 15 April , having granted territorial cessions to Italy at Croatia 's expense and promised the Germans he had no intention of pursuing a foreign policy independent of Berlin . That same day , Germany and Italy extended diplomatic recognition to the NDH . Pavelić was declared Poglavnik ( " leader " ) of the Ustaše @-@ led Croatian state , which combined the territory of much of present @-@ day Croatia , all of present @-@ day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of present @-@ day Serbia . Pavelić and his followers intended to create an " ethnically pure " Croatia through the mass murder and deportation of Serbs , Jews and other non @-@ Croats . However , only about fifty percent of the NDH 's 6 @.@ 2 million inhabitants were Croat . Nearly two million Serbs , about one @-@ third of the NDH 's total population , now found themselves within the borders of the newly formed state . In addition , Serb @-@ majority areas covered between 60 and 70 percent of the NDH 's total landmass . " The Croatian state cannot exist if 1 @.@ 8 million Serbs are living in it and if we have a powerful Serbian state at our backs , " Croatia 's future Foreign Minister Mladen Lorković explained . " Therefore , we are trying to make the Serbs disappear from our regions . " In his memoirs , Slavko Kvaternik wrote : " Living abroad as émigrés for twelve years , during which time they lived only in the yearning for revenge , had turned [ the Ustaše ] into psychopaths , mentally deranged people with a desire to kill . " His son Dido Kvaternik , a senior Ustaše official , was entrusted with " cleansing " Bjelovar and its surroundings . The younger Kvaternik recalled : " When we triumphantly returned home from abroad and when Pavelić decided that I should take over the implementation of the measures against Serbs and Jews , I obeyed immediately and without hesitation because I knew that this question had to be resolved for the future of the Croatian people and state , and that someone had to make the sacrifice so that these odious but necessary measures could be carried out . " Pavelić 's orders for the extermination of non @-@ Croats in and around Bjelovar were likely delivered orally to ensure that no written evidence remained . = = Prelude = = Immediately after seizing Bjelovar , the Ustaše set about strengthening their hold of the city . Josip Verhas , an ethnic German , was appointed the acting head of Bjelovar district , Đuro Vojnović was appointed Ustaše representative to the Bjelovar district , and Hans was named the Ustaše commissioner for Bjelovar county . Alojz Čukman was appointed chief of police . He immediately decreed that all of Bjelovar 's Serbs had to wear a red armband with the word " Serb " written in both Croatian and German . Ivan Garščić , a public notary , was appointed acting commander of the Bjelovar armoury and set about reorganizing local Ustaše formations . Mrak , who had distinguished himself as one of the leaders of the 108th Regiment 's revolt , was tasked with overseeing the city centre . Between 9 and 14 April , groups of soldiers from the disbanded 108th Regiment roamed the Bjelovar countryside looking for a way home . Serb officers that had refused to surrender raided Croat homes , hoping to find food , money and civilian clothing that would make it easier for them to pass through German and Ustaše checkpoints . In some villages , Croat peasants disarmed defeated VKJ units and plundered their warehouses . Some of these peasants , especially those in Gudovac , entered local units known as " readiness battalions " . On 10 April , the Germans reached Bjelovar and set up a series of command posts but left the Ustaše in de facto control of the city . The Ustaše were wary of the possible danger that the Serb peasantry posed . Many male peasants had been in the VKJ at the time of the invasion and had simply discarded their military fatigues and taken their rifles home . Mišo Sabolek , a local Ustaše commander , reported : " Bjelovar and its surroundings are besieged by Serbs , who are ... killing and looting homes in the villages of Nart , Gudovac and the Česma forest . " In mid @-@ April , Sabolek reported that he had sent 35 gunmen to " quell violence " around Bjelovar . His superiors in Zagreb ordered him to " take any measures necessary to restore order " in the district . Local Ustaše searched dozens of Serb homes , hoping to find illegal weapons . This was followed by the arresting of " undesired elements " , mostly members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( Komunistička partija Jugoslavije , KPJ ) . " The disarming of Serbs ... is vital to securing the future of the young Croatian state , " wrote Edmund Glaise @-@ Horstenau , the German Plenipotentiary General in the NDH . Julius Eker , the local KPJ chairman , was arrested on 12 April . On 16 April , Slavko Kvaternik announced that Serb peasants in the NDH had eight days to hand their weapons over to the Ustaše . Another influential communist , Milan Bakić , was arrested in Bjelovar on 20 April . On 22 April , the Ustaše arrested most of the town 's remaining KPJ members . Communist organisers such as Stevo Šabić , Franko Winter and Sándor Király were arrested on 24 April . By 25 April , several hundred known or suspected anti @-@ fascists were arrested by the local Ustaše . Some were spared death and given prison sentences , but most were executed without trial . That same day , an Ustaše patrol discovered 80 rifles and several machine guns in the home of a local KPJ member . Forty rifles and two machine guns were found in the home of another local communist . Alarmed by the prospect of an armed rebellion in Bjelovar and the surrounding countryside , Kvaternik selected a broad area in and around the town where Serbs were to be " cleansed " . " For every Croat killed , " he said , " we must execute 100 Serbs . " The disarming and arresting of VKJ personnel by the Ustaše was accompanied by numerous incidents , in which about twenty armed VKJ troops and Serb civilians were killed . Kvaternik feared that these deaths would only increase the likelihood of an armed revolt , and became even more wary when he heard rumours that Bjelovar 's Serbs were planning an uprising to coincide with the feast day of St. George ( Đurđevdan ) , on 6 May . Interior Minister Andrija Artuković arrived in Bjelovar after hearing such rumours . At a meeting with Verhas and his lieutenants , he stated that " serious action " would have to be undertaken to " send a message to the enemies of the Ustaše and the NDH " . On 26 April , Kvaternik and his closest assistant , Ivica Šarić , organised the mass arrest of 530 Serb villagers from Grubišno Polje . Thirty Ustaše took part in the arrests . The detainees were transported to the Danica camp , near Koprivnica , and from there taken to Ustaše camps at Gospić , Pag Island , Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška , where most were killed . = = Timeline = = = = = Arrests = = = On 25 April , the Ustaše had arrested a Serb named Milan Radovanović when he stopped by the Bjelovar police station to hand over his rifle . He had fought with the VKJ at the time of the invasion and spent two weeks hiding in the forests before returning to his home in the village of Prgomelje . His relatively late return home had prevented him from handing over his rifle before the Ustaše deadline on 24 April . On the morning of 26 April , as Radovanović and another Serb peasant were being escorted from the county jail by two Ustaše guards , two unidentified gunmen opened fire on the detainees and guards . A skirmish ensued , and Radovanović and one of the guards were killed . The second guard was wounded . That afternoon , a Home Guard ( or domobran ) was killed by a stray bullet in his yard while on leave . Kvaternik immediately blamed Serb " agitators " for the deaths . In their internal documents , the Ustaše blamed the deaths on " local Chetniks " , a claim that has never been proven . Some historians have proposed that the attack on the county jail and the death of the Home Guard were false flag attacks intended to rally Croats against local Serbs . This allegation has also never been proven . Upon hearing news of the attack at the county jail , Kvaternik ordered the arrest of 200 Serb peasants from Gudovac and the neighbouring villages of Veliko and Malo Korenovo , Prgomelje , Bolč , Klokočevac , Tuk , Stančići and Breza . The arrests occurred in the early morning hours of 28 April . The action was personally supervised by Kvaternik and carried out by members of the local Croatian Peasant Guard , which had been turned into a " quasi @-@ military unit " under the command of Martin Čikoš , whom the journalist Slavko Goldstein describes as a " sworn pre @-@ war Ustaša " . Most of the more prominent or wealthy inhabitants of Gudovac were arrested , including teachers , businessmen and Serbian Orthodox priests . " Their sole crime , " Goldstein asserts , " was that they were of the Orthodox faith and perhaps a little more prosperous than their neighbours . " Shortly before the killings , Verhas , Čikoš and local Ustaše officials Rudolf Srnak , Nikola Pokopac and Mirko Pavlešić held a meeting where it was decided that the prisoners would be executed en masse . = = = Killings = = = The prisoners were taken to the Gudovac municipal building and held there for a time . They were told that they would be taken to Bjelovar for interrogation . Instead , they were ordered to march in the opposite direction , towards a field beside the river Plavnica where an open @-@ air market was held each week . The prisoners left Gudovac just before sunset , supervised by as many as 70 armed guards . Many of the prisoners sensed the fate that awaited them but were unable to escape . According to one post @-@ war testimony , Čikoš was " upset , uneasy ... and in no mood to talk " . As the arrested Serbs were being marched out of Gudovac , he pulled one of his Serb neighbours from the group and told him to " get lost " before ordering the remaining 200 detainees to line up against a wall . Kvaternik appeared before the group and asked if it contained any Croats . Four stepped forward and offered their identification papers . Three were permitted to return to their homes once their identities had been confirmed but the fourth was sent back among the Serbs because he was a communist . Kvaternik , Čikoš and several newly appointed Ustaše officers supervised the march . According to survivors , the guards hurtled insults at the prisoners , and forced them to sing Ustaše songs and chant " Long live Pavelić ! Long live Kvaternik ! " The prisoners reached the field just after sunset and were ordered to line up in ranks and make a left face ; the guards then raised their rifles and opened fire . Some of the executioners hesitated before firing , and many of the victims were struck in the legs . Some of the wounded cursed the Ustaše and others cried in agony . Kvaternik observed the massacre from a distance of about 50 metres ( 160 ft ) , accompanied by Hans , Verhas and Pavlešić . Pavlešić was dissatisfied with the speed of the killings and shouted at Čikoš , telling him to " finish the job " . Čikoš 's men then went about looking for survivors and bayonetting anyone that moved . Five prisoners escaped before Čikoš 's men could kill them and fled to a nearby forest . The killings were the first act of mass murder committed by the Ustaše upon coming to power . Estimates of the number of people killed vary . Marko Attila Hoare , a historian specializing in the Balkans , puts the figure at 184 killed . The journalist Tim Judah writes that there were 187 fatalities . Historian Ivo Goldstein asserts that the Ustaše killed 196 people . = = Aftermath = = = = = Reaction = = = Kvaternik and the Ustaše never attempted to conceal the killings , which were deliberately carried out in a relatively public space so as to cause terror among the Serb population . Local Croats had full knowledge of the events . Following the massacre , the Ustaše forced Gudovac 's remaining inhabitants to dig a 150 m2 ( 1 @,@ 614 @.@ 59 sq ft ) mass grave and cover the remains of the victims with quicklime to speed up decomposition . Once the dead had been buried , the villagers were permitted to return to their homes . News of the massacre spread through Bjelovar , and the following day the wife and daughter of a Serb named Nikola Gvozdenčević heard that their husband and father was among those killed . Deeply upset , Mrs. Gvozdenčević and her daughter hurried to a German command post , reported the massacre , then led two German officers to the mass grave . The officers informed their superiors that a massacre had taken place and complained that the " disorder " in their area of responsibility was beyond their control . Their superiors ordered a partial exhumation of the mass grave and requested that the exhumed corpses be photographed . They also requested an investigation , as well as the arrest and punishment of those responsible . On the orders of a local German commander , forty of those involved in the massacre were arrested on the evening of 29 April . Their weapons were seized and they were temporarily detained in the Bjelovar high school . That same evening , Lorković requested an urgent meeting with German ambassador Siegfried Kasche . According to Kasche , Lorković told him that eleven Croats had been killed by the Serbs and that a massacre of 192 men from Gudovac and its surroundings was carried out in retaliation for these deaths . According to Goldstein , the figure of eleven dead Croats was made up by Lorković in order to justify the massacre . The Croatian historian Željko Karaula contradicts Goldstein 's assertion , claiming the VKJ marched into several hamlets on 11 April and summarily executed eleven Croat villagers that had refused to report for mobilisation several days earlier . Goldstein posits that 25 of the 27 Croats whose deaths the Ustaše attributed to " Serb agitators " prior to the massacre had perished in combat operations during the rebellion of the 108th Regiment . Historian Michele F. Levy agrees that there was no mass killing of Croats . Lorković maintained that the Gudovac massacre was an " internal political issue under the jurisdiction of the Croatian government " , and requested that the detained Ustaše members be handed over to Croatian authorities . He promised Kasche that Zagreb would carry out a full investigation . Kasche accepted Lorković 's proposal , likely at the urging of his superiors . The Ustaše detained at the Bjelovar high school were released and had their weapons returned to them . The promised investigation never took place . = = = Legacy = = = The National Archive in Bjelovar contains extensive documentation of the massacre , including a list of victims compiled by Ustaše officials in May 1941 which describes many prisoners as being " shot as Chetniks " . A statement describes the " fright " of the Serb population and the " distress " of local Croats . The HSS party leadership distanced itself from the massacre and condemned the actions of the Ustaše , as did the majority of local HSS activists , many who ended up joing the Partisans . According to some sources , even Makanec tried to distance himself from the killings , and allegedly protested to the " appropriate authorities " in Zagreb . He went on to become the Croatian Minister of Education in 1943 , and served in this capacity until May 1945 . Lorković was implicated in a conspiracy to overthrow the NDH government in mid @-@ 1944 , arrested , and executed in the last weeks of the war by Pavelić 's henchmen . Kvaternik survived the war and the destruction of the NDH , fled to Argentina with his family and was killed in a car accident in 1962 . Pavelić also fled to Argentina , survived an assassination attempt by Yugoslav government agents in Buenos Aires in 1957 , and died of his wounds in Madrid two years later , aged 70 . Ustaše killings of Serbs continued throughout the war , and concentration camps were established to detain Serbs , Jews , Gypsies , anti @-@ fascist Croats and others opposed to Pavelić 's regime . Contemporary German accounts place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaše at about 350 @,@ 000 . According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , between 320 @,@ 000 and 340 @,@ 000 Serbs were killed by the Ustaše over the course of the war . Most modern historians agree that the Ustaše killed over 300 @,@ 000 Serbs ( about 17 percent of all Serbs living in the NDH ) . At the Nuremberg trials , these killings were judged to have constituted genocide . An ossuary and mausoleum were built on the site of the massacre in 1955 . A monument called Gudovac — Before the Firing Squad , by sculptor Vojin Bakić , was erected on the same spot . In 1991 , amid inter @-@ ethnic violence during the Croatian War of Independence , the monument and mausoleum were destroyed by Croatian nationalists . At the same time , one of Bakić 's most famous monuments , Bjelovarac , was destroyed because Bakić was a Serb and the monument had been dedicated to his brothers , who were killed by the Ustaše . What remained of the ossuary was removed by the local authorities in 2002 . That same year , several residents signed a petition to have a replica of Bjelovarac erected at the same spot . The local government promised to supply only half the amount needed to restore the monument . In 2005 , the Croatian Ministry of Culture told the petitioners to apply for the other half of the amount through a tender . The restored monument was unveiled in December 2010 . = = = Explanatory notes = = = = Maritime fur trade = The maritime fur trade was a ship @-@ based fur trade system that focused on acquiring furs of sea otters and other animals from the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and natives of Alaska . The furs were mostly sold in China in exchange for tea , silks , porcelain , and other Chinese goods , which were then sold in Europe and the United States . The maritime fur trade was pioneered by Russians , working east from Kamchatka along the Aleutian Islands to the southern coast of Alaska . British and Americans entered during the 1780s , focusing on what is now the coast of British Columbia . The trade boomed around the beginning of the 19th century . A long period of decline began in the 1810s . As the sea otter population was depleted , the maritime fur trade diversified and transformed , tapping new markets and commodities , while continuing to focus on the Northwest Coast and China . It lasted until the middle to late 19th century . Russians controlled most of the coast of what is now Alaska during the entire era . The coast south of Alaska endured fierce competition between , and among , British and American trading vessels . The British were the first to operate in the southern sector , but were unable to compete against the Americans , who dominated from the 1790s to the 1830s . The British Hudson 's Bay Company entered the coast trade in the 1820s with the intention of driving the Americans away . This was accomplished by about 1840 . In its late period , the maritime fur trade was largely conducted by the British Hudson 's Bay Company and the Russian @-@ American Company . The term " maritime fur trade " was coined by historians to distinguish the coastal , ship @-@ based fur trade from the continental , land @-@ based fur trade of , for example , the North West Company and American Fur Company . Historically , the maritime fur trade was not known by that name , rather it was usually called the " North West Coast trade " or " North West Trade " . The term " North West " was rarely spelled as the single word " Northwest " , as is common today . The maritime fur trade brought the Pacific Northwest coast into a vast , new international trade network , centered on the north Pacific Ocean , global in scope , and based on capitalism , but not , for the most part , on colonialism . A triangular trade network emerged linking the Pacific Northwest coast , China , the Hawaiian Islands ( only recently discovered by the Western world ) , Britain , and the United States ( especially New England ) . The trade had a major effect on the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest coast , especially the Aleut , Sugpiaq , Tlingit , Haida , Nuu @-@ chah @-@ nulth , and Chinook peoples . A rapid increase of wealth occurred among the Northwest Coast natives , along with increased warfare , potlatching , slaving , and depopulation due to epidemic disease . However , the indigenous culture was not overwhelmed by rapid change , but actually flourished . For instance , the importance of totems and traditional nobility crests increased , and the Chinook Jargon , which remains a distinctive aspect of Pacific Northwest culture , was developed during this era . Native Hawaiian society was similarly affected by the sudden influx of Western wealth and technology , as well as epidemic diseases . The trade 's effect on China and Europe was minimal , but for New England , the maritime fur trade and the significant profits it made helped revitalize the region , contributing to its transformation from an agrarian to an industrial society . The wealth generated by the maritime fur trade was invested in industrial development , especially textile manufacturing . The New England textile industry in turn had a large effect on slavery in the United States , increasing the demand for cotton and helping make possible the rapid expansion of the cotton plantation system across the Deep South . The most profitable furs were those of sea otters , especially the northern sea otter , Enhydra lutris kenyoni , which inhabited the coastal waters between the Columbia River in the south to the Aleutian Islands in the north . The sea otter was the most hunted during the Maritime Fur Trade during the 17th and 18th centuries . Sea otters possess a thicker fur than any other mammal , and the sea otter 's habit of grooming their coat prevents molting . The reason for their exploitation was due to this ' dark [ thick ] and silver tipped fur ' . The popluarity and demand in fashion of sea otter pelts in China was one of the reasons why it was hunted to the point of disappearance . These mammals of the Pacific are currently ' listed as Threatened under the Canadian Species at Risk Act ' . Sea otter distribution extends from the north of Japan all the way to the vicinity of Cedros Island , Mexico . The species stayed approximately within the arc of the Northern Pacific until the pressure of the maritime trade forced them to move north . The start of their decline with the first Russian expeditions in this region . Aleut hunters were the providers of the skins to the Russians ; the former became ' the main purveyor of prime otter skins to Russian traders and American adventurers ' . Before the exploitation of these mammals , their population ranged from 150 @,@ 000 to 300 @,@ 000 . Sea otters are ' slow breeders , only one sometimes two pups [ are ] being born at a time ' which does not help the population when being pursued . The Chinese sought this mammal 's fur due to its great commercial value and its ' prime coat ' all year long . The pelt was used by the wealthy Chinese as clothing decoration ( robe trimming ) and the Russians used it as an ornamental piece . The other furs that were sent to Europe and America were changed to ' coat collars or hats ' . Due to this great demand and worth of the sea otters pelt , the Russian @-@ America Company ( RAC ) annual expenses was around 1000 @,@ 000 rubles each year and profited over 500 @,@ 000 rubles per year . The fur of the Californian southern sea otter , E. l. nereis , was less highly prized and thus less profitable . After the northern sea otter was hunted to local extinction , maritime fur traders shifted to California until the southern sea otter was likewise nearly extinct . The British and American maritime fur traders took their furs to the Chinese port of Guangzhou ( Canton ) , where they worked within the established Canton system . Furs from Russian America were mostly sold to China via the Mongolian trading town of Kyakhta , which had been opened to Russian trade by the 1727 Treaty of Kyakhta . = = Origins = = The Pacific Northwest was one of the last significant nonpolar regions in the world to be explored by the Europeans . Centuries of reconnaissance and conquest had brought the rest of North America within the claims of imperial powers . During the late 18th and early 19th centuries , a number of empires and commercial systems converged upon the Northwest Coast , by sea as well as by land across the continent . The Russian and Spanish empires were extended into the region simultaneously , from opposite directions . Russian fur companies expanded into North America along the Aleutian Islands , reaching the Fox Islands and the Alaska Peninsula in the early 1760s . Kodiak Island was discovered in 1763 by Stepan Gavrilovich Glotov . In 1768 , an expedition was carried out by the Russian Navy , under Pyotr Krenitsyn and Mikhail Levashev . Two ships sailed from Kamchatka to the Alaska Peninsula for the purpose of assessing the existing Russian activity and the possibilities of future development . Reports about the voyage , meant to be kept secret , spread through Europe and caused alarm in Spain . The Spanish government , already concerned about Russian activity in Alaska , decided to colonize Alta California and sent exploratory voyages to Alaska to assess the threat and strengthen Spanish claims of sovereignty on coast north of Mexico . The province of Alta California was established by José de Gálvez in 1769 , just as the Krenitsyn @-@ Levashev expedition was concluding . Five separate expeditions were dispatched to Alta California in 1769 . By 1782 , presidios had been established at San Diego , Monterey , San Francisco and Santa Barbara , linked by a series of mission stations along the coast . Spanish exploration voyages to the far north were launched in 1774 , 1775 , and 1779 . In 1784 , the center of Russian activity shifted east to Kodiak Island and hunting operations were extended into Cook Inlet . The two empires seemed destined to clash , but before direct Russian @-@ Spanish contact was made new powers appeared on the Northwest Coast — Britain and the United States . When the clash came , at Nootka Sound in 1789 , it was not between Spain and Russia but between Spain and Britain . The British first reached the region by sea in 1778 , during James Cook 's third voyage , and by land in 1793 , when Alexander Mackenzie 's transcontinental explorations reached the Pacific . The first British maritime fur trader , James Hanna , arrived on the Northwest Coast in 1785 . The first American traders , Robert Gray and John Kendrick , arrived by sea in 1788 . The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived overland in 1805 . The early maritime fur traders were explorers , as well as traders . The Northwest Coast is very complex — a " labyrinth of waters " , according to George Simpson — with thousands of islands , numerous straits and fjords , and a mountainous , rocky , and often very steep shoreline . Navigational hazards included persistent rain , high winds , thick fogs , strong currents , and tides , and hidden rocks . Wind patterns were often contrary , variable , and baffling , especially within the coastal straits and archipelagoes , which makes sailing dangerous . Early explorations before the maritime fur trade era — by Juan Pérez , Bruno de Heceta , Bogeda y Quadra , and James Cook — produced only rough surveys of the coast 's general features . Detailed surveys were undertaken in only a few relatively small areas , such as Nootka Sound , Bucareli Bay , and Cook Inlet . Russian exploration before 1785 had produced mainly rough surveys , largely restricted to the Aleutian Islands and mainland Alaska west of Cape Saint Elias . British and American maritime fur traders began visiting the Northwest Coast in 1785 , at which time it was mostly unexplored . Although noncommercial exploration voyages continued , especially by the Spanish Navy , the maritime fur traders made a number of significant discoveries . Notable examples include the Strait of Juan de Fuca , Clayoquot Sound , and Barkley Sound , all found by Charles William Barkley , Queen Charlotte Strait by James Strange , Fitz Hugh Sound by James Hanna , Grays Harbor and the Columbia River by Robert Gray . George Dixon explored the Dixon Entrance and was the first to realize that the Queen Charlotte Islands were not part of the mainland . = = = Russia = = = Russian maritime fur trading in the northern Pacific began after the exploration voyages of Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov in 1741 and 1742 . Their voyages demonstrated that Asia and North America were not connected but that sea voyages were feasible , and that the region was rich in furs . Private fur traders , mostly promyshlenniki , launched fur trading expeditions from Kamchatka , at first focusing on nearby islands such as the Commander Islands . Unlike fur trading ventures in Siberia , these maritime expeditions required more capital than most promyshlenniki could obtain . Merchants from cities such as Irkutsk , Tobolsk , and others in European Russia , became the principal investors . An early trader , Emilian Basov , traded at Bering Island in 1743 , collecting a large number of sea otter , fur seal , and blue Arctic fox furs . Basov made four trips to Bering Island and nearby Medny Island and made a fortune , inspiring many other traders . From 1743 to the founding of the Russian @-@ American Company in 1799 , over 100 private fur @-@ trading and hunting voyages sailed from Kamchatka to North America . In total , these voyages garnered over eight million silver rubles . During the early part of this era , the ships would typically stop at the Commander Islands to slaughter and preserve the meat of Steller 's sea cows , a defenseless sea mammal whose range was limited to those islands . They were hunted not only for food , but also for their skins , used to make boats , and their subcutaneous fat , used for oil lamps . By 1768 , Steller 's sea cow was extinct . As furs were depleted on nearby islands , Russian traders sailed farther east along the Aleutian chain . By the 1760s , they were regularly sailing to Kodiak Island . Notable Russian traders in the early years of the trade include Nikifor Trapeznikov ( who financed and participated in 10 voyages between 1743 and 1768 ) , Maksimovich Solov 'ev , Stepan Glotov , and Grigory Shelikhov . As traders sailed farther east , the voyages became longer and more expensivea Smaller enterprises were merged into larger ones . During the 1780s , Grigory Shelikhov began to stand out as one of the most important traders through the Shelikhov @-@ Golikov Company . In 1784 , Shelikhov founded the first permanent Russian settlement in North America , at Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island . Shelikhov envisioned a continual extension of the Russian maritime fur trade , with trading posts being set up farther and farther along the coast all the way to California . He sought exclusive control of the trade , and in 1788 Empress Catherine II decided to grant his company a monopoly only over the area it already occupied . Other traders were free to compete elsewhere . Catherine 's decision was issued as the imperial ukase ( proclamation ) of September 28 , 1788 . By the time of Catherine 's ukase of 1788 , just as other nations were entering the maritime fur trade , the Russians had spent over 40 years establishing and expanding their maritime operations in North America . A number of colonies were being established over a large region stretching from the Aleutian Islands to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound . Many ships sailed from Kamchatka to Alaska each year . The Russians not only had an early start , but they also controlled the habitats of the most valuable sea otters . The Kurilian , Kamchatkan , and Aleutian sea otters ' fur was thicker , glossier , and blacker than those on the Northwest Coast and California . The four grades of fur were based on color , texture , and thickness . The most prized furs were those of Kurilian and Kamchatkan sea otters , Aleutian furs were second grade , those of the Northwest Coast third , and the poorest grade was those of Californian sea otters . Russia also controlled the sources of sable furs , the most valuable fur @-@ bearing land mammal . The Russian system differed from the British and American systems in its relationship with indigenous peoples . Using the same method they had used in Siberia , the Russians employed or enserfed Aleut and Alutiiq people , the latter being a subgroup of the Yupik Eskimo people . The Aleut and Alutiiq people were expert sea otter hunters , noted for their use of kayaks and baidarkas . Russian ships were mainly used for transporting and assisting native hunting parties . This differed from the British and American system , where the natives hunted sea otters and prepared the furs on their own , and were essentially independent agents of the fur trade . The Russians did not trade freely with the native Alaskans ; rather , they imposed a fur tribute known as yasak . The yasak system , which was widely used in Siberia , essentially enslaved the natives . In 1788 , it was banned in Russian America , only to be replaced by compulsory labor . = = = Britain = = = The British entry into the maritime fur trade dates to 1778 and the third voyage of Captain James Cook . While sailing north to search for the fabled Northwest Passage , Cook discovered the Hawaiian Islands . On the Northwest Coast , he spent a month in Nootka Sound , during which he and his crew traded with the Nuu @-@ chah @-@ nulth from the village of Yuquot . They ended up with over 300 furs , mostly sea otter , but thought them of no great value . Later , after Cook had been killed in Hawaii , the expedition visited Canton and were surprised by how much money the Chinese were willing to pay for the furs . A profit of 1 @,@ 800 % was made . James King , one of the commanders after Cook 's death , wrote , " the advantages that might be derived from a voyage to that part of the American coast , undertaken with commercial views , appear to me of a degree of importance sufficient to call for the attention of the public . " The crews of the two ships were so eager to return to Nootka Sound and acquire more furs , they were " not far short of mutiny " . Nevertheless , they sailed for England , arriving there in October 1780 . Accounts of Cook 's voyage and the sea otter trade were published in the 1780s , triggering a rush of entrepreneurial voyages to the Northwest Coast . British interest in the maritime fur trade peaked between 1785 and 1794 , then declined as the French Revolutionary Wars diminished Britain 's available manpower and investment capital . The country also concentrated its foreign trade activities in India . British maritime fur traders were hindered by the East India Company ( EIC ) and South Sea Company ( SSC ) . Although the SSC was moribund by the late 18th century , it had been granted the exclusive right to British trade on the entire western coast of the Americas from Cape Horn to Bering Strait and for 300 leagues ( around 900 mi ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) ) out into the Pacific Ocean . This , coupled with the EIC monopoly on British trade in China , meant sea otter skins were procurable only in the preserve of one monopoly and disposable only in that of the other . To operate legally , British maritime fur traders had to obtain licenses from both companies , which was difficult and expensive . Some traders obtained a license from the EIC only , figuring the SSC was unable to enforce its monopoly . Others obtained only the SSC license and took their furs to England , where they were trans @-@ shipped to China . Some traders tried to evade the licenses by sailing their ships under foreign flags . The EIC 's primary focus in China was the tea trade , with never much interest within the company for the maritime fur trade . The EIC usually allowed British vessels to import furs into Canton , but required the furs to be sold via EIC agents , and the company took a percentage of the returns . Worse , the EIC did not allow the British fur traders to export Chinese goods to Great Britain . Thus , the last and most profitable leg of the maritime fur trade system — carrying Chinese goods to Europe and America — was denied to British traders . The first trading vessel dispatched solely for the purpose of the fur trade was the British Sea Otter commanded by James Hanna in 1785 . In his brief visit to the coast , he obtained 560 pelts , which fetched a profit of $ 20 @,@ 000 in Canton . The promise of such profits encouraged other traders . George Dixon and Nathaniel Portlock , former members of Cook 's crew , became partners in the King George 's Sound Company , formed in 1785 for the purpose of developing the maritime fur trade . They sailed from England on the King George and Queen Charlotte and spent 1786 and 1787 exploring and trading on the North West Coast . They spent the winters in Hawaii , where they were among the first visitors after Cook . Charles William Barkley , another early British trader , sailed the Imperial Eagle from England to the North West Coast via Hawaii , 1786 – 1788 . He was accompanied by his wife , Frances Barkley , who became the first European woman to visit the Hawaiian Islands and the first woman to sail around the world without deception . Only two women are known to have sailed around the world before Frances : Jeanne Baré , disguised as a man , and Rose de Freycinet , wife of Louis de Freycinet , as a stowaway . Barkley chose to sail under the flag of Austria to evade paying for EIC and SSC licences . During their stop in Hawaii , the Barkleys hired a native Hawaiian named Winée as a maidservant . Winée was the first native Hawaiian to visit the Pacific Northwest — the first of many Kanakas . Barkley explored the coast south of Nootka Sound , discovering the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the process . He was the first trader to visit Neah Bay , a Makah settlement that later became an important port of call for maritime fur traders . John Meares , who had also served under Cook , sailed to the North West Coast in 1786 . He spent the winter in Prince William Sound , his ship trapped by ice and his men dying of scurvy . He was rescued by the timely arrival of Dixon and Portlock . Meares organized a second expedition of two ships , the Felice Adventurero and Iphigenia Nubiana . Meares was captain of the Felice and William Douglas was captain of the Iphigenia . Meares decided not to license his ships with the EIC , instead trying to conceal the illegal activity by using the flag of Portugal . They arrived at Nootka Sound in May 1788 . Meares later claimed that Chief Maquinna sold him some land and on it Meares had a building erected . These claims later became a point of dispute during the Nootka Crisis . Spain , which sought control of Nootka Sound , rejected both claims ; the true facts of the matter have never been fully established . There is no doubt , however , that Meares had the sloop North West America built in Nootka Sound , the first nonindigenous vessel built in the Pacific Northwest . Meares and others organized another expedition the following year . A number of vessels sailed to Nootka Sound , including the Argonaut under James Colnett , the Princess Royal , under Thomas Hudson , and the Iphigenia Nubiana and North West America . Colnett intended to establish a permanent fur @-@ trading post at Nootka Sound . However , Spain had also decided to permanently occupy Nootka Sound and assert sovereignty on the North West Coast . The decision was mostly due to Russian activity in Alaska and Russia 's threat to occupy Nootka Sound themselves . Spanish naval officer Esteban José Martínez arrived at Nootka in May 1789 and built Fort San Miguel . When the Argonaut arrived , a dispute arose between Colnett and Martínez , leading to the seizure of several British ships and the arrest of their crews . This incident led to the Nootka Crisis , an international crisis between Britain and Spain . War was averted with the first Nootka Convention of 1790 . = = = United States = = = American traders were largely influenced by an unauthorized report published by John Ledyard in Hartford , Connecticut , in 1783 . By the 1790s American traders were outcompeting the British and soon came to dominate the maritime fur trade south of Russian America . The opening of the trade came at a good time for New England 's merchants . It provided a way to escape the depression that had followed the American Revolutionary War . It presented new trading opportunities that more than made up for the closure of British home and colonial ports to US imports . First Nations along the coast referred to American traders in the Chinook jargon as Boston or Boston @-@ men - after their main port in New England . One of the first and most notable American maritime fur traders was Robert Gray . Gray made two trading voyages , the first from 1787 to 1790 and the second from 1790 to 1793 . The first voyage was conducted with John Kendrick and the vessels Columbia Rediviva and Lady Washington . After the 1789 fur trading season was over , Gray sailed the Columbia to China via Hawaii , then to Boston via the Cape of Good Hope . The arrival of the Columbia at Boston was celebrated for being the first American circumnavigation of the world . However , the venture was not a commercial success . The ship 's owners financed a second attempt and Gray sailed the Columbia from Boston only six weeks after arriving . Gray 's second voyage was notable in several ways . After spending the summer trading on the Northwest Coast , Gray wintered on the coast . In Clayoquot Sound , Gray 's crew built a house , dubbed Fort Defiance , and had the sloop Adventure built , the first American vessel built on the Northwest Coast . It was launched in March 1792 under the command of Robert Haswell . During the 1792 trading season , Gray concentrated on the southern part of the North West Coast , including the Columbia River . Although the mouth of the river had been spotted by the Spanish explorer Bruno de Heceta in 1775 , no other explorer or fur trader had been able to find it . Gray was the first to do so . He named the river after his ship . The event was later used by the United States in support of their claims to the Pacific Northwest . Other notable American maritime fur traders include William F. Sturgis , Joseph Ingraham , Simon Metcalfe , and Daniel Cross , among others . One of the most successful American firms involved in the Northwest Trade was Perkins and Company . = = Boom years = = = = = American ascendancy = = = The maritime fur trade was dominated by American traders from the 1790s to the 1820s . Between 1788 and 1826 , American merchant ships made at least 127 voyages between the United States and China , via the Northwest Coast . The returns were lucrative . During the late 1810s , the return on investment ranged from about 300 % to 500 % . Even higher profits were common in the first decade of the 19th century . Returns of 2 @,@ 200 % or higher were common , although when taking into account the cost of buying and outfitting vessels , the 2 @,@ 200 % return would be closer to 525 % . The trade 's boom years ended around 1810 , after which a long decline was marked by increasing economic diversification . By 1810 , the supply of sea otter pelts had fallen due to overhunting . American trade declined during the War of 1812 , but after 1815 , Americans were able to resume and expand the maritime fur trade , and continued to dominate . = = = Russian expansion = = = The Russian entry to the Northwest Coast , beyond Prince William Sound , was slow because of a shortage of ships and sailors . Yakutat Bay was reached in 1794 and the settlement of Slavorossiya , originally intended to be the colonial capital , was built there in 1795 . Reconnaissance of the coast as far as the Queen Charlotte Islands was carried out by James Shields , a British employee of the Golikov @-@ Shelikhov Company . In 1795 , Alexandr Baranov sailed into Sitka Sound , claiming it for Russia . Hunting parties arrived in the following years . By 1800 , three @-@ quarters of the Russian @-@ American Company 's sea otter skins came from the Sitka Sound area , amounting to several thousand per year . Sitka Sound was also where serious competition between the Russians , British , and Americans first arose . In July 1799 , Baranov returned to Sitka Sound on the brig Oryol and established the settlement of Arkhangelsk , also known as Fort Archangel Gabriel . In June 1802 , Tlingit warriors attacked the settlement and killed or captured most of the 150 Russians and Aleuts living there . Baranov led an armed expedition to retake Sitka by force in June 1804 . The Russian warship Neva joined Baranov at Sitka . A new Russian fort was established while the Tlingit prepared to defend themselves with a well @-@ armed fort of their own . Tension rapidly escalated into skirmishes and negotiations broke down . In early October , the Russians attacked the Tlingit fort with cannon from the Neva and from a land party . The Tlingit responded with powerful gun and cannon fire of their own . The Battle of Sitka continued for several days until the Tlingit abandoned their fort and left the area . Tlingit accounts of the battle refuse to admit defeat or give the Russians credit for taking the Tlingit fort . The Russians destroyed the abandoned Tlingit fort and named the new Russian fort Novo @-@ Arkhangelsk ( New Archangel ) , also known as Fort Archangel Michael and Fort Saint Michael . The confrontations at Sitka in 1802 and 1804 played a significant role in subsequent Tlingit @-@ Russian relations for generations . Novo @-@ Arkhangelsk soon became the primary settlement and colonial capital of Russian America . After the Alaska Purchase , it was renamed Sitka , and became the first capital of Alaska Territory . The Russian @-@ American Company ( RAC ) was incorporated in 1799 , putting an end to the promyshlenniki period and beginning an era of centralized monopoly . Its charter was laid out in a 1799 ukase by the new Tsar Paul , which granted the company monopolistic control over trade in the Aleutian Islands and the North America mainland , south to 55 ° north latitude ( approximating the present border on coast between British Columbia and Alaska ) . The RAC was modeled on Britain 's East India Company ( EIC ) and Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) . Russian officials intended the company to operate both as a business enterprise and a state organization for extending imperial influence , similar to the EIC and HBC . It was also hoped that the company would be able to conduct maritime trade with China and Japan , although this goal was not realized . In 1818 the Russian government took control of the RAC from the merchants who held the charter . The explorer and naval officer Ferdinand Petrovich von Wrangel was the first president of the company during the government period . In 1867 , the Alaska Purchase transferred control of Alaska to the United States and the commercial interests of the Russian American Company were sold to Hutchinson , Kohl & Company of San Francisco , who then merged with several other groups to form the Alaska Commercial Company . The Russian population in America never surpassed 1 @,@ 000 — the peak was 823 in 1839 . However , the RAC employed and fed thousands of natives . According to official census counts by the Russians , the population of Russian America peaked at 10 @,@ 313 in 1838 . An additional 12 @,@ 500 people were known local residents not included in the colonial register . An estimated 17 @,@ 000 more local residents were present but unknown to the Russians . Thus , the total population of Russian America was approximately 40 @,@ 000 . = = Diversification and transformation = = = = = Russian @-@ American Company = = = Colony Ross , known as Fort Ross today , was built in California just north of San Francisco Bay . It was the RAC 's southernmost outpost and operated from 1812 to 1841 , and was established as an agricultural base for supplying the northern settlements with food as well as for conducting trade with Alta California . The Ross Colony included a number of settlements spread out over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay . The administrative center was Port Rumianstev at Bodega Harbor , off Bodega Bay . An artel hunting camp was located on the Farallon Islands . Three ranches were established : the Kostromitinov Ranch on the Russian River near the mouth of Willow Creek , the Khlebnikov Ranch in the Salmon Creek valley about a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of the present day Bodega , and the Chernykh Ranch near present @-@ day Graton . Fort Ross employed native Alaskans to hunt seals and sea otters on the California coast . By 1840 California 's sea otter population had been severely depleted . The Russian Emperor Alexander I issued the Ukase of 1821 which announced Russian hegemony over the Northwest Coast from 45 ° 50 ′ north latitude onwards in a northern direction . The only Russian attempt to enforce the ukase of 1821 was the seizure of the US brig Pearl by the Russian sloop Apollon , in 1822 . The Pearl , a maritime fur trading vessel , was sailing from Boston to Sitka . On a protest from the US government , the vessel was released and compensation paid . Britain and the United States protested and negotiations ultimately resulted in the Russo @-@ American Treaty of 1824 and the Anglo @-@ Russian Convention of 1825 . These treaties established 54 ° 40 ′ as the southern boundary of exclusively Russian territory . The Anglo @-@ Russian treaty delineated the boundary of Russian America fully . The border began on the coast at 54 ° 40 ′ , then ran north along the mountains near the coast until it reached 141 ° west longitude , after which the boundary ran north along that line of longitude to the Arctic Ocean . Aside from boundary adjustments to the Alaska Panhandle , stemming from the Alaska boundary dispute of the late 19th century , this is the current boundary of the state of Alaska . In 1839 the RAC @-@ HBC Agreement was signed , giving the Hudson 's Bay Company a lease of the southeastern sector of what is now the Alaska Panhandle , as far north as 56 ° 30 ' north latitude . = = = American methods and strategies = = = American traders developed the " Golden Round " trade route around the world . Ships sailed from Boston to the Pacific via Cape Horn , then to the North West Coast , arriving in the spring or early summer . They would spend the summer and early autumn fur trading on the coast , mainly between Sitka and the Columbia River . In late autumn they sailed to the Hawaiian Islands , where they typically spent the winter , then from Hawaii to Macau on the Pearl River Delta , arriving in autumn . Trading in Canton did not begin until November , when tea shipments were ready . The Americans had to hire pilots to take their ships up the Pearl River to Canton 's " outport " of Whampoa . Foreign ships were not allowed in Canton itself . Trading took weeks or months , after which the ships were loaded with Chinese goods such as teas , silks , porcelains , sugar , cassia , and curios . They left in the winter and used the northeasterly monsoon winds of the South China Sea to reach the Sunda Strait , then used the southeasterly trade winds to cross the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Good Hope . From there the ships sailed to Boston , where they traditionally docked at the India Wharf . Frederic William Howay described this as the " golden round " , writing : The Americans had a perfect golden round of profits : first , the profit on the original cargo of trading goods when exchanged for furs ; second , the profit when the furs were transmuted into Chinese goods ; and , third , the profit on those goods when they reached America . In the later years of the North West Trade the pattern became more complex as additional markets and side voyages were incorporated . As the North West trade developed it became riskier to depend solely upon acquiring sea otter furs through trade with the indigenous people of the coast . Diversification began in the first decade of the 19th century if not earlier , and increased over time . Maritime fur trading voyages were no longer solely about taking sea otter furs from the North West Coast to Canton . Other commodities and markets throughout the Pacific were added to the system . Sandalwood , mainly from Hawaii , became an important item of the China trade . Just as the sea otter trade was waning the sandalwood trade boomed , peaking in 1821 , then declined . Hawaiian sandalwood was depleted by 1830 . Fiji and the Marquesas Islands were the other principal sources of sandalwood . Most had been cut by 1820 . Fiji was also a source of bêche @-@ de @-@ mer , a gourmet delicacy in China . American traders began acquiring Fijian bêche @-@ de @-@ mer in 1804 and trepanging boomed there . Bêche @-@ de @-@ mer became Fiji 's leading export by 1830 . Depletion led to a decline and the end of the trade by 1850 . Trepanging was also done from 1812 in Hawaii and from 1814 in the Marquesas . Other side trades included Chilean copper from Valparaíso , scrimshaw ( whale teeth ) , tortoise shells and meat from the Galápagos Islands , sugar from Manila , and , from Java , areca nuts ( so @-@ called betel nuts ) and coffee beans . Sealing boomed in the Juan Fernández Islands and the Juan Fernández fur seal was rapidly exploited to near @-@ extinction . The northern fur seal rookeries were controlled by Russia , so Americans acquired northern fur seal skins through trade rather than sealing . Another side trade was smuggling along the Pacific coast of the Spanish Empire , where foreign trade was prohibited by Spanish law . This trade peaked in the 1810s , then faded in the 1820s . Traders concentrated on Alta California , which produced a surplus of grain , beef , tallow , and hides , but was chronically short of manufactured goods . American ships brought goods to the missions of Alta California in exchange for grain , beef , and Californian sea otter skins . The grain , beef , and other provisions were taken to Sitka , which was perennially short of foods supplies . After Mexico gained independence in 1821 the American trade with Alta California continued in a slightly modified form . American traders brought mostly clothing , cottons , silks , lace , cutlery , alcohol , and sugar , which were traded for hides and tallow at a profit generally between 200 % and 300 % . The California Hide Trade became a major industry in its own right . By the 1830s , however , the missions of Alta California had been secularized by Mexican authorities and deserted by Indian labourers . The trade slid into unprofitability . The decline of the American trade with Alta California left just one significant alternative to the ever @-@ dwindling sea otter trade — the provisioning of the settlements of Russian America , which lasted until the Americans abandoned the North West Coast altogether in the early 1840s . From the first decade of the 19th century until 1841 American ships visited Sitka regularly , trading provisions , textiles , and liquor for fur seal skins , timber , and fish . This trade was usually highly profitable for the Americans and the Russian settlements depended on it . Thus when Tsar Nicholas I issued the ukase of 1821 , banning foreign trade north of the 51st parallel , the Russian colonies in America were forced to ignore the ban and engage in smuggling . On the Northwest Coast itself the fur trade was supplemented with slave trading . The pre @-@ existing indigenous slave trade was enlarged and expanded upon by fur traders , especially the American traders . While working the coast for furs , traders would purchase slaves around the mouth of the Columbia River and in the Strait of Juan de Fuca , then sell or trade them on the northern coast . Few traders admitted to slaving , although some wrote about it in detail . Further information comes from sources such as reports by HBC officers . Aemelius Simpson of the Hudson 's Bay Company wrote in 1828 that American traders on coast trafficked in slaves , " purchasing them at a cheap rate from one tribe and disposing of them to others at a very high profit . " He concluded that the American traders made more money from selling slaves , rum , and gunpowder than they did from fur trading . = = = Decline = = = Large @-@ scale economic issues played a role in the decline of the maritime fur trade and the China trade in general . Before the 19th century , Chinese demand for Western raw materials or manufactured goods was small , but bullion ( also known as specie ) was accepted , resulting in a general drain of precious metals from the West to China . The situation reversed in the early 19th century for a variety of reasons . Western demand for Chinese goods declined relative to new options ( for example , coffee from the West Indies began to replace tea in the United States ) , while Chinese demand for Western items increased , such as for English manufactures , American cotton goods , and opium which was outlawed but smuggled into China on a large and increasing scale . Before long , China was being drained of specie and saturated with Western goods . At the same time , intense speculation in the China trade by American and British merchant companies began . By the 1820s , too many firms were competing for an overstocked market , resulting in bankruptcies and consolidation . The inevitable commercial crisis struck in 1826 – 27 , after the Panic of 1825 . Tea prices plummeted and the China trade 's volume collapsed by about a third . By this time , the old maritime fur trade on the Northwest Coast and the Old China Trade itself were dying . The final blow came with the depression of 1841 – 43 , following the Panic of 1837 . Over time , the maritime fur traders concentrated on different parts of the North West Coast . In the 1790s , the west coast of Vancouver Island , especially Nootka Sound , was frequently visited . By the 1810s , the locus had shifted to the Queen Charlotte Islands and Alexander Archipelago , and in the 1820s , farther north to areas near Sitka Sound . After about 1830 , it shifted south to the area from Dixon Entrance to Queen Charlotte Sound . During the early years , ships tended to cruise the coast , seeking trading opportunities whenever they arose . Later , ships spent more time in specific harbors . As fur resources dwindled and prices rose , ship captains increasingly concentrated on a few key ports of call and stayed longer . Eventually , acquiring enough furs for the China trade in a single year was no longer possible . Some traders wintered in Hawaii , returning to the coast in the spring , but many wintered on the North West Coast , usually in one of the key trading harbors . These harbors included " Clemencitty " on Tongass Island , today called Port Tongass ; the several " Kaigani " harbors on south Dall Island north of Cape Muzon ; " Newhitty " on northern Vancouver Island ; and " Tongass " in Clarence Strait , today called Tamgas Harbor , which was said to be the most popular wintering place for American ships in the 1830s . Many significant trading sites were on the Queen Charlotte Islands , including Cloak Bay , Masset , Skidegate , Cumshewa , Skedans , and Houston Stewart Channel , known as " Coyah 's Harbor " , after Chief Koyah . As marine furs became depleted in the early 19th century , American ship captains began to accept increasing numbers of land furs such as beaver , which were brought from the interior to the coast via indigenous trade networks from New Caledonia — today the Omineca and Nechako districts of the Central Interior of British Columbia . During the 1820s , the British Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) , which considered the interior fur trade to be its domain , began to experience significant losses as a result of this diversion of furs to the coast . To protect its interests , the HBC entered the coast trade to drive away the American traders . This goal was achieved during the 1830s . By 1841 , the American traders had abandoned the North West Coast . For a time , the North West Coast trade was controlled by the HBC and the RAC . Following the 1846 resolution of the Oregon Territory controversy between the United States and England , and the American purchase of Alaska in 1867 , American hunters returned to hunting sea otters in the region , both from land and sea . Hunting throughout the Aleutian and Kuril Islands by American commercial outfits also contributed to the near @-@ extinction of the species by the late 1800s . = = = Hudson 's Bay Company = = = From 1779 to 1821 two British fur trading companies , the Montreal @-@ based North West Company ( NWC ) and the London @-@ based Hudson 's Bay Company , competed for control of the fur trade of what later became Western Canada . The struggle , which eventually reached the point of armed battles such as the 1816 Battle of Seven Oaks , was mostly over control of Rupert 's Land , east of the Continental Divide . Around the turn of the 19th century the NWC expanded its operations westward , across the Rocky Mountains into the mostly unexplored Pacific Northwest . By the 1810s the NWC had established new fur trading operations west of the Rockies , in New Caledonia and the Columbia District . Starting in 1811 the American Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) challenged the NWC in the Pacific Northwest , but during the War of 1812 the PFC , at risk of being captured by the British Navy , sold its entire operation to the NWC . The PFC had build Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River . Under the NWC it was renamed Fort George , and became the Columbia District 's Pacific seaport . The NWC sought to establish a profitable beaver fur trade with China . Due to the East India Company 's ( EIC ) control over British trading in Canton the NWC turned to American shipping companies . Starting in 1792 the NWC had beaver furs shipped to China by American firms . After the acquisition of Fort George ( Astoria ) in 1815 the NWC began to supply the Columbia District by sea through the Boston @-@ based firm of Perkins and Company . After arriving at Fort George the American ship took a cargo of NWC beaver furs to Canton , exchanged them for China goods and conveyed them to Boston for sale . Even though Perkins and Company took 25 % of the proceeds the arrangement was still about 50 % more profitable than using British ships and selling furs in Canton through the EIC for bills payable on London and returning from China with no cargo . In 1821 , after tensions between the NWC and HBC had erupted into violence the NWC was forced to merge into the HBC . As a result , the HBC acquired the Columbia District and its trade with China . At first the system of shipping furs via the American Perkins and Company was continued , but in 1822 the United States Customs Service imposed a heavy ad valorem duty on the proceeds . The HBC stopped using American middlemen and instead tried selling furs through the EIC . In 1824 and 1825 the HBC sold 20 @,@ 000 beaver and 7 @,@ 000 land @-@ otter skins in China through the EIC , but the arrangement did not prove advantageous for either firm . In the wake of the NWC 's forced merger into the HBC , George Simpson reorganized operations in New Caledonia and the Columbia Department . His efforts and keen fiscal sense , combined with a resurgence of American traders on the coast after the Russo @-@ American Treaty of 1824 , resulted in the HBC 's decision to enter the coast maritime fur trade and drive out the Americans . By the early 1820s American traders were taking 3 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 000 beaver skins , mostly from New Caledonia , to Canton every year . By the early 1830s the number had reached 10 @,@ 000 annually , which was as many as the HBC itself was acquiring from New Caledonia and half of the total output of the entire Columbia Department . In addition , the Americans were paying higher prices for the furs , which forced the HBC to do the same . The HBC effort to gain control of the coastal fur trade began in the late 1820s . It took some time for the HBC to acquire the necessary ships , skilled seamen , trade goods , and intelligence about the coast trade . Simpson decided that the " London ships " , which brought goods to Fort Vancouver and returned to England with furs , should arrive early enough to make a coasting voyage before departing . The first London ship to do this was the schooner Cadboro , in 1827 . However , its voyage did not get beyond the Strait of Georgia and only 2 sea otter and 28 land otter and beaver skins were acquired . In 1828 the HBC decided to deploy three ships for the coast trade , but setbacks caused delays . The William and Ann was lost in 1829 , and the Isabella in 1830 , both at the Columbia Bar . The HBC 's shipping was inadequate for the coast trade until the middle 1830s . In 1835 two ships were added to the HBC 's coast fleet . One of them , the Beaver , was a steamship , and it proved extremely useful in the variable winds , strong currents , and long narrow inlets . To strengthen its coast trade the Hudson 's Bay Company built a series of fortified trading posts , the first of which was Fort Langley , established in 1827 on the Fraser River about 50 km ( 31 mi ) from the river 's mouth . The next was Fort Simpson , founded in 1831 at the mouth of the Nass River , and moved in 1834 several miles to the present Port Simpson . In 1833 Fort McLoughlin was established on an island in Milbanke Sound and Fort Nisqually was built at the southern end of Puget Sound . An overland trail linked Fort Nisqually and Fort Vancouver , so HBC vessels trading along the northern coast could unload furs and take on trade goods without having to navigate the Columbia River and its hazardous bar . Later coastal posts included Fort Stikine ( 1840 ) , Fort Durham ( 1840 ) , and Fort Victoria ( 1843 ) . = = = American disadvantage = = = It was not easy for the HBC to drive the Americans away from the North West Coast . The Americans had decades of experience and knew the coast 's complex physical and human geography . It took until 1835 for the HBC to gain this level of experience , but the Americans still had several advantages . For a number of reasons they were willing and able to pay high prices for furs — much higher than the HBC could match without taking large financial losses . The American ventures were global in scope . They tapped multiple markets of which the North West Coast was but one . By the 1820s American ships routinely spent years in the Pacific , making several voyages between various places such as California , Hawaii , the Philippines , and Canton . American ships were usually stocked with a surplus of trade goods intended for trade on the North West Coast . It was always best to get rid of any extra trade goods on the North West Coast , " dumping " them at any price , before leaving . They would use up stowage space that could be used more profitably elsewhere . The HBC therefore faced a major challenge even after they became experienced with the coast 's geography and indigenous peoples . The American system not only raised the price of furs but also lowered the value of trade goods . Furthermore , the indigenous people knew that increased competition served their interests and gave them bargaining power . They had no desire to see the Americans abandon the coast trade . Therefore , the HBC had to not just match but exceed the prices paid by Americans if they hoped to drive the Americans away . Beaver fur prices on the coast could be many times what the HBC was paying in the interior . There was no hope of making a profit . In order to compete on the coast the HBC had to take large , long @-@ term financial losses . The main advantage the HBC had over the Americans was that it could take such losses . As a vast corporation with a large amount of capital , the company was able to undersell the Americans , taking a loss , for years on end . By the middle to late 1830s the HBC policy on the coast was to pay whatever price necessary to ensure that furs fell into their hands and not the Americans . American traders soon found the coast fur trade unprofitable — the HBC had captured the trade . But Americans still traded with the Russians at Sitka and , once on the coast were wont to seek a few furs . As long as this continued , the HBC continued to have to pay high prices for furs and take losses . Eventually the Sitka trade became financially risky . The American @-@ Russian agreement of 1824 , which allowed Americans to trade in the Alaska Panhandle , expired in 1834 and was not renewed . In 1839 the HBC made an agreement with the Russian American Company ( RAC ) , under which the HBC would supply the RAC with provisions and manufactures in exchange for a ten @-@ year lease for portions of the Alaska Panhandle . This proved to be the final blow for the American traders , who were finally driven out of the North West Coast maritime fur trade altogether . The HBC drastically reduced the price paid for furs , by 50 % in many cases . By this time , however , the fur trade was in decline , both on the coast and the continent , due to a general depletion of fur @-@ bearing animals , along with a reduction in the demand for beaver pelts . A financial panic in 1837 resulted in a general slump in the fur and China trade , bringing an end to a half @-@ century boom . During the 1840s , the HBC closed most of their coastal trading posts , leaving the coast trade to just Fort Simpson and the Beaver , with the new depot at Fort Victoria anchoring the southern coast . = = Significance = = The half century or so of the maritime fur trade and the North West Coast trade enriched Boston shipowners , creating capital that helped New England 's transformation from an agrarian to an industrial society . The trade stimulated the culture of North West Coast natives , made Hawaii famous and nearly overwhelmed the native Hawaiians with foreign influences . It played a role in increased commercial pressure on China at Canton . Fur bearing animals were devastated , especially sea otters . By 1850 , sea otters were virtually extinct throughout the North West Coast and found only in the Aleutian Islands and California . = = = Northwest Coast = = = The maritime fur trade brought the natives of the Northwest Coast material prosperity , wealth , and technology . It enlarged and transformed intertribal relations , trade , and war , including the " coastalization " of inland natives . Many inland natives adopted potlatching and coastal descent systems . At first the trade caused a rise in the power of a few key chiefs such as Maquinna , Wickaninish , Tatoosh , Concomly ( Madsaw ) , Kotlean ( Sitka Tlingit ) , Kow ( Kaigani Haidas ) , Cunneah ( Coyac ; Kuista Haida ) , Legaic ( Tsimshian ) , Woyala ( Heiltsuk ) , and Cumshewa ( Haida ) . This was followed by a proliferation of chiefs and a general debasement of chieftainship , in part due to widespread wealth , giving individual hunters the means to challenge the traditional chiefs . There was an increase in the frequency of potlatching , which was used by the nouveau riche in challenging the traditional chiefs . In response the hereditary clan chiefs defended their traditional powers through an increased use of noble ancestry names , totems , and crests , all validated by potlatches . The increase in trade , and new items had a significant impact on First Nations material cultures , seeing the rise of such traditions as fabric appliqué ( Button Blankets ) , metalwork ( Northwest Coast engraved silver jewelry originated around this time as native craftsmen learned to make jewelry from coins ) , and contributed to a cultural fluorescence with the advent of improved ( iron ) tools that saw the creative of more and larger carvings ( aka ' totem poles ' ) . New pigments available included vermilion , from China , that rapidly replaced earlier red pigments and can be seen on many artifacts from this era . Negative effects of the coast trade on the native peoples of the Northwest included waves of epidemic disease , smallpox worst of all . Other health problems included the spread of alcoholism , tuberculosis , venereal diseases including syphilis , and sterility . The coast trade also promoted and enhanced the pre @-@ existing system of native slavery and native slave trading . The overall number of slaves increased , as did their distribution and exploitation . Despite these negative effects , the North West Coast natives were largely spared the additional effects that would have come had there been more permanent posts , political administration , missionizing , and colonization . The early traders were mostly seasonal visitors and the later HBC posts were few and small . Missionization and direct colonial rule over the coastal natives did not begin in earnest until the late 19th century . During the early 19th century , native culture not only survived but flourished . The maritime trade also brought changes to the natives ' traditional seasonal migration patterns and settlement locations . The coastal people were " cosmopolitanized " , that is , they were incorporated into a global market economy . At first their main export was furs , later supplemented and replaced by salmon , lumber , and artwork . By the late 19th century the North West Coast was famous for its arts and crafts , especially large works like totem poles , causing a flourishing of indigenous art . The natives imported many western goods and soon became dependent on many , such as firearms and metal tools . Textiles became a vital trade item during the early maritime fur trade era . The value of furs caused a shift in native dress from furs to textiles , which was reinforced by the general depletion of fur animals . Firearms had both positive and negative effects . They made hunting much more efficient but also made warfare much more deadly . = = = Russian America = = = The Russians , unlike the British and Americans , endeavoured to convert the natives to Christianity . Many Aleuts joined the Russian Orthodox Church . Russian missionaries founded a number of churches for the natives , such as the Church of the Holy Ascension in Unalaska . A notable Russian missionary was Saint Innocent of Alaska . For his work as a missionary , bishop , and later archbishop in Alaska and the Russian Far East he was canonized . One of the earliest Christian martyrs in North America was Saint Peter the Aleut . Other important Russian missionaries include Herman of Alaska and Joasaph Bolotov . = = = Hawaii = = = The effect of the maritime fur trade on native Hawaiians was similar to that of the North West Coast natives , but more powerfully transformative . The Hawaiians were generally receptive to Western incursion and settlement . The rise of King Kamehameha I and the unification of the islands under his rule were made possible in part by the effects of the maritime fur trade and its larger Pacific scope . The influx of wealth and technology helped make the new Kingdom of Hawaii relatively strong , in political and economic terms . Many non @-@ native foodstuffs were introduced to the Hawaiian Islands during the early trading era , including plants such as beans , cabbage , onions , squash , pumpkins , melons , and oranges , as well as cash crops like tobacco , cotton , and sugar . Animals introduced included cattle , horses , sheep , and goats . Due to its high fertility Oahu became the most important of the islands . By the 1820s the population of Honolulu was over 10 @,@ 000 . The native Hawaiian population suffered waves of epidemic disease , including cholera . The availability of alcohol , especially grog and gin , led to widespread boozing and an increased use of traditional kava intoxication . These health issues , plus warfare related to the unification of the islands , droughts , and sandalwooding taking precedence over farming all contributed to an increase in famines and a general population decline . By 1850 the native population had dropped by perhaps 50 % . = = = South China = = = The effect of the maritime fur trade in Southern China by itself was probably not great . The Canton trade as a whole had limited effect on China , mostly limited to the tea growers of Fujian , the silk producers of Nanjing , the craftsmen of Canton , and various middlemen , and merchants . The ruling Manchus kept foreign trade by ship at bay . It was restricted to Canton , and even there was allowed only outside the city walls . China was generally self @-@ sufficient . The main effect of the Old China Trade was an increased import of opium and related outflow of specie , which resulted in China being incorporated into the capitalist world system after 1830 . However , the maritime fur trade played a minor role in this process . = = = New England = = = The maritime fur trade was , for the United States , a branch of the " East India " ( Asian ) trade based in Salem , Boston , Providence , New York City ( Fanning & Coles ) , Philadelphia , and Baltimore . The trade focused on Asian ports such as Canton , Kolkata ( Calcutta ) , Chennai ( Madras ) , Manila , Jakarta ( Batavia ) , and the islands of Mauritius and Sumatra . Goods exported included furs , rum , ammunition , ginseng , lumber , ice , salt , Spanish silver dollars , iron , tobacco , opium , and tar . Goods brought back from Asia included muslins , silks , nankeens , spices , cassia , chinaware ( porcelain ) , tea , sugar , and drugs . The maritime fur trade was just one part of the overall system . As a whole the Asian trade had a significant effect on the early United States , especially New England . The accumulation of large amounts of capital in short time contributed to American industrial and manufacturing development , which was compounded by rapid population growth and technological advancements . In New England the textile industry rose to dominance in early to middle 19th century . In light of the decline of the fur trade and a post @-@ Napoleonic depression in commerce , capital shifted " from wharf to waterfall " , that is , from shipping ventures to textile mills ( which were originally located where water power was available ) . The textile industry in turn had large effect on slavery in the United States , increasing the demand for cotton and helping make possible the rapid expansion of the cotton plantation system across the Deep South . = = Books cited = = Bancroft , Hubert Howe ; Alfred Bates ; Ivan Petroff ; William Nemos ( 1886 ) . History of Alaska : 1730 – 1885 . A. L. Bancroft & Company . ISBN 0 @-@ 665 @-@ 14184 @	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
-@ X. OCLC 2750274 . Bockstoce , John R. ( 2009 ) . Furs and Frontiers in the Far North : The Contest Among Native and Foreign Nations for the Bering Strait Fur Trade . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 300 @-@ 14921 @-@ 0 . Bockstoce , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Opening of the Maritime Fur Trade at Bering Strait : Americans and Russians meet the Kan ̳ hiġmiut in Kotzebue Sound . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , v. 95 , pt . 1 . American Philosophical Society . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 87169 @-@ 951 @-@ 0 . Borneman , Walter R. ( 2004 ) . Alaska : Saga of a Bold Land . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 06 @-@ 050307 @-@ 9 . Dmytryshyn , Basil ; E. A. P. Crownhart @-@ Vaughan ; Thomas Vaughan ( 1989 ) . The Russian American Colonies , 1798 – 1867 : A Documentary Record . Oregon Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 87595 @-@ 150 @-@ 8 . Dodge , Ernest Stanley ( 1976 ) . Islands and Empires : Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8166 @-@ 0788 @-@ 4 . Farrow , Anne ; Joel Lang ; Jennifer Frank ( 2006 ) . Complicity : How the North Promoted , Prolonged , and Profited from Slavery . Random House . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 345 @-@ 46783 @-@ 6 . Frost , Alan ( 1999 ) . The Voyage of the Endeavour : Captain Cook and the Discovery of the Pacific . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 @-@ 86508 @-@ 200 @-@ 7 . Fryer , Mary Beacock ( 1986 ) . Battlefields of Canada . Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 @-@ 55002 @-@ 007 @-@ 2 . Gibson , James R. ( 1976 ) . Imperial Russia in Frontier America : The Changing Geography of Supply of Russian America , 1784 – 1867 . Oxford University Press . OCLC 2085278 . Gibson , James R. ( 1992 ) . Otter Skins , Boston Ships , and China Goods : The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast , 1785 – 1841 . McGill @-@ Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 7735 @-@ 2028 @-@ 7 . Haycox , Stephen W. ( 2002 ) . Alaska : An American Colony . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 295 @-@ 98249 @-@ 6 . Hayes , Derek ( 2007 ) . Historical Atlas of California . University of California Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 25258 @-@ 5 . Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and Discovery . Sasquatch Books . ISBN 1 @-@ 57061 @-@ 215 @-@ 3 . Howay , Frederic William ; Robert Haswell ; John Box Hoskins ; John Boit ( 1990 ) [ first published 1941 ] . Voyages of the " Columbia " to the Northwest coast , 1787 – 1790 and 1790 – 1793 . Oregon Historical Society Press in cooperation with the Massachusetts Historical Society . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 87595 @-@ 250 @-@ 5 . Kan , Sergei ( 1999 ) . Memory Eternal : Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through Two Centuries . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 295 @-@ 97806 @-@ 2 . Lal , Brij V. ; Kate Fortune ( 2000 ) . The Pacific Islands : An Encyclopedia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8248 @-@ 2265 @-@ 1 . Laut , Agnes Christina ( 1915 ) . Pioneers of the Pacific Coast : a Chronicle of Sea Rovers and Fur Hunters , Volume 22 . Glasgow , Brook & Company . OCLC 2534494 . Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793 – 1843 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia ( UBC ) Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 7748 @-@ 0613 @-@ 3 . Malloy , Mary ( 1998 ) . Boston Men on the Northwest Coast : The American Maritime Fur Trade 1788 @-@ 1844 . The Limestone Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 895901 @-@ 18 @-@ 4 . McDowell , Jim ( 1998 ) . José Narváez : The Forgotten Explorer . Spokane , Washington : The Arthur H. Clark Company . ISBN 0 @-@ 87062 @-@ 265 @-@ X. McDougall , Walter A. ( 2004 ) . Let the Sea Make a Noise : A History of the North Pacific from Magellan to MacArthur . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 06 @-@ 057820 @-@ 6 . Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) . The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History , Volume 1 : Atlantic America , 1492 – 1800 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 300 @-@ 03548 @-@ 9 . Oleksa , Michael ( 1992 ) . Orthodox Alaska : A Theology of Mission . St Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 88141 @-@ 092 @-@ 1 . Pethick , Derek ( 1976 ) . First Approaches to the Northwest Coast . Vancouver : J.J. Douglas . ISBN 0 @-@ 88894 @-@ 056 @-@ 4 . Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 – 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 0 @-@ 88894 @-@ 279 @-@ 6 . Reynoldson , Fiona ( 2000 ) . Native Americans : The Indigenous Peoples of North America . Heinemann . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 435 @-@ 31015 @-@ 8 . Tovell , Freeman M. ( 2008 ) . At the Far Reaches of Empire : The Life of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra . University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7748 @-@ 1367 @-@ 9 . Weber , David J. ( 1994 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 300 @-@ 05917 @-@ 5 . = Ion Agârbiceanu = Ion Agârbiceanu ( September 12 , 1882 – May 28 , 1963 ) was an Austro @-@ Hungarian @-@ born Romanian writer , journalist , politician , theologian and Greek @-@ Catholic priest . A native of Transylvania , he graduated from Budapest University , after which he was ordained . He was initially assigned to a parish in the Apuseni Mountains , which form the backdrop to much of his fiction . Before 1910 , Agârbiceanu had achieved literary fame in both Transylvania and the Kingdom of Romania ; his work was disputed between the rival schools of Sămănătorul and Poporanism . Committed to social and cultural activism in Transylvania , Agârbiceanu spent the 1910s officiating near Sibiu , with a break during World War I that eventually took him deep into Ukraine . In 1919 , he moved to Cluj , where he lived for most of the remainder of his life . After the war , he involved himself in both the political and cultural life of Greater Romania . He was voted into the Romanian Academy and assumed the office of Senate vice president under the National Renaissance Front dictatorship . Agârbiceanu spent his last decade and a half under a communist regime that outlawed his church , an act in which he refused to cooperate . Much of his work , with its transparent Christian moralizing , proved incompatible with the new ideology , and was banned by communist censors ; however , the regime found him useful for its image , and bestowed honors upon him . Agârbiceanu 's full contribution has been made available since the 1990s , but he endures as a largely forgotten author , with the possible exception of his Apuseni @-@ based novella , Fefeleaga . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Born in Cenade village in Transylvania 's Alba County ( at the time in Alsó @-@ Fehér County ) , Agârbiceanu was the second of eight children ; his parents were Nicolae and Ana ( née Olariu ) . His father and grandfather were both woodcutters , while he believed his great @-@ grandparents were cowherds , as indicated by the surname of his grandfather , Vasile Bouaru , who originated in the Sibiu area . The name Agârbiceanu came from the family 's ancestral village , Agârbiciu . According to the novelist 's own notes , his father was literate and subscribed to a number of Romanian @-@ language publications that appeared in Transylvania . His mother , although a great lover of stories and storytelling , was illiterate . Agârbiceanu recalled an idyllic childhood , with summers spent tending to his father 's sheep and sleeping in a stick hut . An avid reader of stories by Petre Ispirescu , he attended school in his native village and in Blaj , graduating from the Superior Gymnasium in 1900 . Literary historians describe this as the period of his literary debut , which was a collaboration with Unirea newspaper . There , Agârbiceanu published a feuilleton ( signed as Alfius ) , poetry , and , in 1900 , the short story În postul Paștelui ( " At Lent " ) . Agârbiceanu also served as secretary of the Blaj Literary Society , at the time the city 's only Romanian @-@ speaking literary body still tolerated by the Hungarian authorities . He soon became a correspondent of Răvașul , a Cluj @-@ based newspaper , signing his first pieces there with the pen name Alfius , then as Agarbi or Potcoavă ( " Horseshoe " ) . The Blaj @-@ based Făgăraș and Alba Iulia Archdiocese arranged for Agârbiceanu to study at the theology faculty of Budapest University between 1900 and 1904 . Publishing more works in Tribuna and Familia , he soon became a regular contributor to Luceafărul . Returning to Blaj after graduation , he supervised the local boys ' boarding school , working there during the 1904 – 1905 academic year . Urged by friends and receiving a church scholarship , he returned to Budapest to study literature . He spent just one semester there , during which he also taught primary school catechism . In March 1906 , he married Maria Reli Radu , the daughter of an archpriest from Ocna Mureș . = = = Priesthood and World War I = = = Also in 1906 , following an ordination ceremony held on Easter Sunday , Agârbiceanu was appointed parish priest in Bucium , in the Apuseni Mountains . For four years , he observed the difficult lives of the mountain dwellers and the problems encountered in the nearby gold mines . During this time , he wrote several notices in the magazine Ramuri , later published as În întuneric ( " Into the Darkness " , 1910 ) , the novella Fefeleaga , and the novel Arhangelii ( " The Archangels " ) , all of them based on the mining experience . He also started writing frequently for literary magazines that included Luceafărul , Unirea and Lupta . His other literary works of the period include De la țară ( " From the Countryside " , 1906 ) , În clasa cultă ( " In the Cultured Class " , 1909 ) , Două iubiri ( " Two Loves " , 1910 ) , Prăpastia ( " The Abyss " , 1912 ) , and a collection of Schițe și povestiri ( " Sketches and Short Stories " , 1912 ) . Agârbiceanu visited Bucharest , the Old Kingdom capital , in 1906 , and sent enthusiastic travel notes for Unirea . He became a regular contributor to the Bucharest nationalist review Sămănătorul , which gave De la țară a sonorous welcome , and later to Sămănătorul 's leftist rival , Viața Românească . From 1909 , he was also one of the regulars at Neamul Românesc . For his literary activity , he was elected a corresponding member of Astra in 1912 , and was promoted to full membership in 1925 . From 1910 to 1919 , he was parish priest at Orlat in Sibiu County . Agârbiceanu was also a member of Austria @-@ Hungary 's Romanian National Party ( PNR ) , and supported PNR youth leader Octavian Goga , his colleague at Luceafărul and Tribuna . In 1910 , he followed Goga as he parted from the PNR and launched his own independent faction . By the time World War I broke out , Agârbiceanu had three sons and a daughter , including Ion , the future physicist . During 1914 , the first year of war , he finally published Arhanghelii , as well as the stories in De la sate ( " From the Villages " ) . These were followed , in 1916 , by a work of Christian theology , Din viața preoțească ( " From Priestly Life " ) . In September 1916 , when the Romanian Army withdrew from the Orlat area during the Battle of Transylvania , he fled Austria @-@ Hungary with his family . Their first destination was Râmnicu Vâlcea in the Old Kingdom ; they then headed for Roman in Western Moldavia . Evacuated to Russia in August 1917 , they reached the vicinity of Yelisavetgrad in Ukraine . While there and alongside other refugee Transylvanians , he took part in a choir organized by Nicolae Colan , a future bishop in the Romanian Orthodox Church . In November of that year , Agârbiceanu and his family found shelter with a Transylvanian family in Borogani village , near Leova in Bessarabia . The October Revolution soon broke out , and they made their way back to Moldavia , where he became a military chaplain for the Hârlău @-@ based Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia . He returned to Orlat in December 1918 . In March 1919 , following the union of Transylvania with Romania , he was named director of Patria newspaper , which was edited by the province 's Directing Council . In October 1919 , the newspaper 's headquarters moved to Cluj , and Agârbiceanu followed . Thanks to his literary activity , he was part of the leadership of the Romanian Writers ' Society , and was elected corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in 1919 . He also began contributing to the reviews Gândirea of Cluj , and Flacăra and Cuget Românesc of Bucharest . In 1922 , he accompanied other Writers ' Society members on a celebratory tour of Transylvania . Like several of his colleagues , Agârbiceanu preserved a bitter memory of the war , and his articles of the time make a point of referring to the Hungarians as a " barbarian horde " . = = = 1920s = = = While working on the Sibiu @-@ based Astra magazine Transilvania ( where he sometimes used the signature AG ) , Agârbiceanu remained the editor of Patria until 1927 , and also resumed his collaboration with Viața Românească . However , he was disappointed by the cultural and economic decline which came as a consequence of Transylvania 's incorporation : the local press , he noted , had largely lost its purpose and could not hope to survive competition . As noted by reviewers from Ilie Rad to Răzvan Voncu , some of Agârbiceanu 's more valuable work saw print in minor provincial reviews . Despite such setbacks , Agârbiceanu published new works in quick succession : O lacrimă fierbinte ( " A Burning Tear " , 1918 ) , Popa Man ( " Father Man " , 1920 ) , Zilele din urmă ale căpitanului Pârvu ( " Captain Pârvu 's Latter Days " , 1921 ) , Luncușoara din Păresemi ( " The Little Meadow of Păresemi " , 1921 ) , Păcatele noastre ( " Our Sins " , 1921 ) , Trăsurica verde ( " Green Gharry " , 1921 ) , Chipuri de ceară ( " Wax Figures " , 1922 ) . These were followed by Stana ( 1924 ) , Visările ( " Reveries " , 1925 ) , Dezamăgire ( " Disappointment " , 1925 ) , Singurătate ( " Loneliness " , 1926 ) , Legea trupului ( " The Law of the Flesh " , 1926 ) , Legea minții ( " The Law of the Mind " , 1927 ) , Ceasuri de seară ( " Evening Hours " , 1927 ) , Primăvara ( " Spring " , 1928 ) , Robirea sufletului ( " A Soul 's Bondage " , 1928 ) , and Biruința ( " Victory " , 1931 ) . His other works of the period include various tracts on biblical topics , including homilies and discussions of theodicy : Ieșit @-@ a semănătorul ( " A Sower Went Out to Sow His Seed " , 1930 ) , Rugăciunea Domnului ( " Lord 's Prayer " , 1930 ) , Răul în lume ( " Evil in the World " , 1931 ) , Preacurata ( " The Immaculate " , 1931 ) , Căile fericirii ( " Paths toward Happiness " , 1931 ) . A member of the PNR Executive Committee in 1919 , he was elected to the Assembly of Deputies that year , in the first election following the creation of Greater Romania . Elected again in 1922 , he served until 1926 . Initially joining the National Peasants ' Party into which the PNR merged in 1926 , the following year he defected to Alexandru Averescu 's People 's Party , of which Goga was also a member . From 1927 to 1928 , Agârbiceanu , a recipient of the National Prize for Literature , headed the Cluj chapter of Astra and edited Transilvania . It was in this magazine that he wrote a number of articles in support of eugenics , calling on priests to promote the movement in their parishes . Given the secular values of the movement 's leaders in Romania , his participation was somewhat incongruous , but Agârbiceanu did not see a conflict between his religious creed and a current centered around supposedly objective natural laws . From 1930 , he participated in Astra 's literary section and headed its cultural congress , in which capacity he lectured on the organization 's role in Romanian cultural life . Additionally , he played a prominent role during its annual congresses and committed himself to social activism . He was involved in Astra 's literacy campaigns , inspecting and fundraising for village libraries in places such as Aleșd . = = = Maturity = = = Also in 1930 , Agârbiceanu was elevated to the rank of archpriest for the Cluj district , and in 1931 , he became canon for the Cluj @-@ Gherla Diocese . In 1932 , following schisms in the People 's Party , he followed Goga into the new National Agrarian Party . In so doing , he lost control over Patria to Astra 's Ion Clopoțel . After 1934 , he was one of the noted contributors to the official literary magazine , Revista Fundațiilor Regale , put out in Bucharest by Paul Zarifopol . In late 1938 , following the establishment of the National Renaissance Front ( FRN ) , King Carol II appointed him to the Senate , of which he also served as vice president . From 1938 to 1940 , he edited a new edition of Tribuna in Cluj , as both the FRN 's official paper and Transylvania 's only daily . Toward the end of the 1930s , he wrote in opposition to the revisionist policy of the Kingdom of Hungary , and in August 1940 , after the Second Vienna Award granted Northern Transylvania to Hungary , he fled Cluj for Sibiu . The new authorities called for his expulsion , but he received the order after he had departed Cluj . With the downfall of the National Renaissance Front , Agârbiceanu withdrew from politics . However , in 1941 , he supported Romania 's war on the Eastern Front , including the occupation of Transnistria . In an official magazine that was itself named Transnistria , Agârbiceanu suggested that God had " even greater plans with us " . Agârbiceanu continued to write and publish literature throughout the Carol regime and much of World War II : Sectarii ( " The Schismatics " , 1938 ) , Licean ... odinioară ( " Once upon a Time ... a Pupil " , 1939 ) , Amintirile ( " The Recollections " , 1940 ) , Domnișoara Ana ( " Miss Ana " , 1942 ) , alongside more theological and moralizing essays such as Din pildele Domnului ( " The Lord 's Parables " , 1939 ) , Meditații . Fața de lumină a creștinismului ( " Meditions . On the Luminous Visage of Christianity " , 1941 ) , Preotul și familia preoțească . Rostul lor etnic în satul românesc ( " The Priest and the Priestly Family . Their Ethnic Role within the Romanian Village " , 1942 ) . The novel Vâltoarea ( " The Whirlpool " ) was serialized by Convorbiri Literare and came out as a volume in 1944 ; another novel , Vremuri și oameni ( " Times and People " ) , being critical of Nazism , was not given imprimatur by the Ion Antonescu regime . Many more works , including Sfântul ( " The Saint " ) , were completed but also remained unpublished . = = = Under communism = = = Following the fall of Antonescu 's regime and the campaign to recover Northern Transylvania , Agârbiceanu became a contributor to a new political weekly , Ardealul . He remained in Sibiu until 1945 and then returned to Cluj . He also contributed , in 1947 , a religious tract on Familia creștină ( " The Christian Family " ) . In 1948 , when the new communist regime outlawed the Greek @-@ Catholic Church and forcibly merged it into the Orthodox Church , Agârbiceanu refused to join the latter denomination , thus setting himself up against the authorities . However , these found his reputation as a writer valuable for their own interests , and preferred to try and co @-@ opt him . In 1953 , after a five @-@ year marginalization for his refusal to turn Orthodox , Agârbiceanu joined the editorial board of Anatol E. Baconsky 's semi @-@ official literary magazine , Steaua . He was granted the Order of Labor the following year , and promoted to titular member of the Academy in 1955 . On the occasion of his 80th birthday in 1962 , he was also awarded the Order of the Star of the Romanian People 's Republic , first class . Agârbiceanu 's old and new writings came out in several editions : Pagini alese ( " Selected Works " , 1956 ) , Din munți și din câmpii ( " From Mountains and Plains " , 1957 ) , Din copilărie ( " Childhood Memories " , 1957 ) , File din cartea naturii ( " Pages from the Book of Nature " , 1959 ) , Povestind copiilor ( " Stories for Children " , 1961 ) and Faraonii ( " The Pharaohs " , 1961 ) . Although formally congratulated by the regime , Agârbiceanu fell out with its censorship apparatus . According to various accounts , he allowed the censors to operate multiple changes , as long as the substance of his writing was not itself altered . Portions of his work were cut out during reediting , and a novel , Prăbușirea ( " The Downfall " ) , serialized in Gazeta Literară , was so crudely handled that seven of its pages were lost forever . Expecting to die soon , Agârbiceanu worked on a definitive corpus of his writings , which began printing at the state @-@ run Editura pentru Literatură under the care of G. Pienescu and Mihai Șora . When he was led to believe that many of his works would not be allowed for publishing , he retook possession of all the manuscripts he had sent in , including some previously unpublished writings . The volumes were already available by that time . The writer died in Cluj in 1963 , and was buried in the city 's Hajongard Cemetery in a grave topped by a white marble cross . = = Literary contribution = = = = = Ideology and style = = = Agârbiceanu entered literary life as a poet — according to his Sămănătorul patron , Nicolae Iorga , he was great as the author of ballades . Later in his career , he focused on vignettes ( often prose poems ) , short stories and novels , intended to represent daily life in the Apuseni Mountains . His favorite theme was the life of a Transylvanian country priest at the turn of the 20th century , but his " gallery " of protagonists also included shepherds , foresters , rafters , thieves , teachers , village doctors , Romani metalworkers , and the rich industrialists ( " Transylvanian nawabs " ) . A prolific writer , possibly the most productive one in Romania before 1930 , he completed some 65 volumes , by his own account , both long and short . Ideologically , Agârbiceanu was most closely aligned with Sămănătorul 's ethnic traditionalism , and was always a marginal among the Viața Românească Poporanists , who were rather more inspired by Marxism . However , Voncu believes , the similarities were only superficial : unlike the Sămănătorul school , Agârbiceanu was a professional of literary realism , who favored individual psychology over class identity , and would not condemn the city as a decomposed and decomposing environment . His stories , Voncu notes , had an " ethical , even philosophical , vision " , and " the dignity of grand literature . " His naturalness was even highlighted by Iorga , who praised Agârbiceanu as " the liveliest storyteller " of the early 20th century : " he doesn 't go looking for the folkish ingredient ; he just cannot separate himself from it , because he lives therein , heart and soul . " According to Eugen Lovinescu , the modernist literary critic and cultural theorist , Agârbiceanu is the " essential exponent " of Transylvanian Sămănătorists . His literature is one that " by the people and for the people " . As Lovinescu puts it , his work blends an " aggressive affirmation of nationhood " and " healthy ethics pushed to the limit of tendentiousness and didacticism " with a cultivation of dialectal speech patterns . In this immediate context , Agârbiceanu seems to have been inspired by Ion Pop Reteganul and Ioan Slavici , the founders of Transylvanian realism . He himself inspired Liviu Rebreanu . Traditionally , reviewers have been put off by Agârbiceanu 's plot devices and epic mannerisms , and in particular by his explanatory comments and notes , which they deem superfluous and distracting . As Lovinescu notes , Agârbiceanu and other Transylvanian realists will " accumulate in details " , but will remain " incapable of narrating on more than one level " : " for all their dynamism , his sketches are not exciting in the dramatic sense . " The moralizing aspect of Agârbiceanu 's fiction makes it hard to separate between it and his purely theological productions : as Lovinescu notes , whenever Agârbiceanu depicts village drunks , it is as if " for an anti @-@ saloon exhibition . " Dragomirescu argues that Agârbiceanu 's work amounts to a set of humanitarian " directives " , although , he concludes , its depiction of " the bleak and mystical recess of life " is a fine literary contribution , " rising above " his generation 's . He states : " Agârbiceanu is a socializing Poporanist or Sămănătorist only when he is at his weakest " . According to exegetes such as Iorga , Constantin Șăineanu and Voncu , the moral lesson of Agârbiceanu 's lay works is only hinted at , with much subtlety . Voncu sees in Luncușoara din Păresemi the " refinement and objectivity " of novels by Georges Bernanos . On the other hand , Voncu observes that the writer uses his artistic talents in theological works such as Despre minuni ( " About Miracles " ) and Din pildele Domnului , ably narrating simple texts that can appeal either to their intended audience of rural believers or to a more cultivated set of readers . As Z. Ornea notes , Agârbiceanu 's least known works are particularly moralizing . This category includes two stories of moral redemption , the novel Sfântul and the short novella Pustnicul Pafnutie și ucenicul său Ilarion ( " Pafnutie the Hermit and Ilarion His Apprentice " ) , which are " entirely tactless " . = = = Major works = = = In Arhanghelii , the implicit Christian lesson is about the love of money and its devastation of an Apuseni get @-@ rich mining community . At the heart of the novel is a former notary , Rodean , whose gold claim appears to be endlessly productive and corrupting . As Șăineanu writes : " with emotion and mounting interest , we witness here the ephemeral joys and disasters that this modern @-@ day Moloch pours over this once @-@ peaceful village . " The novel , Lovinescu argues , is overall " awkward " , but still interesting as a social fresco , called a " frightening human torment " by Iorga . Șăineanu deplores its " prolixity " and arcane mining terminology . As argued by Dragomirescu , the climax , where Rodean runs from the card table to see his mine collapsing , " has remarkable qualities of literary vividness and vigor . " Nicolae Manolescu offers praise to the work , a " solidly realistic novel " that , although widely seen as a pastiche from Slavici , should still be taken into account for its " originality and newness " . He sees Agârbiceanu as an " unlucky " novelist , whose work was eclipsed by that of Rebreanu , Mihail Sadoveanu , and Gala Galaction , which it only resembles coincidentally . In Legea trupului , a psychological novel about a young man torn between the love for a mature woman and her daughter , Agârbiceanu turned his attention to the sins of the flesh . The erotic dilemma is one of several narrative threads : Legea trupului is also a story of inter @-@ ethnic conflict ( Romanians versus Hungarians ) , and a probe into the regional politics in Transylvania ( a theme that also preoccupied him when writing În clasa cultă ) . Lovinescu sees Legea trupului as a " solid social and psychological study , for all its tendentiousness " , but still harmed by Agârbiceanu 's " lack of stylistic expressiveness and verbal insufficiency . " The narrative structure is alluded to in Legea minții , which is about discovering one 's true calling . The plot follows its protagonist , a scholarly priest by the name of Andrei Pascu , as he finds himself in his work as a missionary of religion and cultural nationalism , despite being set back by poverty and revisited by his worldly past . Similar themes are developed elsewhere . In Popa Man , a lapsed priest and smuggler is suddenly confronted with the consequences of his actions , and destroys himself with drink . In Stana , named after its female protagonist , a war invalid is a passive witness to his wife 's moral decay . When he dies , his wooden leg serves as a haunting reminder of his virtues , driving Stana to despair . According to Manolescu , these stories were largely outdated by the time of their publishing , when more experimental work was being put out by Hortensia Papadat @-@ Bengescu and Camil Petrescu ; Agârbiceanu " could only strike the figure of a naive moralist , reeking of a parson 's mindset , in all ways incompatible with the emancipated Romanian society of the interwar . " The novella Fefeleaga , however , is largely seen as Agârbiceanu 's true masterpiece — either his best story or one of two , alongside the short story Luminița . At the center of the story is a woman who makes a meager living quarrying stones for gold panning , with her many children killed off by a respiratory disease . She was based on a real @-@ life Moț , Sofia Danciu , with only some details changed . In the defining moment of the narrative , seen by Dragomirescu as symbolic for the plight of Romanian Transylvanians , Fefeleaga sells off her emaciated draft horse and only friend , to prepare for her daughter 's funeral . However , as Iorga notes , this is not a pessimistic outcome : " kindness is present , but hidden , in this world , but will reveal itself in the hours of pity and those of justice " . Luminița shows the final moments in a woman 's life , and her inability to grant herself one last wish , and , according to Dragomirescu , is a " universal " work , worthy of a Count Tolstoy . = = Legacy = = Under communism , Agârbiceanu 's lay work began to be fully recovered in the late 1960s . An important effort in this process was undertaken by literary historian Mircea Zaciu , who had begun a critical re @-@ evaluation as early as 1955 , with a short monograph that took up George Călinescu 's observation whereby Agârbiceanu was not a moralizer but an artistic narrator of moral situations . Zaciu went further , seeking to detach the Sămănătorist label and place him within the framework of ethical Transylvanian prose . His work , re @-@ edited and amplified in 1964 and 1972 , revived interest in the writer by precisely cataloguing his corpus and opening new directions for its critical analysis . The recovery was limited : according to Voncu , the arrival of national communism left critics unsure about whether to reintroduce Agârbiceanu 's " uncompromising vision of rural life " into the literary canon . Not long thereafter , the film @-@ directing team of Dan Pița and Mircea Veroiu found that Agârbiceanu 's short stories supplied ideal material for their interest in formal experimentation , leading to two films , each based on a pair of his stories : Nunta de piatră ( 1972 ) and Duhul aurului ( 1974 ) . In 1988 , Nicolae Mărgineanu and Ion Brad also filmed their version of Arhanghelii , as Flames over Treasures . It was not until 2004 , fifteen years after the fall of the regime , that the theological writings started being reprinted . These events also signified that the full corpus of his literature could see print : work on his complete writings was taken up by Mariana and Victor Iova . Prăbușirea and other manuscripts only saw print in and after 1997 . The project ended in 2002 and , Voncu notes , Agârbiceanu returned to a " discouraging anonymity " until 2014 , when Ilie Rad began work on a revised critical edition . This also included material never published in the Pienescu edition — adding as much as 75 % new content . As suggested by Manolescu in 2013 , Agârbiceanu once seemed " the most promising Transylvanian writer of the dawn of a new century , after Coșbuc and before Rebreanu . " However , and despite Fefeleaga being a constant feature of literature textbooks , Agârbiceanu became " two @-@ thirds forgotten " . According to Ornea , and to various others , Agârbiceanu mostly endures in cultural memory as a " second @-@ shelf writer " . Ion I. Agârbiceanu ( 1907 – 1971 ) was the author of pioneering work in spectroscopy , famed for his invention of a gas laser . Another one of the writers ' sons was a surveyor . He and his family remained in possession of Agârbiceanu 's large villa in Cluj , which was later declared a historic monument . The writer 's grave was awarded the same status by Romania 's Culture Ministry in 2012 . Among the localities associated with Agârbiceanu 's work , Bucium is home to a Fefeleaga Memorial House , a modern reconstruction which used Romanian folk houses as a blueprint ; Sofia Danciu 's actual home burned down in summer 2014 . = M @-@ 134 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 134 is a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan . It connects Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) north of St. Ignace with the communities of Hessel , Cedarville and De Tour Village along Lake Huron . East of De Tour , the highway crosses the De Tour Passage on a ferry to run south of the community of Drummond on Drummond Island . It is one of only three state trunklines in Michigan on islands ; the others are M @-@ 154 on Harsens Island and M @-@ 185 on Mackinac Island . M @-@ 134 is also one of only two highways to utilize a ferry in Michigan ; the other is US Highway 10 ( US 10 ) which crosses Lake Michigan from Manitowoc , Wisconsin , to Ludington . Most of the mainland portion of M @-@ 134 is also part of the Lake Huron Circle Tour , and since 2015 , it has been a Pure Michigan Byway under the name M @-@ 134 North Huron Byway . A separate highway bore the M @-@ 134 designation in the Lower Peninsula from the late 1920s to the late 1930s . The current highway 's immediate predecessors were included in the original M @-@ 4 in the state . That designation was renumbered to the current M @-@ 134 moniker in 1939 . Since the trunkline number was finalized , it was extended eastward to end south of Goetzville in the 1950s , with a further extension to De Tour in the 1950s . The western section was moved closer to the lakeshore in the 1960s . The last change came when M @-@ 134 was extended to Drummond Island in 1989 . = = Route description = = M @-@ 134 starts at the interchange for exit 359 along I @-@ 75 north of St. Ignace in rural Mackinac County near the St. Martin Bay of Lake Huron . As the highway runs eastward , it carries the Lake Huron Circle Tour over the Pine River on Huron Shore Drive . The trunkline turns to the southeast and follows the shoreline along the bay and runs inland at the bases of the peninsulas that form the Search Bay . Returning to a shoreline routing at Mismer Bay , M @-@ 134 runs through the wooded rural areas into Hessel . There Huron Shore Drive continues eastward to Cedarville where the highway meets the south end of M @-@ 129 north of Marquette Island . Farther east , M @-@ 134 runs along the north side of the many small bays and channels that separate the Les Cheneaux Islands from the mainland . About 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) west of Cedarville , M @-@ 134 crosses into Chippewa County for about a mile and a half ( 2 @.@ 5 km ) ; the highway passes back into a sliver of Mackinac County that extends along the Lake Huron shoreline for another 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) before finally crossing back into Chippewa County . Near Albany Harbor , M @-@ 134 follows Scenic Road to an intersection with M @-@ 48 . The main route of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour turns north on M @-@ 48 while a locally designed loop route continues east on M @-@ 134 along Lake Huron . The highway continues past De Tour State Park and St. Vital Point before heading northeasterly to De Tour Village . In the middle of the village , M @-@ 134 runs north on Ontario Street and turns east along Elizabeth Street to connect to the ferry docks ; the loop tour continues north out of town on county roads . The highway uses the ferry , run by the regional public transportation agency , to cross the De Tour Passage . Once on Drummond Island , M @-@ 134 follows Channel Road northward along the passage before turning eastward . The trunkline cuts across to run along Sturgeon Bay on the north shore of the island . On the east side of the bay , M @-@ 134 turns inland and runs east to the Four Corners , south of the unincorporated community of Drummond . The trunkline terminates at that intersection south of the Drummond Island Airport where Channel , Townline , Johnswood , and Shore roads ( west , north , east and south respectively ) come together . M @-@ 134 is one of three state highways in Michigan located on an island ; the two other state highways located on islands are M @-@ 185 on Mackinac Island and M @-@ 154 on Harsens Island . No part of M @-@ 134 is listed on the National Highway System , a system of roadways important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . In 2009 , the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) conducted a survey to determine the traffic volume along the highway , reported using a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . The department determined that the highest count was the 3 @,@ 595 vehicles a day that used the highway west of the M @-@ 129 junction in Cedarville ; the lowest counts were 608 vehicles daily between the M @-@ 48 junction and the De Tour village limits . On the island , 667 vehicles use M @-@ 134 daily . According to tourism officials in the area , over 100 @,@ 000 vehicles per year are transported round trip on the ferry with almost twice as many additional passengers . = = Ferry = = The Eastern Upper Peninsula Transportation Authority ( EUPTA ) operates the Drummond Island Ferry across the De Tour Passage in addition to two other ferries and the regional rural bus system for Luce and Chippewa counties . As part of the service between De Tour and Drummond Island , EUPTA operates up to three different vessels : the SS Drummond Islander , SS Drummond Islander III and the SS Drummond Islander IV . As of 2011 , fares start at $ 12 per car and increase based on the size of the vehicle transported , including a fuel surcharge . Passenger fares are $ 2 for adults and $ 1 for seniors or students ; the vehicle driver 's fare is included in the vehicle charge . Ferries leave Drummond Island at 10 minutes after the hour , from De Tour at 20 minutes to the hour , and run most of the day ; some crossing times are only operated seasonally . M @-@ 134 is one of two highways in Michigan to use a ferry connection ; the other is US 10 between Ludington , Michigan , and Manitowoc , Wisconsin . = = History = = Starting in late 1928 or early 1929 , the first route designated as M @-@ 134 was a road in Missaukee County from M @-@ 66 three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) north of McBain east to Falmouth in the northern Lower Peninsula . In 1938 , the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) returned the road to local control . When the rest of the state highway system was first designated , by July 1 , 1919 , the first state highway in the area of today 's M @-@ 134 was a section of M @-@ 12 . That highway segment was used for US 2 in 1926 . A rerouting of US 2 was completed in 1933 between Rogers Park and Sault Ste . Marie . The new routing followed Mackinac Trail instead of turning east to Cedarville and north to Sault Ste . Marie . The former routing was given the M @-@ 121 designation , and later M @-@ 4 . The current designation appeared in the Upper Peninsula in 1939 , soon after being removed from Missaukee County . It replaced the former M @-@ 4 route designation . At the time , M @-@ 134 was routed farther inland between US 2 and a point north of Hessel . The highway ended at the Mackinac – Chippewa county line , but an extension farther east was shown on maps of the time as under construction . This segment of roadway was completed in the latter half of 1940 , extending M @-@ 134 to terminate at M @-@ 48 about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of DeTour . In 1950 , a new roadway section was added to the state highway system , bypassing the former routing of M @-@ 48 west of DeTour ; in the process the MSHD extended M @-@ 134 on this new highway and truncated M @-@ 48 to the junction south of Goetzville . In 1958 , the highway west of Hessel was shifted to follow an alignment closer to Lake Huron ; the MSHD transferred the former routing of M @-@ 134 to local control at that time . In October 1963 , the final section of I @-@ 75 / US 2 freeway opened in the UP ; M @-@ 134 's western terminus was truncated slightly to end at the new freeway instead of the former routing of US 2 along Mackinac Trail . In 1989 , MDOT extended the trunkline to add a segment on Drummond Island ; in the process , the Drummond Island Ferry across the DeTour Passage was added to the route . The entire length of the highway was dedicated as a Pure Michigan Byway on October 16 , 2015 . = = Major intersections = = = Tropical Storm Fern ( 1996 ) = Severe Tropical Storm Fern was a damaging storm that struck Yap in the 1996 Pacific typhoon season . A tropical depression formed on December 21 , when a low @-@ level circulation center began to produce deep convection . The depression strengthened into a tropical storm the next day , and was given the name Fern by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . The storm slowly intensified into a Category 1 typhoon on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale , according to JTWC . Fern peaked north of Yap on December 26 , with JTWC assessing winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , while the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center , Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) assessed peak winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) , just below typhoon strength . The storm soon became sheared and weakened slowly . Fern continued to weaken to a tropical depression on December 30 . Both agencies stopped advisories later on the same day . Fern made a direct hit at Yap on Christmas Day . A cargo ship was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds offshore . On the island , Fern caused $ 3 million ( 1996 USD ) of damage . Roads and bridges were significantly damaged , and other public facilities were destroyed . Crops and private properties also received damage . A state of emergency was declared in Yap State two weeks later , and became a disaster area two months later . = = Meteorological history = = In the middle of December , twin monsoon troughs were established in the extreme western Pacific Ocean , which will later spawn storms Greg , and Fern itself in the northern hemisphere . The trough in the southern hemisphere spawned cyclones Ophelia , Phil , and Fergus . Around that time , convection began to increase near the equator , and was associated with a westerly wind burst . A low level circulation center was noted by JTWC on December 19 at 0600 UTC . Two days later , convection consolidated near the circulation center , and JMA began tracking it at 0000 UTC as a tropical depression . JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 1500 UTC , as sea level pressure began to deepen , and signs of upper level divergence were found in the system . The first advisory for Tropical Depression 42W followed three hours later , on December 17 at 1200 UTC . JTWC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm on December 22 at 0000 UTC as it traveled westerly , and was given the name Fern . According to JTWC , the wind speeds meandered at minimal tropical storm strength . JMA proceeded to upgrade the depression into a tropical storm at 1800 UTC , with winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , and a pressure reading of 996 hectopascals ( 996 mbar ) . On Christmas Eve , Fern slowly traveled toward Yap . The storm passed over Yap the next day , strengthening to 105 km / h ( 65 mph ) at 0000 UTC , according to JTWC . JMA assessed Fern had winds of 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) at the same time . Fern also began its recurvature that day , beginning its turn north . Eighteen hours later on Christmas Day , JTWC upgraded Fern to a typhoon , with winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . JMA continued to keep it as a severe tropical storm at that time . On December 26 at 1200 UTC , Fern reached its peak at 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) north of Yap after its recurvature , according to JTWC . JMA assessed that Fern reached its peak of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) , with a pressure reading of 975 hPa ( 975 mb ) twelve hours later . On December 28 , Fern began to weaken when it encountered a shear line . On the next day , JTWC downgraded Fern back to tropical storm strength , with winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) . At the same time according to JMA , the storm had weakened to 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) , with a pressure reading of 985 hPa ( 985 mbar ) . Both warning centers downgraded Fern into a tropical depression by December 30 , as it continued to travel along a shear line . JTWC issued the final warning at 0600 UTC , while JMA stopped tracking the depression at 1200 UTC . JTWC continued to track the low until December 31 , where it stalled north of Guam . = = Impact and aftermath = = At sea , a cargo ship en route from Guam to Yap was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds . The passengers entered a life raft , and were later found by a Navy search and rescue airplane . They were soon rescued by a Maltese tanker . No one was injured when the accident occurred . Yap was directly hit by Fern on Christmas Day , causing about $ 3 million ( 1996 USD ) of damage . The Weather Service Office received a peak wind gust of 116 km / h ( 72 mph ) , and a pressure reading of 983 hPa ( 983 mbar ) . The island received gusts around 93 km / h ( 58 mph ) for several hours . One person was injured on the island , and no deaths were attributed to the storm . Roads and bridges were severely damaged , accounting for half of the damage . Homes and other private properties were also significantly damaged . Most crops on the island , such as coconuts , bananas , papayas , and breadfruit , were destroyed by the storm . Public facilities , like schools and hospitals , suffered widespread destruction . On January 3 , 1997 , a state of emergency was declared for Yap by Acting President Jacob Nena , stating that Fern caused " an imminent threat to health , safety and welfare of the people of the affected areas . " Two months later , on March 20 , United States President Bill Clinton declared Yap State a disaster area , allowing the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) to start the damage assessment of the area . The FEMA funding was only for public facilities , and did not include private properties . The request for individual assistance was not approved by FEMA , as damage to private properties were not much , and assistance from the national government and Yap State were sufficient . = Paul Robinson ( Neighbours ) = Paul Stewart Robinson is a fictional character from the Australian television soap opera Neighbours , a long @-@ running serial drama about social life in the fictional Melbourne suburb of Erinsborough . He is played by Stefan Dennis . Paul was created by producer Reg Watson as one of Neighbours ' original characters . He debuted in the first episode of the show broadcast on 18 March 1985 and is currently the sole remaining original cast member . Paul appeared on a regular basis until 1992 when Dennis quit Neighbours to pursue work elsewhere . He agreed to reprise the role for a guest appearance in 1993 . Dennis returned to the show full @-@ time in 2004 and has since remained in the role . Dennis views his decision to leave Neighbours as a mistake . Early character development during 1980s episodes changed Paul into a powerful , arrogant and sometimes villainous business man . Paul has an evil persona which has long been admired by Dennis for the entertainment value it creates . But in 2007 Paul 's evil ways were mellowed through a brain tumour story which brought the character inline with producer 's vision of reinventing the show . The character has been used to play various stories ranging from money laundering , a leg amputation to being held hostage and incarceration for crimes . He is often portrayed concocting scams against fellow characters . As a prominent character Neighbours writers designed their 6000th episode around Paul . The story was dubbed " Who Pushed P.R. ? " and Paul was pushed from a mezzanine by an unseen assailant . The character 's attack created a long @-@ running whodunit mystery . Paul has had five marriages and countless affairs , which has gained him notoriety as a womaniser . Paul 's evil character and womanising have been well received by critics of the genre who were entertained . The actor has garnered various award nominations for his portrayal of Paul . = = Casting = = In 1984 , Stefan Dennis received a phone call from his agent who told him about an audition for a new soap called Neighbours . Dennis said " I wasn 't that keen because I was more interested in a feature film I had auditioned for and felt sure I was going to get " . Dennis originally auditioned for the roles of Shane Ramsay and Des Clarke ( the roles were later given to Peter O 'Brien and Paul Keane respectively ) , but was cast as Paul Robinson instead . Neighbours was cancelled by Seven Network seven months after its debut . However , it was revived by Network Ten and Dennis reprised his role as Paul from January 1986 onwards . He is the only current cast member who appeared in the first episode on 18 March 1985 . In 1992 , Dennis quit the role because he no longer felt challenged as an actor , he stated : " I was literally walking through it , I thought ' this is not good for acting , this doesn 't keep me fresh at all , time to move on ' . " Dennis has said that one of his favourite moments was being asked to come back and celebrate Neighbours ' 2000th episode . = = Character development = = = = = Characterisation = = = Paul was originally the quiet member of his family and had worked as an air steward . Paul 's failed marriage to Terry Inglis ( Maxine Klibingaitis ) altered his personality and he became self @-@ centred . Network Ten publicity assessed that it turned him " bitter and cynical " . He worked to become a powerful businessman managing the Lassisters complex and developed many overpowering traits which left him viewed by others as a money @-@ grabbing control freak . But the character was not left without kindness and shared his more generous moments with his grandmother Helen Daniels ( Anne Haddy ) . He has been described as having the ability to notice talent in others , employing those who shared his ambition and nous . Portrayed for most of his tenure as a deceiving villain , Paul can often be viewed participating in unpredictable stories . This arbitrary nature lead Dennis to proclaim " he 's a character you never get bored with . Even during times when storylines aren 't centred on my character , the writers still come up with little twists for him all the time . " Network Ten branded Paul a high flying business man who enjoyed womanising until he met Gail Lewis ( Fiona Corke ) . Other labels the character has are " lothario " and " serial cheat " because of his ill @-@ treatment of the opposite sex . Upon his 2004 return he was portrayed stuck in his old ways . The writer added Paul was committing dodgy deals and deceiving his neighbours in a bid for revenge . The character despises pity , has a damaged personality and can never be faithful to a romantic partner . Dennis branded Paul as " Mr. Evil " because of Paul 's harsh treatment of women , observing that his character treated them like toys , throwing them away when he was bored . When producers realised that Paul 's behaviour had gone too far , they considered killing him off . Dennis commented " As an actor , I had the best time because this character just got more evil and more sneaky , more of a cad and a womaniser and it just escalated where it got to the point where it just got silly . It was ridiculous for the supposed reality of the show . " The actor also said that he accepted the producers decision to kill his character off when they explained that they did not know where to take him . However , the show 's then executive producer Ric Pellizzeri decided to save the character and redeem him by giving him a brain tumour . Following the removal of the brain tumour , Paul mellowed in his evil ways . Of Paul 's dramatic change to his personality , post brain tumour , Dennis compared the differences stating : " He 's changed back to where he was 18 odd years ago . What he has become is the same Paul he was back then when he was a very ambitious young entrepreneur with Lassiters and Robinson Corporation . But the difference now is that he is older and wiser and therefore a lot more shrewd and a lot more careful . Post brain tumor , he is no longer evil , more ruthless than evil . Ruthless with a conscience and emotion . " Although Paul changed his ways to an extent , he still shows signs of being evil . Dennis has stated that he and fellow cast member , Alan Fletcher ( Karl Kennedy ) purposely portray hints of his former self . Of this Dennis stated : " I like to keep that boiling under the surface so that the audience will always think ' what is he up to next ? ' . You never quite know if he will burst out into Mr. Evil or stay as the character he is at the moment . Alan Fletcher keeps it alive as well , by always looking out the corner of his eye and thinking ' I just don 't trust you ! ' " Dennis later defended his character to the Birmingham Post after he was branded an evil character , describing him in his early years : " Paul started out as a university student , which people have forgotten , he was studying engineering then , much to his father 's disgust , left to join an airline and became a trolley dolly . He later became a bit of a cad but I wouldn 't call him a villain . I 'd describe him as a bad boy with a conscience " . Dennis has also stated that he loves playing Paul as a " baddie " , because in his opinion he is so colourful , not just an average bad guy , adding : " He 's not just a black and white bad guy , he 's a sneaky bastard . He 's the smiling baddie " . = = = Relationships = = = Paul enjoyed a relationship with Terri , he believed he really loved her . She tried to defraud him and later kill him . These events have a knock on effect which plagues his relationship with Gail raising many trust issues . He has been described as " unlucky in love " during his early years in the serial . During an interview with entertainment website Digital Spy Dennis discussed Paul 's later relationships in depth . Paul 's relationship with Lyn Scully ( Janet Andrewartha ) was short lived , he mistreated her but ultimately in a twist for the character , he did the right thing . Dennis describes this as : " The Lyn story was quite sincere , but he had the good sense on the day of the wedding to tell her that he was no good . So he obviously cared about Lyn , but then she came back and haunted him . " His relationship with Rebecca Napier ( Jane Hall ) at times can be fiery , of this Dennis said : " I want to see Paul and Rebecca be like Angie and Dirty Den . I think Rebecca is capable of that . She plays a fiery character and is a very strong . Paul needs somebody who is absolutely there for him and adores him , but will take no shit from him and stand up and fight as hard as she does . " Paul 's relationship with his children is often non @-@ conventional , however he has a close bond with his daughter Elle Robinson ( Pippa Black ) , Dennis describes this , adding : " ( She 's ' a chip off the old block ' ) and even though Elle annoys Paul sometimes , they are always there for each other . Paul adores his daughter and I think it works both ways . " = = = Return = = = Following an eleven year hiatus producers asked Dennis to return to Neighbours for the 20th anniversary episodes . But their talks resulted in Dennis agreeing to return full @-@ time . Alan Dale who played his on @-@ screen father , Jim Robinson helped Dennis to make the decision to return . Dennis has since admitted that he made a mistake quitting Neighbours in 1992 . He explained " I was stupid . I thought I was going to go to Hollywood and conquer the world , and I didn 't . " Dennis ' return made Paul the only original character still appearing on Neighbours . The actor continued to publicise his commitment to staying on the show long @-@ term . The character was reintroduced during the 2004 series finale . The episode focused on a fire at the Lassiter 's complex which destroys the local pub , hotel , doctor 's surgery and coffee shop . Paul 's arrival coincidences with the fire which makes him a suspect . His return forms the end of season cliff @-@ hanger and Australian viewers had to wait months before Paul 's return continued on @-@ screen . Dennis told Jason Herbison from Inside Soap that " judging from his first appearance he certainly does look guilty . " He teased that Paul is " very enigmatic " and his motives for committing the crime remain unclear . Dennis professed his love for his character 's mysterious agenda but noted that Paul had " grown and matured " during his absence . Producer Peter Dodds believed that Paul 's return gave his writers numerous stories . He detailed that it allowed the return of other past characters and " kick @-@ started a whole new web of deceit and lies " within the show . He concluded that it made Neighbours more dramatic ever since . = = = Izzy Hoyland = = = The character was paired with fellow resident Izzy Hoyland ( Natalie Bassingthwaighte ) who shared a deceptive personality with him . This created many stories for both characters as they plotted against their neighbours . Dennis stated " the Paul and Izzy relationship was fantastic , it was very popular . Izzy was an interesting character because she was very emotional and insecure . That 's what drove her evil ways . She had a bit of a soulmate in Paul . " Dennis believed that the pair could not have worked long @-@ term because they would have destroyed each other . Izzy was in a relationship with Karl when writers began working on material for the new duo . Karl had been played as the arch @-@ enemy of Paul , as they previously feuded . Izzy faces a problems in her relationship and turns to Paul for romance . Karl spends time away from Izzy leaving her free to conduct her affair . He returns to fight for his partner but nearly catches Izzy in bed with Paul . He leaves an expensive watch behind which Karl finds . Izzy pretends that she has purchased it for Karl and he lauds the accessory over Paul . Fletcher told Herbison ( Inside Soap ) that Karl is jealous of Paul and relishes the opportunity to show off his gift and boast about Izzy . He was keen for his character to discover Izzy 's infidelity so Karl and Paul could have a confrontation . Izzy goes into business with Paul and Karl tries to warn her that Paul is untrustworthy . He is unsuspecting and does not believe Izzy would be attracted to Paul . The story provides insight to Izzy who needs stability from Karl and excitement which Paul provides her . = = = Leg amputation = = = One of Paul 's main storylines culminated in him having his leg amputated after an accident . The storyline has received some criticism as Paul was shown on different occasions not limping with his false leg . Dennis explained during an interview how the production team helped ensure to make his limp appear more effectively , stating " They made me a splint which actually makes me sort of limp , but keeps my foot rigid so it looks like I actually do have a non @-@ moving piece . One time I did change my leg , as in I swapped it over and limped on the other one to see if anyone noticed . " Dennis revealed in May 2011 , that he wears a brace on his leg as remembering which leg to limp on was becoming a " little distracting . " = = = Robert 's revenge campaign = = = Paul had been uninvolved in the upbringing of all his children . This provided producers with scope to introduce estranged family members . In 2006 , writers devised a long @-@ running storyline in @-@ which Paul 's son Robert ( Adam Hunter ) plans a revenge campaign against his father . Robert 's motives for his vendetta stem from Paul not being around while he grew up . Paul was happy that he had triplet children Elle , Robert and Cameron Robinson ( also played by Hunter ) back in his life . He tries to make amends with Robert and attempts to bond with him unaware that he is being plotted against . Writers decided to mark the show 's 5000th episode with the story and Robert takes Paul hostage down a mineshaft . Dennis filmed the scenes in a filthy studio set surrounded by cameras , lighting and crew . He told Herbison ( Inside Soap ) that he found it difficult to pretend he was trapped underground . Dennis explained that his character is oblivious to Robert 's intentions and believes Robert is taking him on a family camping holiday . When Robert has Paul alone he drugs him and take him to the mineshaft . Robert admits to causing the plane crash which killed the Bishop family , intending Paul , Elle and Izzy to die . Dennis explained that Robert " really goes to town telling Paul what a terrible father he 's been and how he 's going to pay for it now . " Robert gloats about his successful scheming and seals the entrance to the mine leaving Paul for dead . But Katya Kinski ( Dichen Lachman ) begins to suspect that Robert is mentally ill and it is up to her to convince other residents and save Paul from death . Paul escapes but Katya is next to be kidnapped by Robert because he is infatuated with her . She decides to humour Robert in the hope he will return her to Erinsborough . But Robert discovers that Paul plans to marry his mother Gail . He is unaware that it is a ruse set @-@ up by authorities to arrest him . Katya convinces Robert that they should not leave together because he has a final chance to kill Paul at the wedding . The sham wedding was originally suggested by Izzy in jest and she is shocked that Paul and Gail organise the nuptials . Dennis explained that Robert 's " ultimate goal is to destroy Paul " . By giving him a time and place to target Paul they plan to trap him . The pair exchange wedding vows which are not binding . But Robert does not surface which angers Paul . He begins to shout and orders Robert to show up and confront him . Robert is entised by Paul 's goading and he approaches his father . Dennis said that the pair have a " massive showdown " and the psychotic character pulls a gun and shoots Paul . Following his latest crimes Robert surrenders and is arrested . The fake wedding provided Paul writers with the chance to explore Paul and Gail 's relationship which had served their characters during 1980s episodes of Neighbours . Dennis said that the chemistry that existed in 1987 was still present between the pair . On @-@ screen his relationship with Izzy begins to suffer but the wedding makes Paul remember his past shared with Gail . The actor recalled filming the wedding made him question whether Paul and Gail were still in love . In the episode various character 's notice their feelings which angers Izzy . The story ends in tragedy and loss for Paul . Katya accepts a lift from Cameron and their neighbour Max Hoyland ( Stephen Lovatt ) spots Katya in the car . Max mistakes Cameron for Robert and believes Katya is in danger . In an attempt to rescue her Max knocks Cameron over and kills him . Lachman warned that it was the start of a new story in which Paul wants revenge on Max and issues him with a " chilling threat " . = = = Who Pushed P.R. ? = = = In July 2010 , it was revealed that Paul would be central to the serial 's 6000th episode . Executive producer Susan Bower had hinted previously that the milestone would involve Paul and Alan Fletcher teased audiences with the revelation that something horrible would happen to an iconic character . Of Paul 's involvement and the reasoning behind it Bower explained : " As Stefan Dennis – Paul Robinson – was in the first episode 25 years ago , it was decided that his character play a most important role in this very special event [ ... ] Paul Robinson , or P.R as we like to call him , has been up to his usual tricks over the past few weeks and everyone on Ramsay Street is becoming really sick of him . What will they do about it ? " It was then announced the plot would be a whodunnit style arc , in which Paul is left fighting for his life after being pushed from the mezzanine level of Lassiter 's Hotel . The episodes were structured with a five episode build up prior to the 6000th episode , a new suspect being revealed in each . UK broadcaster Channel 5 posted an official statement : " With so many enemies , it will be hard to narrow down who had the motive to harm him . Who pushed P.R ? " . Jane Badler who plays Diana Marshall in the serial compared the storyline to that of the Who shot J.R. ? storyline from American soap opera Dallas . On @-@ screen the storyline progresses as new character Mark Brennan ( Scott McGregor ) , tries to solve the mystery . = = Storylines = = = = = 1985 – 93 = = = Paul is the oldest child of Jim Robinson ( Alan Dale ) and his wife Anne . His half sister Julie ( Vikki Blanche ; Julie Mullins ) was born the year afterward followed by brother Scott ( Darius Perkins ; Jason Donovan ) , half brother Glen ( Richard Huggett ) and finally his youngest sister Lucy ( Kylie Flinker ; Sasha Close ; Melissa Bell ) . Anne died giving birth to Lucy , when Paul was only twelve and Paul 's grandmother , Helen moved into the Robinson house to help Jim with the children . Paul was her self @-@ confessed favourite . Paul marries Terry Inglis after a whirlwind relationship . However , Terry shoots Paul when he finds out she killed her ex @-@ boyfriend and she goes on the run . Terry is eventually arrested and later commits suicide in prison . Paul meets Gail Lewis for the second time , having worked with her previously , when she applies for a job at the Daniels Corporation . They both agree to enter into a marriage of convenience in order to secure a business agreement , but soon develop genuine feelings for each other and they renew their vows . That same year Paul learns that he has fathered a child , Amy ( Nicolette Minster ; Sheridan Compagnino ) , with Nina Williams ( Leigh Morgan ) . Gail becomes convinced that Paul will lose interest in IVF treatment or adoption , but Paul becomes more committed to having children with her . After IVF treatment , Gail becomes pregnant with triplets , however , Paul starts working hard and becomes detached from Gail . After the death of her father Rob Lewis ( Ernie Bourne ) , Gail decides to leave him and immigrate to Tasmania where she gives birth to Elle ( Pippa Black ) , Robert and Cameron . The couple later divorce . Paul faces financial troubles when Hilary Robinson ( Anne Scott @-@ Pendlebury ) withdraws her funding of the Daniels Corporation . Paul leases his house to twin sisters Christina ( Gayle Blakeney ) and Caroline Alessi ( Gillian Blakeney ) . Christina falls in love with Paul and after a short romance and a quick engagement , the couple marry . Shortly after , Christina becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son , Andrew ( Shannon Holmes ) . Paul suffers a nervous breakdown and cheats on Christina with Caroline . The couple eventually reunite and they leave to manage a branch of Lassiter 's in Hawaii . Paul later returns to the street where he gets his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Philip Martin ( Ian Rawlings ) , involved in a fraud scandal . Paul then flees to Brazil and asks Christina to join him . He returns for Helen 's birthday , but the celebration is ruined when he is forced to flee the country on fraud charges . Paul returns to Australia after the death of Helen and is sentenced to seven years ' imprisonment , of which he serves three . = = = 2004 – = = = Paul returns to Erinsborough and sets fire to the Lassiter 's complex . He also kills Gus Cleary ( Ben Barrack ) , when Gus catches him . Paul helps rebuild the complex and reclaims Lassiter 's for himself . Paul has affairs with both Izzy Hoyland ( Natalie Bassingthwaighte ) and Liljana Bishop ( Marcella Russo ) . He later frames Liljana 's husband , David ( Kevin Harrington ) for fraud . Paul strikes a deal with Affirmacon to build on Ramsay Street and he gets his protégé Dylan Timmins ( Damien Bodie ) to pollute the local wetlands . When Paul wants to pull out of the deal , he is taken to the bush and beaten up . Paul escapes and falls down a cliff , badly breaking his leg . While Paul recovers in hospital , his leg becomes infected and is amputated . Paul 's sister , Lucy , encourages him to make a proper home for himself in Erinsborough and he moves into Number 22 . Paul begins a relationship with Izzy and his estranged daughter Elle moves in . To celebrate the Lassiter 's Hotel 20th anniversary , Paul and several of his neighbours go on a joy flight to Tasmania . During the flight , a bomb explodes causing the plane to crash into the sea . Paul , Izzy and Elle survive . Paul 's son , Robert , arrives in the guise of his twin , Cameron . Robert alienates Paul from everyone , before drugging and trapping him in an old mineshaft . Robert confesses to planting the bomb on the plane and sending a poisoned letter to Paul . Robert collapses the entrance to the mine and leaves Paul to die . Paul is eventually rescued and he is grows closer to Gail when she returns to town . Paul and Gail hold a fake wedding to lure Robert out of hiding and he shoots Paul , who survives due to a bullet proof vest . Paul goes on a downward spiral and flirts with several women , attempts to blackmail Carmella Cammeniti ( Natalie Blair ) and betrays Lyn Scully ( Janet Andrewartha ) . When Max accidentally kills Cameron , Paul decides to shoot Max in revenge , but he is talked out of it . Paul begins a relationship with Lyn and they become engaged . However , after kissing Rosetta Cammeniti ( Natalie Saleeba ) in the lead up to the wedding , Paul admits to Lyn that he cannot be faithful to her just minutes after they marry . Having sold half of Lassiter 's , keeping a 49 % share for himself , Paul decides to regain full control . Knowing Oliver Barnes ( David Hoflin ) owns shares in Lassiter 's , Paul tries to break up with relationship with Carmella and get him to date Elle . Elle manages to convince Paul to sign over his share of Lassiter 's to her and she leaves him with nothing . Paul has a brain tumour removed and he loses his memory . He later apologises to his neighbours for all the bad things he did . Paul begins a relationship with Oliver 's mother , Rebecca Napier , and she and her youngest son , Declan ( James Sorensen ) , move in with him . Remembering that he murdered Gus , Paul confesses all to the police and Gus 's sister Laura ( Jodi Flockhart ) . The police inform Paul that they will not be pursuing the case , while Laura and her boyfriend Nick Thompson ( Marty Grimwood ) try to blackmail Paul by kidnapping Declan . Paul has an affair with Kirsten Gannon ( Nikola Dubois ) and Rebecca ends their relationship . Paul regains his assets from Elle and he buys the Erinsborough News . Paul briefly dates Cassandra Freedman ( Tottie Goldsmith ) , but he and Rebecca soon reconcile . Paul is initially blamed for his half @-@ sister Jill Ramsay 's ( Perri Cummings ) death . He goes on the run , but his name is cleared by Jill 's daughter Sophie ( Kaiya Jones ) . When Paul and Rebecca get engaged , Lyn interrupts their wedding to announce she and Paul are still married . After divorcing Lyn , Paul marries Rebecca . Paul 's youngest son , Andrew ( now played by Jordan Smith ) , comes to stay with his father . Paul suffers financial difficulties and embezzles money from Lassiter 's . He also frames Declan for an accident at a building site , that he himself caused . Diana Marshall ( Jane Badler ) comes to Erinsborough to find evidence of Paul 's embezzlement . Paul asks her to take over Lassiter 's with him and they have sex . Rebecca gives Paul an ultimatum ; leave Lassiter 's or leave the family . He then hands over management of the hotel to Declan for six months . Paul discovers Diana is working with Declan to remove him from the company and he contacts Rosemary Daniels ( Joy Chambers ) , who fires Diana . Meanwhile , Paul threatens Declan . When Rebecca finds out about Paul 's affair and threats towards Declan , she pushes him from the Lassiter 's mezzanine . Paul survives and blackmails Rebecca into staying with him , causing their marriage to deteriorate . Rebecca later convinces Paul to sign an affidavit , which states that his fall was an accident , and she leaves him and the country . Paul falls out with local councillor Ajay Kapoor ( Sachin Joab ) and plots to ruin Ajay 's career , after the local police station is closed down and merged with another . Paul makes sure a house party in Ramsay Street is gatecrashed and then writes an article about how the police were late to the scene because of the merger . Susan Kennedy ( Jackie Woodburne ) learns Paul sent the gatecrashers to the party and tells the press . Paul is forced to step down as editor . He then hires public relations consultant Zoe Alexander ( Simmone Jade Mackinnon ) to improve his image . Paul and Zoe briefly date and Paul unsuccessfully tries to get the editor 's job back from Susan . Paul 's nieces Sophie and Kate ( Ashleigh Brewer ) move in with him . Paul and Andrew purchase Charlie 's bar together and Paul beings an affair with Ajay 's wife , Priya ( Menik Gooneratne ) . After Andrew collapses , he tells Paul that he has epilepsy . Paul tries to take Charlie 's away from him , but soon relents . Priya ends the affair and Ajay finds out about it . Paul sells the Erinsborough News to fund his plan of turning the top two floors of Lassiter 's into apartments . Paul grieves for Priya when she dies after an explosion at a wedding reception on Lassiter 's grounds . Ajay files a civil action against Paul and a preliminary police report indicates negligence on Paul 's part , but a gas bottle is found to have come from faulty stock . Paul uses Rhiannon Bates ( Teressa Liane ) to help him bribe councillor Allan Hewitt ( Mick Preston ) and Rhiannon reports them to the police . Lucy tells Paul that she has been promoted to head of Lassiter 's Worldwide and gets his apartment plans approved . She also hires Terese Willis ( Rebekah Elmaloglou ) as the new manager of Lassiter 's Hotel . Paul is accused of sexual harassment by Caroline Perkins ( Alinta Chidzey ) , but Terese manages to get Caroline to drop the lawsuit by giving her a settlement . Mason Turner ( Taylor Glockner ) asks for Paul 's help when Robbo Slade ( Aaron Jakubenko ) starts blackmailing him . Paul hires Marty Kranic ( Darius Perkins ) to take care of Robbo , who is later hit by a car . Paul pays Marty off for services rendered . Jack Lassiter ( Alan Hopgood ) returns to Erinsborough and warns Paul about putting business before family . Jack confesses to Paul that he is giving his fortune away because he is dying . Paul and Mason believe Marty killed Robbo , but he denies it and then threatens to implicate Paul . Paul offers to manage Georgia Brooks ' ( Saskia Hampele ) singing career and gets her to sign over the rights to her song . Paul then gives the song to Amali Ward , but she decides against recording it . Paul attempts to sue Georgia , but drops the case when he learns Jack has died . He then asks for his fraud conviction to be removed from his criminal record , so he can run for mayor . Karl unsuccessfully runs against him . Paul seeks to separate the hotel from the Lassiter 's chain to enable him to sack Terese . However , Terese quits her job and Paul threatens to sue her . Lucy persuades Paul to re @-@ hire Terese and he keeps the hotel within the Lassiter 's chain . Paul learns Rebecca works for a civic project called Twin Cities and forges Karl 's signature on a cover letter to get Rebecca to return . Paul tells Rebecca that he became mayor for her because he still loves her . Paul asks Rebecca to move back to Erinsborough , but she refuses . Paul disapproves when Kate gets back together with Mark Brennan . They reconcile just before she is fatally shot . Paul blames Mark for Kate 's death . Paul 's nephew , Daniel ( Tim Phillipps ) , arrives in town and agrees to stay with him . Paul re @-@ opens Charlie 's and announces that it has been renamed The Waterhole , a name chosen by Kate before she died . After purchasing a painting from Naomi Canning ( Morgana O 'Reilly ) , Paul learns from the police that its ownership is disputed . He asks Naomi for his money back , but she tells him she has spent it . Paul then asks Naomi to have sex with him , in exchange for him not pressing charges against her . Naomi blackmails Paul into dropping the charges . Paul and Mark join forces to find Kate 's killer . Matt Turner ( Josef Brown ) informs Paul that Victor Cleary ( Richard Sutherland ) , Gus 's younger brother , has become a suspect in Kate 's murder . Paul realises that he may be responsible for Kate 's death . He buys a gun and meets with Victor who taunts Paul about killing Kate , before Matt and Mark arrive . Mark tackles Paul and Matt arrests Victor . Paul develops depression , knowing that his actions were responsible for Kate 's death , and Terese tries to help him . After a public meltdown , Paul is suspended as mayor . He begins volunteering at Sonya 's ( Eve Morey ) garden nursery , while Lucy also helps him overcome his grief . Sheila Canning ( Colette Mann ) encourages Paul to start dating again , and he has a number of casual relationships using a dating app . He falls out with Daniel when he puts his romance with Amber Turner ( Jenna Rosenow ) before work . After they argue , Daniel and Amber go out into a tornado that hits Erinsborough . Paul goes after them and his car is hit by a dislodged skip . Daniel and Amber rescue him . He suffers broken ribs and a cracked prosthetic . Paul decides he is ready to be mayor again and organises a media gathering at Sonya 's Nursery , but it has to be postponed when the nursery is vandalised . Paul discovers Jayden Warley ( Khan Oxenham ) was behind the vandalism , and he blackmails Jayden 's mother Sue Parker ( Kate Gorman ) into stepping down as interim mayor . Dakota Davies ( Sheree Murphy ) , a fling from Paul 's time in Brazil , arrives in Erinsborough and tells Paul that he abandoned her without explanation to return to Australia in 2004 . Paul 's memories of this are unclear due to his brain tumour , but he agrees to help her set up a bar . Paul falls in love with Dakota , but he soon learn that she is involved in diamond smuggling . She leaves after asking him for money . When Terese goes through a rough patch in her marriage to Brad ( Kip Gamblin ) , Paul arranges her former boss , Ezra Hanley ( Steve Nation ) , to come to Erinsborough , with the intention of breaking up the Willis ' marriage . However , Ezra tries to force himself on Terese and is fired from Lassiter 's . When he tries to sue Paul and Terese , Paul pays Gary Canning ( Damien Richardson ) to attack Ezra . When Gary confesses to the police , Paul gives him more money to keep quiet about their arrangement . Paul hires Naomi to organise the Erinsborough Festival , two weeks of events celebrating the suburb . Hilary Robinson returns and convinces Paul to reinstate some of the community services . Paul tries to stop Daniel and Amber 's wedding by sending Amber away on a photography trip and planning for her flight to be cancelled , so she will not make the wedding . He also asks Des Clarke ( Paul Keane ) to talk to Daniel about the dangers of marrying the wrong person . Imogen Willis ( Ariel Kaplan ) forces Paul to bring Amber back , but he realises Imogen loves Daniel and tells Amber . Daniel fails to appear for the wedding after he goes looking for Imogen . Paul realises Nina Tucker ( Delta Goodrem ) is in town and with help from Lou and Karl , he convinces her to sing at the festival 's closing concert . Nick Petrides ( Damien Fotiou ) informs Paul that he has leukaemia and he starts him on a course of chemotherapy . Paul hires Naomi as his assistant and she helps to keep his diagnosis a secret . When Paul collapses , he calls Karl for help and tells him about his diagnosis . Nick tells Paul that his body has stopped responding to the chemotherapy . Paul wants Karl to succeed him as mayor and he asks Naomi to find his daughter Amy . While Naomi is encouraging Paul to be more positive , she kisses him . She apologises , but they both develop feelings for each other . Paul asks Naomi to shave his head when his hair starts falling out , and he sells Lassiter 's to the Quill Group . Paul collapses from pneumonia and is hospitalised . Nick tells Paul that his cancer is in remission , but Georgia claims that Paul never had cancer and Nick is found to have doctored Paul 's patient files . He is arrested soon after . Paul tries to forget about his feelings for Naomi , by pushing her and Brennan back together . However , Naomi discovers their plan and breaks up with Brennan . The Quill Group sell Lassiter 's back to Paul and he and Naomi kiss . Amy ( Zoe Cramond ) turns up at the penthouse and is angered when Paul does not immediately recognise her , she later leaves town . Daniel persuades Amy to return and she introduces Paul to her son Jimmy ( Darcy Tadich ) . Paul and Jimmy bond , but when he buys Jimmy expensive presents , Amy returns them . Paul fires Kyle from the council 's beautification project after he fails to reprimand a handyman for sexually harassing Amy . She convinces him to give Kyle his job back . Paul learns that Sheila had a crush on him , after Jimmy blackmails her . They later clear the air . Paul gives Amy a job as his executive assistant , but she quits after making a mistake which costs Lassiter 's money . Paul proposes to Naomi and she accepts , but she soon has doubts . After an argument , she has a one @-@ night stand with Josh Willis ( Harley Bonner ) . Paul forgives Naomi and they agree to call off their engagement . He then decides to get revenge on Josh by getting his good behaviour bond revoked by paying someone to plant illegal peptides in his bag . Naomi breaks up with Paul and leaves for a job overseas . Paul pays Jimmy 's father to leave town , resulting in Jimmy not wanting to spend time with him . Paul plans to close Erinsborough High and sell the land to Eden Hills Grammar , so he can push through a luxury housing development . Paul is blackmailed and his personal emails are sent to the media , resulting in him receiving death threats . He hires Aaron Brennan ( Matt Wilson ) to be his bodyguard . Amy finds a petition to save the school in Paul 's penthouse and he confesses to stealing it from Susan 's office on the day of the fire . He is later fired as mayor and the bank calls in his loans , leaving him in financial difficulty . Paul receives a dead rat sent in a box , which he later learns was intended for Aaron . Paul asks Aaron to help him with his scheme to gaslight Stephanie Scully ( Carla Bonner ) . He explains that he wants her to leave Erinsborough as he does not want her near Jimmy . Paul swaps Steph 's medication for psychotropic drugs , which triggers a relapse . He offers to drive her to her doctor in Bendigo , but he swerves to avoid another car and crashes into a tree . When Paul regains consciousness , he sees that Steph has found the drugs in his pocket and forces him to tell her his plan . She later blackmails him into giving her a job and money in exchange for not reporting him to the police . Paul is forced to liquidate his assets to pay off his debts . The bank sells Lassiter 's to the Quill Group and Paul is escorted from the penthouse by the police . Paul lives in the Men 's Shed until Terese invites him to live at her house . Paul plans to start a new business , making gazebos , in partnership with Amy . He needs to borrow money to get started and Dimato offers to lend to him , but after learning about Paul 's scheme to gaslight Steph , Amy refuses to go ahead with the gazebo project with Paul . Dimato tells Paul he is considering buying a rundown motel and renovating it , and offers to make Paul the manager . However Paul later discovers Dimato is attempting to frame Paige Smith ( Olympia Valance ) for burglary , and blackmails Dimato into leaving town . Terese kisses Paul and invites him to her bedroom , but does not take things further and tells Paul that she just wants to be friends . Paul remains interested in the rundown motel and tries to convince Steph and Doug Willis ( Terence Donovan ) to become investors , so he can buy the business . He organises a Citizen of the Year event at the motel , but it is stolen by Lassiter 's after Steph accidentally costs the motel their liquor licence . Paul asks Cecilia Saint ( Candice Alley ) to sabotage the event , but is horrified when the hotel boiler explodes , injuring Daniel and killing Josh and Doug . While supporting a grieving Terese , admitting to her that he loves her , Paul secretly worries that Cecilia caused the explosion . Paul persuades Nene to lie to the police to support his false alibi . Paul is arrested after he is found to have deleted CCTV footage of him in the boiler room . Steph visits Paul in prison , where he maintains his innocence . They put up the motel for Paul 's bail and he is released . Terese is angry when he comes to Josh 's funeral and later says she hates him . Paul investigates alternative suspects , but Mark tells him to stop . After Julie Quill ( Gail Easdale ) accuses Paul of harassment , his bail conditions are reviewed and he is required to wear an ankle monitor . Aaron becomes Paul 's PR adviser . Paul does an interview with Piper which is put online . Paul 's position becomes worse when Cecilia tells the police that Paul confessed . Aaron then advises Paul to take part in a voluntary clean @-@ up , which is criticised by Nate . Paul is hit by a car and taken to hospital . After being discharged , Paul decides to run away and he steals $ 3000 from the motel . Paul meets Jacka in the bush and seeks his help in getting a passport . He then calls Steph asking her to bring him money , but she refuses . After hearing a conversation between Steph and Amy , Jimmy finds Paul in the bush . Jimmy has an allergic reaction to a bee sting and Paul takes him to hospital , resulting in him being arrested and remanded in custody . Toadie agrees to represent Paul , but only if he pleads guilty . Paul pleads not guilty and Steph persuades Toadie to defend him . At the end of the trial Terese admits to having bribed Cecilia to commit perjury . Despite this , Paul is found guilty and sentenced to eighteen years jail with a non @-@ parole period of fourteen years . Paul decides not to appeal and urges Steph , Amy and Jimmy not to visit him in jail . Another prisoner warns Paul that he is in danger of being assaulted in jail . Paul asks Gary Canning to protect him , however Gary is then granted parole . Paul is assaulted and taken to hospital . He is later released from prison after Julie Quill confesses to blowing up the hotel . = = Reception = = Dennis has earned various award nominations for his role as Paul . At the 2007 Inside Soap Awards , Dennis was nominated for Best Actor and Best Bad Boy . The following year , Dennis was again nominated for Best Actor and Best Bad Boy . 2009 saw Dennis nominated for Best Actor and Best Bad Boy once again . In 2010 , Dennis was nominated for the very first Best Daytime Star award . He received a nomination in the same category in 2015 . At the first Digital Spy Soap Awards ceremony , Dennis was nominated for Villain of the Year . A reporter from Virgin Media branded the character a " retro soap hunk . " They branded him a " bad boy " who is " motivated by greed and lust , Paul manipulated his way into business and into the ladies ' beds ( even with a dodgy earring ) . Watch out ladies ... " Virgin Media also ran a feature profiling their twenty @-@ five most memorable television comebacks , amongst them was Paul 's 2004 return and they said " ruthless ' workaholic ' businessman Paul Robinson fled Australia in 1993 to escape fraud charges only to return more sinister than ever in 2005 to burn down the Lassiter 's hotel complex . " Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture commented on Paul stating : " He 's always been a bit of a ladies ' man and has had an eye for a business deal and has always struggled with whether to be good Paul or bad Paul . Ramsay Street 's most prolific marry @-@ er and father @-@ er . " She also criticises the fact Paul 's false leg is never shown on @-@ screen adding : " Paul has a wooden leg , which sometimes causes him to limp , when he remembers about it . " Holy Soap have said that Paul starting the Lassiter 's fire and killing Gus during his 2004 return , was one of soap opera 's greatest comebacks . They also branded him a " legendary figure " of Neighbours . Josephine Monroe in her book Neighbours : The first 10 years , names Paul one of soap opera 's most enduring characters . An Inside Soap writer opined that " slimy seducer " Paul remained the same " eighties smooth operator " , observing " he 's certainly not short of a slick chat @-@ up line or two . He 's as skilled a lothario now as he always was . " In 2010 , to celebrate Neighbours ' 25th anniversary , British satellite broadcasting company , Sky , profiled twenty @-@ five characters of which they believed were the most memorable in the series history . Paul is in the list and joke about his many wives stating : " How many of Paul 's five wives can you name ? No points for current wife Rebecca , ten for naming Lynn , Gail , or Christina Alessi , and 1 @,@ 400 points for remembering first wife , plumber Terry [ ... ] Yes , Paul 's been around the block . " They also branded him as the reason Neighbours , in their opinion was good viewing in the 2000s adding : " It 's his cackling soap villain role that we love to hate him for : his return in 2004 , torching Lassiter 's and befriending Dylan , marked the start of Neighbours getting awesome in the mid @-@ noughties . Although it 's probably safe to say that period was over by the time he suffered amnesia of everything after 1989 . " He has also been branded as a " legend character " . Entertainment reporting website Last Broadcast praised Paul 's development , stating : " As the kind of shady character who 'd do anything to make a fast buck , he even planned to bulldoze Ramsay Street to make way for a new supermarket development . And that 's not all : fraud , blackmail , murder ; there is no level to which Paul wouldn 't have sunk . Yet , the infamous bad boy of Erinsborough , has , thankfully , turned over a new leaf . " In her 2007 book , It 's Not My Fault They Print Them , Catherine Deveny slates Paul and Dennis ' acting ability stating : " Stefan Dennis as the mustache @-@ twirling panto villain Paul Robinson , is a genius . I just wanted to yell out ' He 's behind you , he 's behind you ! ' It takes sheer brilliance to be able to act that badly " . Andrew Mercado , author of Super Aussie Soaps , describes Paul as being very similar to fictional character J. R. Ewing . Paul is referred to in Emily Barr 's fictitious novel " Out of My Depth " , in which character Amanda is watching Neighbours , with scenes featuring Paul and Gail receiving disapproval from Harold , Amanda opines that she believes the couple are in love . Jaci Stephen writing for the Daily Mail commented on Paul 's obsession with Rebecca stating : " You can 't help feeling that nothing short of a stake through the heart is going to keep Paul out of Rebecca 's life . " Stephen later said " Taking advice from Paul is like asking Charlie Sheen to be your spirit guide . " Paul Kalina of The Age said Dennis as Paul lightens things up and he prances about like " a pantomime villain minus the moustache and cape . " Kalina added " Erinsborough just would not be the same without him . " A TVTimes columnist stated " He 's no Brad Pitt and he 's a devious beggar at the best of times , but Paul Robinson doesn 't half get the ladies . " = Climax ( Usher song ) = " Climax " is a song by American recording artist Usher , released on February 22 , 2012 , by RCA Records . It was released as the lead single for his 2012 studio album Looking 4 Myself . It was written by Usher , Ariel Rechtshaid , Redd Stylez , and Diplo , who also produced the song . Usher and Diplo worked on the song for two months as part of their collaboration for the former 's album . The song is a quiet storm slow jam with electronic influences , and lyrics about the turning point of a relationship . According to Usher , the song is primarily about the complications of a relationship , despite the lyrics ' sexual overtones . As a single , " Climax " debuted at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 , with 31 @,@ 000 digital units sold in its first week . It peaked at number 17 and charted for 20 weeks , and also reached number one on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , becoming Usher 's 12th number @-@ one single on the chart . " Climax " was well received by music critics , who commended its musical direction , Usher 's singing , and Diplo 's production . Rolling Stone and Entertainment Weekly named it one of the best singles of 2012 . In 2013 , " Climax " won Usher a Grammy Award for Best R & B Performance . = = Writing and recording = = " Climax " was written by Usher , Redd Stylez , Ariel Rechtshaid , and Diplo , who also produced the song . Diplo introduced the song 's concept to Usher , who was working with him on a new album . Usher wanted to expand his music 's style and depth by working with Diplo . Diplo recounted the experience in an interview for The Guardian , saying that " I had explained to him about a moment I had with a girl where I felt like I could die with her and be content , but I didn 't and life moved on , and that point in my life was over . It was a sad feeling but it was beautiful . He was relating with me about the idea and how many times you think things are perfect and feel that way but they can pass . " They discussed the concept throughout the song 's development and how it relates to Usher 's life , as Diplo " tried to help realise these lyrics and feelings . " After conceiving some melody lines , they wrote the song in about an hour . Usher and Diplo worked on the song 's production for two months , recording in studios in Los Angeles , New York , and Atlanta . Diplo originally pursued a house music sound based on a chord progression he wrote , but changed his direction after working in the recording studio alone on what he called a " wildfire " beat . He later said of his direction for the song , " the idea of pushing cut @-@ off on a synth used so much in progressive house music but pulling back . I was making something like a minimal techno record with Atlanta strip clubs in mind . " According to Diplo , Usher proposed the idea of " tak [ ing ] the strip club to the stadium " with the song 's production . Classical music composer Nico Muhly contributed with the song 's string arrangement . = = Music and lyrics = = " Climax " is set in common time . Diplo called the style " Radiohead quietstorm " , and both Spin and Rolling Stone agreed that the song was a mix of quiet storm style and electronic music . It is written in the key of C minor , and Usher 's voice ranges from B ♭ 3 to G5 . The music is built around a haunting riff , complemented by sparse drum machine and some musical accompaniment . Its varying soundscape incorporates electronic effects such as clicks , hisses , whooshes , and low @-@ frequency synths , as well as subtle strings and scattered piano notes . Music writers have noted Diplo 's production as uncharacteristically reserved and understated . The song 's musical structure is characterized by intervals in which the music builds to a potential break , but softly decrescendos instead . As each verse concludes , the song 's snapping , electronic rhythm track gradually softens and rippling synth chords repeat throughout the song . Marc Hogan of Spin writes that Diplo " teases us with the sort of wubba @-@ wubba subwoofer noises that have become inescapable in the past year or so of pop radio . But he never actually gives in with the full dubstep drop ... the song keeps swelling to one big wave after another , without ever really reaching a single , song @-@ stopping crescendo . " Hogan cites the bridge at around the three @-@ minute mark as " the closest thing to a climax " on the song , " when the track gets as quiet as it ever has before becoming as lush as it ever gets . " Pitchfork Media 's Carrie Battan calls the song " an exercise in the power of restraint " , commenting that " Diplo shows uncharacteristic subtlety behind Usher 's sentiment , with a beat that seems to hang suspended in midair . " The song is a breakup lament dealing with the theme of commitment . Its title refers to the turning point of a relationship . The lyrics address a relationship in a state of tension and uncertainty : " We 've reached the climax / We 're together / Now we 're undone / Won 't commit so we choose to run away / Do we separate ? " Usher sings in a pleading falsetto and a plaintive tone on the song , alternating restrained vocals and anguished howls . In an interview for V @-@ 103 , Usher stressed that " Climax " focuses more on the complication of relationships rather than sex , saying that " it 's really about the ultimate experience or lack thereof . Or the finale of an experience of love and life . When you 're in a relationship and it has kinda reached the climax of where it can go , you gotta let it go if you are not going to commit . " He viewed that his falsetto vocals and the song 's tone give the song a sexual feel with music that works as a " double entendre " . = = Release and reception = = The song was first released onto the internet on Valentine 's Day 2012 through SoundCloud . Upon its release , Diplo commented on Twitter : " Seriously the best record I 've been part of ... I 'm pretty sure in 9 months there are gonna be a lot of new babies that this song is responsible for " . It was released as the lead single for Usher 's 2012 album Looking for Myself . " Climax " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 81 , with 31 @,@ 000 digital units sold in the week of March 10 , 2012 . It peaked at number 17 and spent 20 weeks on the chart . The song also reached number one on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , on which it charted for 33 weeks , and became Usher 's 12th number @-@ one single on the chart . It peaked at number three on the Dance / Club Play Songs , on which it charted for 13 weeks . In the United Kingdom , " Climax " debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart , selling 41 @,@ 617 units . It charted for seven weeks and peaked at number 29 in Australia . = = = Critical response = = = Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave the song four out of five stars and stated , " Quiet storm gets a freaky sci @-@ fi makeover " . Pitchfork Media 's Carrie Battan commended Usher 's collaboration with Diplo as " a doubly satisfying departure from their respective strains of club @-@ ready fare . " Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called the song " an ode to the bewildering thoughts and feelings of relationship purgatory " and wrote that it is " a sound that Usher should explore more often . " Marc Hogan of Spin felt that the song is " as vividly communicative as it is decoratively beautiful " and praised its articulation , calling it " a tour de force of pacing and dynamics , giving listeners more and more , but then always easing up just enough to keep us begging for one more verse . " Priya Elan of NME cited " Climax " as Usher 's " best song in absolutely years " and stated , " Goodbye cringe factor , hello Diplo , subtle electronic nuances and an expectation @-@ defying vocal performance which is more Prince falsetto than depth @-@ free showman . The results are jaw dropping . " He also compared it to the work of The Weeknd and commended its " lack of smut " in the lyrics , stating " it 's just Usher playing it fast and loose in falsetto . The result is as subtle as it is unbelievable . " Eric Arredondo of Beats Per Minute viewed the song as an improvement over Usher 's 2010 album Raymond v. Raymond and addressed the comparisons to The Weeknd , writing that , " though it still doesn 't hold much of the innovations and risks of something like The Weeknd 's House of Balloons , ' Climax ' can do something that most songs on that album can 't do without losing most of their fun : be played on the radio . " Rolling Stone ranked " Climax " number 15 on their year @-@ end best songs list for 2012 . Entertainment Weekly ranked it number 14 on their year @-@ end list of best singles . It was voted as the third best single of 2012 by The Village Voice 's 40th annual Pazz & Jop critics ' poll and the official best single of 2012 by Time magazine . At the 2013 Grammy Awards , " Climax " won Usher a Grammy Award for Best R & B Performance . = = = Accolades = = = = = Music video = = The music video for " Climax " was directed by Sam Pilling , filmed in Atlanta , and released on March 9 , 2012 . Director of photography was Adam Frisch . After filming , the video was given to the studio Surround for post @-@ production , including editing its structure , title animation , and effects . The video shows Usher sitting in a car contemplating on whether to go inside his ex @-@ girlfriend 's home and rekindle their once @-@ passionate love affair or leave and never return again . It shows different scenarios played out in Usher 's mind , including him confronting his ex @-@ girlfriend 's new boyfriend with a gun . In the video , Usher sits in a car outside a house where his ex @-@ girlfriend is being intimate with another man . He pulls a gun out of his glove compartment and agonizes over whether or not to enter the house . After ruminating over the different scenarios , Usher drives off at the end of the video . Jason Lipshut of Billboard found the " narrative arc " for the video to be " a bit perplexing " . Jeff Lapointe of MTV News viewed that it " depicts the darker side of human nature as Usher drives up to his girlfriend / ex @-@ girlfriends house to discover another vehicle , another man , another side of his love . In the realization of fury and anger , images distort Usher 's reality with thoughts of taking his gun and shooting the intruder . Thoughts of running away with the girl . Thoughts of driving off to never be seen . " = = Live performances = = Usher first performed the song on the show " Off @-@ Broadway 's ' Fuerza Bruta ' " . In the show , he entered from the dark in a white suit and black tie , and walked across a conveyor belt in beat to " Climax " . As the song 's tempo increased , he clutched his stomach as a gunshot fired and blood spread across his torso . Usher appeared on Saturday Night Live on May 12 , 2012 , to perform " Scream " and " Climax " . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from liner notes for Looking 4 Myself ( 2012 ) . Manny Marroquin – mixing engineer Chris Galland – assistant mixing engineer Delbert Bowers – assistant engineer Nico Muhly – piano , strings , string arrangements Diplo – vocal production Natural – arrangements Mark " Exit " Goodchild – engineer Jacob Dennis – assistant engineer Jorge Velasco – assistant engineer Kory Aaron – assistant engineer Ramon Rivas – assistant engineer Ariel Rechtshaid – keyboards , synthesizer Usher – vocals = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = International Association of Business Communicators = The International Association of Business Communicators ( IABC ) is a global network of communications professionals . Each summer , IABC hosts World Conference , a three @-@ day event with professional development seminars and activities , as well as talks by industry leaders . Decisions within the organization are made by a two @-@ thirds vote of the executive board , which is elected by members . IABC members agree to follow a professional code of ethics , which encourages members to do what is legal , ethical and in good taste . = = History = = IABC 's predecessor was the American Association of Industrial Editors ( AAIE ) , which was founded in 1938 . AAIE became a member of the International Council of Industrial Editors ( ICIE ) in 1941 . It withdrew from ICIE in 1946 over policy differences , but formed IABC when it merged again in 1970 . In IABC 's first year of operation , the association had 2 @,@ 280 members and was focused on internal communications . IABC 's research showed its members were moving into positions with broader public relations responsibilities and the association expanded its scope . In 1974 it merged with Corporate Communicators Canada . In 1982 the association formed the IABC Research Foundation , which funded a study of 323 organizations in the 1980s to determine what made some public relations teams more effective than others . The study found that executive involvement in communications was the best predictor of effectiveness . The Research Foundation also looked into the status and pay of women in the public relations field , in a pioneering study called The Velvet Ghetto . IABC had financial troubles in 2000 after losing $ 1 million in an e @-@ business initiative called TalkingBusinessNow . In 2001 a grass @-@ roots initiative was started within IABC 's membership that eventually developed into the Gift of Communication program , whereby members donated their professional services to local charities . Membership grew 7 – 9 percent each year in the 2000s due to an increasing number of practitioners in the field of internal communications . IABC hosted its first annual world conference in 2005 and grew to more than 16 @,@ 000 members by 2008 . That same year , IABC accredited Chinese citizens for the first time in the Accredited Business Communicator ( ABC ) program . In 2009 the IABC Research Foundation conducted a survey that found 79 percent of respondents frequently use social media to communicate with employees . It also co @-@ authored a study the following year that found email and intranet were the most common internal communications tools among respondents . For 40 years , the association offered an accreditation program called Accreditation for Business Communications ( ABC ) . By the time the program ended in 2013 , a total of 1 @,@ 003 people had earned ABC status . Though the program stopped accepting new applicants in September 2012 , ABCs will be recognized as long as they maintain their membership in IABC . A new professional certification program to replace accreditation with a more affordable , computer @-@ based process was proposed in January 2013 . The goal is to set an international standard for all communications professionals that will be recognized by an organization such as ISO17024 . The autonomous international group to oversee the creation of the new certification program — the Global Communication Certification Council — was appointed in February 2014 . = = Organization = = IABC offers professional , corporate , student and retired memberships . Representatives from different chapters and regions , as well as professional members , vote at the Annual General Meeting to elect members to the international executive board . The board can change dues , establish new chapters , create workgroups and remove members with a two @-@ thirds vote . IABC also has various committees focused on ethics , research , finance , auditing and others . All positions within IABC are filled by volunteers . IABC has more than 100 chapters worldwide in North America , Africa , Asia Pacific , and Europe . = = Services = = IABC hosts networking events and mentoring programs to help recent graduates connect with working public relations , marketing and corporate communications professionals . Most professional members join IABC to further their career advancement , professional development and to grow their professional network . IABC is no longer accepting new applicants for its Accredited Business Communicator ( ABC ) program , but a new certification program has been initiated that would involve computerized testing and renewals every three years . The new certification program will have two levels ; the first level being developed is for Communications Generalists . IABC publishes a code of ethics , which has three principles : that professional communications be legal , ethical and in good taste . It says members should be sensitive to cultural values , as well as be truthful , accurate and respectful . Before 1995 , the code said " Communicators should encourage frequent communication and messages that are honest in their content , candid , accurate and appropriate to the needs of the organization and its audiences . " IABC hosts the Gold Quill Awards , which are bestowed at three levels : Gold , Silver and Bronze . The Gold Quill is an international awards program that 's open to both members and non- members . The Silver and Bronze Quills are conducted at a local chapter level and open to both members and non @-@ members . The awards are bestowed for " creatively and effectively communicating " in measurable ways that contribute to the local community . In 2014 the Gold Quill has four divisions and more than 40 categories . Both the Gold Quill and some of the regional chapters offer special awards for college students . = = Publishing = = Brent D. Ruben and Stacy M. Smulowitz ( August 15 , 2007 ) . Core Communication : A Guide to Organizational Assessment , Planning and Improvement . International Association of Business Communicators . ISBN 1888015543 . International Association of Business Communicators ( January 1982 ) . Without bias : a guidebook for nondiscriminatory communication . Wiley . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 471 @-@ 08561 @-@ 4 . Tamara Gillis ; IABC ( 21 March 2011 ) . The IABC Handbook of Organizational Communication : A Guide to Internal Communication , Public Relations , Marketing , and Leadership . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 118 @-@ 01635 @-@ 0 . IABC also publishes a monthly digital magazine Communication World . Recent issues have shared researched and first @-@ person , expert articles on connecting with Millennials , social intranets and crisis communications . = 1979 Coyote Lake earthquake = The 1979 Coyote Lake earthquake occurred at 10 : 05 : 24 local time on August 6 with a moment magnitude of 5 @.@ 7 and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of VII ( Very strong ) . The shock occurred on the Calaveras Fault near Coyote Lake in Santa Clara County , California and resulted in a number of injuries , including some that required hospitalization . Most of the $ 500 @,@ 000 in damage that was caused was non @-@ structural , but several businesses were closed for repairs . Data from numerous strong motion instruments was used to determine the type , depth , and extent of slip . A mild aftershock sequence lasted throughout the remainder of the month that was of interest to seismologists , especially with regard to fault creep , and following the event , local governments evaluated their response to the incident . = = Tectonic setting = = Several strands of the San Andreas Fault System in the eastern region of the San Francisco Bay Area are the Hayward – Rodgers Creek and Calaveras Faults . The Hayward Fault exhibits fault creep , but it also has potential for large earthquakes , like the 1868 M7 Hayward earthquake that occurred on its southern segment . The northern Calaveras Fault meets the Hayward Fault near the Calaveras Reservoir and can also produce large earthquakes . Except for a ~ M6.5 shock that occurred in 1911 , the central and southern segments might only produce smaller events and fault creep . = = Earthquake = = The earthquake originated ( without foreshocks ) on the Calaveras Fault near Coyote Lake in Santa Clara County . It was felt up to 120 mi ( 200 km ) away ( from Santa Rosa in the north to San Luis Obispo in the south ) and made some high @-@ rise buildings sway in Reno , Nevada , but damage was mainly limited to the nearby towns of Gilroy and Hollister . The earlier M7 Hayward earthquake occurred about 31 mi ( 50 km ) to the north and the 1911 shock was located near Mount Hamilton . About fifty strong motion stations recorded the event , including an array of units along the rupture zone , and instruments at the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory ( about 62 mi ( 100 km ) away ) . The records revealed that strike @-@ slip motion occurred over 8 @.@ 7 mi ( 14 km ) on a vertical fault , and that the total amount of slip varied with depth , with more slip occurring in the shallower regions . The two closest stations at Coyote Creek and Gilroy , as well as the Berkeley stations , were used to refine the overall fault length , slip , and depth of faulting . = = = Strong motion = = = The event was captured on seismographs at distances of up to 71 miles ( 114 km ) , including Richmond , with the unit 56 ft ( 17 m ) " down hole " in bay mud . Other underground instruments on the BART Transbay Tube , as well as the Richmond site , showed accelerations that were very low . In San Juan Bautista , the U.S. Route 101 / State Route 156 overpass saw peak acceleration of .12g on the ground ( with .29g on the structure ) . Instruments on the gymnasium roof diaphragm at the campus of West Valley College in Saratoga provided records of interest . Of a number of dams that had instruments installed , the San Luis Dam at San Luis Reservoir had the strongest response . The highest acceleration of .42g was seen at the Gilroy Array within the fault zone . = = = Damage = = = In Gilroy and Hollister , sixteen people were injured , and damage totaled $ 500 @,@ 000 . Chimneys fell ( especially on older homes in the downtown area of Gilroy ) and glass was broken , but in Gilroy structural damage afflicted five buildings . A wall was cracked at city hall , and a court room ceiling collapsed . Damaged structural components at a Ford 's Department Store forced its closure . In Hollister , a J. C. Penney had a hole and cracks in its ceiling and a parapet collapsed at a law office . At Casa de Fruta , a service station sustained structural damage , as did a fire station at Pacheco Pass . An early estimate by the Small Business Administration put total damage in Gilroy at twice the amount of what was seen in Hollister . Ten victims were brought to Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital in Hollister for treatment of lacerations , a cardiac problem , and anxiety . In Gilroy , the Wheeler Hospital saw six similar cases and a patient with a fractured hip . Most of those that sought care ( including four that were transported by ambulance ) were treated and released , but six were admitted . = = = Aftershocks = = = The United States Geological Survey operated a network of seismograph stations in the region where the shock occurred since 1969 . A survey of the aftershock activity used data from these stations , along with a custom crustal velocity model , to narrow epicenter locations to within several tens of meters . The study indicated that the mainshock and the aftershocks were aligned with the strike and dip of the Calaveras Fault in that area and were classified into three distinct groups . The east @-@ dipping northeastern group , a diffuse middle group , and a shallow and nearly vertical southwestern group showed variations of slip , especially in the 18 months after the mainshock , when fault creep was significantly higher in the northeastern and middle groups . = = Response = = While none of the affected counties or cities declared a state of emergency following the event , the Small Business Administration did approve a request by the Office of Emergency Services for a disaster declaration in late September . This formality paved the way for low interest loans for commercial or residential properties that suffered damage , but only about 50 claims were expected . Local authorities had trained for disasters on a regular basis , and the response to the light damage was considered smooth , though some officials sought room for improvement . Discussions followed the event , with local governments focusing on telecommunication problems , emergency power systems , and seismic safety . = Italian cruiser Varese = Varese was a Giuseppe Garibaldi @-@ class armored cruiser built for the Royal Italian Navy ( Regia Marina ) in the 1890s . The ship made several deployments to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant before the start of the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 12 . She supported ground forces in the occupations of Tripoli and Homs in Libya . Varese may have bombarded Beirut and did bombard the defenses of the Dardanelles during the war . She also provided naval gunfire support for the Italian Army in Libya . During World War I , the ship 's activities were limited by the threat of Austro @-@ Hungarian submarines and Varese became a training ship in 1920 . She was struck from the naval register in 1923 and subsequently scrapped . = = Design and description = = Varese had an overall length of 111 @.@ 8 meters ( 366 ft 10 in ) , a beam of 18 @.@ 2 meters ( 59 ft 9 in ) and a deep draft ( ship ) of 7 @.@ 3 meters ( 23 ft 11 in ) . She displaced 7 @,@ 350 metric tons ( 7 @,@ 230 long tons ) at normal load . The ship was powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft , using steam from 24 coal @-@ fired Belleville boilers . The engines were rated 13 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 100 kW ) and designed to give a speed of approximately 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . During her sea trials on 27 November 1900 , Varese barely exceeded her designed speed , reaching 20 @.@ 02 knots from 14 @,@ 200 ihp ( 10 @,@ 600 kW ) . She had a cruising range of 5 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 200 km ; 6 @,@ 300 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Her complement ordinarily consisted of 555 officers and enlisted men and 578 when acting as a flagship . Her main armament consisted of one 254 @-@ millimeter ( 10 in ) gun in a turret forward of the superstructure and two 203 @-@ millimeter ( 8 in ) guns in a twin turret aft . Ten of the 152 @-@ millimeter ( 6 in ) guns that comprised her secondary armament were arranged in casemates amidships ; the remaining four 152 @-@ millimeter guns were mounted on the upper deck . Varese also had ten 76 @-@ millimeter ( 3 in ) and six 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) guns to defend herself against torpedo boats . She was fitted with four single 450 @-@ millimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's waterline armor belt had a maximum thickness of 150 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) amidships and tapered to 80 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) towards the ends of the ship . The conning tower , casemates , and gun turrets were also protected by 150 @-@ millimeter armor . Her protective deck armor was 37 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) thick and the 152 @-@ millimeter guns on the upper deck were protected by gun shields 50 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . = = Construction and service = = Varese , named after the Battle of Varese during the Second Italian War of Independence , was laid down by Orlando at their shipyard in Livorno on 24 January 1898 , launched on 6 August 1899 and completed on 5 April 1901 . The ship made port visits to Algiers on 14 September 1903 and Barcelona on 4 April 1904 . During the 1905 fleet maneuvers , she was assigned to the " hostile " force blockading La Maddalena , Sardinia . Varese was present in Athens during the Intercalated Olympic Games in April 1906 . Together with her sister ships Francesco Ferruccio and Giuseppe Garibaldi , the ship was in Marseilles , France on 15 – 16 September 1906 to participate in a fleet review for Armand Fallières , President of France , on the latter date . Under the command of Prince Luigi Amedeo , Duke of the Abruzzi , Varese was present at the Jamestown Exposition in May 1907 . The ship was assigned to the Levant from 1 October 1909 to 20 February 1910 and then based at Suda Bay , Crete from 23 August to 20 September 1911 . When the Italo @-@ Turkish War began on 29 September 1911 , Varese assigned to the 4th Division of the 2nd Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet , together with her sisters Giuseppe Garibaldi and Francesco Ferruccio . While her sisters bombarded Tripoli on 3 – 4 October , Varese appears to have been deployed seaward to provide security for the Italians . On 13 October , the three sisters sailed to Augusta , Sicily to recoal . The ship escorted two troop transports and a hospital ship on her return voyage several days later . On 16 October , she escorted a troop convoy to Homs and bombarded the town after the Ottoman commander refused to surrender . Bad weather prevented any landings until 21 October and the ship continued to provide fire support for the Italian troops . Varese and Giuseppe Garibaldi were in Tobruk in January 1912 while the bulk of the fleet was refitting in Italy . Varese is sometimes credited with participating in the bombardment of Beirut on 24 February 1912 , but it seems most probable that this was done by her sisters Francesco Ferruccio and Giuseppe Garibaldi . On 18 April Varese and Giuseppe Garibaldi bombarded the fortifications at the entrance to the Dardanelles , heavily damaging them . After returning to Italy later that month , Varese began a refit that included replacing her worn @-@ out guns and lasted through mid @-@ June . When Italy declared war on the Central Powers in May 1915 , the ship was assigned to the 5th Cruiser Division , based at Brindisi . On 5 June the division bombarded rail lines near Ragusa and departed Brindisi on the evening of 17 July to do the same near Ragusa Vecchia the following morning . Shortly after beginning the bombardment at 04 : 00 , Giuseppe Garibaldi was torpedoed by the Austro @-@ Hungarian submarine U @-@ 4 ; one torpedo passed between Varese and Giuseppe Garibaldi . Struck by a single torpedo , the cruiser sank within minutes , although only 53 crewmen were killed . The division immediately retreated to avoid further attacks , leaving three destroyers behind to rescue survivors . The loss of Giuseppe Garibaldi and the sinking of the armored cruiser Amalfi by another submarine on 7 July severely restricted the activities of the other ships based at Venice . On 15 May 1917 , as the Austro @-@ Hungarian Fleet was preparing to attack the Otranto Barrage that blocked the exit from the Adriatic Sea , Varese was at the port of Butrino on the north coast of Corfu . She did not , however , sortie in response to the Austro @-@ Hungarian movements . She became a cadet training ship from 1920 to 1922 . She was stricken on 4 January 1923 and scrapped . = Eastern green mamba = The eastern green mamba ( Dendroaspis angusticeps ) , also known as the common mamba , East African green mamba , green mamba , or white @-@ mouthed mamba , is a large and highly venomous tree @-@ dwelling snake species of the mamba genus Dendroaspis . This species of mamba was first described by a Scottish surgeon and zoologist in 1849 . This snake mostly inhabits the coastal regions of southern East Africa . It is a relatively large species of venomous snake , with adult females averaging approximately 2 @.@ 0 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) in total length , while males are slightly smaller on average . Eastern green mambas prey on adult birds , eggs , bats , and terrestrial rodents such as mice , rats , and gerbils . They are shy and elusive snakes which are rarely seen , making them somewhat unusual among mambas , and elapids in general . This elusiveness is usually attributed to the species ' green colouration which blends with its environment , and its arboreal lifestyle . However , eastern green mambas have also been observed to use " sit @-@ and @-@ wait " or ambush predation like many vipers , unlike the active foraging style typical of other elapids , which may be a factor in the rarity of sightings . Like other species of mamba , the eastern green mamba is a highly venomous species ; a single bite can contain enough venom to kill several humans . The venom acts on the nerves , heart , and muscles , and spreads quickly through tissue . Bites rapidly progress to life @-@ threatening symptoms characteristic of mamba bites , which include swelling of the bite area , dizziness , nausea , difficulty breathing and swallowing , irregular heartbeat , convulsions , and eventual respiratory paralysis . A neurotoxin common to all species within the genus Dendroaspis is the most rapid @-@ acting snake venom toxin known , so although this species is not aggressive and is not a major cause of snakebite incidents in Africa , the mortality rate associated with eastern green mamba bites is rather high . Bites that produce severe envenomation can be rapidly fatal . Case reports of death in as little as 30 minutes have been recorded for this species . = = Taxonomy = = The eastern green mamba is classified under the genus Dendroaspis of the family Elapidae . Dendroaspis angusticeps was first described by a Scottish surgeon and zoologist , Dr. Andrew Smith in 1849 . The generic name , Dendroaspis , is derived from Ancient Greek – Dendro , which means " tree " , and aspis ( ασπίς ) or " asp " , which is understood to mean " shield " , but it also denotes " cobra " or simply " snake " . In old texts , aspis or asp was used	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
EMBRANCE . This inscription again aroused criticism , according to Taylor , " for having no Christian , ( or , indeed , religious ) , element " , but was considered to fit the Australian tradition of " stoic patriotism " . The inscription on the eastern wall , not written by Monash , reads : THIS MONUMENT WAS ERECTED BY A GRATEFUL PEOPLE TO THE HONOURED MEMORY OF THE MEN AND WOMEN WHO SERVED THE EMPIRE IN THE GREAT WAR OF 1914 – 1918 . The Sanctuary is surrounded by an ambulatory , or passage , along which are forty @-@ two bronze caskets containing hand @-@ written , illuminated Books of Remembrance with the names of every Victorian who enlisted for active service with the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) or Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force in World War I or died in camp prior to embarkation . = = = Crypt = = = Beneath the Sanctuary is the Crypt containing a bronze statue of a father and son , representing the two generations who served in the two world wars . Around the walls are panels listing every unit of the AIF , down to battalion and regiment , along with the colours of their shoulder patch . The Crypt is hung with the standards of various battalions and regiments , listing their battle honours . = = = Visitor Centre = = = Visitors approach the shrine through the Entrance Courtyard , with " Lest We Forget " inscribed on one wall and a quote from former Governor @-@ General Sir William Deane on the other . The Garden Courtyard , on the same alignment , features the Legacy Olive Tree and a seating area . Both courtyards are finished in Tynong Granite . The gallery of Medals has a 40 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 130 ft ) wall displaying around 4000 medals , each symbolically representing 100 Victorians who have served in war and peacekeeping operations , and six who have died . A feature of the gallery is the Victoria Cross awarded to Captain Robert Grieve during the Battle of Messines in 1917 . The Cross was lent to the Shrine by Wesley College , Melbourne . = = = World War II Forecourt = = = The cenotaph is a tall pillar constructed of Harcourt Granite . Inscribed on its surface are the names of the defence forces , together with the theatres of war they served in . Atop the cenotaph is a basalt sculpture of six servicemen carrying a bier with a corpse , draped by the Australian flag . The sculpture symbolises " the debt of the living to the dead " . The Eternal Flame is placed nearby , representing eternal life . The flame has burned continuously with few interruptions since it was first lit . At the other side of the forecourt are three flagpoles . The usual arrangement comprises the Australian flag on the left , the Victorian flag in the middle and one of the flags of the three defence forces on the right . Other flags may be flown on special occasions , arranged according to strict protocols . = = = Remembrance Garden = = = The Remembrance Garden features a pool , waterfall and Harcourt granite wall bearing the names of the conflicts and peacekeeping operations in which Australia participated following World War II , such as Kuwait ( Gulf War ) and East Timor . = = = Shrine Reserve and environs = = = Although the original architects had proposed including four statues of war leaders , Monash rejected this plan . Instead there were to be no statues representing individual members of the Australian Defence Force at the shrine itself , although a number of statues were to be added in the surrounding parklands . The first of these was " The Man With The Donkey " , representing John Simpson Kirkpatrick , although he was not named on the statue . Officially the work is said to represent the " valour and compassion of the Australian soldier " . The statue , by Wallace Anderson , was installed in 1936 on the initiative of women who had funded a " Mother 's Tribute " . A statue of Monash was also commissioned and was designed by Leslie Bowles . Casting was due to begin in 1938 , but the onset of World War II delayed work , and thus it was not installed until 1950 , and , as with Simpson and his donkey , was located away from the shrine . The Shrine is set in a large expanse of parkland officially called Kings Domain . Over the years many other war memorials have been built in this area , including the Australian @-@ Hellenic Memorial to Australian and Greek dead in the Battles of Greece and Crete in 1941 , and statues of Monash and Blamey . Most of the trees which line the approaches to the Shrine bear plaques commemorating individual Army units , naval vessels or Air Force squadrons , placed there by veterans ' groups . An older memorial to Victorians killed in the Second Boer War of 1899 – 1902 is also located nearby on the corner of St Kilda and Domain Roads . The Driver and Wipers Memorial , also in the Shrine reserve , commemorates the thousands of Australian lives lost during the fighting at Ypres ; " Wipers " is the way servicemen pronounced " Ypres " during World War I. The bronze soldiers are the work of the British sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger and originally stood outside the Museum and State Library of Victoria in Melbourne . They were transferred to the Shrine in 1998 . The Driver is a soldier holding a horse whip and bridles , wearing breeches , a protective legging , spurs , and a steel helmet . The figure is a recasting of one of the figures from the Royal Artillery Memorial in Hyde Park , London , UK . The other bronze , the " Wipers " figure , is a British infantry soldier standing guard with standard issue .303 rifle , bayonet fixed , a German helmet at his feet . This too is a recasting , taken from the Hoylake and West Kirby War Memorial in Merseyside , UK . On 19 July 2008 , being the 92nd anniversary of the Battle of Fromelles , a replica of the 1998 sculpture by Peter Corlett in the Australian Memorial Park , Fromelles was unveiled . This depicts Sergeant Simon Fraser , 57th Battalion , ( a farmer from Byaduk , Victoria ) , rescuing a wounded compatriot from no man 's land after the battle . Near to the Shrine entrance is the Legacy Garden of Appreciation , which was established in 1978 . This cross @-@ shaped garden is outlined by hedges . Red Flanders Poppies , planted from seed originating from Villers @-@ Bretonneux in France , flower in late spring . A sculpture by Louis Laumen , Widow and Children , was commissioned to mark the 75th anniversary of Legacy Australia in 1998 . The Women 's Garden , to the north of the shrine , incorporates concrete memorial violets within a grove of jacarandas . The focus of the garden is The Ex @-@ Servicewomen ’ s Memorial Cairn ( 1985 ) which was relocated from the King 's Domain in 2010 . A Lone Pine ( Pinus brutia ) was planted in 1933 near the north @-@ east corner of the Shrine by Lieutenant @-@ General Sir Stanley Savige , founder of Melbourne Legacy at a formal ceremony . It was one of four seedlings planted in Victoria from seeds of a cone brought back from Gallipoli by Sgt. Keith McDowell . The tree was removed in August 2012 having succumbed to disease caused by the fungus Diplodia pinea . A " grandchild tree " was planted nearby in 2006 . = = Commemorative services = = For the past 70 years the Shrine has been the centre of war commemoration in Melbourne . Although Remembrance Day ( 11 November ) is the official day for commemorating the war dead , it has gradually been eclipsed in the public estimation by ANZAC Day ( 25 April ) , which unlike Remembrance Day is a specifically Australian ( and New Zealand ) day of commemoration . ANZAC day at the Shrine is observed through a number of ceremonies . The first of these is the Dawn Service , an event that attracted a record crowd of more than 35 @,@ 000 in 2007 . This is followed by an official wreath @-@ laying service where officials march to the Shrine and lay wreaths in the Sanctuary . Later , the ANZAC Day March approaches the Shrine via St Kilda Road and the forecourt , before being dismissed at the steps and is followed by a commemoration service held between 1 : 00 and 1 : 30 p.m. On Remembrance Day , Victorian leaders and community members gather to commemorate " the sacrifices made by Australians in all wars and conflicts " . A minutes silence is observed at 11 a.m. as the Ray of Light illuminates the word LOVE on the Stone of Remembrance . Throughout the rest of the year , ceremonies and wreath laying services are held by Victorian unit associations and battalions in the Sanctuary , around memorials in the Shrine Reserve and near remembrance trees specific to various associations . = = Management = = The Shrine is managed by the Shrine of Remembrance Trustees , ten individuals appointed by the Governor in Council , on the advice of the Minister for Veterans ' Affairs in the Victorian Government . The Trustees are responsible for the care , management , maintenance and preservation of the Shrine and Shrine Reserve . Traditionally , security for the Shrine has been provided by the Shrine Guard , whose members were men with a military background . All of the original twelve members of the Shrine Guard had won bravery medals during World War I. When the Shrine Guard merged with the Victoria Police Protective Service , some civilians began to serve . During the hours the Shrine is open to the public or in use for any ceremony , they wear a uniform representing an Australian Light Horseman of World War I , with Victoria Police Force insignia . = Andrew Crofts ( footballer ) = Andrew Lawrence Crofts ( born 29 May 1984 ) is a Wales international footballer . He started his career with Gillingham , for whom he made his Football League debut at the age of 16 , and made over 190 appearances for the Kent @-@ based club . He had loans at Peterborough United and Wrexham during the 2008 – 09 season and joined Brighton & Hove Albion in 2009 . After a successful season at Brighton he transferred to Norwich City in 2010 , before moving back to the South Coast club in 2012 . A tough @-@ tackling midfielder , Crofts represented Wales , where one of his grandparents was born , at under @-@ 19 and under @-@ 21 level and won his first senior cap in 2005 . In 2008 he won his 12th cap , breaking the record for the most international caps received by a Gillingham player . = = Early life = = Crofts was born in Chatham , Kent , and began playing competitive football at the age of six for a club in nearby Rainham . Between the ages of 10 and 15 he attended weekly training sessions organised by Premier League club Chelsea . He also tried out on two occasions for the English Schools Football Association 's national schoolboy team , but was unsuccessful . = = Club career = = = = = Gillingham = = = In September 2000 , Crofts joined Gillingham as a trainee and was a regular in the club 's youth and reserve teams during the 2000 – 01 season . At the end of the season , shortly before his 17th birthday , he was a surprise inclusion in the first team squad for a match at home to Watford , and made his Football League debut as a late substitute , replacing Marlon King . The following season he suffered a broken leg during a reserve team match and missed several months of the season . Although he returned to action in early 2002 , his next appearance for the first team did not come until October , when he came on as a substitute in a League Cup match against Stockport County . This was to be his only senior appearance of the 2002 – 03 season . He finally secured a regular first team place towards the end of the following season , featuring regularly during March and April 2004 . Crofts was a first team regular in the 2004 – 05 season , making 27 Football League appearances , and scoring his first senior goal for the club in a defeat to Brighton & Hove Albion on 26 December . In January 2005 , he signed a new contract designed to keep him at the club until 2009 . He was omitted from the team for most of March and April , but was recalled for the last match of the season , in which a draw with Nottingham Forest led to the " Gills " being relegated from the Football League Championship , the second tier of English football , to Football League One , the third tier . In the 2005 – 06 season , he made the most appearances of any player in the Gillingham squad , missing only one of the team 's 46 matches in League One . Although the team struggled in the league , finishing in the lower half of the table , they defeated Premier League team Portsmouth in the League Cup , with Crofts scoring the winning goal . The following season , he again made over 40 appearances and also scored eight goals , his best total for an individual season , but Gillingham again finished the season in the bottom half of the table . He made his 100th start for the club on 18 December 2006 in a match against Bournemouth , and marked the occasion with a goal . At the end of the season , he won four awards at the club 's Player of the Year event and was dubbed Mr Gillingham by then @-@ manager Ronnie Jepson . He took over as team captain in the 2007 – 08 season , but it was an unsuccessful season for the team , who were relegated from League One . The following October he was stripped of the captaincy , which was instead given to Barry Fuller . Manager Mark Stimson stated that he felt that the captaincy might have been too much of a burden for Crofts , and had a negative effect on his form . Soon afterwards , the club made Crofts available for transfer . = = = = Peterborough United and Wrexham ( loans ) = = = = In November 2008 , he joined Peterborough United on loan . Shortly after returning to Gillingham the following January , he went on a second loan period , this time to Wrexham until the end of the season . He made his debut on the same day in a 2 – 1 defeat to Burton Albion . Upon his return to Gillingham from his loan spell , he was released from his contract . = = = Brighton & Hove Albion = = = On 29 June 2009 , Crofts agreed to join League One club Brighton & Hove Albion on a two @-@ year contract . He made his debut for Brighton during the 1 – 0 home defeat to Walsall on 8 August 2009 and scored his first goal for Brighton during the 2 – 2 draw at Yeovil Town on 10 October 2009 . Crofts was given the role of captain by new manager Gus Poyet before the 3 – 1 away victory at Southampton . Crofts was later confirmed as permanent captain at the beginning of January 2010 . = = = Norwich City = = = On 21 May 2010 , Norwich City announced the acquisition of Crofts from Brighton , for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £ 300 @,@ 000 . He became the club 's first signing of the summer transfer window , signing a three @-@ year deal at Carrow Road . On 6 August 2010 , he scored a goal on his debut against Watford . He subsequently gained promotion to the Premier League with the " Canaries " in his first season at the club . He initially kept his place as a regular starter for Norwich in the top tier , but in the second half of the 2011 – 12 season he gradually fell out of favour at the club . = = = Brighton & Hove Albion = = = Crofts was transferred back to Brighton in August 2012 . = = = Gillingham = = = On 19 March 2016 , Crofts re @-@ joined Gillingham on loan until the end of the season . = = = Charlton Athletic = = = On 22 July 2016 , Crofts signed a one @-@ year contract with Charlton Athletic . = = International career = = As one of his grandparents was born in Wales he was eligible to play for the Welsh national team , and after representing the country at under @-@ 19 and under @-@ 21 level he won his first senior cap , an award given to a player representing his national team , in 2005 . In 2008 he won his twelfth cap , breaking the record for the most international caps received by a Gillingham player . Crofts was selected for the Welsh national under @-@ 19 team in 2002 , qualifying due to having a Welsh grandparent . He made his first appearance for the team in the Milk Cup tournament in Northern Ireland , but was forced to return home after suffering an ankle injury in the Welsh team 's first match . In total he made eight appearances at under @-@ 19 level , including appearing in a second Milk Cup in 2003 . After moving up to the under @-@ 21 level Crofts was selected for the national under @-@ 21 team for the first time for a match against Germany in February 2005 . He went on to gain 12 caps at this level , scoring one goal . He made his debut for the Welsh national team against Azerbaijan on 12 October 2005 , coming on as a substitute for Carl Fletcher . At the end of the 2005 – 06 season , as part of manager John Toshack 's policy of introducing young players to the team , Crofts gained two further caps , both as a substitute , against Paraguay and Trinidad & Tobago , and also played in an unofficial international match against a Basque Country XI . He was included in the starting line @-@ up for an international for the first time in August 2007 when he played the full 90 minutes of a match against Bulgaria , but was back on the substitutes ' bench for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying match against Germany the following month . He became established as a regular member of the Welsh squad during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying tournament . = = Career statistics = = Statistics correct as of 11 January 2014 . = = = International goals = = = Under – 21 Score and results list Wales U21 's goal tally first . = = Personal life = = Crofts is a fan of Chelsea and at one time shared a flat with the club 's future captain John Terry . During his time as captain of Gillingham , he was involved with a number of charity events , including acting as a celebrity waiter at a Gillingham pub and presenting a signed shirt to a brain damaged teenage fan . In January 2005 , he dedicated a match @-@ winning goal to his grandmother Lily , who had died several months earlier . = Drymoreomys = Drymoreomys is a rodent genus in the tribe Oryzomyini that lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil . The single species , D. albimaculatus , is known only from the states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina and was not named until 2011 . It lives in the humid forest on the eastern slopes of the Serra do Mar and perhaps reproduces year @-@ round . Although its range is relatively large and includes some protected areas , it is patchy and threatened , and the discoverers recommend that the animal be considered " Near Threatened " on the IUCN Red List . Within Oryzomyini , Drymoreomys appears to be most closely related to Eremoryzomys from the Andes of Peru , a biogeographically unusual relationship , in that the two populations are widely separated and each is adapted to an arid or a moist environment . With a body mass of 44 – 64 g ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 3 oz ) , Drymoreomys is a medium @-@ sized rodent with long fur that is orange to reddish @-@ buff above and grayish with several white patches below . The pads on the hindfeet are very well developed and there is brown fur on the upper sides of the feet . The tail is brown above and below . The front part of the skull is relatively long and the ridges on the braincase are weak . The palate is short , with its back margin between the third molars . Several traits of the genitals are not seen in any other oryzomyine rodent . = = Taxonomy = = Drymoreomys was first recorded in 1992 by Meika Mustrangi in the state of São Paulo . The animal was not , however , formally described until 2011 , when Alexandre Percequillo and colleagues named it as a new genus and species within the tribe Oryzomyini : Drymoreomys albimaculatus . The generic name , Drymoreomys , combines the Greek δρυμός ( drymos ) , meaning " forest " , ὄρειος ( oreios ) , meaning " mountain @-@ dwelling " , and μῦς ( mys ) , meaning " mouse " . The name refers to the animal 's occurrence in mountain forest . The specific name , albimaculatus , derives from the Latin albus , meaning " white " , and maculatus , meaning " spotted " , a reference to the spots of white in the animal 's fur . Percequillo and colleagues found little geographic variation among samples of Drymoreomys , although a few traits differ in frequency between populations from the states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina . According to a phylogenetic analysis of evidence from morphology , the nuclear gene IRBP , and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b , Drymoreomys albimaculatus is most closely related to Eremoryzomys polius , an oryzomyine from northern Peru and the only species in the genus Eremoryzomys . Together , Drymoreomys and Eremoryzomys are part of Marcelo Weksler 's clade D , one of four main clades within Oryzomyini . Some subsequent studies did not support a relationship between the Drymoreomys – Eremoryzomys clade and the rest of clade D , but this is probably due to saturation of the phylogenetic signal in mitochondrial data . Oryzomyini includes well over a hundred species distributed mainly in South America , including nearby islands such as the Galápagos Islands and some of the Antilles . It is one of several tribes recognized within the subfamily Sigmodontinae , which encompasses hundreds of species found across South America and into southern North America . Sigmodontinae is the largest subfamily of the family Cricetidae , other members of which include voles , lemmings , hamsters , and deermice , all mainly from Eurasia and North America . = = Description = = = = = External morphology = = = Drymoreomys albimaculatus is a medium @-@ sized , long @-@ tailed , short @-@ eared , short @-@ footed rodent . It is quite distinct from other oryzomyines and has a number of unique traits . In 11 adults from Parque Natural Municipal Nascentes do Garcia in Santa Catarina , head and body length was 122 to 139 mm ( 4 @.@ 8 to 5 @.@ 5 in ) , tail length was 140 to 175 mm ( 5 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 9 in ) , hindfoot length was 25 @.@ 8 to 30 @.@ 5 mm ( 1 @.@ 02 to 1 @.@ 20 in ) , ear length was 16 to 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 63 to 0 @.@ 87 in ) , and body mass was 44 to 64 g ( 1 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 3 oz ) . The fur is long and dense and consists of thin , short , woolly underfur and long , thick overfur . Overall , the fur of the upperparts is orange to reddish @-@ buff . In the closely related Eremoryzomys , the upperparts are grayish . The hairs of the underfur , which are 12 to 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 47 to 0 @.@ 55 in ) long , are grayish for most of their length and orange or brown at the tip . In the overfur , the cover hairs ( which form the main body of the fur ) , are 14 to 17 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 to 0 @.@ 67 in ) long and brown at the tip , with an orange band below the tip , and the longer , sparse guard hairs are red to dark brown in the half closest to the tip and are 17 to 21 mm ( 0 @.@ 67 to 0 @.@ 83 in ) long . The sides are reddish brown . On the underparts , the hairs are grayish at the base and white at the tip , except on the throat , chest , and ( in some specimens ) groin , where the hairs are entirely white — a trait unique among the oryzomyines . In overall appearance , the underparts are grayish , with white spots where the hairs are completely white . The small , rounded ears are covered with dense golden hairs on the outer and with reddish brown hairs on the inner surface . The mystacial vibrissae ( whiskers on the upper lip ) are long , usually extending a little beyond the ears when laid back against the head , but the superciliary vibrissae ( whiskers above the eyes ) are short and do not extend beyond the ears . The upper surface on the forefeet is covered with brown fur , and there is white or silvery fur on the digits . Ungual tufts ( fur around the bases of the claws ) are present on the second through fourth digits . On the short , fairly broad hindfeet , the upper side is covered densely with silvery to white hairs near the tips of the feet and toes , and with brown fur otherwise . No other oryzomyine has such brown fur on its hindfeet . The second through fourth digits have long silvery @-@ white ungual tufts , but those on the first digit are short . On the sole , the pads are very large . Among oryzomyines , only Oecomys and the extinct Megalomys have similarly large pads between their digits . There is a dense cover of short brown hairs on both the upper and lower sides of the tail . Unlike in Eremoryzomys , the tail is the same color above and below . The tail ends in a tuft , an unusual feature among oryzomyines . = = = Skull = = = In the skull , the rostrum ( front part ) is relatively long . The nasal and premaxillary bones extend in front of the incisors , forming a rostral tube , which is shared among oryzomyines only with Handleyomys . The zygomatic notch ( a notch formed by a projection at the front of the zygomatic plate , a bony plate at the side of the skull ) is shallow . The interorbital region ( between the eyes ) is narrow and long , with the narrowest part towards the front . The crests on the braincase and interorbital region are weakly developed . Eremoryzomys has larger crests on its interorbital region . The incisive foramina ( openings in the front part of the palate ) are long , sometimes extending to between the first molars ( M1 ) . The bony palate is broad and short , with the posterior margin between the third molars ( M3 ) . Nephelomys levipes is the only other oryzomyine with such a short palate , although that of Eremoryzomys polius is only slightly longer . The posterolateral palatal pits ( openings in the back part of the palate near the M3 ) vary from small to fairly large and are located in slight fossas ( depressions ) . In Eremoryzomys , these fossas are deeper . The roof of the mesopterygoid fossa , the opening behind the palate , is completely closed or contains small sphenopalatine vacuities . The vacuities are much larger in Eremoryzomys . The alisphenoid strut , a piece of bone that separates two foramina ( openings ) , is present in all Drymoreomys specimens examined , except in one juvenile specimen . The mandible ( lower jaw ) is long and low . The coronoid process , the frontmost of the three main processes ( projections ) at the back of the jawbone , is large and about as high as the condyloid process behind it . The angular process , below the condyloid , is fairly short and does not extend further backwards than the condyloid . There is no noticeable capsular process ( a raising at the back of the jaw that houses the root of the lower incisor ) . = = = Dentition = = = The upper incisors are opisthodont ( with the cutting surface oriented backwards ) and have orange to yellow enamel . The upper molar rows are either almost parallel or slightly convergent with each other toward the front . Holochilus and Lundomys are the only other oryzomyines with non @-@ parallel molar rows . The valleys between the cusps of the upper molars extending from the inner and outer sides overlap slightly across the midlines of the teeth . The molars are high @-@ cusped , almost hypsodont . On M1 , the anterocone ( the front cusp ) is divided into two cuspules on the lingual ( inner , towards the tongue ) and labial ( outer , towards the lips ) sides of the teeth . The mesoloph , a crest near the middle of the labial side of the tooth , is long and well developed on each of the three upper molars . On the lower molars ( m1 to m3 ) , the cusps on the labial side are located slightly in front of their lingual counterparts . The anteroconid , the front cusp on the m1 , is divided in two . The m1 , m2 , and usually m3 have a mesolophid , a crest corresponding to the mesoloph but located on the lingual side . Each of the lower molars has two roots . = = = Other anatomy = = = There are 12 ribs and 19 thoracolumbar ( chest and abdomen ) , four sacral , and 36 to 38 caudal ( tail ) vertebrae . There are three digits at the tip of the penis , of which the central one is the largest . The two lateral digits are not supported by mounds of the baculum ( penis bone ) . There is only one spine on the papilla ( nipple @-@ like projection ) on the upper side of the penis . On the urethral process , located in the crater at the end of the penis , a fleshy process at the side , the lateral lobule , is present . The preputial glands ( glands in front of the genitals ) are large . The lack of lateral bacular mounds , presence of a lateral lobule , and size of the preputial glands are all unique traits among the oryzomyines . = = = Karyotype = = = The karyotype of Drymoreomys albimaculatus is 2n = 62 , FN = 62 : the animal has 62 chromosomes , and 29 pairs of autosomes ( non @-@ sex chromosomes ) are acrocentric ( with one arm so short as to be almost invisible ) and one small pair is metacentric ( with two equally long arms ) . Both sex chromosomes are submetacentric ( with one arm noticeably longer than the other ) , and X is larger than Y. Blocks of heterochromatin are present on all autosomes and the long arm of Y. Telomeric sequences are found near the centromeres of the sex chromosomes . Aspects of this karyotype — with a high number of mostly acrocentric chromosomes and the presence of heterochromatin on the Y chromosome — are consistent with the pattern seen in other oryzomyines . However , no other oryzomyine has exactly the same karyotype as D. albimaculatus . Other species in clade D have fewer chromosomes , down to 16 in Nectomys palmipes , although the karyotype of Eremoryzomys polius is unknown . This suggests an evolutionary trend of decreasing chromosome number within the clade . = = Distribution and ecology = = Drymoreomys albimaculatus occurs in the Atlantic Forest on the eastern slopes of the Serra do Mar in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina , at 650 to 1 @,@ 200 m ( 2 @,@ 130 to 3 @,@ 940 ft ) above sea level . It has not been found in the intervening state of Paraná , but is likely to occur there . The biogeographical pattern indicated by the relationship between Drymoreomys and the Andean Eremoryzomys is unusual . While there are some similar cases of relationships between Andean and Atlantic Forest animals , these involve inhabitants of humid forests in the Andes ; Eremoryzomys , by contrast , lives in an arid area . Drymoreomys albimaculatus appears to be a specialist of dense , moist , montane and premontane forest . It has been found in disturbed and secondary forests as well as in pristine forest , but probably needs contiguous forest to survive . Reproductive activity has been observed in females in June , November , and December and in males in December , suggesting that the species breeds year @-@ round . Although some of its morphological traits , such as the very large pads , are suggestive of arboreal ( tree @-@ dwelling ) habits , most specimens were collected in pitfall traps on the ground . = = Conservation status = = The range of Drymoreomys albimaculatus is relatively large and the species occurs in several protected areas , but it has only been found in seven localities and its habitat is threatened by deforestation and fragmentation . Therefore , Percequillo and colleagues suggest that the species be assessed as " Near Threatened " under the IUCN Red List criteria . = Homer 's Barbershop Quartet = " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " is the first episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 30 , 1993 . The episode was written by Jeff Martin and directed by Mark Kirkland . It features The Be Sharps , a barbershop quartet founded by Homer Simpson . The band 's story roughly parallels that of The Beatles . George Harrison and David Crosby guest star as themselves , and The Dapper Dans provide the singing voices of The Be Sharps . The episode begins with the Simpson family as they attend a swap meet . There , Bart Simpson and his sister Lisa notice a picture of their father , Homer , on the cover of an old LP album . Homer explains to his family that he , Principal Skinner , Barney Gumble , and Apu Nahasapeemapetilon recorded a barbershop quartet album in 1985 , which catapulted them to national fame . He narrates to his family the story of how the band formed , reached the pinnacle of success , and eventually folded . At the end of the episode , the group reunites to perform a concert on the roof of Moe 's Tavern , singing their number @-@ one hit " Baby on Board " . Throughout the episode , several references are made to The Beatles and other popular culture icons . In its original American broadcast , " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " finished 30th in ratings , with a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 7 . It was praised for its The Beatles cameo , despite being a leftover episode from the previous season . Reviews that criticized the episode 's inconsistent humor blamed it on the change of writers before the episode 's creation . = = Plot = = At the Springfield Swap Meet , Bart and Lisa Simpson notice Homer on the cover of an LP album . Homer explains that he , Principal Skinner , Barney , and Apu recorded a barbershop quartet album in 1985 , which catapulted them to national fame . He then tells his family the story of how the album came to be . While performing at Moe 's Tavern , an agent offered to represent the group as a band , but only on the condition that they expel Chief Wiggum , who was the band 's fourth member at the time . After Homer abandons Wiggum in the woods , an audition is held during which the band rejected candidates to fill Wiggum 's position , among others Jasper Beardly , Groundskeeper Willie and Wiggum disguised as Doctor Dolittle , the trio returned downheartedly to Moe 's Tavern , where they recruited Barney after hearing him sing in a beautiful Irish tenor voice . The four members then brainstormed on a name for the group , eventually settling on The Be Sharps . In the present , Homer brags that he sold his car 's spare tire at the swap meet . On the way home , one of their tires blows out . While Marge walks to a gas station to get a new tire , Homer continues his story . He tells Bart and Lisa that after Marge bought a Baby on board sign , Homer wrote a song inspired by the fad . The song " Baby on Board " appeared on the group 's first album , Meet The Be Sharps , and the song became a hit . The Be Sharps performed the song at the Statue of Liberty 's centennial in 1986 , and they later won a Grammy Award for Outstanding Soul , Spoken Word , or Barbershop Album of the Year for Meet The Be Sharps . Back in the present , the Simpsons are at home , where Homer explains that The Be Sharps became so popular that they were featured on merchandise , including lunch boxes , mugs , and posters . The band later released their second album , Bigger than Jesus . While The Be Sharps grew in fame , creative disputes arose when Barney dated a Japanese conceptual artist ( a parody of Yoko Ono ) , which eventually led to his leaving the group . Barney and his girlfriend recorded a song in which his girlfriend repeatedly says " Number 8 " over tape loops of Barney 's belches ( a parody of The Beatles ' " Revolution 9 " ) . Ultimately , the group realized they were no longer popular . The latest issue of Us Weekly 's What 's Hot and What 's Not confirmed this , noting that the band was no longer " hot " . The band then split up ; Principal Skinner returned to the Springfield Elementary School , Apu to the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , Barney back to Moe 's Tavern , and Homer to the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , where his position has temporarily been filled by a chicken . Returning to the present day , the group reunites to perform a concert on the roof of Moe 's Tavern , singing their number one hit " Baby on Board " . Pedestrians stop and listen to them singing their comeback concert , including George Harrison of The Beatles , who dismissively remarks , " It 's been done . " = = Production = = One of the writers for The Simpsons suggested that they should create an episode that focuses on Homer in a barbershop quartet and " a big parody of The Beatles " . The episode was written by Jeff Martin , who was an " obsessive " Beatles fan , making him " a natural to write [ the episode ] " . Mark Kirkland , a " huge " Beatles fan , directed the episode , and ensured that The Beatles references were accurate . Kirkland enjoyed directing the episode because unlike other episodes he directed , he did not experience any trouble animating " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " . The animators liked creating The Beatles gags and enjoyed the barbershop music . After the animators synchronized the audio track , music , and animation , they " just fell in love " with it . They also enjoyed working on the choreography of The Be Sharps and trying to match the characters ' movements with the music . They were inspired by The Beatles film Let It Be , including the shots of the band in the recording studio where they decide to break up . Kirkland did not think there was anything " spectacular " in the episode 's animation , but he and his animation team " just loved " working on it . In a scene in the episode , Lisa sees a man selling an original Malibu Stacy doll from 1958 that has big , pointed breasts . The man , nicknamed " Wiseguy " by the show 's staff , tells Lisa that " they took [ the doll ] off the market after some kid put both his eyes out . " The joke received a censor note from the Fox network 's censors because they did not want such jokes on the show , but the producers ignored the note and the joke appeared in the episode when it aired . The Be Sharps 's singing voices were provided by the four members of The Dapper Dans , a barbershop quartet that performs at Disneyland in Anaheim , California . Before working on the episode , Martin had seen one of the quartet 's performances and enjoyed it . When the episode 's production began , he contacted the quartet , and they agreed to make a guest appearance in the episode . The Dapper Dans 's singing was intermixed with the normal voice actors ' voices , often with a regular voice actor singing the melody and The Dapper Dans providing backup . George Harrison guest stars in the episode as himself . He was the second Beatles member after Ringo Starr ( in " Brush with Greatness " ) to appear on The Simpsons . When Harrison arrived at the recording studio in West Los Angeles to record his lines , the casting director told the episode 's show runners , Al Jean and Mike Reiss , that Harrison was coming and that they were not allowed to tell anybody about it because it was intended to be a secret to the staff . Jean , Reiss , and the show 's creator Matt Groening went to see Harrison in the studio , and when they returned to the writer 's room , Groening said , " Guess who I just met ? George Harrison ! " , not knowing that it was supposed to be a secret . Harrison arrived at the studio by himself without any entourage or bodyguards . Groening recalls that Harrison was " pretty glum " , and he was unenthusiastic when the staff asked him questions about The Beatles . However , when Groening asked Harrison about the Wonderwall Music album , he suddenly " perked up " because it was one of his solo albums that he was rarely questioned on . Harrison 's guest appearance was one of Groening 's favorites because he was " super nice " and " very sweet " to the staff . Jean said it was a " huge thrill " to have him appear . David Crosby also makes a guest appearance in the episode as himself , and appears in the scene in which he presents a Grammy award to The Be Sharps . " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " was a hold @-@ over episode from the season four production line . It was chosen to air as the fifth season 's premiere episode because it guest starred Harrison . The Fox network executives wanted to premiere with Conan O 'Brien 's episode " Homer Goes to College " because of its parody of the 1978 comedy film National Lampoon 's Animal House , but the writers felt " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " would be a better choice because of Harrison 's involvement . The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 30 , 1993 . It was included in a 2002 video collection of selected musical @-@ themed episodes titled The Simpsons : Backstage Pass . The episode was also included in The Simpsons season five DVD set , which was released on December 21 , 2004 . = = Cultural references = = The episode makes several references to The Beatles . Their first album , Meet the Be Sharps , is a parody of the Meet the Beatles album . Moe 's Tavern changes its name to Moe 's Cavern , a reference to the Cavern Club in Liverpool where The Beatles frequently performed in the early 1960s . Chief Wiggum , thrown out of the band because he was " too Village People " , mirrors Pete Best . Best was an early member of The Beatles but was replaced by Ringo Starr . The cover of Bigger Than Jesus , The Be Sharps ' second album , features the group walking on water , which is a direct parody of the art on The Beatles ' album Abbey Road . The name is a reference to a controversial quote made by John Lennon in 1966 . Bart references this by asking , " What did you do [ to lose your popularity ] ? Screw up like The Beatles and say you were bigger than Jesus ? " , to which Homer replies " All the time . That was the title of our second album . " At the end of the episode , the album 's back cover is revealed , on which Homer is seen turned away from the camera , as opposed to the rest of the band . This is a parody of the Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band LP reverse , in which Paul McCartney is in the same position . Barney 's Japanese conceptual artist girlfriend is a parody of Yoko Ono . Their song repeats the phrase " Number 8 " and a burp by Barney , a reference to The Beatles ' " Revolution 9 " . The group performing atop Moe 's Tavern at the end of the episode is a parody of The Beatles ' impromptu concert on the Apple Corps rooftop during their Get Back recording sessions in 1969 , hence George Harrison 's line , " It 's been done . " In addition , The Be Sharps are wearing the same outfits as The Beatles during the rooftop concert scene : Barney in a brown fur coat ( John ) , Homer in a bright red coat ( Ringo ) , Skinner in a black suit ( Paul ) , and Apu in a black Mongolian lamb coat with green trousers ( George ) . After the performance , Homer says , " I 'd like to thank you on behalf of the group and I hope we passed the audition " , paraphrasing a quote by John Lennon at the end of The Beatles rooftop performance . At the swap meet , Mayor Quimby says " Ich bin ein Springfield Swap Meet Patron " , a parody of John F. Kennedy 's famous Cold War quote . Homer browses through a box with items that cost five cents each . These include the United States Declaration of Independence , a copy of Action Comics # 1 , a complete block of Inverted Jenny misprint postal stamps , and a Stradivarius violin . Principal Skinner tries on a prison mask with the number 24601 , notable as Jean Valjean 's prison number in Les Misérables . Homer buys Grampa a pink Cadillac , just as Elvis Presley did for his mother . One of the late night television shows Chief Wiggum watches is Johnny Carson doing his Carnac the Magnificent routine . Homer mentions that 1985 was the year that Joe Piscopo left the NBC sketch show Saturday Night Live . Moe sells oyster shells at the swap meet that resemble Lucille Ball . Homer begins telling the story of The Be Sharps by saying , " Rock and roll had become stagnant . ' Achy Breaky Heart ' was seven years away ; something had to fill the void . That something was barbershop . " At the Grammy ceremony , Spinal Tap , Michael Jackson ( Leon Kompowsky ) and George Harrison are all at the post awards reception and MC Hammer in the audience . While Bart and Lisa browse through LP albums at the swap meet , they find a recording of " Yankee Doodle " by Melvin and the Squirrels , a band that spoofs Alvin and the Chipmunks as well as a Spinal Tap album . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " finished 30th in the ratings for the week of September 27 to October 3 , 1993 , with a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 7 , translating to 11 @,@ 963 @,@ 400 households . Since airing , the episode received generally positive reviews . DVD Verdict gave the episode a Grade A score . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson felt that the episode " kicks off [ the season ] with a terrific bang " . He appreciated the episode 's parodies of a mix of subjects , and its ability to bring them together into a coherent story . Noting that the episode focused on spoofing Beatlemania , Jacobson praised George Harrison 's cameo as " probably the best " Beatles cameo in the series . Giving the episode a score of 5 out of 5 , DVD Talk praised the " four @-@ part harmony of hilarity [ that ] gets a flawless mop top modeling " , complimenting the references to pop culture icons as being " right on the money " . TV DVD Reviews commented on how the episode " hit all the right notes " , and was pleased with Harrison 's cameo . Despite the episode being a " leftover from last season " , The Washington Post still applauded the episode 's humor , saying , " Who cares ? It 's funny . " The Courier @-@ Mail found " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " an entertaining episode . Asserting that the series hit its peak with season five episodes such as " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " , the Sunday Tasmanian called the episode a " first @-@ class offering " . Although it appreciated the story and use of the main characters , Current Film was not enthused about the episode , claiming that it was not consistently funny . The Age called " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " an awful episode , with a " weak , unfunny parody of The Beatles " , blaming the series change of writers before the episode was written . IGN ranked The Beatles ' appearances on The Simpsons series — in episodes such as " Lisa the Vegetarian " , " Brush with Greatness " , and " Homer 's Barbershop Quartet " — 10th on their list of the Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances , and the Toronto Star ranked the band fifth on a list of the 11 best cameos on The Simpsons . Andrew Martin of Prefix Mag named George Harrison his fourth @-@ favorite musical guest on The Simpsons out of a list of ten . = Gilwell Park = Gilwell Park is a camp site and activity centre for Scouting groups and all Youth Organisations , as well as a training and conference centre for Scout Leaders with many business and local groups using the facilities , including the hosting of social events such as weddings and birthday parties . The 44 hectare ( 109 acre ) site is in Sewardstonebury , Epping Forest , close to Chingford , London . In the late Middle Ages the area was a farm , growing to a wealthy estate that fell into disrepair towards 1900 . It was bought in 1919 by Scout Commissioner William de Bois Maclaren and given to the Scout Association of the United Kingdom to provide camping to London Scouts , and training for Scouters . As Scout Leaders from all countries of the world have come to Gilwell Park for their Wood Badge training , it is one of the landmarks of the world Scouting movement . The site contains camp fields for small patrols and can camp up to 3 @,@ 000 people , indoor accommodation , historical sites , monuments of Scouting , and activities suitable for all sections of the Scouting Movement . It can accommodate events up to 10 @,@ 000 people . Accommodation at Gilwell Park can be hired for non @-@ Scout activities such as school group camping , wedding receptions and conferences . Gilwell Park is one of ten national Scout Activity Centres of the Scout Association , with Baden @-@ Powell House , Downe , Great Tower , Youlbury , Hawkhirst , Ferny Crofts , Crawfordsburn and Yr Hafod . = = History = = = = = Original farm in late Middle Ages = = = The history of Gilwell Park can be traced to 1407 , when John Crow owned Gyldiefords , the land that would eventually become Gilwell Park . Between 1407 and 1422 , Crow sold the land to Richard Rolfe , and the area became known as Gillrolfes , " Gill " being Old English for glen . Following Rolfe 's death in 1422 , different sections of the property came to be called " Great Gilwell " and " Little Gilwell " . The two areas were named after the Old English " wella " , or spring . A farmhouse has stood at Gilwell Farm ever since . Around this time , an adjoining 5 @.@ 6 hectares ( 14 acres ) property was purchased by Richard Osborne . In 1442 , he built a large dwelling called Osborne Hall , which stood for 300 years . Legend has it that in the early 16th century , King Henry VIII owned the land and built a hunting lodge for his son Edward . Around 1736 the highwayman Dick Turpin began using Gilwell 's forests to conceal himself and for ambushing travellers and freight along roads leading into London . In 1754 , William Skrimshire purchased Great Gilwell , Little Gilwell , and half of Osborne 's estate , including Osborne Hall . Skrimshire demolished Osborne Hall and built a new residence , which he also called Osborne Hall . That building is now called the White House . Timbers in the White House can be dated to this time , but not to any previous era . Leonard Tresilian ( ? – 1792 ) bought the estate in 1771 and expanded the land holdings and size of the residence . Tresilian 's first wife , Margaret Holland , died young after bearing three daughters . He then married Elizabeth Fawson . Desiring that Gilwell pass on to his eldest daughter , also named Margaret ( 1750 – c.1844 ) , Tresilian drew up a detailed prenuptial agreement with Fawson 's father . By the time of Tresilian 's death in 1792 , the younger Margaret had married William Bassett Chinnery ( 1766 – 1834 ) , the elder brother of the painter George Chinnery . = = = Rich estate in 18th century = = = The Chinnerys were wealthy and influential . William Chinnery 's father , also named William , owned trading ships and named one Gilwell in 1800 . William and Margaret Chinnery initially resided in London , and after three years of marriage and inheriting Gilwell in 1792 , they moved to Gilwell in 1793 . They soon shocked the populace by renaming Osborne Hall to " Gilwell Hall " . William Chinnery expanded Gilwell 's land holdings through significant purchases over 15 years and , with his wife , transformed it into a country estate with gardens , paths , and statues . Parts of the garden , paths , and dwelling modifications exist into the 21st century . William Chinnery was exposed as the embezzler of a small fortune from the British Treasury where he worked and was dismissed from all his posts on 12 March 1812 . Margaret Chinnery was forced to sign over Gilwell Estate to the Exchequer on 2 July 1812 . The Chinnery family was prominent enough that members of the English nobility visited often during the 1790s and early 19th century . King George III visited on occasion , and the Prince Regent , who later became George IV , was a regular visitor . George III 's seventh son , Prince Adolphus , became a family friend , lived at Gilwell for a while , and tutored their eldest son George . Gilpin Gorst bought the estate in 1815 at public auction , and his son sold it to Thomas Usborne in 1824 . When London Bridge was replaced in 1826 , Usborne bought pieces of the stone balustrades , which date to 1209 , and erected them behind the White House around the Buffalo Lawn . The estate changed ownership more times , but these families did not maintain the property and it fell into disrepair by 1900 . Reverend Cranshaw , a local resident , bought the estate in 1911 and was the last owner prior to the Boy Scout Association , as it was then known . = = = Scouting connection = = = The estate 's condition declined more during the 1910s . William de Bois Maclaren was a publisher and Scout Commissioner from Rosneath , Dumbartonshire , Scotland . During a business trip to London , Maclaren was saddened to see that Scouts in the East End had no suitable outdoor area to conduct their activities . He contacted Lord Robert Baden @-@ Powell , who appointed P.B. Nevill to handle the matter . Nevill was Scout Commissioner of the East End . On 20 November 1918 over dinner at Roland House , the Scout Hostel in Stepney , Maclaren agreed to donate £ 7 @,@ 000 to the project . Part of the agreement included narrowing the areas to look for suitable land to Hainault Forest and Epping Forest . Rover Scouts searched both without success , but then John Gayfer , a young assistant Scoutmaster , suggested Gilwell Hall , a place he went bird @-@ watching . Nevill visited the estate and was impressed , though the buildings were in poor condition . The estate was for sale for £ 7 @,@ 000 , the price Maclaren had donated . The estate totaled 21 hectares ( 52 acres ) at the time . The estate was purchased in early 1919 by Maclaren for the Boy Scout Association . Nevill first took his Rover Scouts to begin repairing the estate on Maundy Thursday , 17 April 1919 . On this visit , the Rovers slept in the gardener 's shed in the orchard because the ground was so wet they could not pitch tents . They called this shed " The Pigsty " and though dilapidated , it still stands , as it is the site of the first Scout campsite at Gilwell Park . Maclaren was a frequent visitor to Gilwell Park and helped repair the buildings . His dedication was so great that he donated another £ 3 @,@ 000 . Maclaren 's interest had been in providing a campground , but Baden @-@ Powell envisioned a training centre for Scouters . An official opening was planned for 19 July 1919 but it was delayed until Saturday , 26 July 1919 so that Scouts could participate in the Official Peace Festival commemorating the end of World War I. Invitations were changed by hand to save money . Significant remodeling and construction was done in the 1920s . Because of limited finances , few improvements were made during the Great Depression of the 1930s . Baden @-@ Powell never lived at Gilwell Park but he often camped , lectured , taught courses , and attended meetings . He emphasized the importance of Scouters ' training at Gilwell Park for Scouting by taking it as the territorial designation in his peerage title of 1st Baron Baden @-@ Powell of Gilwell in 1929 when the barony was conferred upon him by the king . = = = Origin of the axe and log totem = = = The axe and log logo was conceived by the first Camp Chief , Francis Gidney , in the early 1920s to distinguish Gilwell Park from the Scout Headquarters . Gidney wanted to associate Gilwell Park with the outdoors and Scoutcraft rather than the business or administrative Headquarters offices . Scouters present at the original Wood Badge courses regularly saw axe blades masked for safety by being buried in a log . Seeing this , Gidney chose the axe and log as the totem of Gilwell Park . This logo came to be strongly associated with Wood Badge leader training and is still used on certificates , flags , and other program @-@ related items . The symbol of the axe in the log is associated with feudalism after the invasion and conquest of England by William the Conqueror . In that era , property , including forests , were owned by the landed barons and knights . Serfs , bound to the land in a form of modified slavery , were forbidden to cut wood from trees in the forest , and only permitted to gather downed wood . A freeman who carried an axe in a nobleman 's forest demonstrated that he had earned the right by service . Symbolically , the grain of an axe handle must be " set square in the eye of the head . " The steel head must have the proper temper and be kept sharp . To be useful in the hands of a skilled freeman , an axe also needed to be well @-@ balanced , otherwise the handle might break , endangering its user . The axe represented skilled laborers who had proven themselves through service . Lastly , the axe in the wood reminds those who have completed Wood Badge that they have committed themselves to be an example of service and fealty . = = = Wartime and later development = = = The estate was requisitioned by the War Ministry from 1940 – 1945 as a local command , training , and ordnance centre . Little remains at the estate from World War II , except the hole created by a bomb dropped by the Luftwaffe . It was enlarged and is now used for swimming and canoeing . After the war , the Boy Scout Association bought adjoining land to increase the estate and protect it from rapidly approaching new developments . These areas are called The Quick , New Field , and Hilly Field . An additional purchase and a donation from South Africa in the early 1950s brought the estate to its present size . This began an era of expanding camping facilities for Scouts which lasted until the early 1960s . Training and sleeping facilities were added through the early 1970s . The Boy Scout Association was renamed The Scout Association in 1967 . During the 1970s , two key and popular facilities were built : the Dorothy Hughes Pack Holiday Centre for Cub Scouts and the Colquhoun International Centre for training Scouters , originally called The International Hall of Friendship . In the 1980s extensive remodelling of the White House was done . In April 2001 , The Scout Association moved its program staff from London to Gilwell Park , where its training staff were already located . Extensive renovations were done to the White House and other buildings . With a budget of £ 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and individual contributions as high as £ 500 @,@ 000 , improvements to programs and facilities have been ongoing since then in preparation for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 , which was the 100th anniversary of Scouting , hosted at nearby Hylands Park , Chelmsford , Essex with related activities also being held at Gilwell Park . Gilwell Park provides The Scout Association with over £ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 a year through conference fees , accommodation fees , and sales of materials . = = = Camp Chiefs , and other staff = = = Captain Francis " Skipper " Gidney became the first Camp Chief in May 1919 and served until 1923 . He organized the first Wood Badge training , and contributed to setting up Gilwell Park as the Scouters ' training centre . The Gidney Cabin was built and named in his honour in 1929 to serve as a training centre . The second Camp Chief was John Skinner Wilson , who served from 1923 until 1939 . Wilson was Colonel with the British Indian Police when he became a Scout Leader in 1917 . In 1921 he traveled to Gilwell Park to take leader training , which led to his retirement from the Indian Police in 1922 to become a full @-@ time Scout Leader . He was honoured with the Bronze Wolf Award in 1937 , the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . R.F. " John " Thurman was a British Scout Leader who served as Camp Chief from 1943 until 1969 and was awarded the Bronze Wolf Award in 1959 . He was a strong promoter of Scout training and wrote books on the subject that were translated into other languages . The Thurman Memorial stands near The Pigsty . Thurman was succeeded by John Huskin as Director of leader training . Don Potter ( 1902 – 2004 ) was an English sculptor and wood carver who was a lifelong staff member at Gilwell Park , serving as a Gilwell Master Craftsman . Potter created wood carvings at Gilwell Park , including the Jim Green Gate , Gidney Cabin , the Leopard Gates , and totems he carved for the 1929 World Jamboree . = = Activities = = Gilwell Park can host indoor and outdoor conferences , training , a variety of outdoor Scoutcraft activities , and special events for both Scouting and non @-@ Scouting organizations . These include conferences , leader training , team building , receptions , weddings , and funerals . Conferences are generally held in either the White House or Colquhoun International Centre ( CIC ) , both of which are equipped with modern information systems and audio @-@ visual aids . The CIC has a main hall , six training suites , and five seminar rooms . = = = Outdoor activities = = = The Scout Activity Centres of The Scout Association provide camping , hostelling or conferencing for Scouts and Scout Leaders from around the world . Activities at Gilwell Park include : camping , leader training , a rope swing , high rope course , archery , pedal go @-@ karts , grass sledging , canoeing , rifle shooting , crate stacking , wall climbing , revolving wall climb , jump mats , rafting , team building , horse riding , orienteering , pioneering , tours , hiking , photography , obstacle courses , and aeroball . = = = Leader training = = = While different leader training courses are conducted at Gilwell Park , the most prominent is Wood Badge . Francis Gidney , the first Camp Chief , conducted the first Wood Badge course at Gilwell Park 8 – 19 September 1919 . Gilwell Park became the home of leadership training in the Scout movement . Leaders from all over the world receive automatic membership in 1st Gilwell Park Scout Group ( Gilwell Troop 1 ) on completion of the Wood Badge course . These leaders are henceforth called Wood Badgers or Gilwellians . Any location in which Wood Badgers meet is called Gilwell Field . The 1st Gilwell Park Scout Group meets every first weekend of September in Gilwell Park for the Gilwell Reunion . The Training Ground , near the White House , is the hallowed ground of Gilwell Park as this is the world home of Wood Badge , the premier Scout leader training course . A large oak tree , the Gilwell Oak , separates the Training Ground from the Orchard . = = = Special events = = = Each year Gilwell Park runs a number of regular special events . These have been established for more than 20 years with the addition of Gilwell 24 in 2004 and Scarefest in 2014 and are some of the largest annual Scout events in the UK . Wintercamp – taking place in early January and open to Scouts and Explorer Scouts ( 11 – 18 ) . Fundays – open to the Beaver and Cub age ranges in June . Gilwell 24 – open to the Explorer Scout ( 14 – 18 ) age range in July . Reunion – open to all adult members in Scouting in early September . Scarefest - Open to Scouts , Explorers , Guides & Rangers . Held at the end of October = = Accommodation = = Gilwell Park provides accommodation for visitors , comprising camping fields , hostel rooms , lodges and cabins . = = = Camp fields = = = Gilwell Park provides camping opportunities for small groups and groups in excess of 2 @,@ 500 people . This includes everything from unit @-@ level camping up to hosting international events . Essex Chase is close to the swimming pool and stores and is the most popular campsite . Woodlands Field is a large field that will hold up to 200 campers , with space for activities , at the north end of the park . Branchet Field is the largest campsite and will hold 1 @,@ 200 campers . Mallinson Field is a small , wooded , secluded area suited to small groups . Ferryman Field is a split @-@ level field suitable for a large troop . It is at the north end of camp , past Woodlands . = = = White House = = = The White House and its predecessors represent over 500 years of Gilwell history . It became the headquarters of The Scout Association on 27 April 2001 , although Baden @-@ Powell House ( the former headquarters ) still facilitates some departments of The Scout Association . The White House also serves as a restaurant , training and conference centre . It was totally torn down once and has been renovated , remodelled , and expanded continuously over the years . The central portion has no foundations and the chimneys are made of Coade stone . It also displays original Scouting paintings by Ernest Stafford Carlos ( 1883 – 1917 ) ; the highlight of which is The Pathfinder . In this historic setting as a conference centre , the White House has offered over 40 rooms ( single , double , twin ) with all modern facilities since 2004 – 2005 . = = = Dorothy Hughes Pack Holiday Centre = = = The Dorothy Hughes Pack Holiday Centre ( PHC ) is for young people , sleeps 40 , is centrally heated , and has a large kitchen . It is named after a Cub Scout leader from East London . The PHC is constructed with interlocking logs and , originally , without nails in the frame . It is often booked two years in advance . The PHC was built in 1970 by fitting interlocking logs together from a Norwegian design . = = = Branchet Lodge and other cabins = = = Branchet Lodge , or simply The Lodge , opened on 23 May 2003 on Branchet Field to replace old portable cabins . It should not be confused with another building also called The Lodge which was built in 1934 near the White House . Branchet Lodge is a single storey building that has central heating and sleeps up to 56 people in two separate wings with a single common kitchen and dining / meeting area . Each wing has its own bathing facilities . There are four single rooms for leaders , two rooms for disabled people that sleep two people each , and six rooms that sleep eight people each . The design incorporates skylights , natural lights , energy efficiency , and disabled access . It is constructed of stone , timber , copper , and a grass roof . At present , a second lodge is being constructed next door to the Branchet Lodge . This was to be called the Jack Petchey Lodge and was scheduled to open in September 2008 . Construction of a third lodge will begin in January 2009 . Log cabins on the edge of Woodland Field sleep 8 and have bunk beds . Cooking is provided in a separate shelter or an open fire can be utilized . All of these can be rented by groups . The Storm Hut was a large hall @-@ type building for activities and games . It was moved to Gilwell Park from Wales by trucks . The Storm Hut was demolished in 2008 to make way for the upgrading of ' The Lid ' which now includes 2 classrooms , indoor climbing wall and high ropes elements . The Lid is a barn @-@ sized building that can not be rented , but is used for dances , exhibitions , and religious services . It is so named because the original building only had a roof , with no walls . = = = Staff accommodation : Gilwellbury and Gilwell Farm = = = After the purchase of the original site in 1919 , the purchase of Gilwellbury and adjoining land in 1945 is probably the next most important in Gilwell Park 's Scouting history because it allowed The Scout Association to close the original road and fully utilize Branchet Field . It was originally used for small retreats and conferences but is now used as staff accommodation . The Ministry of Education assisted in the purchase . The Gilwell Farmhouse is believed to date from the early 18th century , making it the oldest original building at Gilwell Park . It is composed of two buildings that were joined together . There is a brick well head on the farm that is known as the Gil Well . A field adjoining the boundaries of Gilwell Park , known as Bill Oddie Field , affords dramatic views of the London skyline over Pole Hill , Chingford . The field was so @-@ named after employees of The Scout Association spotted TV ornithologist Bill Oddie recording a programme about circling birds of prey on the field in 2006 . = = Attractions = = The attractions to see at Gilwell Park include the Gilwell Museum and souvenir shop , a fully operational all @-@ volunteer hospital , gardens , gates , statues , smaller buildings , and four houses of worship : Buddhist , Catholic , Jewish , interdenominational , with the construction of an Islamic mosque due to begin towards the end of 2008 . The bronze bust of Baden @-@ Powell was presented by the Scouts of Mexico in 1968 after the Olympics . The Lime Walk formerly surrounded the main lawn area , but few of the lime trees survive . As originally planted by Margaret Chinnery , it would have formed a shady overhead cover to the path . The Buffalo Lawn is so called because of the replica of the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) Silver Buffalo Award that was presented to the Boy Scout Association by the BSA in 1926 . This was to honour the Unknown Scout that helped William D. Boyce bring Scouting to the United States . The Buffalo Lawn is behind the White House . Located there is a signpost with the directions and distances to all the World Scout Jamborees from Gilwell Park . The Buffalo Statue was originally mounted on a large tree stump . The stump has been replaced by a brick pedestal . The inscription reads : " To an Unknown Scout Whose Faithfulness in the Performance of the Daily Good Turn Brought the Scout Movement to the United States of America . " A copy of a statue by R. Tait McKenzie called The Ideal Scout stands near The Lid . This is also known as The Boy Scout . The BSA donated the statue in 1966 . The original stands outside the headquarters of the Cradle of Liberty Council in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and another copy outside the BSA headquarters in Irving , Texas . The Buddhist Sala was donated to Gilwell Park in 1967 by the Boy Scouts of Thailand . The Buddha found inside was a gift from the Thai government and is over 1000 years old . Thai ambassadors to the United Kingdom often visit the sala , as it is their responsibility to care for it . Scouts from other countries , including Chile , Japan , Mexico , and New Zealand , have also donated gifts to Gilwell Park . The caravan trailer , presented to Chief Scout Sir Robert Baden @-@ Powell , along with a new Rolls @-@ Royce car , during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree in 1929 is now on display . The caravan was nicknamed Eccles . The car , nicknamed Jam Roll , was sold after his death by Olave Baden @-@ Powell in 1945 . Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 . Four Scouters , including Michael Baden @-@ Powell , a grandson of Robert Baden @-@ Powell , formed the charitable company " B @-@ P Jam Roll Ltd . " with the aim of purchasing and conserving Jam Roll on behalf of Scouting . Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car . = Ottawa Senators = The Ottawa Senators ( French : Sénateurs d 'Ottawa ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Senators play their home games at the 18 @,@ 694 seat ( 20 @,@ 041 capacity ) Canadian Tire Centre which opened in 1996 . Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups and playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two @-@ year public campaign by Firestone , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992 – 93 season . The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk , and in 2014 , the club was valued by Forbes magazine at $ 400 million . The team has had success , qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs in 15 of the past 19 seasons , winning four division titles , the Presidents ' Trophy in 2003 and appearing in the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals . The success has been reflected in attendance as the club has been regularly represented in the top half in attendance in the NHL . = = History = = Ottawa had been home to the original Senators , a founding NHL franchise and 11 @-@ time Stanley Cup champions . After the NHL expanded to the United States in the late 1920s , the original Senators ' eventual financial losses forced the franchise to move to St. Louis in 1934 operating as the Eagles while a Senators senior amateur team took over the Senators ' place in Ottawa . The NHL team was unsuccessful in St. Louis , and planned to return to Ottawa , but the NHL decided instead to suspend the franchise and transfer the players to other NHL teams . Fifty @-@ four years later , after the NHL announced plans to expand , Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone decided along with colleagues Cyril Leeder and Randy Sexton that Ottawa was now able to support an NHL franchise , and the group proceeded to put a bid together . His firm , Terrace Investments , did not have the liquid assets to finance the expansion fee and the team , but the group conceived a strategy to leverage a land development . In 1989 , after finding a suitable site on farmland just west of Ottawa in Kanata on which to construct a new arena , Terrace announced its intention to win a franchise and launched a successful " Bring Back the Senators " campaign to both woo the public and persuade the NHL that the city could support an NHL franchise . Public support was high and the group would secure over 11 @,@ 000 season ticket pledges . On December 12 , 1990 , the NHL approved a new franchise for Firestone 's group , to start play in the 1992 – 93 season . = = = 1992 – 96 : First seasons = = = The new team hired former NHL player Mel Bridgman , who had no previous NHL management experience , as its first general manager in 1992 . The team was initially interested in hiring former Jack Adams Award winner Brian Sutter as its first head coach , but Sutter came with a high price tag and was reluctant to be a part of an expansion team . When Sutter was eventually signed to coach the Boston Bruins , Ottawa signed Rick Bowness , the man Sutter replaced in Boston . The new Senators played their first game on October 8 , 1992 , in the Ottawa Civic Centre against the Montreal Canadiens with lots of pre @-@ game spectacle . The Senators defeated the Canadiens 5 – 3 in one of the few highlights that season . Following the initial excitement of the opening night victory , the club floundered badly and eventually tied the San Jose Sharks for the worst record in the league , winning only 10 games with 70 losses and four ties for 24 points , three points better than the NHL record for futility . The Senators had aimed low and considered the 1992 – 93 season a small success , as Firestone had set a goal for the season of not setting a new NHL record for fewest points in a season . The long term plan was to finish low in the standings for its first few years in order to secure high draft picks and eventually contend for the Stanley Cup . Bridgman was fired after one season and Team President Randy Sexton took over the general manager duties . Firestone himself soon left the team and Rod Bryden emerged as the new owner . The strategy of aiming low and securing a high draft position did not change . The Senators finished last overall for the next three seasons . Although 1993 first overall draft choice Alexandre Daigle wound up being one of the greatest draft busts in NHL history , they chose Radek Bonk in 1994 , Bryan Berard ( traded for Wade Redden ) in 1995 , Chris Phillips in 1996 and Marian Hossa in 1997 , all of whom would become solid NHL players and formed a strong core of players in years to come . Alexei Yashin , the team 's first @-@ ever draft selection from 1992 , emerged as one of the NHL 's brightest young stars . The team traded many of their better veteran players of the era , including 1992 – 93 leading scorer Norm Maciver and fan favourites Mike Peluso and Bob Kudelski in an effort to stockpile prospects and draft picks . As the 1995 – 96 season began , star centre Alexei Yashin refused to honour his contract and did not play . In December , after three straight last @-@ place finishes and a team which was ridiculed throughout the league , fans began to grow restless waiting for the team 's long term plan to yield results , and arena attendance began to decline . Rick Bowness was fired in late 1995 and was replaced by the Prince Edward Island Senators ' head coach Dave Allison . Allison would fare no better than his predecessor , and the team would stumble to a 2 – 22 – 3 record under him . Sexton himself was fired and replaced by Pierre Gauthier , the former assistant GM of Anaheim . Before the end of January 1996 , Gauthier had resolved the team 's most pressing issues by settling star player Alexei Yashin 's contract dispute , and hiring the highly regarded Jacques Martin as head coach . While Ottawa finished last overall once again , the 1995 – 96 season ended with renewed optimism , due in part to the upgraded management and coaching , and also to the emergence of an unheralded rookie from Sweden named Daniel Alfredsson , who would win the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year in 1996 . = = = 1996 – 2004 : Jacques Martin era = = = Martin would impose a " strong defence first " philosophy that led to the team qualifying for the playoffs every season that he coached , but he was criticized for the team 's lack of success in the playoffs , notably losing four straight series against the provincial rival Toronto Maple Leafs . Martin outlasted several general managers and a change in ownership . In 1996 – 97 , his first season , the club qualified for the playoffs in the last game of the season , and nearly defeated the Buffalo Sabres in the first round . In 1997 – 98 , the club finished with their first winning record and upset the heavily favoured New Jersey Devils to win their first playoff series . In 1998 – 99 , the Senators jumped from fourteenth overall in the previous season to third , with 103 points — the first 100 @-@ point season in club history , only to be swept in the first round . In 1999 – 2000 despite the holdout of team captain Alexei Yashin , Martin guided the team to the playoffs , only to lose to the Maple Leafs in the first Battle of Ontario series . Yashin returned for 2000 – 01 and the team improved to win their division and place second in the Eastern Conference . Yashin played poorly in another first round playoff loss and on the day of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft , he was traded to the New York Islanders in exchange for Zdeno Chara , Bill Muckalt and the second overall selection in the draft , which Ottawa used to select centre Jason Spezza . The 2001 – 02 Senators regular season points total dropped , but in the playoffs , they upset the Philadelphia Flyers for the franchise 's second playoff series win . Yet the Sens would lose in game seven of the second round of the playoffs . Despite speculation that Martin would be fired , it was GM Marshall Johnston who left , retiring from the team , replaced by John Muckler , the Senators ' first with previous GM experience . In 2002 – 03 off @-@ ice problems dominated the headlines , as the Senators filed for bankruptcy in mid @-@ season , but continued play after getting emergency financing . Despite the off @-@ ice problems , Ottawa had an outstanding season , placing first overall in the NHL to win the Presidents ' Trophy . In the playoffs , they came within one game of making it into the finals . Prior to the 2003 – 04 season , pharmaceutical billionaire Eugene Melnyk would purchase the club to bring financial stability . Martin would guide the team to another good regular season but again would lose in the first round of the playoffs , leading to Martin 's dismissal as management felt that a new coach was required for playoff success . = = = 2004 – 16 : Bryan Murray era = = = After the playoff loss , owner Melnyk promised that changes were coming and they came quickly . In June 2004 , Anaheim Ducks GM Bryan Murray of nearby Shawville , became head coach . That summer , the team also made substantial personnel changes , trading long @-@ time players Patrick Lalime and Radek Bonk , and signing free agent goaltender Dominik Hasek . The team would not be able to show its new lineup for a year , as the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout intervened and most players played in Europe or in the minors . In a final change , just before the 2005 – 06 season , the team traded long @-@ time player Marian Hossa for Dany Heatley . The media predicted the Senators to be Stanley Cup contenders in 2005 – 06 , as they had a strong core of players returning , played in an up @-@ tempo style fitting the new rule changes and Hasek was expected to provide top @-@ notch goaltending . The team rushed out of the gate , winning 19 of the first 22 games , in the end winning 52 games and 113 points , placing first in the conference , and second overall . The newly formed ' CASH ' line of Alfredsson , Spezza and newly acquired Dany Heatley established itself as one of the league 's top offensive lines . Hasek played well until he was injured during the 2006 Winter Olympics , forcing the team to enter the playoffs with rookie netminder Ray Emery as their starter . Without Hasek , the club bowed out in a second round loss to the Buffalo Sabres . = = = = 2006 – 07 : Trip to the Stanley Cup finals = = = = In 2006 – 07 , the Senators reached the Stanley Cup Finals after qualifying for the playoffs in nine consecutive seasons . The Senators had a high turn @-@ over of personnel and the disappointment of 2006 to overcome and started the season poorly . Trade rumours swirled around Daniel Alfredsson for most of the last months of 2006 . The team lifted itself out of last place in the division to nearly catch the Buffalo Sabres by season 's end , placing fourth in the Eastern Conference . The team finished with 105 points , their fourth straight 100 @-@ point season and sixth in the last eight . In the playoffs , Ottawa continued its good play . Led by the ' CASH ' line , goaltender Ray Emery , and the strong defence of Chris Phillips and Anton Volchenkov , the club defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins , the second @-@ ranked New Jersey Devils and the top @-@ ranked Buffalo Sabres to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals . First Stanley Cup finals in the capital in 80 years The 2006 – 07 Senators thus became the first Ottawa team to be in the Stanley Cup final since 1927 and the city was swept up in the excitement . Businesses along all of the main streets posted large hand @-@ drawn " Go Sens Go " signs , residents put up large displays in front of their homes or decorated their cars . A large Ottawa Senators flag was draped on the City Hall , along with a large video screen showing the games . A six @-@ storey likeness of Daniel Alfredsson was hung on the Corel building . Rallies were held outside of City Hall , car rallies of decorated cars paraded through town and a section of downtown , dubbed the " Sens Mile , " was closed off to traffic during and after games for fans to congregate . In the Final , the Senators now faced the Anaheim Ducks , considered a favourite since the start of the season , a team the Senators had last played in 2006 , and a team known for its strong defence . The Ducks won the first two games in Anaheim 3 – 2 and 1 – 0 . Returning home , the Senators won game three 5 – 3 , but lost game four 3 – 2 . The Ducks won game five 6 – 2 in Anaheim to clinch the series . The Ducks had played outstanding defence , shutting down the ' CASH ' line , forcing Murray to split up the line . The Ducks scored timely goals and Ducks ' goaltender Jean @-@ Sebastien Giguere out @-@ played Emery . = = = = 2007 – 11 : A team in decline = = = = In the off @-@ season after the Stanley Cup Final , Bryan Murray 's contract was expiring , while GM John Muckler had one season remaining , at which he was expected to retire . Murray , who had previously been at GM for other NHL clubs , was expected to take over the GM position , although no public timetable was given . Owner Melnyk decided to offer Muckler another position in the organization and give the GM position to Murray . Muckler declined the offer and was relieved from his position . Melnyk publicly justified the move , saying that he expected to lose Murray if his contract ran out . Murray then elevated John Paddock , the assistant coach , to head coach of the Senators . Under Paddock , the team came out to a record start to the 2007 – 08 season . However , team play declined to a .500 level and the team looked to be falling out of the playoffs . Paddock was fired by Murray , who took over coaching on an interim basis . The club managed to qualify for the playoffs by a tie @-@ breaker , but was swept in the first round of the playoffs to the Pittsburgh Penguins . In June , the club bought @-@ out goaltender Ray Emery , who had become notorious for off @-@ ice events in Ottawa and lateness to several team practices . For 2008 – 09 , Murray hired Craig Hartsburg to coach the Senators . Under Hartsburg 's style , the Senators struggled and played under .500 . Uneven goaltending with Martin Gerber and Alex Auld meant the team played cautiously to protect the goaltender . Murray 's patience ran out in February 2009 with the team well out of playoff contention and Hartsburg was fired , although he had two years left on his contract , and the team also had Paddock under contract . Cory Clouston was elevated from the Binghamton coaching position . The team played above .500 under Clouston and rookie goaltender Brian Elliott , who had been promoted from Binghamton . Gerber was waived from the team at the trading deadline and the team traded for goaltender Pascal Leclaire , although he would not play due to injury . The team failed to make the playoffs for the first time in 12 seasons . Auld would be traded in the off @-@ season to make room . Clouston 's coaching had caused a rift with top player Dany Heatley ( although unspecified " personal issues " were also noted by Heatley ) and after Clouston was given a contract to continue coaching , Heatley made a trade demand and was traded just before the start of the 2009 – 10 season . In 2009 – 10 , the Senators were a .500 team until January , when the team went on a team @-@ record 11 @-@ game winning streak . The streak propelled the team to the top of the Northeast Division standings and a top @-@ three placing for the playoffs . The team was unable to hold off the Sabres for the division lead , but qualified for the playoffs in the fifth position . For the third season in four , the Senators played off against the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round . A highlight for the Senators was winning a triple @-@ overtime fifth game in Pittsburgh , but the team was unable to win a playoff game on home ice , losing the series in six games . = = = = 2011 – present : Rebuilding = = = = The Senators had a much poorer than expected 2010 – 2011 campaign , resulting in constant rumours of a shakeup right through until December . The rumours were heightened in January after the team went on a lengthy losing streak . January was a dismal month for the Senators , winning only one game all month . Media speculated on the imminent firing of Clouston , Murray or both . Owner Melynk cleared the air in an article in the January 22 , 2011 edition of the Ottawa Sun . Melnyk stated that he would not fire either Clouston or Murray , but that he had given up on this season and was in the process of developing a plan for the future . On Monday , January 24 , the Globe and Mail reported that the plan included hiring a new general manager before the June entry draft and that Murray would be retained as an advisor to the team . A decision on whether to retain Clouston would be made by the new general manager . The article by Roy MacGregor , a long @-@ time reporter of the Ottawa Senators , stated that former assistant coach Pierre McGuire had already been interviewed . Murray , in a press conference that day , stated that he wished to stay on as the team 's general manager . He also stated that Melnyk was allowing him to continue as general manager without restraint . Murray said that the players were now to be judged by their play until the February 28 trade deadline . Murray would attempt to move " a couple , at least " of the players for draft picks or prospects at that time if the Senators remained out of playoff contention . At the time of Murray 's comments the team was eight games under .500 and 14 points out of a playoff position after 49 games . Murray started with the trading of Mike Fisher to the Nashville Predators in exchange for a first round pick in the 2011 draft . Fisher already had a home in Nashville with new wife Carrie Underwood . The trading of Fisher , a fan favourite in Ottawa , lead to a small anti @-@ Underwood backlash in the city with the banning of her songs from the play lists of some local radio stations . Murray next traded Chris Kelly , another veteran , to the Boston Bruins for a second round pick in the 2011 draft . A few days later , pending unrestricted free agent Jarkko Ruutu was sent to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for a sixth round pick in 2011 . A swap of goaltenders was made with the Colorado Avalanche which brought Craig Anderson to Ottawa in exchange for Brian Elliott . Both goalies were having sub @-@ par seasons prior to the trade . Under @-@ achieving forward Alex Kovalev was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a seventh round draft pick . On trade deadline day , Ottawa picked up goaltender Curtis McElhinney on waivers and traded Chris Campoli with a seventh round pick to the Chicago Blackhawks for a second round pick and Ryan Potulny . Goaltender Anderson played very well down the stretch for Ottawa , and the team quickly signed the soon @-@ to @-@ be unrestricted free agent to a four @-@ year contract . After media speculation on the future of Murray within the organization , Murray was re @-@ signed as general manager on April 8 to a three @-@ year extension . On April 9 , Head Coach Cory Clouston and assistants Greg Carvel and Brad Lauer were dismissed from their positions . Murray said that the decision was made based on the fact that the team entered the season believing it was a contender , but finished with a 32 – 40 – 10 record . Former Detroit Red Wings ' assistant coach Paul MacLean was hired as Clouston 's replacement on June 14 , 2011 . As the 2011 – 12 season began , many hockey writers and commentators were convinced that the Senators would finish at or near the bottom of the NHL standings . In the midst of rebuilding , the Ottawa lineup contained many rookies and inexperienced players . The team struggled out of the gate , losing five of their first six games before a reversal of fortunes saw them win six games in a row . In December 2011 , the team acquired forward Kyle Turris from the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for David Rundblad and a draft pick . The team improved its play afterwards and moved into a playoff position before the All @-@ Star Game . For the first time in Senators ' history , the All @-@ Star Game was held in Ottawa , and it was considered a great success . Five Senators were voted in or named to the event , including Daniel Alfredsson , who was named captain of one team . The team continued its playoff push after the break . After starting goalie Craig Anderson injured his hand in a kitchen accident at home , the Senators called up Robin Lehner from Binghamton and acquired highly regarded goaltender Ben Bishop from the St. Louis Blues . While Anderson recovered , the team continued its solid play . On April 1 , 2012 , the Senators defeated the New York Islanders 5 – 1 , officially ensuring a playoff position . The team finished as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference , drawing a first round playoff matchup against the Conference champion New York Rangers . Ultimately , Ottawa lost the series in seven games . The next season , Ottawa would be challenged to repeat the success they had in 2011 – 12 , due to long @-@ term injuries to key players such as Erik Karlsson , Jason Spezza , Milan Michalek and Craig Anderson . Despite these injuries , the Senators would finish seventh in the Eastern Conference and head coach Paul MacLean would go on to win the Jack Adams Award as the NHL 's coach of the year . Ottawa would play the second @-@ seeded Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the playoffs , eventually winning in five games , blowing out Montreal 6 – 1 in games three and five . The Senators would advance to play the top @-@ seeded Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round , this time losing in five games . During the off @-@ season , the Senators traded veteran defenceman Sergei Gonchar to the Dallas Stars for a sixth round pick in the 2013 draft . July 5 , 2013 , would be a day of mixed emotions for the city and fans , as long @-@ time captain Daniel Alfredsson signed a one @-@ year contract with the Detroit Red Wings , leaving Ottawa after 17 seasons with the Senators and 14 as captain . The signing shocked numerous fans across the city and many within the Senators organization . The day finished optimistically however , as Murray acquired star forward Bobby Ryan from the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for forwards Jakob Silfverberg , Stefan Noesen and a first round pick in the 2014 draft . The hope was that Ryan would be the guy to play on the top line with Jason Spezza after Alfredsson 's departure . Murray would also sign free agent forward Clarke MacArthur to a two @-@ year contract that same day and would sign free agent defenceman Joe Corvo to a one @-@ year contract three days later on July 8 , 2013 . For the 2013 – 14 NHL season , the league realigned and Ottawa was assigned to the new Atlantic Division along with the rest of the old Northeast Division , with the additions of the Columbus Blue Jackets and Detroit Red Wings , formerly of the Western Conference . The re @-@ alignment brought increased competition to qualify for the playoffs , as there were now 16 teams in the Eastern Conference fighting for eight playoff spots . The season began with a changing of leadership , as on September 14 , 2013 , the Ottawa Senators named Jason Spezza their eighth captain in franchise history . While new addition Clarke MacArthur had a career year , Ryan and Spezza struggled to find chemistry , and Ryan was moved to a line with MacArthur and Kyle Turris , where he fared much better . Bobby Ryan also ran into injury problems during the season , and while there were times where Joe Corvo played solidly , he eventually lost his place in the lineup . The club struggled on defence , as shots and goals against numbers increased from the previous season . The club was a sub .500 team much of the season , or only a few games above and never was in a playoff position all season . At the trade deadline , Murray traded for flashy right winger Ales Hemsky from the Edmonton Oilers , quickly finding success on a line with Spezza and Michalek . The club , however , was eliminated from playoff contention in the last week of the season . At the end of the season , the club failed to come to terms on a new contract with Hemsky and captain Jason Spezza requested a trade out of Ottawa . At the 2014 NHL Entry Draft , a potential trade to the Nashville Predators was negotiated by Murray but rejected by Spezza , as the Predators were one of the teams on his limited no @-@ trade list . A deal with the Dallas Stars was eventually reached , and Spezza was sent , along with Ludwig Karlsson , in exchange for Alex Chiasson , Nick Paul , Alex Guptill and a 2015 second @-@ round pick . During the off @-@ season , the club signed free agent forward David Legwand to a two @-@ year , $ 6 million contract . At the beginning of the 2014 – 15 season , defenceman Erik Karlsson was named the franchise 's ninth captain , with the club also re @-@ signing Bobby Ryan to a seven @-@ year extension . After firing head coach Paul MacLean after 27 games with an 1	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
itic activity and guilt for his part in it , leaves his prep school to play football for the local public high school , which does not exactly welcome him . Perry ultimately adjusts and becomes accepted , leading his new team to a postseason playoff . However , the team is invited only if they agree not to bring their one African @-@ American player . Initially Perry is the only one who objects to this , but his refusal eventually stirs other students and parents to protest as well . Kirkus Reviews said of Tunis ' only football novel , " This is one of the BIG books of the Fall , and should not be pigeonholed for junior reading . " It further praised the book for illustrating " the whole rounded picture of race and color problems facing young and old today " . Sixty @-@ eight years later D.G. Myers , in " About the Manliest Sport " , his 2010 article for Commentary magazine , decries the lack of good novels about football , calling All American " the best of a bad harvest ... No one is better at describing the action on the field " , though Myers warns that " readers will find Tunis dated " . In a chapter titled " John R. Tunis : The Best of the Best " , Michelle Nolan 's 2010 book Ball Tales praises All American as " a perceptive novel of character , of morals , and it 's far ahead of its time " . Just how ahead of its time may be seen when Nolan points out that Hans Walleen 's illustrations " may be the first of an African American football player in action in an American sports novel . " With 1943 's Keystone Kids , Tunis returned to his beloved Dodgers , again addressing anti @-@ Semitism , this time as manager and shortstop Spike Russell struggles to get his brother , and the rest of the team , to accept star catcher Jocko Klein . Keystone Kids received the Child Study Association of America Golden Scroll Award as the " most challenging children 's book of the year " . The next Dodgers novel , Rookie of the Year , appeared in 1944 . Manager Russell struggles with an arrogant new pitcher . The same year Yea ! Wildcats ! took Tunis , and the reader , to Indiana for high school basketball tournament season . Tunis actually visited Indiana for his research , living with a key player and his family during tournament season . Called by Ball Tales " Hoosiers four decades before Hoosiers " , the entire Varsity team is cut over a discipline infraction , and coach Don Henderson must resist the pressures of parents and community to win at all costs . Kirkus says Yea ! Wildcats ! was " a plea for clean sport – sport for sports sake , not for gamblers – and for taking money and politics out of school sport . " Coach Henderson returned the next year in A City for Lincoln , working with juvenile delinquents and eventually running for mayor . In both these books Tunis returns to a favorite theme noted by Ryan K. Anderson in his survey of Tunis ' World War II era writings ; that parents , administrators , gamblers and other adult fans " injected improper values " into amateur sports . In one speech Coach Henderson says " I don 't really believe there are any bad kids , leastways not many . One or two , one or two perhaps ... but there 's plenty of bad parents . " World War II was on Tunis ' mind while he wrote . In 1946 's The Kid Comes Back he takes Roy Tucker into occupied France , where a plane crash injures Tucker 's back . Returning to the Dodgers , Tucker struggles to overcome his injury and cope with being the old man on the team . He becomes the voice of Tunis , emphasizing team spirit over individual glory , when he aids the rookie trying to replace him , saying " What helps you helps all " . Tunis ' sixth Dodgers novel , Highpockets , came out in 1948 . The title is the nickname for Cecil McDade , the talented rookie outfielder whose arrogance causes problems on and off the field . The novel won the Boy Scouts of America 's junior book award for 1949 . Son of the Valley , which also came out that year , is one of Tunis ' few non @-@ sports related novels , dramatizing the struggle for acceptance of the Tennessee Valley Authority among rural families displaced by a new dam . A portion of it was excerpted as " Johnny 's Experiment " in Told Under Spacious Skies . 1949 saw the publication of his next @-@ to @-@ last book about the Dodgers . Young Razzle is the story of veteran pitcher Razzle Nugent and his estranged rookie son , who reconcile during Razzle 's final season of baseball . Ball Tales calls it " Tunis ' most entertaining , if not profound , story . " = = = 1950s = = = Tunis ' next novel , Go Team Go , set in 1954 , returns to Indiana basketball . Again a coach risks the support of fans by cutting players , including the team star . The hero , Tom Williams , comes to see that his coach was right , and gets his father 's respect – and the girl – by helping the new team move forward . Buddy and the Old Pro is a 1955 novel about Pop Warner football . Tunis disliked organized sports for young children , saying " I 've always believed Little League is harmful to the extreme . It 's for the parents , and that 's what I object to ... I don 't like the idea of having little boys playing in front of their parents and friends . Little boys should be playing their sports by themselves . " In what Michelle Nolan in Ball Tales calls a " remarkable book " , Tunis uses his only non @-@ Dodgers baseball novel to emphasize a favorite theme when the young protagonist admits to his father " it 's better to lose , much as it hurts , than to play dirty " . Schoolboy Johnson closed out the decade in 1959 . Roy Tucker and teammate Speedy Mason are cut from the Dodgers and end up together on a Triple @-@ AAA team . When both men get called back , the older and wiser players teach young Schoolboy the meaning of the game . " Baseball is a test of character , how you react under pressure " . Schoolboy Johnson ended Tunis ' Dodgers series , and it was his last true sports novel until 1973 's Grand National . = = = 1960s = = = Tunis wrote only two novels in the 1960s , both set during World War II . Silence over Dunkerque appeared in 1962 . It tells the story of the evacuation of Dunkerque during World War II . The book received a starred review from Kirkus . Gail Murray in Boyhood in America called it " moving " and Children Experience Literature said it was a " grimly realistic picture of warfare and its effect on both soldiers and civilians " . According to the International Reading Association , while reading it " children may be helped to understand that history is always someone 's interpretation ... For in this story the author had the courage to admit that our men were sometimes less than brave in their desperate struggle to survive " . Tunis ' autobiography , A Measure of Independence , appeared in 1964 . Ball Tales makes it " Highly recommended for anyone who aspires to be , or remain , a freelance writer " . It barely mentions any of Tunis ' sports books , concentrating instead on his magazine career . According to The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography , some critics consider A Measure of Independence " a powerful dramatic novel written under the guise of an autobiography " . His Enemy , His Friend appeared in 1967 . Tunis considered this second World War II book to be his best work . Horn Book agreed , calling it " his finest novel ... With its irony and eloquence the story not only shows the futility of war but carries the central character to the heights of the protagonist in a Greek tragedy " . Opening with an Author 's Note stating " This is a book about the conscience of a man " , the story tells of a German sergeant , a convicted war criminal remembered by the French as the Butcher of Nogent @-@ Plage , who returns to the area twenty years after the war 's end , to play soccer . Literature IS ... Collected Essays says the novel " lays bare man 's age @-@ old confusion between his inner conscience and the demands of his culture " . = = = 1970s and death = = = In 1973 Tunis ' final sports novel appeared . Boys ' Life published an excerpt from Grand National and gave the book a positive review , calling it " exciting " . Kirkus , however , found it " sentimental " and " tepid " . The publication of Grand National brought Tunis ' total number of juvenile novels to twenty @-@ three . John R. Tunis , according to D. G. Myers " perhaps the greatest sports novelist of all time " , died on February 4 , 1975 , in Boston , Massachusetts , survived by his wife , Lucy Rogers . His papers are held at Boston University . = = Themes = = Leonard Marcus in Minders of Make @-@ Believe : Idealists , Entrepreneurs , and the Shaping of American Children 's Literature , says " Tunis 's books were never only about sports " , noting " the author 's determination to offer his readers basic lessons about good citizenship and fair play , and a chance to reflect on such rarely discussed social issues as racial equality and anti @-@ Semitism " . A doctoral study at Oklahoma State University in 1996 analyzed all of Tunis ' juvenile sports books . The predominant value found both in the books and their main characters was Courtesy / Fairness / Respect . The second most identified value was Compassion / Kindness . The study found that " the values are not portrayed didactically , as part of lessons , but rather as a natural part of the stories " . In his book What Would Frank Merriwell Do ? , Ryan Anderson also pointed out the recurring theme of fairness and sportsmanship over winning in both Tunis ' fiction and non @-@ fiction , saying " The common thread winding through all his writing became his dismay over the nation 's tendency to value winning above common decency . " In turning from primarily writing non @-@ fiction for adults to juvenile fiction Tunis did not abandon his emphasis on values over victory , but it did give him an audience that seemed more willing to listen . Rather than emphasize winning , Tunis believed that values like hard work and perseverance could be taught through sports . The 1951 football brochure for the South Dakota School of Mines & Technology Athletic Scholarship committee cites Tunis , saying " The athletic department would like to feel that the existing program can do for the engineer what John Tunis had in mind when he said , ' The deep objective of games really is to train one ’ s reflex of purpose to develop a habit of keeping steadily at something you want until it is done . ' " Many of Tunis ' biggest heroes find themselves eventually brought low , like Roy Tucker in The Kid Comes Back , whose wartime service injury may have destroyed his career , or Iron Duke Jim Wellington at Harvard , ostracized and lonely , who perseveres by running track . The real victory is in the character 's refusal to give up against long odds . " My heroes are the losers " he once said . " All my books have been in that vein . Every book I 've ever written . " In the Introduction to The Kid from Tomkinsville , Bruce Brooks writes " for Tunis a win was what happened at the ballpark some of the time , usually just before a loss . It didn 't make you a good person , anymore than a loss made you a jerk . " Tunis did not exclude the social issues of the times from his writing . In 1936 Foreign Affairs published " The Dictators Discover Sport " , about Hitler , Mussolini and their use of sports to influence , exploit and control their youth . Tunis also took on issues closer to home . He believed in the concept of " Democratic Sport " , that games open to any person " regardless of ethnicity , class , or skill " promoted the values America needed , and he used his stories to demonstrate those values , taking racism head on . According to the Child Study Association of America , in Keystone Kids " the issue of anti @-@ Semitism in American democracy is squarely faced and courageously met " . The 1942 Northwestern University radio program " Of Men and Books " featured All American in its episode titled " Children 's Books and American Unity " . In 1945 writer and reviewer Howard Pease wrote : " Only at infrequent intervals do you find a story intimately related to this modern world , a story that takes up a modern problem and thinks it through without evasion ... of our hundreds of authors , I can name only three who are doing anything to fill this void in children 's reading . These three authors — may someone present each of them with a laurel wreath — are Doris Gates , John R. Tunis , and Florence Crannell Means . " = = Legacy = = By the 1970s Tunis felt his message had been ignored or misunderstood by most Americans , saying " Nobody has paid attention ... There was a time when I expected to do some good . But that was a long while ago . " This may seem surprising considering that his New York Times obituary referred to him as a man who " helped educate a whole generation of Americans " . Perhaps seen in light of Tunis ' distrust of professional athletics , it can be understood . Though he may have felt his message against the commercialization of sports was ignored , there are those who cite Tunis as having made a lasting impact in publishing and to them personally and professionally . In literature Tunis ' contributions have sometimes been direct . His baseball books , especially The Kid from Tomkinsville , have been cited as one source of inspiration for Bernard Malamud 's book The Natural , about baseball star Roy Hobbs . Among other similarities , both Hobbs and Tucker started as pitchers but , thanks to accidents , ended up as outfielders and power @-@ hitters . It has been suggested by Michele Schiavone in her study of Tunis ' influence on Malamud and Roth that , as an early fan of the Dodgers , Malamud was familiar with Tunis ' books and borrowed from them , " consciously or not " . Bruce Brooks ' introduction to the 1987 edition of The Kid from Tomkinsville says that Tunis " obviously " inspired Mark Harris , author of Bang the Drum Slowly . And in what D. G. Myers in Best Baseball Books Ever called " one of the best pieces of ( literary ) criticism ever written " , The Kid from Tomkinsville is referenced by Nathan Zuckerman , the main character in Philip Roth 's novel American Pastoral . For Zuckerman , Tunis ' book and pitcher Roy Tucker become what Schiavone called " a template for Zuckerman 's view of the Swede " , and his realization of the " tragic underside to the American Dream " . A number of sportscasters , writers and journalists point to Tunis ' books as inspiration for their careers . Tunis is mentioned by author Daniel Okrent in the dedication for The Ultimate Baseball Book as one of " those responsible for the earliest roots of this project " . Writer and editor Tad Richards says , " I remember telling my mother ... ' When I grow up to be a writer , and people ask me about the greatest influence on my writing career , I 'm going to say John R. Tunis . ' " Among Tunis ' many childhood fans are sports writer and children 's author Thomas J. Dygard , Pulitzer Prize finalist Lee Martin , journalist Charles Kuralt and football legend Johnny Unitas . New York Post columnist and editor Pete Hamill picked The Kid From Tomkinsville as one of his five favorite sports novels , writing that " virtually every sportswriter I know remembers reading it as a boy . " In Partial Payment : Essays on Writers and Their Lives , literary critic Joseph Epstein devotes one chapter , " A Boy 's Own Author " , to Tunis . Epstein admits that re @-@ reading many childhood favorites can be disappointing , but found upon revisiting Tunis that his books are " pretty serious , and I was utterly absorbed in them " . In The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature Nancy Horton called Tunis " the forefather of the genre of young adult sports fiction " . His novels changed the way sports fiction was written , adding depth by addressing social themes and adolescent issues . Up until his time sports stories focused solely on the games , and treated the athletes as Horatio Alger stereotypes . His stories gave the games context and addressed the pressures and problems of growing up in the spotlight , moving sports from the realm of pulp magazines to serious fiction . In his tribute to the writer , Bernard Hayes said " Tunis has probably made good readers of millions of young people . " His success with the juvenile audience helped change the publishing industry . Along with writers like Howard Pease , his books demonstrated to publishers that there was money to be made in targeting books for teenagers . His influence went beyond simply creating a market for young adult books . " In his attempt to link sports with the communities in which they are played , he broached some highly significant issues in the literature written for and about America 's youth " , according to John S. Simmons in John R. Tunis and the Sports Novels for Adolescents : A Little Ahead of His Time . Tunis never considered himself a writer of boys ' books , insisting his stories could be read and enjoyed by adults . He felt that the word " juvenile " was an " odious ... product of a merchandising age " . Despite his dislike of the term , Tunis ' novels helped create and shape the juvenile fiction book market . = = Fiction = = The Kid from Tomkinsville Brooklyn Dodgers series The Kid from Tomkinsville , Harcourt , Brace , 1940 ; Keystone Kids , Harcourt , Brace , 1943 ; World Series , Harcourt , Brace , 1944 ; Rookie of the Year , Harcourt , Brace , 1944 ; The Kid Comes Back , William Morrow , 1946 ; Highpockets , William Morrow , 1948 ; Young Razzle , William Morrow , 1949 ; Schoolboy Johnson , William Morrow , 1958 ; Basketball Yea ! Wildcats ! Harcourt , Brace , 1944 ; A City for Lincoln , Harcourt , Brace , 1945 ; Go Team Go , Morrow , 1954 ; Track and Field Iron Duke , Harcourt , Brace , 1938 ; The Duke Decides , Harcourt , Brace , 1939 ; Women 's tennis American Girl , Brewer and Warren , 1930 ; Champion 's Choice , Harcourt , Brace , 1940 ; World War II Silence over Dunkerque , William Morrow , 1962 , ( WWII ) ; His Enemy , His Friend , William Morrow , 1967 , ( WWII ) ; Other titles All American , Harcourt , Brace , 1942 , ( football ) ; Million Miler , The Story of an Air Pilot , Messner , 1942 , ( biography ) ; Son of the Valley , William Morrow , 1949 , ( Tennessee Valley Authority ) ; Buddy and the Old Pro , William Morrow , 1955 , ( Pop Warner football ) ; Grand National , William Morrow , 1973 , ( horse racing ) . = = Selected non @-@ fiction = = Was College Worthwhile ? , Harcourt , Brace , 1936 ; This Writing Game , A S Barnes , 1941 , ( collected essays ) ; Sport for the Fun of It , A. S. Barnes , 1950 , ( sports handbook ) ; The American Way in Sport , Duell , Sloan and Pearce , 1958 ; A Measure of Independence , Athenaeum , 1964 , ( autobiography ) . = M @-@ 51 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 51 is a north – south state trunkline highway in the southwestern portion of the US state of Michigan . The southern terminus is at a connection with State Road 933 across the Michigan – Indiana state line near South Bend , Indiana . From there the trunkline runs north through an interchange with US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) into Niles along a route that was once part of Business US 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) . North of Niles , the highway runs parallel to a river and a rail line through rural areas . The northern terminus is on Interstate 94 ( I @-@ 94 ) west of Paw Paw . There were two other highways that bore the M @-@ 51 designation . The first connected Holland and Grand Rapids with the birth of the highway system in 1919 . After the creation of the United States Numbered Highway System in 1926 , the number was moved to a different highway in The Thumb area . That second highway was scaled back and later decommissioned in the 1960s . The current highway dates back to 1971 when the southern end of M @-@ 40 was rerouted , and the previous alignment was given the M @-@ 51 moniker . It was extended to the state line in 1998 to complete the current highway . = = Route description = = M @-@ 51 starts at the Indiana state line as a continuation of SR 933 into Michigan . The trunkline runs north through residential areas along 11th Street into Niles . On the south side of town , it meets US 12 at an interchange before continuing northward through commercial areas . Between the intersections with Maple and Main streets , M @-@ 51 splits into a one @-@ way pair of streets to follow 12th Street northbound and 11th Street southbound . Oak Street marks the western end of Bus . M @-@ 60 , and M @-@ 51 turns westward on Main Street into downtown Niles . At 5th Street , the highway turns north again to exit downtown . The highway crosses a rail line owned by Amtrak before curving northeasterly near the Plym Park Golf Course . M @-@ 51 angles parallel to the Dowagiac River and the Amtrak line as the highway crosses from Berrien County into Cass County . The landscape transitions to farmland along the river , and the highway turns to the east between Sumnerville and Pokagon . Past Pokagon , M @-@ 51 turns back northeasterly toward Dowagiac . Once the highway reaches that city , it merges with M @-@ 62 . The two highways run concurrently eastward along Spruce , Main and Division streets through downtown . M @-@ 51 turns to the north along Front Street , separating from the concurrency and leaving downtown . North of town in rural Cass County , M @-@ 51 intersects M @-@ 152 near location where the highway crosses the Dowagiac River . North of that intersection , the trunkline crosses into Van Buren County and turns to the east again . M @-@ 51 passes south of Knickerbocker Lake before turn northeasterly parallel to the rail line along Delaware Street in Decatur. after which is heads due north to I @-@ 94 . M @-@ 51 is maintained by MDOT like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 51 were the 20 @,@ 298 vehicles daily south of US 12 ; the lowest counts were the 2 @,@ 658 vehicles per day west of Decatur . M @-@ 51 between US 12 and the state line has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = = = = Previous designations = = = When the state highway system was originally signed in 1919 , M @-@ 51 was initially designated from Holland to Grand Rapids . The highway ran from Zeeland along a route that used Byron Road and 32nd Avenue to connect with Port Sheldon Street in Jenison before connecting with Chicago Drive . The highway 's course was simplified by 1924 to use Chicago Drive between Zeeland and Jenison . When the US Highway System debuted in 1926 , this original M @-@ 51 was renumbered as an extension of M @-@ 21 , and the M @-@ 51 number was reused for the original M @-@ 27 in The Thumb . The highway ran from Port Huron to M @-@ 83 ( now M @-@ 142 ) west of Harbor Beach . The designation of M @-@ 51 from Port Huron to M @-@ 46 was removed in late 1961 , and the remainder to M @-@ 142 was removed in 1965 . = = = Current designation = = = In 1971 , all of M @-@ 40 south of I @-@ 94 to Niles was reassigned the designation M @-@ 51 while M @-@ 40 was shifted to the east to take over the routing of the contemporary M @-@ 119 between Paw Paw and its intersection with US 12 in Porter Township near Mottville . The routing of M @-@ 51 was extended down to the state line in April 1998 when US 33 was decommissioned out of the state of Michigan ; the extension formed a concurrency with Business US 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) through Niles in the process . In early 2010 , the central section of Bus . US 12 was transferred to the City of Niles . In doing so , the Bus . US 12 designation was decommissioned in the city , removing that designation from the M @-@ 51 concurrency . = = Major intersections = = = United States constitutional criminal procedure = The United States Constitution contains several provisions regarding the law of criminal procedure . Petit jury and venue provisions — both traceable to enumerated complaints in the Declaration of Independence — are included in Article Three of the United States Constitution . More criminal procedure provisions are contained in the United States Bill of Rights , specifically the Fifth , Sixth , and Eighth Amendments . With the exception of the Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment , the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment , and ( maybe ) the Excessive Bail Clause of the Eighth Amendment , all of the criminal procedure provisions of the Bill of Rights have been incorporated to apply to the state governments . Several of these rights regulate pre @-@ trial procedure : access to a non @-@ excessive bail , the right to indictment by a grand jury , the right to an information ( charging document ) , the right to a speedy trial , and the right to be tried in a specific venue . Several of these rights are trial rights : the right to compulsory process for obtaining witnesses at trial , the right to confront witnesses at trial , the right to a public trial , the right to a trial by an impartial petit jury selected from a specific geography , and the right not to be compelled to testify against oneself . Others , such as the assistance of counsel and due process rights , have application throughout the proceeding . If a defendant is convicted , the usual remedy for a violation of one of these provisions is reversal of the conviction or modification of the defendant 's sentence . With the exception of structural errors ( such as the total denial of counsel ) , constitutional errors are subject to harmless error analysis , although they must be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt . With the exception of a Double Jeopardy or Speedy Trial violation , the government will usually be permitted to retry the defendant . Pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , these provisions are the source of nearly all reviewable errors in federal habeas review of state convictions . = = Relevant text = = Article Three , Section Two , Clause Three of the United States Constitution provides that : Trial of all Crimes , except in Cases of Impeachment , shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State , the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed . The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides , in relevant part , that : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . . . . The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides , in relevant part , that : Excessive bail shall not be required . . . . The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides , in relevant part , that : [ N ] or shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . = = History = = The Supreme Court of the United States issued almost no constitutional criminal procedure decisions for its first century of existence . Professor Akhil Amar highlights two reasons for this . First , the Court 's decision in Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) meant that the federal constitution did not apply in state proceedings until the incorporation of the Bill of Rights after the Fourteenth Amendment . Second , the Court lacked general appellate jurisdiction over federal criminal cases until 1891 . The Marshall Court possessed jurisdiction in criminal cases only via writs of error from state courts , original writs of habeas corpus , and certificates of division from the circuit courts . In three cases involving certificates of division , the Marshall Court decided issues of double jeopardy , but did not clearly rely on the Double Jeopardy Clause . Similarly , the Marshall Court discussed the level of detail required for a sufficient indictment without explicitly citing the Information Clause of the Sixth Amendment . In two appeals from state courts , the Taney Court considered , and rejected , double jeopardy claims arising from the hypothetical prospect of prosecution by the federal and state governments for the same conduct . The first Supreme Court decisions to reverse state criminal convictions for constitutional procedural reasons involved the exclusion of African @-@ Americans for grand and petit juries — Strauder v. West Virginia ( 1880 ) , Virginia v. Rives ( 1880 ) , Neal v. Delaware ( 1881 ) , Carter v. Texas ( 1900 ) , Rogers v. Alabama ( 1904 ) , and Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) — and the conviction African @-@ American defendants for crimes involving white victims in the southern states : by a mob @-@ dominated trial , as in Moore v. Dempsey ( 1923 ) ; and without counsel , as in Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) . = = Pre @-@ trial procedure = = = = = Bail = = = U.S. Const. amend . VIII provides : Excessive bail shall not be required . . . . Stack v. Boyle ( 1951 ) is the only case in which the Supreme Court has held the bail imposed to have been constitutionally excessive . There , the Court found $ 50 @,@ 000 to be excessive in relation to the flight risk for impecunious defendants charged under the Smith Act . In United States v. Salerno ( 1987 ) , the Court upheld the Bail Reform Act of 1984 , which authorized the consideration of future dangerousness in the determination of the amount of , or the denial of , bail . The incorporation status of the Excessive Bail Clause is unclear . In Schilb v. Kuebel ( 1971 ) , the Court stated in dicta : " Bail , of course , is basic to our system of law , and the Eighth Amendment 's proscription of excessive bail has been assumed to have application to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment . " In Murphy v. Hunt ( 1982 ) , the Court did not reach the issue because the case was dismissed as moot . Bail was included in the list of incorporated rights in McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , citing Schilb . = = = Grand Jury = = = U.S. Const. amend . V provides : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger . . . . The Grand Jury Clause applies only to capital and " otherwise infamous " crimes . Any crime " punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary " is infamous . Only those convicted of felonies , i.e. crimes punishable by greater than one year of imprisonment , are confined to a penitentiary . Any crime punishable by hard labor , regardless of the term or place of imprisonment , is also infamous . Contempt of court , even if punished by greater than one year imprisonment , is not infamous . In Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Grand Jury Clause was not incorporated to apply to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment . If the grand jury right attaches , every element of the charged crime must be submitted to the grand jury . Thus , the prosecution cannot augment the indictment without returning to a grand jury . But , the government may narrow the indictment without so returning . The Grand Jury Clause does very little , if anything , to regulate the procedures of the grand jury . For example , the Clause does not prohibit a grand jury indictment based solely on hearsay evidence . Non @-@ fundamental flaws with the grand jury , such as a violation of the defendant 's self @-@ incrimination rights or a violation of grand jury secrecy do not trigger a right not to be tried . In United States v. Williams ( 1992 ) , where the Court rejected a rule that would have required " substantial exculpatory evidence " to be presented to the grand jury , the defendant did not even argue a Fifth Amendment violation . The lack of a grand jury does not deprive the court of jurisdiction , and the defendant may waive the grand jury right . = = = Information = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation . . . . A charging instrument is constitutionally sufficient under this clause ( and under the Grand Jury Clause ) if it ( 1 ) " contains the elements of the offense intended to be charged , and sufficiently apprises the defendant of what he must be prepared to meet , " and ( 2 ) " shows with accuracy to what extent he may plead " double jeopardy in a subsequent prosecution . This right has been incorporated . In a case submitted to a grand jury , the indictment must satisfy this requirement . In cases not required to be submitted to a grand jury , the formal charging instrument is referred to as an " information " ( in the federal system and in some states ) or a " complaint . " = = = Speedy trial = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy . . . trial . . . . The Speedy Trial Clause regulates delay between the bringing of a formal criminal charge and / or the pre @-@ trial deprivation of the accused 's liberty and the start of trial . The Clause has been incorporated to apply in state prosecutions . In Barker v. Wingo ( 1972 ) , the Supreme Court announced four factors relevant to the determination of a Speedy Trial Clause violation : ( 1 ) the length of the delay , ( 2 ) the reason for the delay , ( 3 ) whether the defendant demanded a speedy trial , and ( 4 ) prejudice . Applying Barker , the Court found such a violation in Doggett v. United States ( 1992 ) , which involved an over eight @-@ year period between indictment and arrest . The only possible remedy for a Speedy Trial Clause violation is dismissal with prejudice . = = = Venue = = = U.S. Const . Art . III , § 2 , cl . 3 provides : Trial of all Crimes . . . shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State , the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed . The perceived abuse of English criminal venue law was one of the enumerated grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence , which accused George III of the United Kingdom of " transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offenses . " The " where the said Crimes shall have been committed " language refers to the locus delicti . " [ T ] he locus delicti must be determined from the nature of the crime alleged and the location of the act or acts constituting it . " Thus , a single crime may often give rise to several constitutionally permissible venues , and venue may be constitutionally permissible even if an individual defendant was never personally present in the relevant state . For example , conspiracy may be prosecuted wherever the agreement occurred or wherever any overt act was committed . For the purposes of constitutional venue , the boundaries of the states are questions of law to be determined by the judge , but the location of the crime is a question of fact to be determined by the jury . The venue provision of Article III ( regulating the location of the trial ) is distinct from the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment ( regulating the geography from which the jury pool is selected ) . The unit of the former is the state ; the unit of the later is the state and judicial district . Unlike judicial districts under the Vicinage Clause , consistent with Article III , Congress may " provide a place of trial where none was provided when the offense was committed , or change the place of trial after the commission of the offense . " = = Trial procedure = = = = = Compulsory process = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor . . . . The Compulsory Process Clause guarantees the defendant the right to obtain favorable witnesses at trial . For example , the Clause prevents a jurisdiction from precluding defendants from calling their codefendants as witnesses . Similarly , the Clause prevents the government from deporting a witness whose testimony would have been both material and favorable to the defense . The right does not pre @-@ empt reasonable procedural rules . Thus , the right does not prevent the preclusion of defense witnesses as a discovery sanction . = = = Confrontation = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . . In Crawford v. Washington ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause bars the " admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial " unless pursuant to one of the " exceptions established at the time of the founding . " " [ W ] hen the declarant appears for cross @-@ examination at trial , the Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial statements . . . so long as the declarant is present at trial to defend or explain it . " In Davis v. Washington ( 2006 ) , the Court held that the Clause places no restrictions on nontestimonial statements . Crawford did not completely define the term " testimonial . " But , Crawford held that , " [ w ] hatever else the term covers , it applies at a minimum to prior testimony at a preliminary hearing , before a grand jury , or at a former trial ; and to police interrogations . " Laboratory reports of forensic tests are also testimonial , conferring on the defendant a right to cross @-@ examine the analyst who certifies them . Statements made during police interrogation are nontestimonial if circumstances objectively indicate " that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency " but are tesitmonial if circumstances objective indicate " that there is no such ongoing emergency , and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution . " " [ T ] he relevant inquiry is not the subjective or actual purpose of the individuals involved in a particular encounter , but rather the purpose that reasonable participants would have had , as ascertained from the individuals ' statements and actions and the circumstances in which the encounter occurred . " One exception established at the founding is if the witness is " unavailable to testify , and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross @-@ examination . " Another such exception is " forfeiture by wrongdoing , " i.e. where the defendant intends to obtain and obtains the absence of the witness by wrongdoing . Still another exception is " the use of testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter asserted . " Another possible exception is for dying declarations , i.e. statements made by a speaker on the brink of death while aware that he or she is dying . = = = Petit jury , impartiality , and vicinage = = = U.S. Const . Art . III , § 2 , cl . 3 provides : Trial of all Crimes , except in Cases of Impeachment , shall be by Jury . . . . U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a . . . trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law . . . . One of the enumerated complaints in the Declaration of Independence accused King George III of " depriving us , in many Cases , of the Benefits of Trial by Jury . " Availability Depending on the authorized and actual sentence , upon demand , a criminal defendant has a right to trial by jury . The defendant does not have a right , conversely , to a bench trial without the consent of the prosecution . If the defendant is charged with crimes for which the authorized sentence exceeds six months , whether in state or federal court , the defendant has a right to a jury . Further , the defendant has a right to a trial by jury if the actual sentence exceeds six months and the charged crime has no maximum authorized sentence ( e.g. contempt of court ) . But , the defendant does not have a right to a jury in stacked misdemeanor prosecutions , even if the cumulative authorized imprisonment exceeds six months , as long as the actual sentence does not . Factors other than actual and authorized sentences may be relevant to seriousness , but so far the Court has pushed back against expanding the jury right . Impartiality The trial judge has an obligation to ensure an impartial jury , especially vis @-@ a @-@ vis juror biases and media coverage by such means as jury selection ( including voir dire and for @-@ cause challenges ) , jury sequestration , and jury instructions . For example , this may require the court to permit voir dire on the subject of the juror 's potential racial prejudice . In some circumstances , the Sixth Amendment even requires the trial judge to grant a defendant 's change of venue motion if an impartial jury cannot be obtained otherwise . The Sixth Amendment also regulates the availability and use of cause and peremptory challenges . For example , it precludes a jurisdiction from granting the prosecution for @-@ cause removal of jurors who oppose the death penalty . " The most that can be demanded of a venireman in this regard is that he be willing to consider all of the penalties provided by state law , and that he not be irrevocably committed , before the trial has begun , to vote against the penalty of death regardless of the facts and circumstances that might emerge in the course of the proceedings . " While a defendant is not obliged to use peremptory challenges to cure a trial court 's erroneous denial of a defendant 's for @-@ cause challenge , if the defendant does so , the defendant may not rely on the error for automatic reversal . Size and unanimity The Supreme Court has held that six @-@ member juries are sufficient and that five @-@ member juries are not . Verdict unanimity is not required for twelve @-@ member juries , but is required for six @-@ member juries . Vicinage The provision requiring that the jury be drawn " of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law " is known as the Vicinage Clause . The Vicinage Clause places no limits on the prosecution of crimes not committed within a state . Nor does the Clause prevent a crime from being tried by a jury from a different division ( a subset of a federal judicial district ) within the same district in which the crime was committed . The Third , Fifth , and Sixth Circuits have held that the Vicinage Clause was not incorporated against the states by the Fourteenth Amendment . = = = Public trial = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a . . . public trial . . . . The defendant has a right to have the courtroom open to the public , absent a showing of a substantial government interest that cannot be addressed by alternatives other than closure . The right to a public trial extends to pre @-@ trial matters such as a suppression hearing and jury selection . The Public Trial Clause has its roots in the " traditional Anglo @-@ American distrust for secret trials has been variously ascribed to the notorious use of this practice by the Spanish Inquisition , to the excesses of the English Court of Star Chamber , and to the French monarchy 's abuse of the lettre de cachet . " The Sixth Amendment public trial right is held by the defendant , and the excluded public have no ability to assert it . Independently , however , the public has a substantially similar First Amendment right to attend . = = = Self @-@ incrimination = = = U.S. Const. amend . V provides : [ N ] or shall any person . . . be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself . . . . While the Self @-@ Incrimination Clause primarily implicates the law of criminal investigations , the Clause also protects against self @-@ incrimination that may occur at trial . Plainly , the Clause prevents the government from compelling the defendant to testify against himself or herself at trial . Further , if the defendant chooses to testify , the Clause prevents the state from requiring her to testify first . But , if the defendant testifies , she cannot claim the privilege against self @-@ incrimination with respect to cross @-@ examination within the scope of the direct examination . Similarly , the Clause " forbids either comment by the prosecution on the accused 's silence or instructions by the court that such silence is evidence of guilt . " This principle applies at the sentencing phase , even after a plea of guilty . While the defendant is entitled to an jury instruction forbidding adverse inferences from his or her failure to testify , a defendant is not entitled to prevent such an instruction . " Nothing in the Fifth Amendment privilege entitles a defendant as a matter of constitutional right to await the end of the State 's case before announcing the nature of his defense , any more than it entitles him to await the jury 's verdict on the State 's case @-@ in @-@ chief before deciding whether or not to take the stand himself . " For example , a jurisdiction may require the defendant to disclose intended alibi witnesses before trial . = = Double jeopardy = = U.S. Const. amend . V provides : [ N ] or shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb . . . . The Double Jeopardy Clause encompasses four distinct prohibitions : subsequent prosecution after acquittal , subsequent prosecution after conviction , subsequent prosecution after certain mistrials , and multiple punishment in the same indictment . Jeopardy " attaches " when the jury empaneled , the first witness is sworn , or a plea is accepted . The " dual sovereignty doctrine " permits the federal government and each state to proceed separately . Prosecution after acquittal The government is not permitted to appeal or try again after the entry of an acquittal , whether a directed verdict before the case is submitted to the jury , a directed verdict after a deadlocked jury , an appellate reversal for sufficiency ( except by direct appeal to a higher appellate court ) , or an " implied acquittal " via conviction of a lesser included offense . In addition , the government is barred by collateral estoppel from re @-@ litigating against the same defense a fact necessarily found by the jury in a prior acquittal , even if the jury hung on other counts . This principle does not prevent the government from appealing a pre @-@ trial motion to dismiss or other non @-@ merits dismissal , or a directed verdict after a jury conviction , Nor does it prevent the trial judge from entertaining a motion for reconsideration of a directed verdict , if the jurisdiction has so provided by rule or statute . Nor does it prevent the government from retrying the defendant after a deadlocked jury , an appellate reversal other than for sufficiency , including habeas , or " thirteenth juror " appellate reversals notwithstanding sufficiency on the principle that jeopardy has not " terminated . " There may also be an exception for judicial bribery , but not jury bribery . Multiple punishment , including prosecution after conviction In Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) , the Supreme Court announced the following test : the government may separately try and punish the defendant for two crimes if each crime contains an element that the other does not . Blockburger is the default rule , unless the legislatively intends to depart ; for example , Continuing Criminal Enterprise ( CCE ) may be punished separately from its predicates , as can conspiracy . The Blockburger test , originally developed in the multiple punishments context , is also the test for prosecution after conviction . In Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) , the Court held that a double jeopardy violation could lie even where the Blockburger test was not satisfied , but Grady was overruled in United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) . Prosecution after mistrial The rule for mistrials depends upon who sought the mistrial . If the defendant moves for a mistrial , there is no bar to retrial , unless the prosecutor acted in " bad faith , " i.e. goaded the defendant into moving for a mistrial because the government specifically wanted a mistrial . If the prosecutor moves for a mistrial , there is no bar to retrial if the trial judge finds " manifest necessity " for granting the mistrial . The same standard governs mistrials granted sua sponte . = = Assistance of Counsel = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Assistance of Counsel Clause includes , as relevant here , at least six distinct rights : the right to counsel of choice , the right to appointed counsel , the right not to be constructively denied counsel , the right to conflict @-@ free counsel , the effective assistance of counsel , and the right to represent oneself pro se . A defendant does not have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel in any civil proceeding , including a deportation hearing ( even though deportability is often a collateral consequence of criminal conviction ) . Choice of counsel A defendant must be given an opportunity to retain counsel , even if not entitled to appointed counsel . Subject to considerations such as conflicts of interest , scheduling , counsel 's authorization to practice law in the jurisdiction , and counsel 's willingness to represent the defendant ( whether pro bono or for a fee ) , criminal defendants have a right to be represented by counsel of their choice . The remedy for erroneous depravation of first choice counsel is automatic reversal . In Caplin & Drysdale v. United States ( 1989 ) , the Court held that there is no Sixth Amendment exception to criminal forfeiture ; i.e. , after conviction , the government can seek forfeiture of already paid legal fees under a forfeiture statute , notwithstanding the effect on the defendant 's ability to retain counsel of choice . Appointment of counsel A defendant unable to retain counsel has the right to appointed counsel at the government 's expense . While the Supreme Court recognized this right gradually , it currently applies in all federal and state criminal proceedings where the defendant faces authorized imprisonment greater than one year ( a " felony " ) or where the defendant is actually imprisoned . A defendant does not have a right to appointed counsel if he or she is not sentenced to actual imprisonment and could not have been sentenced for more than one year , even if that conviction is later used to enhance sentencing for another crime , or even if the revocation of probation may result in actual imprisonment . Nor does the defendant have the right to appointed counsel to raise frivolous arguments on direct appeal , or to raise any arguments on habeas or other collateral appeal , even if facing execution . Constructive denial Whether counsel are appointed or retained , the Clause protects the role of counsel and certain attributes of the attorney @-@ client relationship . For example , the Clause requires that the defendant be given time to consult with counsel and that counsel be given time to investigate the case pre @-@ trial . And , the Clause also prohibits a state from barring a defendant from being cross @-@ examined by counsel , or restricting the order in which the defendant may be called as a witness . Further , the court may not prevent a defendant from consulting with her counsel during an overnight recess , even if the recess bisects direct- and cross @-@ examination of the defendant . Similarly , the defendant has a right to have her counsel make a closing argument , even if a bench trial . Conflict @-@ free counsel Whether counsel is retained or appointed , the defendant has a right to counsel without a conflict of interest . If an actual conflict of interest is present , and that conflict results in any adverse effect on the representation , the result is automatic reversal . The general rule is that conflicts can be knowingly and intelligently waived , but some conflicts are un @-@ waiveable . Ineffective assistance of counsel In Strickland v. Washington ( 1984 ) , the Court held that , on collateral review , a defendant may obtain relief if the defendant demonstrates both ( 1 ) that defense counsel 's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness ( the " performance prong " ) and ( 2 ) that , but for the deficient performance , there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different ( the " prejudice prong " ) . To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland , a defendant who pleads guilty must show that there is a reasonable probability that , but for counsel 's deficient performance , he or she would not have plead guilty . In Padilla v. Kentucky ( 2010 ) , the Court held that counsel 's failure to inform an alien pleading guilty of the risk of deportation fell below the objective standard of the performance prong of Strickland and permitted an alien who would not have plead guilty but for such failure to withdraw his guilty plea . To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland , a defendant who rejects the prosecution 's plea offer must show that there is a reasonable probability that , but for counsel 's deficient performance , the offer would have been accepted by the defendant , not withdrawn by the prosecution , and accepted by the court , and that the sentence actually received exceeded that which would have been received under the plea . Pro se representation In Faretta v. California ( 1975 ) , the Court held that a criminal defendant has the right to knowingly and voluntarily opt for pro se representation at trial . This right is not per se violated by the appointment of standby counsel . There is no constitutional right to self @-@ representation on appeal . = = Clauses of general applicability = = All of the foregoing constitutional provisions apply exclusively to criminal matters . In contrast , the due process and equal protection clauses have substantial application outside of the criminal law . = = = Due process = = = U.S. Const. amend . V provides : [ N ] or shall any person . . . be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . . . . U.S. Const. amend . XIV , § 1 provides : [ N ] or shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . . . . The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments apply generally to all stages of criminal proceedings . The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the vehicle for the incorporation of all of the foregoing rights ( with the exception of the Grand Jury Clause , the Vicinage Clause , and maybe the Excessive Bail Clause ) to apply in state criminal proceedings . Due process is also the catchall vehicle for the enforcement of fundamental fairness , even if the infirmities of a given prosecution do not neatly sound in another enumerated provision . Proof beyond a reasonable doubt The due process clauses require that the burden of proof in criminal cases be placed on the government , and that the quantum of proof be beyond a reasonable doubt . In re Winship ( 1970 ) explicitly held that " the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged . " But , the state may place the burden of proof for an affirmative defense on the defendant . Erroneous denial of a reasonable doubt instruction is a structural error that entitles the defendant to automatic reversal . Erroneous definitions of reasonable doubt do not require reversal as long as " taken as a whole , the instructions correctly conveyed the concept of reasonable doubt to the jury . " Instructions on certain evidentiary presumptions against the defendant , if interpreted as conclusive presumptions or as shifting the burden of proof to the defendant , are also unconstitutional ; permissive presumptions are constitutional . In some circumstances , a trial court must separately instruct the jury on the presumption of innocence , in addition to giving a reasonable doubt instruction . The reasonable doubt standard is primarily effectuated by jury instructions , but it retains its relevance when the trial judge considers a motion for a directed verdict of acquittal and when an appellate court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence . On federal habeas review of a state conviction for sufficiency of the evidence , to grant relief , the reviewing court must find that " upon the record evidence adduced at the trial no rational trier of fact could have found proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt . " In a successive , abusive , or defaulted federal habeas review of a state conviction , a defendant claiming " actual innocence " must show that " it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have found petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt . " Brady disclosure Brady v. Maryland ( 1963 ) is another significant , specific criminal procedural right guaranteed by the due process clauses . Brady requires a criminal conviction to be reversed if the government withholds exculpatory ( or impeachment ) material , within the government 's possession , from the defendant , and there is a reasonable probability that , if such material had been disclosed , the result of the proceeding would have been different ( " materiality " ) . Brady is a holistic , rather than piece @-@ by @-@ piece , inquiry . Whether the government acted in " good faith " or " bad faith " is irrelevant to Brady . But , if the defendant cannot prove that withheld evidence would have been exculpatory , because its import is unknown , to obtain relief , the defendant must instead show that the government acted in bad faith . The government is not required to disclose impeachment material prior to plea bargaining . Whether the government must disclose exculpatory material during plea bargaining is an open question . Mental competence " It has long been accepted that a person whose mental condition is such that he lacks the capacity to understand the nature and object of the proceedings against him , to consult with counsel , and to assist in preparing his defense may not be subjected to a trial " consistent with the Due Process Clause . The " test " is " whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding — and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him . " A state may place the burden on the defendant has to prove incompetence by the preponderance of the evidence , but the state cannot require the defendant to prove incompetence by a higher standard , such as clear and convincing evidence . The right to competence cannot be waived because waivers of constitutional rights are required to be knowing and voluntary . The state may involuntarily medicate the defendant in order to make her competent for trial , but only after factual showings that there is a state interest in punishment ( as opposed to civil confinement ) , that the medication is likely to result in competence , and that the medication is necessary to restore competence . A defendant who is competent to stand trial is therefore also competent to plead guilty , waiving the full panoply of trial rights , but not necessarily competent enough to represent herself at trial in the face of a state procedural rule requiring a higher standard of competence for pro se representation . Prosecutorial misconduct Due process prohibits the prosecution from knowingly using falsehood to convict the defendant , and requires reversal if there is a reasonable likelihood that the verdict was affected — whether the falsehood is inculpatory or goes the credibility of a witness . = = = Equal protection = = = U.S. Const. amend . XIV , § 1 provides : [ N ] or shall any State . . . deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . The equal protection clauses has at least three applications relevant to criminal proceedings : a prohibition on selective prosecution on invidious bases , a requirement that jury pools and venires represent a " fair cross section " of the community , and a prohibition on the discriminatory use of jury peremptory challenges . Selective prosecution The defendant may move to dismiss a criminal charge on the ground that he or she has been singled out for prosecution because of race , gender , religion , national origin , illegitimacy , or similar . In order to get discovery on a racial selective prosecution claim , the defendant must make the threshold showing that the government declined to prosecute similarly situated suspects of other races . The defendant is not entitled to a presumption of selective prosecution based on data regarding the overall population of convicts . Discrimination in the jury pool and venire The Equal Protection Clause prohibits the exclusion of persons from selection for a grand or petit jury on the basis of race , regardless of the race of the defendant . Further , the defendant is entitled to a jury pool that represents a " fair cross section " of the community . In order to prove a " fair cross section " violation , the defendant must show that ( 1 ) a " distinctive " ( i.e. , cognizable ) group ( 2 ) is not represented fairly and reasonably in the jury pool in proportion to the community ( 3 ) due to systematic exclusion . Discriminatory peremptory challenges While a defendant is entitled to a fair cross section in the venire , the defendant is not guaranteed a fair cross section in the actual grand jury or petit jury . Yet , the equal protection clause does regulate the use of peremptory challenges in the selection of the petit jury from the venire . In the landmark case of Batson v. Kentucky ( 1986 ) , the Supreme Court reversed a criminal conviction because of the prosecutor 's racially motivated use of peremptory challenges . There are three steps to a Batson inquiry . First , the party opposing the use of a peremptory challenge must make a prima facie case . This requires only an inference , not preponderance . Second , the party seeking the peremptory challenge must provide a permissible , neutral explanation for the challenge . Third , the trial court must decide whether the explanation is pretextual . A rationale is pretextual if it applies equally to a similarly situated juror who was seated . If the trial judge erroneously permits the striking of a juror under Batson , and the error is preserved , the only remedy is automatic reversal . If the trial judge erroneously prevents the striking of a juror under Batson , and the juror is seated , the Constitution permits a jurisdiction to utilize harmless error analysis . The race of the defendant is irrelevant to a Batson claim . Batson also permits the prosecutor to challenge defense peremptory strikes ( " reverse Batson " ) . And , Batson applies equally to race and gender . = German destroyer Z5 Paul Jacobi = Z5 Paul Jacobi was a Type 1934A @-@ class destroyer built for the Kriegsmarine in the mid @-@ 1930s . The ship was being refitted when World War II began on 1 September 1939 and was tasked to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods in the Kattegat until early 1940 . She participated in the early stages of the Norwegian Campaign by transporting troops to the Trondheim area in early April 1940 and was transferred to France later that year where she made several attacks on British shipping . Paul Jacobi spent most of 1941 under repair and returned to France in early 1942 to successfully escort two German battleships and a heavy cruiser home through the English Channel ( the Channel Dash ) . The following month , the ship helped to escort another German battleship to northern Norway and returned in May to begin another lengthy refit . Paul Jacobi spent most of 1943 inactive in the Arctic before returning to Germany in September for another refit . She was badly damaged by Allied air attacks on Kiel and was not operational again until late 1944 . She spent most of the rest of the war escorting ships as the Germans evacuated East Prussia and bombarding Soviet forces . The ship was captured by the Allies in May 1945 and spent the rest of the year under British control as the Allies decided how to dispose of the captured German ships . Paul Jacobi was ultimately allotted to France in early 1946 and renamed Desaix . She became operational later that year , but her service with the French Navy was fairly brief , with only cruises to French colonies in Africa during 1947 of note before she was paid off in late 1948 and placed in reserve in early 1949 . The ship was used as a source of spare parts of the other ex @-@ German ships in French service until she was condemned and sold for scrap in 1954 . = = Design and description = = Z5 Paul Jacobi had an overall length of 119 meters ( 390 ft 5 in ) and was 114 meters ( 374 ft 0 in ) long at the waterline . At some point before September 1939 , her stem was lengthened , which increased her overall length to 120 meters ( 393 ft 8 in ) . The ship had a beam of 11 @.@ 30 meters ( 37 ft 1 in ) , and a maximum draft of 4 @.@ 23 meters ( 13 ft 11 in ) . She displaced 2 @,@ 171 long tons ( 2 @,@ 206 t ) at standard load and 3 @,@ 110 long tons ( 3 @,@ 160 t ) at deep load . The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets , each driving one propeller shaft , were designed to produce 70 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 51 @,@ 000 kW ; 69 @,@ 000 shp ) using steam provided by six high @-@ pressure Wagner boilers . The ship had a designed speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) , but her maximum speed was 38 @.@ 7 knots ( 71 @.@ 7 km / h ; 44 @.@ 5 mph ) . Paul Jacobi carried a maximum of 752 metric tons ( 740 long tons ) of fuel oil which was intended to give a range of 4 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 100 km ; 5 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) , but the ship proved top @-@ heavy in service and 30 % of the fuel had to be retained as ballast low in the ship . The effective range proved to be only 1 @,@ 530 nmi ( 2 @,@ 830 km ; 1 @,@ 760 mi ) at 19 knots . The crew numbered 10 officers and 315 enlisted men , plus an additional four officers and 19 enlisted men if serving as a flotilla flagship . The ship carried five 12 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter ( 5 in ) SK C / 34 guns in single mounts with gun shields , two each superimposed , fore and aft . The fifth gun was carried on top of the aft superstructure . Her anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of four 3 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) SK C / 30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six 2 @-@ centimeter ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) C / 30 guns in single mounts . Paul Jacobi carried eight above @-@ water 53 @.@ 3 @-@ centimeter ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes in two power @-@ operated mounts . A pair of reload torpedoes were provided for each mount . Four depth charge throwers were mounted on the sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern . Enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each . Mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines . A system of passive hydrophones designated as ' GHG ' ( Gruppenhorchgerät ) was fitted to detect submarines . An active sonar system was probably installed by the end of 1940 , but it is uncertain when it was actually done . During the war , the ship 's light anti @-@ aircraft armament was augmented several times . Improved 2 cm C / 38 guns replaced the original C / 30 guns and three additional guns were added sometime in 1941 . The two guns on the aft shelter deck were replaced by a single 2 cm quadruple Flakvierling mount , probably during her mid @-@ 1942 refit . During 1944 – 45 , Paul Jacobi was one of the few destroyers to receive the full " Barbara " anti @-@ aircraft refit in which all of her existing 3 @.@ 7 cm and most of her 2 cm guns were replaced with improved models in greater numbers . The fifth 12 @.@ 7 cm gun was removed to compensate for the weight of the additional weapons . She retained her Flakvierling mount and , by the end of the war , the rest of her anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of four twin and two single 3 @.@ 7 cm SK M / 42 mounts , four twin and one single 2 cm mounts on the forecastle and sides of the bridge . = = Construction and career = = Paul Jacobi , named after Paul Jacobi , was ordered on 9 January 1935 and laid down at DeSchiMAG , Bremen on 15 July 1935 as yard number W899 . She was launched on 24 March 1936 and completed on 29 June 1937 . The ship participated in the late 1937 naval maneuvers as part of the Second Destroyer Division ( 2 . Zerstörerdivision ) . Paul Jacobi and her sister ship Z8 Bruno Heinemann sailed to Norway in April 1938 to test the new 15 @-@ centimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) TbtsK C / 36 gun planned for later classes of destroyers . Bruno Heinemann had been fitted with four of the new weapons and they were removed after gunnery trials off Ålesund were completed . Paul Jacobi participated in the August 1938 Fleet Review as part of the 2nd Destroyer Division and the following fleet exercise . The division accompanied the heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee on her voyage to the Mediterranean in October where they visited Vigo , Tangiers , and Ceuta before returning home . The destroyer had a lengthy refit at Wilhelmshaven from February 1939 to 29 September . After she finished working up on 11 October , Paul Jacobi was tasked to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods in the Skaggerak until February 1940 between visits to the shipyard . The ship was allocated to Group 2 for the Norwegian portion of Operation Weserübung . The group 's task was to transport the 138th Mountain Infantry Regiment ( Gebirgsjäger @-@ Regiment 138 ) of the 3rd Mountain Division to seize Trondheim together with the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper . The ships began loading troops on 6 April and set sail the next day . Paul Jacobi and her sisters Bruno Heinemann and Theodor Riedel each carried a company of mountain troops tasked to seize the forts defending the entrance to the Trondheimsfjord . En route the weather was so bad that Paul Jacobi rolled so far to port that water flooded the port boiler intakes , temporarily shutting down the port engine , and washing five men overboard . After passing the surprised forts the ships were able to land their troops and capture the forts with little difficulty . All of the destroyers had suffered storm damage en route and were low on fuel because none of the oil tankers had arrived yet . Admiral Hipper was ordered home on 10 April . Fuel was transferred from Paul Jacobi and Bruno Heinemann to Friedrich Eckoldt , enough to allow her to escort the cruiser home . Paul Jacobi remained in Trondheim until early May with engine troubles . Her aft torpedo tubes were removed and remounted on a pair of impounded small boats to improve the local defenses . Sometime in 1940 – 41 the ship was fitted with a FuMO 21 or FuMO 24 radar set above the bridge . She arrived at Wilhelmshaven on 10 May and spent the next month under repair . Paul Jacobi returned to Trondheim on 30 June and helped to screen the crippled battleship Gneisenau as she returned to Kiel on 25 July . The ship laid a minefield in the North Sea before she was transferred to the Atlantic Coast of France in mid @-@ September . Now based at Brest the ship helped to lay a minefield in Falmouth Bay during the night of 28 / 29 September . Five ships totalling only 2 @,@ 026 GRT were sunk by this minefield . Paul Jacobi arrived back at Wilhelmshaven to begin a lengthy refit that lasted until October 1941 . While departing Aarhus , Denmark for Norway , she fouled a buoy that damaged her port propeller and had to return to Kiel for repairs that took until 24 November . After loading mines at Aarhus , she had a boiler breakdown and had to return to Germany . While docked at Wilhelmshaven on 29 December , Paul Jacobi was slightly damaged by bomb splinters that also killed three crewmen . She escorted the battleship Tirpitz for several days in mid @-@ January 1942 as the battleship sailed from the Baltic to Trondheim . Paul Jacobi , together with the rest of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla , sailed from Kiel on 24 January for France as part of the preparations for the Channel Dash . On the evening of 25 January , Z8 Bruno Heinemann struck two mines laid by HMS Plover off the Belgian coast and sank . Paul Jacobi rescued 34 of the survivors and proceeded to Le Havre to put them ashore before reaching Brest on the 26th . The German ships departed Brest on 11 February , totally surprising the British . Paul Jacobi helped to repel an attack by five British destroyers and evaded a series of aerial attacks without damage . Shortly afterwards , the ship joined four other destroyers in escorting Prinz Eugen and the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer to Trondheim . Heavy weather forced Paul Jacobi and two other destroyers to return to port before reaching Trondheim and Prinz Eugen was badly damaged by a British submarine after their separation . On 6 March , the battleship Tirpitz , escorted by Paul Jacobi and three other destroyers , sortied to attack the returning convoy QP 8 and the Russia @-@ bound PQ 12 as part of Operation Sportpalast ( Sports Palace ) , but the ship was ordered back to port that evening . Two months later , in Operation Zauberflote ( Magic Flute ) , Paul Jacobi , the destroyer Z25 , and two torpedo boats escorted the badly damaged heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen from Trondheim to Kiel from 16 – 18 May . Two days after her arrival , the destroyer began a lengthy refit that lasted until December . On 9 January 1943 , together with two other destroyers , she escorted Scharnhorst and Prinz Eugen as they attempted to return to Norway from Gotenhafen . The ships were spotted en route two days later by an aircraft from the Royal Air Force and the attempt was abandoned as the element of surprise was lost . The following month , Paul Jacobi made her way independently to Bogen Bay , Norway . She screened the battleships Tirpitz and Scharnhorst , as well as Lützow to the Altafjord , closer to the Allied convoy routes to Russia , in mid @-@ March . Two weeks later , the ship , her sister Z6 Theodor Riedel , and the destroyer Z20 Karl Galster sailed for Jan Mayen island on 31 March to rendezvous with the blockade runner , MV Regensburg . They searched for several days before increasingly heavy weather forced them to return to port with storm damage . Unbeknownst to the Germans , Regensburg had been intercepted and sunk by a British cruiser on 30 March . Paul Jacobi escorted Lützow back to Kiel in September and then began yet another lengthy refit on 30 September . The ship was badly damaged during an air raid on Kiel on 13 December . One bomb struck the forecastle and started a severe fire while four others landed inside the dry dock itself , riddling her with splinters and sinking the ship . Paul Jacobi was not refloated until April and the refit itself was not completed until November . The ship had to be fitted with a new bow section , new radars , and a new goalpost @-@ shaped foremast to allow the radar antenna to rotate a full 360 ° . After being damaged again by bomb splinters during an air raid on 18 July , she was towed to Swinemünde to be completed . Paul Jacobi was declared operational on 13 November and she escorted the hospital ship SS General von Steuben from Gotenhafen to Swinemünde . The destroyer 's new 3 @.@ 7 cm guns were installed on 20 December . While conducting torpedo training off the Swedish island of Gotland on 14 January 1945 , one of her torpedoes circled back around and hit Paul Jacobi , inflicting only minor damage . She was back in action by the 19th , escorting ships in the eastern Baltic Sea . During one of these missions , the ship was accidentally rammed in the stern by the freighter SS Helga Schröder . Repairs took until 27 February to complete , and the Kriegsmarine took advantage of the opportunity to add more AA guns . Paul Jacobi bombarded Soviet forces on 6 – 9 March and alternated between bombardment and escort tasks for the rest of the war as the Germans evacuated East Prussia in the face of advancing Soviet armies . On 2 May , her gyrocompass was sabotaged by some of her crew to prevent the ship from screening the last few refugee convoys . Three men were convicted by a drumhead court @-@ martial and sentenced to death by Rear Admiral ( Konteradmiral ) Bernhard Rogge . Paul Jacobi was decommissioned five days later at Flensburg and sailed to Wilhelmshaven under British control on 21 May to have her fate determined . France was initially denied any of the captured ships , but eventually received Paul Jacobi and three other destroyers . She arrived in Cherbourg on 15 January 1946 and was turned over to the French on 4 February . Renamed Desaix that same day , after General Louis Desaix , the ship was assigned to the 1st Division of Large Destroyers ( contre @-@ torpilleurs ) and conducted trials in September . In March – June 1947 , she formed part of the escort for the battleship Richelieu as the President of France , Vincent Auriol , visited West and North Africa . Desaix visited North Africa by herself later that year . She took part in the spring naval maneuvers in 1948 and in a naval review for Auriol off Brest on 30 May . The ship was present in Saint @-@ Malo during the commemoration of the centenary of the death of François @-@ René de Chateaubriand and she visited Bordeaux before returning to Cherbourg on 4 November . Desaix was decommissioned before the end of the year and reduced to reserve in January 1949 . She was used as a source of spare parts until she was condemned on 17 February 1954 . Her hulk was redesignated as Q02 and she was sold for scrap in June . She was towed to Rouen for demolition . = Portrait of a Young Girl ( Christus ) = Portrait of a Young Girl is a small oil @-@ on @-@ oak panel painting by the Early Netherlandish painter Petrus Christus . It was completed towards the end of his life , between 1465 and 1470 , and is held in the Gemäldegalerie , Berlin . It marks a major stylistic advance in contemporary portraiture ; the girl is set in an airy , three @-@ dimensional , realistic setting , and stares out at the viewer with a complicated expression that is reserved , yet intelligent and alert . It is widely regarded as one of the most exquisite portraits of the Northern Renaissance . Art historian Joel Upton described the sitter as resembling " a polished pearl , almost opalescent , lying on a cushion of black velvet . " The panel builds on the work of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden , and was highly influential in the decades after its completion . Its appeal lies in part in her intriguing stare , accentuated by the slight misalignment of her eyes , while the eyebrows are faintly skewed . = = Description = = Christus frames his sitter in a rigid and balanced architectural setting . She is positioned within a narrow rectangular space , before a wainscotted wall . The image is divided by the horizontal parallel lines of her wainscot and blouse , which join at the inverted triangle formed by the neckline of her dress . The rendering of the background departs somewhat from contemporary conventions in portraiture : Christus sets the girl against a dark brown wall with little detail , in contrast to the elaborate interiors of Jan van Eyck , who is often regarded as Christus ' master . It is defined entirely by its material , a wooden dado rail along the top and the wainscot that forms the lower portion . The wall sets her in a realistic interior , perhaps intended to represent a space within her home . Light falls on the pictorial space from the left , creating shadows against the back wall , the strongest cast by the girl 's hennin . The depth of space provided by the back wall gives room for this detailing , which Charles Sterling believes is indebted to van Eyck . The light throws a murky but curved shadow on the wall behind the girl and acts as a counterpoint to the contour of her cheek and hairline . The girl has pale skin , almond and slightly oriental eyes and a petulant mouth . She reflects the Gothic ideal of elongated facial features , narrow shoulders , tightly pinned hair and an almost unnaturally long forehead , achieved through tightly pulled @-@ back hair which has been plucked at the top . She is dressed in expensive clothing and jewellery and seems to be uncommonly elegant . She looks out of the canvas in an oblique but self @-@ aware and penetrating manner that some art historians have described as unnerving . Joanna Woods @-@ Marsden remarks that a sitter acknowledging her audience in this way was virtually unprecedented even in Italian portrait painting . Her acknowledgment is accentuated by the painting 's crop , which focuses the viewer 's gaze in a near @-@ invasive manner that seems to question the relationship between artist , model , patron and viewer . The headdress is a variant of the truncated or bee @-@ hive hennin , then fashionable at the Burgundian court . A very similar style , with no tail , is seen on the older of two girls in the donor panels of Presentation of Christ by the Master of the Prado Adoration of the Magi , a pupil of Rogier van der Weyden . The black band under the chin is rarely found in other images from the period , and has been interpreted as a style borrowed from the male chaperon hat , which always has a long tailing tail or cornette , sometimes worn wrapped under the chin in this way . The influence of van Eyck can be seen in the delicate rendering of the textures and details of the dress , trimmings and adornments . Her pale skin and strong bone structure is strongly van Eyckian , and recalls the male sitter in his Arnolfini Portrait . But in other ways Christus abandons the developments made by van Eyck and Robert Campin . He reduces the emphasis on volume of those artists , in favour of an elongation of form ; the narrow , slight upper body and head are , according to the art historian Robert Suckale , " heightened by the V @-@ shaped neckline of the ermine and the cylindrical hat . " Further , while the first generation of Early Netherlandish painters benefited from the patronage of the newly emerging middle class , secularising portraiture , and removing it from the preserve of royalty , Christus renders the girl as aristocratic , haughty , sophisticated , and exquisitely dressed . = = Identity of the sitter = = In a letter dated 1824 or 1825 Gustav Waagen , later Director of the Berlin Museums , gave his interpretation of Latin inscriptions he had seen on the original frame of the portrait , which was subsequently lost . As well as a Christus signature , he found an identification of the sitter as " a niece of the famous Talbots " ( eine Nichte des berühmten Talbots ) . His research led to a consensus that the sitter was a member of the leading English family , the Talbots , then headed by the Earl of Shrewsbury . In 1863 George Scharf suggested the panel was intended as the right @-@ hand wing to a diptych with the 1446 Portrait of Edward Grimston ( or " Grymston " ) in the National Gallery , London , leading to speculation that the girl might be Grimston 's first wife , Alice . This was rejected by Grete Ring in 1913 , on the basis that neither the dimensions nor background of the panels match , and that the Berlin panel was most probably completed some 20 – 30 years after the Grimston portrait . Joel Upton , supporting Waagen 's analysis , investigated whether the " famous Talbot " was John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury , killed at the Battle of Castillon in 1453 . However , John Talbot had only one niece , Ankaret , who died in infancy in 1421 . Lorne Campbell suggests that given the Latin signature , Waagen might have misinterpreted the word " nepos " , which can also mean " grandchild " . Upton concludes that she was more likely a daughter of John Talbot , 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury , either Anne or Margaret . Their parents married between 1444 and 1445 , suggesting that the sitter was under 20 at the time of the portrait . She may have travelled to Bruges to attend the famously lavish wedding in 1468 of Margaret of York , sister of Edward IV of England , to Charles the Bold , Duke of Burgundy . = = Provenance = = The earliest extant record of the painting is in a 1492 inventory of the Medici family , where it is described as a small panel bust of a French lady , coloured in oil , the work of Pietro Cresci of Bruges . However , it seems from other works in the collection that the scribe was uninformed and noted any piece of northern art in the collection as " French " . It was highly valued , with an unusually high price of 40 florins , and prominently displayed . The record does not address the matter of the girl 's identity beyond her nationality , indicating that the painting was regarded as of aesthetic rather than historical interest . In the 20th century Erwin Panofsky was instrumental in furthering Christus ' reputation as a major 15th @-@ century northern painter , described the work as an " enchanting , almost French @-@ looking portrait " , perhaps noting the resemblance to the virgin in Jean Fouquet 's Melun Diptych . Sterling picks up on this , noting the many similarities between the two women , including their tightly pulled @-@ back hair , high cheek bones , slanted eyes and sulky expressions . The portrait entered the Prussian royal collection with the purchase in 1821 of the Edward Solly collection , from which the then @-@ recently formed Gemäldegalerie , Berlin , was allowed to take its pick . It was positively identified in 1825 as an original by Christus when Waagen identified the lettering on the ( now lost ) frame " PETR XPI " as shorthand for " Petrus Christophori " , which he associated with the " Pietro Christa " mentioned by Giorgio Vasari in the 1568 edition of his " Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects " . In this way , Waagen also identified Christus ' so @-@ called Saint Eligius panel , now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ( and seen as just a portrait of a goldsmith ) , marking the painter 's rediscovery after centuries of obscurity . Before this identification , a number of his paintings had been attributed to Jan van Eyck , but became identified with Christus after Waagen established him as a distinct and separate master . Christus is known to have signed six extant works , sometimes with the text " PETR XPI ME FECIT " ( Petr Xpi made me ) . Over the next century sketches of Christus ' biography were constructed , as art historians – notably Panofsky – slowly disentangled his works from those of van Eyck . = = Dating = = The painting was dated c . 1446 by Wolfgang Schöne in the 1930s , mainly by matching the style and fashion of her clothing to contemporary trends . In the early 20th century the dating and authorship of works then attributed to Christus were challenged . Max Friedländer proposed a number of dates and an ordering of works in the 1957 volume of his Early Netherlandish painting , but many of his assumptions were discounted by Otto Pächt just a few years later . In 1953 , Erwin Panofsky established that Schöne 's dating was at least twenty years too early . In his view , the girl 's dress resembles Burgundian high fashion of the late 1460s to mid @-@ 1470s . He compared the hennin worn by Maria Portinari in a c . 1470 portrait by Hans Memling , and her gown to that worn by a lady in an illumination from around the 1470s Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse of Bruges . Sterling , placing the work as c . 1465 , remarks that the hennin in the Berlin panel is of a different type to that of the New York painting . The New York headdress is far more extended , and seems to be of a style prevalent a few years after , and moreover lacks the draped and hanging veil . Sterling further notes that the panel has increased depth of field and more intricate detailing of light than Christus ' earlier works . On this basis he believes the work was executed late in the artist 's career . = Thomas of Bayeux = Thomas of Bayeux ( died 18 November 1100 ) was Archbishop of York from 1070 until 1100 . He was educated at Liège and became a royal chaplain to Duke William of Normandy , who later became King William I of England . After the Norman Conquest , the king nominated Thomas to succeed Ealdred as Archbishop of York . After Thomas ' election , Lanfranc , Archbishop of Canterbury , demanded an oath from Thomas to obey him and any future Archbishops of Canterbury ; this was part of Lanfranc 's claim that Canterbury was the primary bishopric , and its holder the head of the English Church . Thomas countered that York had never made such an oath . As a result , Lanfranc refused to consecrate him . The King eventually persuaded Thomas to submit , but Thomas and Lanfranc continued to clash over ecclesiastical issues , including the primacy of Canterbury , which dioceses belonged to the province of York , and the question of how York 's obedience to Canterbury would be expressed . After King William I 's death Thomas served his successor , William II , and helped to put down a rebellion led by Thomas ' old mentor Odo of Bayeux . Thomas also attended the trial for rebellion of the Bishop of Durham , William de St @-@ Calais , Thomas ' sole suffragan , or bishop subordinate to York . During William II 's reign Thomas once more became involved in the dispute with Canterbury over the primacy when he refused to consecrate the new Archbishop of Canterbury , Anselm , if Anselm was named the Primate of England in the consecration service . After William II 's sudden death in 1100 , Thomas arrived too late to crown King Henry I , and died soon after the coronation . = = Early life = = Thomas is sometimes referred to as Thomas I to distinguish him from his nephew Thomas , who was also an Archbishop of York . The elder Thomas ' father was a priest named Osbert ; his mother was named Muriel , but little else of them is known . He had a brother named Samson , who was Bishop of Worcester from 1086 until 1112 . He was of Norman descent . Under the patronage of Odo , Bishop of Bayeux , both boys were sent to Liège for their education . Thomas may also have studied with Lanfranc in Normandy while the latter was teaching at the Abbey of Bec , and some scholars contend that he also studied in Germany and Spain . Thomas then returned to Normandy to become one of Bishop Odo 's officials and a chaplain , or secretary . He was a canon and the treasurer of Bayeux Cathedral as well as a member of Duke William 's ducal clergy before the Norman Conquest of England . The new King named him a royal clerk after the Battle of Hastings . = = Archbishop under William I = = Thomas succeeded Ealdred as Archbishop of York in 1070 ; he was nominated on 23 May and was probably consecrated on 25 December . The appointment of Thomas was a departure for the King , who had usually promoted Norman nobles or monks when he was still Duke of Normandy . The appointment was more consistent with English norms , as most of those appointed to the English episcopate before the Conquest had previously been royal clerks . Shortly after Thomas ' election , Lanfranc , pursuing a claim that Canterbury was the primatial see , or bishopric , of England , demanded that Thomas provide a written oath swearing to obey both Lanfranc and any future Archbishops of Canterbury . Thomas declined to make such a written promise , so Lanfranc refused to consecrate him . Thomas argued that Lanfranc 's demand was unprecedented , as no other Archbishop of York had been required to swear such an oath before . King William wanted clear lines of authority in the church to match the lines of authority in the secular sphere ; thus , the King supported Lanfranc in the dispute . Royal pressure induced Thomas to submit to Lanfranc and Thomas was consecrated , but his profession of obedience was made orally to Lanfranc personally and not in writing or to any future archbishops of Canterbury . Although this settled the issue between Thomas and Lanfranc , it was the beginning of the long @-@ running Canterbury – York dispute over the claims of Canterbury to have jurisdiction over York . The next year both archbishops travelled to Rome for their palliums , where Thomas took advantage of the opportunity to ask Pope Alexander II to decree that the sees of Canterbury and York were equal . Thomas also sought to have the pope declare that the midland sees of Worcester , Dorchester on Thames , and Lichfield – all south of the River Humber – were part of the Archdiocese of York rather than Canterbury . The 12th @-@ century chronicler Eadmer , a monk at Canterbury , wrote much later that Thomas had resigned and surrendered his archiepiscopal symbols , but they were promptly returned to him by Lanfranc on the pope 's orders . The story 's partisan source casts some doubt on its accuracy . The pope referred the dispute to a council of English prelates , which met at Windsor during Whitsuntide in 1072 . The council decided that the Archbishop of Canterbury was the superior of the Archbishop of York and further ruled that York had no rights south of the Humber River . This meant that the disputed bishoprics were taken from the province of York , an outcome that probably had the support of the King , who aimed to prevent the separation of the north from the rest of England . By depriving the Archbishop of suffragans , William limited York 's power and separatist tendencies . The medieval chronicler Hugh the Chanter commented that by requiring Thomas to obey Canterbury , the King removed the threat that Thomas might crown someone else as King of England – such as the Danish king . However , the council of Windsor also ruled that York 's province included Scotland . Although Thomas was required to profess obedience to Lanfranc and Lanfranc 's successors , the obedience did not mention nor was held to acknowledge any primacy of Canterbury , and it did not bind Thomas ' successors . All of these decisions were ratified in the Accord of Winchester that year , witnessed by the King and the papal legate , or representative of the pope , as well as many bishops and abbots . Thomas then made a written profession of obedience , some time after late May . Lanfranc wrote to Alexander II , attempting to get a written papal privilege of Canterbury 's primacy , but Alexander replied that Lanfranc must personally resubmit the case to the papal court before a papal privilege could be issued . Alexander died in 1073 . His successor , Pope Gregory VII , was opposed to the idea of primacies , and the matter of the papal privilege for Canterbury went nowhere . In 1073 , with the help of Wulfstan , Bishop of Worcester and Peter , Bishop of Chester , Thomas consecrated Radulf as Bishop of Orkney in an attempt to increase York 's authority in Scotland . Wulfstan often performed episcopal functions in parts of the diocese of York during the 1070s for Thomas , especially in areas that were still in turmoil after the conquest . Thomas reorganised the cathedral chapter during his archiepiscopate , establishing a group of secular canons with individual prebends to provide the clergy with income . The cathedral chapter at York had until then lived in a group , but Thomas ' reforms allowed the clergy to live in their own houses . Thomas also set up a number of officials within the cathedral chapter , including a dean , treasurer , and precentor . He increased the number of clergy in the chapter , increasing it from the three he found at York when he took office , and reorganised the episcopal and chapter 's estates , giving a number of estates to the chapter . He introduced the continental system of archdeacons to the Diocese of York , dividing the diocese into territorial units and appointing an archdeacon to each . Archdeacons were responsible for aiding the bishop or archbishop with his episcopal duties , collecting revenues , and presiding over some judicial courts . = = Rebuilding the cathedral = = Shortly before Thomas ' appointment , York Minster , the cathedral of the archdiocese , was damaged in a fire that swept through York on 19 September 1069 , and which also destroyed the refectory and dormitory for the canons . Soon after his consecration , Thomas had a new dormitory and refectory built and a new roof put on the cathedral ; these appear to have been temporary measures however , as some time later , probably in about 1075 , he ordered the construction of a new cathedral on a different site . The new building , much larger than the one it replaced , has not survived . It was excavated between 1966 and 1973 , showing the plan of the cathedral to be different from most others built in England around that time . It was longer , had no aisles in the nave , and it had a rectangular ring crypt that had been long out of style in 1075 . Because of the way the foundations were laid out , it appears likely that the entire building was planned and built in one design phase , with few modifications . It may have been that Thomas designed his cathedral to be as unlike Canterbury Cathedral as possible , perhaps because of the conflict between York and Canterbury over primacy . William of Malmesbury , a 12th @-@ century writer , states that Thomas finished the cathedral , and this is corroborated by the fact that Thomas was buried in the minster in 1100 . Some elements of Thomas ' structure are still visible in the crypt of York Minster . = = Serving William II = = After the death of the Conqueror , Thomas was loyal to the third son , William Rufus , who had inherited England instead of the eldest brother , Robert Curthose . Thomas supported Rufus despite a rebellion led by his old mentor Odo of Bayeux , and the Archbishop accompanied the King on his campaigns to put down the revolt . Thomas attended the subsequent trial for rebellion in 1088 of William de St @-@ Calais , Bishop of Durham , who had sided with Odo . William was Thomas ' sole suffragan bishop , but it was Thomas who pronounced the sentence of the court . In 1092 and again in 1093 the dispute with Canterbury resurfaced , when Thomas complained about what he felt were infringements of York 's rights . The first of these occasions was over the dedication of Remigius de Fécamp 's new cathedral at Lincoln and the second concerned the consecration of Anselm as Archbishop of Canterbury . Thomas refused to consecrate Anselm if the latter was referred to as Primate of England . The impasse was finally resolved by naming Anselm the Metropolitan of Canterbury . The medieval chronicler Eadmer , Anselm 's biographer and a Canterbury partisan , says that Anselm was consecrated as the primate . Hugh the Chanter , who was a member of the York community , stated that the metropolitan title was used . Modern historical opinion is divided , with Frank Barlow , author of The English Church 1066 – 1154 inclined towards the primatial title , but with Richard Southern , in his biography of Anselm , leaning towards the metropolitan title . The whole affair is probably subject to much duplicity and dishonesty , with both sides presenting biased accounts . Herbert de Losinga was appointed a papal legate in 1093 by Pope Urban II to investigate the matter of Thomas ' profession of obedience to Lanfranc . Herbert seems to have done nothing about investigating the issue . Also in 1093 , King William II gave the Archbishops of York the right to appoint the Abbot of Selby Abbey in compensation for the loss of York 's claim to the Diocese of Lincoln . While Anselm was in exile after quarrelling with the King in 1097 , Thomas consecrated Herbert de Losinga as Bishop of Norwich , Ralph de Luffa to the See of Chichester , and Hervey le Breton as Bishop of Bangor , an unusual step because these dioceses were in Canterbury 's province , and it was Anselm 's right to consecrate the new bishops . In 1100 after the sudden death of King William II and the seizure of power by the King 's younger brother Henry , Thomas arrived in London too late to crown Henry I , as the ceremony had already been performed by Maurice , Bishop of London , in the absence of both archbishops . Anselm at this time was still in exile . Thomas was initially angry at the slight , until it was explained to him that the King had worried over the chance of disorder in the kingdom if there was a delay . To mollify him , Thomas was allowed to crown the King publicly at a church council held soon after the coronation . = = Death and legacy = = Thomas died at York on 18 November 1100 . He was considered to have been an excellent archbishop , and ensured his cathedral clergy was well cared for . He repaired the cathedral and did much to promote trade in the city of York . Thomas also helped to advance the careers of his family ; one of his nephews , Thomas II of York , became Archbishop of York in 1108 , and another , Richard , became Bishop of Bayeux in 1107 . During his lifetime , Thomas was praised for his learning , his encouragement of education in his diocese , and his generosity . He was an excellent singer and composed hymns . In his youth , he was known for having a sturdy build , and in his old age he had a ruddy complexion and snow white hair . Thomas composed the epitaph placed on William the Conqueror 's tomb in St. Etienne in Caen , but the chronicler Orderic Vitalis felt that Thomas was chosen more for his rank than for his skill in composition . Thomas did not concern himself with the church – state issues surrounding the Investiture Crisis , but he was tenacious in defending the independence of York against the efforts of Canterbury to assert primacy over the whole of England . Later authors , including William of Malmesbury and Hugh the Chantor , praised Thomas for his generosity , chastity , elegance , and charm . = Póvoa de Varzim = Póvoa de Varzim ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpɔvwɐ ðɨ vɐɾˈzĩ ] , locally [ ˈpɔβwə ðɨ βəɾˈzĩŋ ] ) , also spelled Povoa de Varzim , is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub @-@ region of Greater Porto . It sits in a sandy coastal plain , a cuspate foreland , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers . The population of the municipality was 63 @,@ 408 at the time of the 2011 census . According to the 2001 census , there were 63 @,@ 470 inhabitants , with 42 @,@ 396 living in the city proper . The city expanded , southwards , to Vila do Conde , and there are about 100 @,@ 000 inhabitants in the urban area alone . It is the seventh @-@ largest urban agglomeration in Portugal and the third largest in Northern Portugal . Permanent settlement in Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of Cividade de Terroso , a fortified city , which developed maritime trade routes with the civilizations of classical antiquity . Modern Póvoa de Varzim emerged after the conquest by the Roman Republic of the city by 138 BC , fishing and fish processing units soon developed , which turned out to be the foundations of the local economy . By the 11th century , the fish industry and fertile farmlands were the economic base of a feudal lordship and Varzim was fiercely disputed between the local overlords and the early Portuguese kings , which resulted in the establishment of the present day 's municipality in 1308 and being subdued to monastic power some years later . Póvoa de Varzim 's importance reemerged with the Age of Discovery due to its shipbuilders and merchants proficiency and wealth , who traded around the globe in complex trade routes . By the 17th century , the fish processing industry rebounded and , some time later , Póvoa became the dominant fishing port in northern Portugal . Póvoa de Varzim has been a well @-@ known beach resort for over three centuries , the most popular in Northern Portugal , which unfolded an influential literary culture and artistic patronage in music and theater . Póvoa de Varzim is one of the few legal gambling areas in Portugal , and has significant textile and food industries . The town has retained a distinct cultural identity and ancient customs such as the writing system of siglas poveiras , the masseira farming technique and festivals . = = History = = = = = Castro Culture and Roman conquest = = = Discoveries of Acheulean stone tools suggest Póvoa de Varzim has been inhabited since the Lower Palaeolithic , around 200 @,@ 000 BC . The first groups of shepherds settled on the coast where Póvoa de Varzim is now located between the 4th millennium and early 2nd millennium BC . A Neolithic @-@ Calcolithic necropolis , with seven known burial mounds , can still be seen around São Félix Hill and Cividade Hill . Widespread pillaging by rival and migrant tribes led the resident populations of the coastal plain of Póvoa de Varzim to raise a town atop the hill that stood next to the sea . The acropolis protection was reinforced by successive rings of walls and a trench at the base of the hill . Established by the 9th or 8th century B.C. , the city area covered 12 @,@ 000 m2 ( 3 @.@ 0 acres ) and had several hundred inhabitants . Its location near waterways helped it to maintain commercial relations with the Mediterranean civilizations , especially noticeable during the Carthaginian dominion of the southern Iberian Peninsula . During the Punic Wars , the Romans became aware of the Castro region 's rich deposits of gold and tin . Viriathus , leading Lusitanian troops , hindered the expansion of the Roman Republic north of the river Douro . His murder in 138 BC opened the way for the Roman legions . Over the following two years , Decimus Junius Brutus advanced into the Castro region from south of the Douro , crushed the Castro armies , and left Cividade de Terroso , in ruins . The region was pacified during the reign of Caesar Augustus and the Castro people returned to the coastal plain , where Villa Euracini and Roman fish factories were built . With the annexation by the Roman Republic , trading supported regional economic development , with Roman merchants organized in true commercial companies who looked for monopoly in commercial relations . = = = Feudalism and municipalism = = = With the fall of the Roman Empire , Suebi populations established themselves in the countryside . It was first mentioned on March 26 , 953 during the rule of Mumadona Dias , Countess of Portugal . The region was attacked by the Vikings in the 960s , by the Moors in 997 and again by Norman pirates in 1015 @-@ 1016 . Hints indicate a Norse settlement in Villa Euracini after those invasions . During the Middle Ages , the name Euracini evolved to Uracini , Vracini , Veracini , Verazini , Verazim , Varazim and , eventually , Varzim . In 1033 , Guterre Pelayo , a leading captain of the Reconquista for the County of Portugal , was recognized by Bermudo , Emperor in Gallaecia , as the Lord of Varzim , during the cahotic epoch following Almanzor 's attack on the Christian realms . Henry , the Portuguese count , recognized his rule over the port of Varzim amongst several other possessions . Varzim overlords gained significant power and , when Portugal was already a stable kingdom , Sancho I of Portugal attacked the fief and seized the port , destroyed most of the properties and expelled the farmers . The northern area became known as Varzim dos Cavaleiros ( Knights ' Varzim ) and belonged to the military order of the Knights Hospitaller , who inherited the wealth of the local overlords . Lower Varzim , the royal southern land , was the location of the port and contiguous farmlands . According to a 1258 chronic , while Sancho II of Portugal was disputing the throne with his brother , Afonso , who was invited by the knights to take over the Portuguese throne , Gavião of Varzim used the opportunity to destroy the king 's assets in Lower Varzim . He violently entered in the king 's lands , destroyed it significantly , in such a way that no bread could be sowed , nor a car could cross that place as it often used to do . Sancho II was overthrown , Afonso became king and ordered the resettlement of the royal land and king 's chronicler explicitly stated that all the port was property of the king . Gomes Lourenço , of the Honour of Varzim , was a very influential knight and godfather of King Denis . He took advantage of his relationship with important people in the kingdom in order to get the recognition of the seaport , located in Lower Varzim , as his honour . He tried to convince King Denis , that the king 's father , Afonso , took it from him unfairly . Justifying the attitude with the Honour of Varzim , Gomes and his descendants went to the port to get the tribute from the fishermen . In 1308 , King Denis granted a charter , the Foral , giving the royal land to 54 families of Varzim ; these had to found a municipality known as Póvoa around Praça Velha , siding Varzim Old Town , controlled by the knights . In 1312 , King Denis donated Póvoa to his bastard son , Afonso Sanches , Lord of Albuquerque , who included it in the patrimony of the Monastery of Santa Clara , which he had just founded in Vila do Conde . In 1367 , King Ferdinand I confirmed the charters , privileges and uses of Póvoa de Varzim . These were again confirmed by John I in 1387 . But the domain of the monastery over the town grew stronger and the people asked King Manuel I to end the situation . In 1514 , during the era of charter reform , the King granted a new charter to Póvoa de Varzim . Besides the town hall and square , the town gained a pillory , granted significant self @-@ government , and involved itself in the Portuguese discoveries . = = = Shipbuilders , seafarers and fishermen = = = In the 16th century , the fishermen started to work in maritime activities , as pilots or seafarers in the crew of the Portuguese ships , due to their high nautical knowledge . The fishermen of the region are known to fish in Newfoundland since , at least , 1506 . During the reign of John III the Povoan shipmaking art was already renowned , and Povoan carpenters were sought after by Lisbon 's Ribeira das Naus shipyard due to their high technical skills . The single floored houses dominated the town 's landscape , but there are indications of multiple floored habitations with rich architecture . The seafarers ' social class , well @-@ off gentlemen , was associated with this richer architecture around Praça Velha square . In the 17th century , the shipbuilding industry boomed in Ribeira , area around Póvoa Fortress in the sheltered bay , and one third of the population had some relation with this activity , building ships for the merchant navigation . During this period there was a relevant urban expansion : the Praça civic center with the town hall and the Madre Deus Chapel , the area of the old town where the Main church was located and the fishermen neighborhood of Junqueira was starting its affirmation as a new urban center . In the beginning of the 18th century , there was a decline in the Ribeira shipyard activities , due to the aggradation of the Portuguese coast and the Povoan shipyard started to work in the construction of fishing vessels . There was a significant increase of the fisher community in the middle of the century , becoming the main activity , and during the reign of Joseph I with the country in the middle of an economic crisis , Póvoa started a rapid development . The Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon noticed their overwhelming notoriety in the Minho coast and considered Povoans to be the most expert fishermen from Cape St. Vincent to Caminha , with a sizable number of fishermen , ships and high sea fishing . The result was a very considerable quantity of caught fish . The community became wealthier and , following a royal provision by Queen Mary I in 1791 , the inspector general Almada reorganized the town 's layout , a new civic center with a monumental city hall , streets and infrastructure were built , all of which provided potential for a new business — sea baths . = = = The Baths of Póvoa and the modern city = = = Since 1725 , the iodine @-@ rich seawaters of Póvoa , due to the peculiar high quantities of seaweed that ends up in Póvoa beaches from the sheltered bay to Cape Santo André , brought by ocean currents , lead that Benedictine monks choose to take sea @-@ baths in there , searching cures for skin and bone problems . Still in the 18th century , other people went to Póvoa with the same concerns . In the 19th century , the town became popular as a summer destination for the wealthy of Entre @-@ Douro @-@ e @-@ Minho province and Portuguese Brazilians , due to its large sandy beaches and the development of theaters , hotels and casinos . It then became renowned for its refined literary culture , artistic patronage in music and theater , and intellectual tertulia . On February 27 , 1892 , a shipwreck had critical impact in community . Seven lanchas poveiras wrecked in a storm and 105 fishermen were killed , just metres off the shore . Over @-@ fishing by steamboats created severe social problems and fishermen emigration . The fishing industry lost much of its importance . Meanwhile , Póvoa developed into the most popular holiday destination in northern Portugal , The textile and food industries thrived . Streetcars appeared in 1874 and endured until the first years of the 20th century . The rail connection to Porto opened in 1875 and to inland Minho region in 1878 . National highways linking the city to Barcelos , Famalicão and Viana do Castelo opened . The first urbanization project for the waterfront was drafted in 1891 . All these events led to a major growth between the 1930s and 1960s . Póvoa de Varzim developed a cosmopolitan style and became a service @-@ sector city . It is one of northern Portugal 's main urban centres . Póvoa is the focal point of a larger area , which includes Vila do Conde and Esposende . = = Geography = = Occupying an area of 82 @.@ 1 km2 ( 31 @.@ 7 sq mi ) , Póvoa de Varzim lies between the Cávado and Ave rivers , or , from a wider perspective , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers on the northern coast of Portugal — the Costa Verde . It is bordered to the north by the municipality of Esposende , to the northeast by Barcelos , to the east by Vila Nova de Famalicão , and to the south by Vila do Conde . To the west , it has a shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean . The rocky cliffs , common features downstream of the Minho 's estuary , disappear in Póvoa de Varzim , giving way to a coastal plain . The plain is located in a cuspate foreland , an old marine plateau , conferring a sandy soil to the coastal lands , and forming sand dunes , currently preserved only in northern Aguçadoura . Wandering along the coast one discerns Cape Santo André , the tip of the cuspate foreland and the Avarus Promontory , referred to by Ptolemy . São Félix Hill ( 202 m or 663 ft ) and Cividade Hill ( 155 m or 509 ft ) rise above the landscape . Despite their modest rise , the expanse of the plain makes them easy reference points on the horizon . The mountain chain known as Serra de Rates divides the municipality in two distinctive areas : the coastal plain and hills where the forests become more abundant and the soils have less sea influence . In this landscape dominated by the plain and low hills , only the hill of Corga da Soalheira ( 150 m or 490 ft ) in the interior , is easily recognizable . The municipality has no large rivers , but abundant small water streams exist . Some of these courses are permanent , such as the Este River , which feeds into the Ave . The source of the Esteiro Stream is located at the base of Cividade Hill and empties at the beach of Aver @-@ o @-@ Mar , while the Alto River 's source is at the base of São Félix and reaches the Atlantic at Rio Alto Beach . The land is well @-@ irrigated , springs and wells are very common , since underground water is often close to the surface . The forest areas suffer from strong demographic pressure and intensive agriculture . Forests are still important in parishes surrounded by the Serra de Rates , whose flora is distinguished by the pedunculate oak or the european holly . In the 18th century , the monks of Tibães planted pines , which characterized the civil parish of Estela . In the past the Atlantic forest predominated , with trees such as oaks , ash trees , hazels , strawberry trees , holm oak , and alders . The rocks throughout the entire coastline are home to large populations of clams , fish and seaweed . These rocks and the dunes form rich ecosystems , but are threatened by holiday @-@ makers , dune sports and waterfront construction . = = = Climate = = = Póvoa 's climate is classified as Mediterranean climate ( Csb in the Köppen climate classification system ) , with gentle summers and mild winters , influenced by the Atlantic ocean . Average temperatures oscillate between 12 @.@ 5 and 15 ° C ( 54 @.@ 5 and 59 @.@ 0 ° F ) . Temperature extremes recorded at Sá Carneiro Airport , records started in 1967 , range from − 3 @.@ 8 ° C ( 25 @.@ 2 ° F ) to 38 @.@ 3 ° C ( 100 @.@ 9 ° F ) . Between 1971 and 2000 , on average there were 4 @.@ 2 days a year below 0 ° C ( 32 @.@ 0 ° F ) and 10 @.@ 1 days a year above 30 ° C ( 86 @.@ 0 ° F ) . The city possesses a microclimate and is considered the region least subject to frosts in all northern Portugal , and very uncommon snowfall , due to the winter winds that normally blow from the south and southwest . Most of the rain is concentrated in the winter months , due to the Azores High which influences the subsidence of the air resulting in very dry air during the summer . Topography and distance from the sea influences precipitation even at short distances . The urban area receives between 900 millimetres ( 35 in ) and 1 @,@ 200 millimetres ( 47 in ) of rain per year , while the city 's countryside can get up to 1 @,@ 500 millimetres ( 59 in ) . The prevailing northern winds , known as Nortadas , arise in the summer after midday . During its dry summer , a mass of hot and wet air , brought by the south and western maritime winds , creates the city 's characteristic fog covering only the coast , which often dissipates with the afternoon sun . = = Demographics = = A native of Póvoa de Varzim is called a Poveiro which can be rendered into English as Povoan . According to the 2001 Census , there were 63 @,@ 470 inhabitants that year , 38 848 ( 61 @.@ 2 % ) of whom lived in the city . The number goes up to 100 @,@ 000 if adjacent satellite areas are taken into account , ranking it as the seventh largest independent urban area in Portugal , within a polycentric agglomeration of about 3 million people , ranging from Braga to Porto . The urban area has a population density of 3035 / km2 ( 7 @,@ 864 / mi ² ) , while the rural and suburban areas have a density of 355 @.@ 5 / km2 ( 920 / mi ² ) . The rural areas away from the city tend to be scarcely populated , becoming denser near it . During the summer the resident population in the city triples ; this seasonal movement from neighbouring cities is due to the draw of the beach and 29 @.@ 9 % of homes had seasonal use in 2001 , the highest in Greater Porto . Póvoa de Varzim is the youngest city in the region with a birth rate of 13 @.@ 665 and mortality rate of 8 @.@ 330 . Unlike other urban areas of greater Porto , it is not a satellite city . Significant commuting occurs only with Vila do Conde , an urban expansion area of Póvoa since the 18th century . For centuries a fishing community of mostly Norman origin , where ethnic isolationism was a common practice , Póvoa de Varzim is today a cosmopolitan town , with people originating from the Ave Valley who settled in the coastal Northern districts during the 20th century , the ancient immigration from Galicia , Portuguese @-@ Africans ( who arrived in significant numbers after the independence of Angola and Mozambique ) in the late 1970s and people of diverse nationalities , the biggest immigrant communities are Ukrainians , Brazilians , Chinese , Russians , and Angolans . The population of the entire municipality grew only 1 % between 1981 and 1991 , then increased by 15 @.@ 3 % between 1991 and 2001 . During that period , the urban population had grown 23 % , with the number of families increasing considerably — by about 44 @.@ 5 % . In 2005 Expresso considered it as the most developed in Porto district and Primeiro de Janeiro as the " city of future " in the Porto district , the quality of living , the infrastructure development such as the light rail metro and a 15 minutes distance from Porto and Braga , prompted new residents originating from near @-@ by cities such as Guimarães , Famalicão , Braga and Porto which led to a real estate development that may double the resident population in the medium term . Due to the practice of endogamy and the caste system , Póvoa 's fishing community maintained local ethnic characteristics . Anthropological and cultural data indicate Nordic fishermen settling during the period of the coast 's resettlement . In As Praias de Portugal ( Beaches of Portugal , 1876 ) , Ramalho ortigão wrote that the Povoan fishermen were a " race " in the Portuguese coast ; entirely different from the Mediterranean type of Ovar and Olhão , Poveiro is of " Saxon " type . On the other hand , the man from the interior was a farmer with Galician character ( Paleo and Nordid @-@ Atlantid ) . In a 1908 research , anthropologist Fonseca Cardoso considered that Poveiros were the result of a mixture of Phoenicians , Teutons , Jews and , mostly , Normans . In the book The Races of Europe ( 1938 ) , Poveiros were distinguished by having a greater than usual degree of blondism , broad faces of unknown origin , and broad jaws . Poveiros have migrated to other places and this attenuated the population growth . One should notice that the Poveiros tended to create their own associations abroad , there are Casa dos Poveiros ( Poveiros House ) in Brazil ( Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo ) , Germiston in South Africa and Toronto in Canada . In Rio de Janeiro , the community was known by not wanting other peoples of other origins , including Portuguese born in other regions , within their community . In 1920 , many Poveiros emigrated in Brazil returned , as many refused to lose Portuguese nationality . The governor of Angola , with an ambition to develop fisheries , suggested the creation of a Povoan colony in Porto Alexandre . Due to fisher classes affairs , the fisher areas of Vila do Conde , Esposende and Matosinhos have strong Povoan cultural influence and half of the population of Vila do Conde and Matosinhos are of Povoan descent . = = Economy = = The economy of Póvoa de Varzim is driven by tourism ( namely gambling , hotels and restaurants ) , manufacturing , construction , fishing , and agro @-@ business . During the 2001 census , 1770 companies are headquartered in Póvoa de Varzim , of which 2 @.@ 82 % were of the primary sector , 33 @.@ 73 % of the secondary and 63 @.@ 45 % of the tertiary . Despite its weight in Greater Porto international trade is weak , in 2004 it represented 1 @.@ 1 % of departures and 0 @.@ 9 % of arrivals , its coverage rate of arrivals against departures suppressed the 100 % mark . The activity rate had grown from 48 % to 51 @.@ 1 % from 1991 to 2001 , but there were 3353 citizens unemployed in June 2006 . Póvoa de Varzim has been noted internationally for its Renewable energy industry . The world 's first commercial wave farm was located in its coast , at the Aguçadora Wave Park . The wave farm used Pelamis P @-@ 750 machines . The project failed and was replaced by the windfloat project , a new proctotype on offshore wind farms , from a distinct company , that is still operating . Energie , a company headquartered in Póvoa de Varzim , developed a thermodynamic solar system combining solar energy and a heat pump to generate energy . The fact that it is a seaside city has shaped Póvoa de Varzim 's economy : the fishing industry , from the fishing vessels that put in each day to the canning industry and to the city 's fish market , beach agriculture , seaweed @-@ gathering for fertilizing fields , and tourism are the result of its geography . Tourism and the related industries are more relevant in Póvoa 's economy these days , as fisheries have lost importance . Nevertheless , the mean value of fish landed in 2004 , in its seaport , was almost three times that of Matosinhos seaport and significantly higher in the average vessels ' capacity . Its fishing productivity is also comparatively higher than the national average . A Poveira is a traditional Povoan canning factory and most of its production , 80 to 85 % , is exported and deals with high @-@ end brands in canned fish , for MDC markets such as Japan , the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Italy , Scandinavia , Austria , Singapore and Australia . Export market brands include : Poveira , D 'Henry IV , Ala @-@ Arriba , Minerva , and Alva . Monte Adriano , the seventh largest construction company in Portugal , and the joint venture between the Royal Lankhorst Euronete and Quintas & Quintas , producer of deepwater mooring systems , are two large companies based in the city . The manufacturing industry is an important employer , mostly in the textile industry that has low productivity and income . These industries are located out of the city in Beiriz , Balasar , and Rates . Other employers include the blanket handicraft industry of Terroso and Laundos , and the wood industries of Rates . One of the initiatives of the municipality is the Parque Industrial de Laundos ( Industrial Park of Laundos ) , in the city 's outskirts , next to the A28 Motorway . In the coast , the masseira farm fields were developed . This technique increases agricultural yields by using large , rectangular depressions dug into sand dunes , with the spoil piled up into banks surrounding the depression . Grapes are cultivated on the banks to the south , east and west , and trees and reeds on the northern slope act as a windbreak against the prevailing northern wind . Garden crops are grown in the central depression . Póvoa de Varzim is part of the ancient Vinho Verde winemaking region . Production is still specialized in horticultural goods , but most of the masseiras were substituted by greenhouses and a significant share of the production is exported to other Western European markets . The inland valley region is committed to milk production and the Agros corporation headquarters of Lactogal , the largest dairy products and milk producer company in the Iberian Peninsula , is located in Espaço Agros and has several departments such as exhibition park and laboratories , and the largest agricultural project in northern Portugal . = = Government = = Póvoa de Varzim is governed by a Câmara Municipal ( City Council ) composed of nine councilmen . A Municipal Assembly exists and it is the legislative body of the municipality . After the first free elections , with the end of the Estado Novo period , only right @-@ wing parties have governed the city : the city council was governed by the CDS between 1976 and 1989 and since then by the PSD . The CDS saw its popularity suffer an abrupt decline in 1997 , and has since then been the third political party . On the other hand , the PSD in the same year achieved its first absolute majority with 62 @.@ 4 % of the votes . After the 2013 municipal elections , five councilmen were members of the centre @-@ right Partido Social Democrata ( PSD ) , three of the centre @-@ left Partido Socialista ( PS ) and one of the right @-@ wing Centro Democrático e Social - Partido Popular ( CDS @-@ PP ) . The mayor is Aires Pereira , for the PSD , elected with 46 @.@ 01 % of the votes . The PSD holds the majority of public offices both in the Municipal Assembly and in the administrative parishes . Póvoa de Varzim Assembly is singly elected and comprises 27 members , with the PSD holding 14 seats , the PS 8 , the CDS 4 and the left @-@ wing CDU , 1 . Póvoa de Varzim is the northernmost municipality in the Porto Metropolitan Area , about 27 km ( 17 mi ) north of Porto . However , it is not a Porto 's Commuter town . Póvoa de Varzim is also part of the Association of Municipalities of the Ave Valley , along with neighbouring cities such as Vila do Conde , Guimarães , and Famalicão , with which it has the most important modern demographic links . Since the establishment of the County of Portugal around 1095 , Varzim was an administrative and military unit that stretched from the sea to Cividade de Terroso and São Félix Hills . Póvoa de Varzim was established as a municipality in 1308 with the election of a town hall judge and boundary exemption . As the town achieved broad self @-@ government in the 16th century , restricted borders were created , which split the town itself and since disputed by the town hall . Over time , these were expanded to approach the medieval lordship boundaries . However , Caxinas and Poça da Barca , south expansion areas of Póvoa de Varzim in the 18th and 19th centuries with fisher populations from Póvoa , are administrated by Vila do Conde , in spite of the centuries @-@ old requests of Póvoa de Varzim for these to be incorporated in its municipality . Inland , the parishes of Rio Mau , Touginhó , and Arcos are also historically disputed . The origin of the coat of arms of Póvoa de Varzim is unknown , but it certainly has local traits and symbolism . The coat of arms consists of a golden sun and a silver moon ; in the middle a golden cross completed by two anchor silver arms , representing safety at sea . Over the cross , a ring , of which falls a golden rosary that interlaces with the anchor arms , representing faith and divine protection . The crest is made of five silver towers due to its city status . The flag is broken in blue and white . Between 1939 and 1958 , a different coat of Arms and flag were used , which the population criticized ; it consisted of a golden shield , covered by a red net , the sea and a black Poveiro boat ; the flag was plain red . The population did not accept these new symbols and years later the old ones would be restored . = = Cityscape = = = = = Urban morphology = = = Located in the coastal plain between the sea and hills , the city of Póvoa de Varzim has eleven Partes ( parts ) , or districts . These districts are , in turn , part of two formal administrative structures known as freguesias ( civil parishes ) : U.F. Póvoa de Varzim , Beiriz e Argivai and U.F. Aver @-@ o @-@ Mar	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
mph ) . She served primarily on home waters , and participated in the Fleet Review for the Diamond Jubilee for Queen Victoria in 1897 . She served briefly in the Mediterranean in 1898 before being transferred to the China Station later that year ; Victorious remained in East Asian waters until 1900 , when she returned to the Mediterranean . After returning to the United Kingdom in 1904 , Victorious served as the second flagship of the Channel Fleet . She remained in active service with the fleet in various units until 1908 , when she was modernized and then placed in reserve . At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 she was mobilized with three of her sister ships into the 9th Battle Squadron , though by January 1915 she was again withdrawn from front @-@ line service . In September her main guns were removed to arm a pair of monitors . Victorious was subsequently used as a repair ship . After the end of the war she was renamed Indus II ; plans to use her as a harbor ship were cancelled and , in April 1923 , she was sold for scrap . = = Design = = Victorious was laid down at the Chatham Dockyard on 28 May 1894 , launched on 19 October 1895 — after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the Royal Navy about a year later , on 4 November 1896 . The ship was 421 feet ( 128 m ) long overall and had a beam of 75 ft ( 23 m ) and a draft of 27 ft ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . She displaced up to 16 @,@ 060 t ( 15 @,@ 810 long tons ; 17 @,@ 700 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines powered by eight coal @-@ fired cylindrical boilers . By 1907 – 1908 she was re @-@ boilered with oil @-@ fired models . Her engines provided a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) at 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) . The Majestics were considered good seaboats with an easy roll and good steamers , although they suffered from high fuel consumption . She had a crew of 672 officers and enlisted men . The ship was armed with four BL 12 @-@ inch Mk VIII guns in twin turrets , one forward and one aft . The turrets were placed on pear @-@ shaped barbettes ; six of her sisters had the same arrangement , but her sisters Caesar and Illustrious and all future British battleship classes had circular barbettes . Victorious also carried twelve QF 6 @-@ inch / 40 guns . They were mounted in casemates in two gun decks amidships . She also carried sixteen QF 12 @-@ pounder guns and twelve QF 2 @-@ pounder guns . She was also equipped with five 18 in ( 460 mm ) torpedo tubes , four of which were submerged in the ship 's hull , with the last in a deck @-@ mounted launcher . Victorious and the other ships of her class had 9 inches ( 229 mm ) of Harvey armour , which allowed equal protection with less cost in weight compared to previous types of armour . This allowed Victorious and her sisters to have a deeper and lighter belt than previous battleships without any loss in protection . The barbettes for the main battery were protected with 14 in ( 360 mm ) of armor , while the conning tower had the same thickness of steel on the sides . The ship 's armored deck was 2 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 in ( 64 to 114 mm ) thick . = = Operational history = = HMS Victorious was commissioned on 4 November 1896 for service in the Fleet Reserve at Chatham Dockyard . On 8 June 1897 she went into full commission for service in the Mediterranean Fleet . Before leaving the United Kingdom , she was present at the Fleet Review at Spithead for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria on 26 June 1897 . She moved to the Mediterranean where she relieved the battleship Anson . In February 1898 Victorious was detached from the Mediterranean Fleet for service on the China Station . On 16 February she ran hard aground while entering the harbor at Port Said en route to China . Several tugs attempted to free her but were unable ; pump dredgers were needed to shift the sediment around the hull to get her free . She was successfully refloated on 18 February . In 1900 , she returned to the Mediterranean and underwent a refit at Malta . Her Mediterranean service over , Victorious was paid off at Chatham on 8 August 1903 and began a refit there that lasted until February 1904 . Victorious was recommissioned at Devonport on 2 February 1904 to serve as second flagship of the Channel Fleet . On 14 July 1904 the torpedo boat TB 113 rammed her at Hamoaze , slightly damaging her . When under a reorganization on 1 January 1905 , the Channel Fleet became the new Atlantic Fleet , and Victorious became an Atlantic Fleet unit . Captain Robert Falcon Scott , the Antarctic explorer , served as her Captain , acting as Flag Captain to Rear @-@ Admiral George Egerton aboard her , for a period in 1906 . Her Atlantic Fleet service ended when she paid off at Devonport on 31 December 1906 . On 1 January 1907 Victorious was recommissioned to serve at the Nore as part of the Nore Division of the new Home Fleet . She underwent a refit at Chatham in 1908 in which she was converted to burn fuel oil and had main battery fire control and radio installed . She was reduced to a nucleus crew , in commission in reserve , in March 1909 . Victorious was transferred to the Devonport Division , Home Fleet , in January 1911 , and to the 3rd Fleet in May 1912 . She damaged her sternwalk in a collision with her sister ship Majestic in fog on 14 July 1912 and began a short refit at Chatham in December 1913 . = = = World War I = = = In July 1914 the Royal Navy began a precautionary mobilization as war began to seem imminent . As part of this , Victorious and her sister ships Hannibal , Mars , and Magnificent , formed the 9th Battle Squadron on 27 July 1914 , stationed at the Humber to defend the British coast ; Victorious remained there as guard ship after the 9th Battle Squadron was dissolved on 7 August 1914 . In December 1914 she transferred to the Tyne to serve as guard ship there . On 4 January 1915 Victorious paid off at Elswick . The Majestic @-@ class ships were by then the oldest and least effective battleships in service in the Royal Navy ; Victorious was laid up on the Tyne February until September 1915 and her 12 @-@ inch ( 305 @-@ mm ) guns were removed for use aboard the new Lord Clive @-@ class monitors Prince Rupert and General Wolfe . Between September 1915 and February 1916 , Palmers converted her into a repair ship at Jarrow . The converted Victorious was commissioned as a repair ship on 22 February 1916 and arrived at Scapa Flow to replace the converted merchant ship Caribbean , which had been lost in September 1915 , as repair ship for the Grand Fleet . Victorious performed this role there until March 1920 when she was renamed Indus II and transferred to Devonport for a refit to prepare her for service with the Indus Establishment . She arrived at Devonport on 28 March 1920 and paid off into a care and maintenance status while she awaited the beginning of her refit . Plans for the refit , however , were cancelled ; work began to convert her into a harbor depot ship but , in April 1922 , that conversion was cancelled before it could be completed and she was placed on the disposal list that month . Indus II was sold for scrapping on 19 December 1922 , but the sale was cancelled on 1 March 1923 . She was again sold on 9 April 1923 and was towed from Devonport to Dover to be scrapped . = Monsoon trough = The monsoon trough is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone as depicted by a line on a weather map showing the locations of minimum sea level pressure , and as such , is a convergence zone between the wind patterns of the southern and northern hemispheres . Westerly monsoon winds lie in its equatorward portion while easterly trade winds exist poleward of the trough . Right along its axis , heavy rains can be found which usher in the peak of a location 's respective rainy season . As it passes poleward of a location , hot and dry conditions develop . The monsoon trough plays a role in creating many of the world 's rainforests . The term " monsoon trough " is most commonly used in monsoonal regions of the Western Pacific such as Asia and Australia . The migration of the ITCZ / monsoon trough into a landmass heralds the beginning of the annual rainy season during summer months . Depressions and tropical cyclones often form in the vicinity of the monsoon trough , with each capable of producing a year 's worth of rainfall in a relatively short time frame . = = Movement and strength = = Monsoon troughing in the western Pacific reaches its zenith in latitude during the late summer when the wintertime surface ridge in the opposite hemisphere is the strongest . It can reach as far as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August and the 20th parallel in Australia during February . Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure over the warmest part of the various continents . In the Southern Hemisphere , the monsoon trough associated with the Australian monsoon reaches its most southerly latitude in February , oriented along a west @-@ northwest / east @-@ southeast axis . = = = Effect of wind surges = = = Increases in the relative vorticity , or spin , with the monsoon trough are normally a product of increased wind convergence within the convergence zone of the monsoon trough . Wind surges can lead to this increase in convergence . A strengthening or equatorward movement in the subtropical ridge can cause a strengthening of a monsoon trough as a wind surge moves towards the location of the monsoon trough . As fronts move through the subtropics and tropics of one hemisphere during their winter , normally as shear lines when their temperature gradient becomes minimal , wind surges can cross the equator in oceanic regions and enhance a monsoon trough in the other hemisphere 's summer . A key way of detecting whether a wind surge has reached a monsoon trough is the formation of a burst of thunderstorms within the monsoon trough . = = = Embedded depressions = = = If a circulation forms within the monsoon trough , it is able to compete with the neighboring thermal low over the continent , and a wind surge will occur at its periphery . Such a circulation which is broad in nature within a monsoon trough is known as a monsoon depression . In the Northern Hemisphere , monsoon depressions are generally asymmetric , and tend to have their strongest winds on their eastern periphery . Light and variable winds cover a large area near their center , while bands of showers and thunderstorms develop within their area of circulation . The presence of an upper level jet stream poleward and west of the system can enhance its development by leading to increased diverging air aloft over the monsoon depression , which leads to a corresponding drop in surface pressure . Even though these systems can develop over land , the outer portions of monsoon depressions are similar to tropical cyclones . In India , for example , 6 to 7 monsoon depressions move across the country yearly , and their numbers within the Bay of Bengal increase during July and August of El Niño events . Monsoon depressions are efficient rainfall producers , and can cause a year 's worth of rainfall when they move through drier areas such as the outback of Australia . = = Roles = = = = = In rainy season = = = Since the monsoon trough is an area of convergence in the wind pattern , and an elongated area of low pressure at the surface , the trough focuses low level moisture and is defined by one or more elongated bands of thunderstorms when viewing satellite imagery . Its abrupt movement to the north between May and June is coincident with the beginning of the monsoon regime and rainy seasons across South and East Asia . This convergence zone has been linked to prolonged heavy rain events in the Yangtze river as well as northern China . Its presence has also been linked to the peak of the rainy season in locations within Australia . As it progresses poleward of a particular location , clear , hot , and dry conditions develop as winds become westerly . Many of the world 's rainforests are associated with these climatological low pressure systems . = = = In tropical cyclogenesis = = = A monsoon trough is a significant genesis region for tropical cyclones . Vorticity @-@ rich low level environments , with significant low level spin , lead to a better than average chance of tropical cyclone formation due to their inherent rotation . This is because a pre @-@ existing near @-@ surface disturbance with sufficient spin and convergence is one of the six requirements for tropical cyclogenesis . There appears to be a 15 @-@ 25 day cycle in thunderstorm activity associated with the monsoon trough , which is roughly half the wavelength of the Madden – Julian oscillation , or MJO . This mirrors tropical cyclone genesis near these features , as genesis clusters in 2 – 3 weeks of activity followed by 2 – 3 weeks of inactivity . Tropical cyclones can form in outbreaks around these features under special circumstances , tending to follow the next cyclone to its poleward and west . Whenever the monsoon trough on the eastern side of the summertime Asian monsoon is in its normal orientation ( oriented east @-@ southeast to west @-@ northwest ) , tropical cyclones along its periphery will move with a westward motion . If it is reverse oriented , or oriented southwest to northeast , tropical cyclones will move more poleward . Tropical cyclone tracks with S shapes tend to be associated with reverse @-@ oriented monsoon troughs . The South Pacific convergence zone and South American convergence zones are generally reverse oriented . The failure of the monsoon trough , or ITCZ , to move south of the equator in the eastern Pacific ocean and Atlantic ocean during the southern hemisphere summer is considered one of the reasons that tropical cyclones normally do not form in those regions . It has also been noted that when the monsoon trough lies near 20 degrees north latitude in the Pacific , the frequency of tropical cyclones is 2 to 3 times greater than when it lies closer to 10 degrees north . = Liquor Store Blues = " Liquor Store Blues " is a song recorded by American singer @-@ songwriter Bruno Mars for his debut studio album Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans ( 2010 ) , featuring vocals by Jamaican artist Damian Marley . It was released as the first promotional single from the record , on September 21 , 2010 by Elektra Records in the United States ; while in the rest of the world it was liberated by Warner Entertainment Group ( WEG ) . A reggae and dub track , " Liquor Store Blues " was produced by The Smeezingtons ( Mars , Phillip Lawrence , Ari Levine ) and Dwayne " Supa Dups " Chin @-@ Quee , while the writing was handled by the former three along with Damian Marley and Thomas Pentz , known professionally as Diplo . Musically , " Liquor Store Blues " has been described as borrowing " heavily from roots reggae " and from dub sounds , while lyrically it addresses a way of avoiding " foreshadowing " problems by drinking with hope that afterwards everything will be fine . Upon its release , " Liquor Store Blues " received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised its reggae style and Damien Marley 's appearance on the track , as well as , establishing comparisons to Mars ' cocaine bust in Vegas as the song arrived shortly after the event aforementioned . The song peaked at number 97 on the Canadian Hot 100 and Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 , a component of the Billboard Hot 100 , by peaking at number 105 . The music video , directed by Jake Summer , was released on March 8 , 2011 and features Bruno Mars and Damien Marley singing together with a colorful background and " acid @-@ trip " visual effects , during the whole video . The song was performed many times during Mars ' debut world tour , The Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 @-@ 2012 ) , as the ninth track on its set list . During the 2016 Grammy Awards , Mars had a flask , filled with a drink , to " get some winners drunk " . The bottle is engraved with the lyrics , " One shot for my pain , one drag for my sorrow " from the song . = = Background and production = = In an interview with Sound on Sound , Levine said that the team , The Smeezingtons , never met Supa Dups personally and that " Liquor Store Blues " was finished by exchanging files of the song . The latter producer helped finishing the track by providing a dub sound , something the three of them " could just not nail it " . During an interview granted to Vibe Mars said that he never met Damien Marley , since the latter did " his part " after a show in Washington . Nevertheless , the singer explained how Marley was guested in the song : " Liquor Store Blues " was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine , Damien Marley and Thomas Pentz and produced by the former three , under their alias , The Smeezingtons , and Dwayne " Supa Dups " Chin @-@ Quee . The latter was in charge of programming and arranging the drums , which he played . Levine engineered the song at Levcon Studios in California . The mixing of the track was done at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood by Manny Marroquin , with Christian Plata and Erik Madrid serving as assistants . Stephen Marcussen mastered the song at Marcussen Mastering in California . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Liquor Store Blues " was described as borrowing " heavily from roots reggae " , being heavily influenced by dub music and having a moderate reggae groove . Its composition has been compared to his previous project with Travis McCoy on " Billionaire " and Sublime 's work . According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing , the song was composed in common time and in the key of C minor with a tempo of 144 beats per minute . Mars ' and Marley 's vocals range spans from the low note of G3 to the high note of C6 . The track is three minutes and fifty nine seconds . The song 's lyrics describe feelings of " pain " and " sorrow " , using alcohol as method to flee " bad fortune in an odd foreshadowing of events " . In the end , hope is found by " getting messed up today " since on the following day everything will be fine . = = Critical Reception = = " Liquor Store Blues " received generally positive reviews by most music critics . DJ Gravy praised the fact that the song " has a more authentic yard vibe , thanks to Black Chiney 's Supa Dups " , when comparing it to Mars and Travis McCoy 's " Billionaire " . Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson panned the song as " sway gently with a hint of reggae swagger " . Kevin Barber from the Consequence of Sound , who positively reviewed the album , wrote " In return for all of his generous favors he has given other artists , they give back as well . Damien Marley joins him on the reggae jam " . Idolator 's writer Robbie Daw had a mixed opinion towards the song by writing that the recording " isn ’ t nearly as infectious as " Just The Way You Are " , [ but ] it should still make for a fairly decent album track in what we ’ re hoping is a tasty plateful of catchy future singles " . He found the tune to be " reggae @-@ tinged jam " . Scott Mervis of Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette felt that " Liquor Store Blues " was in a " heavier dub zone with toaster Damian Marley " furthering a personal matter " the young singer should have stuck to the liquor store ' cause he was busted for cocaine in Vegas last month " . Andrew Winistorfer of Prefix Magazine criticized the artist , saying " After conquering the ladies who love weak pop music that is sung by a competent if boring singer , Bruno Mars has decided to try to carve off a chunk of Sublime 's fans " . He concluded by deeming the recording a " faux reggae track " . A writer for Rap @-@ Up magazine commented that the recording 's lyrics regard " a quick escape from his bad fortune in an odd foreshadowing of events " . Similarly , while reviewing the music video , Enterinment Weekly 's , Brad Wete stated that the content of the lyrics saying " Mars aims to " get messed up today " in hopes that he ’ ll " be okay tomorrow " " . = = Commercial performance = = After being released as a promotional single , " Liquor Store Blues " , entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number 97 . Around the same time , it failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , however it peaked inside of the Bubbling Under Hot 100 , which acts as an extension of the former chart , peaking at number 105 . On October 22 , 2010 it entered and peaked at number 20 on the US Latin Pop Airplay , spending 7 weeks on the former chart . = = Music video = = = = = Synopsis = = = The music video was directed by Jack Summer , and was premiered exclusive on March 3 , 2011 for members of Bruno Mars ' official website . The video features Bruno Mars and Damien Marley singing together in a psychedelic room with a colorful background and " acid @-@ trip " visual effects . Thorough the clip " plumes of smoke " emerge in the screen in every direction with Marley " rapping about being " high as Superman " and shouting out pineapple kush " , while Mars is upset about something . They both drown " their sorrows in the colorful visuals " . = = = Reception = = = The video has been described as " psychedelic " and as an anthem to Marijuana , rather than one about drunkenness . Brad Wete for Entertainment Weekly explained that Mars was " ready to drown his sorrows in a tall glass of alcohol " and tipped " find out what concoction Mars and Marley are whipping up " by watching the clip . Prefix Magazine ' s Andrew Winistorfer gave the video a harsh critic , he wrote that the smoke was not the only featured in the video as anyone " get to see Damian Marley sell out in real time " . He furthered that Damian , " might as well be in McDonald 's commercials . I guess this song is supposed to make you THINK about stuff [ ... ] but mostly it makes me try to find someone to blame for this " . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording and mixing Recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California ; Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans , Elektra Records . = = Chart performance = = = = Release = = = = = Process = = = On September 10 , 2010 , the song was released worldwide as the first promotional single as an iTunes Store @-@ exclusive prior to Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans album release in October 2010 , under Elektra Records . In the countries outside the United States , such as Germany , it was released under WEG . = = = History = = = = 10 euro note = The ten euro note ( € 10 ) is the second @-@ lowest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro ( in its cash form ) in 2002 . The note is used in the 23 countries which have it as their sole currency ( with 22 legally adopting it ) ; with a population of about 332 million . It is the second @-@ smallest note measuring 127x67mm with a red colour scheme . The ten euro banknotes depict bridges and arches / doorways in Romanesque architecture ( between the 11th and 12th centuries ) . The ten euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks , invisible ink , holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity . In September 2011 , there were approximately 2 @,@ 005 @,@ 149 @,@ 600 ten euro banknotes in circulation around the eurozone . = = History = = The euro was founded on 1 January 1999 , when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe . For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency , only used in accountancy . Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002 , when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12 , such as the Italian lira and the German mark . Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007 , Cyprus and Malta in 2008 , Slovakia in 2009 , Estonia in 2011 , Latvia joined on 1 January 2014 @.@ and Lithuania joined on 1 January 2015 . = = = The changeover period = = = The changeover period during which the former currencies ' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months , going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002 . The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state . The earliest date was in Germany , where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001 , though the exchange period lasted for two months more . Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender , they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever . = = = Changes = = = Notes printed before November 2003 bear the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank , Wim Duisenberg , who was replaced on 1 November 2003 by Jean @-@ Claude Trichet , whose signature appears on issues from November 2003 . Notes issued after March 2012 bear the signature of the third president of the European Central Bank , incumbent Mario Draghi . A new series , similar to the current one , was released on 23 September 2014 . The European Central Bank will , in due time , announce when banknotes from the first series lose legal tender status . The first series issues do not reflect the expansion of the European Union : Cyprus is not depicted on those notes as the map does not extend far enough east ; Malta is also missing as it does not meet the first series ' minimum size for depiction . Since the European Central Bank plans to redesign the notes every seven or eight years after each issue , a second series ( Europa series ) of banknotes was already in preparation in 2012 . New production and anti @-@ counterfeiting techniques are employed on the new notes , but the design is of the same theme and similar colours of the current series ; bridges and arches . However , they are recognisable as a new series . = = Design = = The ten euro note is the second smallest at 127 millimetres ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) × 67 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) with a red colour scheme . All bank notes depict bridges and arches / doorways in a different historical European style ; the ten euro note shows the Romanesque era ( between the 11th and 12th centuries ) . Although Robert Kalina 's original designs were intended to show real monuments , for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era . Like all euro notes , it contains the denomination , the EU flag , the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of said bank in different EU languages , a depiction of EU territories overseas , the stars from the EU flag and twelve security features as listed below . = = = Security features ( first series ) = = = As a lower value note , the security features of the ten euro note are not as high as the other denominations , however , it is protected by : A hologram , tilt the note and one should see the hologram image change between the value and a window or doorway , but in the background , one should see rainbow @-@ coloured concentric circles of micro @-@ letters moving from the centre to the edges of the patch . A EURion constellation , Special printing processes give the euro notes their unique feel . A glossy stripe , tilt the note and a glossy stripe showing the value numeral and the euro symbol will appear . Watermarks , it appears when the banknote is against the light . Raised printing , special methods of printing makes the ink feel raised or thicker in the main image , the lettering and the value numerals on the front of the banknotes . To feel the raised print , run your finger over it or scratch it gently with your fingernail . Ultraviolet ink , Under ultraviolet light , the paper itself should not glow , fibres embedded in the paper should appear , and should be coloured red , blue and green , the European Union flag looks green and has orange stars , the ECB President signature turns green , the large stars and small circles on the front glow and the European map , a bridge and the value numeral on the back appear in yellow . Microprinting , On numerous areas of the banknotes you can see microprinting , for example , inside the " EYPΩ " ( EURO in Greek characters ) on the front . You will need a magnifying glass to see it . The tiny text is sharp , and not blurred . A security thread , The security thread is embedded in the banknote paper . Hold the banknote against the light - the thread will appear as a dark stripe . The word " EURO " and the value can be seen in tiny letters on the stripe . Perforations , Hold the banknote against the light . You should see perforations in the hologram which will form the € symbol . You should also see small numbers showing the value . A matted surface , the note paper is made out of pure cotton , which feels crisp and firm , but not limp or waxy . Barcodes , A serial number . = = = Security features ( Europa series ) = = = Watermark : When the note is held under a normal light source , a portrait of Europa and an electrotype denomination appear on either side . Portrait Hologram : When the note is tilted , the silver @-@ coloured holographic stripe reveals the portrait of Europa @-@ the same one as in the watermark . The stripe also reveals a window and the value of the banknote . Emerald Number : When the note is tilted , the number on the note displays an effect of light that moves up and down . The number also changes color from emerald green to deep blue . Raised Printing : On the front of the note , there is a series of short raised lines on the left and right edges . The main edge , the lettering and the large value numeral also feel thicker . Security Thread : When the note is held against the light , the security thread appears as a dark line . The Euro symbol ( € ) and the value of the banknote can be seen in tiny white lettering in the thread . Microprint : Tiny letters which can be read with a magnifying glass . The letters should be sharp , not blurred . Ultraviolet ink : Some parts of the banknote shine when under UV or UV @-@ C light . These are the stars in the flag , the small circles , the large stars and several other areas on the front . On the back , a quarter of a circle in the centre as well as several other areas glow green . The horizontal serial number and a stripe appear in red . Infrared light : Under infrared light , the emerald number , the right side of the main image and the silvery stripe are visible on the obverse of the banknote , while on the reverse , only the denomination and the horizontal serial number are visible . = = Circulation = = As of June 2016 , there are approximately 2 @.@ 2 million € 10 banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone , around 1 @.@ 7 million of which are of the Europa series . The European Central Bank is closely monitoring the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes . It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the euro area . = = Legal information = = Legally , both the European Central Bank and the central banks of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the 7 different euro banknotes . In practice , only the national central banks of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro banknotes . The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations . = = Tracking = = There are several communities of people at European level , most of which is EuroBillTracker , that , as a hobby , it keeps track of the euro banknotes that pass through their hands , to keep track and know where they travel or have travelled . The aim is to record as many notes as possible to know details about its spread , like from where and to where they travel in general , follow it up , like where a ticket has been seen in particular , and generate statistics and rankings , for example , in which countries there are more tickets . EuroBillTracker has registered over 155 million notes as of May 2016 , worth more than € 2 @.@ 897 billion . = Michael Salvatori = Michael C. Salvatori ( born 1954 ) is an American composer best known for his collaboration with colleague Martin O 'Donnell for the soundtracks to the Halo video game series . Salvatori became acquainted with O 'Donnell in college ; when O 'Donnell was given a job offer to score a colleague 's film , Salvatori and O 'Donnell formed a partnership and eventually created their own production company , TotalAudio . Salvatori continued to manage TotalAudio and worked on his own music for clients such as Disney and Wideload Games . He most recently co @-@ composed the soundtrack to the 2014 video game Destiny . = = Biography = = = = = Early works = = = Salvatori wrote music for his own rock band while he was in college , and became friends with Martin O 'Donnell . O 'Donnell eventually moved to Chicago after completing his degrees , and was approached with a job offer to score a colleague 's film . Since Salvatori had his own recording studio , O 'Donnell offered to split the job with him ; the two became partners . Soon after producing the music for Myth II , Bungie contracted O 'Donnell for several of Bungie 's other projects , including the third @-@ person game Oni . Bungie wanted to re @-@ negotiate the contracts for Oni in 1999 , which resulted in O 'Donnell joining the Bungie team ten days before the company was bought by Microsoft . Salvatori remained behind to manage the business aspect of TotalAudio , which he continues to do . = = = Bungie = = = O 'Donnell and Salvatori 's company TotalAudio was contracted to produce the music for Bungie 's upcoming title , Halo : Combat Evolved . As of 2009 , the only official work TotalAudio has done has been for the Halo series . During production Bungie decided that instead of contracting work to O 'Donnell , they would hire him . Salvatori remained at TotalAudio to manage the business aspect of the company , and shortly after O 'Donnell joined the team , Bungie was bought by Microsoft . Salvatori co @-@ composed the music for Halo 's sequels — Halo 2 and Halo 3 — with O 'Donnell , who has called Salvatori one of his musical influences . For the music to Halo 3 : ODST , O 'Donnell began work on crafting the game 's themes before Salvatori joined the team in February 2009 . " Marty [ O 'Donnell ] had started writing before me , and sent me some of his ideas , " Salvatori said . " I picked a few that I felt I could add some magic to , and worked on those . I also came up with several ideas that I sent to Marty that he put his hands on . " Once the duo felt they had enough material , the Chicago @-@ based Salvatori flew to Bungie in Seattle to complete the arrangements and record live musicians . Early on , the team decided that rather than rely on old Halo themes , ODST would feature all @-@ new music . " It was a bit intimidating at first , " Salvatori recalled , " because in previous Halo games if new ideas weren 't coming , I could always dust off an old one and give it a new spin . I was afraid that we might hit some writer 's block along the way , but that didn 't happen at all . Instead , we had the freedom to explore some new musical territory , and the ideas flowed pretty quickly . " With the exception of the main player character , O 'Donnell and Salvatori did not compose themes to represent characters . While the game 's setting in Africa inspired some percussion pieces , the team was interested in a sparser atmosphere , which Salvatori described as " a bit darker and less epic " . He most recently co @-@ composed the soundtrack to the 2014 video game , Destiny . = = = Collections and other work = = = O 'Donnell and Salvatori 's music has been packaged and released in physical and digital forms . The soundtracks feature " frozen " arrangements that represent an approximation of a play @-@ through of the games . The Halo Original Soundtrack sold over 40 @,@ 000 copies , and was followed by two different releases of the music to Halo 2 . The two volumes of the Halo 2 Original Soundtrack were produced by Nile Rodgers , with the first album being released in sync with the video game in 2004 and became the best @-@ selling game soundtrack of all time . The second album was released more than a year after the soundtrack had been mixed and mastered . Halo 3 's soundtrack was released in November 2007 , and featured a fan contribution that was the select winner from a pool of entries judged by O 'Donnell , Rodgers , and others . All of Salvatori 's contemporary work on the series was repackaged as Halo Trilogy — The Complete Original Soundtracks in December 2008 , alongside preview tracks written by Halo Wars composer Stephen Rippy . The music for ODST was released in a two @-@ disc set on September 22 , 2009 . Salvatori continues to engineer , produce and compose his own music . Aside from Halo and Destiny , he has served as the audio lead and composer for Stubbs the Zombie . He also created the music for Disney 's Guilty Party . = The Great American Bash ( 2004 ) = The Great American Bash ( 2004 ) was the 15th Great American Bash professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event , and the first produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . The event , presented by Subway , took place on June 27 , 2004 , at the Norfolk Scope in Norfolk , Virginia and was a SmackDown ! brand @-@ exclusive event . Three of the eight matches on the card were contested for a championship ; one was lost while the other two were retained . The event grossed $ 325 @,@ 000 with 6 @,@ 500 ticket sales and received a 0 @.@ 47 buyrate . The main event was a Handicap match between The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D @-@ Von ) and The Undertaker . Undertaker won the match after pinning D @-@ Von following a Tombstone Piledriver . One of the featured matches on the undercard was a Texas Bullrope match for the WWE Championship between John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) and champion Eddie Guerrero . JBL won the match and the WWE Championship after touching all four turnbuckles in succession . Guerrero was at first declared the winner , but General Manager Kurt Angle came out and showed that JBL had touched the final turnbuckle before Guerrero . Another primary match on the undercard was Rey Mysterio versus Chavo Guerrero for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship , which Mysterio won with a sunset flip . = = Background = = The main feud heading into The Great American Bash was between The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D @-@ Von ) and The Undertaker . On the May 27 episode of SmackDown ! , Paul Heyman told The Dudleys to " make an impact " . As part of the storyline , The Dudleys responded by abducting Paul Bearer , Undertaker 's manager . The following week , Heyman told Undertaker that the only way he would ever see Bearer again , was to align himself with The Dudleys . Two weeks later , on the June 17 episode of SmackDown ! , a Handicap match between The Dudleys and The Undertaker was booked for The Great American Bash , with the stipulation being if Undertaker lost , Bearer , as part of the scripted events , would be cemented in a glass crypt . Another primary feud heading into the event was between Eddie Guerrero and John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) over the WWE Championship . At the previous SmackDown ! brand pay @-@ per @-@ view event , Judgment Day , JBL defeated Guerrero by disqualification after Guerrero hit JBL with the WWE Championship belt . Since a championship cannot be lost via countout or disqualification , Guerrero retained the title . Two weeks later , on the May 27 episode of SmackDown ! , General Manager Kurt Angle announced that JBL was the number @-@ one contender to the WWE Championship at The Great American Bash , and that JBL was allowed to choose the stipulation for the match . The following week , JBL announced that his match against Guerrero would be a Texas Bullrope match , in which the object is to touch all four turnbuckles ( one in each corner of the ring ) in succession . One of the main matches on the undercard was a Fatal Four @-@ Way Elimination match for the WWE United States Championship between the champion , John Cena , René Duprée , Booker T , and Rob Van Dam . At Judgment Day , Cena defeated Duprée to retain the United States Championship . Four days later , on SmackDown ! , Cena faced Duprée in a rematch for the title . Duprée executed a low blow on Cena outside the ring , which caused Cena to be counted out . Duprée won the match , but not the title since a championship cannot be lost via countout or disqualification . The following week , Cena defeated Duprée in a Lumberjack match to retain the title . On the June 3 episode of SmackDown ! , Cena confronted Booker about his interference in the Lumberjack match the week before . As General Manager Kurt Angle told Cena to leave the arena , Booker attacked Cena from behind and pushed him onto Angle . Angle claimed he was going to strip Cena of the United States Championship for what he did . The next week , on SmackDown ! , Cena faced Booker , Van Dam , and Duprée , respectively , in one @-@ on @-@ one matches with a five @-@ minute time limit . The man to defeat Cena would become the number @-@ one contender to the United States Championship at The Great American Bash . Cena , however , won all three matches as no man was able to defeat him within the time limit . This led to Angle booking Cena in a Fatal Four @-@ Way match for the title at The Great American Bash . On the June 17 episode of SmackDown ! , Angle changed the match to an elimination match . The Divas rivalry heading into the event was between Sable and Torrie Wilson . Sable and Torrie teamed together at WrestleMania XX and defeated Raw Divas Miss Jackie and Stacy Keibler , but when Torrie was featured on the cover of SmackDown ! Magazine , Sable turned villainous by displaying jealousy over Torrie 's cover and berating her in a backstage segment , leading to a brawl between the two Divas . The events led to the announcement that Sable and Torrie will face each other at The Great American Bash . = = Event = = Before the live broadcast of the event began , Spike Dudley defeated Jamie Noble in a match that aired on Sunday Night Heat . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The first match of the event was a Fatal Four @-@ Way Elimination match for the WWE United States Championship . John Cena defended the title against René Duprée , Booker T , and Rob Van Dam . Van Dam was the first man eliminated , as Cena pinned him with a roll @-@ up . Shortly after , Booker eliminated Duprée after pinning him following an FU ( fireman 's carry takeover ) from Cena . Cena last eliminated Booker , after executing an FU , to retain the championship . The next match was a singles match between Luther Reigns and Charlie Haas . After a match predominantly controlled by Reigns , Reigns pinned Haas after executing a Reign of Terror . The third match on the card was a singles match between Rey Mysterio and Chavo Guerrero for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship . Guerrero gained the early advantage , as he applied various submission holds to Mysterio 's knee , including a single leg Boston crab and an Argentine leglock . After a back and forth match between the two , Mysterio pinned Guerrero with a sunset flip to win the match and retain the WWE Cruiserweight Championship . The match that followed saw Kenzo Suzuki face off against Billy Gunn . The match went back and forth , as each man was able to gain the advantage numerous times . Suzuki defeated Gunn after pinning him following an inverted headlock backbreaker . The following match was between two divas , Sable and Torrie Wilson . Sable controlled Wilson throughout the contest , as she choked her using the bottom rope and applied a criss @-@ cross choke . After both women ran into each other , Sable pinned Wilson with a schoolgirl to win the match . As part of their storyline , the referee counted the pinfall even though Wilson 's shoulders were off the mat . The sixth match on the card was between Mordecai and Hardcore Holly , which Mordecai won after performing a powerbomb . = = = Main event matches = = = The next match was a Texas Bullrope match for the WWE Championship between champion Eddie Guerrero and John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) . Throughout the duration of the match , both men were strapped together by a rope , with a cowbell attached in the center . In order to win the bout , one must touch all four turnbuckles ( one in each corner of the ring ) in succession . One preplanned move in the match saw Guerrero hit JBL with a steel chair , which caused JBL to bleed . Guerrero then got back in the ring and went on to touch three turnbuckles ; however , he was unable to touch the fourth as JBL was holding him back . Guerrero executed a dropkick on JBL and attempted to touch the fourth again . JBL , however , held him back and took the advantage . JBL threw Guerrero into the Spanish announce table and executed a powerbomb onto him through it . Towards the end of the match , each man had touched three turnbuckles and were vying for the fourth . Guerrero attempted to jump over JBL and touch the remaining turnbuckle , but was unsuccessful ; he splashed himself and JBL into the turnbuckle as a result . Guerrero was declared the winner , as it appeared he had touched all four turnbuckles first , but General Manager Kurt Angle came out and reversed the decision . He showed on the TitanTron that JBL had touched the final turnbuckle before Guerrero ; as a result , JBL was declared the winner and new WWE Champion . The final match on the card was the main event , which saw The Undertaker face off against The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D @-@ Von ) in a Handicap match . Per the pre @-@ match stipulation , Paul Bearer would be cemented in a glass crypt if Undertaker lost . Throughout the duration of the match , Bearer was locked on a chair inside a glass crypt with the pump of cement truck above him . After a match evenly controlled by The Undertaker and The Dudleys , Undertaker pinned D @-@ Von following a Tombstone Piledriver to win . After the match , Undertaker pulled the lever to the cement truck , which in turn filled the crypt with Bearer inside full of cement . = = Aftermath = = At the event , John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) defeated Eddie Guerrero to begin his first reign as WWE Champion , which would last nearly ten months . JBL began feuding with The Undertaker following the event , and the two faced off for the WWE Championship at SummerSlam . JBL won the match and retained the title after Undertaker was disqualified for hitting JBL with the title belt . The two faced off again at No Mercy in a Last Ride match , in which the objective is to place your opponent in a hearse and drive out of the arena . JBL defeated The Undertaker and concluded their storyline after interference from Heidenreich . Following the conclusion of his title match against JBL at the event , Eddie Guerrero began to feud with Kurt Angle . During a Steel Cage match between Guerrero and JBL for the WWE Championship , El Gran Luchadore ( Kurt Angle in disguise ) interfered on JBL 's behalf , which allowed JBL to escape the cage and win the match . After the match , Guerrero attacked El Gran Luchadore and pulled off his mask , revealing him to be Kurt Angle . The following week , Vince McMahon scheduled a match between the two at SummerSlam . Angle won the match , and their feud concluded at the November pay @-@ per @-@ view , Survivor Series , when Guerrero 's team defeated Angle 's in a 4 on 4 Survivor Series match . On the July 8 episode of SmackDown ! , Booker T challenged John Cena for the WWE United States Championship . During the match , General Manager Kurt Angle and Luther Reigns interfered on Booker 's behalf , and Booker inadvertently caused Cena to attack Angle . The match ended in a disqualification subsequently thereafter ; however , Angle stripped Cena of the title for attacking him . On the July 29 episode of SmackDown ! , Booker T won the vacant United States Championship after last eliminating Rob Van Dam in an elimination match . The following week , Cena defeated Van Dam to become the number @-@ one contender to the title . Theodore Long , who proceeded Angle as General Manager after he was fired as part of the storyline , announced that Cena would be facing Booker in a " Best of 5 series " , in which the winner would be the man who earns three victories over the other first . Cena defeated Booker in the first match at SummerSlam , and eventually won the fifth and final match at No Mercy to begin his second reign as United States Champion . = = Results = = = Robot Building = The Robot Building , located in the Sathorn business district of Bangkok , Thailand , houses United Overseas Bank 's Bangkok headquarters . It was designed for the Bank of Asia by Sumet Jumsai to reflect the computerization of banking ; its architecture is a reaction against neoclassical and high @-@ tech postmodern architecture . The building 's features , such as progressively receding walls , antennas , and eyes , contribute to its robotic appearance and to its practical function . Completed in 1986 , the building is one of the last examples of modern architecture in Bangkok . = = Design = = Thai architect Sumet Jumsai designed the Robot Building for the Bank of Asia , which was acquired by United Overseas Bank in 2005 . He had been asked by the Bank of Asia 's directors to design a building that reflected the modernization and computerization of banking and found inspiration in his son 's toy robot . Sumet designed the building in conscious opposition to postmodern styles of the era , particularly classical revivalism and high @-@ tech architecture as embodied in the Centre Pompidou . While Sumet praised the inception of postmodernism as a protest against puritanical , bland modern design , he called it " a protest movement which seeks to replace without offering a replacement " . Sumet dismissed mid @-@ 1980s classical revivalism as " intellectual [ ly ] bankrupt [ ] " and criticized the " catalogue [ s ] of meaningless architectural motifs " that characterized classical revivalism in Bangkok . He further dismissed high @-@ tech architecture , " which engrosses itself in the machine while at the same time secretly ... lov [ ing ] ... handmade artifacts and honest manual labor " , as a movement without a future . Sumet wrote that his building " need not be a robot " and that a " host of other metamorphoses " would suffice , so long as they could " free the spirit from the present intellectual impasse and propel it forward into the next century " . He wrote that his design might be considered post @-@ high @-@ tech : rather than exhibiting the building 's inner workings , he chose to adorn a finished product with the abstractions of mechanical parts . His building , he argued , struck against the 20th century vision of the machine as a " separate entity " often " elevated on a pedestal for worship " and , by becoming " a part of our daily lives , a friend , ourselves " , cleared the way for the 21st century amalgam of machine and man . The building was completed in 1987 at a cost of US $ 10 million . By the mid @-@ 1980s , architectural modernism had faded in Bangkok ; this building is one of the last examples of the style . = = Characteristics = = The building is 20 stories tall and has a total floor area of 23 @,@ 506 m ² ( 253 @,@ 016 ft ² ) . The floor areas decrease progressively at the 4th , 8th , 12th , 16th , and 18th floors ; the staggered shape both contributes to the robot 's appearance and is an efficient solution to setback regulations requiring an 18 degree incline from each side of the property line . The building 's ground floor is a double @-@ height banking hall . The hall 's interior architecture , designed in association with the firm 7 Associates , was designed to further the robotic appearance of the building ; four sculptures by Thai artist Thaveechai Nitiprabha stand at the main door . Mezzanine floors located on each side of the banking hall contain offices and meeting rooms . The building 's second floor features a large multipurpose hall , offices , and training rooms , and its upper floors contain general office space . An eight @-@ story parking garage is located behind the main building . The building 's decorative exterior contributes its building 's robotic appearance , though it often serves practical functions as well . Two antennas on the building 's roof are used for communications and as lightning rods . On the building 's upper facade , in front of the main meeting and dining rooms of the top executive suites , are two 6 m ( 19 @.@ 7 ft ) lidded eyeballs that serve as windows . The eyeballs are made of reflective glass ; the lids are made of metallic louvers . Nuts made of glass @-@ reinforced concrete adorn the building 's sides ; the building 's largest nuts measure 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 @.@ 5 ft ) in diameter and were the largest in the world at the time of their construction . The building 's east and west walls ( the robot 's sides ) have few apertures to shield its interior from the sun and to increase energy efficiency , and its north and south sides ( the robot 's front and back ) are tinted curtain walls whose bright blue color was chosen because it was the symbol of the Bank of Asia . = = Recognition = = The Robot Building was selected by the Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles as one of the 50 seminal buildings of the century . The building also earned Sumet an award from Chicago 's Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design , the first such award given to a Thai designer . According to Stephen Sennott 's Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture , the building " enhanced the world 's recognition of modern Thai architecture " . = 2 / 18th Battalion ( Australia ) = The 2 / 18th Battalion was an Australian Army infantry unit that served during World War II . Formed in June 1940 , the battalion was assigned to the 22nd Brigade , which formed part of the Australian 8th Division . After completing basic training , the 2 / 18th was sent to Singapore and Malaya to strengthen the defences of the British colonies in February 1941 against a possible Japanese attack . The 2 / 18th Battalion subsequently undertook garrison duties throughout the year at various locations in Malaya , where it conducted jungle training and constructed defences along the eastern coast . Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific in December 1941 , the 2 / 18th saw action against Japanese forces in the Malayan campaign , during which they took part in a large @-@ scale ambush of a Japanese force on the Malay Peninsula before joining the withdrawal to Singapore in early 1942 . Assigned to defend part of the north @-@ west coast of the island , the battalion participated in the unsuccessful defence of Singapore in early February 1942 . Following the fall of Singapore the majority of the battalion 's personnel were taken as prisoners of war . Many of these men died in captivity ; the survivors were liberated in 1945 and returned to Australia where the battalion was disbanded . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = The 2 / 18th Battalion was raised around Sydney , New South Wales , in June 1940 , with its first subunits being formed on 13 July at Wallgrove Camp . Formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) from volunteers for overseas service , the battalion 's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Varley , a grazier from Inverell , New South Wales , and a World War I veteran who had previously commanded the 35th Battalion while serving in the Militia during the interwar years . The battalion concentrated at Wallgrove on 15 July , and a cadre of commissioned and senior non @-@ commissioned officers ( NCOs ) who were selected from the Militia — in many cases personally by Varley — was established , while the remainder of the battalion 's NCOs were appointed from recruits following their arrival . The majority of the battalion 's personnel arrived on 27 and 28 July . Coming from across the state of New South Wales , the men were drawn from places such as Tamworth , Newcastle , Wagga , Goulburn , and Liverpool , with roughly 60 percent coming from rural backgrounds . With an authorised strength of around 900 men , the battalion was organised around a battalion headquarters , with a regimental aid post , four rifle companies and a headquarters company consisting of various support platoons and sections including signals , mortars , transport ( later carriers ) , pioneers , anti @-@ aircraft and administration . Along with the 2 / 19th and 2 / 20th Battalions , it was assigned to the 22nd Brigade , which formed part of the 8th Division . The colours chosen for the battalion 's Unit Colour Patch ( UCP ) were the same as those of the 18th Battalion , a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921 . These colours were purple over green , in a diamond shape , although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart ; the oval shape designated the battalion as part of the 8th Division . Basic training began at Wallgrove on 1 August , and was provided by experienced regular soldiers and personnel who had previously served in the Militia . In mid @-@ August the battalion moved to Ingleburn , and by the end of the month individual training had been completed . Collective training followed , and on 5 October the battalion took part in a divisional march through Sydney . A further move came in November when the 2 / 18th was transported to Bathurst , where more complex exercises were undertaken , including at brigade and divisional levels . Although the fighting had not yet spread to the Pacific , by late 1940 there were growing concerns amongst the Allies about the possibility of a war with Japan . After a review of the defences around Singapore and Malaya , the British government requested Australian troops be sent to garrison the region . In October , the Australian government committed the 22nd Brigade and supporting elements . As a result , the 2 / 18th — with a strength of 793 men — subsequently embarked upon the RMS Queen Mary and left Sydney on 4 February 1941 , bound for Singapore . The Australian government wished to send the brigade to the Middle East to join the 6th , 7th and 9th Divisions , so the deployment was only intended to be short , as the British government pledged to release an Indian division to replace the Australians in May . Consequently , the Australian forces were deployed having only been partially trained and equipped and while they were still in the process of being brought up to full strength . = = = Malayan campaign = = = The men arrived in Singapore on 18 February 1941 and moved into barracks at Port Dickson , in the north of Malaya . While there , the battalion undertook further training to prepare it for jungle warfare , before moving to Seremban in March . Further drafts of reinforcements arrived during this time as the battalion was brought up to its wartime establishment . The rigours of jungle training and the tropical heat had an impact on the men , and a number of personnel were hospitalised during this time with illnesses such as malaria , measles , mumps and serious tropical skin diseases . Some of these were repatriated back to Australia , and by the end of March , the 2 / 18th was still below its authorised establishment , with an actual strength of 898 . Amidst growing concerns amongst Australian military commanders about Japanese intentions , the scheduled replacement of the 22nd Brigade was cancelled , and the 2 / 18th remained in Seremban until they were transported east to Jemaluang in August . The following month they were sent north to Mersing , which , situated on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula , was considered a likely place for a Japanese landing as it offered a short route of advance towards Singapore . At Mersing , the battalion was set to work digging defensive positions and constructing wire obstacles , punctuated by familiarisation patrols and anti @-@ aircraft , anti @-@ gas and mortar training . The battalion was placed on a war footing on 6 December as tensions in the region escalated . Two days later , the Japanese invasion of Malaya commenced ; while the fighting raged elsewhere , the 2 / 18th remained unengaged around Mersing . On 26 December , a small group of 2 / 18th men were detached to an ad hoc British raiding force known as " Roseforce " to take part in a raid behind Japanese lines , ambushing a Japanese convoy . It was not until 3 January however that the battalion came into contact with the Japanese for the first time , with a patrol from the 2 / 18th capturing two Japanese airmen who had been shot down near the mouth of the Sekakap River . A fortnight later , Japanese advances along the peninsula to the west led to concerns about the coastal defences being outflanked and cut off . As result , on 17 January , the 2 / 18th was ordered to withdraw south 10 miles ( 16 km ) to Jemaluang without having met the Japanese in battle . Following a landing around Mersing , the Japanese began to advance south towards Jemaluang in large numbers . In response , on 26 January the 2 / 18th Battalion , supported by two batteries of artillery from the 2 / 10th Field Regiment , was tasked with establishing an ambush near the Nithsdale Estate and the rubber plantation at Joo Lye . Establishing themselves along the Mersing – Jemaluang road , ' D ' Company was deployed to the north on the western side of the road as the lookout force , while ' B ' Company was positioned further to the south on the opposite side of the road . South of them , ' A ' Company formed the blocking force , with their position stretched across the road oriented to the north . Behind them , ' C ' Company was positioned in reserve , further south . The plan had been for the ambush to be sprung during the day , but the Japanese advance had proceeded more slowly than thought , and it was not until after dark that they entered the ambush site . In order to inflict as many casualties as possible , the Japanese force , which was estimated to be battalion @-@ sized , was allowed to pass through ' D ' and ' B ' Companies . By 3 : 00 am they came up against ' A ' Company 's blocking position and the ambush was finally initiated . Devastating indirect fire from artillery and mortars inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese ; however , as the northernmost company — ' D ' — turned south to attack the Japanese from the rear , they came up against determined resistance from a force of Japanese that had managed to infiltrate the ambush site and dig in on a small feature to the east of the estate 's pig farm , north of ' B ' Company . This effectively cut them off from the rest of the battalion . Fighting raged throughout the early morning as ' B ' Company vainly attempted to assist the cut @-@ off ' D ' Company . Varley decided to launch a counterattack with ' A ' Company , but at 8 : 00 am the order to withdraw came from brigade headquarters , cancelling the attack . Covered by the reserve company , ' A ' and some of ' B ' Company were able to break contact and fall back . ' D ' Company , along with those of ' B ' Company that were still isolated and in contact , had to be left to fight their way back to the battalion 's lines . By the time they arrived , there were only enough men left to form one platoon . The 2 / 18th 's losses in this action amounted to about 90 men killed , wounded or missing . Japanese losses are unknown , but are thought to be significant and they were unable to take Jemaluang for two more days . = = = Fighting in Singapore = = = After the withdrawal from Nithsdale , the battalion fell back along the Jemaluang – Kota Tinggi Road , before helping to cover the Allied withdrawal over the Johor – Singapore Causeway to Singapore Island . No engagements were fought during this phase , but the 2 / 18th patrolled constantly and provided rearguard detachments . During this time , the battalion was briefly commanded by Major William Fraser , when Varley temporarily took over Eastforce , which consisted of the 22nd Brigade and a number of Indian and Malay formations , filling in for Brigadier Harold Burfield Taylor , who was temporarily detached to organise a force to cover the withdrawal . Following its arrival on the island , Varley returned to the battalion , which received a small number of reinforcements — about 90 men — and was allocated to the defence of the Western Area along with the rest of the 8th Division . Forming part of the 22nd Brigade 's defensive line in the north @-@ west sector , stretching from the Causeway to the Sungei Berih , the battalion was responsible for defending a frontage of 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . With a strength of 37 officers and 826 other ranks , the battalion occupied a position in the centre of the brigade that stretched from the 2 / 20th 's position around Kranji to the 2 / 19th 's around Sungei Sarimbun , north @-@ east of the village of Ama Keng and Tengah Airfield . Consisting of " tidal mud flats and mangrove swamps intersected with streams and inlets " , there had been no work done to prepare the area that the battalion was allocated to defend prior to its arrival due to political concerns about alarming the local population . The wide frontage stretched the 2 / 18th thin on the ground , with no depth and large gaps between positions that were separated in places by tidal waterways . Due to the thick vegetation along the shoreline , the battalion 's positions had the added handicap of poor visibility of the water and limited fields of fire that , combined with their isolation , meant that they were unable to support each other . After occupying their positions on 1 February , the battalion worked to improve them as best they could , working under the cover of darkness so as to avoid Japanese artillery and air attacks . The Japanese attack on the north @-@ west coast came on the night of 8 / 9 February , beginning with a heavy artillery and aerial bombardment of the 22nd Brigade 's positions throughout the day , followed by a waterborne assault across the Johore Strait , which began around 10 : 30 pm . Confronted by 16 battalions from the Japanese 5th and 18th Divisions , which concentrated upon the 2 / 18th 's and 2 / 20th 's positions , the 2 / 18th 's two forward companies — ' A ' and ' C ' — strongly resisted two frontal assaults during the day . Heavy casualties were inflicted on the Japanese over the course of several hours , but the defenders were eventually forced back by heavy indirect fire and overwhelming numbers . Exploiting the holes in the battalion 's perimeter to avoid resistance , by 1 : 30 am on 9 February the Japanese had penetrated towards battalion headquarters near the Lim Chau Kang road , threatening to roll up the battalion 's rear . Varley then ordered the forward companies to make a fighting withdrawal and fall back on battalion headquarters . Heavy fighting followed , during which the Australians suffered grave losses as groups became lost in the darkness in the thick country , before the battalion was able to re @-@ establish itself around Ama Keng . The 2 / 18th attempted to defend the Tengah Airfield , but by 1 : 00 pm in the afternoon of 9 February they had been reduced to only 330 men and were withdrawn back to the south @-@ east of the airfield , occupying a position around Bulim along the Chu Kang Road , with the 2 / 29th Battalion on their left . Throughout the night of 9 / 10 February , minor clashes occurred as patrols were sent out to fend off Japanese probes . The battalion continued to hold the line until 6 : 00 am when , following receipt of orders to withdraw , it moved back to Keat Hong village to take up the role of brigade reserve . The carrier platoon covered the battalion 's withdrawal , and amidst heavy artillery shelling , they ambushed two Japanese columns , each roughly company @-@ sized , inflicting heavy casualties upon them with their Vickers machine @-@ guns before breaking contact . As a result of a misinterpretation of orders , the 22nd Brigade fell back towards Reformatory Road where the 2 / 18th took up positions to the west between the junctions of the Ulu Pandan and Bukit Timah Roads . When the brigade launched a counterattack later that day , the majority of the battalion was held back in reserve , after suffering many casualties . A single company , though , was detached at this time to an ad hoc formation dubbed " X Battalion " , tasked with launching a counterattack . Meanwhile , the rest of the battalion moved back into the reserve position along the Bukit Panjang Road . That evening the 2 / 18th occupied a position north of a feature dubbed " 127 " , but early on the morning of 11 February they were moved back south of there to gain better fields of fire . Shortly after this , the 2 / 18th came under attack from front and rear after the Japanese managed to infiltrate behind their position , forcing the 2 / 18th to fall back further under the cover of the fire from the carriers once again . Later during 11 February , the 22nd Brigade headquarters , situated around Wai Soon Gardens , came under attack from a Japanese force moving south from Bukit Timah . In response , the 2 / 18th launched a counterattack across Reformatory Road with bayonets . At the same time , a section from the battalion 's carrier platoon , under the command of Lieutenant Iven John Mackay , son of Lieutenant General Iven Giffard Mackay , conducted a daring attack that stopped the Japanese advance . Rolling up the axis of the road , firing machine @-@ guns and hurling grenades , they advanced to the Bukit Timah Road before heading south to Holland Road and then returning to battalion headquarters . After this , the 22nd Brigade moved back towards the junction of Holland and Ulu Padan Roads . Moving while under heavy fire , the battalion established itself in its new position before 9 : 00 am , but in the confusion of the move , some men found themselves separated from the main body and cut off . In the afternoon , after the brigade position was reoriented to the west , the battalion was placed in reserve . The battalion 's positions in the north , situated on the high ground , experienced heavy attack from Japanese aircraft and artillery , as the brigade — supported by Australian and British artillery — fought off two regiments from the Japanese 18th Division during the course of the night of 11 / 12 February . Early the following morning , Varley was promoted to brigadier and took over as commander of the 22nd Brigade from Taylor , who was taken ill . In Varley 's place , Major Charles O 'Brien , who had previously been the battalion second @-@ in @-@ command , took over command of the battalion . After a brief lull in the fighting in the 22nd Brigade 's sector , the Japanese 18th Division attacked again , attempting to take the brigade on its left flank . In response , the 2 / 18th was sent to retake some of the high ground south @-@ east of the Ulu Pandan and Reformatory Roads late in the afternoon . Attacking with about 60 men , supported by three British armoured cars and artillery fire , they were unable to retake the position after the light failed . The Japanese then pressed heavily against the 22nd Brigade 's position , and they were forced to give ground , falling back to the junction of Buona Vista and Holland Roads , by which time the 2 / 18th was down to only 250 men . On 13 February , in an attempt to gain room for a possible counterattack , the Allied commander , Lieutenant General Arthur Percival , ordered a shortening of the Allied lines towards the south @-@ east and the formation of a 25 @-@ mile ( 40 km ) perimeter around Singapore city . As a part of this , the Australian forces were concentrated into a 7 @-@ mile ( 11 km ) perimeter centred around Farrer and Holland Roads , about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of the city , tasked with defending the north @-@ east sector of the defensive line . The 2 / 18th was positioned among the gravestones of Cemetery Hill , and apart from a few minor skirmishes and overflights by Japanese aircraft spotting for artillery , a period of respite followed in the Australian sector . The Japanese skirted the position , moving in an easterly direction towards the city , by way of gaps in the line which opened to the north and south of the Australians through positions held by British , Indian and Malay units . The Japanese continued to advance into the outskirts of Singapore throughout 14 February . Threatened with being isolated , the Australians made plans to make a last stand . With the Japanese closing in , the island 's civilian population began to suffer heavily as they were subjected to heavy artillery bombardment and aerial attacks from Japanese aircraft that were increasingly unopposed as anti @-@ aircraft guns ran out of ammunition . Supplies of water and food also dwindled , and the water shortage was made worse by the loss of the island 's reservoirs . Finally , in the morning of 15 February , after the Japanese had succeeded in infiltrating towards Mount Pleasant Ridge , Percival determined that a counterattack was not viable and instead decided to surrender the garrison . The battalion 's final involvement in the fighting came that afternoon when ' A ' and ' D ' Companies were heavily shelled . A short time later , at 8 : 30 pm , the surrender came into effect and the men of the 2 / 18th received orders not to escape . = = = Prisoners of War = = = While the majority of the 2 / 18th obeyed the order not to escape following the surrender , a small number of men attempted to evade capture . Along with other members of the battalion who had found themselves cut off from the rest of the battalion earlier in the fighting , they attempted to make their way back to Allied lines via Sumatra . There , some were eventually captured , while others managed to get away to Ceylon . Of these , 24 eventually managed to return to Australia , some of whom were transferred to other units and later took part in further fighting in New Guinea . When the Japanese arrived to effect the capture of the 2 / 18th , six men from the carrier platoon , which had earlier inflicted heavy casualties upon the Japanese during the fighting , were ordered to move the battalion 's carriers , before being tied up and executed . Four other 2 / 18th soldiers were killed in the massacre at the Alexandra Hospital . The surviving members of the battalion were then marched 25 miles ( 40 km ) to the prisoner of war camp at Changi . Shortly afterwards , the men were split up and sent to various locations to serve as forced labourers . The majority of the 2 / 18th 's personnel were sent to Blakang Mati , but some remained in Changi , while others were sent to Japan or were sent to work on the Thai – Burma Railway . A total of 174 men were sent to Borneo where in 1945 they were subjected to the Sandakan Death Marches , which only about ten percent of the 2 / 18th men survived . Despite being separated , though , wherever possible the 2 / 18th men sought to stay together in their groups and the battalion structure was maintained even in captivity . The battalion 's first commanding officer , Varley , was one of those sent to Burma where , as senior Allied officer , he worked to secure the welfare of over 9 @,@ 000 men working on the railway , including many from the 2 / 18th . He was later sent to Thailand before being brought back to Singapore once work was completed . In late 1944 he was transferred to Formosa . On 12 September , while en route , the transport ship — Rakuyo Maru — that he and around 1 @,@ 250 other prisoners were on , was torpedoed by a US submarine , USS Sealion . Varley took charge of several lifeboats of prisoners during the evacuation , attempting to lead them to safety . They were never seen again and are believed to have been machine @-@ gunned several days later by Japanese frigates that were in the area . During their time in captivity , men from the 2 / 18th undertook a number of subversive activities including building a radio transmitter , which they used to contact local resistance groups who provided them with assistance in the form of medicine and intelligence . They were also involved in numerous escape attempts , some of which were successful , alongside Australians from other units . One of these successful escapes involved a group of eight men who escaped from the camp on Berhala Island in two groups . One group escaped while out of camp on a work detail , while the other simply walked out the front gate to use the ablutions and never came back . After meeting up outside the camp , the men split up again . One group included Lieutenant Charles Wagner , who had previously been decorated with the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his actions around the Nithsdale Estate and who had been commissioned in the field . Having bribed one of the camp guards , Wagner 's group had contacted the local guerillas and arranged to rendezvous with a fishing vessel . After hiding out for three weeks , the vessel eventually arrived offshore and took them on board . The group then met up with the other escapees on Tawi @-@ Tawi where in mid @-@ 1943 they began working with the Filipino guerilla forces , fighting alongside them until the end of the war . Other escapes occurred later in the war , including one in which five men escaped from Ranau over the course of two days in early July 1945 during one of the death marches . After effecting their escape , these men were helped by locals who provided food and information , before the men were able to meet up with some Australians from Z Special Unit . Following the end of the war in August 1945 , the men that survived as prisoners of war were repatriated to Australia . Returning by aircraft and ship , this was largely completed by October , and later that year the battalion was officially disbanded . A total of 1 @,@ 323 men served in the battalion throughout its existence , including reinforcements and personnel that were transferred . The battalion 's battle casualties amounted to 80 killed and 10 wounded in Malaya , as well as 175 killed and 238 wounded in Singapore . On top of this 225 men from the 2 / 18th died in captivity as prisoners of war . For their involvement in the war , members of the battalion received the following decorations : one Military Cross , two Distinguished Conduct Medals , one Military Medal , two Members of the Order of the British Empire , and 11 Mentions in Despatches . = = Battle honours = = The 2 / 18th Battalion received the following battle honours : Malaya 1941 – 1942 , Johore , Jemaluang , and Singapore Island . = = Commanding officers = = The following officers served as commanding officer of the 2 / 18th : Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Varley ; Major William Fraser ; and Major Charles O 'Brien . = The Great Naktong Offensive = The Great Naktong Offensive was a North Korean military offensive against United Nations and Republic of Korea forces early in the Korean War , taking place from September 1 – 15 , 1950 . It was the North Korean People 's Army 's unsuccessful final bid to break the Pusan Perimeter established by the United Nations Command . For the first several months of the war , the North Korean Army successfully defeated and pushed back the United Nations ( UN ) forces south at each encounter . However , by August the UN troops ( which were composed mostly of troops from the United States ( US ) , United Kingdom ( UK ) and Republic of Korea ( ROK ) had been forced into the 140 @-@ mile ( 230 km ) Pusan Perimeter on the southeast tip of the Korean peninsula . For the first time , the UN troops formed a continuous line which the North Koreans could neither flank nor overwhelm with superior numbers . North Korean offensives on the perimeter were stalled and by the end of August all momentum was lost . Seeing the danger in a prolonged conflict along the perimeter , the North Koreans sought a massive offensive for September to collapse the UN line . The North Koreans subsequently planned a simultaneous offensive for their entire army along five axes of the perimeter ; and on September 1 intense fighting erupted around the cities of Masan , Kyongju , Taegu , Yongch 'on and the Naktong Bulge . What followed was two weeks of extremely brutal fighting as the two sides vied to control the routes into Pusan . Initially successful in some areas , the North Koreans were unable to hold their gains against the numerically and technologically superior UN force . The North Korean army , again stalled at the failure of this offensive , was subsequently destroyed in the UN counterattack at Inchon . = = Background = = From the outbreak of the Korean War following the invasion of South Korea by the North in June 1950 , the North Korean People 's Army had enjoyed superiority in both manpower and equipment over the Republic of Korea Army and the United Nations forces dispatched to South Korea to prevent it from collapsing . The North Korean strategy was to aggressively pursue UN and ROK forces on all avenues of approach south and to engage them , attacking from the front and initiating a double envelopment of both flanks of the unit , which allowed the North Koreans to surround and cut off the opposing force , which would then be forced to retreat in disarray , often leaving behind much of its equipment . From their initial June 25 offensive to fights in July and early August , the North Koreans used this strategy to effectively defeat any UN force and push it south . However , with the establishment of the Pusan Perimeter in August , the UN troops held a continuous line which the North Koreans could not flank , and their advantages in numbers decreased daily as the superior UN logistical system brought in more troops and supplies to the UN army . When the North Koreans approached the Pusan Perimeter on August 5 , they attempted the same frontal assault technique on the four main avenues of approach into the perimeter . Throughout August , the NK 6th Division , and later the NK 7th Division engaged the US 25th Infantry Division at the Battle of Masan , initially repelling a UN counteroffensive before attacking Komam @-@ ni and Battle Mountain . These attacks stalled as UN forces , well equipped and with large standing units of reserves , repeatedly repelled North Korean attacks . North of Masan , the NK 4th Division and the US 24th Infantry Division sparred in the Naktong Bulge area . In the First Battle of Naktong Bulge , the North Korean division was unable to hold its bridgehead across the river as large numbers of US reserves were brought in to repel it , and on August 19 , the NK 4th Division was forced back across the river with 50 percent casualties . In the Taegu region , five North Korean divisions were repulsed by three UN divisions in several attempts to attack the city during the Battle of Taegu . Particularly heavy fighting took place at the Battle of the Bowling Alley where the NK 13th Division was almost completely destroyed in the attack . On the east coast , three more North Korean divisions were repulsed by the South Koreans at P 'ohang @-@ dong during the Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong . All along the front , the North Korean troops were reeling from these defeats , the first time in the war their strategies were failing . By the end of August the North Korean troops had been pushed beyond their limits and many of the original units were at far reduced strength and effectiveness . Logistic problems racked the North Korean Army , and shortages of food , weapons , equipment and replacement soldiers proved devastating for the North Korean units . By late August , the UN command had more combat soldiers in Korea than the North Koreans did , and UN superiority over the air and sea meant the North Koreans were at a disadvantage which was growing daily . North Korean tank losses had been in the hundreds , and they had fewer than 100 tanks by the time of the Pusan Perimeter fight , to the Americans ' 600 tanks . By the end of August the North Koreans ' only remaining advantage was their initiative . However , the North Korean force retained high morale and enough supply to allow for a large @-@ scale offensive . = = Prelude = = In planning its new offensive , the North Korean command decided any attempt to flank the UN force was impossible thanks to the support of the UN navy . Instead , they opted to use a frontal attack to breach the perimeter and collapse it as the only hope of achieving success in the battle . Fed with intelligence from the Soviet Union the North Koreans were aware that the UN forces were building up along the Pusan Perimeter and that it must conduct an offensive soon or it could not win the battle . A secondary objective was to surround Taegu and destroy the UN and ROK units in that city . As part of this mission , the North Korean units would first cut the supply lines to Taegu . North Korean planners enlarged the North Korean force in anticipation of a new offensive . The army , originally numbering 10 divisions in two corps , was enlarged to 14 divisions with several independent brigades . The new troops were brought in from reserve forces from North Korea . Marshal Choe Yong Gun served as deputy commander of the North Korean Army , with General Kim Chaek in charge of the Front Headquarters . Beneath them were the NK II Corps in the east , commanded by Lieutenant General Kim Mu Chong , and NK I Corps in the west , under Lieutenant General Kim Ung . II Corps controlled the NK 10th Division , NK 2nd Division , NK 4th Division , NK 9th Division , NK 7th Division , NK 6th Division and NK 105th Armored Division , with the NK 16th Armored Brigade and NK 104th Security Brigade in support . I Corps commanded the NK 3rd Division , NK 13th Division , NK 1st Division , NK 8th Division , NK 15th Division , NK 12th Division , and NK 5th Division with the NK 17th Armored Brigade in support . This force numbered approximately 97 @,@ 850 men , although a third of it comprised raw recruits , forced conscripts from South Korea , and lacked weapons and equipment . By August 31 they were facing a UN force of 120 @,@ 000 combat troops plus 60 @,@ 000 support troops . On August 20 , the North Korean commands distributed operations orders to their subordinate units . The North Koreans called for a simultaneous five @-@ prong attack against the UN lines . These attacks would overwhelm the UN defenders and allow the North Koreans to break through the lines in at least one place to force the UN forces back . Five battle groupings were ordered : NK 6th and 7th Divisions break through the US 25th Infantry Division at Masan . NK 9th , 4th , 2nd , and 10th Divisions break through the US 2nd Infantry Division at the Naktong Bulge to Miryang and Yongsan . NK 3rd , 13th , and 1st Divisions break through the US 1st Cavalry Division and ROK 1st Division to Taegu . NK 8th and 15th Divisions break through the ROK 8th Division and ROK 6th Division to Hayang and Yongch 'on . NK 12th and 5th Divisions break through the ROK Capital Division and ROK 3rd Division to P 'ohang @-@ dong and Kyongju . On August 22 the North Korean premier , Kim Il Sung , had ordered his forces to conclude the war by September 1 , yet the scale of the offensive did not allow this . Groups 1 and 2 were to begin their attack at 23 : 30 on August 31 , and Groups 3 , 4 and 5 would begin their attacks at 18 : 00 on September 2 . The attacks were to closely connect in order to overwhelm UN troops at each point simultaneously , forcing breakthroughs in multiple places that the UN would be unable to reinforce . The North Koreans relied primarily on night attacks to counter UN air superiority and naval firepower , with the North Korean generals believing that such attacks would prevent UN forces from firing effectively and result in heavy casualties from friendly fire . The attacks caught UN planners and troops by surprise . By August 26 , the UN troops thought they had destroyed the last serious threats to the perimeter , and anticipated the war ending by late November . ROK units , in the meantime , suffered from low morale as a result of their failures to defend effectively thus far in the conflict , and a cautious US Eighth Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker ordered Major General John B. Coulter to the P 'ohang @-@ dong area to shore up the ROK I Corps , which was falling apart due to low morale . UN troops were preparing for Operation Chromite , an amphibious assault on the port of Inchon on September 15 , and did not anticipate that the North Koreans would mount a serious offensive before then . = = Battle = = = = = Kyongju corridor = = = The first North Korean attack struck the UN right flank on the east coast . Although the NK II Corps general attack in the north and east was planned for September 2 , the NK 12th Division , now with a strength of 5 @,@ 000 men , started to move forward from the mountains earlier than planned , from where it had reorganized after its defeat in the Kigye and P 'ohang @-@ dong area . The division was low in food supply , weapons , and ammunition , and its men suffered from low morale . Facing the NK 12th Division was the ROK Capital Division . At 04 : 00 on August 27 , a North Korean attack overran one company of the ROK 17th Regiment , Capital Division , north of Kigye . This caused the whole regiment to buckle and retreat . Then the ROK 18th Regiment to the east fell back because of its exposed flank . The ROK 17th Regiment lost the town of Kigye in pulling back , and the entire Capital Division fell back 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) to the south side of the Kigye valley . Walker ordered Major General John B. Coulter to observe the ROK troops on the east . Coulter flew to Kyongju , arriving there at 12 : 00 that day . Walker in the meantime formally appointed Coulter Deputy Commander , Eighth Army , placing him in command of the ROK I Corps which controlled the Capital and 3rd Divisions , the US 21st Infantry Regiment , the 3rd Battalion , US 9th Infantry Regiment , and the 73rd Medium Tank Battalion , less C Company . Coulter designated these units Task Force Jackson and established his headquarters in the same building in Kyongju in which the ROK I Corps commander and the Korean Military Advisory Group ( KMAG ) officers had their command post . Coulter was tasked with eliminating the North Korean penetration in the Kigye area and of seizing and organizing the high ground extending from north of Yongch 'on to the coast at Wolp 'o @-@ ri , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of P 'ohang @-@ dong . This line passed 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Kigye . Coulter was to attack as soon as possible with Task Force Jackson to gain the first high ground north of Kigye . The US 21st Infantry Regiment was moving to a position north of Taegu on the morning of August 27 , when Walker revoked its orders and instructed it to turn around and proceed as rapidly as possible to Kyongju and report to Coulter . Coulter immediately sent the 3rd Battalion north to An 'gang @-@ ni where it went into a position behind the ROK Capital Division . Coulter 's plan to attack on August 28 had to be postponed . Brigadier General Kim Hong Il , the ROK I Corps commander , told him he could not attack , that there were too many casualties and the South Korean were exhausted . The NK 5th Division above P 'ohang @-@ dong had begun to press south again and the ROK 3rd Division in front of it began to show signs of pulling back . On the 28th , the KMAG adviser to the ROK 3rd Division and Brigadier General Kim Suk Won clashed over whether the division should retreat or attack . That day , August 28 , Walker issued a special statement addressed to the ROK Army , and meant also for the South Korean Minister of Defense , Shin Sung @-@ mo . He called on the ROK troops to hold their lines in the Pusan Perimeter , and implored the rest of the UN troops to defend their ground as firmly as possible , counterattacking as necessary to prevent the North Koreans from consolidating their gains . At the same time , elements of the NK 5th Division penetrated the ROK 3rd Division southwest of P 'ohang @-@ dong . Coulter directed the 21st Infantry to repel this penetration . During the day on August 29 , B Company , 21st Infantry , supported by a platoon of tanks of B Company , 73rd Medium Tank Battalion , successfully counterattacked northwest from the southern edge of P 'ohang @-@ dong for a distance of 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) , with ROK troops following . The American units then withdrew to P 'ohang @-@ dong . That night the ROK 's withdrew , and the next day an American infantry @-@ tank force repeated the action of the day before . The 21st Infantry then took over from the ROK 3rd Division a sector extending north and northwest of P 'ohang @-@ dong . Also on August 29 , the ROK Capital Division , with American tank and artillery support , recaptured Kigye and held it during the night against North Korean counterattacks , only to lose it again at dawn . American air attacks continued at an increased tempo in the Kigye area . At the same time , North Korean pressure built up steadily north of P 'ohang @-@ dong , where the NK 5th Division fed replacements on to Hill 99 in front of the ROK 23rd Regiment . This hill became almost as notorious as Hill 181 near Yongdok had earlier because of the almost continuous and bloody fighting that occurred there for its control . Although aided by US air strikes and artillery and naval gunfire , the ROK 3rd Division was not able to capture this hill , and suffered many casualties in the effort . On September 2 the US 21st Infantry attacked northwest from P 'ohang @-@ dong in an effort to help the South Koreans recapture Hill 99 . A platoon of tanks followed the valley road between P 'ohang @-@ dong and Hunghae . The regimental commander assigned K Company Hill 99 as its objective . The company was unable to take Hill 99 from the well dug @-@ in North Koreans . At dusk a North Korean penetration occurred along the boundary between the ROK Capital and 3rd Divisions 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of Kigye . The next morning , September 2 at 01 : 30 , the NK 12th Division , executing its part of the coordinated NK II Corps general attack , struck the Capital Division on the high hill masses south of the Kigye valley . This attack threw back the ROK 18th Regiment on the left in the area of Hills 334 and 438 , and the ROK 17th Regiment on the right in the area of Hill 445 . By dawn of September 3 , the North Korean penetration there had reached the vital east @-@ west corridor road 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of An 'gang @-@ ni . As a result of this gain during the night , the NK 12th Division had advanced 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) and the Capital Division all but collapsed . This forced Coulter to withdraw the 21st Infantry from the line northwest of P 'ohang @-@ dong and concentrate it in the vicinity of Kyongju . The 2nd Battalion had joined the regiment on August 31 , but Coulter had held it in the task force 's reserve at An 'gang @-@ ni . That battalion now took up a horseshoe @-@ shaped defense position around the town , with some elements on high ground 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east where they protected the Kyongju to P 'ohang @-@ dong highway . The rest of the regiment closed into an assembly area north of Kyongju . At the same time , Walker started the newly activated ROK 7th Division toward the North Korean penetration . Its ROK 5th Regiment closed at Yongch 'on that afternoon , and the ROK 3rd Regiment , less its 1st Battalion , closed at Kyongju in the evening . Walker also authorized Coulter to use the 3rd Battalion , 9th Infantry ; the 9th Infantry Regimental Tank Company ; and the 15th Field Artillery Battalion as he deemed advisable . These units , held at Yonil Airfield for its defense , had not previously been available for commitment elsewhere . During the day on September 3 , Coulter and the KMAG advisers continued to clash with the ROK 3rd Division commander , who repeatedly attempted to withdraw his troops against their orders . That night , September 3 / 4 , the remainder of the ROK I Corps front collapsed . Three North Korean T @-@ 34 tanks overran a battery of ROK artillery and then scattered two battalions of the newly arrived ROK 5th Regiment . Following a mortar preparation , the North Koreans entered An 'gang @-@ ni at 0220 . An hour later the command post of the Capital Division withdrew from the town and fighting became increasingly confused . American units disengaged and withdrew and by nightfall , North Koreans held the town and began advancing southward along the railroad . By 12 : 00 on September 4 , North Korean units had established roadblocks along the Kyongju @-@ An 'gang @-@ ni road within 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of Kyongju . A 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) gap existed between the ROK 3rd and Capital Divisions in the P 'ohang @-@ dong area . But the big break in the UN line was in the high mountain mass west of the Hyongsan valley and southwest of An 'gang @-@ ni . In this area northwest of Kyongju there was an 8 miles ( 13 km ) gap between the Capital Division and the ROK 8th Division to the west . From that direction the North Koreans posed a threat to the railroad and the road net running south through the Kyongju corridor to Pusan . Faced with this big gap on his left flank , Coulter put the US 21st Infantry in the broad valley and on its bordering hills northwest of Kyongju to block any approach from that direction . The night of September 5 / 6 , events reached a climax inside P 'ohang @-@ dong . The ROK division commander , Brigadier General Lee Jun Shik and several members of his senior staff claimed they became sick after their command post was hit with artillery fire . The division withdrew from P 'ohang @-@ dong , and on September 6 it was again in North Korean hands . The ROK Army relieved both the ROK I Corps and the ROK 3rd Division commanders . At this time new commanders were appointed for these major commands . Brigadier General Kim Paik Il took command of ROK I Corps , while Capital Division came under command of Colonel Song Yo Ch 'an , and ROK 3rd Division came under command of Colonel Lee Jong Ch 'an . = = = Yongch 'on = = = In the high mountains between the Taegu sector on the west and the Kyongju @-@ east coast sector , two North Korean divisions , the 8th and 15th , also prepared an attack south on September 1 to break the supply route between Taegu and P 'ohang @-@ dong , which was in the vicinity of Hayang and Yongch 'on . This attack would coordinate with the North Korean offensive in the Kigye @-@ P 'ohang area . Hayang is 12 miles ( 19 km ) , and Yongch 'on 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Taegu . The NK 8th Division was astride the main Andong @-@ Sinnyong @-@ Yongch 'on road 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Yongch 'on and the NK 15th Division was eastward in the mountains just below Andong , 35 miles ( 56 km ) north of Yongch 'on on a poor and mountainous secondary road . The objective of the NK 8th Division was Hayang ; the objective of the 15th was Yongch 'on , which the division had orders to take at all costs . Opposing the NK 8th Division was the ROK 6th Division ; in front of the NK 15th Division stood the ROK 8th Division . In ten days of fighting the NK 8th Division gained only a few miles ( km ) , and not until September 12 did it have possession of Hwajong @-@ dong , 14 miles ( 23 km ) northwest of Yongch 'on . In this time it lost nearly all the 21 new T @-@ 34 tanks of the 17th Armored Brigade that were supporting it . Just below Hwajong @-@ dong , mountains close in on the road , with Hill 928 ( Hwa @-@ san ) on the east and lesser peaks on the west . At this passage of the mountains into the Taegu corridor , the ROK 6th Division decisively defeated the NK 8th Division and practically destroyed it . By September 8 some of the North Korean battalions could muster no more than 20 men . On the next road eastward above Yongch 'on , the NK 15th Division launched its attack against the ROK 8th Division on September 2 . Although far understrength , with its three regiments reportedly having a total of only 3 @,@ 600 men , it penetrated in four days to the lateral corridor at Yongch 'on . North of the town , one regiment of the ROK 8th Division crumbled when a T @-@ 34 tank got behind its lines . Elements of the North Korean division were in and south of Yongch 'on by September 6 . The North Koreans did not remain in the town , but moved to the hills south and southeast of it overlooking the road between Taegu and P 'ohang @-@ dong . On September 7 some of the North Korean troops established a roadblock 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) southeast of Yongch 'on , and other elements attacked a ROK regiment 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of the town . During the day , however , the ROK 5th Regiment of the ROK 7th Division , attacking from the east along the lateral corridor , cleared Yongch 'on itself of North Koreans and then went into a defensive position north of the town . But the next day , September 8 , additional elements of the NK 15th Division arrived before Yongch 'on and recaptured it . That afternoon the ROK 11th Regiment of the ROK 1st Division arrived from the Taegu front and counterattacked the North Koreans in and near the town . This action succeeded in clearing the North Koreans from most of Yongch 'on , but some North Koreans still held the railroad station southeast of it . Still others were an unknown distance southeast on the road toward Kyongju . In the hills southeast and east of Yongch 'on , the NK 15th Division encountered very stiff resistance . Its artillery regiment outpaced the North Korean infantry , expended its ammunition , and , without support , was then largely destroyed by ROK counterattack . The North Korean artillery commander was killed in the action . After the ROK 5th and 11th Regiments arrived in the vicinity of Yongch 'on to reinforce the demoralized 8th Division , South Korean action against the North Korean units was so intense that the two armies had no chance to regroup for co @-@ ordinating action . On September 9 and 10 ROK units surrounded and virtually destroyed the NK 15th Division southeast of Yongch 'on on the hills bordering the Kyongju road . The North Korean division chief of staff , Colonel Kim Yon , was killed there together with many other high @-@ ranking officers . The part played by KMAG officers in rounding up stragglers of the ROK 8th Division and in reorganizing its units was an important factor in the successful outcome of these battles . On September 10 , the ROK 8th Division cleared the Yongch 'on @-@ Kyongju road of the North Koreans , capturing two tanks , six howitzers , a 76 mm self @-@ propelled gun , several antitank guns , and many small arms . Advancing north of Yongch 'on after the retreating survivors of the NK 15th Division , the ROK 8th Division and the 5th Regiment of the ROK 7th Division encountered almost no resistance . On September 12 , elements of the two ROK organizations were 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of the town . On that day they captured four 120 mm mortars , four antitank guns , four artillery pieces , nine trucks , two machine guns , and numerous small arms . ROK forces now also advanced east from Yongch 'on and north from Kyongju to close the breach in their lines . The most critical period of the fighting in the east occurred when the NK 15th Division broke through the ROK 8th Division to Yongch 'on . The North Korean division attempted to turn east and southeast and take Task Force Jackson in the rear or on its left flank . But Walker 's quick dispatch of the ROK 5th and 11th Regiments from two widely separated sectors of the front to the area of penetration resulted in destroying the force before it could exploit its breakthrough . Walker was commended for his judgment of the reinforcements needed to stem the North Korean attacks in the Kyongju and Yongch 'on areas . = = = Taegu = = = = = = = Tabu @-@ dong = = = = While four divisions of the NK II Corps attacked south in the P 'ohang @-@ dong , Kyongju , and Yongch 'on area , the remaining three divisions of the corps — the 3rd , 13th , and 1st — conducted a converging attack on Taegu from the north and northwest . The NK 3rd Division was to attack in the Waegwan area northwest of Taegu , the NK 13th Division down the mountain ridges north of Taegu along and west of the Sangju @-@ Taegu road , and the NK 1st Division along the high mountain ridges just east of the road . Defending Taegu , the US 1st Cavalry Division had a frontage of approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) . The Divisional Commander Major General Hobart R. Gay outposted the main avenues of entry into his zone and kept his three regiments concentrated behind these outposts . Walker ordered the 1st Cavalry Division to attack north on September 1 in an effort to divert some of the North Korean strength from the US 2nd and 25th Infantry Divisions in the south . Gay 's initial decision upon receipt of this order was to attack north up the Sangju road , but his staff and regimental commanders all joined in urging that the attack instead be against Hill 518 in the US 7th Cavalry zone . Only two days before , Hill 518 had been in the ROK 1st Division zone and had been considered a North Korean assembly point . The US 1st Cavalry Division , accordingly , prepared for an attack in the 7th Cavalry sector and for diversionary attacks by two companies of the 3rd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , on the 7th Cavalry 's right flank . This left the 8th Cavalry only one infantry company in reserve . The regiment 's 1st Battalion was on the hill mass to the west of the Bowling Alley and north of Tabu @-@ dong ; its 2nd Battalion was astride the road . This planned attack against Hill 518 coincided with the defection of Major Kim Song Jun of the NK 19th Regiment , NK 13th Division . He reported that a full @-@ scale North Korean attack was to begin at dusk that day . The NK 13th Division , he said , had just taken in 4 @,@ 000 replacements , 2 @,@ 000 of them without weapons , and was now back to a strength of approximately 9 @,@ 000 men . Upon receiving this intelligence , Gay alerted all front @-@ line units to be prepared for the attack . Complying with Eighth Army 's order for a spoiling attack against the North Koreans northwest of Taegu , Gay ordered the 7th Cavalry to attack on September 2 and seize Hill 518 . Situated north of the lateral Waegwan @-@ Tabu – dong road , and about midway between the two towns , it was a critical terrain feature dominating the road between the two places . After securing Hill 518 , the 7th Cavalry attack was to continue on to Hill 314 . Air strikes and artillery preparations were to precede the infantry attack . On the morning of September 2 the US Air Force delivered a 37 @-@ minute strike against Hills 518 and 346 . The artillery then laid down its concentrations on the hills , and after that the planes came over again with napalm , leaving the heights on fire . Just after 10 : 00 , and immediately after the final napalm strike , the 1st Battalion , US 7th Cavalry , attacked up Hill 518 . The heavy air strikes and the artillery preparations had failed to dislodge the North Koreans . From their positions they delivered mortar and machine @-@ gun fire on the climbing infantry , stopping the weak lead elements of the US force short of the crest . In the afternoon the US battalion withdrew from Hill 518 and attacked northeast against Hill 490 , from which other North Korean troops had fired in support of the North Koreans on Hill 518 . The next day at 12 : 00 , the newly arrived 3rd Battalion resumed the attack against Hill 518 from the south , as did the 1st Battalion the day before , in a column of companies that resolved itself in the end into a column of squads . Again the attack failed . Other attacks failed on September 4 . A North Korean forward observer captured on Hill 518 said that 1 @,@ 200 North Koreans were dug in on the hill and that they had large numbers of mortars and ammunition to hold out . While these attacks were in progress on its right , the 2nd Battalion , 5th Cavalry Regiment , on September 4 attacked and captured Hill 303 . The next day it had difficulty in holding the hill against counterattacks . By September 4 it had become clear that the NK 3rd Division in front of the 5th and 7th Cavalry Regiments was also attacking , and despite continued air strikes , artillery preparations , and infantry efforts on Hill 518 , it was infiltrating large numbers of its troops to the rear of the attacking US forces . That night large North Korean forces came through the gap between the 3rd Battalion on the southern slope of Hill 518 and the 2nd Battalion westward . The North Koreans turned west and occupied Hill 464 in force . By September 5 , Hill 464 to the rear of the US 7th Cavalry had more North Koreans on it than Hill 518 to its front . The North Koreans cut the Waegwan to Tabu @-@ dong road east of the regiment so that its communications with other US units now were only to the west . During the day the 7th Cavalry made a limited withdrawal on Hill 518 , giving up on capturing the hill . On the division 's right , Tabu @-@ dong was in North Korean hands , on the left Waegwan was a no @-@ man 's land , and in the center strong North Korean forces were infiltrating southward from Hill 518 . The 7th Cavalry Regiment in the center could no longer use the Waegwan @-@ Tabu @-@ dong lateral supply road behind it , and was in danger of being surrounded . After discussing a withdrawal plan with Walker , on September 5 Gay issued an order for a general withdrawal of the 1st Cavalry Division during the night to shorten the lines and to occupy a better defensive position . Heavy rains fell during the night of September 5 / 6 and mud slowed all wheeled and tracked vehicles in the withdrawal . The 2nd Battalion disengaged from the North Korean and began its withdrawal at 03 : 00 on September 6 . The North Koreans quickly discovered that the 2nd Battalion was withdrawing and attacked it . In the vicinity of Hills 464 and 380 the battalion discovered at daybreak that it was virtually surrounded by North Koreans . Moving by itself and completely cut off from all other units , G Company , numbering only about 80 men , was hardest hit . On the division 's left , meanwhile , the 2nd Battalion , 5th Cavalry , on Hill 303 came under heavy attack and the battalion commander wanted to withdraw . This battalion suffered heavy casualties before it abandoned Hill 303 on the September 6 to the North Koreans . While G Company was trying to escape from Hill 464 , the rest of the 2nd Battalion was cut off at the eastern base of Hill 380 , to the south . Later in the day on September 7 , the battalion received radio orders to withdraw by any route as soon as possible . It moved southwest into the 5th Cavalry sector . East of the 2nd Battalion , the North Koreans attacked the 1st Battalion in its new position on September 7 and overran the battalion aid station , killing four and wounding seven men . That night the 1st Battalion was attached to the 5th Cavalry Regiment . The rest of the 7th Cavalry Regiment moved to a point near Taegu in division reserve . During the night of September 7 / 8 the 5th Cavalry Regiment on division orders withdrew still farther below Waegwan to new defensive positions astride the main Seoul @-@ Taegu highway . The North Korean 3rd Division was still moving reinforcements across the Naktong . Observers sighted barges loaded with troops and artillery pieces crossing the river 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Waegwan on the evening of the 7th . On the 8th the North Korean communiqué claimed the capture of Waegwan . The next day the situation grew worse for the 1st Cavalry Division . On its left flank , the NK 3rd Division forced the 1st Battalion , 5th Cavalry , to withdraw from Hill 345 , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of Waegwan . The North Koreans pressed forward and the 5th Cavalry was immediately locked in hard , seesaw fighting on Hills 203 and 174 . The 1st Battalion , 7th Cavalry , before it left that sector to rejoin its regiment , finally captured the latter hill after four attacks . Only with difficulty did the 5th Cavalry Regiment hold Hill 203 on September 12 . Between midnight and 04 : 00 on September 13 , the North Koreans attacked again and took Hill 203 from E Company , Hill 174 from L Company , and Hill 188 from B and F Companies . In an afternoon counterattack the regiment regained Hill 188 on the south side of the highway , but failed against Hills 203 and 174 on the north side . On the 14th , I Company again attacked Hill 174 , which had by now changed hands seven times . In this action the company suffered 82 casualties . Even so , the company held only one side of the hill , the North Korean held the other , and grenade battles between the two continued for another week . The battalions of the 5th Cavalry Regiment were so low in strength at this time that they were not considered combat effective . This seesaw battle continued in full 8 miles ( 13 km ) northwest of Taegu . = = = = Ka @-@ san = = = = The 1st Cavalry Division commander , Gay , alerted all of his division 's front @-@ line units to be prepared for the attack in the Ka @-@ san sector as well . ROK 1st Division commander Major General Paik Sun Yup also braced his men for attack . The attack hit with full force in the " Bowling Alley " area north of Taegu . The attack caught the US 8th Cavalry Regiment unprepared at Sangju . The division was poorly deployed along the road to that town , lacking a reserve force to counterattack effectively . The North Koreans struck the 2nd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , the night of September 2 / 3 on Hill 448 west of the Bowling Alley and 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Tabu @-@ dong , and overran it . The overrun 2nd Battalion withdrew through the 3rd Battalion which had assembled hastily in a defensive position south of Tabu @-@ dong . During the day , elements of the NK 1st Division forced the 8th Cavalry I & R Platoon and a detachment of South Korean police from the Walled City of Ka @-@ san on the crest of Hill 902 , 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east of Tabu @-@ dong . On September 3 , therefore , the UN command , the Eighth Army lost both Tabu @-@ dong and Hill 902 , locally called Ka @-@ san , the dominant mountain @-@ top 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Taegu . This sudden surge of the North Koreans southward toward Taegu concerned Walker . The Army ordered an ROK battalion from the Taegu Replacement Training Center to a position in the rear of the 8th Cavalry , and the 1st Cavalry Division organized Task Force Allen , to be commanded by Assistant Division Commander Brigadier General Frank A. Allen , Jr . It was to be used in combat as an emergency force should the North Koreans break through to the edge of Taegu . Eighth Army countered the North Korean advance down the Tabu @-@ dong road by ordering the 1st Cavalry Division to recapture and defend Hill 902 . This hill , 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Taegu , afforded observation all the way south through Eighth Army positions into the city , and , in North Korean hands , could be used for general intelligence purposes and to direct artillery and mortar fire . Colonel Raymond D. Palmer , commanding the 8th Cavalry Regiment was ordered to retake the mountain with the help of several support units . The next morning , September 4 , the force moved to Ka @-@ san and set up an assembly area near the village of Kisong @-@ dong 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of the Tabu @-@ dong road . During the afternoon and evening of September 3 , the NK 2nd Battalion , 2nd Regiment , 1st Division , had occupied the summit of Ka @-@ san . The engineer company started its attack up the mountain about noon of September 4 , following a trail up a southern spur . Less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) up the trail , the company came under machine gun fire twice . North Korean mortar fire also struck the company during its climb , but the head of the company arrived at the bowl @-@ shaped summit of Hill 755 , the southern arm of the Hill 902 crest . The platoon commander placed the 90 men of his company in position facing in an arc from west to northeast ; the 2nd Platoon took the left flank near the stone wall , the 1st Platoon took the center position on a wooded knoll , and the 3rd Platoon the right flank at the edge of a woods . The D Company position was entirely within the area enclosed by the stone wall . As several squads left the hill on a patrol , North Koreans attacked the main company position behind it . The platoon dropped down off the ridge into a gully on the left . Some of the men in the advanced squad made their way back to US lines , but North Koreans captured most near the bottom of Ka @-@ san on September 10 as they were trying to make their way through the North Korean lines . About 30 minutes after D Company had reached Hill 755 , an estimated North Korean battalion launched an attack down the slope running south to Hill 755 from the crest of Hill 902 . The company to turned back this attack . That night , North Korean mortar and small arms fire harassed the company and there were several small probing North Korean attacks . At dawn on September 5 the North Koreans attacked . The engineers repulsed this attack but suffered some casualties . Ammunition was running low and three US C @-@ 47 Skytrain aircraft came over the area to make an airdrop . The planes mistakenly dropped their bundles of ammunition and food on the North Korean positions . Immediately after the airdrops , two F @-@ 51 Mustang fighter planes came over and attacked D Company , also in error . Soon after this aerial attack , North Korean troops attacked the positions . Sometime between 10 : 00 and 11 : 00 , E Company , 8th Cavalry Regiment , arrived on top of Hill 755 and came into D Company 's perimeter . North Korean fire , killing several of the porters , turned it back . Shortly after the E Company platoon joined Vandygriff , the North Koreans attacked again unsuccessfully . The American units , out of ammunition , relied on captured North Korean equipment . At 13 : 30 Gay ordered the 8th Cavalry Regiment to withdraw its men off Ka @-@ san . Gay believed he had insufficient forces to secure and hold it and that the North Koreans had insufficient ammunition to exploit its possession as an observation point for directing artillery and mortar fire . Rain started falling again and heavy fog closed in on the mountain top and severely reduced visibility there . Again the North Koreans attacked as the final units began their withdrawal . When all remaining members of D Company had been assembled , Holley found that the company had suffered 50 percent casualties ; 18 men were wounded and 30 were missing in action . Soldiers of the ROK 1st Division captured a North Korean near Ka @-@ san on September 4 who said that about 800 North Korean soldiers were on Ka @-@ san with three more battalions following them from the north . The engineer company had succeeded only in establishing a perimeter briefly within the North Korean @-@ held area . By evening of September 5 , Ka @-@ san was securely in North Korean hands with an estimated five battalions , totaling about 1 @,@ 500 soldiers , on the mountain and its forward slope . By September 10 , 400 – 500 North Koreans were on the ridge of Ka @-@ San , as observed by a T @-@ 6 Mosquito spotter plane . Now , with Ka @-@ san firmly in their possession , the NK 13th and 1st Divisions made ready to press on downhill into Taegu they set up a roadblock which was repulsed the next day . Even though the 1st Cavalry Division fell back nearly everywhere on September 7 , Walker ordered it and the ROK II Corps to attack and seize Hill 902 and Ka @-@ san . On the morning of September 8 , an estimated 1 @,@ 000 North Korean soldiers were on Hill 570 , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Taegu , and Walker decided the continued pressure against the eastern flank of the 1st Cavalry Division sector was the most immediate threat to the UN Forces at Pusan Perimeter . That same day , the 1st Cavalry Division canceled a planned continuation of the attack against Hill 570 by the 3rd Battalion , US 7th Cavalry Regiment , when North Korean forces threatened Hills 314 and 660 , south and east of 570 . In the midst of this drive on Taegu , an ammunition shortage became critical for the UN forces . Eighth Army on September 10 reduced the ration of 105 mm howitzer ammunition from 50 to 25 rounds per howitzer per day , except in cases of emergency . Carbine ammunition was also in critical short supply . The 17th Field Artillery Battalion , with the first 8 @-@ inch howitzers to arrive in Korea , could not engage in the battle for lack of ammunition . The NK 1st Division now began moving in the zone of the ROK 1st Division around the right flank of the 1st Cavalry Division . Its 2nd Regiment , with 1 @,@ 200 men , advanced 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) eastward from the vicinity of Hill 902 to the towering 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) high mountain of P 'algong @-@ san . It reached the top of P 'algong @-@ san about daylight on September 10 , and a little later new replacements made a charge toward the ROK positions . The ROK repulsed the charge , killing or wounding about two @-@ thirds of the attacking force . The US 1st Cavalry Division now had most of its combat units concentrated on its right flank north of Taegu . The 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , attached to the 8th Cavalry Regiment , was behind that regiment on Hills 181 and 182 astride the Tabu @-@ dong road only 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of Taegu . The rest of the 7th Cavalry Regiment ( the 1st Battalion rejoined the regiment during the day ) was in the valley of the Kumho River to the right rear between the North Koreans and the Taegu Airfield , which was situated 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) northeast of the city . The US 5th Cavalry Regiment was disposed on the hills astride the Waegwan road 8 miles ( 13 km ) northwest of Taegu . On its left the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
had penetrated in a gap between the 8th and 5th Cavalry Regiments . The fighting on Hill 401 was particularly severe . Both sides had troops on the mountain when night fell . = = = Naktong Bulge = = = = = = = Second Naktong Bulge = = = = During the North Koreans ' September 1 offensive , the US 25th Infantry Division 's US 35th Infantry Regiment was heavily engaged in the Battle of Nam River north of Masan . On the 35th Regiment 's right flank , just north of the confluence of the Nam River and the Naktong River , was the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division . There , in the southernmost part of the 2nd Infantry Division zone , the 9th Infantry Regiment held a sector more than 20 @,@ 000 yards ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) long , including the bulge area of the Naktong where the First Battle of Naktong Bulge had taken place earlier in August . Each US infantry company on the river line here had a front of 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) to 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) and they held only key hills and observation points , as the units were extremely spread out along the wide front . During the last week of August , US troops on these hills could see minor North Korean activity across the river , which they thought were North Koreans organizing the high ground on the west side of the Naktong against a possible American attack . There were occasional attacks on the 9th Infantry 's forward positions , but to the men in the front lines this appeared to be only a standard patrol action . On August 31 , the UN forces were alerted to a pending attack when much of the Korean civilian labor force fled the front lines . Intelligence officers reported an attack was coming . On the west side of the Naktong , North Korean Major General Pak Kyo Sam , commanding the NK 9th Division , issued his operations order to the division on August 28 . Its mission in the forthcoming attack was to outflank and destroy the US troops at Naktong Bulge by capturing the Miryang and Samnangjin areas to cut off the US 2nd Division 's route of supply and withdrawal between Taegu and Pusan . However , the North Koreans were not aware that the US 2nd Infantry Division had recently replaced the US 24th Infantry Division in positions along the Naktong River . Consequently , they expected lighter resistance ; the 24th troops were exhausted from months of fighting but the 2nd Division men were fresh and newly arrived in Korea . They had only recently been moved into the line . The North Koreans began crossing the Naktong River under cover of darkness at certain points . The first North Korean crossing at the Paekchin ferry caught a Heavy Mortar Platoon unprepared in the act of setting up its weapons . It also caught most of the D and H Company , 9th Infantry men at the base of Hill 209 , .5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) from the crossing site . The North Koreans killed or captured many of the troops there . The first heavy weapons carrying party was on its way up the hill when the North Korean attack engulfed the men below . It hurried on to the top where the advance group waited and there all hastily dug in on a small perimeter . This group was not attacked during the night . From 21 : 30 until shortly after midnight the NK 9th Division crossed the Naktong at a number of places and climbed the hills quietly toward the 9th Infantry river line positions . Then , when the artillery barrage preparation lifted , the North Korean infantry were in position to launch their assaults . These began in the northern part of the regimental sector and quickly spread southward . At each crossing site the North Koreans would overwhelm local UN defenders before building pontoon bridges for their vehicles and armor . At 02 : 00 , B Company was attacked . The hills on both sides of B Company were already under attack as was also Hill 311 , a rugged terrain feature a 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the river and the North Koreans ' principal immediate objective . On Hill 209 the North Koreans drove B Company from its position , inflicting very heavy casualties on it . At 03 : 00 , 1 September , the 9th Infantry Regiment ordered its only reserve , E Company , to move west along the Yongsan @-@ Naktong River road and take a blocking position at the pass between Cloverleaf Hill and Obong @-@ ni Ridge , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from the river and 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) from Yongsan . This was the critical terrain where so much heavy fighting had taken place in the first battle of the Naktong Bulge . Fighting began at the pass at 02 : 30 . A strong North Korean force surprised and delivered heavy automatic fire at 03 : 30 from positions astride the road east of the pass . With the critical parts of Cloverleaf Hill and Obong @-@ ni Ridge , the best defensive terrain between Yongsan and the river , the North Koreans controlled the high ground . The US 2nd Infantry Division now had to base its defense of Yongsan on relatively poor defensive terrain , the low hills at the western edge of the town . North of the 9th Infantry sector of the 2nd Infantry Division front along the Naktong , the US 23rd Infantry Regiment on August 29 had just relieved the 3rd Battalion of the US 38th Infantry Regiment , which in turn had only a few days before relieved the US 21st Infantry Regiment of the US 24th Infantry Division . It took over a 16 @,@ 000 yards ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) front on the Naktong River without its 3rd Battalion which had been attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division to the north . On August 31 the 2nd Division moved E Company south to a reserve position in the 9th Infantry sector . At 21 : 00 the first shells of what proved to be a two @-@ hour North Korean artillery and mortar preparation against the American river positions of 2nd Platoon . As the barrage rolled on , North Korean infantry crossed the river and climbed the hills in the darkness under cover of its fire . At 23 : 00 the barrage lifted and the North Koreans attacked along the battalion outpost line . As the North Korean attack developed during the night , 1st Battalion succeeded in withdrawing a large part of its force , less C Company , just north of Lake U @-@ p 'o and the hills there covering the northern road into Changnyong , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of the river and 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) west of the town . B Company lost heavily in this action . When word of the disaster that had overtaken 1st Battalion reached regimental headquarters , G and F Companies from 2nd Division reserve were sent to help 1st Battalion and the latter on the southern road toward Pugong @-@ ni and C Company . This force was unable to reach C Company , but Lieutenant Colonel Carl C. Jensen collected stragglers from it and seized high ground astride this main approach to Changnyong near Ponch 'o @-@ ri above Lake Sanorho , and went into a defensive position there . The US 2nd Division released E Company to the regiment and the next day it joined F Company to build up what became the main defensive position of the 23rd Regiment in front of Changnyong . North Korean troops during the night passed around the right flank of 1st Battalion 's northern blocking position and reached the road three miles behind him near the division artillery positions . The 23rd Infantry Headquarters and Service Companies and other miscellaneous regimental units finally stopped this penetration near the regimental command post 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northwest of Changnyong . Before the morning of 1 September had passed , reports coming in to US 2nd Division headquarters made it clear that North Koreans had penetrated to the north @-@ south Changnyong @-@ Yongsan road and cut the division in two ; the 38th and 23d Infantry Regiments with the bulk of the division artillery in the north were separated from the division headquarters and the 9th Infantry Regiment in the south . Division commander Major General Laurence B. Keiser decided that this situation made it advisable to control and direct the divided division as two special forces . Accordingly , he placed the division artillery commander , Brigadier General Loyal M. Haynes , in command of the northern group . Southward , in the Yongsan area , Keiser placed Brigadier General Joseph S. Bradley , Assistant Division Commander , in charge of the 9th Infantry Regiment , the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , most of the 72nd Tank Battalion , and other miscellaneous units of the division . This southern grouping was known as Task Force Bradley . All three regiments of the NK 2nd Division — the 4th , 17th , and 6th , in line from north to south — crossed during the night to the east side of the Naktong River into the 23rd Regiment sector . The NK 2nd Division , concentrated in the Sinban @-@ ni area west of the river , had , in effect , attacked straight east across the river and was trying to seize the two avenues of advance into Changnyong above and below Lake U @-@ p 'o . On August 31 , 1950 , Lake U @-@ p 'o was a large body of water although in most places very shallow . The massive North Korean attack had made deep penetrations everywhere in the division sector except in the north in the zone of the 38th Infantry . The NK 9th Division had effected major crossings of the Naktong at two principal points against the US 9th Infantry ; the NK 2nd Division in the meantime had made three major crossings against the US 23rd Infantry ; and the NK 10th Division had begun crossing more troops in the Hill 409 area near Hyongp 'ung in the US 38th Infantry sector . Communication from division and regimental headquarters to nearly all the forward units was broken . As information slowly built up at division headquarters it became apparent that the North Koreans had punched a hole 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) wide and 8 miles ( 13 km ) deep in the middle of the division line and made less severe penetrations elsewhere . The front @-@ line battalions of the US 9th and 23rd Regiments were in various states of disorganization and some companies had virtually disappeared . Keiser hoped he could organize a defense along the Changnyong @-@ Yongsan road east of the Naktong River , and prevent North Korean access to the passes eastward leading to Miryang and Ch 'ongdo . Walker decided that the situation was most critical in the Naktong Bulge area of the US 2nd Division sector . There the North Koreans threatened Miryang and with it the entire Eighth Army position . Walker ordered US Marine Corps Brigadier General Edward Craig , commanding the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade , to prepare the Marines to move at once . The Marines made ready to depart for the Naktong Bulge at 13 : 30 . North of the US 9th Infantry and the battles in the Naktong Bulge and around Yongsan , the US 23rd Infantry Regiment after daylight of September 1 was in a very precarious position . Its 1st Battalion had been driven from the river positions and isolated 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) westward . Approximately 400 North Koreans now overran the regimental command post , compelling Colonel Paul L. Freeman to withdraw it about 600 yards ( 550 m ) . There , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northwest of Changnyong , the US 23rd Infantry Headquarters and Headquarters Company , miscellaneous regimental units , and regimental staff officers checked the North Koreans in a 3 @-@ hour fight . Still farther northward in the zone of the US 38th Infantry the North Koreans were also active . At 06 : 00 on September 3 , 300 North Koreans launched an attack from Hill 284 against the 38th Regiment command post . This fight continued until September 5 . On that day F Company captured Hill 284 killing 150 North Koreans . Meanwhile , during these actions in its rear , the 1st Battalion , 23rd Infantry , was cut off 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) west of the nearest friendly units . On the morning of September 1 , 3rd Battalion , 38th Infantry moved in an attack westward from the 23rd Regiment command post near Mosan @-@ ni to open the road to the 1st Battalion . On the second day of the fighting at the pass , the relief force broke through the roadblock with the help of air strikes and artillery and tank fire . The advanced elements of the battalion joined 1st Battalion at 17 : 00 on September 2 . That evening , North Koreans strongly attacked the 3rd Battalion , 38th Infantry , on Hill 209 north of the road and opposite 1st Battalion , driving one company from its position . On September 4 , Haynes changed the boundary between the 38th and 23rd Infantry Regiments , giving the northern part of the 23rd 's sector to the 38th Infantry , thus releasing 1st Battalion for movement southward to help the 2nd Battalion defend the southern approach to Changnyong . The 1st Battalion , 23rd Infantry , about 1 @,@ 100 men strong when the attack began , was now down to a strength of approximately 600 men . The 23rd Infantry now made plans to concentrate all its troops on the position held by its 2nd Battalion on the Pugong @-@ ni @-@ Changnyong road . The 1st Battalion moved there and took a place on the left flank of the 2nd Battalion . At the same time the regimental command post moved to the rear of this position . In this regimental perimeter , the 23rd Infantry fought a series of hard battles . Simultaneously it had to send combat patrols to its rear to clear infiltrating North Koreans from Changnyong and from its supply road . The NK 2nd Division made a new effort against the 23rd Infantry 's perimeter in the predawn hours of September 8 , in an attempt to break through eastward . This attack , launched at 02 : 30 and heavily supported with artillery , penetrated F Company . It was apparent that unless F Company 's position could be restored the entire regimental front would collapse . When all its officers became casualties , First Lieutenant Ralph R. Robinson , adjutant of the 2nd Battalion , assumed command of the company . The attack tapered off with the coming of daylight , but that night it resumed . The North Koreans struck repeatedly at the defense line . This time they continued the fighting into the daylight hours of 9 September . The Air Force then concentrated strong air support over the regimental perimeter to aid the ground troops . Casualties came to the aid stations from the infantry companies in an almost steady stream during the morning . All available men from Headquarters Company and special units were formed into squads and put into the fight at the most critical points . At one time , the regimental reserve was down to six men . When the attack finally ceased shortly after 12 : 00 the 23rd Regiment had an estimated combat efficiency of only 38 percent . This heavy night and day battle cost the NK 2nd Division most of its remaining offensive strength . The medical officer of the NK 17th Regiment , 2nd Division , captured a few days later , said that the division evacuated about 300 men nightly to a hospital in Pugong @-@ ni , and that in the first two weeks of September the 2nd Division lost 1 @,@ 300 killed and 2 @,@ 500 wounded in the fighting west of Changnyong . Even though its offensive strength was largely spent by September 9 , the division continued to harass rear areas around Changnyong with infiltrating groups as large as companies . Patrols daily had to open the main supply road and clear the town . North Korean and US troops remained locked in combat along the Naktong River for several more days . The North Koreans ' offensive capability was largely destroyed , and the US troops resolved to hold their lines barring further attack . = = = = Yongsan = = = = On the morning of September 1 the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the NK 9th Division , in their first offensive of the war , stood only a few miles short of Yongsan after a successful river crossing and penetration of the American line . The 3rd Regiment had been left at Inch 'on , but division commander Major General Pak Kyo Sam felt the chances of capturing Yongsan were strong . As the NK 9th Division approached Yongsan , its 1st Regiment was on the north and its 2nd Regiment on the south . The division 's attached support , consisting of one 76 mm artillery battalion from the NK I Corps , an antiaircraft battalion of artillery , two tank battalions of the NK 16th Armored Brigade , and a battalion of artillery from the NK 4th Division , gave it unusually heavy support . Crossing the river behind it came the 4th Division , a greatly weakened organization , far understrength , short of weapons , and made up mostly of untrained replacements . A captured North Korean document referred to this grouping of units that attacked from the Sinban @-@ ni area into the Naktong Bulge as the main force of NK I Corps . Elements of the 9th Division reached the hills just west of Yongsan during the afternoon of September 1 . On the morning of September 1 , with only the shattered remnants of E Company at hand , the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division had virtually no troops to defend Yongsan . Division commander Major General Lawrence B. Keiser in this emergency attached the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion to the regiment . The US 72nd Tank Battalion and the 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company also were assigned positions close to Yongsan . The regimental commander planned to place the engineers on the chain of low hills that arched around Yongsan on the northwest . Disorganized US forces were ordered to pull back to Yongsan . The road to Miryang came south out of Yongsan , bent around the western tip of this mountain , and then ran eastward along its southern base . In its position , they not only commanded the town but also its exit , the road to Miryang . North Koreans had also approached Yongsan from the south . That night North Korean soldiers crossed the low ground around Yongsan and entered the town from the south . US troops attempted to rally and fend off the North Korean attack , but were too disorganized to mount effective resistance . By evening the North Koreans had been driven into the hills westward . In the evening , the 2nd Battalion and A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , occupied the first chain of low hills 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) beyond Yongsan , the engineers west and the 2nd Battalion northwest of the town . For the time being at least , the North Korean drive toward Miryang had been halted . In this time , the desperately undermanned US units began to be reinforced with Korean Augmentees ( KATUSAs . ) However , the cultural divide between the KATUSAs and the US troops caused tensions . At 09 : 35 on September 2 , while the North Koreans were attempting to destroy the engineer troops at the southern edge of Yongsan and clear the road to Miryang , Walker attached the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to the US 2nd Division and ordered a co @-@ ordinated attack by all available elements of the division and the Marines , with the mission of destroying the North Koreans east of the Naktong River in the 2nd Division sector and restoring the river line . The Marines were to be released from 2nd Division control as soon as this mission was accomplished . Between 03 : 00 and 04 : 30 on September 3 , the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade moved to forward assembly areas . The 2nd Battalion , 5th Marines assembled north of Yongsan , the 1st Battalion , 5th Marines south of it . The 3rd Battalion , 5th Marines established security positions southwest of Yongsan along the approaches into the regimental sector from that direction . The Marine attack started at 08 : 55 on September 3 , across the rice paddy land toward North Korean @-@ held high ground 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) westward . Air strikes , artillery concentrations , and machine gun and rifle fire of the 1st Battalion now caught North Korean reinforcements in open rice paddies moving up from the second ridge and killed most of them . That night the Marines dug in on a line 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Yongsan . Total Marine casualties for September 3 were 34 killed and 157 wounded . Coordinating its attack with that of the marines , the 9th Infantry advanced abreast of them on the north . The counterattack continued at 08 : 00 September 4 , at first against little opposition . By nightfall the counterattack had gained another 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . That night was quiet until just before dawn . The North Koreans then launched an attack against the 9th Infantry on the right of the marines , the heaviest blow striking G Company . It had begun to rain again and the attack came in the midst of a downpour . American artillery fire concentrated in front of the 9th Infantry helped greatly in repelling the North Koreans in this night and day battle . That morning , September 5 , after a 10 @-@ minute artillery preparation , the American troops moved out in their third day of counterattack . As the attack progressed , the Marines approached Obong @-@ ni Ridge and the 9th Infantry neared Cloverleaf Hill where they had fought tenaciously during the First Battle of Naktong Bulge the month before . There , at midmorning , on the high ground ahead , they could see North Korean troops digging in . The Marines approached the pass between the two hills and took positions in front of the North Korean @-@ held high ground . At 14 : 30 approximately 300 North Korean infantry came from the village of Tugok and concealed positions , striking B Company on Hill 125 just north of the road and east of Tugok . Two T @-@ 34 tanks surprised and knocked out the two leading Marine M26 Pershing tanks . Since the destroyed Pershing tanks blocked fields of fire , four others withdrew to better positions . Assault teams of B Company and the 1st Battalion with 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch rocket launchers rushed into action , took the tanks under fire , and destroyed both of them , as well as an armored personnel carrier following behind . The North Korean infantry attack was brutal and inflicted 25 casualties on B Company before reinforcements from A Company and supporting Army artillery and the Marine 81 mm mortars helped repel it . September 5 was a day of heavy casualties everywhere on the Pusan Perimeter . Army units had 102 killed , 430 wounded , and 587 missing in action for a total of 1 @,@ 119 casualties . Marine units had 35 killed , 91 wounded , and none missing in action , for a total of 126 battle casualties . Total American battle casualties for the day were 1 @,@ 245 men . It is unknown how many North Koreans were killed or wounded on that day , but they likely suffered heavy casualties . The American counteroffensive of September 3 – 5 west of Yongsan , according to prisoner statements , resulted in one of the bloodiest debacles of the war for a North Korean division . Even though remnants of the NK 9th Division , supported by the low strength NK 4th Division , still held Obong @-@ ni Ridge , Cloverleaf Hill , and the intervening ground back to the Naktong on September 6 , the division 's offensive strength had been spent at the end of the American counterattack . The NK 9th and 4th divisions were not able to resume the offensive . Just after midnight on September 6 , the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was ordered back to Pusan in order to travel to Japan and merge with other Marine units to form the 1st Marine Division . This was done after a heated disagreement between Walker 's command and MacArthur 's command . Walker said he could not hold the Pusan Perimeter without the Marines in reserve , while MacArthur said he could not conduct the Inchon landings without the Marines . MacArthur responded by assigning the 17th Infantry Regiment , and later the 65th Infantry Regiment , would be added to Walker 's reserves , but Walker did not feel the inexperienced troops would be effective . Walker felt the transition endangered the Perimeter at a time when it was unclear if it would hold . = = = Masan = = = = = = = Haman = = = = On the extreme west flank , in the center of the 25th Division line , Lieutenant Colonel Paul F. Roberts ' 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , held the crest of the second ridge west of Haman , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the town . From Chungam @-@ ni , in North Korean territory , a secondary road led to Haman along the shoulders of low hills and across rice paddy ground , running east 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of the main Chinju @-@ Masan road . It came through Roberts ' 2nd Battalion position in a pass 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Haman . Late in the afternoon of August 31 , observers with G Company , 24th Infantry , noticed activity 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in front of their positions . They called in two air strikes that hit this area at dusk . US Artillery sent a large concentration of fire into the area , but the effect of this fire was not known . All US units on the line were alerted for a possible North Korean attack . That night the North Koreans launched their coordinated offensive against the entire UN force . The NK 6th Division advanced first , hitting F Company on the north side of the pass on the Chungam @-@ ni @-@ Haman road . The ROK troops in the pass left their positions and fell back on G Company south of the pass . The North Koreans captured a 75 mm recoilless rifle in the pass and turned it on American tanks , knocking out two of them . They then overran a section of 82 mm mortars at the east end of the pass . South of the pass , at dawn , First Lieutenant Houston M. McMurray found that only 15 out of 69 men assigned to his platoon remained with him , a mix of US and ROK troops . The North Koreans attacked this position at dawn . They came through an opening in the barbed wire perimeter which was supposed to be covered by a man with a M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle , but he had fled . Throwing grenades and spraying the area with burp gun fire , the North Koreans quickly overran the position . Numerous officers and non @-@ commissioned officers attempted to get the men back into line , but they would not follow these orders . In one instance South Korean troops killed their own company commander when he tried to stop them from escaping . Shortly after the North Korean attack started most of the 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , fled their positions . One company at a time , the battalion was struck with strong attacks all along its front , and with the exception of a few dozen men in each company , each formation quickly crumbled , with most of the troops running back to Haman against the orders of the officers . The North Koreans passed through the crumbling US lines quickly and overran the 2nd Battalion command post , killing several men there and destroying much of the battalion 's equipment . With the 2nd Battalion broken , Haman was open to direct North Korean attack . As the North Koreans encircled Haman , Roberts , the 2nd Battalion commander , ordered an officer to take remnants of the battalion and establish a roadblock at the south edge of the town . Although the officer directed a large group of men to accompany him , only eight did so . The 2nd Battalion was no longer an effective fighting force . Pockets of its soldiers remained in place and fought fiercely , but the majority fled upon attack , and the North Koreans were able to move around the uneven resistance . They surrounded Haman as the 2nd Battalion crumbled in disarray . When the North Korean attack broke through the 2nd Battalion , Regimental commander Colonel Arthur S. Champney ordered the 1st Battalion , about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of Haman on the Chindong @-@ ni road , to counterattack and restore the line . Roberts assembled all the 40 men of the disorganized 2nd Battalion he could find to join in this counterattack , which got under way at 0730 . Upon contact with the North Koreans , the 1st Battalion broke and fled to the rear . Thus , shortly after daylight the scattered and disorganized men of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 24th Infantry had fled to the high ground 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of Haman . The better part of two regiments of the NK 6th Division poured into and through the Haman gap , now that they had captured the town and held it . At 14 : 45 on September 1 , division commander Major General William B. Kean ordered an immediate counterattack to restore the 24th Infantry positions . For 30 minutes US Air Force aircraft struck North Korean positions around Haman with bombs , napalm , rockets , and machine gun fire . They also attacked the North Korean @-@ held ridges around the town . Fifteen minutes of concentrated artillery fire followed . Fires spread in Haman . Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert Check 's 1st Battalion infantry moved out in attack west at 16 : 30 , reinforced by a platoon of tanks from A Company , 79th Tank Battalion . Eight tanks , mounting infantry , spearheaded the attack into Haman , capturing the city easily , as most of the North Korean troops had abandoned it . North Koreans in force held the ridge on the west side of the town , and their machine gun fire swept every approach . North Korean fire destroyed one tank and the attacking infantry suffered heavy casualties . But Check 's battalion pressed the attack and by 18 : 25 had seized the first long ridge 500 yards ( 460 m ) west of Haman . By 20 : 00 it had secured half of the old battle position on the higher ridge beyond , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Haman . Just 200 yards ( 180 m ) short of the crest on the remainder of the ridge , the infantry dug in for the night . It had recaptured Haman and was pushing back to the 24th 's old positions . The North Koreans attacked Haman daily for the next week . Following the repelling of North Korean infiltration on September 7 , the North Korean attack on Haman ground to a halt . The North Koreans , racked by logistical and manpower shortages , focused more heavily on their attacks against 24th Infantry positions on Battle Mountain , as well as 35th Infantry positions at the Nam River . 24th Infantry troops at Haman encountered only probing attacks until September 18 . = = = = Nam River = = = = Meanwhile , the North Korean 7th Division troops committed all of their effort into attacking the US 35th Infantry line . At 23 : 30 on August 31 , a North Korean SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled high @-@ velocity gun from across the Nam fired shells into the position of G Company , 35th Infantry , overlooking the river . Within a few minutes , North Korean artillery was attacking all front @-@ line rifle companies of the regiment from the Namji @-@ ri bridge west . Under cover of this fire a reinforced regiment of the NK 7th Division crossed the Nam River and attacked F and G Companies , 35th Infantry . Other North Korean soldiers crossed the Nam on an underwater bridge in front of the paddy ground north of Komam @-@ ni and near the boundary between the 2nd Battalion , led by Lieutenant Colonel John L. Wilkins , Jr . , holding the river front and Lieutenant Colonel Bernard G. Teeter 's 1st Battalion holding the hill line that stretched from the Nam River to Sibidang @-@ san and the Chinju @-@ Masan highway . The 35th Infantry , facing shortages of equipment and reinforcements , was under @-@ equipped but nonetheless prepared for an attack . In the low ground between these two battalions at the river ferry crossing site , Lieutenant Colonel Henry Fisher had placed 300 ROK National Police , expecting them to hold there long enough to serve as a warning for the rest of the forces . Guns from the flanking hills there could cover the low ground with fire . Back at Komam @-@ ni he held the 3rd Battalion ready for use in counterattack to stop an enemy penetration should it occur . Unexpectedly , the ROK police companies near the ferry scattered at the first North Korean fire . At 00 : 30 , North Korean troops streamed through this hole in the line , some turning left to take G Company in its flank and rear , and others turned right to attack C Company , which was on a spur of ground west of the Komam @-@ ni road . The I & R Platoon and elements of C and D Companies formed a defense line along the dike at the north edge of Komam @-@ ni where US tanks joined them at daybreak . But the North Koreans did not drive for the Komam @-@ ni road fork 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) south of the river as Fisher expected them to ; instead , they turned east into the hills behind 2nd Battalion . At daybreak on September 1 , a tank @-@ led relief force of C Company headquarters troops cleared the road to Sibidang @-@ san and resupplied the 2nd Platoon , B Company , with ammunition just in time for it to repel another North Korean assault , killing 77 and capturing 21 North Koreans . Although Fisher 's 35th Infantry held all its original positions , except that of the forward platoon of G Company , 3 @,@ 000 North Korean soldiers were behind its lines . The farthest eastern penetration reached the high ground just south of Chirwon overlooking the north @-@ south road there . By midafternoon , Kean felt that the situation was so dangerous that he ordered the 2nd Battalion , US 27th Infantry Regiment , to attack behind the 35th Infantry . A large part of the division artillery was under direct North Korean infantry attack . During the morning hours of September 1 , when the NK 7th Division troops had attacked , the first American unit they encountered was G Company , 35th Infantry , at the north shoulder of the gap . While some North Korean units peeled off to attack G Company , others continued on and engaged E Company , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) downstream from it , and still others attacked scattered units of F Company all the way to its 1st Platoon , which guarded the Namji @-@ ri bridge . There , at the extreme right flank of the 25th Division , this platoon drove off a North Korean force after a fierce fight . By September 2 , E Company in a heavy battle had destroyed most of a North Korean battalion . Bitter , confused fighting continued behind the 35th Infantry 's line for the next week . Battalions , companies , and platoons , cut off and isolated , fought independently of higher control and help except for airdrops which supplied many of them . Airdrops also supplied relief forces trying to reach the front @-@ line units . Tanks and armored cars drove to the isolated units with supplies of food and ammunition and carried back critically wounded on the return trips . In general , the 35th Infantry fought in its original battle line positions , while at first one battalion , and later two battalions , of the 27th Infantry fought toward it through the estimated 3 @,@ 000 North Koreans operating in its rear areas . Although the 25th Division generally was under much less enemy pressure after 5 September , there were still severe local attacks . Heavy rains caused the Nam and Naktong Rivers to rise on 8 and 9 September , reducing the danger of new crossings . However , North Korean attacks against 2nd Battalion , 35th Infantry occurred nightly . The approaches to the Namji @-@ ri bridge , one of their key targets to protect were mined . At one time there were about 100 North Korean dead lying in that area . From September 9 to 16 , there were limited attacks on the 35th Infantry 's front but most of the North Korean 's momentum had been broken and they could not muster strong attacks against the regiment again . = = Aftermath = = The Great Naktong Offensive was one of the most brutal fights of the Korean War . The North Koreans were initially successful in breaking through UN lines in multiple places and making substantial gains in surrounding and pushing back UN units . On September 4 – 5 the situation was so dire for the UN troops that the US Eighth Army and ROK Army moved their headquarters elements from Taegu to Pusan to prevent them from being overrun and losing their heavy communications equipment , though Walker remained in Taegu with a small forward detachment . They also prepared their logistics systems for a retreat to a smaller defensive perimeter called the " Davidson Line . " By September 6 , however , Walker decided another retreat would not be necessary . Some historians contend the goals of Great Naktong Offensive were unattainable from the beginning . The Americans , who had been better equipped than the North Koreans , were easily able to defeat their opponents once they had the chance to form a continuous line , according to historian T. R. Fehrenbach . At the same time , the North Koreans did break through the perimeter at several points and were able to exploit their gains for a short time . The subsequent Inchon landings were a crushing blow for the North Korean army , catching them completely unprepared and breaking the already @-@ weak forces along the perimeter . With virtually no equipment , exhausted manpower and low morale , the North Koreans were at a severe disadvantage and would not be able to continue pressure on the Pusan Perimeter while attempting to repel the landings at Inchon . By September 23 , the North Koreans were in full retreat from Pusan Perimeter , with UN forces rapidly pursuing them north and recapturing lost ground along the way . The destruction of the North Korean army at Pusan made the continuation of the war impossible with North Korean troops alone . The massive equipment and manpower loses rivaled those of the ROK Army in the first stages of the war . The North Koreans totally collapsed as a fighting force , and the remainder of their military retreated into North Korea offering very weak resistance against the UN force , which was now on the offensive with overwhelming superiority by land , air and sea . Many of the outmaneuvered North Korean units simply surrendered , having been reduced from units of thousands to just a few hundred men . = Rise of Mana = Rise of Mana , known in Japan as Seiken Densetsu : Rise of Mana , is a Japanese action role @-@ playing video game developed by Square Enix and Goshow for iOS , Android and PlayStation Vita . It was published by Square Enix in 2014 for mobile devices and 2015 for the Vita . It is the eleventh game in the Mana series , featuring a new narrative unconnected to other games in the series . The gameplay uses a similar action @-@ based battle system to earlier Mana titles while using a free @-@ to @-@ play model in common with mobile titles . The story focuses on two characters , an angel and a demon , who are cast down to the mortal world in the midst of a battle and are forced to share a body in order to survive . The game began development in 2012 : the project began when Masaru Oyamada told series producer Koichi Ishii that he could create a legitimate entry in the Mana series for mobile platforms . His idea was for a game true to the series that would reach a wide audience . The game 's multiplayer , inspired by that used in Secret of Mana , was developed using the Photon Server middleware . The art director was series newcomer Hiroyuki Suzuki , while the character and monster designs were done by Taiki and Ryota Murayama . The music was composed by a team led by Tsuyoshi Sekito . The theme song was written and performed by singer @-@ songwriter Kokia . First announced in February 2014 , it was released the following month on iOS . The Android release followed several months later . The Vita port released the following year . By April 2015 , the mobile version had over two million active players , and later the Vita version achieved 150 @,@ 000 downloads by August 2015 . It received generally positive opinions from critics : while many praised its graphics , story and gameplay , there were opinions that it was not a worthy part of the Mana series . The game is set to be discontinued as a free @-@ to @-@ play title in March 2016 , and Square Enix is seeking to release the game in a different form . = = Gameplay = = Rise of Mana is an action role @-@ playing game where the player takes control of two protagonists inhabiting a single body : the characters ' genders and names can be customized prior to beginning the game . During gameplay , the character can switch between angelic and demonic forms : this enables the player to see thoughts in different non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) , with each form showing different types of thought or prompting a different reaction from NPCs . The game uses a free @-@ to @-@ play gaming model : while the game can be downloaded and played for free , players have the option of spending money on in @-@ game items . The characters ' base is a room in a small village : in the room , players can check messages , and set their current equipment and weapons . A message board in the town provides access to social features . In the town , NPC @-@ run shops enable the crafting of new weapons and equipment in exchange for in @-@ game currency , along with the buying and selling of various in @-@ game items . There are four types of available quests , most of which are accepted from NPCs : main quests which advance the story , quests with a time limit that disappear after a certain period , challenge quests that pit the player against hordes of enemies , and raid battles against bosses . Each quest consumes a part of the player characters ' " mental energy " , a stamina meter that refills as real @-@ world time passes . Gems can be bought and used to refill it faster . When the characters gain an experience level , the meter is recharged completely . As each scenario and quest is completed or when new quests are available , the game 's map is automatically updated . After selecting a quest , a player chooses one of a number of " familiars " , creatures that aid the player in battle and grant stat boosts . Rise of Mana uses an action @-@ based battle system similar to other entries in the Mana series : navigation and actions occur in real time within battlefields rendered to the scale of characters within it . After each battle , treasure chests are unlocked which can contain items or new familiars . During battle , the character can attack , switching forms to deliver different attacks , and dodge enemy attacks when correctly timed . During battle , assigned abilities are displayed in the lower right @-@ hand corner of the screen . After each skill is used in battle , a cooldown meter is activated . The skill cannot be used again until the meter is empty . Three types of weapons are available in @-@ game : swords , spears and bows . Each weapon , when equipped , grants a different skill and elemental attribute . The elemental attributes can be used against monsters aligned with a vulnerable element . Enemies can also be weak to attacks using certain weapons . In addition to single @-@ player battles , raid battles allow up to eight players to participate using an online connection . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting and characters = = = The story takes place in a variation of the Mana high fantasy setting , and is divided between the human and the spirit realms . In the spirit realm , two opposing factions face each other in eternal battle : the angelic Rasta and the demonic Daruka . The main protagonists are the chosen champions of each of their races . The two are forced to confront agents sent from the spirit realm by each side to retrieve them : the archangel knight Vibra and the warrior demon Toryu . Another major character is Folon , a being known as the " goddess of time " . According to the game 's director , Foron is not a goddess in the fullest sense , as the world 's true goddess could be said to be " Mana " itself . = = = Plot = = = The game opens with a battle between the respective Champions of Light and Darkness in front of the Mana Tree . While they are fighting near a Mana waterfall , they are swept by it into the mortal world . There , their power is drastically diminished and their existence is threatened . The two decide to make a temporary alliance , sharing a body until they can find their way back to the spirit world . During their journey , they become the protectors of a local village . The pair eventually become the heirs to the mystical Mana Sword . The main campaign was delivered in chapters . The original main campaign , which involved a battle with the hostile Folon , lasted for twenty chapters . Following this , new campaign missions were issued following the characters ' mission to confront threats using the Mana Sword . At the end of the game , the Champions confront Folon at the Mana Tree , along with Vibra and Toryu . After their final confrontation , Foron willingly disperses after she and Mana explain why they summoned the Champions : to bring them together through circumstance and pave the way for peace between the Rasta and Daruka . Having become friends through their journey , the Champions agree to bring peace , and return to their own realms . = = Development = = Rise of Mana was the brainchild of Square Enix producer Masaru Oyamada , who had made a name for himself within the company working in its mobile division on mobile ports of Final Fantasy Adventure and Secret of Mana . Speaking with series producer Koichi Ishii , Oyamada said that he could create an original mobile title that would be a legitimate entry in the series . Instead of a social or card @-@ based game , which were the most prevalent genres in mobile gaming at the time , Oyamada wanted to create an action role @-@ playing game that was accessible to a large number of casual gamers , something which would worry him throughout its production . The main staff were made up of Oyamada , director Masato Yagi , and art director Hiroyuki Suzuki . Hiroyuki had previously only worked on the Final Fantasy series . After the initial release of Rise of Mana , Yagi was responsible for the main scenario alongside Oyamada and post @-@ launch content producer Naofumi Takuma . Oyamada also initially tried to bring Chaos Rings producer Takehiro Ando on board , but Ando would have nothing to do with the project . Development began in July 2012 . The game was constructed using the Unity engine . In addition to staff from Square Enix , main development was done by Japanese developer Goshow , and its server security and technical assistance was handled by Fixer . The protagonists and some NPCs were designed by Japanese artist Taiki , while another artist Ryudai Murayama handled NPC and monster designs . The game 's key art was created by in @-@ house designer Dairaku Masahiko : he was brought in after regular Mana key art illustrator Hiroo Isono died in 2013 . Masahiko was asked by Oyamada to create something similar to Isono 's previous artwork in creating a representation of pointillism . The game 's title was indicative of the title 's nature as a new entry in the Mana series ; other than a small card @-@ battle mobile game in 2013 , Circle of Mana , Rise was the first Mana title since Heroes of Mana in 2007 . Rise of Mana was intended to reach a wide audience , gaining an attention only previously seen by Dawn of Mana in 2006 . The concept of the main character switching between angelic and demonic form was suggested by Yagi . The original concept was to keep both characters in separate bodies , with the unoccupied character being controlled by the game 's artificial intelligence . The team used the Photon Server middleware to develop the game 's multiplayer component . The development team initially thought of creating custom middleware , but the rebuild needed would have taken a whole year , threatening the project 's existence . In search of suitable middleware , the team contacted Fixer , who offered them the use of multiple options including Photon Server . Trying out Photon Server , all the problems faced by the developers were resolved within a two @-@ month period , and the middleware 's inbuilt security structure and specification match with the game persuaded the project 's engineers to greenlight its use . Rise of Mana was the first Japanese game to use Photon Server . The team needed to create two different specifications for iOS and Android , as Android had higher graphical power . During the early development stage , the team thought it would be fun to re @-@ create the multiplayer elements in Secret of Mana . The initial idea was to have multiplayer available in standard quests , but this took up too much operational space to be practical , so they reduced this to raid battles . Due to the use of Photon Server , additional player characters could be fully rendered rather than appearing as ghost @-@ like transparent helpers . Development of the PlayStation Vita port began shortly before the start of the game 's service in 2014 . The team formed a partnership with Sony to develop the title , but production ran into difficulties as the team attempted to create an experience of the same quality as the mobile version , along with adjusting the controls from touch @-@ based to the button and joystick controls of the Vita . There was also some resistance from staff surrounding the usage of the Mana franchise and Oyamada 's determination to bring Rise of Mana to consoles in the face of suggestions that it would be better to make a completely new game . When the project was proposed to Sony , the Unity technology built into the Vita was fairly new and did not make full use of the platform 's processing power . In addition , the staff were unused to the version of Unity for the Vita . The team needed cooperation from both Sony and Unity Technologies to optimize the engine so the game could run on the new platform . By the time of the Vita version 's announcement , only the preliminary development work had been completed , but development was proceeding according to plan . Technical troubles related to the game 's performance persisted beyond this point , resulting in the release being delayed into the following year . = = = Music = = = The music of Rise of Mana was composed by a group of different composers : the majority of the music was handled by Tsuyoshi Sekito . In addition to Sekito , the soundtrack was also contributed to by three previous Mana composers : Kenji Ito ( Final Fantasy Adventure , Children of Mana , Dawn of Mana ) , Hiroki Kikuta ( Secret of Mana , Seiken Densetsu 3 ) and Yoko Shimomura ( Legend of Mana , Heroes of Mana ) . Also joining the team was sound engineer Yasuhiro Yamanaka . In all , 21 out of the 28 composed pieces were done by Sekito . Ito , Kikuta , Shimomura and Yamanaka each contributed one track . The soundtrack featured an arrangement for piano of " Rising Sun " , the series ' main theme . Yamanaka acted as sound director , while poro @ lier created the piano arrangements for both " Rising Sun " and the game 's theme song . The game 's theme song , " Believe in the Spirit " , was composed , written and sung by Japanese singer @-@ songwriter Kokia . Prior to coming on board , she had little knowledge of the Mana series . As with her previous compositions for video games , Kokia tried to get a feel for the game 's atmosphere before starting , either through playing the game directly or looking at behind @-@ the @-@ scenes material related to the game 's world . With " Believe in the Spirit " , she worked to create a song that would appeal to both players and the production team . The track was performed using strings , a tin whistle , an acoustic guitar and percussion . The arrangement was done by Mina Kubota . Seiken Densetsu : Rise of Mana Original Soundtrack was released on April 24 , 2014 through Square Enix 's music label . Andrew Barker of RPGFan was cautiously positive about the album : he described " Believe in the Spirit " as being " hit @-@ or @-@ miss " for different listeners while evoking memories of earlier Mana games . The rest of the soundtrack was generally praised : the first half 's restful melodies were the stand @-@ out tracks and said to be the strongest , while the later upbeat tracks were praised for their various energizing qualities . Some tracks , such as " The Drip Drip Drip of Memory " , he called fairly weak and forgettable . Barker generally compared the music to that of Final Fantasy XII , recommending it for fans of the latter and finishing that the album was generally good despite some unmemorable pieces . Chris Greening of Video Game Music Online gave the album a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ star rating out of five : he was most positive about the tracks from the guest composers like Ito and Shimomura . While he praised Sekito for moving away from his traditional musical style , he felt that the result was fairly mixed , with some tracks lacking the proper emotional drive and others " falling flat " . " Believe in the Spirit " was praised for avoiding J @-@ pop elements and sticking with its Celtic style , being favorably compared to the theme songs of Xenogears . Overall , Green felt that , while it had good production value and was substantially better than other mobile game soundtracks , but lacked the emotional impact of previous Mana titles in the majority of its tracks . Many reviewers of the game also praised the soundtrack . = = Release = = The game 's existence was first hinted at when a trademark for the title was registered . Similar trademarks were registered in Europe and North America . The game was officially announced by Square Enix in an issue of Famitsu magazine in February 2014 . The game 's service began on March 6 , 2014 for iOS . The version for Android released nearly three months later on June 25 . A version for the Vita was announced later in 2014 , originally scheduled for the fourth quarter of that year . Due to technical difficulties , the Vita port needed to be delayed well into the following year , and was eventually released on May 14 , 2015 . Pre @-@ registration was made available from May 10 . During its lifetime , Rise of Mana entered multiple collaborations with other games both for mobiles and other platforms : these included Final Fantasy Agito , Bravely Default , Final Fantasy Tactics : The War of the Lions , Final Fantasy Adventure and Diffusion Million Arthur . In January 2016 , it was announced that Rise of Mana would cease operation on all platforms on March 31 . In the release , Square Enix said that a developing imbalance between content quality and revenue , in addition to problems with future content creation , had convinced them that Rise of Mana was no longer a profitable concern . Despite it ending service as a free @-@ to @-@ play title , the company is looking into alternative ways of distributing the title . A final story episode was released prior to the game 's closure , and its final cinematic was released online through Square Enix Japan 's YouTube channel on March 28 . = = Reception = = Within the first few days of operation , Rise of Mana had 500 @,@ 000 active players . Within a month of its release , that number had increased to one million registered players . In an interview , Oyamada said that sales of the title had increased with the release of more powerful mobile devices . By May 2015 , the smartphone versions had over two million registered players . The Vita version was similarly successful : within two months of release , it had been downloaded 100 @,@ 000 times . That figure rose by an additional 50 @,@ 000 over the following month . Japanese reviews of the title have been generally positive . Famitsu generally praised several aspects , but found the item management and weapon structures confusing , saying that it did not live up to the legacy of the Mana series . Reviewing the Vita port , Famitsu praised the game 's general ease of play and use of the Mana series , but the button layout was criticized . Kyōsuke Takano of AppGet praised the gameplay and graphics , noting that the game avoided the possible pitfalls of being a mobile game while delivering a strong experience . His one point of reservation was that he would have preferred the game on another platform . 4Gamer.net praised the variety of control options , the feel of gameplay , and the graphics . The writer noted that the game should be played on more advanced mobiles despite recommendations , as the graphics and performance suffered on older smartphone models . Opinions from western journalists have echoed many of those from Japanese reviewers . Christopher Allison , writing for tech website Tech in Asia , was highly positive about the game , saying his last experience of this kind was when playing the 1998 game The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time : he greatly enjoyed the battle system despite the touch controls sometimes working against the player , and referred to the environments as " wonderfully drawn " . Shaun Musgrave of Touch Arcade , in a preview of the game , echoed other reviewers ' opinions on the graphics and gameplay , and hoped that Square Enix would both handle it wisely and bring it overseas . Kerry Brunskill , in an article for Nintendo Life , referred to the story as " engaging " , and again held similar sentiments as other reviewers about the graphics and gameplay . She noted that the game stood out from others of its kind due to its overall quality . = Fantastic Story Quarterly = Fantastic Story Quarterly was a pulp science fiction magazine , published from 1950 to 1955 by Best Books , a subsidiary imprint of Standard Magazines . The name was changed with the Summer 1951 issue to Fantastic Story Magazine . It was launched to reprint stories from the early years of the science fiction pulp magazines , and was initially intended to carry no new fiction , though in the end every issue contained at least one new story . It was sufficiently successful for Standard to launch Wonder Story Annual as a vehicle for more science fiction reprints , but the success did not last . In 1955 it was merged with Standard 's Startling Stories . Original fiction in Fantastic Story included Gordon R. Dickson 's first sale , " Trespass " , and stories by Walter M. Miller and Richard Matheson . = = Publication history and contents = = The first science fiction ( sf ) magazine , Amazing Stories , was launched in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback at the height of the pulp magazine era . It helped to form science fiction as a separately marketed genre , and by the mid @-@ 1930s several more sf magazines had appeared , including Wonder Stories , also published by Gernsback . In 1936 , Ned Pines of Beacon Publications bought Wonder Stories from Gernsback . Pines changed the title to Thrilling Wonder Stories , and in 1939 and 1940 added two more sf titles : Startling Stories and Captain Future . Pines had acquired reprint rights to the fiction published in Wonder Stories as part of the transaction , and he instituted a " Hall of Fame " department in Startling Stories to carry some of this material . Captain Future also carried reprint material , but neither Startling nor Captain Future had room for some of the longer stories in the backfile . At the end of the 1940s a boom in science fiction magazines encouraged Pines to issue a new magazine , titled Fantastic Story Quarterly , as a vehicle for reprinting this older material . The original plan was for the magazine to carry no new fiction , but this policy was changed shortly before publication , and at least one new story was included in every issue . The initial schedule was quarterly . The magazine became popular with fans because of the access it gave them to old favorite stories , and it was immediately successful , soon becoming more popular than the other Standard Magazine science fiction pulps . The success led Standard to issue Wonder Story Annual in 1950 to provide an outlet for reprinting longer material . In late 1952 it switched to a bimonthly schedule , having changed its title to Fantastic Story Magazine the previous year , but this only lasted until the following year , by which time it was no longer doing well financially . It was back on a quarterly schedule starting with the Winter 1954 issue . The pulps were in rapid decline by the mid @-@ 1950s , and both Fantastic Story Magazine and Thrilling Wonder Stories were merged with Startling Stories in mid @-@ 1955 , though Startling itself ceased publication at the end of that year . The pulp format was intended to appeal to readers who were nostalgic for the early years of the science fiction pulp market . Sf historian Mike Ashley suggested that Pines was right to launch Fantastic Story Quarterly as a pulp ; in Ashley 's words , " Early pulp fiction somehow never reads right in book form . You need the crumbling paper , the smell of woodpulp , and the mixture of advertisements , illustrations and old pulp @-@ style text to create the right atmosphere " . Most of the contents were reprinted from Wonder Stories , but occasionally material from other publishers appeared , such as A.E. van Vogt 's novel , Slan , which had originally appeared in Street and Smith 's Astounding Science Fiction in 1940 , and which was reprinted in Fantastic Story 's Summer 1952 issue . New fiction included Richard Matheson 's " Lazarus II " , and Walter M. Miller 's " A Family Matter " . Fantastic Story also printed Gordon R. Dickson 's first sale , " Trespass " , a collaboration with Poul Anderson which appeared in the very first issue . In addition to fiction , there was an editorial page and a letter column . Illustrators whose work appeared in its pages included Virgil Finlay , Ed Emsh , and Earle Bergey . = = Bibliographic details = = The magazine was a quarterly for all but six issues , from November 1952 to September 1953 . The title changed from Fantastic Story Quarterly to Fantastic Story Magazine with the fifth issue , and remained under that title through the end of its run , though the magazine was still a quarterly at the time the title changed . The Fall 1952 issue was also dated September 1952 . There were seven volumes of three issues , and a final volume of two issues . The magazine was in pulp format and priced at 25 cents throughout its life ; it began at 160 pages and dropped to 144 pages with the Spring 1951 issue , then to 128 pages with the September 1953 issue , and finally to 112 pages for the last two issues . The publisher was Best Books , of Kokomo , Indiana , which was owned by Standard Magazines of New York . The editor was initially Sam Merwin ; Samuel Mines took over with the Winter 1952 issue , and the last two issues were edited by Alexander Samalman . A Canadian edition of the first four editions appeared from Better Publications in Toronto with the same contents as the U.S. editions . = Digambara = Digambara ( / dɪˈɡʌmbərə / ; " sky @-@ clad " ) is one of the two major schools of Jainism , the other being Śvētāmbara ( white @-@ clad ) . The word Digambara ( Sanskrit ) is a combination of two words : dig ( directions ) and ambara ( clothes ) , referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space . Digambara monks do not wear any clothes . The monks carry picchi , a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers ( for clearing the place before walking or sitting ) , kamandalu ( a water gourd ) , and shastra ( scripture ) . One of the most important scholar @-@ monks of Digambara tradition was Kundakunda . He authored Prakrit texts such as the Samayasāra and the Pravacanasāra . Other prominent Acharyas of this tradition were , Virasena ( author of a commentary on the Dhavala ) , Samantabhadra and Siddhasena Divakara . The Satkhandagama and Kasayapahuda have major significance in the Digambara tradition . = = Monasticism = = The word Digambara is a combination of two Sanskrit words : dig ( directions ) and ambara ( clothes ) , referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space . Digambara monks do not wear any clothes as it is considered to be parigraha ( possession ) , which ultimately leads to attachment . A Digambara monk has 28 mūla guņas ( primary attributes ) . These are : five mahāvratas ( supreme vows ) ; five samitis ( regulations ) ; pañcendriya nirodha ( five @-@ fold control of the senses ) ; Şadāvaśyakas ( six essential duties ) ; and seven niyamas ( rules or restrictions ) . The monks carry picchi , a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers for removing small insects without causing them injury , Kamandalu ( the gourd for carrying pure , sterilized water ) and shastra ( scripture ) . The head of all monastics is called Āchārya , while the saintly preceptor of saints is the upādhyāya . The Āchārya has 36 primary attributes ( mūla guņa ) in addition to the 28 mentioned above . The monks perform kayotsarga daily , in a rigid and immobile posture , with the arms held stiffly down , knees straight , and toes directed forward . = = = Lineage = = = According to Digambara texts , after liberation of the Lord Mahavira , three Anubaddha Kevalīs attained Kevalajñāna ( omniscience ) sequentially – Gautama Gaņadhara , Acharya Sudharma , and Jambusvami in next 62 years . During the next hundred years , five Āchāryas had complete knowledge of the scriptures , as such , called Śruta Kevalīs , the last of them being Āchārya Bhadrabahu . Spiritual lineage of heads of monastic orders is known as Pattavali . The Digambara tradition was divided into two main orders : Mula Sangha , which includes Sena Gana , Deshiya Gana and Balatkara Gana traditions Kashtha Sangha , which includes the Mathura Gana and Lat @-@ vagad Gana traditions The Bhattarakas of Shravanabelagola and Mudbidri belong to Deshiya Gana and the Bhattaraka of Humbaj belongs to the Balatkara Gana . = = Historicity = = Relics found from Harrapan excavations like seals depicting Kayotsarga posture , idols in Padmasana and a nude bust of red limestone give insight about the antiquity of the Digambara tradition . The presence of gymnosophists ( naked philosophers ) in Greek records as early as the fourth century BC , supports the claim of the Digambaras that they have preserved the ancient Śramaṇa practice . = = Worship = = The Digambara Jains worship completely nude idols of tirthankaras ( omniscient beings ) and siddha ( liberated souls ) . The tirthankara is represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the Kayotsarga posture . The truly " sky @-@ clad " ( digambara ) Jaina statue expresses the perfect isolation of the one who has stripped off every bond . His is an absolute " abiding in itself , " a strange but perfect aloofness , a nudity of chilling majesty , in its stony simplicity , rigid contours , and abstraction . = = = Statues = = = = = Scriptures = = The Digambara sect of Jainism rejects the authority of the texts accepted by the other major sect , the Svetambaras . According to the Digambaras , Āchārya Dharasena guided two Āchāryas , Pushpadanta and Bhutabali , to put the teachings of Mahavira in written form , 683 years after the nirvana of Mahavira . The two Āchāryas wrote Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama on palm leaves which is considered to be among the oldest known Digambara texts . Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original Jain Agamas . Later on , some learned Āchāryas started to restore , compile and put into written words the teachings of Lord Mahavira , that were the subject matter of Agamas . Digambaras group the texts into four literary categories called anuyoga ( exposition ) . The prathmanuyoga ( first exposition ) contains the universal history , the karananuyoga ( calculation exposition ) contains works on cosmology and the charananuyoga ( behaviour exposition ) includes texts about proper behaviour for monks and Sravakas . = = Differences with Śvētāmbara sect = = According to Digambara texts , after attaining Kevala Jnana ( omniscience ) , arihant ( omniscient beings ) are free from human needs like hunger , thirst , and sleep . According to the Digambara tradition , a woman has to be reborn as a man for salvation . = = Sub @-@ sects = = Digambaras are divided into various sub @-@ sects viz . Terapanthi , Bispanthi , Taranpanthi ( or Samayiapanthi ) , Gumanapanthi and Totapanthi . = = = Terapanthi = = = The Terapanthis worship the idols with ashta @-@ drava viz. jal ( water ) , chandan ( sandal ) , akshata ( sacred rice ) , pushp ( yellow rice ) , deep ( yellow dry coconut ) , dhup ( kapoor or cloves ) and fal ( almonds ) . Terapanthi is a reformist sect of Digambara Jainism that distinguished itself from the Bispanthi sect . It formed out of strong opposition to the religious domination of traditional religious leaders called bhattarakas during 12 – 16th century A.D. They oppose the worship of various minor gods and goddesses . Some Terapanthi practices , like not using flowers in worship , gradually spread throughout most of North Indian Jainism as well . Terapanthis occur in large numbers in Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . = = = Bispanthi = = = Besides tirthankaras , Bispanthi also worship Yaksha and Yakshini like Bhairava and Kshetrapala . Their religious practices include aarti and offerings of flowers , fruits and prasad . Bhattarakas are their dharma @-@ gurus and they are concentrated in Rajasthan and Gujarat . = Ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics = The men 's ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics took place at the 70 @-@ meter ( 230 ft ) Olympiaschanze in St. Moritz , Switzerland , on 18 February . Thirty @-@ eight competitors from thirteen nations competed , with the event being won by Norway 's Alf Andersen ahead of countryman Sigmund Ruud and Czechoslovakia 's Rudolf Burkert . Norway sent a strong contingent with four jumpers able to win the event , including reigning Olympic and world champion Jacob Tullin Thams . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualification events . World record holder Nels Nelsen from Canada was not permitted to participate due to financial problems . Japan participated in an international ski jumping competition for the first time , also becoming the first Asian country to do so . After the first jump , three Norwegians were in the lead . A 40 @-@ minute discussion erupted regarding the speed , with Central European jumpers wanting it increased . This was complied with by the jury , resulting in falls by several favorites , including the most vocal speed increase proponents , Gérard Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani . Andersen and Ruud won by reducing their speed on the in @-@ run . = = Venue = = The event took place at Olympiaschanze , located in the neighborhood of St. Moritz Bad . The town 's first ski jumping hill , Julierschanze , opened in 1895 . However , it was not large enough for the Olympic tournaments , forcing the town to build a larger venue . Construction started in 1926 and the venue in inaugurated on 20 January 1927 . Olympiaschanze had a size of 70 meters ( 230 ft ) and a crowd of 8 @,@ 000 people attended the event . The venue had also hosted the Nordic combined event and would later be used for the 1948 Winter Olympics . = = Background = = Norway sent a strong delegation with four participants able to win the event . Jacob Tullin Thams had won the 1924 Winter Olympics event and has also won the 1926 World Championships , making him reigning Olympic and world champion . The rest of the delegation consisted Alf Andersen , Sigmund Ruud — the oldest of the Ruud brothers — and Hans Kleppen . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualifications for the Olympics . Other favorites were Rudolf Burkert , who had won and the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined event , and the host nation 's Gérard Vuilleumier . Asia participated for the first time in an international tournament , represented by Japan 's Motohiko Ban . Canada had originally planned to send two ski jumpers , Nels Nelsen and Melbourne McKenzie . Nelsen held world record for the longest ski jump . However , lack of funding meant that they planned for work for their fare on a freighter . These plans were stopped by officials from the British delegation , who organized the Canadian team and who felt working for their fare was inappropriate and not fitting for the team , and Nelsen never competed in any Winter Olympics . = = Race = = The jury consisted of Østgaard of Norway , Jilek of Czechoslovakia and Straumann of Switzerland . Because of ice on the in @-@ run , a reduced speed was used during the first round . Andersen jumped 60 @.@ 0 meters , by far the longest jump . Lengthwise , Ruud and Vuilleumier were in joint second place with 57 @.@ 5 meters , while Burket was in fourth with 57 @.@ 0 meters . Thams , Kleppen and Poland 's Bronisław Czech all jumped 56 @.@ 5 meters , but both Kleppen and Czech fell . In terms of points , the three Norwegians Andersen , Ruud and Thams were in the lead , ahead of Burket and Vuilleumier . In the break , a number of Central Europeans , including Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani , asked for top speed . This was protested by the Scandinavian and United States jumpers , and a 40 @-@ minute discussion broke out . At one point , one of the facilitators at the in @-@ run received a telephone call confirming top speed . The facilitator was skeptical , and chose to call back to the judges , who could confirm that they had not given such a go @-@ ahead . In the end , the judges chose to allow higher speeds , with a compromise of 5 @.@ 0 meters more distance . However , the facilitator only moved the rope 4 @.@ 5 meters . This made the Swiss furious , and they used their knives to cut the rope . They then accused the participants who were opposed to full speed of being cowards . Andersen and Ruud skied down the in @-@ run in a standing position to reduce their speed , and had the two longest standing jumps . The event is regarded as the international break @-@ through for Ruud . Thams gave full speed and landed at 73 @.@ 0 meters , but fell and ended on a 28th place . Had he stood , it would have been a new world record . The wounds were serious enough that he had to be taken to hospital . Afterwards he stated : " I at least showed those guys that we are not cowards " . Also Vuillemiuer and Trojani became subject to the higher speeds , both falling and ending with a 30th and 32nd place , respectively . Ban had the shortest jump in both rounds , fell in the first round , and ended last . = = Results = = The following is a list of all participants , noting their rank , country , the length in the first and second round , and the judge score for each of the three judges , as well as the final score . ( F ) denotes a fall . = = Participating nations = = A total of 38 ski jumpers from 13 nations competed in the event : Austria ( 1 ) Canada ( 1 ) Czechoslovakia ( 4 ) Finland ( 2 ) France ( 3 ) Germany ( 4 ) Italy ( 3 ) Japan ( 1 ) Norway ( 4 ) Poland ( 4 ) Sweden ( 4 ) Switzerland ( 4 ) United States ( 3 ) = House 's Head = " House 's Head " is the fifteenth episode of the fourth season of House and the eighty @-@ fifth episode overall . It was the first part of the two @-@ part season four finale , the second part being " Wilson 's Heart " . Co @-@ written by several House producers and directed by Greg Yaitanes , " House 's Head " premiered on May 12 , 2008 on Fox . The episode revolves around Dr. Gregory House ( Hugh Laurie ) , who , after being involved in a bus accident , vaguely remembers seeing someone who is " going to die " . House tries to trace back his steps throughout the episode to find out the identity of this person . A woman ( Ivana Miličević ) , who claims to be " the answer " , guides House through hallucinations about the crash . The episode eventually ends in a cliffhanger . 14 @.@ 84 million American viewers watched the broadcasting of " House 's Head " , making House the ninth most @-@ watched program of the week . The episode , and in particular a strip tease scene involving Cuddy ( Lisa Edelstein ) , gained positive responses . The episode was submitted for five Primetime Emmy Awards , from which two nominations followed . Greg Yaitanes won the Emmy for " Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series " , but Hugh Laurie lost the award in the category " Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series " to Bryan Cranston of AMC 's Breaking Bad . = = Plot = = The episode opens in a strip club where Dr. Gregory House is getting a lap dance . Drunk , dazed , and suffering from a head wound , House has a short disjointed vision and presumes that " somebody 's going to die " . When he leaves the club , he sees that the bus he was on crashed . Back at Princeton @-@ Plainsboro Teaching Hospital , House is diagnosed with a concussion and post @-@ traumatic retrograde amnesia ; he orders his team to check the bus driver for a possible seizure that precipitated the crash . Dr. Robert Chase ( Jesse Spencer ) performs a medical hypnosis on House to stimulate his memory ; during this , House finds himself getting drunk in a bar , alone . Chase , Dr. James Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) , and Wilson 's girlfriend Amber Volakis ( Anne Dudek ) guide House through the hallucination , and the only other person House recognizes is the bartender ( Fred Durst ) , who forced House to take the bus by taking away his keys . While the team investigates several pathologies to fit the bus driver 's condition , House overdoses on his Vicodin and starts to hallucinate . He finds himself back on the bus , where he sees a woman ( Ivana Miličević ) who was not on the bus . However , before House can speak to her , Wilson awakens House to do an MRI on him . When House returns to the bus hallucination , Dr. Lisa Cuddy ( Lisa Edelstein ) is with him . As they discuss the bus driver 's possible diseases , House realizes they are in his head and tells Cuddy to accompany the discussion with a strip tease . Cuddy complies , but just before she takes off her bra , she notes she is distracting House , and stops . The woman from House 's earlier hallucination returns and introduces herself as " the answer " . She tells House to " look " at the bus driver 's shuffling feet , which House believes to indicate Parkinson 's disease . When the bus driver needs to be intubated due to a possible clot from a pulmonary embolism , House notices the driver 's recent dental work . He reasons that an air bubble , that got accidentally injected into the patient 's bloodstream through the gums , would explain all the symptoms . The bubble is extracted , and the patient is saved . House believes it over , but a dream that night causes him to realize that the bus driver is not the patient he saw a symptom in , the crash merely dislodged the air bubble and caused the driver 's problems . In a renewed attempt to retrieve his memory , House has his team reenact the bus crash . House overdoses on physostigmine , a medication against Alzheimer 's disease , and his mind flashes back to the bus scene before the accident . " The answer " reminds House that since he values reason above everything else , there must be one for her presence in his mind . She keeps asking House what her necklace is made from , until House realizes that it 's made of amber . " The answer " transforms into Amber Volakis , and when Wilson and Cuddy manage to resuscitate House from his overdose @-@ induced cardiac arrest , House immediately informs Wilson that Amber 's life is in danger as he now remembers the crash . In the crash , Amber was injured with a bar through her leg and House saw her later being carried away to an ambulance . Wilson has not spoken to Amber since before the accident . " Thirteen " ( Olivia Wilde ) checks the patient roster and sees that a patient admitted to a different hospital matches Amber 's description . = = Production = = " House 's Head " was the fourth House episode directed by Greg Yaitanes . It was written by Peter Blake , David Foster , Russel Friend , Garrett Lerner and Doris Egan . Executive producer Katie Jacobs said that the season finale was " a little bit different " than the episodes preceding it . " House 's Head " was supposed to air after the Super Bowl XLII but due to the 2007 @-@ 2008 WGA Strike the episode was derailed , and the House season 4 episode " Frozen " was aired instead . The T @-@ shirt House wears in the episodes , which shows a skeleton drinking coffee , and says " Coffin Break " , was created by a designer named Taavo . When Lisa Edelstein ( Dr. Cuddy ) heard she had to do a strip scene in the episode , she called actress Sheila Kelley , wife of Richard Schiff ( with whom Edelstein had worked previously on The West Wing and Relativity ) . Kelley had worked on a movie about strippers long ago and Edelstein asked her for her advice on the choreography of the striptease . On the episode itself , Edelstein commented : " It is very interesting what happens in the first half of the finale in terms of learning about how House sees people and getting the world from his point of view entirely " . Before the filming of the scene started , Edelstein showed the dance to Hugh Laurie , who , according to Edelstein , was " incredibly supportive , like a cheerleader " . Edelstein commented that after the scene was filmed she , " felt beautiful , and it ended up being a really lovely experience " . The whole bus @-@ crash sequence was storyboarded . Greg Yaitanes described stunt @-@ coordinator Jim Vickers as " crucial " for the filming of this sequence . The bus crash scene was filmed in a studio using a big spinning wheel ( which Anne Dudek referred to as a " gadget " ) . This gadget was mainly the back of the bus , and could be turned 360 degrees to increase the authenticity of the scene . For the rest of the bus , a greenscreen was used that surrounded the complete outside of the bus . The shots involving Anne Dudek were filmed at another time , using light effects and people simulating a bus crash experience in the otherwise motionless gadget . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = The episode premiered in the US on May 12 , 2008 on Fox . The episode was viewed within five hours of broadcast by 14 @.@ 84 million viewers , and had a 5 @.@ 8 / 14 share of the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . It was the second most @-@ watched program of the night , beaten only by Dancing with the Stars . In the week from May 11 , 2008 to May 18 , 2008 " House 's Head " was the ninth most @-@ watched program . The show was watched by 15 @.@ 02 million viewers on Live + SD television . In Australia the episode aired May 12 , 2008 , on Network Ten , where it was watched by 1 @,@ 432 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the night 's second most watched program . It ranked fourth most @-@ watched show in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . In Canada , the episode was broadcast on Global Total , also on May 12 . It was watched by 2 @.@ 296 million viewers , making it the week 's fourth most watched program , behind Grey 's Anatomy and American Idol ( Tuesday and Wednesday ) . 1 @.@ 7 million viewers watched the episode 's first broadcast on United Kingdom 's Five on June 26 , 2008 . = = = Critical reaction = = = Overall , " House 's Head " was very well received by critics . Sara Morrison , from Television Without Pity , called the moment that House gets back his memory " the best ten minutes of television you might ever see " . She was also pleased with the hypnotism scene , because it gave Chase " something to do " . Morrison graded the episode with an A + . Michelle Romero , of Entertainment Weekly , said that she can watch " House 's Head " twice and get as much out of the second viewing as the first . TV Guide 's Gina Dinunno stated : " It 's everything I imagined : brilliant , snarky , confusing ; even dirty ! They did an amazing job at leaving us with the cliffhanger of all cliffhangers as we wait to see what will happen to Amber " . Alan Sepinwall , from The Star @-@ Ledger , compared the episode to the House season two finale " No Reason " . He , however , also said that the episode had " several issues " , mainly the hints towards " the answer " being Amber . On this , Sepinwall commented " House is , at heart , a mystery , and when the show telegraphs the solution , it isn 't half as entertaining " . James Chamberlin , of IGN , said that he hoped the second part of the season finale could live up to the first half . He also said that the scenes revolving around " the answer " reminded him of The Matrix . Chamberlin graded the episode with a 9 @.@ 5 on a ten scale . Barbara Barnett , of Blog Critics , praised both Hugh Laurie 's and Lisa Edelstein 's acting performances . She also said that , although there were many " memorable moments " in the episode , the scene in which the bus crashed was " intense " , " tension @-@ filled " and " heart @-@ stopping " . Maureen Ryan of Chicago Tribune 's The Watcher stated that , although she did predict the twist about midway through the episode , there were " so many other enjoyable elements " that it didn 't bother her . Jennifer Godwin of E ! said the episode was " easily one of House 's best finales ever " . Also , several critics were surprised by Fred Durst 's brief cameo as the bartender in House 's flashback . The scene in which Lisa Cuddy did a pole dance was very positively received by critics , Mary McNarma , of the Los Angeles Times , stated that these scenes " in three minutes earned back the price of TiVo " . James Chamberlin of IGN stated that he never expected Edelstein to do a strip tease , although he had hoped it . In season four DVD commentary , Jesse Spencer , Lisa Edelstein , Anne Dudek , Jennifer Morrison and Omar Epps all stated that " House 's Head " and " Wilson 's Heart " are their favorite House episodes . = = = Awards = = = Cast members Lisa Edelstein , Jesse Spencer and Hugh Laurie submitted the episode for Primetime Emmy Awards on their behalf . In the categories Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Edelstein ) , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Spencer ) and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ( Laurie ) . Peter Blake , David Foster , Russel Friend , Garrett Lerner and Doris Egan , the writers of the episode , submitted the episode on their behalf for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . The episode was also given up for consideration in the category Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series on behalf of director Greg Yaitanes . Hugh Laurie and Greg Yaitanes ' submissions both came through as nominations . Yaitanes won the award , but Laurie lost the award to Bryan Cranston for his performance in AMC 's Breaking Bad . = 1880 Republican National Convention = The 1880 Republican National Convention convened from June 2 to June 8 , 1880 , at the Interstate Exposition Building in Chicago , Illinois , United States , and nominated Representative James A. Garfield of Ohio and Chester A. Arthur of New York as the official candidates of the Republican Party for President and Vice President , respectively , in the 1880 presidential election . Of the 14 men in contention for the Republican nomination , the three strongest candidates leading up to the convention were Ulysses S. Grant , James G. Blaine , and John Sherman . Grant had served two terms as President from 1869 to 1877 , and was seeking an unprecedented third term in office . He was backed by the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party , which supported political machines and patronage . Blaine was a senator and former representative from Maine who was backed by the Half @-@ Breed faction of the Republican Party . Sherman , the brother of Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman , was serving as Secretary of the Treasury under President Rutherford B. Hayes . A former senator from Ohio , he was backed by delegates who did not support the Stalwarts or Half @-@ Breeds . On the first ballot , Sherman received 93 votes , while Grant and Blaine had 304 and 285 , respectively . With 379 votes required to win the nomination , none of the candidates was close to victory , and the balloting continued . After the thirty @-@ fifth ballot , Blaine and Sherman switched their support to a new " dark horse " candidate , James Garfield . On the next ballot , Garfield won the nomination by receiving 399 votes , 93 higher than Grant 's total . Garfield 's Ohio delegation chose Chester A. Arthur , a Stalwart , as Garfield 's vice @-@ presidential running mate . Arthur won the nomination by capturing 468 votes , and the longest @-@ ever Republican National Convention was subsequently adjourned . The Garfield – Arthur Republican ticket later defeated Democrats Winfield Scott Hancock and William Hayden English in the close 1880 presidential election . = = Background = = As President of the United States , Rutherford B. Hayes had caused heated tensions within the Republican Party . Hayes had moved away from party patronage by offering government jobs to Southern Democrats instead of Northern Republicans . His actions drew heavy criticism from those inside his party , such as Roscoe Conkling of New York and James G. Blaine of Maine . Hayes had known since the dispute over the 1876 election that he was unlikely to win in 1880 , and had announced at his 1877 inauguration that he would not run for a second term . Without an incumbent president in the race , the rival factions within the Republican Party , the Stalwarts and the Half @-@ Breeds , eagerly anticipated the 1880 presidential election . = = = Ulysses S. Grant = = = At the close of Grant 's two terms as president in 1877 , the Republican @-@ controlled Congress suggested that Grant not return to the White House for a third term . Grant did not seem to mind and even told his wife Julia , " I do not want to be here [ in the White House ] another four years . I do not think I could stand it . " After Grant left the White House , he and his wife decided to use their US $ 85 @,@ 000 of savings to travel around the world . A biographer from the New York Herald , John Russell Young , traveled with the Grants and documented their journey to exotic places around the world in a book later published called Around the World with General Grant . Young saw that Grant 's popularity was soaring , as he was treated with splendid receptions at his arrival in Tokyo and Peking , China . After Hayes ' falling @-@ out with the Republican Party and a perceived desire on the part of the United States ' electorate for a strong man in the White House , Grant returned to the United States ahead of schedule , in hopes of seeking a third term in office . With the backing of the Stalwarts and calls for a " man of iron " to replace the " man of straw " in the White House , Grant was confident that he would receive the Republican nomination for the presidency . Roscoe Conkling , the leader of the Stalwart faction , formed a " triumvirate " with J. Donald Cameron of Pennsylvania and John A. Logan of Illinois to lead the campaign for Grant 's return to the White House . With a Grant victory , Conkling and other Stalwarts would have great influence in the White House . Grant knew he could count on the Stalwart leaders to solidify their respective states in order to guarantee a Grant victory . Conkling was so confident in Grant 's nomination that he said , " Nothing but an act of God could prevent Grant 's nomination . " An aide to the ex @-@ president , Adam Badeau , commented that Grant had become " extremely anxious to receive the nomination " and did not think that there was any chance of failure . However , close friends of Grant saw that his public support was slipping . John Russell Young took Grant aside and told him that he would lose the election , and should withdraw to avoid embarrassment . Young argued that Grant was being heavily attacked by opponents , who were against the concept of a presidential third term . Young also criticized the handling of the campaign and told Grant that if he won the election , he would be indebted to the " triumvirate " . Grant felt that his Stalwart friends had been of great assistance in his election bid , and they deserved political patronage in his administration . Grant , nonetheless , listened to Young 's advice and wrote a letter to J. Donald Cameron , authorizing his name to be withdrawn from the nomination contest after consultation with his other Stalwart backers . Upon hearing of his letter , Julia Grant was insistent that her husband should not withdraw his name from the contest . She said , " If General Grant were not nominated , then let it be so , but he must not withdraw his name – no , never . " Young delivered the letter to the " triumvirate " in Chicago on May 31 , but no action was taken to remove Grant 's name . = = = James G. Blaine = = = The other main contender for the Republican nomination was James G. Blaine . Blaine , a senator from Maine who had also served in the United States House of Representatives , including holding the Speaker of the House position from 1869 to 1875 , was in the competition to prevent Grant 's nomination . Four years earlier Blaine had campaigned for the party 's nomination ; in the weeks prior to the 1876 convention , he was accused of committing fraudulent activities involving railroad stocks . The specifics of Blaine 's involvement were detailed in the Mulligan letters . Blaine pleaded his own defense on the floor of the House of Representatives , and he read aloud selected , edited portions of the letter that were not incriminating . Despite his attempt to clear his name , Blaine was tarnished by the scandal throughout the rest of his political career . On the Sunday before balloting was to begin in Cincinnati , Ohio , Blaine collapsed at the steps of Washington Congregational Church . He was unconscious for two days , and as a result , he lost supporters who were doubtful over his health and whether he was capable of handling the presidency . Blaine was also ridiculed by opponents , who accused him of faking illness to gain sympathy ; the New York Sun headlined " Blaine Feigns a Faint " . On the first ballot of the 1876 convention , Blaine received 285 votes , while his political enemy , Roscoe Conkling , was in second place with only 99 votes . Blaine and Conkling had a long @-@ standing political feud that started at a debate on the floor of the House of Representatives in 1866 . After six more ballots resulted in no consensus , Conkling switched his support to Rutherford B. Hayes , who ultimately beat Blaine for the nomination . After Blaine 's failure in 1876 , his supporters believed that he needed to be nominated at the 1880 convention in Chicago if he was ever going to be President , reasoning that if he tried for the nomination twice and failed , he could not count on another opportunity . As his campaign manager , William E. Chandler , put it : Despite the Mulligan letters scandal , Blaine had succeeded remarkably in his 1880 campaign , attracting nationwide support for his candidacy . He argued for the gold standard , support for big business , a tariff to protect American jobholders , civil rights for freed blacks and Irish independence . = = = John Sherman = = = John Sherman was a longtime senator from Ohio who also served the state in the House of Representatives in the late 1850s and early 1860s . As a senator , Sherman led the planning of the national banking system . He also oversaw the national policy for the post @-@ Civil War banking system , and helped restore the nation 's finances after the Panic of 1873 . Under President Hayes , Sherman served as the Secretary of the Treasury , advocating for the gold standard and building up the country 's gold reserves . Sherman 's colleagues did not have much confidence in their presidential bid . Sherman was known as the " Ohio Icicle " for his uncharismatic personality , which made him unappealing to voters . His colleagues commented that in public , Sherman " was not eloquent , though a graceful speaker , confining himself almost entirely to statements of fact . " In private , he was " reserved , self @-@ contained , " a personality that many Americans were not comfortable with . As President , Sherman intended to continue his support for the gold standard . Prior to the start of the convention , papers had predicted Sherman to receive 110 votes in the balloting . Sherman felt that he still had a chance at the nomination once the Grant vote broke apart after five or six ballots . = = = James Garfield = = = James Garfield came into Chicago as a Senator @-@ elect from Ohio , who had represented the state in the United States House since 1863 . In 1859 , as a Republican , Garfield was elected to the Ohio Senate . The following year , he was admitted to the Ohio bar . He served as state senator until 1861 , when he enlisted in the Union Army at the start of the Civil War . Garfield was assigned to command the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry , and had the task of driving Confederate forces out of eastern Kentucky . Garfield later led an attack with a number of infantry regiments against a Confederate cavalry at Jenny 's Creek on January 6 , 1862 . The Confederates retreated , and for leading his men to victory , Garfield was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in March 1862 . Garfield later served under Major General Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Shiloh and under Thomas J. Wood at the Siege of Corinth . Garfield 's health deteriorated and he was sent to serve on a commission to investigate the conduct of Union general Fitz John Porter . In the spring of 1863 , Garfield returned to the field as Chief of Staff for William S. Rosecrans , commander of the Army of the Cumberland . After the disastrous Chickamauga campaign in September 1863 , Rosecrans was relieved of his command . Garfield saved his own reputation by fighting bravely during the battles , and he was subsequently promoted to the rank of Major General . Garfield 's fame spread , and William Dennison engineered Garfield 's 1863 election to Congress . As Whitelaw Reid commented , Garfield was " the most able and prominent of the young politicians who entered the army at the outbreak of the war . " Garfield did not want to leave the army , so he personally visited President Abraham Lincoln for advice on the matter . Lincoln told Garfield that he had more generals than he could handle , and what he needed was political support . Garfield succeeded in gaining re @-@ election for his House seat every two years . In 1872 , Garfield faced charges for receiving $ 329 in tainted money from the Crédit Mobilier of America corruption scandal . Garfield repeatedly denied the charges and even hired William E. Chandler to defend him in front of the congressional investigators . There was not much evidence against Garfield , so his political career was not significantly affected . Four years later , when James G. Blaine moved from the House to the United States Senate , Garfield became the Republican floor leader of the House . That year , Garfield served as a member of the Electoral Commission that awarded 20 hotly contested electoral votes to Rutherford B. Hayes in his contest for the Presidency against Samuel J. Tilden . Prior to the 1880 Republican National Convention , Garfield had expressed that he was a Blaine supporter . It was not until John Sherman entered the race that Garfield switched sides , and offered his support for the " Ohio Icicle " . = = Pre @-@ convention politics = = In January , caucuses were held in local districts to pick delegates . The state conventions would then select a number of these delegates to represent the state at the national convention . Prior to the convention , there was a great deal of machine politics conducted by the candidates . John Sherman utilized Treasury Department employees who owed their jobs to him to meet up at local caucuses across the South to guarantee loyal state delegations . State @-@ level bosses , like Roscoe Conkling , used the state conventions to pick delegates that were politically allied to a particular candidate . In the state delegate @-@ selection convention at Utica , New York , Grant 's supporters carried only a 217 – 180 majority over Blaine supporters , but Conkling passed a resolution declaring that , " the Republicans of New York believe the re @-@ election of Ulysses S. Grant as Presidential candidate of urgent importance , and the delegates this day assembled are called upon and instructed to use their earnest and united efforts to secure his nomination . Conkling commanded delegates to follow the resolution , and if they were to violate it , he guaranteed they would be victims of political revenge and personal dishonor . However , in Chicago , there were a number of New York delegates who went against the resolution and publicly expressed their support for Blaine . J. Donald Cameron used similar tactics to intimidate dissenters in the Pennsylvania state convention . The third member of the " triumvirate " , John A. Logan , literally locked out Blaine supporters from the Illinois state convention , and replaced them with personally chosen Grant supporters . By May 29 , four days before the opening of the convention , trainloads upon trainloads of delegates , lobbyists , reporters , and campaign followers had arrived at the Union and Dearborn railway stations in Chicago . Candidate supporters channeled through the Chicago streets with daily parades and rallies . Pre @-@ convention possible outcomes of the voting were published by a number of sources . One , from the Albany Evening Journal , predicted Blaine with 277 votes , Grant with 317 , Sherman with 106 , and 49 for the other candidates . All of these predicted candidate vote totals were short of the 379 needed to win . Many in Chicago knew that a victor , most probably Grant , would only be determined if the unit rule , which postulated that all delegates from a particular state must vote for the candidate preferred by that state 's delegation , was to be in effect . If that was not the case , then a long deadlock would result until one side succumbed to the other . Before any voting began , the delegates had to vote on the important matter of the unit rule . Prior to the start of the convention , James Garfield noted , " I regard it [ the unit rule ] as being more important than even the choice of a candidate . " If the rule was supported by a majority of the delegates , then state party bosses , like the members of the " triumvirate " , would be able to solidify Grant 's nomination bid . If Conkling and the other Stalwart bosses had their way , the nearly sixty dissenters from the states represented by the " triumvirate " would be silenced . Unfortunately for Half @-@ Breeds , J. Donald Cameron was chairman of the Republican National Committee . Cameron planned to exercise his power to adopt new rules for the convention , and also suppress any dissenters of the unit rule . His plan was leaked , and within days , almost all the delegates in Chicago knew about it . Supporters of the Sherman and Blaine campaigns knew that they had to prevent Cameron from exercising his power . Blaine 's forces agreed that they could only prevent Cameron from imposing the unit rule by removing him as the chair of the Republican National Committee . At 7 : 00 P.M. on May 31 , J. Donald Cameron convened the Republican National Committee 's last meeting before the opening of the convention . Of the forty @-@ six men at the meeting , Cameron counted only sixteen allies . The rest of the men were anti @-@ Grant delegates who had decided to gang up on Cameron . Colorado senator Jerome B. Chaffee was the first to bring up the unit rule at the meeting . Chaffee handed Cameron a handwritten motion that was orchestrated by William E. Chandler . Cameron expected this , and knew he had to find some fault in Chaffee 's motion . Cameron called Chaffee 's motion out of order . Upon being questioned by Chaffee , Cameron explained that the committee could only appoint a temporary chairman to the convention , and could not vote on the unit rule issue ( which he said belonged to the Rules Committee ) . Cameron then used George Cornelius Gorham , a California Stalwart delegate who as secretary of the United States Senate had become an expert on parliamentary procedure , to justify his ruling . One by one , anti @-@ Grant delegates unsuccessfully tried to appeal Cameron 's motion . Gorham proclaimed that as committee chairman , Cameron could do " as he saw fit . " Marshall Jewell , a Connecticut delegate member who had served in Grant 's administration as Postmaster General , spoke up against Cameron 's rulings . Cameron did not comment , and then called for a brief recess . After the recess , he acknowledged a motion from William E. Chandler to elect George Frisbie Hoar , a neutral senator and delegate from Massachusetts , as the convention 's temporary chairman . The committee voted 29 – 17 in favor of electing Hoar as temporary chairman of the convention . At midnight , the committee was adjourned , and the members scheduled to continue the meeting the following morning . News of Cameron 's behavior had spread overnight , throughout town . His hardliner strategy had failed , and Conkling and other Grant managers sought to control the situation before it became any worse . The next morning , Conkling asked his trusted colleague , Chester A. Arthur , to solve the problem . Arthur assessed the situation and drew up a compromise . He met Chandler and the rest of the anti @-@ Grant cabal at the entrance of the committee 's suite . Arthur acknowledged that the Grant men had rejected Senator Hoar as the temporary convention chairman the day before , but said that the Grant men might perhaps reconsider . He proposed that the delegates decide on the unit rule in a free vote , and in return , Don Cameron would be restored as the chairman of the national committee . After discussing for a number of minutes , the two men came to an agreement . Arthur was confident that since Chandler , the leader of Blaine 's campaign , had accepted the deal , then " it would be agreed by the Grant men . " Chandler then discussed the compromise deal with the thirty anti @-@ Grant committee members , and also James Garfield , who had previously expressed his opposition to the unit rule . 23 out of 30 anti @-@ Grant men agreed to the terms , and Garfield commented that the proposition " must be accepted " in " spirit of reconciliation . " The committee reconvened again on the afternoon of June 1 , with J. Donald Cameron sitting as the committee chairman . Arthur made a number of motions , indicating that the Grant men from New York and Pennsylvania would support Senator Hoar 's appointment as the temporary chairman of the convention . No one objected and the motions were accepted . The meeting was then adjourned . A reporter from the New York Tribune later remarked that the Grant followers had been " saved from utter ruin by the excellent management of General Arthur .... " = = The convention = = At noon on Wednesday , June 2 , J. Donald Cameron banged his gavel to commence the beginning of the seventh Republican National Convention . As instructed , Cameron placed the nomination for Senator Hoar as the temporary convention chairman . The nomination was passed unanimously . Later , delegates John H. Roberts of Illinois and Christopher L. Magee of Pennsylvania were made temporary convention secretaries . Senator Eugene Hale of Maine submitted a resolution for a roll call , in which the chairman of each delegation would announce the people from their delegation serving on the convention 's three committees . The committees were formed , and the convention was adjourned at five minutes past three in the afternoon . The convention reconvened at 11 : 00 A.M. on June 3 . Roscoe Conkling submitted a motion for a recess , but the motion was rejected . Another New York delegate , Henry R. Pierson from the Committee on Permanent Organization , submitted a proposal to make the temporary convention assignments permanent . The motion was adopted , and the convention took a four @-@ hour recess until 5 : 00 P.M. After the recess , a motion was made for the Committee on Rules to be directed to report , but a substitute motion from George H. Sharpe of New York called for the Committee on Credentials to report . The substitute motion was rejected by a vote of 406 to 318 , and the original resolution was laid on the table . At 7 : 30 P.M. , the convention was adjourned until 10 : 00 A.M. the following morning . The next morning , Conkling then submitted a resolution that bound every delegate in the hall to support the party 's nominee . Conkling said that " no man should hold his seat here who is not ready so to agree . " A voice vote was called , and the resolution received nearly unanimous delegate support . However , about a dozen or so delegates answered " no " . Conkling was shocked . He asked , " [ who ] at a Republican convention would vote ' no ' on such a resolution ? " He then demanded a roll call to identify the dissenters . Most of the dissenters chose not to declare their disagreement in front of the thousands of spectators at the " Glass Palace " . Only three delegates , all from West Virginia , voted " no " to the resolution , and were showered with a " storm of hisses . " Conkling then issued another resolution to strip the three West Virginians of their votes and squash their voices at the convention . The West Virginians revolted against Conkling 's resolution , and heavily criticized him for his motion . James Garfield , who was sitting at the Ohio delegation , stood up and tried to settle the matter . He stated that the convention would be making a big mistake if they approved Conkling 's motion , and he asked the delegates for their time in order to state his case . Garfield argued that the three West Virginians should not " be disenfranchised because they thought it was not the time to make such an expression [ about a candidate ] . " He stated that " there never can be a convention ... that shall bind my vote against my will on any question whatever . " Garfield had won the crowd over with his speech . Conkling did not particularly enjoy the situation . He scribbled a note to Garfield which read , " New York requests that Ohio 's real candidate and dark horse come forward ... R.C. " Afterwards , the fight over credentials erupted into a free @-@ for @-@ all . After John A. Logan had barred anti @-@ Grant delegates from the state convention earlier in the year , they had decided to file credential reports . At the meeting between Arthur and Chandler , both men had agreed that the credentials issue could be discussed at the convention . A Chicago lawyer who supported Grant , Emery Storrs interrupted the legal argument over credentials by mocking the Blaine campaigners . His remarks set off a barrage of comments from both the Blaine and Grant sides . The convention went out of control , as people started shouting and jumping throughout the convention hall . As Garfield commented , the convention " seemed [ as if ] it could not be in America , but in the Sections of Paris in the ecstasy of the Revolution . " The fracas continued until 2 : 00 A.M. when acting chairman Green B. Raum , the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue , banged the gavel to end the demonstration . = = = Presenting the nominees = = = On Saturday night , the alphabetical roll call of the states to present nominees was conducted . The first candidate for the Republican nomination emerged when the Michigan delegation was in roll call . James F. Joy , the seventy @-@ year @-@ old president of the Michigan Central Railroad , gave the speech nominating Blaine . Joy was not a practiced public speaker , and he stumbled and rushed through his nomination speech , " because we are all now impatient for the voting . " Joy ended his speech by nominating " James S. Blaine " for the Republican ticket . Promptly , a number of delegates yelled back , " G ! G. Blaine , you fool ! " The delegates from the next state in the roll call , Minnesota , nominated Senator William Windom as their " favorite son " candidate . Nine states later , Roscoe Conkling of New York stepped up to the podium to present his nomination for Ulysses S. Grant . And when asked what State he hail from , Our sole reply shall be , He hails from Appomattox , And its famous apple tree . The crowd of 15 @,@ 000 responded by erupting in cheers . Conkling built up the crowd 's energy with his speech , and then introduced his candidate by proclaiming , " New York is for Ulysses S. Grant . Never defeated – never defeated in peace or in war , his name is the most illustrious borne by living men . " He later spoke of Grant 's loyalty to the American people , and then scolded Grant 's enemies who had brought up the third term issue . Conkling tried to show that Grant was an honest person who had won the delegates " without patronage and without emissaries , without committees , [ and ] without bureaus .... " After Conkling finished his speech , boos and hisses came from Blaine and Sherman backers , while applause was heard from Stalwart supporters of Grant . After North Carolina 's roll call , the Ohio delegation brought out James Garfield to give the nomination speech for John Sherman . Garfield had not actually written a speech , and was nervous about speaking in front of such a large crowd . Before heading to Chicago , Sherman told Garfield that Garfield 's speech should stress Sherman 's " courageous persistence in any course he had adopted . " Garfield started his speech by emphasizing his overwhelming pride for his role in the convention . Garfield then list the qualities that a president should possess and stressed the importance of party unity . It wasn 't until near his conclusion that he mentioned Sherman by name . Many reports of Garfield 's speech describe it as enthusiastic , eloquent , and well received . Some accounts indicate that it was so well @-@ received that it caused delegates to begin thinking of Garfield as a contender for the presidential nomination . On the other hand , some members of the Sherman campaign were disappointed by Garfield 's speech . One telegram from a Sherman backer sent to Sherman himself claimed that , " [ Garfield ] has been of no service to you ... he was extremely lukewarm in his support . " Rumors began to spread that Ohio Governor Charles Foster and Garfield , who were in adjoining suites at the Grand Pacific Hotel , were " conspiring to bring Garfield out as [ a ] candidate .... " News of the finger @-@ pointing within the Sherman camp had carried into newspapers across the country . The Albany Evening Journal reported that " [ t ] here is a general belief that the Ohio delegation is ready to desert Sherman and go over to Blaine in a body . " Although he had become popular with the delegates after his speech , Garfield was upset over the accusations of those inside the Sherman group , and he worried how they would affect him in the future . His close colleagues felt he was becoming too popular , too quickly . Friends , like Lorenzo Coffin , felt that his " time is not yet . " Garfield heeded the advice of his friends to lower his profile at the convention , but he had already made a deep impression on the delegates . Late Sunday night on June 6 , Indiana senator Benjamin Harrison , grandson of former President William Henry Harrison , came to Garfield 's hotel suite and asked him under what conditions he would accept the nomination . Garfield replied that he had come to the convention for the sole purpose of supporting John Sherman , and told Harrison that Garfield 's " name must not be used [ in the nomination ] . " = = = Balloting = = = At ten o 'clock on Monday morning , convention chairman Hoar banged his gavel to open the convention . Eugene Hale moved to immediately proceed to the presidential nominee balloting , and Roscoe Conkling seconded the motion . Newspapers had predicted the results of the balloting , and the delegates knew that it would take a number of ballots before a victor could be found . The first surprise during the balloting roll call came when John A. Logan of Illinois announced that of his state 's forty @-@ two delegates , only twenty @-@ four were in support of Grant . This was not as " solid " as Logan had previously advertised to the rest of the Grant backers . New York faced a similar situation . Of its seventy delegates , fifty @-@ one supported Grant , seventeen were for Blaine , and the remaining two supported Sherman . Pennsylvania fared even worse , as only thirty @-@ two of the state 's fifty @-@ eight delegates put in their support for Grant . After all the states were polled , the results were tabulated . Grant received 304 votes , Blaine had 284 , Sherman had 93 , Vermont senator George F. Edmunds received 34 , Elihu B. Washburne , who had served as the United States Ambassador to France under President Grant , had 30 , and Minnesota senator William Windom received 10 . Of the states represented by the " triumvirate " , sixty delegates did not support Grant . None of the candidates were close to the 379 needed to secure the nomination , so the balloting continued throughout the day . In Washington , D.C. , both Blaine and Sherman were disappointed by their first @-@ ballot vote totals . Blaine had been told that he should expect around 300 first @-@ ballot votes , but his actual total fell sixteen short , and it was also one vote fewer than the total he received on the first ballot at the 1876 Convention . Sherman was told to expect 110 votes , which was significantly lower than the expected totals for Blaine and Grant . However , Sherman felt his chance would come later , when the Grant vote split apart . After Sherman heard his first @-@ ballot vote totals , he grew visibly angry that " some of them [ the votes ] were taken away from him before the ballot began . " He was upset that nine Ohio delegates bolted from Sherman and voted instead for his opponent , James G. Blaine . Sherman blamed Blaine for causing the delegates to bolt from Ohio " by [ methods of ] falsehood , ridicule and treachery . " In Galena , Illinois , Grant did not express any emotions after being told about the first @-@ ballot vote totals . As one newsman reported , " [ t ] he silent soldier was smoking his cigar with all his usual serenity . " Grant 's wife , Julia , expected a deadlock , and suggested to her husband that he surprise the delegates in Chicago with a visit . Grant thought this was unwise because it gave an appearance of bad luck and bad manners . Despite his wife 's attempts to change his mind , Grant remained adamant . Meanwhile , the delegates at the convention continued to cast ballots until a victor could be determined . On the second ballot of the day , a Pennsylvania delegate named W. A. Grier cast a vote for James Garfield . However , the Garfield support remained with that one delegate 's vote for most of the day . The delegates cast eighteen ballots before taking a recess for dinner . After dinner , they came back and cast ten more ballots . Still , no candidate was close to the 379 votes needed to win . After twelve hours of balloting , Massachusetts delegate William Lovering moved to adjourn for the night . A few Grant delegates	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
today , the architecture is of a Palladian design . The upper floor consists of a hall and two reception rooms . On the eastern side , there was a third , timber @-@ floored , level where the sleeping quarters were located . On the ground floor is a kitchen , servants ' quarters and stairs to the upper floors . The entrance , which is on the upper floor , was reached by a long flight of stairs which is now missing . At each side of the building is a room with a lean @-@ to roof which may have been used to stable horses . A stone mounting block to assist people onto their horses can be seen on the eastern side . To the front there was a semi @-@ circular courtyard , enclosed by a low stone wall and entered by a gate . The house faces to the north , looking over Dublin and the plains of Meath and Kildare , including Conolly 's primary residence at Castletown House in Celbridge . The grounds around the lodge consisted of a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 0 km2 ; 1 @.@ 6 sq mi ) deer park . The identity of the architect is unknown : the author Michael Fewer has suggested it may have been Edward Lovett Pearce ( 1699 – 1733 ) who was employed by Conolly to carry out works at Castletown in 1724 . There was a prehistoric burial site at the summit of Montpelier Hill and stones from it were used in the construction of the lodge . A nearby standing stone was also used for the lintel over the fireplace . Shortly after its completion , a great storm blew the original slate roof off . Local superstition held that this was the work of the Devil , an act of revenge for disturbing the ancient cairn . Conolly had the roof replaced with an arched stone roof constructed in a similar fashion to that of a bridge . This roof has remained intact to the present day , even though the building has been abandoned for over two centuries and despite the roof being set alight with tar barrels during the visit of Queen Victoria to Ireland in 1849 . There is little evidence that the lodge was put to much use . Conolly himself died in 1729 . The only known record of its occupation is an announcement of the death at Mount Pelier of a Mr Charles Cobbe , son of the Archbishop of Dublin , in July 1751 . This is erroneous , however . In fact , Cobbe died of a fever in Montpellier , France , early in 1751 . However , it was the period in the years following Conolly 's death that Mount Pelier 's association with the Hell Fire Club began . The Irish Hell Fire Club was founded around 1737 by Richard Parsons , 1st Earl of Rosse , and James Worsdale . Lord Rosse was probably the president of the club . Evidence of the identities of other members comes from a painting by Worsdale entitled The Hell Fire Club , Dublin , now held by the National Gallery of Ireland , which shows five members of the club seated around a table . The five men are Henry , 4th Baron Barry of Santry ( who was tried and convicted for murder in 1739 ) ; Simon Luttrell , Lord Irnham ; Colonel Henry Ponsonby ; Colonel Richard St George and Colonel Clements . Most of their meetings occurred in Dublin city centre at the Eagle Tavern on Cork Hill , near Dublin Castle . Accounts of the club 's meetings claim that members drank " scaltheen " , a mixture of whiskey and hot butter , and that they left a chair vacant at each gathering for the Devil . The club 's mascot was a black cat . Mount Pelier was let to the club by the Conolly family . Coincidentally , William Conolly had purchased Mountpelier Hill from Philip , Duke of Wharton , founder of the first Hell Fire Club in 1719 . It is not clear to what extent , if any , the Hell Fire Club made use of the building . The author Michael Fewer has suggested that the remoteness of Mount Pelier 's location is why there are almost no verifiable accounts of the activities that went on there . However , numerous ( and very doubtful ) stories surrounding the building have become part of local folklore , some of which have spread to a wider audience through publication in the nineteenth century in books such as Robert Chambers ' Book of Days ( 1864 ) and in The Gentleman 's Magazine ( 1731 – 1922 ) . One of the best known of these tells of a stranger who arrived at the club on a stormy night . Invited in , he joined the members in a card game . One player dropped his card on the floor and when he bent under the table to retrieve it noticed that the stranger had a cloven hoof . At this point the visitor disappeared in a ball of flame . This is a very similar story to one associated with Loftus Hall , County Wexford . The Loftus family owned a hunting lodge – known as Dolly Mount – which was also to be found on Montpelier Hill . Another story tells of a priest who came to the house one night and found the members engaged in the sacrifice of a black cat . The priest grabbed the cat and uttered an exorcism upon which a demon was released from the corpse of the cat . One tale centres on club member Simon Luttrell , Lord Irnham , later Earl of Carhampton , one time Sheriff of Dublin . Luttrell is believed to have been the subject of The Diaboliad , a 1777 poem dedicated to " the worst man in England " . According to the story , Luttrell made a pact with the Devil to give up his soul within seven years in return for settling his debts but , when the Devil came to Mount Pelier lodge to claim his prize , Luttrell distracted the Devil and fled . Other tales recount numerous drinking sessions and black masses at which animal sacrifices , and on one occasion the sacrifice of a dwarf , took place . At some point during this period , the building was damaged by fire . There are several stories connected with this incident . One holds that the club set fire to the building when William Conolly 's son refused to renew the lease on the lodge . An alternative story claims the club members did it to give the building a hellish appearance . Another story recounts that , following a black mass , a footman spilled a drink on " Burn @-@ Chapel " Whaley 's coat . Whaley retaliated by pouring brandy over the man and setting him alight . The fire spread around the building and killed many members . Following the fire , the club relocated further down the hill to Killakee Stewards House . However , the club 's activities declined after this incident . The Irish Hell Fire Club was revived in 1771 and was active for a further 30 years . Its most notorious member was Thomas " Buck " Whaley , son of Richard Chappell Whaley . This new incarnation was known as " The Holy Fathers " . Meetings once again took place at Mount Pelier lodge and , according to one story , the members kidnapped , murdered and ate a farmer 's daughter . Whaley eventually repented and , when he died in 1800 , the Irish Hell Fire Club disbanded with his death . The antiquarian Austin Cooper visited the house in 1779 and found it in a state of disrepair . Joseph Holt , a general of the Society of the United Irishmen recorded in his memoirs that he spent a night in the ruin of Mount Pelier while on the run following the 1798 Rebellion . Holt wrote of his experience , " I lay down in the arched room of that remarkable building . I felt confident of the protection of the Almighty that the name of enchantment and the idle stories that were told of the place had but a slight hold of my mind . " The Conollys sold the lands to Luke White in 1800 . They passed through inheritance to the Massy family of Duntrileage , County Limerick . When the Massy family became bankrupt , the lands were acquired by the State . Today , the building is maintained by Coillte , who manage the forestry plantations on Montpelier 's slopes , who have installed concrete stairs and iron safety rails across the upper windows . = = = Prehistoric monuments = = = The remains of the prehistoric monument that originally stood at the summit can be seen to the rear of the Hell Fire Club building . Austin Cooper , on his visit in 1779 , described it thus : " behind the house are still the remains of the cairn , the limits of which were composed of large stones set edgeways which made a sort of wall or boundary about 18 inches ( 46 centimetres ) high and withinside these were the small stones heaped up . It is 34 yards ( 31 metres ) diameter or 102 yards ( 93 metres ) in circumference . In the very centre is a large stone 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 metres ) long and 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 metres ) broad and about 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 metres ) thick not raised upon large stones but lying low with the stones cleared away from about it . There are several other large stones lying upon the heap . " It appears from this description that the central chamber of the monument – which was a passage grave – survived intact even after Mount Pelier was constructed . The historian Peter J. O 'Keefe has suggested that many of the stones were taken away and used in the construction of the Military Road at the start of the nineteenth century . Today , all that remains is a circular mound 15 metres ( 49 feet ) in diameter and up to 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 feet ) high with a dip at the centre where the chamber was located . The four large stones at the edge are all that survive of the kerbstones that formed the boundary of the monument . In close proximity is a second mound , 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 feet ) high , on which an Ordnance Survey trig pillar stands . Close to the monument is a fallen standing stone , a pointed rock 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 feet ) high . = = = The Stewards House = = = Further down the hill , along the Military Road , is a two @-@ story house , known as The Stewards House or as Killakee House ( not to be confused with the now @-@ demolished Killakee House that served as the residence of the Massy family who owned the adjacent Killakee Estate ) . It was built around 1765 by the Conolly family as a hunting lodge . Over the years , it has served as a dower house and as a residence for the agent who managed the Killakee Estate . To the rear is a belfry ; this was once a common feature of large farmhouses and was used to call the workers for meals . The Hell Fire Club held meetings here for a time following the fire that damaged Mount Pelier lodge . The house has a reputation for being haunted , particularly by a large black cat . Stories regarding the origin of this spectre either connect it with the account of the priest who exorcised a cat at the Hell Fire Club or with a cat that was doused in whiskey and set alight by members of the Hell Fire Club before escaping across the mountains with its fur aflame . The best documented account of these hauntings occurred between 1968 and 1970 . The Evening Herald and Evening Press newspapers carried a number of reports regarding a Mrs Margaret O 'Brien and her husband Nicholas , a retired Garda superintendent , who were converting the house into an arts centre . The redevelopment had been a troubled affair with tradesmen employed on the work leaving complaining of ghosts . One night , a friend of the O 'Brien 's , artist Tom McAssey , and two workmen were confronted by a spectral figure and a black cat with glowing red eyes . McAssey painted a portrait of the cat which hung in the house for several years after . Although locals were sceptical of the reports , further apparitions were reported , most notably of an Indian gentleman and of two nuns called Blessed Margaret and Holy Mary who had taken part in black masses on Mountpelier Hill . There were also reports of ringing bells and poltergeist activity . In 1970 an RTÉ television crew recorded a documentary at the house . In the documentary a clairvoyant called Sheila St. Clair communicated with the spirits of the house through automatic writing . In 1971 , a plumber working in the house discovered a grave with a skeleton of a small figure , most likely that of a child or , perhaps , the body of the dwarf alleged to have been sacrificed by the members of the Hell Fire Club . The house operated as a restaurant in the 1990s before closing in 2001 ; it is now a private residence . = = = Killakee ( Lord Massy 's ) Estate = = = On the other side of the Military Road to Hell Fire Wood and the Stewards House is the remains of Killakee Estate ( Irish : Coill an Chaoich , meaning " Blind Man 's Wood " ) , now known as Lord Massy 's Estate . These lands were first granted to Walter de Ridleford after the Norman invasion and later given to Sir Thomas Luttrell , an ancestor of Hell Fire Club member Simon Luttrell , by Henry VIII . The Luttrell family held onto the estate until the seventeenth century when it was relinquished to Dudley Loftus and then passed to William Conolly . In 1800 , the Conolly family sold the estate to Luke White . The White family built Killakee House on the estate in the early nineteenth century . This was a two @-@ storey , thirty @-@ six roomed stucco @-@ faced house . It had a Tuscan @-@ columned entrance and large three @-@ windowed bows on the back and sides . Luke White 's second son , Colonel Samuel White , inherited the estate on his father 's death in 1824 and invested considerable effort in developing its gardens . In 1838 , he engaged the services of Sir Ninian Niven , former director of the Botanic Gardens in Dublin . Niven laid out two Victorian formal gardens of gravel walks , terraces and exotic trees decorated with statues of Greek and Roman gods . Adjacent to the house was a terraced rose garden with a statue of Neptune . A second walled garden in a vale in the woods below the house contained more fountains and a range of glasshouses designed by Richard Turner . William Robinson , writing in The Gardener 's Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette on 10 December 1864 , said of the gardens , " I know of no better example of the advantage of extensively planting and draining a barren and elevated district than is afforded by this demesne of 500 acres . " When Samuel White 's widow , Anne , died in 1880 , she bequeathed the estate to her late husband 's nephew , John Thomas , 6th Baron Massy . The Massys were a Protestant Ascendancy family who had come to Ireland in 1641 and owned extensive lands in Counties Limerick , Leitrim and Tipperary . Massy used Killakee House to entertain guests while shooting game on nearby Cruagh and Glendoo mountains . He also used the house to host parties during major events on the Dublin social calendar such as the Dublin Horse Show , the Punchestown Races and the Dublin Castle Season . During these events long lines of guests ' carriages could be seen stretched along the road leading to the house . However , as a result of declining rental income and poor investment decisions , John Thomas Massy was in considerable debt when he died in 1915 . By the time John Massy 's grandson , Hugh Hamon Charles , 8th Baron Massy , inherited the estate , the family 's finances were in an irreversible decline and in 1924 he was declared bankrupt and evicted from Killakee House . The Massys initially moved into the Stewards House before taking up residence in Beehive Cottage , the estate 's gate lodge , by agreement with the bank . Hamon Massy , unable to find a job on account of his alcoholism became dependent on his wife , Margaret , whose modest salary from a job with the Irish Hospitals ' Sweepstake was the family 's only income . In the years up to his death in 1958 , Hamon Massy , who became known as the " Penniless Peer " , could be seen collecting firewood in the woods of his former family estate . Following the eviction , Killakee House was briefly used as an operations base by the Detective Unit of the Garda Síochána in 1931 while they hunted IRA subversives who were hiding explosives at Killakee . When the bank was unable to find a buyer for the estate , it was acquired by a builder who stripped the house and then demolished it in 1941 . The lands were eventually acquired by the State and opened to the public . In the late 1930s , the Director of Forestry , a German called Otto Reinard , laid out the area as an unban forest . The trees have reclaimed most of the land once occupied by the formal gardens : all that remains is the brickwork at the rear of the Turner glasshouses and the system of irrigation canals and ponds for the exotic plants contained within . In 1978 , the archaeologist and historian Patrick Healy discovered the remains of a prehistoric wedge tomb in the woods . All the survives is the skeletal outline of the main chamber and the outer double walls . Most of the stones were removed to build the low stone wall that runs across the front of the tomb . = = = Carthy 's Castle = = = On the northern slopes is another ruined building , known as Carthy 's or McCarthy 's Castle . This is all that remains of Dolly Mount – also known as the " Long House " and " Mount Pelier House " – a large hunting residence built by Henry Loftus , Earl of Ely towards the end of the eighteenth century . The building was originally two stories high with bow windows each side of the hall door , above which was the Ely coat of arms . At each side of the house was an arched gate from which extended a range of ancillary buildings , terminating in a three @-@ storied tower with an embattled top and pointed windows . The interiors were noted for their marble chimney pieces and stuccoed ceilings . The earl 's first wife , Frances Monroe , was the aunt of Dolores " Dolly " Monroe who was a celebrated beauty and in whose honour the house was named Dolly Mount . The Ely 's subsequently abandoned the residence and the building soon fell into ruin , mainly at the hands of a tenant called Jack Kelly who wrecked the house to ensure his tenancy would not be disturbed . All , except for the tower at the western end , which is now known as Carthy 's Castle , was demolished in 1950 . = = = Orlagh House = = = In the land adjacent to Carthy 's Castle is Orlagh House which has been owned by the Augustinian Order since the mid @-@ nineteenth century and is a retreat and conference centre run by the friars . It was built in 1790 by Mr Lundy Foot , a wealthy snuff merchant , who named the house Footmount . He was also a magistrate and was instrumental in condemning three members of the Kearney family to death for the murder of John Kinlan , the gamekeeper at Friarstown , near Bohernabreena , in 1816 . Foot was subsequently murdered in 1835 , an act that was attributed to relatives of the Kearneys . In fact , Foot was killed by James Murphy , the son of an evicted tenant farmer whose land Foot had bought following the eviction . In a field opposite Orlagh House is a holy well associated with Saint Colmcille . A statue of the saint , designed by Joseph Tierney , was erected at the site in 1917 . Pilgrims either drink the water or apply it to sore ears . = = Access and recreation = = Montpelier Hill is accessed from the Hell Fire Wood car park along the R115 road between Rathfarnham and Glencullen . The woods offer around 4 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 8 miles ) of forest roads and tracks as well as a permanent orienteering course . Lord Massy 's Estate is also accessed from the R115 , close to the Hell Fire Wood car park . The woods offer a nature trail and a permanent orienteering course . Lord Massy 's Estate and Montpelier Hill are also traversed by the Dublin Mountains Way hiking trail that runs between Shankill and Tallaght . = = = Recreation = = = Hell Fire Club at Dublin Mountains Partnership Orienteering at the Hell Fire Club Massy 's Estate at Dublin Mountains Partnership Orienteering at Massy 's Estate = = = The Hell Fire Club = = = The Dublin Hellfire Club – The Facts The Hellfire Club at blather.net The Hellfire Club at Abandoned Ireland = = = Other = = = The Orlagh Retreat Centre St Colmcille 's Well at Megalithomania = Greatest Hits : My Prerogative = Greatest Hits : My Prerogative is the first greatest hits album by American recording artist Britney Spears . It was released on November 3 , 2004 , by Jive Records and Zomba Recording . The compilation was released in two different formats : a standard edition and a limited edition containing a bonus disc with remixes . A compilation DVD of the same name featuring 20 of the singer 's music videos was released to accompany the audio versions . The album includes three new tracks : a cover of Bobby Brown 's " My Prerogative " , " Do Somethin ' " and " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " , which was previously included on the international editions of Spears ' fifth video release , Britney Spears : In the Zone ( 2004 ) . Critics gave Greatest Hits : My Prerogative mixed reviews . Some felt that it was an accurate portrayal of Spears as the defining figure of American pop culture , while others stated that she did not have enough material for a compilation and also deemed it as premature . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative debuted at the top of the charts in Ireland and Japan , and the top ten in other fourteen countries , including Australia , Canada , Norway , Sweden , the United Kingdom and the United States . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative has sold five million copies worldwide . The title track was released as the first single from the album . It went on to peak at number one in Ireland , Italy , Finland and Norway , and reached the top ten in another fourteen countries . " Do Somethin ' " was released as the second single from the album . = = Background = = On August 13 , 2004 , Spears announced through Jive Records the release of her first greatest hits compilation titled Greatest Hits : My Prerogative , due on November 16 , 2004 . The title was chosen after the album 's lead single , Spears 's cover version of Bobby Brown 's 1988 single " My Prerogative " . The cover was produced by Swedish production team Bloodshy & Avant . A DVD of the same name was also released the same day , containing Spears 's music videos . Spears had recorded a song titled " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " originally for her fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) . It was first included as a bonus track in the European version of the In the Zone DVD . In the United States , the track was a free download in the Wal @-@ Mart edition of In the Zone , due to an exclusive deal with Wal @-@ Mart and Sony Connect . When the deal ended in mid @-@ 2004 , Jive Records decided to release it in iTunes Store on August 17 , 2004 . " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " peaked at number seven on the iTunes chart while it was speculated to be in the tracklist of Greatest Hits : My Prerogative . The tracklist was officially revealed on September 13 , 2004 . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative included three new tracks : " My Prerogative " , " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " and " Do Somethin ' " , all of them produced by Bloodshy & Avant . A limited edition of the album was also released , which included a bonus disc with remixes of Spears 's songs by different recording artists , as well as a megamix of Spears 's hits . = = Critical response = = Greatest Hits : My Prerogative received mixed reviews from music critics . Mary Awosika of the Sarasota Herald @-@ Tribune selected " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " as the best of the new tracks , and added that " The rest of the album is a romp down memory lane of when Spears was the ' It ' girl of popular culture , ruling the pop charts as a multi @-@ million dollar entertainment should . [ ... ] In all honesty , no one can deny Spears has recorded some great dance songs , and this album is the best way to get all the songs in one swoop " . Faridul Anwar Farinordin of the New Straits Times said , " rest assured , fans will surely grab this one " and selected " Oops ! ... I Did It Again " and " Overprotected " as the best tracks . Annabel Leathes of BBC Online deemed it " calorific as the KFC burgers dished up at her chav @-@ style wedding ; twenty finger lickin ' tracks that mirror her trajectory from pretty pop puff to lusty strumpet " . Christy Lemire of the Associated Press stated that it was premature for Spears to release a greatest hits album compilation after only five years , but highlighted " I 'm a Slave 4 U " , " Toxic " and " Everytime " . Andy Petch @-@ Jex of MusicOMH highlighted the first four tracks and commented " true some of the tunes are complete pony plops , but beneath the occasional reek there beats a solid gold pop heart " . Spence D. of IGN said , " If Britney Spears ' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative illuminates anything it 's that Spears is a fairly proficient sonic chameleon , able to mimic and adopt the stylings of those who have come before her with enough panache and verve to convince younger generations that she 's a bona fide pop revelation . [ ... ] This is the kind of kitschy album that you can get away with having because Spears is such a prevalent component of pop culture . " James Gashinski of The Gazette said that " As a time capsule , My Prerogative does its job well , " but " Added together , the pop hits on this album are somewhat less than the sum of their parts " . He explained , " Even if it isn ’ t as great a listen as a cohesive album , My Prerogative does work as a portrait of the time when Britney Spears was the defining figure of American pop culture " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic agreed with Gashinski , but added " if you compare it to The Immaculate Collection , which captured the time when Madonna was the defining figure of American pop culture and does work as an album , it 's clear that a cultural artifact isn 't necessarily the same thing as great music " . Ann Powers of Blender said , " The hits collected on My Prerogative are as sticky as soda and almost as easy to rinse out . Spears will go down in history books , but not for anything she ’ s created , besides a world @-@ class stir " . She named " ... Baby One More Time " " the song that defined her legacy " and also added , " In less than five minutes , it contains an emotional storm that is both widely public and deeply personal . If only she had continued to prove worthy of that heroic task . " Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times said that " Listening to her hits all at once , you may be struck by the seductive severity of Ms. Spears 's music : the beats are sharp as tines , the lyrics are filled with evocations of fear and control , the voice projects nothing you might mistake for warmth " . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 , with sales exceeding 255 @,@ 000 copies . It has spent a total of 32 weeks overall on the chart . It became her first album not to debut at number one . In December 2004 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of a million copies of the album . As of March 2015 , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative has sold over 1 @.@ 5 million copies in the United States . In Canada , the album debuted at number three selling 20 @,@ 400 copies and was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for shipments of 50 @,@ 000 units . In Australia and New Zealand , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative debuted at number four and seventeen on the official charts , respectively . The album was certified two @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) indicating shipments of 140 @,@ 000 units . In the United Kingdom , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative debuted at number two behind Eminem 's Encore , with first @-@ week sales of 115 @,@ 341 units . The album debuted at number three on the European Top 100 Albums . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative also debuted at number two in Belgium ( Wallonia ) , Finland and Denmark , number four in Austria and Norway , and inside the top ten in Belgium ( Flanders ) , Czech Republic , Italy , Portugal and the Netherlands . It also charted in Sweden and Spain . In Japan , Spears ' compilation became her first album to top the Oricon charts selling 173 @,@ 145 copies , and finished as the 38th best @-@ selling album of 2004 and the 40th of 2005 . To date , it has sold 710 @,@ 124 copies in the country and remains her highest @-@ selling album there . Global sales for Greatest Hits : My Prerogative stand at over five million units . = = Singles = = " My Prerogative " was released as the first single from the compilation . The song was set to premiere on radio stations on September 14 , 2004 , however , it leaked in the Real Tapemasters Inc . ' s mixtape The Future of R & B on September 10 , 2004 . The cover was musically different from Bobby Brown 's original song , and was noted for aptly referring to Spears 's relationship with the media at the time . It received mixed to negative reviews from critics , but went on to achieve worldwide success , topping the charts in countries like in Finland , Ireland , Italy and Norway , and reaching the top ten in another fourteen countries . In the United States , " My Prerogative " charted in Billboard 's Top 40 Tracks and Top 40 Mainstream at number twenty @-@ two and thirty @-@ four , respectively . Although no more singles were planned , Spears wanted to shoot a music video for " Do Somethin ' " and pushed for it to be released . The song was released as a single worldwide except North America on February 14 , 2005 . " Do Somethin ' " received positive reviews , and reached top ten positions in countries such as Australia , Denmark , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Although the song was not released in the United States , it charted on many of Billboard 's component charts due to digital downloads and reached number one @-@ hundred on the Billboard Hot 100 . The accompanying music video was co @-@ directed by Billie Woodruff and Spears , who appeared credited as her alter ego " Mona Lisa " . She was also the stylist and choreographer of the video . = = Formats and track listings = = Notes ^ a signifies a co @-@ producer ^ b signifies a remixer ^ c signifies a vocal producer = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = K @-@ 43 ( Kansas highway ) = K @-@ 43 is a 20 @.@ 718 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 33 @.@ 342 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas . The highway runs from K @-@ 4 in Hope north to Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) and U.S. Route 40 ( US @-@ 40 ) north of Detroit . The entire highway is located within Dickinson County . K @-@ 43 is maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation ( KDOT ) , and is a relatively minor highway . K @-@ 43 is not part of the National Highway System . The highway was established around 1932 , with the northern terminus being the now decommissioned US @-@ 40S . In 1962 , the route was extended north a bit to a new diamond interchange with I @-@ 70 . = = Route description = = K @-@ 43 begins at an intersection with K @-@ 4 at the northern city limit of Hope . The highway heads north for about seven miles ( 11 km ) before turning west and entering the small community of Navarre . The route crosses the BNSF Railway and turns to the north , continuing through flat farmland . The highway crosses the railway again before entering the city of Enterprise . In Enterprise , K @-@ 43 turns east along 5th Street , then north onto Factory Street . The highway curves northwest and crosses the BNSF Railway a third time before crossing the Smoky Hill River on a 160 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 49 m ) truss bridge constructed in 1924 . Upon crossing this bridge , K @-@ 43 leaves Enterprise . The route bends to the north and crosses the BNSF Railway a fourth and final time . Continuing north through level plains , K @-@ 43 meets a railroad operated by Union Pacific and comes to an intersection with its former northern terminus at an old alignment of US @-@ 40 . At this intersection , the route turns to the northeast and travels through the community of Detroit before turning back to the north . North of here , K @-@ 43 meets its northern terminus at a diamond interchange with I @-@ 70 and US @-@ 40 . K @-@ 43 is maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation ( KDOT ) . The traffic numbers on the route in 2012 , measured in annual average daily traffic , were relatively low compared to other state highways . Between 185 and 1900 vehicles traveled the highway each day , including between 30 and 95 trucks . The most traffic was present in the segment of the highway between Enterprise and Detroit . No segment of K @-@ 43 is included in the National Highway System , a system of highways considered to be important to the nation 's defense , economy , and mobility . = = History = = K @-@ 43 first appears on the 1932 state highway map . At that time it followed largely the same alignment it does today , running from K @-@ 4 in Hope to an intersection with what was then US @-@ 40S . Most of the road was dirt , but it was paved with gravel from Enterprise north to its northern terminus . By 1936 , the whole route had been upgraded to gravel pavement . In 1945 , the portion north of Enterprise was paved . The entire highway had been paved by 1956 . In 1962 , the highway was extended slightly to the north , moving its northern terminus from US @-@ 40 to an interchange with the newly constructed I @-@ 70 . The route has not changed significantly since 1962 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Dickinson County . = Ebbw Valley Railway = The Ebbw Valley Railway ( Welsh : Rheilffordd Cwm Ebwy ) is a branch line of the Great Western Main Line in South Wales . Arriva Trains Wales provides an hourly passenger service each way , between Ebbw Vale Town and Cardiff Central . The line was opened by the Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company and the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) operated a passenger service from the 1850s between Newport and Ebbw Vale . The line became part of British Railways Western Region in 1948 , following the nationalisation of the railways . Passenger services were withdrawn in 1962 . However , the route continued to be used to carry freight to and from the Corus steelworks in Ebbw Vale , until its closure in 2002 . Proposals to re @-@ open the existing freight railway line to passenger services were first mooted in 1998 . The Welsh Assembly Government announced their commitment to the project in 2002 , as part of a package of measures to help the former steel communities . Passenger services were restored to the line in February 2008 , after a gap of 46 years , using Class 150 diesel multiple units . Predominantly single track north of Newport , the Ebbw Valley Railway runs 19 miles ( 31 km ) along the Ebbw River valley from Ebbw Vale , before joining the South Wales Main Line at a triangular group of junctions in Newport – the line splitting at Park Junction with the eastbound section joining at Gaer Junction and the westbound section joining at Ebbw Junction . The line 's stations and services are managed by Arriva Trains Wales . = = Current service = = The Ebbw Valley Railway provides an hourly ( two hourly Sundays ) passenger service between Ebbw Vale Town and Cardiff Central . Journey duration between Ebbw Vale Town and Cardiff Central is 60 minutes . Intermediate stations ( their approximate journey times from Ebbw Vale Town are shown in brackets ) are Ebbw Vale Parkway ( 3 minutes ) , Llanhilleth ( 11 ) , Newbridge ( 17 ) , Crosskeys ( 25 ) , Risca and Pontymister ( 32 ) , Rogerstone ( 34 ) and Pye Corner ( 38 ) . A dedicated feeder bus services link the line to Abertillery town centre from Llanhilleth . Actual passenger numbers greatly exceed forecasts . In 2002 , passenger journeys were forecast at 22 @,@ 000 per month . Whereas by 2008 , 44 @,@ 000 journeys had been made on the service each month ; also exceeding the monthly target of 33 @,@ 000 set for 2012 . In August 2008 Trish Law , Assembly Member for Blaenau Gwent , said she had received " many complaints of standing @-@ room only and grossly overcrowded trains " . Arriva Trains Wales provide extra carriages at busy times , Saturdays and holidays , to cope with the demand . Passenger journeys had exceeded 55 @,@ 000 per month by May 2009 , and by October 2009 , over one million passenger journeys had been made on the line in the 20 months since its opening , comfortably exceeding the fourth @-@ year target of 453 @,@ 000 . Network Rail own and manage the track and signalling ; stations and services are operated by the existing train operating company , Arriva Trains Wales ; and the local authorities each own and operate the station car parks in their area . Each station has at least one Passenger Help Point and all stations and car parks have CCTV . All stations on the branch are unstaffed , and at first lacked any ticket issuing facilities ; but in late 2009 a Scheidt & Bachmann Ticket XPress self @-@ service ticket machine was installed at each station . = = History = = = = = Background = = = The line has its origins in the tramways and waggonways constructed to serve the various iron works in the upper Ebbw Valley to enable them to receive raw materials and dispatch products . Developments included : Rassa Railroad : a tramway built in 1794 to connect the Sirhowy Ironworks to the Beaufort Ironworks , and connected them to several limestone quarries at Trevil . Llanhiledd Tramroad : from Crumlin ( low level ) north to Ebbw Vale . Sirhowy Tramroad : a 4 @-@ foot @-@ 2 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 27 m ) plateway which opened in 1805 and ran from ironworks at Tredegar and Sirhowy to the Monmouthshire Canal . By 1805 , a 24 @-@ mile ( 39 km ) stretch of tramline had been laid to transport coal and iron ore to Newport Docks , laid jointly by Tredegar Iron and Coal Company and the Monmouthshire Canal Company . Initially the trains were pulled by teams of horses ; however , in 1829 Chief Engineer Thomas Ellis was authorised to purchase a steam locomotive from the Stephenson Company . Built at Tredegar Works , it made its maiden trip on 17 December 1829 . Due to its success , conversion to standard gauge was delayed until 1860 but , after reopening in 1865 , it found that the traffic had been lost to its competitors . The line was worked by the London and North Western Railway from 1 July 1875 and taken over by the railway company the following year . Blaenavon Tramroad : a 3 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 02 m ) edge @-@ railway opened in 1795 @-@ 6 which linked the Blaenavon Ironworks with the Monmouthshire Canal at Pontnewydd . It was rebuilt in 1829 as a 4 @-@ foot @-@ 2 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 27 m ) gauge plateway . The Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company was incorporated on 31 July 1845 and , having acquired the Blaenavon Tramroad in the same year , it rebuilt and extended the line , which re @-@ opened from Pontypool to Blaenavon ( North ) on 2 October 1854 . Two short and steep branches to Cwmfrwdoer and Cwmnantddu were opened in 1870 , with a third to Abersychan and Talywain in 1879 . A 99 @-@ year lease of the line was granted to the Great Western Railway from 1 August 1875 and the railway company acquired the line on 1 August 1880 . = = = Operations = = = The first passenger service on the line began on 21 December 1850 , between Newport Courtybella and Blaina . The line was extended south to Newport Dock Street on 4 April 1852 , and the northern extension from Aberbeeg to Ebbw Vale opened on 19 April 1852 . Journeys between Ebbw Vale and Newport normally required passengers to change at Aberbeeg , although some services were direct . It was a branch line of the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) , until the nationalisation of the railways under the Transport Act 1947 , when the line became part of the Western Region of British Railways on 1 January 1948 . The line closed to passenger traffic on 30 April 1962 , prior to the Beeching Axe , with the mineral branches following on 7 April 1969 and the Talywain branch on 3 May 1980 . Freight services to and from the steelworks at Ebbw Vale continued until the site closed on 5 July 2002 . The final freight service to run from the Corus steelworks in Ebbw Vale in 2003 removed scrap metal from site . = = Revival = = = = = Proposals = = = Peter Law , the former Assembly Member ( AM ) for Blaenau Gwent , had been calling for passenger services between Ebbw Vale and Newport to resume on the line since the 1980s , while he was still a councillor . An initial feasibility study of the proposal was carried out for Blaenau Gwent council by infrastructure project management company Capita Symonds in 1998 . Stations at Ebbw Vale , Cwm , Aberbeeg , Abercarn , Risca and Maesglas were suggested , and the plans included running some trains to Cardiff Central via a new station at Celtic Lakes on the South Wales Main Line . Law made fighting for the line 's re @-@ opening one of his major election promises during the National Assembly for Wales election campaign in 1999 . A plaque at Ebbw Vale Parkway commemorates Law , who died in 2006 , and his work to re @-@ open the line . It was unveiled by Jocelyn Davies AM on 10 December 2007 , four days before the Ebbw Valley Railway 's planned official re @-@ opening . In February 2001 the Rail Development Society Wales , a passengers ' campaign group now campaigning as Railfuture Cymru / Wales , called for the rail link between Ebbw Vale and Newport to be reopened to help with the regeneration of what it called " already a socially deprived area " . The plea followed Corus Group 's announcement that it would close its Ebbw Vale steelworks operation . British Steel Corporation had employed 14 @,@ 500 people at their main steel mills in Ebbw Vale in the 1960s . The mills closed completely during the 1980s . Only a finishing plant employing 780 people remained on the site in 2001 . First Minister Rhodri Morgan announced to the Welsh Assembly on 30 January 2002 that the rail link between Ebbw Vale and Cardiff would be reopened . Morgan said it would be part of a " package of measures to offset hundreds of steel job losses at the Corus plant " . At the time , the Assembly Government 's financial commitment was estimated at £ 7 million over two years , the project cost was estimated at £ 15 million and the line forecast to open in 2004 . Proposals for the Ebbw Valley line , forecast to cost £ 27 @.@ 2 million , were unveiled to the public in January 2003 . The scheme was to provide an hourly service to Cardiff beginning in 2005 , followed by an hourly service to Newport beginning in 2009 . The display included artists ' impressions of the six new stations , envisaged to be built at Ebbw Vale Parkway Victoria , Llanhilleth , Newbridge , Crosskeys , Risca and Rogerstone . Proposed stations at Crumlin and Ebbw Vale Centre were shown in the Rail Atlas Great Britain and Ireland 11th edition , published 2007 . The project was forecast to cost £ 28 @,@ 583 @,@ 544 in October 2003 . Electrification by 2019 was announced in the Department for Transport 's High Level Output Specification of 2012 . = = = Revival works programme = = = Work to restore the passenger service to the line took place between 2006 and 2008 . The scheme was part of the response to the closure of Corus ' Ebbw Vale steelworks in 2002 , and the resulting economic downturn in one of Wales ' most deprived areas . The project was led by Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council and supported by Caerphilly County Borough Council , Newport City Council , the Welsh Assembly Government and Network Rail . Capita Symonds project managed the scheme and the project contractor was Amey Rail , a subsidiary of Amey plc . A start of main works event was held in Crumlin on 28 September 2006 and was attended by Welsh Assembly Members Andrew Davies ( then Welsh Assembly Minister for Enterprise , Innovation and Networks ) , Irene James and Trish Law , the leaders of Blaenau Gwent and Caerphilly County Borough Councils , local councillors , officers and project stakeholders . The event marked the start of major works on the scheme with a demonstration of a new rail ballast cleaner . The works upgraded the existing track to passenger standard , and included new colour light signalling , level crossing renewal and the reinstatement of 3 miles ( 5 km ) of double track , providing a point where trains could pass each other . Six new stations and eight new 97 metres ( 318 ft ) long platforms were constructed . Services were originally expected to begin in the summer of 2007 . A report to Blaenau Gwent council in March 2008 showed that on completion , the project was more than £ 8 @.@ 4 million over the original budget . Funding came from three sources . The European Regional Development Fund 's Objective One structural funds provided £ 7 @.@ 5 million through the Welsh European Funding Office , Corus Steelworks Regeneration Fund £ 7 million and the Welsh Assembly Government provided the balance . By January 2010 , the total project cost , including the line extension to Ebbw Vale Town , had risen to an estimated £ 32 @.@ 6 million . The restoration scheme was named Welsh Project of the Year by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors in 2009 . The railway had been shortlisted in the community benefit category , along with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ' Newport Wetlands Reserve and Swansea 's Canolfan Gorseinon Centre . = = = Restoration of passenger service = = = Passenger train services , using Class 150 diesel multiple units , were restored to the line after a gap of 46 years , on 6 February 2008 ; between a new station at Ebbw Vale Parkway ( close to the site of the original Victoria station ) and Cardiff Central . The first train of the restored service left Cardiff Central for Ebbw Vale Parkway at 06 : 35 on Wednesday 6 February 2008 . The first train to run in the opposite direction left five minutes later , packed with dignitaries for the official opening . Deputy First Minister Ieuan Wyn Jones opened the line along with Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council 's former Labour leader Hedley McCarthy . The first train from Ebbw Vale Parkway was waved off by local residents , who welcomed the link as a positive contribution to the valley 's long term regeneration . Celebrations had been due to take place on 14 December 2007 to mark the line 's official opening . Arrangements included school choirs , brass bands , and plaques unveiled at each station by officials and dignitaries travelling the route between Rogerstone to Ebbw Vale . The ceremonies were cancelled two days before the scheduled reopening , as the project had not been finished on time due to " safety and engineering issues " . Network Rail had confirmed in November that the new track had been tested successfully . After a final inspection on 16 December 2007 confirmed outstanding issues had been resolved , the track was handed over to Network Rail by Blaenau Gwent council . Network Rail and Arriva Trains Wales then arranged route familiarisation training for train drivers before the new service could be introduced . Driver training began on 18 December 2007 . Environmental issues delayed construction of two of the line 's new stations . Colonies of slow worms , which has protected species status in the United Kingdom , were discovered near the tracks at the sites of Llanhilleth and Crosskeys stations . The lizards had to be moved to a safer place . Llanhilleth and Crosskeys stations opened on 27 April 2008 and 7 June 2008 respectively . Built at a cost of £ 3.5m , Pye Corner station opened on 14 December 2014 . = = Route = = The Ebbw Valley Railway is a branch line of the Great Western Main Line . Predominantly single track , the line runs 19 miles ( 31 km ) between Ebbw Vale Town station ( where southbound journeys to Cardiff Central begin , and northbound journeys end ) , in the northeast of the mountainous South Wales valleys , and the South Wales Main Line . The track runs mainly south and southeast , following the deep @-@ sided Ebbw River valley . The line is heavily curved along most of its route and has gradients of up to 1 in 65 . Before the project to restore passenger services began , these conditions caused a maximum line speed on the line for freight services of 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) . Extensive track re @-@ canting has enabled the maximum line speed to be increased to 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) . The station at Ebbw Vale Town was opened on 17 May 2015 , and became the new northern terminus of the line . Prior to this , the town was served by the Parkway station to the South . Ebbw Vale Parkway station is 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south of Ebbw Vale town centre and provides car parking and cycle storage . Buses pick up and set down in the station car park . From Ebbw Vale Parkway the line is single track , facing south – southeast for the 5 miles ( 8 km ) to the next stop at Llanhilleth . It runs past the villages of Cwm , where a new station is proposed , and Aberbeeg , which had proposals for a station included in an early plan . Proposals to reconstruct the spur running from Aberbeeg to Abertillery are being considered . The line winds south from Llanhilleth for 2 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 4 @.@ 5 km ) , past the village of Crumlin , to the next station at Newbridge , at the eastern end of Newbridge town centre . Newbridge station provides Park and Ride car park and bus interchange facilities . To enable the additional service between Ebbw Vale and Newport to begin dual track would need to be laid and second platforms constructed at Llanhilleth and Newbridge stations , allowing trains to pass each other . The line to Crosskeys , 3 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 5 @.@ 2 km ) south of Newbridge , passes the village of Abercarn , another site that had proposals for a station included in an early plan . At Crosskeys the line changes direction from south to southeast for its remaining 7 miles ( 11 km ) to the South Wales Main Line , continuing to follow the Ebbw Valley , past the confluence of the Ebbw River and the Sirhowy River . Crosskeys station has two platforms , one for northbound services and one for southbound . It is the only station on the Ebbw Valley Railway with no car parking facility , although public car parking is available nearby . The track is doubled from Crosskeys to Risca , providing a passing loop for 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . Risca and Pontymister station , 2 miles ( 3 km ) southeast of Crosskeys , is in central Risca ; the village of Pontymister is immediately to its southeast . It has two platforms , cycle lockers , a pick up / set down area near the northbound platform and a 94 @-@ space car park . Rogerstone station is 1 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 2 km ) southeast of Risca and Pontymister station , and 3 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 6 km ) northwest of the South Wales Main Line . The station has one platform : the line reverts to single track after having passed Risca . Near the platform is a pick up / set down lay @-@ by . Rogerstone station 's car park has 64 spaces . Pye Corner is the last southbound halt on the Ebbw Valley Railway . It is a single platform station , about 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 1 ⁄ 2 km ) southeast of Rogerstone station . Parking is provided for 62 cars and includes electric charging points . The Ebbw Valley Railway meets the Great Western 's South Wales Main Line branch , which runs on the coastal plain between the cities of Cardiff and Newport , at a triangular junction about 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) southwest of Newport station . The line splits at Park Junction in the west ; one section passes through Gaer Tunnel to form a north @-@ facing connection with the main line at Gaer Junction , allowing trains to travel to Newport . The other section meets the main line at the south @-@ facing Ebbw Junction and allows trains to reach Cardiff Central station , 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the southwest . = = Proposed additional services = = A second hourly service to Newport is proposed for the line . A South East Wales Transport Alliance ( Sewta ) report in 2006 noted that additional infrastructure work would be required to enable the service to become half @-@ hourly ( one train running to Cardiff and another to Newport ) . An additional seven miles ( 11 km ) of double track would be needed between Aberbeeg Junction and Crosskeys and additional platforms at Newbridge and Llanhilleth stations would be required . According to Network Rail , the points system at Gaer junction would need to be replaced before the line could be linked from Rogerstone station to Newport station . Major resignalling works would also need to be carried out . Passenger trains travel faster than freight trains , so the signals need to be further apart . The Welsh Assembly Government announced in July 2009 that the relevant works to enable direct trains between Ebbw Vale and Newport would be complete by 2011 . Work on the track at Gaer Junction , Newport – connecting the Ebbw Valley Railway to Newport – had been scheduled for completion by October 2010 , but no decision on the link will now be made before March 2011 . Rebuilding the branch to Abertillery , to replace the shuttle bus service , has been planned . The proposal for a new station and track ( which would need to be re @-@ laid for 1 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 3 km ) between Aberbeeg and Abertillery ) , is not included in the Welsh Assembly Government 's National Transport Plan . A feasibility study and further design work for a new station at Ebbw Vale Town was commissioned by the Welsh Assembly Government . The station on the former Corus steelworks site , which closed in 2002 , is a mile north of the line 's initial terminus , Ebbw Vale Parkway , and was forecast to cost £ 6 @.@ 5 million . It was opened on 17 May 2015 . Network Rail will be carrying out further track improvement work in 2016 @-@ 7 ( to double the line between Aberbeeg & Crosskeys , as mentioned above and raise the line speed ) and hopes to complete the project in 2018 . This will allow the introduction of a regular service to Newport and Abergavenny in addition to the current one to and from Cardiff . = = Passenger volume = = = White Lies ( band ) = White Lies are an English post @-@ punk band from Ealing , London . Formerly known as Fear of Flying , the core band members are Harry McVeigh ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Charles Cave ( bass guitar and backing vocals ) , and Jack Lawrence @-@ Brown ( drums ) . The band perform live as a five @-@ piece , when sidemen Tommy Bowen and Rob Lee join the line up . White Lies ' musical style has been described as dark yet uplifting by the media , drawing comparisons to Joy Division , Editors , The Killers and Interpol . White Lies formed in October 2007 , after writing songs that they felt didn 't suit their original band . After delaying their first performance for five months to build up media hype , they earned a recording contract with Fiction Records days after their debut . The release of singles " Unfinished Business " and " Death " led to tours and festival appearances in the United Kingdom and North America , including a headline performance at BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend and a place on the 2009 NME Awards Tour . At the beginning of 2009 , White Lies featured in multiple " ones to watch " polls for the coming year , including the BBC 's Sound of 2009 poll and the BRITs Critics ' Choice Award . White Lies ' debut album To Lose My Life ... , released in January 2009 , hit number one on the UK Albums Chart . Their second album Ritual was recorded in 2010 , and released on 17 January 2011 . Big TV , their third studio album , was released on 12 August 2013 . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = Charles Cave and Jack Lawrence @-@ Brown were both from Pitshanger Village in North Ealing , and first played together in a school show at North Ealing Primary School . Harry McVeigh ( from Shepherd 's Bush ) joined them two years later , and they began playing under the name Fear of Flying at the age of fifteen . Cave described the band as a " weekend project " , and one of many groups which they were involved in while at school . Fear of Flying completed one UK tour as a support act , as well as further slots with The Maccabees , Jamie T and Laura Marling . They released two double A @-@ side vinyl singles on independent record label Young and Lost Club , " Routemaster / Round Three " on 7 August 2006 and " Three 's a Crowd / Forget @-@ Me @-@ Nots " on 6 December 2006 . Both vinyls were produced by former Blur and The Smiths collaborator , Stephen Street , whom they met through a friend at school . They went on to play the inaugural Underage Festival in Victoria Park , England on 10 August 2007 . Two weeks prior to the group starting university , they decided that they would take a second gap year , and perform new material which the band felt did not suit their current outfit . Cave stated that " I felt as though I couldn 't write about anything personal , so I would make up semi @-@ comical stories that weren 't really important to anyone , not even me . " Fear of Flying disbanded in October 2007 with a MySpace bulletin stating " Fear of Flying is DEAD ... White Lies is alive ! " , before introducing a darker sound and a new name that reflected their maturity . Cave stated that the band deleted their MySpace account " without any token farewell gigs " . McVeigh said that the current musical climate had an effect on the split , stating that " Maybe a few years ago , we would have signed a deal and had a chance to make three albums [ ... ] . In the current climate ... we ’ d have been dropped " . When asked about the name change in an interview with a radio station in San Francisco , Jack Brown said that " We just thought that we should perform these songs as a different band . We had songs that we felt weren 't suitable for the band that we were in and we thought White Lies would be the perfect vehicle for the songs . " = = = Early releases = = = Playing under the new name , White Lies played their first gig at Hoxton Square 's Bar & Kitchen on 28 February 2008 , supporting Team Waterpolo and Semifinalists . The band admitted rehearsing for two months for the gig , as well as putting off their debut for five months to gather media hype . Following this , the band received numerous record label offers , eventually signing to Fiction Records a matter of days after their first performance . The band also signed publishing rights to Chrysalis Music Publishing . The band said they chose the name because " white lies are quite dark ... that 's how we see ourselves " and that white lies " protect the upsetting truths " of the band 's lyrics . Receiving airtime on BBC Radio 1 , Zane Lowe named " Death " his " Hottest Record in the World " on 5 February 2008 , despite the song having never been officially released . Radio 1 would go on to feature the band at Radio 1 's Big Weekend in May 2008 , where they headlined the BBC Introducing stage . On 10 March 2008 , White Lies were announced as one of four bands taking part in the first ever NME New Noise Tour ( now the NME Radar Tour ) . The tour visited eleven cities in the UK throughout May 2008 . The band were first featured in the magazine in the issue dated 22 March 2008 , appearing in the " Everyone 's Talking About ... " section of their Radar article . Live Editor Hamish MacBain described tracks " Death " and " XX " ( later titled " Unfinished Business " ) - the only two songs available on the band 's MySpace - as " ... not to afraid of a little sincerity , not afraid of a little scale " . The band released their debut single one month later , a 7 @-@ inch vinyl of " Unfinished Business " on 28 April 2008 . The limited pressing was released by Chess Club Records , an independent record label co @-@ founded by drummer Jack Brown . To mark the release , the band supported dEUS in London 's Scala on 16 April 2008 , as well as a performance at the 2008 Camden Crawl . = = = To Lose My Life ... ( 2008 – 2010 ) = = = They made their television debut on Later ... with Jools Holland on 30 May 2008 , playing " Unfinished Business " and " Death " . This marked their final public performance prior to recording their debut album , scheduling sessions in ICP Studios in Belgium and Kore Studios in West London . The album was provisionally titled To Lose My Life or Lose My Love , with a scheduled release date was set for January 2009 . The title came from a line in the album 's title track , " To Lose My Life " . During the summer of 2008 , the band played numerous UK and overseas music festivals , including major festivals Oxegen , T in the Park , and the Reading and Leeds Festivals . Beginning in September 2008 , the band played their first headline tour , performing thirteen dates in the United Kingdom . The tour marked the release of " Death " on 22 September 2008 , with a further six dates played in the United States in October 2008 . The tour included an appearance at the CMJ Music Festival in New York on 23 – 24 October , alongside Jay Reatard , Amazing Baby and Violens . Following this , the band returned to support Glasvegas on their fifteen date UK tour in November and December 2008 . NME.com exclusively announced their debut album would be released on 12 January 2009 , with shortened title To Lose My Life .... The band preceded the album with the single release of " To Lose My Life " one week earlier . The full @-@ length video for " To Lose My Life " premiered exclusively on the band 's MySpace on 21 November 2008 . On 11 November 2008 , NME announced that White Lies would be taking part in the 2009 ShockWaves NME Awards Tour , alongside Friendly Fires , Florence and the Machine and headliners Glasvegas . The annual tour , taking place in early 2009 , visited seventeen cities in the UK . On 7 February 2009 , it was announced in NME that the entire tour had sold out . On the Manchester tour date , the band dueted with Florence Welch to play " Unfinished Business " . The band would later also be announced for Xfm 's Winter Wonderland festival in London , as well as one of four bands playing NME 's Big Gig on 26 February 2009 . At the beginning of 2009 , the band were featured in numerous polls as " ones to watch " for the coming year . The BBC placed them second in their Sound of 2009 poll , as well as coming third in the 2009 BRITs Critics ' Choice Award , behind Florence and the Machine and Little Boots . To mark the album release , " From the Stars " appeared as iTunes 's " Single of the Week " on 30 December 2008 , two weeks prior to the album 's release . In addition , the band played a Live Lounge session for Jo Whiley 's BBC Radio 1 show on 14 January 2009 , playing " To Lose My Life " as well as a cover of Kanye West 's " Love Lockdown " . The cover was included as a b @-@ side to " Farewell to the Fairground " , released on 23 March 2009 . Upon the release of To Lose My Life , White Lies became the first British act in 2009 to achieve a number one album , and the first album to debut at number one . After charting high in the midweek sales , the album beat off competition from Lady Gaga , The Script and Kings of Leon . In support of the release , the band played on Channel 4 's Shockwaves Album Chart Show , Last Call with Carson Daly and the Late Show with David Letterman , the latter being the band 's first performance on US television . Following supporting Snow Patrol on their tour of both Ireland and the United Kingdom , the band embarked on their own headline world tour , playing sold out dates across Europe , North America , Japan and the United Kingdom . While in North America , the band co @-@ headlined the NME Presents tour with Friendly Fires . The bands were supported by The Soft Pack , with White Lies headlining seven of the fifteen dates , including their first appearance at the South by Southwest festival . During the tour , the band were forced to play a shortened , six song set at New York 's Bowery Ballroom , due to McVeigh having throat problems . During summer 2009 , the band played a number of major UK and overseas music festivals , including Rock Werchter , Benicàssim , Coachella , Glastonbury , Isle of Wight , Lollapalooza , Oxegen , Radio 1 's Big Weekend , Reading and Leeds , Roskilde and T in the Park . " Death " was re @-@ released on 29 June 2009 . To mark the release , live performances from a selection of the band 's festival appearances were broadcast online through the band 's web player , titled " The Summer of Death " . Also In September 2009 , White Lies performed as a support act for Coldplay , including a date at Wembley Stadium , where the band performed in front of a half full stadium . The band played as the first support act and was greatly received . = = = Ritual ( 2010 – 2012 ) = = = In an interview with the BBC 's Newsbeat programme , McVeigh stated that due to the nature of the band 's songwriting techniques clashing with their difficult touring schedules , there will be no new White Lies material until 2010 . Despite this , McVeigh has mentioned that the ambitious recording of " Nothing to Give " and " The Price of Love " ( from To Lose My Life ... ) act as a taster of the different sound to come on their sophomore release . In September 2009 , the band released " Taxidermy " as a digital download through iTunes for the first time . A live favourite amongst fans , the track had previously only been released on the ( now deleted ) vinyl release of " To Lose My Life " . During the same month , the band supported Kings of Leon 's tour of the United States , and Coldplay 's tour of the United Kingdom . As well as this , the band played their own headline tour across Europe during October — November 2009 , including some of their biggest shows to date in the UK . A number of the tour dates were later cancelled , due to McVeigh falling ill during their concert in Munich , Germany . Having fully recovered in time for the beginning of their UK dates , the tour continued as normal , with cancelled dates being rescheduled for February 2010 . On 13 February 2010 , White Lies became the first high @-@ profile artist to perform at the FAC251 music venue in Manchester . The band played there again on 14 February , with tickets for the second show made available exclusively through the band 's website . The performances were the band 's only scheduled headline performances of 2010 . Both concerts sold out in a matter of minutes , with 38 @,@ 000 people applying for the 400 tickets available . As well as this , the band showed their mutual love of Muse at a number of European stadium shows between June and September 2010 , and played the 2010 V Festival in the United Kingdom . During November 2010 , White Lies confirmed that their second album , Ritual , had been completed and would be released on 17 January 2011 . Produced by Alan Moulder , the album 's first single " Bigger than Us " was released on 3 January 2011 . An eleven date tour of the United Kingdom was also announced for February 2011 . = = = Big TV ( 2012 – present ) = = = In an interview with NME in January 2013 , bassist Charles Cave revealed that the band 's third album is intended to be released in late summer , with one of the tracks promoting the record being called " Getting Even " . On 4 June 2013 it was revealed that the album , which was produced by Ed Buller and recorded earlier this year , will be titled Big TV . Also , the track list for the album was published and " Getting Even " was released as a free download . The first official single from the album , " There Goes Our Love Again " , was released on 5 August 2013 , with the album being released in the UK and Europe a week later , on 12 August 2013 through Fiction Records . It was released on 20 August 2013 in the US ( through Harvest Records ) , and in Canada ( Universal Music ) . On 23 / 24 / 25 July 2013 , White Lies played 3 intimate shows at Hoxton Square Bar & Kitchen in London , celebrating the 5 year anniversary of the band 's first ever gig at the same venue . They played tracks from Big TV and some of their earlier songs in front of 300 fans each night . During their Summer / Fall 2013 tour , the band is scheduled to play more than thirty concerts in Europe and North America . In August 2013 they made their Main Stage debut at Reading and Leeds Festivals . On 6 November 2013 , the band released a limited edition EP to celebrate their tour , called Small TV . The five @-@ track EP released on Fiction Records was limited to 1000 copies and features covers from Lana Del Rey and Prince in addition to new versions of their own tracks . The band is currently working on their fourth studio album , after first being reported on in 2015 . In December 2015 , the band signed to Infectious Music for the release of the new record which will be mixed by David Wrench . Their fourth studio album , Friends , will be released on October 7 , 2016 . = = Musical style and influences = = As Fear of Flying , Banquet Records described the band 's second single as " Quite danceable indie " . The Guardian 's official website named them an indie @-@ pop band , stating " they made promising , if unremarkable , Franz Ferdinand @-@ styled pop with cheeky chappy lyrics " . In an interview with BBC London , they cited Talking Heads as a major influence . White Lies ' darker sound has been primarily compared to Joy Division , Interpol and Editors , as well as Arcade Fire , The Killers , Echo & the Bunnymen , Tears for Fears and The Teardrop Explodes . McVeigh 's singing voice has been compared to that of Ian Curtis and Julian Cope . When asked about the comparisons in an interview with ITN Music , McVeigh stated that " We weren 't alive during that period of music ... we 've never really been that into Joy Division , especially not the Editors ... or even Interpol really " , adding " I don 't think our music sounds a whole lot like those comparisons , I think we 're a lot more euphoric and uplifting " . As White Lies , the band have reiterated the influence of Talking Heads , both musically and in songwriting . As well as this , the band have stated that The Secret Machines are one of their main influences . In a commentary on a " Track by Track " interview on Spotify , one band member said that the band was influenced by The Cars , specifically how their guitar riffs on " Be Your Man " from the " Big TV " album was influenced by The Cars song " Just What I Needed " . = = Band members = = Harry McVeigh – lead vocals , guitar ( 2007 – present ) Charles Cave – bass guitar , backing vocals , lyrics ( 2007 – present ) Jack Lawrence @-@ Brown – drums ( 2007 – present ) = = Discography = = To Lose My Life ... ( 2009 ) Ritual ( 2011 ) Big TV ( 2013 ) Friends ( 2016 ) = = Awards and nominations = = = = = Awards = = = 2013 Best Album Artwork : Big TV 2009 MOJO Honours Lists : MOJO Breakthrough Award 2009 Q Awards : Best New Band = = = Nominations = = = 2009 NME Awards : Best New Band 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards : Best Push Artist = Cannon Fodder 2 = Cannon Fodder 2 : Once More unto the Breach , also known as Cannon Fodder 2 is an action @-@ strategy shoot ' em up game developed by Sensible Software and published by Virgin Interactive for the Amiga and DOS in November 1994 . The game is the sequel to Cannon Fodder , a successful game released for multiple formats in 1993 . The game is a combination of action and strategy involving a small number of soldiers battling through a time @-@ travel scenario . The protagonists are heavily outnumbered and easily killed . The player must rely on strategy and heavy secondary weapons to overcome enemies , their vehicles and installations . The game retained the mechanics and gameplay of its predecessor but introduced new levels , settings and graphics . Former journalist Stuart Campbell designed the game 's levels , making them harder and more tactically demanding , as well as introducing a multitude of pop culture references in the level titles . The development of the game 's plot was hampered by budget constraints and the resulting lack of explanation confused reviewers . Critics enjoyed the gameplay retained from the original Cannon Fodder but were disappointed at the lack of new mechanics or weapons , comparing the game to a data disk . Reviewers praised the game 's level design , though less so those of its alien planet . Critics gave Cannon Fodder 2 positive reviews but lower scores than its predecessor and gave mixed criticism of the new theme music and increased difficulty . = = Synopsis = = Cannon Fodder 2 is a military @-@ themed action game with strategy and shoot ' em up elements . The player controls a small squad of up to four soldiers . These soldiers are armed with machine guns which kill enemy infantry with a single round . The player 's troops are similarly fragile , and while they possess superior fire @-@ power at the game 's outset the enemy infantry becomes more powerful as the game progresses . As well as foot soldiers , the antagonists include vehicles and missile @-@ armed turrets . The player must also destroy buildings which spawn enemy soldiers . For these targets , which are invulnerable to machine gun fire , the player must utilise secondary , explosive weaponry : grenades and rockets . Ammunition for these weapons is limited and the player must find supply crates to replenish his troops . Wasting these weapons can potentially result in the player not having enough to fulfil the mission objectives . The player can opt to shoot crates – destroying enemy troops and buildings in the ensuing explosion – at less risk to his soldiers than retrieving them , but again at a greater risk of depleting ammunition . The player proceeds through 24 missions divided into several " phases " each , making 72 levels in all . There are various settings including medieval , gangster @-@ themed Chicago , an alien spacecraft and an alien planet . The player must also contend with mines and other booby traps . As well as shooting action , the game features strategy elements and employs a point @-@ and @-@ click control system more common to strategy than action games . As the player 's troops are heavily outnumbered and easily killed , he must use caution , as well as careful planning and positioning . To this end , he can split the squad into smaller units to take up separate positions or risk fewer soldiers when moving into dangerous areas . In alternative settings , heavy weapons are replaced graphically by such units as battering rams ( replaces trucks ) and wizards ( replaces rockets ) . The game 's plot – minimally expounded in the manual – concerns soldiers partaking in a Middle Eastern conflict ( which forms the game 's early levels ) abducted by aliens to do battle on an alien world ( which forms the later levels ) . During the process of space travel , the aliens send the soldiers to various times and places , resulting in the intervening medieval and Chicago settings . = = Development = = The game is the sequel to Cannon Fodder , which drew criticism for its juxtaposition of war and humour and its use of iconography closely resembling the remembrance poppy . The cover art 's poppy was ultimately replaced with a soldier , in turn replaced by a hand grenade for Cannon Fodder 2 , regarding which Amiga Power joked : " the great thing about an explosive charge wrapped in hundreds of meters wound @-@ inflicting wire is that it doesn 't have the same child @-@ frightening , ' responsible adult ' freaking , society @-@ disrupting effect as an iddy @-@ biddy flower . " The One felt the new historical and science @-@ fiction themes an attempt to avoid similar controversy as befell Cannon Fodder . Amiga Power itself had become embroiled in the controversy due to its planned use of the poppy on its cover ( also abandoned ) and perceived inflammatory commentary its editor Stuart Campbell . Campbell later left the magazine to join Sensible Software as a programmer and worked on the sequel as his first game . A small team of " essentially four " people – among them first @-@ time level @-@ designer Campbell – created the game , retaining the Cannon Fodder engine . Prior to Campbell 's arrival from a journalism career , Sensible Software had devised the game 's time @-@ travelling theme and decided upon the various settings . However , it had not yet developed a plot to expound these themes . It was not possible to illustrate the story in the game itself – due to Cannon Fodder 2 's – simple nature and so Campbell began work on an elaborate " plot @-@ to @-@ be " , partially completing a novella intended to accompany the final product . This version of the story had the time @-@ travelling aliens plotting to intervene in various parts of human history to create chaos , which they intended to exploit to enslave and destroy humanity . The protagonists ' kidnappers were envisioned as sympathisers who would send them through time to defend mankind . However , Virgin vetoed the proposal as too expensive and took charge of the manual 's production . The result was a simplified explanation which described the soldiers as in the employ of the aliens and did not clarify the time @-@ travel element . Campbell later said the loss of the novella was an example of a publisher preferring to maximise profit from a game rather than build intellectual property towards the end of the Amiga 's commercial life . As the game was to retain the same engine , the developers could not add new gameplay features . Campbell instead set out to make the levels more interesting , creating multiple paths through the missions . More obvious solutions would be more difficult , and the hidden , " proper " paths easier to execute once deduced . While Campbell intended the game to be harder , he also wished to improve the difficulty curve , which he argued was a flaw of its predecessor . He also tended to make the levels smaller and reduced instances of water obstacles , which he regarded as frustrating in the first game . The designer conceded that some levels turned out to be too difficult – due to his inexperience as a developer and the fact he became so skilled while play testing – but maintained that level 8 of the original was worse than any of his creations . Campbell named most of the game 's levels after songs titles and lyrics ( prominently The Jesus and Mary Chain ) , but also referenced wider pop culture artifacts such as gameshows and Bugs Bunny cartoons , as well as some original titles . He also referenced classic games in the level design itself . At the time , Creator Jon Hare said changing the formula would be detrimental , and unnecessary to provide enjoyment and value . He later reflected that Sensible had poorly managed the project in " delegating " the design to newcomer Campbell . He felt this to be a consequence of Sensible Software avariciously spreading itself thin , by that point attempting to exploit its success . Hare sold Sensible to Codemasters in 1999 and consequently worked on an abortive Cannon Fodder 3 , with such a title ultimately published by Russia 's Game Factory Interactive for the PC in 2012 . = = Reception = = Cannon Fodder 2 retains the same mechanics and core gameplay of its predecessor , prompting reviewers to say : " It 's still as wonderfully playable as it ever was " , and to acknowledge " all the amazing control and playability " of the original . Reviewers complained about the lack of plot , with Amiga Power stating : " There 's little explanation as to why you 're doing this [ time @-@ travelling ] and absolutely none in the game . As a result , the game doesn 't hang together . " AUI called the plot " pointless " , while Amiga Computing called it a " slight problem " , saying " you have to guess what is going on in the game because there 's no plot explanation [ ... ] it 's all very confusing ! " The game is markedly more difficult than its predecessor . Amiga Format called this " good / bad news " , whereas The One directed its " major criticism " at the difficulty level , saying " some of the levels are quite simply horrendous " , and that the game is " close to being intensely frustrating at times . " Amiga Computing also felt the high difficulty to be the " biggest problem " : " I like a game to get progressively harder rather than getting virtually impossible after just four missions . " Amiga Format also criticised the difficulty and felt " some of the levels are a bit of a drag . " Amiga Power was annoyed at the early tutorial missions , finding them redundant , but otherwise noted the increased challenge as a positive , and said : " The original game went in pulses of fiendishly hard and stupidly simple levels , but in CF2 the difficulty curve 's , well , more of a curve . " The reviewer praised the clever level design , explaining : " The levels penalise you for taking the obvious route and reward you for trying an obscure approach [ ... ] loads of levels make you think before you move , injecting puzzle elements into the killing " , citing the example of traps with empty vehicles as bait . The reviewer praised the smaller , tighter levels with a difficulty curve within those levels : " gung @-@ ho " sections building to tactical play against tougher enemies . He compared this favourably with the first game : " The level design is consistently better " , in particular the " Beirut , Mediaevil and Chicago levels look and play wonderfully . " He nevertheless felt the thematic shifts lacked coherence and atmosphere . The game 's alien planet levels drew much criticism , on which Amiga Computing opined : " whoever chose the colour schemes should be thrown away in jail . " While he praised their mechanics , Amiga Power 's reviewer said : " I hate the entire look of the alien planet [ ... ] From the disgusting purple pools to the silly flowers . " Some reviewers enjoyed the graphics but felt there was no change between the two games . CU Amiga said " it 's the same game tarted up with new graphics " as well as the new levels . Amiga Computing praised the new main theme music . Amiga Power said it was not as good as its predecessor and also pointed out that the in @-@ game music remained the same as the original Cannon Fodder and had grown tiresome . The magazine questioned the lack of an option to disable it . Critics decried the lack of new weapons , pointing out that the original armaments and vehicles had merely been made to look different in the various settings , while behaving in the same manner . Reviewers more generally criticised the similarity between Cannon Fodder and Cannon Fodder 2 . The One , AUI , and Amiga Computing compared the new game to a " data disk " rather than a full sequel . Kieron Gillen later reflected that it would be called a " semi @-@ sequel " or " stand @-@ alone add @-@ on pack " if released today . CU Amiga conceded that the designers could have added little new to such a simple game without tampering with the basic , successful mechanics ; Sensible Software was accused of " laziness " by The One , and of " greed " by AUI . While it awarded 90 % , Amiga Power felt the game was poor value for money compared to the original , while CU Amiga said it was " still worth buying " . AUI said the game was " a must " for those without the original , otherwise Cannon Fodder 2 is " basically exactly the same game as before " , with the " saving grace " of new levels . Amiga Computing enjoyed the game but said it was not as good as expected and that there are " too many similarities and not enough differences to make this sequel a classic . " The One summarised : " If you 've got CF1 , love it , and want seconds , only harder , look no further – but , if like myself you 've played Cannon Fodder to death and would 've liked to have seen the game developed in some way , I think you 'll be a bit disappointed " . = Computer Bismarck = Computer Bismarck is a computer wargame developed and published by Strategic Simulations , Inc . ( SSI ) in 1980 . The game is based on the last battle of the battleship Bismarck , in which British Armed Forces pursue the German Bismarck in 1941 . It is SSI 's first game , and features turn @-@ based gameplay and two @-@ dimensional graphics . The development staff consisted of two programmers , Joel Billings and John Lyons , who programmed the game in BASIC . Originally developed for the TRS @-@ 80 , an Apple II version was also created two months into the process . After meeting with other wargame developers , Billings decided to publish the game as well . To help accomplish this , he hired Louis Saekow to create the box art . The first commercially published computer war game , Computer Bismarck sold well and contributed to SSI 's success . It is also credited in part for legitimizing war games and computer games . = = Synopsis = = The game is a simulation of the German battleship Bismarck 's last battle in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II . On May 24 , 1941 , the Bismarck and Prinz Eugen sank the British HMS Hood and damaged the HMS Prince of Wales at the Battle of the Denmark Strait . Following the battle , British Royal Navy ships and aircraft pursued the Bismarck for two days . After being crippled by a torpedo bomber on the evening of May 26 , the Bismarck was sunk the following morning . = = Gameplay = = Computer Bismarck is a turn @-@ based computer wargame in which players control British forces against the battleship Bismarck and other German units . The German forces can be controlled by either a computer opponent ( named " Otto von Computer " ) or a second player . The game takes place on a map of the North Atlantic Ocean on which letters from the English alphabet represent military units and facilities ( airfields and ports ) . Units have different capabilities , as well as statistics that determine their mobility , firepower , vulnerability and other gameplay factors . Turns take the form of phases , and players alternate inputting orders to maneuver their respective units . Phases can serve different functions , such as informing players of status changes , unit movement , and battles . Players earn points by destroying their opponent 's units . After the Bismarck is sunk or a number of turns have occurred , the game ends . Depending on the number of points players have earned , either the British or German forces are declared the victor . = = Development = = During college , Joel Billings used computers to do econometrics , mathematical modeling and forecasting . This experience led him to believe that computers could handle war games and remove tedious paperwork from gameplay . While between his undergraduate and graduate education , Billings met an IBM programmer and discussed computers . Billings suggested starting a software company with him , but the programmer was not interested in war games , stating that they were too difficult and complicated to be popular . Billings posted flyers at hobby shops in the Santa Clara , California area to attract war @-@ game enthusiasts with a background in programming . John Lyons was the first to reply and joined Billings after quickly developing a good rapport . Billings chose the Bismarck 's last battle because he felt it would be easier to develop than other war games . Computer Bismarck was written in BASIC and compiled to increase its processing speed . In August 1979 , Billings provided Lyons with access to a computer to write the program . Lyons began programming a simplified version similar to a fox and hounds game — he had " hounds " search a playing field for a " fox " . At the time , the two were working full @-@ time and programmed at Billings ' apartment during the night . Lyons did the bulk of the programming , while Billings focused on design and assisted with data entry and minor programming tasks . The game was originally developed for the Tandy Corporation 's TRS @-@ 80 . Two months into development , Billings met with Trip Hawkins , then a marketing manager at Apple Computers , via a venture capitalist , who convinced Billings to develop the game for the Apple II ; he commented that the computer 's capacity for color graphics made it the best platform for strategy games . In October 1979 , Billings ' uncle gave him an Apple II . Billings and Lyons then converted their existing code to work on the Apple II and used a graphics software package to generate the game 's map . After Lyons began programming , Billings started to study the video games market . He visited local game stores and attended a San Francisco gaming convention . Billings approached Tom Shaw from Avalon Hill — the company produced many war games that Billings played as a child — and one of the founders of Automated Simulations to share market data , but aroused no interest . The lukewarm responses made Billings believe he would have to publish SSI 's games . After Computer Bismarck was finished in January 1980 , he searched for a graphic designer to handle the game 's packaging . Billings met Louis Saekow through a string of friends but was hesitant to hire him . Inspired by Avalon Hill 's games , Billings wanted SSI 's games to look professional and include maps , detailed manuals , and excellent box art . Two months prior , Saekow had postponed medical school to pursue his dream of becoming a graphic designer . To secure the job , Saekow told Billings that he could withhold pay if the work was unsatisfactory . In creating the box art , Saekow used a stat camera ; his roommate worked for a magazine company and helped him sneak in to use its camera after hours . Saekow 's cousin then handled printing the packaging . Without any storage for the complete products , Billings stored the first 2 @,@ 000 boxes in his bedroom . In February 1980 , he distributed 30 @,@ 000 flyers to Apple II owners , and displayed the game at the Applefest exposition a month later . SSI purchased a full @-@ page advertisement in the April 1980 BYTE which stated " Now there 's a true historical wargame for your home computer ... There 's never been anything like it " . It mentioned the ability to play against the computer or another person , and save a game in progress . The Apple II version was $ 59 @.@ 95 , and the advertisement promised future support for the TRS @-@ 80 and other computers . = = Reception and legacy = = BYTE 's 1980 review called Computer Bismark a " milestone in the development of commercial war games " , and approved of the quality of the documentation and the option to play against the computer , but was otherwise not favorable . Acknowledging that " it is perhaps unfair to expect the first published [ computer war game ] to be a fully developed prouduct " , the magazine criticized Computer Bismarck for overly faithfully copying the mechanics of the Bismarck board game , including those that worked efficiently on a board but less so on a computer . The review also noted that the computer game " perpetuates the [ board game 's ] irritating system of ship @-@ movement rates " , and concluded that " the failings of Computer Bismarck can be summarized by saying that it does not take advantage of the possibilities offered by the computer " . The game was better received by other critics . Popular Mechanics that year praised the game 's detail and ability to recreate the complex maneuvering involved in the real battle . He referred to it as unique and " fantastic " . Creative Computing cautioned that the game " is probably not for everyone . The point which I probably cannot emphasize enough is that it is an extremely complex simulation ... However , for those ready for a [ challenge ] ... I enthusiastically recommend Computer Bismarck " . United States Navy defense researcher Peter Perla in 1990 considered war games like Computer Bismarck a step above earlier war @-@ themed video games that relied on arcade @-@ style action . He praised the addition of a computer controlled opponent that such games provide to solitaire players . Perla attributes SSI 's success to the release of its early wargames , specifically citing Computer Bismarck . Computer Gaming World in 1988 agreed that Computer Bismarck contributed to SSI 's success , commenting that the title earned the company a good profit . He also stated that it encouraged game enthusiasts to submit their own games to SSI , which he believed helped further the company 's success . Describing it as the first " serious wargame for a microcomputer " , Proctor credited Computer Bismarck with helping to legitimize war games and computer games in general . He stated that the professional packaging demonstrated SSI 's seriousness to produce quality products ; prior to Computer Bismarck , most computer games were packaged in zipper storage bags . Saekow became a permanent SSI employee and designed artwork for most of its products . BYTE noted the similarity of the game 's mechanics to Avalon Hill 's Bismarck , stating that " it would seem proper as a matter of courtesy to acknowledge that the game was based on an Avalon Hill design " . In 1983 , Avalon Hill took legal action against SSI for copying game mechanics from its board games ; Computer Bismarck , among other titles , was involved in the case . The two companies settled the issue out of court . The game was later re @-@ released as part of the company 's " SSI classics " line of popular games at discounted prices . One of SSI 's later games , Pursuit of the Graf Spee , uses an altered version of Computer Bismarck 's core system . In December 2013 the International Center for the History of Electronic Games received a software donation of several SSI , including Computer Bismarck with the source code for preservation . = My Man ( Jade Ewen song ) = " My Man " is a song by English singer Jade Ewen . It was written by Ina Wroldsen , and produced by Harry Sommerdahl and Kalle Engstrom for Ewen 's debut studio album . The song was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 17 September 2009 . Musically , " My Man " is a pop and contemporary R & B and song backed by electro and R & B beats and a synthesizer . It is notably different from her previous single " It 's My Time " , which was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 . " My Man " was positively reviewed by critics , who praised the chorus and Ewen 's vocals . The song peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart and number 13 on the UK R & B Chart . Promotion for the single was cancelled after Ewen joined girl group Sugababes to replace founding member Keisha Buchanan . The accompanying music video for " My Man " was directed by Urban Strom and filmed in July 2009 in Beverly Hills , near Los Angeles , California . It features Ewen 's love interest using a torch to search for her in a mansion . = = Background eand development = = In January 2009 , Ewen participated in the UK national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 . She was eventually selected to represent the UK with the song " It 's My Time " , composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber who accompanied her on piano onstage . Ewen was placed fifth on the contest , which was the highest placing for the UK since 2002 . Having already signed with Polydor Records before the Eurovision selection , Ewen began working on her debut album . " My Man " was written by Ina Wroldsen , and produced by Harry Sommerdahl and Kalle Engstrom . In September 2009 , it was reported that Sugababes member Amelle Berrabah had left the group and Ewen would be replacing her position in the band . Further suspicion arose amid an announcement that Ewen was " taking time off from all promotional activity for the foreseeable future " . However , it was announced on 21 September 2009 that founding Sugababes member Keisha Buchanan had left the band . Ewen was immediately announced as her replacement , and promotion for " My Man " thereafter was ceased . = = Composition and lyrics = = " My Man " is a pop and R & B song with influences of electro. described by Nick Levine of Digital Spy as a " sassy R & B club banger " . The song is notably different from her previous ballad , " It 's My Time " , featuring a more contemporary R & B sound than the latter . Speaking upon the change in musical direction , Ewen clarified : " What I 'm now doing now is really me , [ sic ] so if people don 't like it I 'm going to take it more personally . " " My Man " opens with electro and bass @-@ driven R & B beats , synthesizers that are reminiscent of those featured in " Yeah ! " by Usher , and later develops into " a pop / R & B stormer " . The lyrical content of " My Man " is about a woman who " pledges devotion to a man who sounds almost too good to be true " . Ewen stated that the lyrics were not directed at any man in particular . = = Reception = = = = = Critical = = = " My Man " received positive reviews from critics . Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song a four out of five star rating and called it " very good contemporary pop " and a " complete U @-@ turn " from " It 's My Time " . Philip Ellwood of Entertainment Focus praised the song 's chorus , in addition to Ewen 's vocal performance . He also wrote that the end result is " a monster hit waiting to happen and a single that is better than it has any right to be " . Oikotimes.com commended the song as " instantly catchy and memorable " . Vicki Lutas of BBC described " My Man " as " sexy , strong and ferocious " . She applauded the chorus , but admitted that the song " sounds a bit generic " and " lacks Jade 's sparkle " . = = = Commercial = = = " My Man " debuted and peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart for the issue dated 3 October 2009 , and became Ewen 's second consecutive top forty single after " It 's My Time " , which peaked at number 27 earlier in the year . On the UK R & B Chart , " My Man " peaked at number 13 . = = Promotion = = = = = Music video = = = The music video for " My Man " was directed by Urban Strom and produced by Danny Germaine in July 2009 . It was shot in a mansion in Beverly Hills , Los Angeles , California . For the video , the singer wore a " clingy " white vest and hotpants . It begins with showing a man who is in bed and cannot sleep . Ewen is later shown in the mansion which prompts the man to turn on the light of a torch , leave the bed and search for her . Ewen then begins dancing on the wall as the torch is being flashed at her by the man . During the second verse , she is shown singing on a couch , again with the torch being flashed . When the song 's bridge begins , Ewen is shown dancing outside on the porch where the man is watching her . As the video ends , it is revealed that the man was dreaming , in which Ewen appears near the room 's curtains . The video was well received by critics . A writer from the website Female First described the video as " glamorous " , while Nadia Mendoza of The Sun called Ewen " a natural " and stated that she " oozes with sex appeal as she flirts with the camera at the plush Beverly Hills mansion " . Mendoza also praised the revamp of her image and described her as " [ looking ] sizzling in new shots " . = = = Live performances = = = Ewen first performed " My Man " on BBC Switch on 8 July 2009 . She wore a white @-@ coloured shirt , blue jeans and pink high heels . Further promotion for the song was cancelled after Ewen joined the Sugababes ; she clarified that her solo career would be " put to one side " , saying : " The Sugababes is my main project " . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = Osbert fitzHervey = Osbert fitzHervey ( died 1206 ) was an Anglo @-@ Norman royal judge . Brother of Hubert Walter and Theobald Walter , Osbert served three kings of England and may have contributed to the legal treatise attributed to his uncle , Ranulf de Glanvill . Ralph of Coggeshall , a medieval writer , praised Osbert 's knowledge of law , but condemned his acceptance of gifts from plaintiffs and defendants in legal cases . Osbert was one of a group of men who are considered the first signs of a professional judiciary in England . = = Background and early life = = Osbert was from East Anglia , where he held lands . He was a younger brother of Hubert Walter , later Archbishop of Canterbury , and thus the son of Hervey Walter and his wife Maud de Valoignes , one of the daughters ( and co @-@ heiresses ) of Theobald de Valoignes , lord of Parham in Suffolk . Osbert was one of six brothers . The older brothers , Theobald Walter and Hubert , were helped in their careers by their uncle , Ranulf de Glanvill . Glanvill was the chief justiciar for Henry II ; and was married to Maud de Valoignes ' sister , Bertha . The other three brothers – Roger , Hamo ( or Hamon ) and Bartholomew – only appear as witnesses to charters . Although English biographer Edward Foss , citing earlier works , claimed that Osbert was descended from a younger son of Robert , duke of Orleans , who arrived in England with William the Conqueror , this is not accurate . Osbert 's lands were chiefly in Norfolk and Suffolk , but he also had some lands in Essex and some from the Count of Perche . Other lands were held from two monastic houses in East Anglia : St Benet Holme and Bury St Edmunds . = = Career = = Osbert served as a royal judge under three English kings : Henry II , Richard I , and John . He was often sent as an itinerant justice to East Anglia ; the historian Barbara Dodwell said of him that " of all the justices his knowledge of East Anglian disputes was probably the greatest " . It appears that Osbert 's royal service was confined to judicial matters , as no other evidence of any other offices has surfaced . The treatise Tractatus of Glanvill , which is traditionally attributed to Osbert 's uncle Ranulf de Glanvill , and to which Osbert himself may have contributed , names only seven judges , including Osbert . He was one of a group of royal justices that included Simon of Pattishall , Ralph Foliot , Richard Barre , William de Warenne , and Richard Herriard , used by Hubert Walter , the Justiciar of England during Richard 's reign , and chosen for their ability rather than any familial ties . This group replaced the previous system of using mostly local men , and represent the first signs of a professional judiciary . In 1194 Osbert was one of the collectors of the carucage in eastern England , along with Barre and de Warrene . = = Later life and death = = In 1198 Osbert married Margaret of Rye , with whom he had at least one son . Osbert paid the king 20 pounds for the right to marry Margaret . Osbert died in 1206 , without having made a will . At his death , his yearly income was more than 240 pounds . Ralph of Coggeshall mentions Osbert , without using his name , as a royal judge who would go to Hell in his " Vision of Thurkill " . This work detailed the punishments that awaited sinners , and Osbert was accused of accepting gifts from both sides of lawsuits . Coggeshall did state that Osbert was " most expert in worldly law " and was famous for " his overflowing eloquence and experience in the law " . According to Coggeshall , Osbert 's punishment in Hell would consist of having to swallow hot coins and then being forced to vomit the coins back up . After his death , William of Huntingfield offered King John a fine for the right to the custody of Osbert 's heir and lands , the fine amounting to 200 marks and two palfreys . = I Want You ( Marvin Gaye album ) = I Want You is the fourteenth studio album by American soul musician Marvin Gaye , released March 16 , 1976 , on Motown @-@ subsidiary label Tamla Records . Recording sessions for the album took place throughout 1975 and 1976 at Motown Recording Studios , also known as Hitsville West , and Gaye 's personal studio Marvin 's Room in Los Angeles , California . The album has often been noted by critics for producer Leon Ware 's exotic , low @-@ key production and the erotic , sexual themes in his and Gaye 's songwriting . The album 's cover artwork adapts neo @-@ mannerist artist Ernie Barnes 's famous painting The Sugar Shack ( 1971 ) . I Want You consisted of Gaye 's first recorded studio material since his highly successful and well @-@ received album Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) . While it marked a change in musical direction for Gaye , departing from his trademark Motown and doo @-@ wop @-@ influenced sound for funky , light @-@ disco soul , the album maintained and expanded on his previous work 's sexual themes . Following a mixed response from critics at the time of its release , I Want You has earned retrospective recognition from writers and music critics as one of Gaye 's most controversial works and influential to such musical styles as disco , quiet storm , R & B , and neo soul . = = Background = = By 1975 , Marvin Gaye had come off of the commercial and critical success of his landmark studio album Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) , its successful supporting tour following the album 's release , and Diana & Marvin ( 1973 ) , a duet project with Diana Ross . However , similar to the conception and recording of Let 's Get It On , Gaye had struggled to come up with an album as an appropriate follow @-@ up . And much like Let 's Get It On Gaye reached for outside help , this time seeking the assistance of Leon Ware , a singer and songwriter who had found previous success writing hits for fellow Motown alum , including pop singer Michael Jackson and the rhythm and blues group The Miracles . Ware had been working on songs for his own album which he would later issue under the title Musical Massage , a collection of erotic singles Ware had composed with a variety of writers , including Jacqueline Hillard and Arthur " T @-@ Boy " Ross , brother of Diana Ross . When Motown CEO Berry Gordy paid a visit to Ware , the songwriter was more than happy to play Gordy his selection of tracks . After hearing a preliminary mix of the songs however , Gordy figured that Ware should let Gaye handle his material . While the majority of the album 's songs were conceived by Ware , I Want You was transformed into a biographical centerpiece for Gaye , who was then in a volatile marriage with Anna Gordy , sister to Berry Gordy , and also in a long @-@ standing affair with Janis Hunter , who would later become the mother of his two youngest children . Gaye and Hunter were introduced to each other by producer Ed Townsend in 1973 at Hitsville West , while Townsend and Gaye were recording Let 's Get It On . In his book Mercy , Mercy Me : The Art , Loves , and Demons of Marvin Gaye , the author and music writer Michael Eric Dyson elaborated on the relationship between I Want You and Gaye 's affair with Hunter : " I Want You is unmistakably a work of romantic and erotic tribute to the woman he deeply loved and would marry shortly , Janis Hunter . Gaye 's obsession with the woman in her late teens is nearly palpable in the sensual textures that are the album 's aural and lyrical signature . Their relationship was relentlessly passionate and emotionally rough @-@ hewn ; they played up each other 's strengths , and played off each other 's weaknesses . " Though it was often hinted that Let 's Get It On was the album Gaye had dedicated to her , Marvin has stated that this album was dedicated to Hunter , who is believed to have been in the studio when he recorded it . According to music critics , her presence may have increased the emotion in Ware 's and Gaye 's conception of I Want You . = = Recording and production = = Gaye and Ware recorded and mixed the album at Gaye 's newly christened " Marvin 's Room Studio " , located on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , and at Motown Recording Studios . The recording sessions took place throughout 1975 and 1976 . Much like Gaye 's previous studio effort Let 's Get It On , I Want You featured Gaye 's contribution of background vocals and heavy multi @-@ tracking . Gaye 's vocalizing style was in classic doo @-@ wop tradition accompanied by the low tempo of string arrangements and other instrumentation was provided by The Funk Brothers . Gaye 's albums , and especially I Want You , have been influential on modern soul music and contemporary R & B. EMI	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
meet Kwai 's cousin Tony , who supplies illegal arms . Tony mentions that he sold matching weapons to a trio of Hong Kong hitmen who work on Seafood Street . As the four men reach the street , they see a man with a bandage over his ear . However , they see only two men . Kwai 's syndicate decide to wait until the men lead them to the third attacker . The two suspects head towards the countryside as Kwai 's syndicate follows . The two men later reach a Nature reserve as the third killer shows up . The trio meet their wives , their kids and Kwai 's syndicate during the barbecue . After a tense standoff , the trio explain that they killed Costello 's grandchildren because the children had seen their faces . Not wanting to start a shootout in front of the three attackers ' wives and children , everyone waits until they have left . A moonlit gun battle ensues , with both sides suffering injuries . The three attackers flee , while Costello and Kwai 's syndicate take refuge at a run @-@ down apartment in Hong Kong to perform surgeries by themselves to remove bullets from their bodies . Costello reveals that he is a former assassin and has a bullet in his head for twenty years which is affecting his memories . Shortly after they have tended to their wounds , Kwai receives a phone call from George Fung , who informs him that three of his men need help , and are with an underground non @-@ registered doctor known as " Old Five " . Fung tells Kwai that his men were attacked by three Chinese men and one white man . The four men realize that Fung ordered the hit on Costello 's daughter and her family . They head to the dwelling and kill the three attackers and leave Old Five alive , who then makes a call to Fung , reporting what had happened . Fung then contacts Kwai , explaining that Costello 's son @-@ in @-@ law was handing over Fung 's financial reports to the police . Fung also says he only ordered his men to kill the parents . Kwai replies that his syndicate has switched their loyalty from Fung to Costello as a matter of honor . Later that night , Fung sends more killers to Kwai 's refuge in order to eliminate Kwai 's syndicate . A gunfight ensues , with the four men emerging victorious . As they escape , Kwai 's syndicate lose track of Costello , who is walking through a crowded street , seemingly lost in the night rain . He pulls out the Polaroid pictures that he took of the hitmen earlier , and tries to find them in the crowd . They meet again , but it becomes evident that Costello has a problem with his memory , and has rapidly forgotten who his friends are , but also what he is doing . The hitmen try to explain to Costello that he is seeking revenge for his daughter , but Costello does not recognize her , nor does he understand the concept of revenge . The three men give up in despair , and take him to a beach where they meet a pregnant woman ( Michelle Ye ) with a group of children . Kwai gives her a stack of money and ask her to take care of Costello . Kwai 's syndicate return to Macau because they lost contact with Kwai 's cousin Tony who supplies their ammunition . When they reach the landfill where Tony is living , they find him and his partner dying as they were tortured by Fung and his gang . Soon , a large group of assassins sent by Fung show up and a gunfight ensues . Kwai , Chu and Fat Lok are killed . Costello and the pregnant woman learn of the shootout during a news report . The next day , Fung is having tea in a public square surrounded by his subordinates . He sees a beautiful woman ( Kwai 's pregnant friend ) having tea in the same square . As he tries to get her attention , a large group of children come asking him to buy charity stickers . The children place stickers on Fung and his men . The pregnant woman leaves the square and meets up with Costello , then tells him that the man back in the square with the most number of stickers is Fung . Costello thanks her , makes his way to the square and begins to shoot a great many of the guards as well as Fung as chaos ensues . However , Fung turns out to be wearing a bulletproof vest . His subordinates help him run away from Costello , who gives chase on foot . As Costello walks , he checks the bystanders for stickers , which tips Fung off to the fact that Costello does not actually recognize him , apart from the stickers he is wearing . Fung removes the stickers from his coat , and puts them on the jacket of a subordinate instead . This causes Costello to shoot Fung 's subordinate . Fung then removes his coat with all the stickers and runs off . Costello picks up the trenchcoat and shoots more subordinates who get in his way . Fung is finally the last surviving member , so he attempts to walk nonchalantly by Costello , relying on the Frenchman 's inability to recognize him without the coat , but as he is walking by , Costello sees a sticker on Fung 's tie . Both men reach for their guns fire at each other . Fung is hit and Costello demands that he put the coat on , which Fung refuses , so Costello shoots him in the leg . Fung then puts the coat on and Costello checks the bullet holes in the coat and sees that they align with the bullets stuck in the bullet @-@ proof vest he was wearing . Costello then stands up and fires a round into Fung 's head killing him . = = Cast = = Johnny Hallyday plays Francis Costello , a retired assassin turned chef . The character is named after Jef Costello , the lead character played by Alain Delon in Jean @-@ Pierre Melville 's 1967 film Le Samouraï . Anthony Wong plays Kwai , a Hong Kong hitman who agrees to assist Costello during his visit to Macau . Lam Suet plays Fay Lok , Kwai 's partner in crime . Lam 's voice is dubbed by Conroy Chan . Lam Ka @-@ Tung plays Chu , another one of Kwai 's partners in crime . Lam 's voice is dubbed by Terence Yin . Simon Yam plays George Fung , the film 's antagonist . He is a crime boss of Lok , Chu and Kwai . Other cast members include Sylvie Testud as Irene Thompson , Costello 's daughter ; Michelle Ye as a pregnant woman who aids Costello in his fight for revenge ; and Vincent Sze as Mr. Thompson , Irene 's husband and the father of her two children . Cheung Siu @-@ Fai , Berg Ng , and Felix Wong appear as a trio of hitmen hired to kill Irene and her family . Maggie Shiu plays Inspector Wong , a Hong Kong police inspector . = = Production = = = = = Crew = = = Vengeance is a French – Hong Kong co @-@ production between Hong Kong company Media Asia and French distributor ARP Sélection . It was produced by Milkyway Image , the independent production company founded by director Johnnie To and screenwriter Wai Ka @-@ Fai . The film reunites To and Wai , following their collaboration on the 2007 Hong Kong film Mad Detective . The crew for Vengeance were based mainly in Hong Kong , and were previous contributors of To 's previous films : Cheng Siu @-@ Keung served as a cinematographer ; Stanley Cheung served as a costume designer ; during post @-@ production Martin Chappell served as a sound editor , while David M. Richardson served as the film 's editor ; Lo Tayu composed the film 's score , having done the same for To 's previous films , Election , All About Ah @-@ Long and The Big Heat ; Nicky Li , a member of the Jackie Chan Stunt Team served as an action choreographer . = = = Development = = = Having distributed several of To 's films in France , Michèle Pétin and her husband Laurent discussed the idea of having To direct an English @-@ language feature film . In March 2006 , the Pétins met To in Sai Kung Town , Hong Kong , where they expressed their idea to him . The couple mentioned Alain Delon as a possibility for the lead role . To returned to France in May 2006 , while his film , Election 2 , premiered " Out of Competition " at the 60th Cannes Film Festival . He met with Delon , who had expressed his interest in working with To , and To promised to meet with Delon once a film treatment was written . To returned to France in March 2007 , where he handed the Pétins a step outline of what he and screenwriter Wai Ka @-@ Fai had envisioned . Delon , however , was no longer interested in the project . In July 2007 , the Pétins met with French musician and actor Johnny Hallyday , who was interested in making a new film . After meeting with Hallyday , who had expressed his love for world cinema , the Pétins decided that he would be perfect in the lead role . In February 2008 , while promoting his previous film , Sparrow , at the Berlin International Film Festival , To was approached by the Pétins , who had promised him that they would set up a meeting with Hallyday . While Hallyday was a fan of his films , To had never heard of Hallyday . The producers gave To footage from Hallyday 's concert performances along with a copy of the 2002 French film The Man on the Train , in which Hallyday co @-@ starred . After viewing the given footage , To had expressed that he had enjoyed the film , but was more impressed with Hallyday 's concert performances . In March 2008 , To finally met with Hallyday over a dinner , expressing their love for music . Upon their first meeting , To decided that Hallyday would be perfect in the lead role . Production plans were nearly put to a halt when To was hired to remake the 1970 French crime film Le Cercle rouge , meaning that Vengeance would not be made until 2010 . However , in June and July 2008 , Ding Yuin @-@ Shan , a long @-@ time production assistant and English translator for To , contacted Hallyday and the Pétins , and told them that production plans for The Red Circle were falling behind schedule and that To would be ready to film Vengeance by the end of October 2008 . Hallyday was ecstactic about meeting with the director once again , and prepared for his role by viewing several of To 's previous films , before making his first visit to Hong Kong , where he would get the chance to meet with his co @-@ stars . Before principal photography began , Hallyday met his co @-@ stars , Anthony Wong , Lam Ka @-@ Tung , Simon Yam , and Lam Suet , during a dinner on 7 November 2008 . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography for Vengeance took place in Hong Kong and Macau from 15 November 2008 to 31 January 2009 . The cast and crew of the film began with a celebration on the rooftop of the Milkyway Image studio in Kwun Tong , Hong Kong . While the story is set in Macau , several scenes were shot in Hong Kong . For To , filming Vengeance differed from his usual style of filmmaking . While he is used to improvising his scenes as a director , Vengeance marked the first time that To had to work with a complete shooting script since the producers demanded that the story and dialogue already be written . Hallyday was the only actor to have read the script , while Anthony Wong had knowledge of the story . To explained that his purpose was to " keep the actors natural and spontaneous . They don 't have time to create something . They 're given a situation and they act it right away . " After filming was complete , the cast and crew celebrated by having a final dinner at a restaurant located near the Milkyway Image studio , hoping to meet again at the forthcoming Cannes Film Festival . = = Release = = = = = Theatrical run = = = Vengeance was first released in France on 20 May 2009 . It was later released in Belgium on 27 May 2009 . On 5 August 2009 , the film premiered in Asia at the 2009 Hong Kong Summer International Film Festival . It was released theatrically in Hong Kong on 20 August 2009 . Vengeance was also released in other Asian countries , including Malaysia on 27 August 2009 ; Taiwan on 31 October 2009 ; and Singapore on 5 November 2009 . = = = Home media = = = Vengeance was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc formats in France and Hong Kong on 11 December 2009 . It is also available in VCD format in Hong Kong . Releases for the French version include a single @-@ disc edition DVD ; a two @-@ disc special edition DVD ; and a special edition Blu @-@ ray Disc . In France , the home video formats , along with its special features , do not include English subtitles . IFC Films currently serves as a North American distributor . In the United States , the film was released as a video on demand option on pay television formats , beginning on 4 August 2010 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Vengeance has received generally positive reviews from film critics . Based on 22 reviews , review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film currently holds an 91 % " Fresh " rating , with a rating average of 7 @.@ 2 out of 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics ' reviews , the film received a score of 76 out of 100 based on 5 reviews . Vengeance first received praise from several critics who attended the screening at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival . Chicago Sun @-@ Times film critic Roger Ebert wrote that the film had " certain parallels " with Clint Eastwood 's 1992 film Unforgiven . In his initial review , Ebert awarded Vengeance 3 ½ stars out of four , describing it as " a formula thriller done as an elegant genre exercise . " Justin Chang of Variety wrote that the film was " a smoothly executed revenge thriller . " David Phelps , a film critic for The Auters concluded his review by writing , " If not one of To 's worst films , Vengeance is one of his best . " Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote that was film a " highlight " of Cannes , writing , " With his ruined face and pale snake eyes Mr. Hallyday holds the screen while Mr. To shakes it up . " Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film 's cinematography and editing : " Cheng Siu @-@ Keung 's moody cinematography gives Vengeance a noir @-@ ish sensibility while David Richardson 's smooth editing pulls the action sequences together in a most satisfying way . " Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote , " Vengeance is not top @-@ flight Johnnie To ... But the To poetry keeps breaking through : a gun battle in a city park stops and starts as clouds pass before the moon . " Negative reviews had critics comparing Vengeance to To 's previous films . Lee Marshall of Screen International wrote , " What 's really lacking in Vengeance is the narrative inventiveness which lifted films like Breaking News or PTU out of the Hong Kong crime genre box and turned them into arthouse crossover items . " Perry Lam of Muse Magazine wrote , " Overall , the movie lacks the flashes of life and brilliance that mark the best works in the genre . " = = = Box office = = = In France , Vengeance was released to 280 theatres and in its first week , opened at eleventh place in the box office , grossing only US $ 539 @,@ 809 , and selling 63 @,@ 240 tickets . The film 's revenues decreased by 66 @.@ 9 % in its second weekend , moving down to fourteenth place and earning $ 178 @,@ 459 at the box office . After only two weeks of release , Vengeance grossed a total of $ 744 @,@ 881 in France alone . Vengeance was released in Belgium seven days after its release in France . On the weekend of 27 May 2009 to 31 May , the film opened at 22nd place in the box office , earning $ 10 @,@ 397 on the opening weekend , with a total gross of $ 11 @,@ 439 . The film dropped down to the 29th spot in the box office , grossing only $ 6 @,@ 886 in its second week . At the end of its three weeks of theatrical release in Belgium , Vengeance grossed a total $ 27 @,@ 377 . Vengeance was later released in Hong Kong , where it opened at sixth place , grossing $ 121 @,@ 837 on its opening weekend . The film dropped down to tenth place in its second week , grossing $ 37 @,@ 629 for a total gross of $ 208 @,@ 976 . During the next three weeks of its release , Vengeance continued a decrease in revenue as well as the number of theatres screening the film . The film dropped down to 21st spot on 3 to 6 September 2009 weekend , grossing only $ 1 @,@ 951 . By the end of its theatrical run in Hong Kong , the film grossed $ 236 @,@ 027 . In total , Vengeance has grossed $ 1 @,@ 346 @,@ 952 worldwide , despite not being released in other parts of Europe . = = = Accolades = = = Vengeance first competed for the prestigious Palme D 'Or at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival . In North America , the film premiered as a " Special Presentations " feature at the Ryerson Theatre during the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival . = = Remake = = Israeli directors Nevot Papushdo and Aaron Kashels were hired by Sony Pictures to direct an American version of the film . = Washington State Route 536 = State Route 536 ( SR 536 ) is a 5 @.@ 38 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 8 @.@ 66 km ) state highway serving Skagit County in the U.S. state of Washington . The highway travels southeast from SR 20 near Fredonia through Mount Vernon to an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) east of the city . SR 536 was created during the 1964 highway renumbering as a replacement for the Anacortes branch of Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) . SR 536 was shortened to its current route in 1973 after SR 20 was extended west and a spur route was established to serve Anacortes . = = Route description = = SR 536 begins as the Memorial Highway at an intersection with SR 20 located south of Skagit Regional Airport and east of Fredonia . The highway travels east through farmland before following the Skagit River southeast into Mount Vernon . SR 536 crosses the Skagit River on a swing bridge into Downtown Mount Vernon , turning east onto Division Street and south onto 3rd Street . The highway turns east at the Skagit Transportation Center onto Kincaid Street and crosses a BNSF rail line before ending at a diamond interchange with I @-@ 5 . Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that between 4 @,@ 600 and 23 @,@ 000 vehicles per day used the highway , mostly in Downtown Mount Vernon . = = History = = SR 536 was established during the 1964 highway renumbering as a 20 @.@ 63 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 33 @.@ 20 km ) highway connecting Anacortes to Mount Vernon . The highway , first codified as the Anacortes branch of PSH 1 in 1937 , began at the Anacortes Ferry Terminal and traveled south to SR 525 , turning east and traveling over the Swinomish Channel , leaving Fidalgo Island . SR 536 continued east to Fredonia , intersecting the termini of SR 20 and SR 537 , before turning southeast over the Skagit River into Mount Vernon and ending at U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) . US 99 and PSH 1 were replaced by I @-@ 5 in segments between 1966 and 1970 , as SR 536 was widened , paved , and extended east to a new interchange . SR 20 was extended west to Whidbey Island and the Olympic Peninsula over SR 536 and SR 525 in 1973 , shortening SR 536 to its current route and creating SR 20 Spur in Anacortes . No major revisions to the route of SR 536 have occurred since 1973 , however WSDOT repaved the entire roadway and added sidewalk ramps in 2009 at a cost of $ 3 @.@ 2 million . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway is in Skagit County . = Worsley = Worsley ( pronounced locally as Wor @-@ sley ) is a town in the metropolitan borough of the City of Salford , in Greater Manchester , England . The population of the town at the 2011 census was 10 @,@ 035 . It lies along the course of Worsley Brook , 5 @.@ 75 miles ( 9 @.@ 25 km ) west of Manchester . The M60 motorway bisects the area . Historically part of Lancashire , Worsley has provided evidence of Roman and Anglo @-@ Saxon activity , including two Roman roads . The completion in 1761 of the Bridgewater Canal allowed Worsley to expand from a small village of cottage industries to an important town based upon cotton manufacture , iron @-@ working , brick @-@ making and extensive coal mining . Later expansion came after the First and Second World Wars , when large urban estates were built in the region . Today , Worsley is under consideration to be made a World Heritage Site , including Worsley Delph , a scheduled monument . A significant part of the town 's historic centre is now a conservation area . = = History = = = = = Toponymy = = = Worsley is first mentioned in a Pipe roll of 1195 – 96 as Werkesleia , in the claim of a Hugh Putrell to a part of the fee of two knights in nearby Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell and Worsley . There are many variations on the name ; Werkesleia , 1195 ; Wyrkedele , 1212 ; Whurkedeleye , c . 1220 ; Worketley , 1254 ; Worcotesley , Workedesle , 1276 ; Wrkesley , Wrkedeley , Workedeley , 1292 ; Wyrkeslegh , Workesley , 1301 ; Worsley , 1444 ; and " Workdisley alias Workesley alias Worseley " , 1581 . The spelling of the name in early documents , suggests a Saxon origin . Ge @-@ Weore , the Old English form of the name , means " the cleared place which was cultivated or settled . " The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle contain no references to Worsley . = = = Early history = = = Two Roman roads run through the area . Connecting Mamucium ( Manchester ) with Coccium ( Wigan ) , one passes through Worsley near Drywood , and over Mosley Common . The present @-@ day A6 road follows part of the course of another Roman road , which passes through the northern part of the area near Walkden and Little Hulton . In 1947 a hoard of 550 Roman coins was found near a quarry in Boothstown , dated to between AD 250 and 275 , and in 1958 the head of a man was found on Worsley Moss . Named " Worsley man " , and originally thought to be no more than 20 years old , upon the discovery of Lindow Man it was re @-@ examined and dated to approximately the 2nd century AD , in the Romano @-@ British period . Worsley later fell under the control of the Anglo @-@ Saxons , who controlled much of the area around Manchester and who also defeated the British at the Battle of Chester in AD 615 . Edward the Elder rebuilt the fortifications at Manchester , and in AD 924 captured all the land between the rivers Mersey and Irwell , making it demesne in the Kingdom of Wessex . During the Middle Ages the area was covered with forests and marshlands . Thinly populated by craftsmen and serfs , Worsley grew as a settlement adjoining an ancient corn mill , close to the location of the present @-@ day Worsley Road Bridge . Most farms throughout Lancashire were small with their tenants dependent upon secondary employment , however in 1719 a John Kay of Worsley had five stirks , two bulls , 17 cows , " young cattle upon the moors " , and a " cow at hire " , all valued at £ 97 5s . Marl was commonly used as a fertiliser , and is recorded in use in 1719 . Wheeler 's Manchester : Its Political , Social and Commercial History , Ancient and Modern ( 1836 ) states that about one @-@ fifth of the land around Worsley , Astley and Tyldesley was in tillage , lower on average than the surrounding areas . = = = Bridgewater estates = = = Worsley was , originally , the largest manor of the seven ancient manors of the Bridgewater Estates . It was created by William I and held for him by the Barton family in thegnage , and for them by a Norman knight named Elias , who fought in the crusades . On his death in Rhodes , the manor remained with Elias ' son , whose family had by that time adopted the name of the village as its family name . On 23 June 1311 a substantial part of the Manor of Hulton was granted to the Worsleys . The family held both manors until the late 14th century , whereon they passed to the Massey family of Tatton , and then in the 16th century to the Brereton family of Malpas , Cheshire . The Brereton family added the Manor of Bedford ( a small area of land to the west of Worsley ) to the estate . Richard Brereton later married Dorothy Egerton , and upon his death the estates passed into the Egerton family . In 1617 John Egerton , son of Sir Thomas Egerton , became Earl of Bridgewater . The Egerton family was descended from Sir Richard Egerton of Ridley , Cheshire . His illegitimate son , Thomas Egerton , was a prominent lawyer who served as Master of the Rolls from 1594 to 1603 , and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal from 1596 to 1617 and also as Lord High Chancellor of England . John Egerton succeeded to Worsley in 1639 , and died in 1649 . He was succeeded by the second and third Earls of Bridgewater . The title of Duke of Bridgewater was first given to Scroop Egerton in 1720 . He devised a navigation system for Worsley which was not carried out . His son , the third Duke of Bridgewater Francis Egerton , was to build the Bridgewater Canal . The Duke purchased the Manor of Pemberton ( near Wigan ) in 1758 , the Manor of Hindley in 1765 , and the Manor of Cadishead in 1776 . Upon his death in 1803 he was succeeded by George Leveson @-@ Gower , 1st Duke of Sutherland . In 1833 the estate was inherited by Gower 's son , Francis Leveson @-@ Gower who changed his surname to Egerton , and in 1846 became the Earl of Ellesmere . In 1836 he purchased the Manor of Tyldesley . He is recorded as saying that he found Worsley to be " a God @-@ forsaken place , full of drunken , rude people with deplorable morals " . Worsley New Hall , designed by Edward Blore , was built in 1846 for Francis Egerton the First Earl of Ellesmere . The plans are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum . Queen Victoria visited the hall in 1851 and 1857 ; Edward VII and Queen Alexandra visited when Edward was Prince of Wales in 1869 , and on 6 July 1909 . The hall was used as a hospital in World War I and in World War II housed Dunkirk evacuees , American soldiers preparing for D @-@ Day and the Lancashire Fusiliers . In 1943 the hall was badly damaged by fire and demolished in 1949 . = = = Industrial Revolution = = = Coal has been mined around Worsley from as long ago as 1376 , originally in bell pits . The coal seams in the area tend to be fairly thin , slanting downwards from north to south , and so deeper mining became necessary during the 17th century . With the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the growing use of steam power , there was a rapid increase in the demand for coal . The Duke 's mines were among those supplying the surrounding districts but transport was both inefficient and expensive , and the mines also suffered from persistent flooding . His solution to these problems was to build a canal from Worsley to Salford , and an underground canal into the mines from Worsley Delph . The canal boats would carry 30 long tons ( 30 t ) at a time , – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart . The Duke and his estate manager obtained an Act of Parliament empowering them to begin construction on a planned route directly to Salford , avoiding the River Irwell . James Brindley was brought in for his technical expertise and suggested varying the route of the proposed canal away from Salford and across the Irwell into Manchester . A second Act was secured for this variance , which included an aqueduct to cross the Irwell . This was built relatively quickly for the time ; work commenced in September 1760 and the first boat crossed on 17 July 1761 . The canal opened in 1761 and along with the stone aqueduct at Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell , was considered a major engineering achievement . One writer said that when finished , it " will be the most extraordanary thing in the kingdom , if not in Europe . The boats in some places are to go underground , and in other places over a navigable river , without communicating with its waters ... " Worsley Delph , now a scheduled monument , was the entrance to the Duke 's underground mines . Two entrances , built years apart , allowed access to the Starvationer boats , the largest of which could carry 12 long tons ( 12 t ) of coal . The entrances allow access to 46 miles ( 74 km ) of underground canal on four levels , linked by inclined planes . The burgeoning village became a hub of commercial activity . The Duke employed craftsmen to service a wide range of industries including boat @-@ making , plastering , blacksmithing and mining . A local quarry supplied limestone , for which a kiln was constructed at the junction of Barton Road ( B5211 ) and Stableford Road . A quarry at the Delph supplied building materials for the region , including the stone used to construct Brindley 's aqueduct . To accommodate the workers needed for these industries the Duke built extra housing and cottages . In a diary entry of 1773 , Josiah Wedgwood wrote of the area " We next visited Worsley which has the appearance of a considerable Seaport Town . His Grace has built some hundreds of houses , & is every year adding considerably to their number . " Worsley Green became a thriving centre of industry . With the death of the Duke in 1803 , his estates were inherited by his nephew , George Leveson @-@ Gower , who later became the Duke of Sutherland . The canal and coal estates were placed under the control of the Bridgewater Trust , and in 1833 the rest of the estates were inherited by the Duke of Sutherland 's son , Francis Leveson @-@ Gower who changed his surname to Egerton , and in 1846 became the Earl of Ellesmere . The mines ceased production in 1887 , and with the expiration of the Bridgewater Trust in 1903 the village began to change ; the Duke 's warehouse and the works on what is now Worsley Green were demolished . Worsley Brook was culverted , and a memorial fountain to the Duke was built from the bricks of the works ' chimney . Although much of the industry that dominated Worsley was in decline , in 1937 Sir Montague Maurice Burton opened a clothing factory along the East Lancashire Road . Built in the Art Deco style , in 1938 the factory employed 3 @,@ 000 people . = = = Modern history = = = Under the Housing Act 1919 , large overspill estates were built by the council for veterans of the First World War , but a larger change to the area came after the end of the Second World War , when the then City of Salford was forced to rehouse many of its inhabitants . With little land left , 4 @,@ 518 new houses were built in the urban district by the Worsley Project . 18 @,@ 000 people were rehoused under the scheme , which included new facilities , shops and schools . Another housing estate was built during the 1970s to the north of Worsley Green . In 1944 , during World War II , a flying bomb landed on a house near Worsley Dam . An Anti Aircraft Operations Room ( AAOR ) was built in the 1950s . Although unused the building still exists , in wooded land to the west of the town , on the site of the former Worsley New Hall . = = Governance = = From the 11th century , Worsley was a township in the Eccles parish of the hundred of Salford , and county of Lancashire . Worsley was originally in Eccles ecclesiastical parish , and also in Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell Poor Law Union . The Swinton area of the township was in 1867 included in the Swinton Local Board of Health , which from 1869 became the Swinton and Pendlebury Local Board of Health . In 1892 a small part of the township of Worsley was included in the Borough of Eccles . In 1894 , under the Local Government Act 1894 , Worsley Urban District was created . A part of the township then within the area of the Swinton and Pendlebury Local Board of Health was formed into Swinton township , becoming part of Swinton and Pendlebury Urban District . In 1907 two small detached parts of Worsley civil parish , then inside Swinton civil parish , were added to Swinton civil parish . A town hall was opened on 22 June 1911 . Worsley Urban District gained 21 acres ( 85 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land from Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell Civil Parish in 1921 , and in 1933 gained the area of Little Hulton Urban District . Parts were added to Eccles Borough and Irlam Urban District . In 1955 Swinton and Pendlebury Borough gained a small part of Worsley Urban District , and under the Local Government Act 1972 , in 1974 Worsley 's Urban District status was abolished , becoming part of Salford Metropolitan District . Following its 2006 review of parliamentary representation in Greater Manchester , the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of a modified Worsley constituency , incorporating a part of Eccles . The new constituency is called Worsley and Eccles South . Until the United Kingdom general election 2010 , Worsley was represented in the House of Commons by Barbara Keeley , Labour Party member for the Worsley constituency . After the election , Keeley became the MP for Worsley and Eccles South . = = Geography = = At 53 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ N 2 ° 23 ′ 0 ″ W ( 53 @.@ 5000 ° , − 2 @.@ 3833 ° ) , Worsley stands about 206 feet ( 63 m ) above sea level . Sheltered at the foot of a middle coal measure running approximately northwest and southeast across the area , the village lies along the course of Worsley Brook , which cuts through the ridge . The ridge also forms part of the northern edge of the Irwell Valley . The area is bordered on the north by the East Lancashire Road , and on the south by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and part of the Bridgewater Canal . The larger towns of Swinton and Eccles lie to the east and southeast respectively , and to the west the area is largely bordered by Chat Moss , open fields , and forest . The M60 and M62 motorways cut directly through the area . The underlying measures of coal have proved important for the development of the area ; it was around Worsley Delph that the settlement first began to grow . Parts of the area are within an indicated floodplain . Worsley 's climate is generally temperate , like the rest of Greater Manchester . The mean highest and lowest temperatures ( 13 @.@ 2 ° C ( 55 @.@ 8 ° F ) and 6 @.@ 4 ° C ( 43 @.@ 5 ° F ) ) are slightly above the national average , while the annual rainfall ( 806 @.@ 6 millimetres ( 31 @.@ 76 in ) ) and average hours of sunshine ( 1394 @.@ 5 hours ) are respectively above and below the national averages . = = Demography = = According to the Office for National Statistics , at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the ward of Worsley had a population of 9 @,@ 833 , of which 4 @,@ 801 were male and 5 @,@ 032 female . It is the fifth least populous ward in Salford , and the third least densely populated . The ward has a higher proportion of married couples with and without children than Salford as a whole . Of those over 16 years old , 1 @,@ 929 were single ( never married ) and 4 @,@ 267 married . Worsley 's 4 @,@ 102 households included 632 married couples without children , 818 with dependent children and 356 with non @-@ dependent children . There were 249 lone @-@ parent households with children . 642 households were occupied by pensioners living alone . Of those aged 16 – 74 , 1 @,@ 428 had no academic qualifications , 1 @,@ 078 had attained a level one qualification , 183 children aged between 16 – 17 and 242 people aged 18 – 74 were in full @-@ time education . Worsley ward has the lowest levels of unemployment in Salford , in April 2006 0 @.@ 9 % of the economically active population were unemployment benefit claimants , comparing well to Salford as a whole where the figure is 3 @.@ 7 % . The area is considered to be one of the more affluent parts of Salford . At 12 @.@ 6 reported crimes per thousand population , the crime rate in Worsley is lower on average than Salford , which stands at 163 @.@ 1 per thousand population . = = Economy = = One of Worsley 's early industries was weaving . A cottage industry , cotton would be spun on spinning wheels and hand @-@ operated looms in people 's homes to produce cloth . Merchants would then purchase this cloth , selling it at the Bridgewater Hotel , then known as the Old Grapes Inn . Worsley now has little industry , and is in the main a tourist destination and commuter town . The area has two large hotels ; a Novotel and a Marriott . Worsley Old Hall is now a public house and restaurant in the Brunning and Price chain , part of the Restaurant Group . = = Landmarks = = Worsley Village was in 1969 designated as a conservation area by the former Lancashire County Council . Bisected by the A572 Worsley Road , the area covered about 34 @.@ 25 acres ( 138 @,@ 600 m2 ) of land and included 40 listed buildings , such as the Packet House , a telephone kiosk , and the Delph sluice gates , but this list has since increased to 48 listed buildings . Much of the area around the canal and Worsley Delph was restored and landscaped between 1966 and 1967 by the Worsley Civic Trust and the local council , ready for a visit by Elizabeth II on 17 May 1968 . As the canal passes through Worsley , iron oxide from the mines has , for many years , stained the water bright orange . The removal of this colouration is currently the subject of a £ 2 @.@ 5 million remedial scheme . Wardley Hall is an early medieval manor house and a Grade I listed building in Wardley . The current hall dates from around 1500 but was extensively rebuilt in the 19th and 20th centuries . Worsley Old Hall is a Grade II listed building near Walkden Road . The Post Medieval building is said to have been moated , but no signs of the moat now remain . Parts of Worsley are currently being considered as World Heritage Sites . The area includes Worsley Delph ( itself a scheduled monument ) , parts of Worsley Green , and the Bridgewater Canal . In 2015 , the Royal Horticultural Society announced plans for a restoration of the garden at Worsley New Hall , to open in 2019 under the name RHS Garden Bridgewater . = = Transport = = Following an Act of Parliament of 1861 , in 1864 the Eccles , Tyldesley and Wigan branch line was opened by the London and North Western Railway , along with a station at Worsley which required the demolition of six cottages . The first sod had been cut by the Earl of Ellesmere . An additional branch line to Bolton was opened in 1870 , branching from the Tyldesley Loopline line at Roe Green . A railway station at Monton Green was opened in 1887 to cater mainly for commuters into Manchester . The lines were important thoroughfares for the transport of coal in the area , including Mosley Common Colliery . Both lines were closed under the Beeching Axe in 1969 , and have since been partially reclaimed by Salford City Council as recreational pathways . Early public transport included the Farnworth horse @-@ bus service , with a terminus at the nearby Stocks Hotel in 1885 . An electric tram service was founded in 1903 by the South Lancashire Tramways Company . = = Education = = One of the first Sunday schools to be established in England may have been at Worsley . Built in the 1780s in a cottage close to the present @-@ day courthouse , and founded by Thomas Bury ( a colliery manager for the 3rd Duke ) children were taught by a Luke Lowe , a cooper also in the Duke 's employ . In 1785 a further three Sunday schools were established in the area , and by 1788 over 300 children were attending the four schools . Francis Egerton built a day school in 1838 , which later became known as St Mark 's School . This was demolished during construction of the M62 motorway , and replaced with a new school on Aviary Road , opened 19 October 1968 . The area of Worsley contains a number of primary schools , including ( but not limited to ) Christ the King RC Primary School , Hilton Lane Primary School and Mesne Lea Primary School . Secondary schools include Bridgewater School and Harrop Fold School . Salford College has a campus in nearby Walkden ( once within Worsley Urban District ) . The college 's Worsley Campus , the Learning Resource and specialist Media Centre , caters for 16- to 18 @-@ year @-@ olds , and provides access to 50 internet workstations , 15 @,@ 000 books , and resources for e @-@ learning . It also has a suite of hair and beauty salons , a performing arts theatre and a sports hall and fitness suite . = = Religious sites = = Ellenbrook Chapel , the first church in Worsley was built in 1209 by the Worsley family . Methodism was first practised in the area in 1784 , by the notable preacher Matthew Mayer . Later services were held in various locations around the area , and in 1801 a Methodist chapel was built along Barton Road . The foundation stone for St Mark 's Church was laid on 14 June 1844 by George Granville Francis Egerton , the son of Francis Egerton . Designed by the architect George Gilbert Scott , the church was consecrated on 2 July 1846 by the Bishop of Chester , John Bird Sumner . The church tower is now home to the mechanism for the Bridgewater Clock from the Bridgewater workshops at Worsley Green . The clock strikes 13 times at 1 pm , originally so that workmen did not miss the end of their dinner break . Many gravestones in the churchyard were cut from rock sourced at Worsley Delph . Following a proposed hotel development in 1981 the area around the church and vicarage was designated a conservation area . = = Sports = = Worsley Golf Club was founded in 1894 on part of the Earl of Ellesmere 's estate at Broadoak Park . The area has a clay pigeon shooting club , west of the M60 . A racecourse development proposed on land near Boothstown was the subject of a public inquiry and rejected by the local council after a sustained campaign by local councillors . = = Public services = = Home Office policing in Worsley is provided by the Greater Manchester Police . The nearest police station is at Little Hulton . Public transport is co @-@ ordinated by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive . Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service . = = Notable people = = Notable people from Worsley include the actress Helen Cherry , and television commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme . Statistician Harry Campion , who played a leading role in the development of official statistics after the Second World War , was born in Kearsley in May 1905 and brought up in Worsley . Arthur Thomas Doodson was a mathematician and oceanographer born in Boothstown in March 1890 . Footballer Ryan Giggs caused controversy in the mid @-@ 2000s when he bought a Victorian mansion on the outskirts of the village for £ 1 @.@ 9 million and demolished it to build a new house which cost up to £ 4 million . = Interstate 680 ( California ) = Interstate 680 ( I @-@ 680 ) is a north – south Interstate Highway in Northern California . It curves around the eastern cities of the San Francisco Bay Area from San Jose to Interstate 80 at Fairfield , bypassing cities along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay such as Oakland and Richmond while serving others more inland such as Pleasanton and Concord . Built in the 1920s and designated in 1955 , I @-@ 680 begins at a junction with I @-@ 280 and US 101 ( Bayshore Freeway ) , and heads northeast and north @-@ northwest through the northeast part of San Jose . After passing State Route 237 ( SR 237 ) in Milpitas and SR 262 in Fremont , I @-@ 680 abruptly turns northeast ( where a connection to a SR 238 freeway was planned ) and enters the hills and valleys of the California Coast Ranges . The highway crosses over Mission Pass , also known as the Sunol Grade , and descends into the Sunol Valley , where it meets SR 84 near Sunol . From Sunol , I @-@ 680 again heads north @-@ northwesterly through valleys , including the San Ramon Valley , along the Calaveras Fault . Junctions along this portion include I @-@ 580 in Dublin and SR 24 in Walnut Creek . Beyond the latter interchange , a three @-@ way directional junction with the SR 24 freeway west to Oakland , I @-@ 680 heads north into Pleasant Hill , where SR 242 splits and I @-@ 680 again heads northwesterly . After the junction with SR 4 in Martinez , the highway crosses the Carquinez Strait on the Benicia @-@ Martinez Bridge , immediately meeting the east end of I @-@ 780 on the Benicia end . The remainder of I @-@ 680 , from Benicia to I @-@ 80 at Fairfield , lies between a hilly area to the west representing the southwestern tip of the Vaca Mountains , and a marshy area ( along the Suisun Bay and Cordelia Slough ) to the east . = = Route description = = I @-@ 680 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System . This route is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System from the Santa Clara @-@ Alameda county line to SR 24 in Walnut Creek . , and is a scenic route from either SR 238 or SR 262 ( CalTrans 's designation is unclear ; just defines it as Mission Blvd . ) to the Contra Costa county line , and from the Alameda county line to SR 24 . It 's routed legislatively as ( a ) Route 101 near San Jose to Route 780 at Benicia passing near Warm Springs , Mission San Jose , Scotts Corners , and Sunol , and via Walnut Creek , and ( b ) Route 780 at Benicia to Route 80 near Cordelia . The route begins at U.S. Route 101 at the Joe Colla Interchange , where it acts as a continuation of I @-@ 280 eastward . From here , it begins its journey northward through San Jose , where it meets the Capitol Expressway , signed as CR G21 , about a mile northeast of I @-@ 680 's southern terminus . The next exit northbound is SR 130 , which is also known as Alum Rock Avenue , unsigned at the intersection . As it continues through Santa Clara County , it meets numerous local roads before interchanging with the Montague Expressway . Here , it exits San Jose and enters the city of Milpitas , California , where it meets SR 237 , often referred to as Calaveras Boulevard . After one more intersection , I @-@ 680 exits Santa Clara County and enters Alameda County . In Alameda County , the freeway begins in the city of Fremont , where it intersects SR 262 , which was unsigned until 2000 . Continuing through the city , it meets Mission Boulevard at SR 238 before exiting the city . Prior to 2002 , two ghost ramps existed here , remains of an abandoned freeway project replacing Mission Blvd . Amid Alameda County , it abruptly turns northeastward and enters a hilly area , where it crosses over Mission Pass , and descends into the Sunol Valley , where it runs concurrently with SR 84 for a short while . Afterwards , it enters Pleasanton and intersects with I @-@ 580 , currently California 's longest auxiliary interstate providing access to Oakland and the Central Valley . It enters Dublin for a short segment before exiting the county and entering Contra Costa County . Upon entering Contra Costa County , the route meets numerous local roads through the cities of San Ramon , Danville , and Alamo before entering Walnut Creek , where it meets SR 24 . I @-@ 680 then enters Pleasant Hill for a short time and Concord , where it meets SR 242 . Upon exiting Concord , it meets SR 4 . It then enters Martinez , where it follows the Benicia @-@ Martinez Bridge over the Carquinez Strait , on which the route crosses the county line and enters Benicia in Solano County . On the Benicia @-@ Martinez bridge , I @-@ 680 northbound requires a toll , while I @-@ 680 southbound is free direction . In Benicia , I @-@ 680 interchanges with I @-@ 780 . It then exits the city and after passing through rural areas routing parallel to the San Joaquin Delta , it enters Fairfield , where it meets I @-@ 80 , which is the route 's northern terminus . In the wake of the September 11 Attacks , a U.S. flag was painted on a large piece of concrete on a hill along the Sunol Grade . It stayed there for nine years before Caltrans painted it over , as the mural had been painted on without authorization . Due to this action being taken shortly before July 4th , 2010 , and also due to the mural 's fame , this was met with controversy . The flag was replaced shortly later . Of the above names , only the name Sinclair Freeway for its designated portion usually appears on maps , and the other portions on maps are always unnamed , referred to as simply I @-@ 680 . = = = High @-@ occupancy lanes = = = A 14 @-@ mile ( 23 km ) southbound high @-@ occupancy toll ( HOT ) lane along I @-@ 680 between SR 84 in Alameda County and SR 237 in Santa Clara County opened on September 20 , 2010 . Solo drivers are required to pay a toll via a FasTrak transponder . Studies regarding the implementation of northbound HOT lanes on I @-@ 680 are currently underway . HOV Lanes exist on this portion from slightly north of I @-@ 580 to Walnut Creek , and again from Concord to the Benicia @-@ Martinez Bridge . The portion leading to the Benicia @-@ Martinez Bridge requires a car with 3 + persons , unlike California 's regular carpool lanes of 2 + persons . = = History = = = = = Historic routing = = = By the 1920s , a road ran south from Martinez through Walnut Creek , Dublin , Danville , and Sunol to Mission San Jose , where it met State Highway Route 5 ( Mission Boulevard , signed over the years as US 48 , US 101E , SR 9 , and now SR 238 ) . It was not yet paved south of Dublin , where it crossed Mission Pass between the Sunol Valley and the San Francisco Bay basin . The majority of this roadway was added to the state highway system in 1933 as portions of several routes : Route 108 from Mission San Jose to Sunol , Route 107 from Sunol to Walnut Creek , and Route 75 from Walnut Creek to Pleasant Hill . At Martinez , the Martinez @-@ Benicia Ferry took automobiles across the Carquinez Strait to Benicia , where Route 7 , one of the original state highways from the 1910 bond issue , led north and northeast past Fairfield towards Sacramento and Oregon . The portion north from Benicia to Fairfield became part of Route 74 in 1935 , when Route 7 was realigned to the more direct American Canyon route that is now I @-@ 80 . None of the aforementioned roads were given state sign route numbers in 1934 , when that system was laid out , but by 1937 they had been numbered SR 21 . This route began at the intersection of Warm Springs Boulevard and Brown Road in Warm Springs , where Route 5 and Route 69 ( SR 17 ) split , followed Route 5 along Mission Boulevard to Mission San Jose ( this part later became an overlap with SR 9 ) , and then continued to US 40 ( Route 7 ) at Cordelia . The routing was very close to the present I @-@ 680 , following such roads as Pleasanton Sunol Road , San Ramon Valley Boulevard , Danville Boulevard , Main Street in Walnut Creek , Contra Costa Boulevard , and Pacheco Boulevard . The portion of SR 21 between Pleasant Hill and Martinez was finally added to the state highway system in 1949 , as a branch of Route 75 . The ferry approach in Benicia became a spur of Route 74 in 1947 , and in 1953 it was transferred to Route 75 . The same law , effective immediately as an urgency measure , authorized the Department of Public Works to acquire the ferry system , then operated by the city of Martinez , which was planning to shut it down . Ownership was transferred just after midnight on October 6 , 1953 . = = = History as an Interstate = = = The Bureau of Public Roads approved urban routes of the Interstate Highway System on September 15 , 1955 , including a loop around the San Francisco Bay , soon numbered I @-@ 280 and I @-@ 680 . The east half ( I @-@ 680 ) began at the interchange of US 101 north of downtown San Jose and followed the Nimitz Freeway ( SR 17 / Route 69 , now I @-@ 880 ) to the split at Warm Springs ( the present location of SR 262 ) , SR 21 to Benicia , and Route 74 ( no sign route number ) to I @-@ 80 in Vallejo . The first piece of I @-@ 680 freeway built , other than the pre @-@ existing Nimitz Freeway , was in the late 1950s , along the SR 24 overlap between North Main Street in Walnut Creek and Monument Boulevard in Pleasant Hill . A southerly extension , bypassing downtown Walnut Creek to South Main Street , opened on March 22 , 1960 , connecting with the SR 24 freeway to Oakland . In the next decade , the freeway was completed from Vallejo south to SR 238 at Mission San Jose , and the roadway north from Benicia to Fairfield , which became the only remaining piece of SR 21 , was also upgraded to freeway standards . In the 1964 renumbering , the legislative designation was changed to Route 680 . SR 17 was officially moved to former Route 5 between San Jose and Warm Springs , which had not had a signed designation since the Nimitz Freeway ( then I @-@ 680 ) was constructed , but this was instead marked as part of SR 238 ( which replaced SR 9 north of Mission San Jose ) , and SR 17 remained signed along the Nimitz Freeway . This was very short @-@ lived , as the Bureau of Public Roads approved a shift in the south end of I @-@ 680 in October 1964 . The legislature changed the routes in 1965 , swapping Routes 17 and 680 south of Warm Springs , and creating a new SR 262 on the short roadway at Warm Springs where they had overlapped to switch sides . However , until I @-@ 680 was completed in the early @-@ to @-@ mid 1970s , it remained signed along the Nimitz Freeway , and the old road between San Jose and Warm Springs continued to be marked as SR 238 . One more change was made to the routing of I @-@ 680 : in July 1973 , the remainder of SR 21 , from Benicia to Fairfield , was added to the Interstate Highway System . This became the new alignment of I @-@ 680 , and the old route to Vallejo became I @-@ 780 . The corresponding changes were made by the state legislature in 1976 . = = = Joe Colla Interchange = = = The interchange at the beginning of I @-@ 680 at I @-@ 280 and U.S. Route 101 was constructed years before its completion . The two bridges , with no on ramps or off ramps stood as a 110 foot tall monument to inefficiency for years in the 1970s . It became the butt of many local jokes . The highlight prank occurred in January 1976 , when a 1960 Chevrolet Impala was placed on the highest bridge overnight , where it obviously would be impossible to drive . The following day , San Jose City Councilman Joe Colla was photographed standing next to the car , a photo which was circulated across many newspapers . It has been suggested this stunt nudged the wheels of progress to find the funds to complete the freeway . In 2010 , the interchange was named the Joe Colla Interchange . = = Exit List = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The numbers reset at county lines ; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column . = Casino Royale ( Climax ! ) = Casino Royale is a 1954 television adaptation of the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming . An episode of the dramatic anthology series Climax ! , the show is the first screen adaptation of a James Bond novel and stars Barry Nelson and Peter Lorre . Though this marks the first onscreen appearance of the character of James Bond , Nelson 's character is played as an American agent with " Combined Intelligence " and is referred to as " Jimmy " by several characters . Most of the largely forgotten show was located in the 1980s by film historian Jim Schoenberger , with the ending ( including credits ) found afterward . The rights to the program were acquired by MGM at the same time as the rights for the 1967 film version of Casino Royale , clearing the legal pathway and enabling it to make the 2006 film of the same name . = = Plot = = Act I " Combined Intelligence " agent James Bond comes under fire from an assassin : he manages to dodge the bullets and enters Casino Royale . There he meets his British contact , Clarence Leiter , who remembers " Card Sense Jimmy Bond " from when he played the Maharajah of Deauville . While Bond explains the rules of baccarat , Leiter explains Bond 's mission : to defeat Le Chiffre at baccarat and force his Soviet spymasters to " retire " him . Bond then encounters a former lover , Valerie Mathis who is Le Chiffre 's current girlfriend ; he also meets Le Chiffre himself . Act II Bond beats Le Chiffre at baccarat but , when he returns to his hotel room , is confronted by Le Chiffre and his bodyguards , along with Mathis , who Le Chiffre has discovered is an agent of the Deuxième , France 's external military intelligence agency at the time . Act III Le Chiffre tortures Bond in order to find out where Bond has hidden the cheque for his winnings , but Bond does not reveal where it is . After a fight between Bond and Le Chiffre 's guards , Bond shoots and wounds Le Chiffre , saving Valerie in the process . Exhausted , Bond sits in a chair opposite Le Chiffre to talk . Mathis gets in between them and Le Chiffre grabs her from behind , threatening her with a concealed razor blade . As Le Chiffre moves towards the door with Mathis as a shield , she struggles , breaking free slightly and Bond is able to shoot Le Chiffre . = = Cast = = Barry Nelson – James Bond Peter Lorre – Le Chiffre Linda Christian – Valerie Mathis Michael Pate – Clarence Leiter Eugene Borden – Chef De Partie Jean Del Val – Croupier Gene Roth – Basil Kurt Katch – Zoltan Unknown actor – Zuroff William Lundigan – Host / Himself = = Production = = In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming $ 1 @,@ 000 ( $ 8 @,@ 812 in 2016 dollars ) to adapt his first novel , Casino Royale , into a one @-@ hour television adventure as part of their dramatic anthology series Climax ! , which ran between October 1954 and June 1958 . It was adapted for the screen by Anthony Ellis and Charles Bennett ; Bennett was best known for his collaborations with Alfred Hitchcock , including The 39 Steps and Sabotage . Due to the restriction of a one @-@ hour play , the adapted version lost many of the details found in the book , although it retained its violence , particularly in Act III . The hour @-@ long Casino Royale episode aired on 21 October 1954 as a live production and starred Barry Nelson as secret agent James Bond , with Peter Lorre in the role of Le Chiffre and was hosted by William Lundigan . The Bond character from Casino Royale was re @-@ cast as an American agent , described as working for " Combined Intelligence " , supported by the British agent , Clarence Leiter ; " thus was the Anglo @-@ American relationship depicted in the book reversed for American consumption " . Clarence Leiter was an agent for Station S , while being a combination of Felix Leiter and René Mathis . The name " Mathis " , and his association with the Deuxième Bureau , was given to the leading lady , who is named Valérie Mathis , instead of Vesper Lynd . Reports that towards the end of the broadcast " the coast @-@ to @-@ coast audience saw Peter Lorre , the actor playing Le Chiffre , get up off the floor after his ' death ' and begin to walk to his dressing room " , do not appear to be accurate . = = Legacy = = The production went mostly unnoticed upon release . However , four years after the production of Casino Royale , CBS invited Fleming to write 32 episodes over a two @-@ year period for a television show based on the James Bond character . Fleming agreed and began to write outlines for this series . When nothing ever came of this , however , Fleming grouped and adapted three of the outlines into short stories and released the 1960 anthology For Your Eyes Only along with an additional two new short stories . This was the first screen adaptation of a James Bond novel and was made before the formation of Eon Productions . When MGM eventually obtained the rights to the 1967 film version of Casino Royale , it also received the rights to this television episode . The Casino Royale episode was lost for decades after its 1954 broadcast until a kinescope of it was located by film historian Jim Schoenberger in 1981 . It also aired on TBS as part of a Bond film marathon . However , the VHS release and TBS presentation did not include the full finale of the adaptation , which was at that point still lost . Eventually , the missing footage ( minus the last few seconds of the credits ) was found and included on a Spy Guise & Cara Entertainment VHS release . MGM subsequently included the truncated version on its DVD of the 1967 Casino Royale . David Cornelius of Efilmcritic.com remarked that " the first act freely gives in to spy pulp cliché " and noted that he believed Nelson was miscast and " trips over his lines and lacks the elegance needed for the role . " He described Lorre as " the real main attraction here , the veteran villain working at full weasel mode ; a grotesque weasel whose very presence makes you uncomfortable . " Peter Debruge of Variety also praised Lorre , considering him the source of " whatever charm this slipshod antecedent to the Bond oeuvre has to offer " , and complaining that " the whole thing seems to have been done on the cheap " . Debruge still noted that while the special had very few elements in common with the Eon series , Nelson 's portrayal of " Bond suggests a realistically human vulnerability that wouldn 't resurface until Eon finally remade Casino Royale more than half a century later . " = Canadian Football League in the United States = The Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , the sole major professional sports league in the United States and Canada to feature only teams from Canada , has made efforts to gain further audience in the United States , most directly through expansion into the country from 1993 to 1995 . The CFL plays Canadian football , which is somewhat different from the American football usual in the United States . The first American team , the Sacramento Gold Miners , joined in 1993 . The league expanded to four American teams in 1994 and five in 1995 . In the latter year , the teams were aligned into a new South Division . The three years saw numerous franchise moves , foldings , and ownership debacles on both sides of the U.S.-Canadian border . The Baltimore Stallions became the only American @-@ based team to win the Grey Cup championship , in 1995 . With the exception of Baltimore , the American teams consistently lost money . CFL games in the United States by its American teams averaged 10 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 in paid attendance , while the Stallions ranged from 30 @,@ 000 to 37 @,@ 000 . ( At the time , the CFL was a gate @-@ driven league ) . Tension also arose between the American and Canadian contingents over rule changes , scheduling , import rules , and even the name of the league itself . Facing these difficulties , the league again fielded only Canadian teams beginning in 1996 . While expansion was the most notable CFL effort in the United States , the league had also made previous inroads . Eleven neutral @-@ site CFL games ( including exhibition games ) have been held in the United States , while National Football League ( NFL ) teams have been invited northward for interleague play . The CFL has also attempted to find a television audience in the United States , most notably during an NFL players ' strike in 1982 , and more recently on ESPN . = = Pre @-@ expansion era = = Until 1993 the Canadian Football League , and its predecessor associations , had always operated solely within Canada , despite most professional leagues in North America being cross @-@ border enterprises . The substantially different rules and fields of the Canadian and American games and the popularity of the National Football League and NCAA Division I @-@ A football in the United States were generally seen to inhibit the chances of any sort of expansion into the United States . Lackluster CFL television ratings in the United States during the 1982 NFL strike seemed to bolster this argument . = = = Neutral site games = = = There had been a degree of cross @-@ fertilization between Canadian and American leagues earlier in the 20th century . A number of CFL – NFL interleague games were held in Canada . As well , eleven neutral @-@ site CFL games have been played on American soil . The earliest of these dates to 1909 , while the bulk occurred between 1951 and 1967 . The 1909 game , featuring the Ottawa Rough Riders and Hamilton Tigers , was sponsored by the New York Herald and played at a park in the Bronx ; this in the era when the Canadian game was more similar to rugby football and did not feature modern rules such as the forward pass . The next game , a 1951 match @-@ up between the Hamilton Tiger @-@ Cats and Toronto Argonauts in Buffalo , was billed as the first true all @-@ Canadian game played in the United States and drew more than 18 @,@ 000 , a decent crowd for the era . In 1958 , Hamilton defeated Ottawa in a regular @-@ season contest in front about 15 @,@ 000 in Philadelphia 's cavernous Municipal Stadium , 24 – 18 . It remains the only CFL game played outside Canada , involving two Canadian teams , that actually counted in the standings . The American Pacific Northwest became a frequent site for games in the 1950s and 1960s . Western Canadian teams , particularly the BC Lions , were most often called upon to entertain their regional neighbours . News reports from the time suggest a hybrid game of three down Canadian ball played on the more restricted 100 yard American field . One BC – Winnipeg matchup in 1960 was held not on the west coast but in Cedar Rapids , Iowa , presumably because both teams had a number of former University of Iowa stars , including Willie Mitchell , who scored the Lions ' only touchdown in a 13 – 7 loss in front of 12 @,@ 583 . Games tended to be characterized by low scores and frequent punting , with crowds between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 ; these numbers dropped off in the last two games of the era . A low scoring BC – Calgary game in Everett , Washington in 1967 drew just over 6 @,@ 000 ; there would not be another CFL game in the United States until the cusp of US expansion itself in 1992 . = = = Television = = = The idea of attracting American fans through television has long been a goal of the CFL although the results have been intermittent . As early as 1954 , the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union ( forerunner of the CFL 's East Division ) struck a deal with NBC that lasted a year and featured 13 games . The infamous Fog Bowl of 1962 was — at least until play was suspended — broadcast by ABC . Over subsequent years various non @-@ major networks picked up an assortment of games . The fledgling ESPN signed a deal in 1981 for 30 CFL regular season games and the playoffs , and CFL games became a fixture of the early years of the network . The next year , after NFL players went on strike in September , the CFL got another chance at major network exposure when NBC bought out the ESPN rights for $ 100 @,@ 000 a game to make up for its lost football programming . NBC would air CFL games on Sunday afternoons with full NFL production values and announcing crews . However , every one of the four matches shown was a blowout and ratings were a major disappointment . NBC quickly backed out of the arrangement . = = Expansion = = = = = Background = = = The idea of expansion into the United States began to take shape in the early 1990s , prompted by precarious ownership situations and chronic money shortages amongst the existing Canadian teams . The chief catalyst of the league 's struggles was Carling O 'Keefe brewery 's decision to stop their lucrative television sponsorship in 1987 . The arrangement had provided steady income to all of the league 's teams , reaching $ 11 million per season before its withdrawal . The guaranteed revenues , instead of being used to grow the league , had subsidized outdated and shoddy financial practices and marketing both at the team and league level . It would take two decades for economic equilibrium to again be reestablished . With the exception of the Edmonton Eskimos , every team in the league had faced some kind of crisis in the years leading up to 1993 . In the 1980s , the Montreal team folded twice , while the Calgary Stampeders and publicly owned Saskatchewan Roughriders had to mount public campaigns to survive . By 1993 , the BC Lions had experienced years of ownership chaos and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers faced $ 3 million in debt , despite frugal management . The Toronto Argonauts were embroiled in a series of ownership crises after the initially successful ownership triumvirate of Bruce McNall , Wayne Gretzky , and John Candy faced mounting financial losses . The Hamilton Tiger @-@ Cats were confronting an attendance swoon , fan malaise , and struggling community ownership . Both Ontario teams faced competition at the gate and for general attention from the Buffalo Bills of the NFL , then in the middle of their run of four consecutive Super Bowl appearances . The Ottawa Rough Riders and their fans were being treated to disappointing squads on the field and constant drama off the field from its under @-@ capitalized and mercurial owner , Bernie Glieberman . Against this economic backdrop a new generation of venture capitalist owners had emerged , taking the place of the community groups , local consortiums , or philanthropists that typically had owned the teams and operated them without any serious profit motive . They were led by McNall in Toronto , Larry Ryckman in Calgary , and Glieberman in Ottawa . Larry Smith was hired as league commissioner in February 1992 , reportedly on the explicit understanding that he would pursue American expansion . While Smith would become the most visible face of the era , he makes clear that it was the owners who drove the initiative , particularly McNall and Ryckman . McNall 's issues with cash flow , later revealed to be the result of his wealth being inflated by illegal accounting , were one obvious instigator . While expansion was championed by the newer owners , equal distribution of the expansion fees also appealed to the community owned teams to shore up their finances . = = = 1992 – 1993 = = = With the green light from the owners , Smith began the task of expanding the league across the border , beginning with a June 1992 exhibition game between the Argos and Stampeders in Portland , Oregon . A total of 15 @,@ 362 attended , close to the averages later American teams would post . Portland was seriously considered for a franchise , but investors failed to emerge . The expansion announcement prompted numerous applications from a wide variety of American cities . By the end of the expansion era , a minimum of 22 cities are reported to have been considered for teams . Coincidentally , the World League of American Football , an attempt by the NFL to create a spring league in major markets without NFL teams , suspended its North American operations after its 1992 season . WLAF owners Fred Anderson of the Sacramento Surge and Larry J. Benson of the San Antonio Riders applied to join the CFL as the Sacramento Gold Miners and San Antonio Texans , respectively . On January 13 , 1993 the league approved both franchises by a vote of 7 – 1 , with Winnipeg dissenting . League owners also decided not to apply the requirement of 20 " non @-@ import " Canadian @-@ raised players to the American squads , fearing that the requirement would be a violation of US employment laws . The experiment started on a sour note , however , when an ownership dispute forced Benson to pull San Antonio out on the same evening the franchise was to be formally introduced . Anderson decided to continue with the venture after Bensons 's withdrawal , but made clear that he did not want to be the only American franchise after 1993 . The Gold Miners were placed in the very strong West Division and finished last with a record of 6 – 12 . They played at the austere Hornet Stadium , located on the campus of Sacramento State University and averaged around 17 @,@ 000 fans per game , selling 9 @,@ 000 season tickets . = = = 1994 = = = In 1994 the Gold Miners were joined by three other American teams : the Las Vegas Posse , the Baltimore CFL Colts and the Shreveport Pirates . On television ESPN and its subsidiary ESPN2 picked up some games alongside the usual broadcasting by TSN and CBC in Canada . Shreveport and Baltimore were placed in the Eastern Division , while Sacramento and Las Vegas wound up in the west . Another team was to have been added in Orlando , named either the Manatees or Sting Rays . However , in a debacle that had now become a pattern , the presumptive ownership group failed to appear at the press conference announcing their formation in January 1994 . The Baltimore CFL Colts were in the headlines before even playing a down . Owned by Jim Speros , the team was marketed as a revival of the Baltimore Colts NFL franchise , who had left the city 10 years earlier and had also played at Memorial Stadium . The team 's embrace of the Colts ' history gained an instant following in Baltimore and headlines in the national sports media , although an injunction obtained shortly before the team 's first game forced the league to refer to the team as the " Baltimore CFLers " or " Baltimore Football Club " . Since Memorial Stadium had originally been built to accommodate baseball 's Baltimore Orioles as well as football , its playing surface was large enough to accommodate a full @-@ size Canadian field . Baltimore was far and away the most successful of any American CFL team on the field and off , averaging crowds of over 37 @,@ 000 their first year . Knowing that Canadian football was considerably different from the American game , Speros stocked the Stallions mostly with CFL veterans . As coach , he brought in Don Matthews , who had already played in two Grey Cups and won one . The result was a team that eventually finished second in the East with a 12 – 6 record and became the first American team to qualify for the playoffs . They advanced all the way to the Grey Cup . In a thrilling match played in BC Place , the BC Lions defeated the Stallions on a last second field goal . Perhaps most remarkably , they were reported to have turned a profit in their first year after an initial US $ 7 million investment by Speros . The Shreveport Pirates were actually a transplantation of Bernie Glieberman and his organization from Ottawa . The Gliebermans had hinted at moving the Rough Riders to the United States , making them even more unpopular than they already were in Canada 's capital . As part of a settlement with the CFL , Glieberman sold the Rough Riders to Bruce Firestone for CAN $ 1 @.@ 85 million , and in return was granted a US @-@ based expansion team which became the Shreveport Pirates . As part of the deal , Glieberman not only had to pay the expansion fee , but also had to settle his previous Ottawa debts . Team attendance was average but saw a general upward trend : the home finale drew over 32 @,@ 000 fans to 40 @,@ 000 @-@ seat Independence Stadium , the highest for any U.S.-hosted CFL game outside Baltimore . There was a groundswell of local support for the team but also significant difficulties in their first year : stifling weather , cultural clashes , organizational screw @-@ ups , and serious hints of under @-@ capitalization ( during training camp the team was housed in a dorm above a milking barn ) . A woeful record did not help : the team lost their first 14 games en route to a 3 – 15 record and last place in the East . The Gold Miners , after spending much of 1993 adjusting to the Canadian game , rebounded strongly to finish 9 – 8 – 1 in their second season , one point short of the playoffs . They were led again by David Archer at quarterback , who had persisted with the team since its World League days as the Sacramento Surge . However , in what was to become a trend during the CFL expansion , the second Sacramento season saw an attendance decline . At the other end of the spectrum , the Posse were an abject failure both on the field and off . Playing in Sam Boyd Stadium on the outskirts of the city and practicing on an ersatz practice field in the parking lot of the Riviera Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip , the team became infamous for botched gimmicks . Attendance was never good to begin with , but dropped to embarrassing levels as the season went on . With such dreadful gates , the team 's cash flow dwindled to the point that , according to one assistant coach , " we couldn 't even afford paper . " After only 2 @,@ 350 attended an October home game against Winnipeg , owner Nick Mileti announced the team was suspending operations . To avoid shuttering a team mid @-@ season , the league moved the Posse 's final home game to Edmonton . The team was little better on the field either , finishing 5 @-@ 13 — the second @-@ worst record in the league ( behind only the Pirates ) . = = = 1994 – 1995 offseason = = = The Las Vegas situation was one of a bevy of developments that absorbed the league in the 1994 to 1995 offseason . The team was not officially disbanded until April 1995 but not before the league damaged its credibility by twice giving provisional approval to a relocation to Jackson , Mississippi . A group from Miami , Florida tried to convince the league to let it buy the remains of the Posse and move them to South Florida as the Miami Manatees ( CFL ) in the Miami Orange Bowl . An exhibition game between Birmingham and Baltimore was held there in June 1995 to gauge support , which drew a decent crowd just above 20 @,@ 000 . The Gold Miners grew increasingly dissatisfied with Hornet Stadium . Anderson blamed losses of US $ 10 million over two years on the facility . After attempts to have Sacramento State upgrade or replace the facility failed , he announced in October 1994 — with two weeks to go in the season — that the Gold Miners would be playing elsewhere in 1995 . After attempting to move to Oakland , the team eventually moved to the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas ; where they would play as the San Antonio Texans . With the Posse folding , the Gold Miners moving , and the Pirates facing money troubles three of the four CFL expansion teams had stumbled . The league , however , still managed to add two new cities before the 1995 season . The Memphis Mad Dogs were announced in November 1994 , followed by the Birmingham Barracudas in January 1995 . The Memphis deal was hailed as a large step forward for the league 's presence in the US as it brought in the marketing connections of Federal Express and the wealth of its founder Fred Smith . = = = 1995 = = = With the series of new additions , the league abandoned its longstanding East @-@ West divisional format . Instead , the five American teams — Baltimore , Birmingham , Memphis , San Antonio , and Shreveport — would be moved to a new South Division , while the eight Canadian teams moved to a North Division . The top five Canadian teams and top three American teams would qualify for the playoffs ; the lowest @-@ seeded North team would " cross over " to the South playoffs . The league gained its first national American television contract with ESPN2 , which agreed to televise more than 20 regular season games , plus the playoffs . The deal was reportedly worth about $ 1 @.@ 5 million . The CFL would remain on the network until 1997 . The Birmingham Barracudas , owned by insurance tycoon Art Williams , entered the league playing at Legion Field , which could accommodate a Canadian football field with 15 @-@ yard end zones . Led by future Hall of Fame member Matt Dunigan , the Barracudas fell short of the South Division title , but remained competitive throughout the year . Despite selling 2 @,@ 000 season tickets and facing community apathy after numerous attempts at pro football squads had failed in the city , attendance for the first three games exceeded expectations . Williams knew that the ' Cudas potentially faced serious attendance problems once the traditional American football season began , and persuaded the CFL to let them play their late @-@ season home games on Sunday afternoons to avoid competition with high school and Alabama / Auburn football . However , attendance still dropped to unsustainable levels ; none of the final four home games attracted more than 10 @,@ 000 people . Williams claimed to have lost at least US $ 10 million on the season — at least as much as his startup costs — and blamed community apathy for the attendance woes . Memphis had been a prime target for either expansion or relocation . Besides its location near Shreveport and San Antonio , in 1995 Fred Smith 's ownership group , which had narrowly missed out on an NFL team , was awarded a CFL team to begin play as the Memphis Mad Dogs . The Mad Dogs played in the Liberty Bowl , which had to be heavily reconfigured to accommodate the Canadian game . Astroturf sections were added around the grass field to accommodate the required width , while the expansion of the length of the field to 110 yards forced the end zones to become half Astroturf pentagons that averaged seven yards in the corners and fourteen yards behind the uprights . The grandstands stood mere yards from the end line , prompting veteran CFL quarterback Danny McManus to call the end zones " a lawsuit waiting to happen " . Even with the compromises made , it was later discovered that the Liberty Bowl grounds crew had marked 33 inch yards . Like Williams , Smith knew the Mad Dogs would face an uphill battle attracting fans once the traditional American football season started . He persuaded the CFL to let them play their late @-@ season home games on Sundays to avoid competing against high school and Tennessee / Ole Miss football . It was to no avail ; late in the season the Mad Dogs struggled to attract more than 10 @,@ 000 people . Like Williams , Smith publicly blamed community apathy and media hostility for the lackluster attendance . The team went 9 – 9 in their only year . In Shreveport , meanwhile , the Pirates saw marginal improvement on the field and continued woes off it . Notable NFL quarterback Billy Joe Tolliver was signed and put up decent numbers despite a 5 – 13 record . As elsewhere , the team saw a second season attendance decline . With the season winding down , the city had clearly soured on the Gliebermans . They became embroiled in legal difficulties and , in one particularly absurd incident , Bernie Glieberman had his lawyer attempt ( unsuccessfully ) to abscond with a half @-@ million dollar Tucker automobile that Glieberman had donated to a local museum . Freshly relocated from Sacramento , the San Antonio Texans finally found success on the field in 1995 playing in the brand new ( and CFL regulation sized ) Alamodome . The team continued to be bankrolled by the enthusiastic Fred Anderson . Archer , entering his fifth year as Anderson 's quarterback , led the second best offence in the league ; he nevertheless suffered an injury late in the season , prompting the team to hire 45 @-@ year @-@ old Joe Ferguson ( whom Stephenson had coached as a member of the Buffalo Bills ) out of retirement to serve as a backup . They finished 12 – 6 and finally made the playoffs . In the first round they trounced Birmingham , 51 – 9 , before falling to the Baltimore Stallions , 21 – 11 , in the South Division final . Team attendance was around the same level Anderson had previously seen in Sacramento . The Baltimore franchise finally received a permanent name , the " Baltimore Stallions " . Led by Tracy Ham and Mike Pringle , the Stallions started 2 – 3 , but then steamrolled through the rest of the season , winning 13 games in a row to finish first in the South Division . They knocked off Winnipeg and then San Antonio in the South Division final . They faced the Calgary Stampeders in the 1995 Grey Cup in Regina , Saskatchewan and won convincingly , 37 – 20 . The first and only American team to take the championship , the 1995 Stallions team has since acquired a reputation as one of the CFL 's best ever . At the time , their .756 winning percentage over their first two seasons was the best start for an expansion team in North American professional sports history . While the Stallions experienced a successful year on the field , and finished second to Edmonton in average attendance , the city 's excitement of 1994 died down . Attendance declined , with season ticket sales dropping to around 17 @,@ 000 . Later reports suggested that attendance numbers had been inflated by giveaways and the team projected some losses in 1995 . Despite these difficulties , the Stallions remained the model that lent expansion credibility ; other American owners looked to Baltimore in deciding on the future of their own teams . = = = End of U.S. experiment = = = = = = = League troubles = = = = Despite some positive initial attendance numbers , after three years it was clear that general American fan interest in Canadian football was sparse . Canadian differences , such as three downs and the wider field had not been embraced south of the border . While the league had a small deal with ESPN2 , a major television contract had not materialized . There was no widespread national promotional effort for the league , and the general preference to avoid competing with the NFL in major markets hurt the league 's efforts to reach out to major media platforms . The July to November CFL season , designed to ensure the playoffs finish before Canada 's harsh winters set in , forced the American teams to play the first half of the season in oppressive heat and the second half in competition with high school , college football , and the NFL . Tension had also arisen between the American owners and the Canadian teams . As early as the 1994 Grey Cup , the American owners , led by Speros in Baltimore , were calling for numerous changes to accommodate the American teams and their potential fans . The American owners proposed that the end zones to be reduced 15 yards in length , that the Grey Cup be played earlier in the year , that player quotas be removed for all teams , and that a name change be considered . By 1995 , Mad Dogs coach Pepper Rodgers was openly disparaging Canadian rules and even Canadian teams . Officials of the new American teams found that the Canadian clubs were hesitant to accommodate the new American audience . The Canadian owners refused to make any major changes to the rules , the schedule , or the name of the league ; the only accommodation for American teams was to allow smaller field sizes in American stadiums that could not fit a regulation CFL field . Debates over rules and schedules might have been solvable had the league achieved economic stability but losses amongst American teams were drastic and widespread . In 1995 alone , Fred Anderson estimated that the U.S. teams had collectively lost more than US $ 20 million . The Baltimore Sun provides a similar estimate of US $ 21 million . The $ 10 million estimated loss in Birmingham was the most substantial , followed by US $ 4 to $ 6 million estimated for Anderson 's Texans . Memphis and Shreveport losses were estimated at about US $ 3 million apiece . The Baltimore losses were comparatively modest at US $ 1 to $ 1 @.@ 5 million , but stung the league given the prestige of the franchise . Canadian teams were facing their own troubles , particularly with attendance . The eight Canadian teams were down to an average of 22 @,@ 740 in 1994 , a drop of 3 @,@ 000 from the previous year . It marked the beginning of an historic trough in Canadian CFL attendance that would last for most of the 1990s . A massive season ticket drive was undertaken prior to 1995 . Smith told the Rough Riders and Tiger @-@ Cats that unless they sold more tickets , they would be forced to either fold or move . In Calgary , Ryckman suggested he 'd move to the United States unless fans stepped up with 16 @,@ 000 season tickets . While season ticket goals were met , the overall increase in attendance was modest in 1995 to 24 @,@ 406 and would be wiped out the next year . = = = = End game = = = = With these troubles fresh , it was actually a move from the NFL that precipitated the end of the expansion experiment . On November 6 , 1995 — the week of the South Division Final — the NFL 's Cleveland Browns announced they were moving to Baltimore for the following season . A day after the game , the American owners called Smith and requested a meeting in Toronto ; in Smith 's words they told him , " we 'll pay our bills but we 're done . " With the Browns ' announcement , local support for the Stallions dried up almost overnight . Speros quickly realized that as successful as the Stallions had been , they could not even begin to compete with an NFL team ; years later , he said that the Stallions would have effectively been " minor league " had they stayed in Baltimore . He began talks with Richmond , Norfolk , the Lehigh Valley , and , most seriously , Houston , which was about to lose the NFL Oilers . At one point , Speros was prepared to move to Houston and play in the Astrodome . He also intended to take on then @-@ Houston Astros owner Drayton McLane as a minority partner . Williams had decided to get out even before Baltimore 's fate was announced ; a day after being eliminated from the playoffs ( and a day before the Browns announced they were leaving Cleveland ) , he announced that the Barracudas would not be playing in Birmingham in 1996 , if they returned at all . Earlier , he had stated that he was not willing to play another season in Birmingham unless the league moved to a spring schedule ; he felt it would be folly to risk another season going head @-@ to @-@ head with Alabama and Auburn . The end came swiftly in the months after the Grey Cup . By the time of a December 1 CFL Board of Governors meeting , the Mad Dogs had already folded and the Barracudas were on the brink . The Pirates held out a little longer and flirted with a relocation to Norfolk , but local officials broke off talks after they learned that Glieberman was still facing legal disputes in Shreveport . The Barracudas resurfaced in the news in January 1996 when Williams sold them for $ 750 @,@ 000 to a group that planned to move them to Shreveport as a replacement for the Pirates . However , that deal was contingent upon the league approving the sale and relocation , which never happened . Smith had given the American teams until the end of January 1996 to decide whether they would return for the 1996 season . By then , sources were stating that four of the five American teams had " either folded , have no stadiums to play in or will not be permitted to be part of the CFL in 1996 " . Only the Stallions appeared to be able to take the field in some form for the 1996 season . Of the American owners , Anderson was the most amendable to retaining an American @-@ based team in 1996 . While he initially stated that the league needed at least three other American teams for the Texans to be viable , he was willing to bring the Texans back for 1996 if the Stallions moved to Houston , ensuring two American teams . He estimated that if there was even one other American team in the league , he could withstand annual losses of US $ 2 million indefinitely . However , that scenario looked less and less likely , as Speros — under prodding from Smith — had begun serious discussions with officials in Montreal . Against this backdrop , a second round of league meetings was held on February 2 , where the Texans , Barracudas , Mad Dogs and Pirates were formally shuttered . Speros requested permission to move to Montreal , which was granted . He subsequently reconstituted his organisation as the third incarnation of the Alouettes . With these moves the CFL 's American expansion was brought to a close . = = = Aftermath = = = The entire league was once again based in Canada for the 1996 CFL season , with Larry Smith describing the move as a " retrenchment " . This did not stem the troubles the teams were facing . With no expansion fee revenue to buoy them , eight of the nine Canadian teams would lose money in 1996 . The Rough Riders disbanded at the end of the season and the Stampeders declared bankruptcy after Ryckman was fined $ 250 @,@ 000 for stock manipulation by the Alberta Securities Commission . After the indictment of McNall , Ryckman was the second major architect of expansion to run afoul of the law . Other legal troubles were left over in wake of the expansion collapse . Louisiana courts eventually ordered the Gliebermans to repay Shreveport US $ 1 million with interest ; the dispute centered over whether the city had agreed to share losses or simply lent money to the ownership group . Art Williams , enraged after discovering some American owners had received discounts and extended payment periods on their franchise fees , threatened litigation and at first refused to honour the balance of Matt Dunigan 's sizable contract before the matter was dragged through court . The expansion fees themselves were a significant legacy of the expansion effort . Smith claims US $ 14 to $ 15 million was brought in and that it saved the league . A more modest assessment suggests expansion saved the Stampeders and Tiger @-@ Cats at the very least — both teams were undeniably in distress during the era — and that the other Canadian teams bought time . The post @-@ expansion financial crisis would eventually elicit a response from the NFL . By the end of 1996 , speculation was rampant that if the NFL placed a franchise in Toronto , it would mean the end of the CFL . Instead , in exchange for a new player agreement between the leagues , the NFL provided the CFL franchises with marketing assistance and a $ 3 million loan in 1997 . In 1999 , World Wrestling Federation chairman Vince McMahon was offered the chance to buy the Argonauts , and countered with a proposal to buy the entire league and " have it migrate south " , which the owners refused . McMahon would instead partner with NBC to create the XFL , which would place teams in Birmingham , Las Vegas , and Memphis at the same stadiums as their respective CFL franchises previously played . The XFL failed after one year . The CFL re @-@ gained relative stability in the 2000s , mostly thanks to enforcement of a salary cap , stricter standards of ownership , and increasingly lucrative television contracts negotiated with Canadian networks . The league has remained solely focused on its Canadian operations , with expansion efforts focused on returning a stable team to Ottawa ( the Renegades in 2002 and the Redblacks in 2014 ) and one @-@ off games such as Touchdown Atlantic and Northern Kickoff in more distant Canadian markets . Further U.S. expansion has been occasionally proposed but has not been formally explored ; the spectre of American CFL games has mainly been used as a device for satire and April Fool 's Day jokes . The establishment of the Montreal Alouettes remains as the major legacy of the American experiment . After the 1996 team faced a lukewarm reception , Speros would sell the Alouettes to Robert Wetenhall , with Smith resigning as commissioner to become President of the team . Wetenhall 's patient ownership , and a move to a smaller outdoor stadium called Percival Molson Memorial Stadium , slowly returned the team to stability and steered it to three Grey Cups . The Stallions ' general manager , Jim Popp , followed the team to Montreal . Longtime Alouettes starting quarterback Anthony Calvillo was the last remaining active player that played for an American CFL team ( Las Vegas ) upon his retirement after the 2013 season . = = = List of American CFL teams = = = = = = = Teams that played = = = = = = = = Proposed teams that did not play = = = = = = Post @-@ expansion American media = = For five years after the expansion era contract with ESPN ended in 1997 , the CFL was absent on American television . At the end of 2001 the league began a relationship with America One that would last until 2009 . Coverage was relatively generous with 43 games , including the playoffs , covered in the last year . A more modest deal of 14 games was negotiated with the NFL Network in 2010 , which lasted two years . The 2012 season began without a contract and the league resorted to internet broadcasts on ESPN3 until NBC Sports Network agreed to a 14 @-@ game regular season package of its own ; unlike the NFL network , NBC opted to broadcast games during the NFL preseason as well as cover the playoffs and Grey Cup . Both the NBC and ESPN deals were renewed in 2013 with a slight scaling back of playoff coverage and ESPN2 also picking up a handful of games in the summer months . American broadcasts have been simulcasts of game coverage from Canadian networks . = Slender smooth @-@ hound = The slender smooth @-@ hound or gollumshark ( Gollum attenuatus ) is a species of ground shark in the family Pseudotriakidae . It is endemic to the waters around New Zealand , where it is usually found close to the bottom over the continental slope at depths of 300 – 600 m ( 980 – 1 @,@ 970 ft ) . An extremely slim , plain brownish shark reaching 1 @.@ 1 m ( 3 @.@ 6 ft ) in length , the slender smooth @-@ hound can be identified by its broad , flattened head with a long , distinctively bell @-@ shaped snout . Its mouth is angular with short furrows at the corners , and contains a very high number of tooth rows in both jaws . Its two dorsal fins are roughly equal in size . The diet of the slender smooth @-@ hound is diverse , but dominated by small , benthic bony fishes and decapod crustaceans . It exhibits a specialized form of aplacental viviparity with oophagy : the females produce a single capsule in each uterus that contains 30 – 80 ova , of which one ovum develops into an embryo that consumes the rest of the ova and stores the yolk material in its external yolk sac . The growing embryo is mainly sustained by this yolk sac during gestation , though it may be additionally supplied with histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . The typical litter size is two pups , one per uterus . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the slender smooth @-@ hound as Least Concern ; it is taken as fishery bycatch but not in great numbers , and furthermore large portions of its range see minimal fishing activity . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The first known specimen of the slender smooth @-@ hound was a 93 cm ( 37 in ) long adult male collected by the trawler Maimai in December 1953 , at a depth of 220 m ( 720 ft ) off Cape Palliser on New Zealand 's North Island . It was preserved by the crew as a curiosity and given to ichthyologist Jack Garrick , who described it in a 1954 issue of the scientific journal Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand . Garrick named the species Triakis attenuata , in reference to its extremely slender ( " attenuate " ) body . In 1973 , Leonard Compagno proposed a separate genus for the slender smooth @-@ hound : Gollum , after the character in J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings , " to whom this shark bears some resemblance in form and habits . " He placed Gollum with the finback catsharks ( Proscylliidae ) , but also noted its many anatomical similarities to the false catshark ( Pseudotriakis microdon ) . At the time , Compagno chose to maintain Pseudotriakis as the sole member of the family Pseudotriakidae because of its numerous unique traits . More recently , he and other taxonomists have increasingly tended to group Gollum and Pseudotriakis together in the family Pseudotriakidae . This arrangement was corroborated by a 2006 phylogenetic study by Juan Andrés López and colleagues , which found that the two genera have a high degree of genetic similarity across four protein @-@ coding genes and form a natural clade apart from Proscyllium . An additional species of Gollum has now been described , and there is at least one additional species yet to be described . = = Distribution and habitat = = The range of the slender smooth @-@ hound is restricted to the upper and middle continental slope around New Zealand , including submarine features to the north such as the Three Kings Ridge , the Challenger Plateau , and the Wanganella Bank . This uncommon species is mainly found between 300 and 600 m ( 980 and 1 @,@ 970 ft ) deep , but has been recorded from 129 to 724 m ( 423 to 2 @,@ 375 ft ) deep . It prefers a temperature of around 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) and a salinity of approximately 34 @.@ 8 ‰ . Generally swimming near the sea floor , this shark inhabits both soft and rocky @-@ bottomed habitats in terrain ranging from plateaus to steep slopes . = = Description = = The slender smooth @-@ hound has a very thin body and a broad , highly flattened head . The snout is long , with a distinctive bell @-@ shaped outline when viewed from above . The eyes have an elongate horizontal oval shape , and are equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) . Beneath each eye is a prominent ridge , and behind is a much smaller spiracle . The nostrils are preceded by small , almost triangular flaps of skin . The line of the mouth forms an angle ; there are very short furrows at the mouth corners . The upper and lower jaws contain 96 – 99 and 108 – 114 rows respectively of small , very closely spaced teeth ; each tooth has a narrow upright central cusp flanked by smaller cusplets on both sides . The five pairs of gill slits are short . The pectoral fins originate below the fourth gill slit and have gently curved margins . The pelvic fins are small and angular ; the males have pointed claspers . The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape , with narrowly rounded apexes and concave trailing margins . The first dorsal fin originates over rear of the pectoral fins , while the second dorsal fin originates between the pelvic and anal fins . A midline ridge is present between the dorsal fins . The anal fin is less than half as high as the first dorsal fin , and has a nearly straight trailing margin . The short and narrow caudal fin makes up about one @-@ sixth of the total length ; the lower caudal fin lobe is indistinct , while the upper lobe has a strong ventral notch near the tip . The skin is densely covered by small , overlapping dermal denticles . The crown of each denticle is mounted on a short stalk and bears three horizontal ridges leading to marginal blade @-@ like teeth , with the central tooth particularly long . This species is plain brownish @-@ gray above and lighter below . It grows up to 1 @.@ 1 m ( 3 @.@ 6 ft ) long and 4 kg ( 8 @.@ 8 lb ) in weight , with females reaching a slightly larger size than males . = = Biology and ecology = = The slender smooth @-@ hound is likely a schooling species . It preys on a variety of benthic fishes and invertebrates , and also scavenges ; human garbage has been reported among its stomach contents . Small bony fishes , lanternfishes in particular , are the most important prey type , followed by decapod crustaceans . Cephalopods , gastropods , isopods , brittle stars , dogfish sharks , and cartilaginous fish egg capsules may also be consumed . On the Challenger Plateau , cephalopods are an important food source for juveniles under 50 cm ( 20 in ) long . Like the false catshark , the slender smooth @-@ hound exhibits aplacental viviparity with oophagy , in a form different from that in the mackerel sharks . Mature females have a single functional ovary , on the right side , and two functional uteruses . Only one embryo develops within each uterus at a time , resulting in litters of two ( rarely one ) pups . The uterus inner surface is covered by villi . Within a uterus , 30 – 80 ova 4 – 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 31 in ) across are packed into a single rigid , amber @-@ colored capsule ; of these , only one ovum is fertilized and develops into an embryo , while the remaining ova begin to break down . The embryo consumes these other ova and transfers the yolk material into its external yolk sac , which serves as its main source of nourishment during gestation ; this oophagous process is completed by an embryonic length of 10 – 39 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 1 @.@ 54 in ) . The embryo may also receive secondary nutrition in the form of histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . When the embryo is 29 – 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) long , it emerges from the capsule , which by that time has become translucent and gelatinous . Embryos 4 – 25 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 9 @.@ 8 in ) long have well @-@ developed external gill filaments . The external yolk sac is entirely absorbed when the embryo is 34 – 42 cm ( 13 – 17 in ) long and close to being born . Males and females reach sexual maturity at approximately 70 cm ( 28 in ) long . = = Human interactions = = Harmless to humans and of no economic value , the slender smooth @-@ hound is occasionally caught incidentally in bottom trawls and on bottom longlines . Much of its northern range lies in little @-@ fished waters , and thus the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it under Least Concern . However , this shark 's very low fecundity would render it susceptible to population depletion should fishing pressure increase in the future . = Attack on Camp Holloway = The attack on Camp Holloway occurred during the early hours of 7 February 1965 , in the early stages of the Vietnam War . Camp Holloway was a helicopter facility constructed by the United States Army near Pleiku in 1962 , to support the operations of Free World Military Forces in the Central Highlands of Vietnam . In August 1964 , the United States Navy reported they were attacked by torpedo boats of the North Vietnamese Navy in what became known as the Tonkin Gulf Incident . In response to the perceived aggression of Communist forces in Southeast Asia , the United States Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which enabled U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson to deploy conventional military forces in the region to prevent further attacks by the North Vietnamese . Immediately after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed , Johnson ordered the bombing of North Vietnamese Navy bases in retaliation for the reported attacks on U.S. Navy warships between 2 and 4 August 1964 . However , the Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam were not deterred by the threat of U.S. retaliation . Throughout 1964 , the Viet Cong launched several attacks on U.S. military facilities in South Vietnam but Johnson did not start further retaliations against North Vietnam , as he tried to avoid upsetting U.S. public opinion during the 1964 United States Presidential Election . The Soviet Union , on the other hand , were experiencing political changes of their own as Nikita Khrushchev were removed from power . As leader of the Soviet Union , Khrushchev had begun the process of disengagement from Vietnam by reducing economic and military aid to North Vietnam . However , in the aftermath of Khrushchev 's downfall , the Soviet government had to redefine their role in Southeast Asia , particularly in Vietnam , to compete with the growing influence of the People 's Republic of China . In February 1965 Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin travelled to Hanoi to rebuild Soviet ties with North Vietnam , and the formation of a military alliance was on the agenda . Coincidentally , senior security adviser to the U.S. President McGeorge Bundy was also in Saigon to report on the political chaos in South Vietnam . In the shadow of those events , the Viet Cong 409th Battalion staged an attack on Camp Holloway on 7 February 1965 . This time , with his victory in the 1964 presidential election secured , Johnson decided to launch Operation Flaming Dart which entailed strikes on North Vietnamese military targets . However , with Kosygin still in Hanoi during the U.S bombing , the Soviet government decided to step up their military aid to North Vietnam , thereby signalling a major reversal of Khrushchev 's policy in Vietnam . = = Background = = On 2 August 1964 , while operating off the North Vietnamese coast in the Gulf of Tonkin , the USS Maddox was engaged by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats . In the ensuing battle , a North Vietnamese torpedo boat was reported to be heavily damaged by U.S. fire , while the remaining North Vietnamese vessels were chased off by aircraft from the USS Ticonderoga . On 4 August 1964 , the United States Navy claimed that a second attack occurred when North Vietnamese Navy vessels fired torpedoes at the USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy . In response to the second " unprovoked attack " on U.S. warships , on 7 August 1964 the United States Congress unanimously passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which gave President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to deploy conventional U.S. military forces in Southeast Asia to " prevent further aggression " from North Vietnamese forces , without the formal declaration of war by the Congress . Even though Johnson had been given a mandate to take military action against North Vietnam and their Viet Cong allies in South Vietnam , he hesitated to take further steps to retaliate against North Vietnam . Towards the end of 1964 , Johnson was in the midst of a presidential election and he did not want the U.S. public to believe that he was leading their country into war . Therefore , Johnson decided to wait until after the election , when his presidency was assured , that he would decide on other military moves . Meanwhile , the political situation in South Vietnam continued to worsen ; in August 1964 , South Vietnamese General Lan Van Phat tried to overthrow General Nguyễn Khánh , but the coup was aborted and Phat handed power to Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ , and Generals Nguyễn Chánh Thi and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu . However , on 20 December 1964 , Khánh formed a new military junta with Kỳ and Thi and the civilian @-@ led High National Council was subsequently dissolved . Thus , the South Vietnamese Government was once again plunged into chaos . In Moscow , between November and December 1964 , at two sessions of the Presidium of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee , Soviet leaders discussed the topic of Soviet military aid to North Vietnam . Although details of the discussions were not made public , the first indication of Soviet strategy in Vietnam came on 24 December 1964 , when the Soviet government invited the North Vietnamese @-@ backed National Liberation Front to open a permanent mission in Moscow . Then on 4 February 1965 McGeorge Bundy , national security adviser to President Johnson , arrived in Saigon to meet with the then U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam , General Maxwell Taylor , to discuss the political situation in the country . Two days later on 6 February 1965 , Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin arrived in Hanoi for a historic visit to North Vietnam , included in his entourage was a team of Soviet missile experts . = = Attack = = Early in 1965 , as American and Soviet leaders were cementing their strategy in Vietnam , the Viet Cong 409th Battalion was ordered to begin their part of the Communist spring offensive by attacking the U.S. airfield at Camp Holloway near Pleiku in Gia Lai Province and the South Vietnamese Army base at Gia Huu in Bình Định Province . Camp Holloway , which is about 4 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) east of Pleiku , was opened by the U.S. Army 's 81st Transportation Company in August 1962 , and the camp was subsequently named for Chief Warrant Officer Charles E. Holloway , who was killed in action in December 1962 . Towards the end of 1964 , about 400 members of the U.S. Army 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion — under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John C. Hughes — was deployed to Camp Holloway with the purpose of supporting South Vietnamese and other Free World Military Forces in the regions of I Corps and II Corps Tactical Zones . Nguyen Thanh Tam , commander of the Viet Cong 409th Battalion , ordered his 30th Company to leave their base area and marched into the Central Highlands , to reconnoitre and attack the U.S. airfield at Camp Holloway and the U.S. advisory compound of Military Assistance Command , Vietnam II Corps . In February 1965 , Camp Holloway 's outer perimeter was protected by a South Vietnamese security contingent which included one Ranger battalion , five Regional Force companies and one armored squadron . However , in their reconnaissance of Camp Holloway , the Viet Cong found the security barrier which surrounded the U.S. advisory compound was the real challenge , as it was protected by several layers of concertina wire fences which measured about 10 meters ( 33 ft ) high . To overcome the U.S. defenses at Camp Holloway , Tam organized the 30th Company into two sections . The first section , under Tam 's direct command , was to destroy U.S. aircraft on the airfield , and establish a route of retreat for the attack force . The second section , led by Nguyen Trong Dai , was ordered to attack the U.S. advisory compound and the facilities where U.S. pilots and technicians were housed . The 30th Company was issued with four mortars and 70 mortar shells for their attack on Camp Holloway , and were reinforced by one combat engineer platoon , a special operations platoon and a local force company of Gia Lai Province . Viet Cong combat engineers were required to break through the wire fences which protected the U.S. facility at Camp Holloway , and protect the attack forces ’ route of retreat using land mines . Meanwhile , the Gia Lai local force company had to set up ambush positions around the U.S. facility , to stop possible reinforcements . At around 11 : 00pm on 6 February 1965 , about 300 Viet Cong soldiers of the 30th Company assembled at their positions outside Camp Holloway , where they began breaking through the wire fences . However , the Viet Cong 's mission nearly turned into a disaster when their combat engineers accidentally tripped an electrical wire after breaking through the third fence barrier , but the U.S. Military Police patrolling the area did not detect it . At 1 : 50am on 7 February 1965 , the Viet Cong attackers opened fire with their AK @-@ 47 rifles , having successfully penetrated Camp Holloway . Shortly afterwards , the Viet Cong mortared the airfield and the U.S. advisory compound , while the sections of the 30th Company attacked their respective targets with small arms fire . About five minutes later , the Viet Cong began retreating from the facility . Later that morning the Viet Cong claimed victory , having caused the death of eight U.S. soldiers , and another 126 wounded . In addition , ten aircraft were destroyed and 15 more were damaged . = = Aftermath = = When news of the attack on Camp Holloway reached Saigon on the morning of 7 February 1965 , General William Westmoreland , McGeorge Bundy and Ambassador Maxwell Taylor , flew out to Pleiku to survey the damage . Bundy then called President Johnson to put forward the MACV 's request for retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam . In response to Bundy 's request , Johnson hastily convened a session of the National Security Council , which involved the speaker of the House of Representatives and the Senate majority leader , to discuss the need for reprisal against the Communists in Vietnam . That afternoon , General Nguyễn Khánh arrived in Pleiku to meet with Westmoreland and Bundy , and they both informed him that recommendations for air strikes against North Vietnam had been made to the President of the United States . Just 12 hours after the attack , Johnson started Operation Flaming Dart to bomb selected North Vietnamese targets . Accordingly , 49 U.S. fighter @-@ bombers took off from the USS Coral Sea and the USS Hancock to attack North Vietnamese barracks in Đồng Hới , just north of the 17th Parallel . When informed of the strikes , Khánh reportedly opened a bottle of champagne to celebrate the occasion because it served to bolster the morale of the South Vietnamese military , and showed that the U.S. was now more determined to fight North Vietnam . The Viet Cong , however , were not deterred by those air strikes , as they launched another attack on a U.S. installation in Quy Nhon on 10 February 1965 , which caused the death of a further 23 U.S. military personnel . In response , a combined force of about 160 U.S. and South Vietnamese fighter @-@ bombers launched a larger attack against the North Vietnamese , targeting Chap Le and Chanh Hoa , also located just north of the 17th Parallel . The U.S. bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965 had a decisive impact on the Soviet Union 's strategy in Vietnam . Since Ho Chi Minh and his Communist Party won control of North Vietnam in 1954 , Ho 's government had not always enjoyed cordial relations with their Soviet allies . For example , in 1957 the Soviet government proposed that both North and South Vietnam be given a seat in the United Nations , a move which would have undermined the North 's claim as the sole legitimate government of the whole country . Then in February 1964 , North Vietnam joined the People 's Republic of China in refusing to sign the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , which was an insult to the policy of co @-@ existence adopted by the then Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . By that time , however , Khrushchev had already begun the process of disengagement from Vietnam because of the growing conflict in the region was becoming more expensive for the Soviet Union , with North Vietnam relying more on it for large amounts of economic and military aid . The rift between Khrushchev 's Soviet government and North Vietnam was clearly obvious in August 1964 , when the Soviet Union responded in a relatively muted fashion after the U.S. conducted air strikes against North Vietnamese Navy bases in retaliation for the Tonkin Gulf incident . Despite the Soviets ’ lack of response , the North Vietnamese leadership restrained itself from criticizing the Soviet government , as they were still hoping that Khrushchev would supply North Vietnam with the anti @-@ aircraft weapons required to defend against further U.S. air attacks . However , the event which occurred in Moscow in October 1964 worked in North Vietnam 's favor , as Khrushchev was removed from power . Keen to counteract Chinese influence in the region , a new Soviet government led by Alexei Kosygin sought to end a defense pact with North Vietnam . During Kosygin 's stay in Hanoi , North Vietnam was subjected to U.S. air strikes which infuriated the Soviet government . Consequently , on 10 February 1965 , Kosygin and his North Vietnamese counterpart , Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng , issued a joint communique which highlighted the Soviet resolve to strengthen North Vietnam 's defensive potential by giving it all " necessary aid and support " . Then in April 1965 , while on a visit to Moscow , General Secretary of the Vietnamese Communist Party Lê Duẩn signed a missile agreement with the Soviet Union , which gave the North Vietnamese military what they needed to resist Operation Rolling Thunder . = The Father , the Son , and the Holy Fonz = " The Father , the Son , and the Holy Fonz " is the 18th episode of the fourth season of Family Guy . The episode follows Peter 's decision to find a new religion for himself . After several failed attempts , he chooses the one man who has always been there for him , Fonzie , and starts the First United Church of the Fonz . The episode was written by Danny Smith and directed by James Purdum . It received mostly positive reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 8 @.@ 26 million homes in its original airing in the United States . The episode featured guest performances by Paula Abdul , Tom Bosley , Gary Cole , Charles Durning , Sherman Hemsley , Phil LaMarr , Sherry Romito , Marion Ross , Amir Talai , Fred Tatasciore , Sarah Utterback and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . = = Plot = = Peter 's devout Catholic father , Francis , visits Quahog . Upon arrival , he insists that Stewie be baptized as a Catholic . After visiting a church with Peter and Stewie , Francis is informed that the holy water is tainted and he will have to wait . Francis is in disbelief , and baptizes Stewie himself . Stewie soon becomes unwell and is informed that he must be quarantined and kept in a germ @-@ free environment by a doctor for the time being until his immune system 's strength recovers at the end of the episode . Then Lois discovers that Francis coaxed Peter into having Stewie baptized without her knowledge , and tells Peter to choose his own religious beliefs and not allow himself to be a slave to his father 's religion . Peter initially converts to Mormonism , but then discovers that Mormons cannot drink alcohol ; he then tries Jehovah 's Witnesses and attempts door @-@ to @-@ door preaching . He finds someone who is actually interested in hearing what he has to say ; however , he fails to teach them anything about the religion . As a final attempt , Peter tries Hinduism ; when he tackles the Hindu leader to the floor , believing the red dot on his head to be a laser spot from a sniper rifle , he is dismissed from the meeting . Unable to find a religion suited to him , Peter decides to create his own religion , based on Happy Days , calling his newly founded church the " First United Church of the Fonz " . To the Griffins ' ( mainly Lois ' ) surprise , many people turn up for the first worship service , much to the annoyance of Brian , who dislikes the idea that Peter is a religious leader ( likely due to Brian being an atheist ) . In order to stop Peter from continuing his new religion , Brian joins forces with Francis to find a way to deter people from worshiping the Fonz . Three representatives from other religions show up to the services of the Church of the Fonz . The first informs people that he has formed the Church of George Jefferson ( from All in the Family ) and a good portion of the congregation leaves with him . The second claims to have created the Church of Captain Stubing ( from The Love Boat ) and another chunk of the congregation leaves with him . The third person is Kirk Cameron and Peter assumes that Cameron is there to announce the formation of the Church of Mike Seaver ( Cameron 's character on Growing Pains ) , but Cameron lets him know that he 's only here to convert people back to Christianity and the remainder of the congregation leaves with him . Back at home , Lois comforts Peter , who is upset at the failure of his Church , by telling him that if his church embraced the Fonz 's values of friendship , it is worthwhile , but Peter highly doubts it and Peter converts back to Christianity , however the scene shifts & Francis is shown looking at a picture of the Fonz , puts it down on a table , gets on his knees as if to pray , and claps to the beat of " Rock Around the Clock " as the episode ends . = = Production = = Episode writer and executive show producer Danny Smith has written all Family Guy episodes to date to feature Francis ; the first was " Holy Crap " . After Francis puts up the Christian cross on the Griffins ' dining table , Stewie 's line , " Yeah , nothing says ' eat up ' like a bleeding , half @-@ naked Jew nailed to a piece of wood , " was censored from the FOX and syndicated airings , but retained on the Cartoon Network , TBS , and DVD versions . On Adult Swim , this episode was rated TV @-@ MA due to its religiously blasphemous content , but on TBS and all other Adult Swim airings , the episode is rated TV @-@ 14 for suggestive dialogue ( D ) and offensive language ( L ) . A sequence shows Peter saying , " I 'm sorry , but if another person says taint today , I am going to bust a nut " , after the doctor informs him	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
NY 326 , which is also a four lane divided highway for a short stretch . In downtown Auburn , US 20 and NY 5 's east and west lanes split apart from each other for a short distance as an arterial over the alignments of Clark Street , Franklin Street , and Grant Avenue . The arterial runs concurrent with NY 38 for 0 @.@ 2 miles ( 0 @.@ 3 km ) . NY 38 then splits from the concurrency and joins NY 34 . A quarter @-@ mile to the east , US 20 separates from NY 5 at the northern terminus of NY 38A . NY 5 continues on after the split as the four @-@ lane Grant Avenue passing by a high number of shopping areas . = = = Auburn to Syracuse = = = From NY 174 in Camillus to Fairmount , NY 5 is a 5 @-@ mile ( 8 km ) limited @-@ access highway traversing the western suburbs of Syracuse . At one time , the highway was to be extended to West Street in Syracuse , via the current Grand Avenue . The freeway has partial access to NY 173 from westbound NY 5 . East of NY 173 , the freeway connects to NY 695 at a directional T interchange and passes over NY 297 without access . East of Fairmount , NY 5 alters to the south before turning east onto West Genesee Street and converting to grade @-@ level intersections . In Syracuse , NY 5 is parallel to I @-@ 690 for much of its routing but never encounters the highway , thus making the north – south streets that intersect NY 5 entry points to and from I @-@ 690 . In downtown Syracuse , West Genesee Street becomes James Street . At the southern tip of the interchange between I @-@ 690 and I @-@ 81 , NY 5 transfers onto Erie Boulevard and intersects State Street ( US 11 ) , but passes under I @-@ 81 without access . From the downtown area to DeWitt , NY 5 is divided . At the Syracuse – DeWitt boundary , NY 5 intersects NY 635 and eastward , it curves to a southeast course . Near Shoppingtown Mall , NY 5 turns east onto Genesee Street to begin an overlap with NY 92 . Less than a mile east of the mall , NY 5 and NY 92 intersect I @-@ 481 at a cloverleaf interchange . = = = Syracuse to Utica = = = NY 5 and NY 92 remain concurrent up to Highbridge Road , where NY 92 splits from NY 5 and heads southeast to Manlius . The segment of the overlap with NY 92 between I @-@ 481 and the eastern split is the busiest area of NY 5 in the Syracuse area and in all of Onondaga County . Past the split , NY 5 continues east through Onondaga and Madison counties , passing Fayetteville , Chittenango , and Canastota before entering the vicinity of Oneida . West of the city , NY 5 intersects NY 365A , a spur route of NY 365 leading directly into downtown . To the east , NY 5 ( which forms the southern boundary of the city ) meets NY 46 before crossing over Oneida Creek and into Oneida County . Just past the county line in Oneida Castle , NY 5 intersects NY 365 , a route leading northward to the New York State Thruway in Verona . NY 5 presses on , passing through the city of Sherrill and the village of Vernon ( briefly overlapping NY 31 ) and the town of Westmoreland to the town of Kirkland , where NY 5 intersects NY 233 , crosses over Oriskany Creek , and meets the western terminus of NY 5B . The spur of NY 5 later rejoins its parent yards from where NY 5A departs NY 5 to serve western Utica . NY 5 itself continues eastward through New Hartford , meeting NY 12B prior to merging with NY 12 at Genesee Street . Both routes continue eastward across the Sauquoit Creek into Utica . = = = Utica to Albany = = = NY 5 enters the city of Utica on a concurrency with NY 12 heading in a northeast direction . It shortly picks up NY 8 , and all three cross the city together . NY 5 also intersects with the terminus of NY 840 at this point . Just south of the New York State Thruway , I @-@ 790 begins as a short expressway , also including NY 5 , NY 8 , and NY 12 . After crossing out of the city , they meet the Thruway , with NY 8 and 12 continuing northeast , while I @-@ 790 and NY 5 turn to the east @-@ south @-@ east , picking up the tail @-@ end of NY 49 . These three , still as an expressway , straddle each side of the Thruway for a short way , with I @-@ 790 technically ending at the ramps for I @-@ 90 . NY 5 continues to the end of the expressway , only a few hundred feet later , dropping to Leland Avenue . A few hundred feet to the north of the Thruway , NY 5 turns eastward again to continue down Herkimer Road . It closely parallels the Thruway all the way to Herkimer , where NY 5 moves slightly northward through the center of the village , becoming State Street , while I @-@ 90 crosses the Erie Canal and goes south for a short distance . There is a short concurrency with NY 28 in the village . After exiting Herkimer , NY 5 continues east , closely paralleling this time the canal , through the city of Little Falls as Main Street , where two more concurrencies occur , with NY 167 and NY 169 . NY 5 continues to parallel the canal , and in some instances again , the Thruway , through Amsterdam , becoming Amsterdam Road all the way to Scotia , where it crosses the canal into Schenectady as Mohawk Avenue , turning into State Street upon entering the city limits . It continues fairly straight on a southeast course into Albany as Central Avenue until it reaches Townsend Park . At this point , NY 5 turns into Washington Avenue and all signage referring to NY 5 ceases . The New York State Department of Transportation recognizes the route , however , as it continues down Washington Ave past the New York State Capitol building , turning south for a short distance as Eagle Street . NY 5 then continues east on State Street to Broadway , where it again turns south east shortly before returning east on a small spur of Broadway , traveling underneath US 9 and I @-@ 787 . NY 5 ends at the Hudson River . = = History = = = = = Early roads = = = Soon after the end of the American Revolution in 1783 , a surge of westward migration into Central and Western New York began . At the time , most travel west of the Albany area was by water . While rudimentary roads were laid out following the Mohawk River , there were no major land routes west of Fort Schuyler ( present day Utica ) , except for an old east – west Iroquois trail that was a simple foot path . By the late 1780s many companies began to set up their operations in the new settlements in the Central and Western New York . As a result , there was a clamor for the building of a main road running west from Utica . On March 22 , 1794 , the New York State Legislature passed a law calling for the laying out and improvement of a public road from old Fort Schuyler on the Mohawk River to the settlement of Canawaugus on the Genesee River , in as straight a line as the topography of the land would allow . This road was officially known as the " Great Genesee Road " and is one of the earliest state roads in New York , intended to provide access to the New Military Tract . As planned , it generally followed the old Iroquois trail through Oneida , Manlius , Onondaga Valley ( south of modern Syracuse ) , Skaneateles , Auburn , Seneca Falls , Geneva , and Canandaigua before ending at the Genesee River . Four years later , another legislative act authorized the extension of the Genesee Road to Buffalo . By the end of the 18th century , while the Genesee Road had been greatly improved and saw heavy traffic , many portions were still substandard and some sections had still not been completed . Partly because of this , and also because of the success of the Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania , the state outsourced the task of improving and maintaining the Genesee Road to a private company . On April 1 , 1800 , the Seneca Road Company was chartered for this purpose and the portion of the Genesee Road from Utica to Canandaigua was improved and operated as a toll road known as the Seneca Turnpike , which was 157 miles ( 253 km ) long and , at the time , the longest turnpike in the state . Three days later , the old road following the Mohawk River between Utica and Schenectady also became a turnpike , known as the Mohawk Turnpike . With the road leading from Albany northwest to Schenectady having been already established as a turnpike ( the Albany and Schenectady Turnpike ) in 1797 , an all @-@ turnpike route over good quality roads was now available from Albany to Canandaigua . The western extension of the Genesee Road to Buffalo soon followed suit and also became an improved Macadam toll road , the Ontario and Genesee Turnpike , in 1805 . The Seneca Road Company was authorized to create a more northerly alternate route of the Seneca Turnpike in 1806 . This branch left the original turnpike east of Seneca Falls and crossed more level terrain through Elbridge , Geddes , and Fayetteville before rejoining the old path at Chittenango . As the city of Syracuse developed , traffic patterns changed and the northern branch route became more heavily used than the original road . The construction and opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 along the same alignment as the Albany to Buffalo route began to eat away at the revenues of these turnpike companies . In time , the turnpike business had become unprofitable and the companies were dissolved by 1852 , causing the roads to revert to public control . The Seneca Road Company dissolved in 1852 . The old , southern path of the Seneca Turnpike is now Franklin Street and Old Seneca Turnpike from Auburn to Marcellus , NY 175 between Marcellus and Onondaga Hill , and NY 173 from there east to Chittenango . = = = Designation = = = The improvement of the road from Buffalo southwest to Pennsylvania in the mid @-@ 19th century soon allowed for continuous travel across the entire state of New York . With the advent of the automobile , the state began to take over and pave major thoroughfares at the beginning of the 20th century . In 1908 , the state legislature created a statewide system of unsigned legislative routes . One of the routes assigned at this time was Route 6 , an Albany – Buffalo highway that followed the path of the Genesee Road and the Seneca Turnpike from Buffalo to Utica , the Mohawk Turnpike between Utica and Schenectady , and the Albany and Schenectady Turnpike from Schenectady to Albany . From Auburn to Chittenango , Route 6 utilized most of the newer , northern branch of the Seneca Turnpike . The automobile allowed people to quickly travel long distances and a way to mark routes became needed . One early means of marking routes was the establishment of various auto trail associations in the 1910s . These associations selected good quality roads and marked them with symbols or colors on telephone poles . Most of legislative Route 6 eventually became part of the Yellowstone Trail , a cross @-@ country auto trail established in 1912 that ran from Washington to Massachusetts . In New York , the trail used modern US 20 from Pennsylvania to Silver Creek , most of modern NY 5 from Silver Creek to Albany , and modern US 20 again from Albany to Massachusetts . In 1924 , following what other states did , New York began to assign route numbers to its main thoroughfares . The Albany to Buffalo portion of the Yellowstone Trail , which ran through the cities of Syracuse and Utica , was assigned the number NY 5A . The portion of the Yellowstone Trail southwest of Buffalo and east of Albany became part of NY 5 , which bypassed Syracuse and Utica to the south . The Buffalo to Albany portion of NY 5 's original alignment used a new road , Broadway Road , from Buffalo to Avon and the old Cherry Valley Turnpike alignment from Skaneateles to Albany . In between Avon and Skaneateles , NY 5 and NY 5A overlapped . By 1926 , however , the Buffalo to Albany section of NY 5 was relocated onto the Genesee Road alignment , replacing NY 5A . NY 5 's former , more southerly alignment was redesignated as NY 7 . In 1927 , the establishment of the U.S. Highway System created more numbering changes . US 20 , which mainly followed the Yellowstone Trail elsewhere in the country , was designated in New York along NY 5 southwest of Hamburg and east of Albany and along old NY 7 from Skaneateles to Albany . Between the towns of Hamburg and Avon , the new US 20 used an even more southerly alignment , running via East Aurora and Warsaw . This truncated both ends of NY 5 to Athol Springs ( south of Buffalo in the town of Hamburg ) in the west , and to Albany in the east . In the 1930 state highway renumbering , NY 5 was truncated even further to begin in downtown Buffalo . The portion between Buffalo and Athol Springs was assigned as part of NY 62 . Southwest of Buffalo , Southwestern Boulevard , an alternate route of US 20 between Irving and Big Tree ( east of Athol Springs ) became NY 20B . Further southwest , another alternate route of US 20 between the Pennsylvania line and Silver Creek , running along the shore of Lake Erie , was designated as NY 20A . The NY 20A and NY 20B designations proved to be short @-@ lived . US 62 was extended into New York c . 1932 , causing NY 62 to be renumbered . Around the same time , US 20 was realigned to follow NY 20B from Irving to Big Tree . NY 5 was extended along part of old NY 62 to Athol Springs , from where it continued to the Pennsylvania state line by way of US 20 's old routing to Irving and all of NY 20A . = = = Expressway relocations = = = Originally , NY 5 entered Buffalo from the south on Fuhrmann Boulevard and Michigan Avenue and followed South Park Avenue and Main Street through the city before rejoining its modern alignment at Goodell Street . In the mid @-@ 1950s , a new limited @-@ access highway was constructed along Fuhrmann Boulevard from Lackawanna to the Buffalo River . At the river , the new roadway broke from Fuhrmann and continued directly into downtown , returning to grade level two blocks south of Niagara Square . The expressway , known as the Buffalo Skyway , became part of a rerouted NY 5 by 1956 . Visually , the Skyway cuts off the city from the Buffalo inner harbor . In 2008 , there was momentum to tear it down , but the momentum has passed . Farther east in Utica , construction began in the early 1950s on a new arterial highway — known as the North – South Arterial — through the city center . The new roadway bypassed NY 5 , which was initially routed on Genesee Street and Herkimer Road through Utica . The first portion of the highway to open was the segment north of River Road , which was completed by 1956 . It was extended southward to Oriskany Street ( NY 5A ) by 1961 and completed entirely by 1964 , at which time it became part of a rerouted NY 5 and NY 12 . Two portions of Genesee Street , from NY 12 in New Hartford to the Utica city line and from NY 5S to Herkimer Road in Utica , remain state maintained to this day as unsigned NY 921E and NY 921C , respectively . In the Syracuse suburbs of Camillus and Geddes , NY 5 was initially routed on West Genesee Street between the villages of Camillus and Solvay . Construction on a bypass of this segment of NY 5 began in the early 1970s and was completed between NY 695 and Genesee Street by 1977 . By the following year , the freeway was open to traffic up to Hinsdale Road ; however , NY 5 remained on Genesee Street between Hinsdale and the Solvay village limits . The remainder of the Camillus Bypass was completed c . 1979 , at which time NY 5 was realigned to follow the freeway . Genesee Street is now largely maintained by Onondaga County as CR 98 ; however , two portions of the street remain state maintained . Near the western end of the expressway , the former routing of NY 5 became part of an extended NY 174 . Between the Camillus town line and the eastern end of the bypass , Genesee Street is unsigned NY 930W . Smaller realignments also took place in other cities along the route . In Canandaigua , NY 5 originally entered the city on West Avenue and followed South Main Street and Lakeshore Drive through the city limits before rejoining its current routing in Hopewell . In the mid @-@ 1950s , a new bypass was built north of Lakeshore Drive from South Main Street to Hopewell . It became part of a realigned NY 5 by 1956 . The remainder of the bypass around the southwestern extents of the city was built in the late 1970s and early 1980s . The former routing of NY 5 on South Main Street remains state maintained as NY 942T ; until 1996 , the portion of West Avenue between the west end of the bypass and the Canandaigua city line was maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) as NY 942W . Even though maintenance of the road had been transferred to the town of Canandaigua in 1996 , the designation remained in NYSDOT documents until 2007 . In Geneva , NY 5 was initially routed on East North Street and Border City Road , overlapping NY 14 through the city and rejoining its modern routing in East Geneva . The overlap was eliminated c . 1931 when NY 5 was moved onto a new roadway located along the edge of Seneca Lake . NY 5 was realigned again in the 1960s to use a new divided highway built midway between the lake shore road and Border City Road . Border City Road is now maintained by Seneca County as CR 110 . = = Suffixed routes = = NY 5 has three suffixed routes , all located in Oneida County , with NY 5S extending eastward into three other counties . The NY 5A designation was also used for two other routes . The NY 5A designation has been used for three distinct highways : The first NY 5A was a short @-@ lived designation for the portion of modern NY 5 east of Buffalo . When it existed from 1924 to the mid @-@ 1920s , NY 5 was routed on what is now US 20 . The second NY 5A was a northerly alternate route of NY 5 between Aurelius and Sennett in Cayuga County . It was assigned c . 1933 and renumbered to NY 135 c . 1937 . That route was removed c . 1939 . Its former routing is now maintained by Cayuga County as CR 10A , CR 10B , and CR 10C . The current NY 5A ( 5 @.@ 65 miles or 9 @.@ 09 kilometres ) is a short alternate route of NY 5 between New Hartford and downtown Utica in Oneida County . It was assigned in the mid @-@ 1930s . NY 5B ( 3 @.@ 12 miles or 5 @.@ 02 kilometres ) is a short alternate route southwest of Utica in Oneida County , connecting NY 5 to NY 12B . The route was assigned in the 1930s . NY 5S ( 73 @.@ 03 miles or 117 @.@ 53 kilometres ) is an alternate route of NY 5 on the south side of the Mohawk River between Utica , Oneida County , and Rotterdam , Schenectady County . The route parallels NY 5 ( which follows the north side of the river ) and is partially a limited @-@ access highway . It was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . = = Major intersections = = = Sycamore Historic District = The Sycamore Historic District is a meandering area encompassing 99 acres ( 400 @,@ 000 m2 ) of the land in and around the downtown of the DeKalb County , Illinois , county seat , Sycamore . The area includes historic buildings and a number of historical and Victorian homes . Some significant structures are among those located within the Historic District including the DeKalb County Courthouse and the Sycamore Public Library . The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 2 , 1978 . There are over 200 properties within the irregular boundaries of the Sycamore Historic District . Of those , 187 are considered contributing properties to the historic district , and 22 are non @-@ contributing . Of all of the district 's homes and buildings 75 % fit within the historic district concept . Some of the major structures include several prominent Queen Anne style mansions , the Sycamore library , the DeKalb County Courthouse , and dozens of mid- to late 19th @-@ century houses . = = History = = The 1966 National Historic Preservation Act , which created the National Register of Historic Places , empowered individual states to create review boards to function with the state historical preservation officer . Illinois did not create its historic preservation program until the early 1970s , under the direction of the Illinois Department of Conservation . The Department of Conservation dispatched field surveyors to all Illinois counties to find anything that might qualify for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The field surveyor who traveled to Sycamore in 1973 found a large number of late 19th and 20th century examples of architecture that he recommended the establishment of a historic district . The mayor of Sycamore then appointed a citizens ' committee to assist the state with the work involved in listing the district . The residential areas within the district achieved their maturity before 1900 , though Sycamore has grown considerably from the 3 @,@ 330 or so that lived there from about 1900 until the 1970s most of the historic district remains intact as it was organized in 1978 . = = Boundaries = = The Historic District is bounded by Somonauk Street on the west and Main Street on the east , a stretch of two blocks . On the north end the district is bounded by Page Street and extends to the end of South Main street . Main and Somonauk are both north / south roads while Page is an east / west street . The district also extends along State Street ( Illinois Route 64 ) to the west until the 300 block . Somonauk Street is included through its 900 block . In addition section of Locust , Maple and California Streets are within the Sycamore Historic District . Other east / west streets also have portions included in the district , these are : Elm , High , Ottawa , Waterman and Lincoln . The boundaries were drawn up by Robert Wagner , a Chicagoan who worked as a National Register assistant with the Illinois Department of Conservation . Wagner drew up the boundaries on the basis of " visual integrity . " . This led to an irregular pattern of inclusion for the Sycamore Historic District . Often one side of the street will be in the district while the other side will not . In other cases , such as with the library or the U.S. Post Office an arbitrary line was drawn with the sole purpose of including a specific structure . = = Architecture = = The hodge podge of architectural styles that mingle in the Sycamore Historic District begins with Greek Revival structures which date from Sycamore 's foundation in the mid to late 1830s , also the heyday for that particular style . These structures are the oldest surviving within the district . After the Civil War other styles began to dot the landscape in and around downtown Sycamore , Illinois . Styles such as Italianate , Gothic Revival and Queen Anne can be found throughout the neighborhood . Government buildings and commercial buildings offer prime examples of Classical Revival architecture , a style showcased by the ornate DeKalb County Courthouse , Sycamore Public Library , U.S. Post Office and The National Bank & Trust Co. building . The current Sycamore Center , in the 300 block of State Street and once known as the Daniel Pierce Block , also exhibits . Classical Revival architecture . Of the 226 properties within the Sycamore Historic District 40 are identified as " strongly contributing " to the overall character of the district . Twenty @-@ one of those are ranked as the most significant structures in the district . The majority of the rest of the buildings date from 1860 @-@ 1900 . = = Properties = = Sycamore Historic District includes a combination of residential , commercial , government and religious buildings . A number of Victorian homes along Main Street are enclosed in the historic district as well as a number of buildings in downtown Sycamore . South of the courthouse are other homes included in the district , each important structure is marked with a plaque near the sidewalk . 226 properties are located within the Sycamore Historic District 's 99 acres ( 400 @,@ 000 m2 ) . Of those properties , 187 are listed as contributing structures in the district while an additional 22 are non @-@ contributing . Of all the homes and other buildings within the district a full 75 % fit within the historic district concept . = = = Churches = = = As of 2007 there are five church buildings in the Sycamore Historic District . When it was nominated to join the National Register there were seven church buildings within the district . One of those included is a residential structure that was utilized as a church when it was first constructed ; the Arthur Stark House was once home to the Sycamore Universalist Church congregation . In the time since its listing , two churches have been destroyed or demolished . The Evangelical Church of St. John was destroyed by fire in 2004 and the United Methodist Church in Sycamore is no longer extant , replaced by a modern office building . The extant churches are the Old Congregational Church , First Baptist Church , St. Peter 's Church , the Universalist Church / Stark House and St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Church . = = = Commercial buildings = = = The commercial buildings in the Sycamore Historic District , located in Sycamore , Illinois , United States are mostly located in and around the city 's downtown . The largest concentration of commercial contributing properties to the historic district are found along Illinois Route 64 as it passes through Sycamore . They include several buildings known as " blocks " which can consist of more than one adjacent and attached structure , as is the case with the Waterman Block , one of the Sycamore commercial buildings . = = = DeKalb County Courthouse = = = Possibly the gem of the Sycamore Historic District is the DeKalb County Courthouse . The Courthouse sits in the center of a square facing Illinois Route 64 , directly across the north / south street , Main , from the Sycamore Public Library . It is a stunning example of Classical Revival architecture . The current structure was erected in 1905 being the third in a line of courthouses to serve DeKalb County . = = = Frederick Townsend Garage = = = This building on Main Street was originally a garage owned by Sycamore resident Frederick B. Townsend . Townsend 's Queen Anne style home overlooks the lot from a small incline . The distinctive stone structure was constructed in 1906 for use as a garage for the estate of Frederick B. Townsend , his former home is the Queen Anne mansion that overlooks the garage property . Today it is home to a restaurant . After the building left private ownership the property was exploited for commercial use and became a gas station . Despite the years and the changes in function the building 's historical character remains intact . = = = George 's Block = = = Though quite altered from its original state in the mid 19th century George 's Block remains one of the more eye catching structures in the Historic District . The George 's Block was constructed in 1857 and was then known as the James Block , after the owner Daniel P. James . James , a prominent citizen , lived in the nearby Jerkin @-@ roofed D. B. James House , another contributing property . By the 1860s the James name was gone but the building was still known as a block . Many buildings of the period were known as blocks , usually multi @-@ story and multi @-@ business , the buildings contained retail and professional space or , in the case of George 's Block , lecture halls or auditoriums . In the first year the building existed such famous men as Horace Greeley , Charles Sumner and Bayard Taylor spoke there . = = = Houses = = = The houses in the Sycamore Historic District cross a variety of architectural styles and span from the 1830s to the early 20th century . There are 187 contributing properties within the historic district , 75 % of the districts buildings . Many of the homes are associated with early Sycamore residents , usually prominent business leaders or politicians . Houses within the district are known by , either their street address or by a name associated with a prominent owner or builder . For most of the houses , the latter is true . Some of the more prominent homes include the Charles O. Boynton House , the Frederick B. Townsend House , David Syme House and the Carlos Lattin House . = = = U.S. Post Office = = = The U.S. Post Office Building in Sycamore is located along Illinois 64 ( State Street ) , directly across the street from the Sycamore Public Library . = = = Sycamore Public Library = = = Sycamore Public Library , the only structure on the east side of Main Street , between State and Page Streets , that is included in the Sycamore Historic District . The library , still operational today , was constructed in 1905 with a combination of philanthropical gifts from different sources including Andrew Carnegie . The building was designed , in part , by architect Paul O. Moratz . = = Significance = = The district includes 226 properties over its 99 acres ( 400 @,@ 000 m2 ) , of those , 187 are considered contributing members of the historic district . The buildings consist of a mix of residential , religious , commercial and governmental buildings . Many of the residential buildings are 2 or 2 ½ stories in height and feature generous setbacks from the street . These factors , along with the growth of mature shade trees , combine to give the streetscape a well @-@ balanced and integrated look and feel . While the usage of the properties in Sycamore Historic District is similar to that in other small , Illinois county seats the district 's properties are separated by their survival through the 20th century . The buildings themselves are most significant for their architecture which contributes to what the National Register of Historic Places nomination form in 1978 said conveyed " a gracious calm very close to the popular American image of an ideal small town . " = Dewey Decimal Classification = The Dewey Decimal Classification ( DDC ) , or Dewey Decimal System , is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876 . It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions , the latest issued in 2011 , and has grown from a four @-@ page pamphlet in 1876 with fewer than 1 @,@ 000 classes to a four volume set . It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries . It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center ( OCLC ) , a non @-@ profit cooperative that serves libraries . OCLC licenses access to an online version for catalogers called WebDewey . The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject . Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic . The classification 's notation makes use of three @-@ digit Arabic numerals for main classes , with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail . Using Arabic numerals for symbols , it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover special aspects of general subjects . A library assigns a classification number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library , on the basis of its subject . The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its proper place on the library shelves . The classification system is used in 200 @,@ 000 libraries in at least 135 countries . The major competing classification system to the Dewey Decimal system is the Library of Congress Classification system created by the U.S. Library of Congress . = = History = = = = = Early development ( 1873 – 1885 ) = = = Melvil Dewey ( 1851 – 1931 ) was an American librarian and self @-@ declared reformer . He is best known for the Decimal System that he created , but he also was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business . He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library . He applied the classification to the books in that library , until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification . In 1876 , he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library . He used the pamphlet , published in more than one version during the year , to solicit comments from other librarians . It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived , that of Ernest Cushing Richardson . His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication " Public Libraries in America " in 1876 . In March 1876 , he applied for , and received copyright on the first edition of the index . The edition was 44 pages in length , with 2 @,@ 000 index entries , and was printed in 200 copies . = = = Period of adoption ( 1885 – 1942 ) = = = The second edition of the Dewey Decimal system , published in 1885 with the title Decimal Classification and Relativ Index for arranging , cataloging , and indexing public and private libraries and for pamflets , clippings , notes , scrap books , index rerums , etc . , comprised 314 pages , with 10 @,@ 000 index entries . 500 copies were produced . Editions 3 – 14 , published between 1888 and 1942 , used a variant of this same title . Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition . In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that " nearly 100 persons hav [ spelling of " have " per English @-@ language spelling reform , which Dewey championed ] contributed criticisms and suggestions " . One of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics . When the system was first introduced , most libraries in the US used fixed positioning : each book was assigned a permanent shelf position based on the book 's height and date of acquisition . Library stacks were generally closed to all but the most privileged patrons , so shelf browsing was not considered of importance . The use of the Dewey Decimal system increased during the early 20th century as librarians were convinced of the advantages of relative positioning and of open shelf access for patrons . New editions were readied as supplies of previously published editions were exhausted , even though some editions provided little change from the previous , as they were primarily needed to fulfill demand . In the next decade , three editions followed closely on : the 3rd ( 1888 ) , 4th ( 1891 ) , and 5th ( 1894 ) . Editions 6 through 11 were published from 1899 to 1922 . The 6th edition was published in a record 7 @,@ 600 copies , although subsequent editions were much lower . During this time , the size of the volume grew , and edition 12 swelled to 1243 pages , an increase of 25 % over the previous edition . In response to the needs of smaller libraries who were finding the expanded classification schedules difficult to use , in 1894 , the first abridged edition of the Dewey Decimal system was produced . The abridged edition generally parallels the full edition , and has been developed for most full editions since that date . By popular request , in 1930 , the Library of Congress began to print Dewey Classification numbers on nearly all of its cards , thus making the system immediately available to all libraries making use of the Library of Congress card sets . Dewey 's was not the only library classification available , although it was the most complete . Charles Ammi Cutter published the Expansive Classification in 1882 , with initial encouragement from Melvil Dewey . Cutter 's system was not adopted by many libraries , with one major exception : it was used as the basis for the Library of Congress Classification system . In 1895 , the International Institute of Bibliography , located in Belgium and led by Paul Otlet , contacted Dewey about the possibility of translating the classification into French , and using the classification system for bibliographies ( as opposed to its use for books in libraries ) . This would have required some changes to the classification , which was under copyright . Dewey gave permission for the creation of a version intended for bibliographies , and also for its translation into French . Dewey did not agree , however , to allow the International Institute of Bibliography to later create an English version of the resulting classification , considering that a violation of their agreement , as well as a violation of Dewey 's copyright . Shortly after Dewey 's death in 1931 , however , an agreement was reached between the committee overseeing the development of the Decimal Classification and the developers of the French Classification Decimal . The English version was published as the Universal Decimal Classification and is still in use today . According to a study done in 1927 , the Dewey system was used in the US in approximately 96 % of responding public libraries and 89 % of the college libraries . After the death of Melvil Dewey in 1931 , administration of the classification was under the Decimal Classification Committee of the Lake Placid Club Education Foundation , and the editorial body was the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee with participation of the American Library Association ( ALA ) , Library of Congress , and Forest Press . By the 14th edition in 1942 , the Dewey Decimal Classification index was over 1 @,@ 900 pages in length and was published in two volumes . = = = Forging an identity ( 1942 – present ) = = = The growth of the classification to date had led to significant criticism from medium and large libraries which were too large to use the abridged edition but found the full classification overwhelming . Dewey had intended issuing the classification in three editions : the library edition , which would be the fullest edition ; the bibliographic edition , in English and French , which was to be used for the organization of bibliographies rather than of books on the shelf ; and the abridged edition . In 1933 , the bibliographic edition became the Universal Decimal Classification , which left the library and abridged versions as the formal Dewey Decimal Classification editions . The 15th edition , edited by Milton Ferguson , implemented the growing concept of the " standard edition " , designed for the majority of general libraries but not attempting to satisfy the needs of the very largest or of special libraries . It also reduced the size of the Dewey system by over half , from 1 @,@ 900 to 700 pages , a revision so radical that Ferguson was removed from the editorship for the next edition . The 16th and 17th editions , under the editorship of the Library of Congress , grew again to two volumes . However , by now , the Dewey Decimal system had established itself as a classification for general libraries , with the Library of Congress Classification having gained acceptance for large research libraries . The first electronic version of " Dewey " was created in 1993 . Hard @-@ copy editions continue to be issued at intervals ; the online WebDewey and Abridged WebDewey are updated quarterly . = = Administration and publication = = Administratively , the very early editions were managed by Dewey and a small editorial staff . Beginning in 1922 , administrative affairs were managed by the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation , a not @-@ for @-@ profit organization founded by Melvil Dewey . The ALA created a Special Advisory Committee on the Decimal Classification as part of the Cataloging and Classification division of ALA , in 1952 . The previous Decimal Classification Committee was changed to the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee , with participation of the ALA Division of Cataloging and Classification , and the Library of Congress . Melvil Dewey edited the first three editions of the classification system and oversaw the revisions of all editions until his death in 1931 . May Seymour became editor in 1891 , until her death in 1921 . She was followed by Dorcas Fellows , who was editor until her death in 1938 . Constantin J. Mazney edited the 14th edition . Milton Ferguson was editor from 1949 to 1951 . The 16th edition in 1958 was edited under an agreement between the Library of Congress and Forest Press , with David Haykin as director . Editions 16 @-@ 19 were edited by Benjamin A. Custer and the editor of edition 20 was John P. Comaromi . Joan Mitchell was editor until 2013 , covering editions 21 @-@ 23 . The current Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief is Michael Panzer of OCLC . Copyright in editions 1 @-@ 6 ( 1876 – 1919 ) was held by Dewey himself . Copyright in editions 7 – 10 were held by the publisher , The Library Bureau . On the death of May Seymour , Dewey conveyed the " copyryts and control of all editions " to the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation , a non @-@ profit chartered in 1922 . The Online Computer Library Center ( OCLC ) of Dublin , Ohio , US , acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification system when it bought Forest Press in 1988 . In 2003 , the Dewey Decimal Classification came to national attention when OCLC sued the Library Hotel for trademark infringement for using the classification system as the hotel theme . The case was settled shortly thereafter . Since 1988 , the classification has been maintained by the OCLC , which also publishes new editions of the system . The editorial staff responsible for updates is based partly at the Library of Congress and partly at OCLC . Their work is reviewed by the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee , a ten @-@ member international board which meets twice each year . The four @-@ volume unabridged edition is published approximately every six years , the most recent edition ( DDC 23 ) in mid @-@ 2011 . The web edition is updated on an ongoing basis , with changes announced each month . An experimental version of Dewey in RDF is available at dewey.info. This includes access to the top three levels of the classification system in 14 languages . In addition to the full version , a single volume abridged edition designed for libraries with 20 @,@ 000 titles or fewer has been made available since 1895 . " Abridged 15 " was published in early 2012 . = = Design = = The Dewey Decimal Classification organizes library materials by discipline or field of study . Main divisions include philosophy , social sciences , science , technology , and history . The scheme is made up of ten classes List of Dewey Decimal classes , each divided into ten divisions , each having ten sections . The system 's notation uses Arabic numbers , with three whole numbers making up the main classes and sub @-@ classes and decimals creating further divisions . The classification structure is hierarchical and the notation follows the same hierarchy . Libraries not needing the full level of detail of the classification can trim right @-@ most decimal digits from the class number to obtain a more general classification . For example : 500 Natural sciences and mathematics 510 Mathematics 516 Geometry 516 @.@ 3 Analytic geometries 516 @.@ 37 Metric differential geometries 516 @.@ 375 Finsler Geometry The classification was originally enumerative , meaning that it listed all of the classes explicitly in the schedules . Over time it added some aspects of a faceted classification scheme , allowing classifiers to construct a number by combining a class number for a topic with an entry from a separate table . Tables cover commonly used elements such as geographical and temporal aspects , language , and bibliographic forms . For example , a class number could be constructed using 330 for economics + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 for Europe to create the class 330 @.@ 94 European economy . Or one could combine the class 973 for United States + .05 for periodical publications on the topic to arrive at the number 973 @.@ 05 for periodicals concerning the United States generally . The classification also makes use of mnemonics in some areas , such that the number 5 represents the country Italy in classification numbers like 945 ( history of Italy ) , 450 ( Italian language ) , 195 ( Italian philosophy ) . The combination of faceting and mnemonics makes the classification synthetic in nature , with meaning built into parts of the classification number . The Dewey Decimal Classification has a number for all subjects , including fiction , although many libraries create a separate fiction section shelved by alphabetical order of the author 's surname . Each assigned number consists of two parts : a class number ( from the Dewey system ) and a book number , which " prevents confusion of different books on the same subject . " A common form of the book number is called a Cutter number , which represents the author and distinguishes the book from other books on the same topic . = = = Classes = = = ( From DDC 23 ) 000 – General works , Computer science and Information 100 – Philosophy and psychology 200 – Religion 300 – Social sciences 400 – Language 500 – Pure Science 600 – Technology 700 – Arts & recreation 800 – Literature 900 – History & geography = = = Tables = = = ( From DDC 23 ) T1 Standard Subdivisions T2 Geographic Areas , Historical Periods , Biography T3 Subdivisions for the Arts , for Individual Literatures , for Specific Literary Forms T3A Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors T3B Subdivisions for Works by or about More than One Author T3C Notation to Be Added Where Instructed in Table 3B , 700 @.@ 4 , 791 @.@ 4 , 808 – 809 T4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families T5 Ethnic and National Groups T6 Languages T7 Persons = = = " Relativ Index " = = = The " Relativ Index " [ sic ] is an alphabetical index to the classification , for use both by classifiers but also by library users when seeking books by topic . The index was " relative " because the index entries pointed to the class numbers , not to the page numbers of the printed classification schedule . In this way , the Dewey Decimal Classification itself had the same relative positioning as the library shelf and could be used either as an entry point to the classification , by catalogers , or as an index to the Dewey @-@ classed library itself . = = Influence and criticism = = Dewey Decimal Classification numbers formed the basis of the Universal Decimal Classification ( UDC ) , which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks ( comma , colon , parentheses , etc . ) . Adaptations of the system for specific regions outside the English @-@ speaking world include the Korean Decimal Classification , the New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries , and the Nippon Decimal Classification ( Japanese ) . Despite its widespread usage , the classification has been criticized for its complexity and limited scope of scheme @-@ adjustment . In particular , the arrangement of subheadings has been described as archaic and as being biased towards an Anglo @-@ American world view . In 2007 – 08 , the Maricopa County Library District in Arizona , abandoned the DDC in favor of the Book Industry Standards and Communications ( BISAC ) system , one that is commonly used by commercial bookstores , in an effort to make their libraries more accessible for patrons . Several other libraries across the United States , and other countries ( including Canada and The Netherlands ) followed suit . The classification has also been criticized as being a proprietary system licensed by a single entity ( OCLC ) , making it expensive to adopt . However , book classification critic Justin Newlan stands by the Dewey Decimal System , stating newer , more advanced book classification systems " are too confusing to understand for newcomers " . = Music of the Final Fantasy series = Final Fantasy is a media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi and owned by Square Enix that includes video games , motion pictures , and other merchandise . The series began in 1987 as an eponymous role @-@ playing video game developed by Square , spawning a video game series that became the central focus of the franchise . The music of the Final Fantasy series refers to the soundtracks of the Final Fantasy series of video games , as well as the surrounding medley of soundtrack , arranged , and compilation albums . The series ' music ranges from very light background music to emotionally intense interweavings of character and situation leitmotifs . The franchise includes a main series of numbered games as well as several spin @-@ off series such as Crystal Chronicles and the Final Fantasy Tactics series . The primary composer of music for the main series was Nobuo Uematsu , who single @-@ handedly composed the soundtracks for the first nine games , as well as directing the production of many of the albums . Music for the spin @-@ off series and main series games beginning with Final Fantasy X was created by a variety of composers including Masashi Hamauzu , Naoshi Mizuta , Hitoshi Sakimoto , and Kumi Tanioka . The majority of Final Fantasy games , including all of the main series games , have received a soundtrack album release . Many have also inspired orchestral , vocal , or piano arrangement albums . In addition to the regular albums , a number of compilation albums of tracks from multiple games have been produced both by Square Enix and outside groups . Music from the original soundtracks of the games has been arranged as sheet music for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing , while sheet music from the piano albums have been published by Yamaha Music Media . The franchise 's music has been performed numerous times in concert tours and other live performances such as the Orchestral Game Music Concerts , Symphonic Game Music Concerts , and the Play ! A Video Game Symphony and Video Games Live concert tours , as well as forming the basis of specific Final Fantasy concerts such as the Dear Friends and Distant Worlds concert tours . = = Themes = = Although each game in the Final Fantasy series offers a variety of music , there are some frequently reused themes . Most of the games open with a piece called " Prelude " , which is based on a short piece by Bach that has evolved from a simple , two @-@ voice , arpeggiated theme in the early games to a complex melodic arrangement in recent installments . It has been described as being " as recognizable in gaming circles as the Super Mario Bros. theme or Sonic the Hedgehog 's title screen pop " . Battle victories in the first 10 installments of the series were accompanied by a victory fanfare ; this theme has become one of the most recognized pieces of music in the series . Chocobos and moogles , two mascots for the series , each have their own themes . The basic theme for chocobos is rearranged in a different musical style for each installment , and usually has a title ending in " de Chocobo " , while moogles have a theme entitled " Moogle 's Theme " , which first appeared in Final Fantasy V. The chocobo inspired the spin @-@ off Chocobo series , and many of the pieces from the soundtracks of that series are stylistically based on the main chocobo theme . A piece called " Prologue " or " Final Fantasy " , originally featured in the first game , has appeared in some form in every game in the main series , with the exceptions of Final Fantasy II , Final Fantasy X , and Final Fantasy XIII ; originally appearing in the prologue of the games . It sometimes appears as a full arrangement and surfaces other times as a theme played during the finale track . Although leitmotifs are often used in the more character @-@ driven installments , theme music is typically reserved for main characters and recurring plot elements . = = History = = = = = Main series = = = = = = = 1987 – 1994 : Famicom era = = = = When Nobuo Uematsu was working at a music rental shop in Tokyo , a woman working in the art department for Square , which would later become Square Enix , approached him about creating music for some of their titles in development , and he agreed . Uematsu considered it a side job and was skeptical it would become any sort of full @-@ time position . He said it was a way to make some money on the side , while also keeping his part @-@ time job at the music rental shop . Before joining Square , he composed music for television commercials . The first score he produced for Square was the soundtrack for the role @-@ playing video game Cruise Chaser Blassty . While working at Square , he met Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi , who asked him if he wanted to compose music for some of his games , which Uematsu agreed to . Sakaguchi gave him a few instructions for the soundtrack of Final Fantasy , Uematsu 's 16th score , such as the need for " battle " and " town " music , but left the remainder of the composing to Uematsu , aside from informing him of the specific technical limitations of the Famicom system . The game was released in 1987 . After the success of Final Fantasy I , Uematsu remained with the series to compose the soundtrack to Final Fantasy II ( 1988 ) . Although I and II were composed separately , music from the two games have only been released on albums together . These albums include a soundtrack album and two arranged albums . Final Fantasy III ( 1990 ) was released two years later and featured a soundtrack from Uematsu that has been lauded as one of the best soundtracks of any NES game . The soundtrack spawned two soundtrack albums , as well as a disc of vocal and orchestral arrangements . Final Fantasy IV ( 1991 ) was the first game in the series to be released for the Super Famicom , and the resultant changes in the sound technology resulted in a composition process that Uematsu noted was " excruciating " . Uematsu has stated that , beginning with this soundtrack , he started to move away from the idea that the soundtrack had to be solely an orchestral score . In addition to the soundtrack album , the music of IV was arranged and released in the style of Celtic music , performed by Máire Breatnach . It also sparked the release of an album of piano arrangements , something which would be repeated for every subsequent main @-@ series game to date . Having now gained experience with the Super Famicom sound chip , Uematsu felt that the sound quality of the soundtrack for the next game in the series , Final Fantasy V ( 1992 ) , was much better than that of IV . He named this as the primary reason that the soundtrack album was two CDs long , a first for the series . Like IV , the discography of Final Fantasy V included an arranged and a piano album in addition to the main soundtrack album . In 1994 , Square released Final Fantasy VI ( 1994 ) , the last for the Super Famicom , and the accompanying soundtrack has been considered one of the greatest video game soundtracks ever composed . The game 's discography also includes orchestral and piano arrangement CDs , as well as EPs of unreleased tracks and character themes . The soundtrack included the first attempt in the Final Fantasy series to include a vocal track , " Aria di Mezzo Carattere " , which has been described as " one of Uematsu 's greatest achievements " . This track features an unintelligible synthesized " voice " that harmonizes with the melody , as technical limitations for the SPC700 sound format chip prevented the use of an actual vocal track . The first actual vocals in a piece appeared in Final Fantasy VII . = = = = 1997 – 2000 : PlayStation era = = = = Beginning with Final Fantasy VII ( 1997 ) , the series moved platforms to the PlayStation . While the media capabilities of the PlayStation allowed for CD quality music , Uematsu opted instead to use Sequence format . The soundtrack album ran a record four discs , and Uematsu has stated that the move into the " PlayStation era " , which allowed video game composers to use sounds recorded in the studio rather than from synthesizers , had " definitely been the biggest change " to video game music . VII was the first game in the series to include a track with digitized vocals , " One @-@ Winged Angel " , which has been described as Uematsu 's " most recognizable contribution " to the music of the series . The piece , described as " a fanfare to impending doom " , is said to not " follow any normal genre rules " and has been termed " possibly the most innovative idea in the series ' musical history . " The lyrics of the piece , a Latin choral track which plays at the climax of the game , were taken from the medieval poetry on which Carl Orff based his Carmina Burana , specifically the songs " Estuans Interius " , " O Fortuna " , " Veni , Veni , Venias " and " Ave Formosissima " . There was a plan to use a " famous vocalist " for the ending piece as a " theme song " for the game , but the idea was dropped due to time constraints and thematic concerns . The idea of a theme song would be resurrected in the following installment of the series . In 2006 , IGN ranked VII 's music the best Final Fantasy soundtrack to date and cited the " gripping " character tracks and " One @-@ Winged Angel " in particular as contributing factors . The discography of the original game only includes soundtrack , best of , and piano albums . However , beginning in 2005 Square Enix produced a collection of media centered on the game and world of Final Fantasy VII entitled the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII . This collection has produced five additional soundtrack albums , each for a different game or animation . The soundtrack of Final Fantasy VIII ( 1999 ) , unlike that of VI and VII , did not include character themes , as Uematsu felt they would not be effective . In response to a question by IGN music stating that the music of Final Fantasy VIII was very dark and perhaps influenced by the plot of the game , Uematsu stated " the atmosphere of music varies depending on story line , of course , but it 's also my intention to put various types of music into one game " . Although the idea had not been used in the previous game , he thought a ballad would closely relate to the theme and characters of VIII , and composed " Eyes on Me " , performed by Faye Wong . The song was released as a single , while Square produced soundtrack , orchestral , and piano albums for the game 's music . The music of Final Fantasy IX , ( 2000 ) , was based around a theme of Renaissance music , and was heavily inspired by previous Final Fantasy games , incorporating themes and motifs from earlier soundtracks . Uematsu felt previous games VII and VIII had a mood of realism , but that Final Fantasy IX was more of a fantasy , so " a serious piece as well as silly , fun pieces could fit in " . Uematsu has claimed several times that the music of IX is his favorite work , as well as the one he is most proud of . Like Final Fantasy VIII , IX included a vocal theme , " Melodies of Life " , which was sung by Emiko Shiratori . The game 's discography includes albums of the original soundtrack , a selection of the best tracks , a piano arrangement album , an album of unreleased tracks , and a single of " Melodies of Life " . = = = = 2001 – present : other composers = = = = Final Fantasy X ( 2001 ) marked the first time in the series ' history that Uematsu was not the sole composer for the soundtrack . Released on the PlayStation 2 , the score was also created by Masashi Hamauzu and Junya Nakano . Uematsu contributed 51 tracks , Hamauzu contributed 20 tracks and Nakano contributed 18 tracks to the game . The two new composers were chosen for the soundtrack based on their ability to create music that was different from Uematsu 's while still working together . The discography for the game includes the soundtrack album , piano , and vocal arrangement albums , and an EP of tracks by Uematsu inspired by the game . The theme song for the game , " Suteki da ne " , which translates to " Isn 't it Wonderful ? " , was written by Nobuo Uematsu and Kazushige Nojima and was sung by Japanese folk singer Ritsuki Nakano , known as " RIKKI " , whom the music team contacted while searching for a singer whose music reflected an Okinawan atmosphere . " Suteki da ne " is sung in its original Japanese form in both the Japanese and English versions of Final Fantasy X , and was released as a single . Uematsu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Kumi Tanioka composed Final Fantasy XI ( 2002 ) . It was the last Final Fantasy soundtrack that Uematsu was a main composer for until Final Fantasy XIV , as he resigned from Square Enix in November 2004 . The expansion packs were mostly scored by Mizuta alone . The opening of the game features choral music with lyrics in Esperanto . According to Uematsu , the choice of language was meant to symbolize the developers ' hope that their online game could contribute to cross @-@ cultural communication and cooperation . The game and each of its four expansion packs have produced a soundtrack album ; the discography for the game also includes two piano albums , an album of unreleased tracks , two arranged albums , and a single for its vocal theme , " Distant World " , which was composed by Uematsu and performed by Japanese opera singer Izumi Masuda . Final Fantasy XII ( 2006 ) was mainly composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , although six compositions were contributed by his fellow composers Hayato Matsuo and Masaharu Iwata . Uematsu only contributed the theme song , " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " , sung by Angela Aki . Violinist Taro Hakase also contributed a piece named " Symphonic Poem ' Hope ' " , featured during the game 's ending credits . Sakimoto was brought in to compose the soundtrack to the game by Yasumi Matsuno , the producer of the game , five months before the game was officially announced . Sakimoto experienced difficulty following in Uematsu 's footsteps , but he decided to create a unique soundtrack in his own way , although he cites Uematsu as his biggest musical influence . Sakimoto did not meet with Uematsu for direction on creating the soundtrack and tried to avoid copying Uematsu 's style from previous Final Fantasy soundtracks . However , he did attempt to ensure that his style would mesh with Uematsu 's " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " and the overall vision of the series . The current discography , while originally limited to the soundtrack album and singles for " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " and " Symphonic Poem ' Hope ' " , was late in 2012 given an album of piano arrangements like most prior soundtracks in the series . Final Fantasy XIII ( 2009 ) was composed by Masashi Hamauzu . Although its main theme was originally announced to be composed by Nobuo Uematsu , Uematsu instead gave it to Hamauzu to compose after being selected as the composer for Final Fantasy XIV , making XIII the first game in the main series to not have any work by Uematsu . The game has sparked the release of a soundtrack album , an arranged album , two gramophone record albums of music from the soundtrack , a piano album , and a single of the game 's theme song " Because You 're Here " ( 君がいるから , Kimi ga Iru Kara ) , sung by Sayuri Sugawara . The international versions of XIII feature the song " My Hands " sung by British singer Leona Lewis from her second album Echo . The latest game in the series , Final Fantasy XIV ( 2010 ) was composed by Uematsu through his " Smile Please " studio , and is the first Final Fantasy since IX to have a score completely composed by him at release . The theme song Answers was sung by Susan Calloway , with lyrics from game writers Yaeko Sato and Michal @-@ Christopher Koji Fox . Since original launch , and for the A Realm Reborn relaunch , additional in @-@ game music has been composed by Naoshi Mizuta , Ryo Yamazaki , Tsuyoshi Sekito , and Masayoshi Soken . The full official soundtrack with all 104 tracks from the original version of Final Fantasy XIV was released on August 14 , 2013 in a single Blu @-@ ray disc compilation . Titled Before Meteor : FINAL FANTASY XIV Original Soundtrack , the disc contains all of the music composed by Nobuo Uematsu for the initial release , as well as music added on subsequent patches by Uematsu , Mizuta , Yamazaki , Sekito and Soken . Uematsu , along with Calloway and Koji Fox ( plus scenario writer Kazutoyo Maehiro ) , also returned for the title theme to the game 's 2015 expansion , Heavensward , titled Dragonsong . = = = Spin @-@ offs = = = = = = = Compilation of Final Fantasy VII = = = = The Compilation of Final Fantasy VII is the formal title for a series of games and animated features developed by Square Enix based in the world and continuity of Final Fantasy VII . Spearheaded by Tetsuya Nomura and Yoshinori Kitase , the series consists of several titles across various platforms , all of which are extensions of the Final Fantasy VII story . The first announced element of the series was Final Fantasy VII Advent Children , an animated sequel to the original game , though the first to be released was the mobile phone game Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII . Before Crisis 's soundtrack was composed by Takeharu Ishimoto , while Advent Children was scored by Nobuo Uematsu , Keiji Kawamori , Kenichiro Fukui , and Tsuyoshi Sekito . Other titles in the series are Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII , the soundtrack of which was composed by Masashi Hamauzu , Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII , which was primarily composed by Takeharu Ishimoto with a few tracks provided by Kazuhiko Toyama , and Last Order : Final Fantasy VII , also composed by Ishimoto . Advent Children featured a song by former Japanese rock band Boøwy 's singer Kyosuke Himuro in its ending credits , the Dirge of Cerberus soundtrack contained two songs by Gackt , including its theme song " Redemption " , and Crisis Core 's theme song , " Why " , was performed by Ayaka . Each element of the series sparked its own soundtrack album except for Before Crisis and Last Order , which had their soundtracks released together in one album . Dirge of Cerberus also had a download @-@ only soundtrack album for its Japan @-@ only multiplayer mode , while " Redemption " and " Why " each had a single release by their respective artists . = = = = Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 = = = = Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 ( 2003 ) , was the first direct video game sequel to any Final Fantasy game . Despite having composed the majority of the soundtrack for Final Fantasy X , Nobuo Uematsu did not contribute any music to the project . No tracks from X or other games in the series were used in the game . In an attempt to make a different style of music for the game than previous franchise titles , Square brought Noriko Matsueda and Takahito Eguchi on board to compose the music for X @-@ 2 , as the developers felt they were the " perfect fit " to incorporate a " pop " style into the music . The game includes two songs with vocalized elements , one of which , the J @-@ Pop song " real Emotion " , was written by Ken Kato and composed by Kazuhiro Hara . The other , J @-@ Pop ballad " 1000 Words " , was written by scenario writers Kazushige Nojima and Daisuke Watanabe . Matsueda and Eguchi composed and arranged the track . Both songs were sung by Jade Villalon from Sweetbox in the English version of the game , and are available as bonus tracks on the Japanese release of her album Adagio . In the Japanese version of the game both the songs were sung by Kumi Koda and were released as a single entitled real Emotion / 1000 no Kotoba . Koda also released her own English versions of the songs on her CD single Come with Me , with slightly different versions of the lyrics than Jade . In addition to Come with Me , the collection of music for Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 includes the two @-@ disc soundtrack album , a piano album , a soundtrack album for the Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 International + Last Mission version of the game , a single for the song " Eternity ~ Memory of Lightwaves " , and a set of three singles themed around the three main characters of the game . = = = = Tactics and Ivalice Alliance = = = = The Final Fantasy Tactics series is a spin @-@ off of the main Final Fantasy series , consisting of primarily tactical role @-@ playing games with heavy thematic similarities to the main series . After Final Fantasy XII was set in the same world , Ivalice , as the two games in the series Final Fantasy Tactics ( 1997 ) and Final Fantasy Tactics Advance ( 2003 ) , Square Enix announced that all future games set in the game world would be part of the new Ivalice Alliance subseries . These games to date include Final Fantasy XII : Revenant Wings ( 2007 ) , Final Fantasy Tactics : The War of the Lions ( 2007 ) , Final Fantasy Tactics A2 : Grimoire of the Rift ( 2007 ) , and Final Fantasy XII International Zodiac Job System ( 2007 ) . The music of these games has been primarily composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who also composed the main @-@ series game set in Ivalice , Final Fantasy XII . Masaharu Iwata shared compositional duties with him for Tactics ; Sakimoto composed 47 tracks for the game while Iwata composed the other 24 . Sakimoto composed almost all of the music for Tactics Advance , while Uematsu contributed the main theme and Kaori Ohkoshi and Ayako Saso composed additional battle tracks . Both games have a soundtrack album , while Tactics Advance inspired an arranged album . Sakimoto again was the composer for Tactics A2 : Grimoire of the Rift , though this time he was supported by composers from his studio Basiscape , and it too sparked a soundtrack album release . He also scored Revenant Wings , though it primarily consisted of arrangements of his previous work and has not been released as a separate album , and his work on Tactics was used as the score for the spinoff series Crystal Defenders . = = = = Crystal Chronicles = = = = Another spin @-@ off of the main series , the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles series consists of Crystal Chronicles ( 2004 ) , its sequel Ring of Fates ( 2007 ) , and their spin @-@ offs My Life as a King ( 2008 ) , Echoes of Time ( 2009 ) , My Life as a Darklord ( 2009 ) , and the newest title The Crystal Bearers ( 2009 ) . Kumi Tanioka is the main composer for the series , having composed the music for all of the released games . Her only work on the main series to date has been as one of the co @-@ composers for Final Fantasy XI . She did not compose the soundtrack for The Crystal Bearers ; Hidenori Iwasaki composed it instead . Tanioka is known for using an eclectic mix of instruments in her albums ; she has described the musical style for the soundtrack to Crystal Chronicles as being based on " ancient instruments " . The soundtrack has extensive use of many medieval and Renaissance musical instruments — such as the recorder , the crumhorn and the lute ; creating a distinctively rustic feel — and also follows the practices and styles of medieval music . For the soundtrack to Ring of Fates , Tanioka purposefully did not focus on " world music " , instead focusing on " creating a new landscape containing the same atmosphere " . Echoes of Time also incorporates a variety of instruments , including oboes , xylophones , marimbas , and Latin guitars . Of the released games , Crystal Chronicles , Ring of Fates , and Echoes of Time are the only ones to have a released soundtrack . Crystal Chronicles also has sparked a single of its theme song , " Sound of the Wind " ( カゼノネ , Kaze no Ne ) , composed by Kumi Tanioka and performed by Fujimoto Yae . Ring of Fates also has an associated single of its theme song , " A World Without Stars " ( 星のない世界 , Hoshi no Nai Sekai ) , written and performed by Aiko . Echoes of Time did not have a theme song . = = = = Chocobo = = = = The Chocobo series is a spin @-@ off series of games first developed by Square and later by Square Enix , featuring a super deformed version of the Final Fantasy series mascot — the chocobo — as the protagonist . These games include Mystery Dungeon installments and a variety of minigame collections over a wide variety of video game consoles . The series includes over a dozen games , most of which have been released only in Japan . The soundtracks to the games have been composed by a wide variety of composers , and many of the soundtracks are composed primarily of arranged versions of tracks from previous Final Fantasy soundtracks , especially the " chocobo " theme . Only some of the games have led to separate soundtrack releases . The first of these was Chocobo 's Mystery Dungeon ( チョコボの不思議なダンジョンオリジナル・サウンドトラック , Chocobo no Fushigina Dungeon ) , which was scored by Masashi Hamauzu and inspired an orchestral arrangement album also composed by Hamauzu . The soundtrack of Chocobo 's Dungeon 2 was composed by Kumi Tanioka , Yasuhiro Kawakami , Tsuyoshi Sekito , Kenji Ito , and Nobuo Uematsu . The games whose soundtracks were primarily composed of previous Final Fantasy and Chocobo tracks were Final Fantasy Fables : Chocobo 's Dungeon , which was arranged by Yuzo Takahashi of Joe Down Studio , Chocobo Racing , whose original tracks were composed by Kenji Ito , and Final Fantasy Fables : Chocobo Tales . The sequel to Chocobo Tales , Chocobo and the Magic Picture Book : The Witch , The Maiden , and the Five Heroes , contains mainly original works , and the two games were scored by Yuzo Takahashi . Unlike the other Chocobo games , they had a joint soundtrack album release , while Chocobo Tales had a previous download @-@ only " best of " album . = = = = Others = = = = Other spin @-@ offs of the main Final Fantasy series include Final Fantasy Adventure ( 1991 ) , a spin @-@ off game later also considered as the first game in the Mana series , which had references to Final Fantasy removed in its remake , Sword of Mana . It was scored by Kenji Ito , with one track by Uematsu . Final Fantasy Mystic Quest ( 1992 ) is an SNES game scored by Ryuji Sasai and Yasuhiro Kawakami . Final Fantasy : Legend of the Crystals ( 1994 ) is an animated sequel to Final Fantasy V , and was scored by Masahiko Sato . Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within ( 2001 ) , a computer animated science fiction film , was scored by Elliot Goldenthal , and Final Fantasy : Unlimited ( 2001 ) , a 25 @-@ episode anime series , was scored by Nobuo Uematsu , Shiro Hamaguchi , and Akifumi Tada . The soundtracks to The Spirits Within and Mystic Quest were released as separate albums , while Unlimited had two soundtrack album releases . Final Fantasy Adventure saw the release of a soundtrack album , an arranged album , a release which compiled both previous albums together , and a soundtrack album for its remake . = = Merchandise = = The majority of games in the franchise , including all of the main series games , have led to a soundtrack album release . Many have also inspired orchestral , vocal , or piano arrangement albums as well . These albums have been produced and reprinted by a number of different companies , including DigiCube , NTT Publishing , Square Enix itself , and many others . Additionally , many albums have been made available at the iTunes Music Store . In addition to the regular albums , a number of compilation albums of pieces from several Final Fantasy games have been produced both by Square Enix and outside groups , both officially and unofficially . These albums include music directly from the games , as well as arrangements covering a variety of styles . Square Enix produced the first album , Final Fantasy 1987 – 1994 ( 1994 ) and has since produced 13 albums , leading up to Final Fantasy Remix ( 2008 ) . The first compilation album produced by an outside group was The Best of Final Fantasy 1994 – 1999 : A Musical Tribute , released in 2000 by Sherman F. Heinig ; the newest is Voices of the Lifestream , an unlicensed download @-@ only album from OverClocked ReMix released in 2007 . Music from the original soundtracks has been arranged for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing . Books are available for every main series game except for Final Fantasy V , as well as for Advent Children and Crystal Chronicles . All piece in each book have been rewritten by Asako Niwa as beginning to intermediate level piano solos , though they are meant to sound as much like the originals as possible . " Best of " collections and arrangements for guitar solos and piano duets are also available . Additionally , the actual piano sheet music from each of the ten Final Fantasy Piano Collections albums has been published as ten corresponding music books by Yamaha Music Media . Each book contains the original music , exactly as arranged and performed on the albums . Unlike the Original Score arrangements , these pieces are intended only for advanced players as they are generally more difficult . Sheet music for the Final Fantasy XI Piano Collections album included in the Final Fantasy XI OST Premium Box Set was included in that box set , and , like the album itself , is unavailable for purchase elsewhere ; sheet music for the identically named standalone piano album is published by Yamaha . = = Public performances = = Music from Final Fantasy has been performed numerous times in concert tours and other live performances . Music from the series was played in the first four concerts of the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra 's Orchestral Game Music Concerts series from 1991 to 1994 , and each concert has been released on an album . It has also been played in the Video Games Live concert tour from 2005 to date as well as the Play ! A Video Game Symphony world tour from 2006 onwards , for which Nobuo Uematsu composed the opening fanfare that accompanies each performance . Final Fantasy music was played at the Symphonic Game Music Concert series , a series of annual German video game music concerts notable for being the first of their kind outside Japan , from 2003 to 2007 . The music made up one fourth of the Symphonic Fantasies concerts in September 2009 which were produced by the creators of the Symphonic Game Music Concert series . It has also been played by the Australian Eminence Symphony Orchestra , an independent symphony orchestra specializing in classical music from video games . Music from the series has also been played in specific Final Fantasy concerts and concert series . After the success of the 20020220 Music from Final Fantasy concert in 2002 , a recording of which was produced as an album , the Tour de Japon : Music from Final Fantasy , was launched in Japan in 2004 . It was followed by the Dear Friends -Music from Final Fantasy- tour in the United States that same year , which was originally scheduled to be a single concert but grew into a year @-@ long tour . In 2005 , a concert entitled More Friends : Music from Final Fantasy was performed to coincide with the one @-@ year anniversary of the first Dear Friends concert and also had an album published of the performance . The latest Final Fantasy tour is the worldwide Distant Worlds : Music from Final Fantasy tour , which began in Sweden in 2007 and still continues to date . A recording of its first performance was released as an album . Nobuo Uematsu additionally plays with The Black Mages , a band which performs Final Fantasy music in a rock music style . They have performed music live in concert , as well as with orchestras as part of various concert tours . They have released three albums to date , as well as DVDs of their live performances . From November 2003 to April 2004 , Square Enix U.S.A. launched an AOL Radio station dedicated to music from the series , initially carrying complete tracks from Final Fantasy XI in addition to samplings from VII through X. The station was relaunched in July 2006 and still remains on the site . In the 2004 Summer Olympics , the American synchronized swimming duo consisting of Alison Bartosik and Anna Kozlova were awarded the bronze medal for their performance to " Liberi Fatali " from Final Fantasy VIII . = = Sales = = = = = Albums = = = The sales figures for the various Final Fantasy music albums in Japan are as follows : Final Fantasy VI Original Sound Version ( 1994 ) - 175 @,@ 000 Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack ( 1997 ) - 148 @,@ 260 Final Fantasy VII Advent Children Original Soundtrack ( 2005 ) - 38 @,@ 904 Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack ( 2006 ) - 14 @,@ 361 Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack ( 2007 ) - 13 @,@ 321 Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack ( 1999 ) - 300,000Final Fantasy VIII : Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec ( 1999 ) - 7 @,@ 540 Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack ( 2000 ) - 101 @,@ 520 Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack PLUS ( 2000 ) - 4 @,@ 180 Final Fantasy X Original Soundtrack ( 2001 ) - 140 @,@ 380 Final Fantasy X Vocal Collection ( 2001 ) - 11 @,@ 762 Final Fantasy X Piano Collections ( 2002 ) - 2 @,@ 900 Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 Original Soundtrack ( 2003 ) - 82 @,@ 350 Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 International + Last Mission OST ( 2004 ) - 9 @,@ 879 Final Fantasy POTION : Relaxin ' With Final Fantasy ( 2001 ) - 6 @,@ 550 Square Vocal Collection ( 2001 ) - 4 @,@ 550 Final Fantasy & Final Fantasy II Original Soundtrack ( 2002 ) - 3 @,@ 900 Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack ( 2002 ) - 13 @,@ 250 20020220 Music from Final Fantasy ( 2002 ) - 7 @,@ 610 The Black Mages ( 2003 ) - 23 @,@ 526 The Black Mages II : The Skies Above ( 2004 ) - 11 @,@ 890 Final Fantasy III Original Soundtrack ( 2006 ) - 17 @,@ 843 Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack ( 2006 ) - 31 @,@ 547 Final Fantasy XIII Original Soundtrack ( 2010 ) - 16 @,@ 000 ( first @-@ day sales ) At least eight of these soundtrack albums debuted in the top ten of the Oricon albums chart : Final Fantasy VI Original Sound Version , Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy X Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack , and Final Fantasy XIII Original Soundtrack , the latter debuting at # 3 on the chart . The sales figures for albums released before Final Fantasy VI are currently unknown . The only Final Fantasy albums that failed to reach the top 30 of the Oricon albums chart were the soundtracks for the Final Fantasy Tactics series and Crystal Chronicles series . = = = Singles = = = The sales figures for the various Final Fantasy vocal singles in Japan are as follows : " Eyes on Me " ( vocals by Faye Wong , for Final Fantasy VIII , 1999 ) - 500 @,@ 000 " Melodies of Life " ( vocals by Emiko Shiratori , for Final Fantasy IX , 2000 ) - 100 @,@ 000 " Suteki Da Ne " ( vocals by Rikki , for Final Fantasy X , 2001 ) - 130 @,@ 000 " Real Emotion / 1000 no Kotoba " ( vocals by Kumi Koda , for Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 , 2003 ) - 280 @,@ 000 " Redemption " ( vocals by Gackt , for Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII , 2006 ) - 125 @,@ 000 " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " ( vocals by Angela Aki , for Final Fantasy XII , 2006 ) - 60 @,@ 000 " Why " ( vocals by Ayaka , for Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII , 2007 ) - 60 @,@ 000 " Hoshi no Nai Sekai " ( vocals by Aiko , for Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Ring of Fates , 2007 ) - 110 @,@ 000 " My Hands " , the Leona Lewis theme song for the North American and European versions of Final Fantasy XIII , was never released as a single , though the album it was taken from , Echo ( 2009 ) , sold over 1 million copies in Europe , including over 600 @,@ 000 in the United Kingdom . = = Artists inspired by Final Fantasy music = = Owen Pallett Piano Squall Periphery = Ilyushin Il @-@ 40 = The Ilyushin Il @-@ 40 ( NATO reporting name : Brawny ) was a two @-@ seat Soviet jet @-@ engined armored ground @-@ attack aircraft . The first prototype flew in 1953 and was very successful except when it fired its guns , as their combustion gasses disturbed the airflow into the engines and caused them to flameout or hiccup . Remedying this problem took over a year and involved the radical change of moving the engine air intakes all the way to the very front of the aircraft and repositioning the guns from the tip of the nose to the bottom of the fuselage , just behind the nose wheel . The aircraft , now resembling a double @-@ barreled shotgun from the front , was ordered into production in 1955 . Only five production aircraft had been completed before the entire program was canceled in early 1956 when the VVS discarded its close air support doctrine in favor of tactical nuclear weapons on the battlefield . = = Development = = Sergey Ilyushin had begun design studies during 1950 – 51 for a jet @-@ engined ground @-@ attack aircraft possessing better performance characteristics than was possible with piston @-@ engined aircraft . By the end of 1951 the Ilyushin design bureau had prepared a technical proposal for a two @-@ seat armored aircraft using two Mikulin AM @-@ 5 axial @-@ flow turbojets rated at 2 @,@ 150 kgf ( 4 @,@ 740 lbf ) at maximum power ( without afterburner ) and 2 @,@ 700 kgf ( 5 @,@ 952 lbf ) with afterburner . In January 1952 Ilyushin sent this proposal to the government , which was quickly accepted , and he was directed to design and build one prototype . The Il @-@ 40 had wings set low on the fuselage , swept back at an angle of 35 ° , and a tricycle undercarriage . The two AM @-@ 5 engines were in pods adjacent to the fuselage . As was traditional for Ilyushin ground @-@ attack aircraft the core of Il @-@ 40 's structure was a load @-@ bearing armored shell that protected both crew positions , six fuel tanks and part of the radio and electrical equipment . The thickness of the shell ranged from 3 to 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 to 0 @.@ 31 in ) in thickness . The armored bulkhead protecting the pilot from the front was 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) thick . The cockpit glazing was also bulletproof and the pilot was given an 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) armored headrest to protect him against shells fired from above and behind . The gunner was protected by armor 4 – 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 39 in ) thick . The total weight of the armored shell and the bulletproof glass was 1 @,@ 918 kg ( 4 @,@ 228 lb ) . Ejection seats were provided for both crewmembers . Three perforated airbrakes were fitted on the rear fuselage , one on each side and one underneath , to enhance the aircraft 's maneuverability during a dive . The initial armament was six 23 mm ( 0 @.@ 91 in ) Nudelman @-@ Rikhter NR @-@ 23 autocannons mounted in the nose , three on each side , each with 150 rounds , with their muzzles protruding into the slipstream . One NR @-@ 23 was mounted in a remotely controlled Il @-@ K10 tail barbette with 200 rounds . It had a maximum elevation of 55 ° , a maximum depression of 40 ° and could traverse 60 ° to either side . The Il @-@ K10 could traverse at a rate of 42 ° per second and elevate at a rate of 38 ° per second . Four small bomb bays were fitted in the wings with a maximum capacity of 100 kg ( 220 lb ) each . Alternatively four bomb racks could be fitted under the wings that could carry bombs up to 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) , 82 mm ( 3 @.@ 2 in ) TRS @-@ 82 or 132 mm ( 5 @.@ 2 in ) TRS @-@ 132 rockets , or drop tanks with a total capacity of 1 @,@ 100 litres ( 290 US gal ) . The normal bomb load was 400 kg ( 880 lb ) , but 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) could be carried at overload . Under overloaded conditions a maximum of twelve TRS @-@ 82 or eight TRS @-@ 132 rockets could be carried . Two cameras were fitted in the rear fuselage for day and night damage @-@ assessment photos . First flown on 7 March 1953 , flight tests revealed no serious shortcomings in the air . The operational CG was too far aft , but this was only a minor problem when landing , taking off and taxiing , especially when coupled with the rather short wheelbase . The biggest problem proved to be the guns and their effect on the engines . During the first aerial test of the cannons at the end of March 1953 the muzzle flash temporarily blinded the pilot and both engines flamed out . The pilot was able to restart the engines and made it back safely , but Sergey Ilyushin immediately started an investigation into the cause of the engine problems . Ground tests with high @-@ speed cameras revealed that none of the muzzle brakes or blast suppressors tested made any difference ; the engines would hiccup even if only a single gun fired just five to ten rounds . A decision was made to replace the six NR @-@ 23 guns in the nose with four AM @-@ 23 cannon with 225 rounds per gun that had a rate of fire 50 % greater than that of the NR @-@ 23 and to totally revise the gun installation . The guns were moved to the very tip of the nose in a separate compartment made of heat @-@ resistant steel and provided with a special blast deflector chamber to deflect the blast gasses away from the engine inlets . Two doors were provided at the bottom of the chamber to ventilate the chamber while firing . One problem occurred almost immediately during testing when the blast gases accumulated in the section where spent cartridges and links were saved and sometimes ignited . Occasionally this was strong enough to actually deform the chamber . The spent shell case section was thoroughly ventilated and muzzle brakes were introduced to successfully cure the problem . Resolving the problem with the guns had prevented the aircraft from undergoing its State acceptance trials in July 1953 as stipulated and a special commission was appointed to conduct the trials on 31 December 1953 . After the manufacturer 's trials were successfully concluded in January 1954 the aircraft was turned over and the State acceptance trials lasted from 21 January — 15 March 1954 . The tests were generally successful with the Il @-@ 40 proving to be easy to fly , maneuverable enough to be a handful for the MiG @-@ 15bis and MiG @-@ 17 fighters opposing it and considerably superior to the piston @-@ engined Ilyushin Il @-@ 10M ground @-@ attack aircraft then in service . However fight tests did reveal blast gas ingestion when firing in a sideslip by the engine on the side opposite the sideslip . Several solutions were evaluated to cure the problem , but Ilyushin pushed for the more radical solution of extending the air intakes for the engines all the way to the nose of the aircraft and moving the guns to the bottom of the nose , behind the air intakes . The change in position of the guns and the extension of the air intakes , which looked " uncannily like a double @-@ barreled shotgun , " allowed the nose wheel to be moved forward to lengthen the wheelbase . The guns were mounted behind the nose wheel well and a special shield was added to protect the gun barrels from debris thrown up by the nose wheel ; it was mechanically linked to the nose wheel and extended when it did . Other changes included the replacement of the original AM @-@ 5F engines by the Tumansky RD @-@ 9V , an improved version of the AM @-@ 5F , the normal bomb load was increased to 1 @,@ 000 kg and 1 @,@ 400 kg ( 3 @,@ 100 lb ) in overloaded condition , and a rear @-@ view mirror was added to allow the pilot to better observe the rear upper hemisphere . = = Production = = Ilyushin began construction of another prototype to evaluate this solution and this was endorsed on 16 October 1954 when the Council of Ministers ordered production to begin at Factory ( Zavod ) No. 168 at Rostov @-@ on @-@ Don of the improved version , designated as the Il @-@ 40P . The Il @-@ 40P prototype first flew on 14 February 1955 and began State acceptance trials on 12 October 1955 . The changes had resolved all the problems suffered by the earlier design and an order for a first batch of forty production machines was placed . Five of these had been completed by the spring of 1956 and were undergoing pre @-@ flight tests when the entire program was canceled on 13 April 1956 and all components in preparation scrapped . A week later , the Attack Aviation branch of the VVS was superseded by the Fighter @-@ Bomber branch and the doctrine of the VVS was drastically modified . No longer would the VVS provide close support to the Army , but rather it would use tactical nuclear weapons as part of the nuclear battlefield . Before the program was canceled two variants had been studied by Ilyushin . The first was an artillery @-@ spotting version known as the Il @-@ 40K . This model added a third crewman in a redesigned forward fuselage . The air intakes were reverted to their original position as the guns had been placed in the small wing bomb bays and there wasn 't any danger of the engines ingesting blast gasses from the guns . The spotter @-@ navigator was given an extensively glazed position at the tip of the nose that was well @-@ protected with armor and bulletproof glass . The first fuselage was nearing completion when the order came to cancel the entire program . The second variant was a torpedo @-@ carrying version called the Il @-@ 40T which was based on the fuselage of the Il @-@ 40K , but the navigator @-@ bombardier 's position had optically flat glass panels to facilitate aiming . Not much effort was devoted to this model and it was canceled at an early stage . = = Variants = = Il @-@ 40 – First prototype Il @-@ 40P – Second prototype and five production aircraft . Il @-@ 40K – ( korrektirovshchik – corrector ) – Artillery spotter , three @-@ seater with spotter @-@ navigator in glazed nose cockpit . Il @-@ 40T – ( torpedonosets ) – Torpedo bomber , three @-@ seater with navigator in glazed nose with optically flat panels for weapon aiming . Il @-@ 42 – Late 1960s revival of the Il @-@ 40 concept , beaten in competition with the Sukhoi T @-@ 8 ( prototype Su @-@ 25 ) Il @-@ 102 – Ultimate iteration of the Il @-@ 40 / Il @-@ 42 , with modern avionics and engines , also beaten by the Sukhoi T @-@ 8 . = = Specifications ( Il @-@ 40P ) = = Data from Gordon , OKB Ilyushin : A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft General characteristics Crew : two Length : 17 @.@ 215 m ( 56 ft 5 ¾ in ) Wingspan : 17 m ( 55 ft 9 ½ in ) Height : 5 @.@ 76 m ( 18 ft 10 5 / 8 in ) Wing area : 54 @.@ 1 m ² ( 582 @.@ 4 ft ² ) Empty weight : 8 @,@ 500 kg ( 18 @,@ 750 lb ) Loaded weight : 16 @,@ 600 kg ( 36 @,@ 600 lb ) Max. takeoff weight : 17 @,@ 600 kg ( 38 @,@ 810 lb ) Powerplant : 2 × Tumansky RD @-@ 9V turbojet Dry thrust : 2 @,@ 600 kgf ( 25 kN ) ( 5730 lbf ) each Thrust with afterburner : 3 @,@ 250 kgf ( 31 @.@ 9 kN ) ( 7170 lbf ) each Performance Maximum speed : 993 km / h ( 617 mph ) Range : 1 @,@ 320 km ( 808 mi ( with drop tanks ) ) Service ceiling : 11 @,@ 600 m ( 38 @,@ 000 ft ( Il @-@ 40 ) ) Wing loading : 31 @.@ 5 kg / m ² ( 64 @.@ 5 lb / ft ² ) Armament Guns : 4 × AM @-@ 23 23 mm cannon in the fuselage nose . 1 × AM @-@ 23 23 mm cannon in remotely controlled rear turret . Bombs : up to 1 @,@ 400 kg ( 3 @,@ 100 lb ) of bombs in four wing bomb bays and four underwing pylons carrying bombs , rockets or drop tanks . = Kandariya Mahadeva Temple = The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple ( Devanagari : कंदारिया महादेव मंदिर , Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Mandir ) , meaning " the Great God of the Cave " , is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh , India . It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India . = = Location = = Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple is located in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India . It is in the Khajuraho village , and the temple complex is spread over an area of 6 square kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 sq mi ) . It is in the western part of the village to the west of the Vishnu temple . The temple complex , in the Khajuraho village at an elevation of 282 metres ( 925 ft ) , is well connected by road , rail and air services . Khajuraho is 34 miles ( 55 km ) to the south of Mahoba , 29 miles ( 47 km ) away from the Chhatarpur city to its east , 27 miles ( 43 km ) away from Panna , 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) away from Jhansi on the north , and 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) to the south - east of Delhi . It is 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) from the railway station . Khajuraho is served by Khajuraho Airport ( IATA Code : HJR ) , with services to Delhi , Agra and Mumbai . It is 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) from the temple . = = History = = Khajuraho and Shubham were once the capital of the Chandela Rajputs . The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple , one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. is the largest of the western group of temples in the Khajuraho complex which was built by the Chandela rulers . Shiva is the chief deity in the temple deified in the sanctum sanctorium . The temple is said to have been built by the Chandela king Vidhyadhara , who ruled from 1017 to 1029 . At various periods of the reign of this dynasty many famous temples dedicated to Vishnu , Shiva , Surya , Shakti of the Hindu religion and also for the Thirthankaras of Jain religion were built . Vidhyadhara , also known as Bida in the recordings of the Muslim historian Ibn @-@ al @-@ Athir , who is credited with building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple , was a powerful ruler who fought Mahmud of Ghazni in the first offensive launched by the latter in 1019 . This battle was not conclusive and Mahmud had to return to Ghazni . Mahmud again waged war against Vidhyadhara in 1022 . He attacked the fort of Kalinjar . The siege of the fort was unsuccessful . It was lifted and Mahmud and Vidhyadhara called a truce and parted by exchanging gifts . Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over Mahmud and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple , dedicated to his family deity Shiva . Epigraphic inscriptions on a pilaster of the mandapa in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda , which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara . Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD . All the extant temples including the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple were inscribed in 1986 under the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites under Criterion III for its artistic creation and under Criterion V for the culture of the Chandelas that was popular till the country was invaded by Muslims in 1202.sri = = Features = = The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple , 31 metres ( 102 ft ) in height , is in the western complex , which is the largest among the three groups of the Khajuraho complex of temples . This western group of temples , consisting of the Kandariya , Matangeshwara and Vishvanatha temples , is compared to a " cosmic design of a hexagon ( a yantra or Cosmo gram ) " representing the three forms of Shiva . The temple architecture is an assemblage of porches and towers which terminates in a shikhara or spire , a feature which was common from the 10th century onwards in the temples of Central India . The temple is founded on a massive plinth of 4 metres ( 13 ft ) height . The temple structure above the plinth is dexterously planned and pleasingly detailed . The superstructure is built in a steep mountain shape or form , symbolic of Mount Meru which is said to be the mythical source of creation of the world . The superstructure has richly decorated roofs which rise in a grand form terminating in the shikara , which has 84 miniature spires . The temple is in layout of 6 square kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 sq mi ) , of which 22 are extant including the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple . This temple is characteristically built over a plan of 102 feet ( 31 m ) in length and 67 feet ( 20 m ) in width with the main tower soaring to a height of 102 feet ( 31 m ) , and is called the " largest and grandest temple of Khajuraho " . A series of steep steps with high rise lead from the ground level to the entrance to the temple . The layout of the temple is a five part design , a commonality with the Lakshmana and Vishvanatha temples in the Khajuraho complex . Right at the entrance there is torana , a very intricately carved garland which is sculpted from a single stone ; such entrances are part of a Hindu wedding procession . The carvings on the entrance gate shows the " tactile quality of the stone and also the character of the symmetrical design " that is on view in the entire temple which has high relief carvings of the figurines . Finely chiseled , the decorative quality of the ornamentation with the sharp inscribed lines has " strong angular forms and brilliant dark @-@ light patterns " . The carvings are of circles , undulations giving off spirals or sprays , geometric patterns , masks of lions and other uniform designs which has created a pleasant picture that is unique to this temple , among all others in the complex . In the interior space from the entrance there are three mandapas or halls , which successively rise in height and width , which is inclusive of a small chamber dedicated to Shiva , a chamber where Shiva 's wife , Parvati is deified , and a central sanctum or garbhagriha ( literal meaning " womb chamber " ) where the Shiva linga , the phallic emblem of Shiva is deified . The sanctum sanctorum is surrounded by interlinked passages which also have side and front balconies . Due to inadequate natural light in the balconies the sanctum has very little light thus creating a " cave like atmosphere " which is in total contrast to the external parts of the temple . In the interior halls of the temple and on its exterior faces there are elaborately carved sculptures of gods and goddesses , musicians and apsaras or nymphs . The huge pillars of the halls have architectural features of the " vine or scroll motif " . In the corners of the halls there are insets which are carved on the surface with incised patterns . There is a main tower above the sanctum and there are two other towers above the other mantapas also in the shape of " semi @-@ rounded , stepped , pyramidal form with progressively greater height " . The main tower is encircled by a series of interlinked towers and spires of smaller size . These are in the form of a repeated subset of miniature spires that abut a central core which gives the temple an unevenly cut contour similar to the shape of a mountain range of mount Kailasa of the Himalayas where god Shiva resides , which is appropriate to the theme of the temples here . The exterior surfaces of the temples are entirely covered with sculptures in three vertical layers . Here , there are horizontal ribbons carved with images , which shine bright in the sun light , providing rhythmic architectural features . Among the images of gods and heavenly beings , Agni , the god of fire is prominent . They are niches where erotic sculptures are fitted all round which are a major attraction among visitors . Some of these erotic sculptures are very finely carved and are in mithuna ( coitus ) postures with maidens flanking the couple , which is a frequently noted motif . There is also a " male figure suspended upside " in coitus posture , a kind of yogic pose , down on his head . The niches also have sculptures of Saptamatrikas , the septad of mother goddesses along with the gods Ganesha and Virabhadra . The seven fearful protector goddesses include : Brahmi seated on a swan of Brahma ; Maheshwari with three eyes seated on Shiva 's bull Nandi ; Kumari ; Vaishnavi mounted on Garuda ; the boar @-@ headed Varahi ; the lion @-@ headed Narasimhi and Chamunda , the slayer of demons Chanda and Munda . = Enemies & Allies = Enemies & Allies is a 2009 novel by American science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson . The book is set in the 1950s , in the midst of the Cold War , and follows Superman and Batman . Though suspicious of each other , they confront Lex Luthor who stages an international nuclear conflict and spreads fear of an alien invasion so that he can sell advanced weapons to governments . Themes used in the novel , reflective of the 1950s era , include alien invasion films , nuclear threats , and Cold War paranoia . Anderson has written supporting novels in the past in established franchises , such as Star Wars and Dune . He had previously written about Superman in the 2007 novel The Last Days of Krypton . Enemies & Allies was published in May 2009 and met with mixed reviews which noted flat characterization but that it may be entertaining for comic book fans . = = Background = = The novel Enemies & Allies uses the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . It was written by science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson who , at the time of publication , was 47 years old and living in Colorado . He had been writing novels for the past 20 years and had 15 years ' experience writing tie @-@ in novels to existing franchises , such as The X @-@ Files and Star Wars . He was best known for his prequel novels in the Dune franchise with co @-@ author Brian Herbert . His latest novels in the Dune series were Paul of Dune , published in September 2008 , and The Winds of Dune , which would be released in August 2009 , only several months after releasing Enemies & Allies . He gained experience writing in the comic book format by authoring the 2004 – 05 six issue miniseries , JSA : Strange Adventures featuring the Justice Society of America . He had previously written a novel about the origins of Superman , The Last Days of Krypton published in 2007 . = = Plot = = The novel begins in Gotham City where Batman attempts to thwart a crime but he is being pursued by the police force who consider him a villain . In Metropolis Superman is seen as a hero as he rescues a sinking passenger boat . Lex Luthor , head of LuthorCorp , is allying himself with Soviet General Anatoly Ceridov who is mining and experimenting with kryptonite in Siberia . Luthor intends to stoke fears of an alien invasion and sell anti @-@ alien defenses to world governments . What appears to be an alien spacecraft flies over United States airspace and is confronted by the air force and Superman , but is ultimately stopped by LutherCorp airplanes . Meanwhile , Bruce Wayne , Batman 's alter @-@ ego , discovers that Lex Luthor is blackmailing members of Wayne Enterprises ' board of directors to steal technology designs , allowing him to beat Wayne Enterprises on military contracts . As Batman , Wayne infiltrates Luthor 's mansion to gather evidence but also steals Luthor 's sample of kryptonite which sets off alarms . Superman and Batman confront each other , suspicious of the other 's motives , but both flee as security forces respond to the alarms . Wayne turns his board of directors into double agents , having them give faulty technology to Luthor . To demonstrate his defensive capabilities , Luthor has Ceridov launch nuclear missiles from Russia to the US but Luthor 's faulty systems fail and Superman stops the missiles . Eventually , Superman discovers the Soviet kryptonite mine but is defeated by the physiological effects of the material . Batman travels to Siberia to rescue Superman . With both heroes in Siberia Lex Luthor attacks alien ships which had just attacked Metropolis , but are actually his own aircraft staging an alien invasion . Superman and Batman arrive in the middle of the fight and defeat Luther 's forces and subdues Luthor who is arrested for treason . While Luthor is sentenced to death , Superman and Batman privately meet again and reflect that the world can use both of them to protect it , revealing their knowledge of each other 's secret identities and their promise not to expose the other . = = Style and themes = = The story is set in the DC Universe but is non @-@ canon , similar to an Elseworlds story . The content is divided into 60 chapters which mostly alternate between the ( third person ) points @-@ of @-@ view of the two protagonists , Batman / Bruce Wayne and Superman / Clark Kent , though several chapters follow antagonists ( Lex Luthor and Soviet General Anatoly Ceridov ) . While the novel is based on comic book characters , it consists solely of prose . Anderson commented on the difficulty in writing comics as prose stating , " in the comics , several pages of superpowered action can propel the story , but when you read it in a book , it 's not quite so interesting . You need more parts to the story ... " Anderson sought to capture the nostalgic feel of the 1950s . In this effort , he used several themes associated with the time period , including alien invasion movies , nuclear threats , Cold War paranoia , and optimism in the future . About the time period , Anderson said " it seemed like this was a time when you could say with a straight face , ' I 'm fighting for truth , justice and the American way . ' " For the characters Anderson was picturing George Reeves 's Superman and Noel Neill 's Lois Lane as portrayed in the 1950s television series Adventures of Superman . One reviewer noted that Anderson 's portrayal of Lex Luthor is that of the post @-@ Crisis on Infinite Earths amoral businessman and Batman was more reminiscent of a 1930s @-@ style or a " Year One " -style Batman where he is actively pursued by the police . = = Publication and reception = = Enemies & Allies was published by William Morrow and Company , an imprint of HarperCollins . The novel was released as a hardcover in May 2009 and as a paperback in October 2010 . Book reviewers had mixed reactions . The review in Publishers Weekly called it a " hokey , contrived imagining " of the team @-@ up of Superman and Batman , concluding that it was " a schlocky mediocrity for die @-@ hard fans only . " Stacey Rottiers in Library Journal found Anderson 's portrayal of Metropolis and Gotham City , as well as the " imposing feel of the Soviet presence " to be well done . Both the Publishers Weekly and Library Journal reviews noted flat characterization and recommended the novel to comic fans only . In Booklist , Carl Hays had a more positive review , writing " Anderson keeps us guessing throughout with clever plot twists and some intriguing alternate cold war history . " The review in Kirkus Reviews was also positive , saying , " this is a refreshing diversion from the grimness of The Dark Knight or the tedious Superman Returns . Injects a welcome dose of retro exuberance into the capes @-@ and @-@ tights routine . " = = Audiobook = = In May 2013 , GraphicAudio released a full cast audiobook adaptation based on the novel , with 5 CDs and features a full cast , music , and sound effects . = Interstate 97 = Interstate 97 ( I @-@ 97 ) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs entirely within Maryland . The intrastate Interstate runs 17 @.@ 62 miles ( 28 @.@ 36 km ) from U.S. Route 50 and US 301 in Parole near Annapolis north to I @-@ 695 and I @-@ 895 in Brooklyn Park near Baltimore . The Interstate is the primary highway between Baltimore and Annapolis . I @-@ 97 connects Annapolis with Baltimore – Washington International Airport and links the northern Anne Arundel County communities of Crownsville , Millersville , Severna Park , Glen Burnie , and Ferndale . It is the shortest primary Interstate Highway . I @-@ 97 was constructed along the corridor of Maryland Route 3 ( MD 3 ) between Millersville and Ferndale and MD 178 between Parole and Millersville . From Millersville to south of Glen Burnie , the Interstate closely follows the former course of MD 3 , which was built in the late 1910s and early 1920s and expanded to a divided highway in the late 1950s . North of there , the highway follows the Glen Burnie Bypass , a freeway built in the mid @-@ 1950s . The segment of I @-@ 97 from Millersville to Crownsville originated as a two @-@ lane portion of MD 32 in the early 1970s . The Interstate was introduced in 1979 after the state of Maryland successfully obtained Interstate mileage for a Baltimore – Annapolis freeway from the federal government . The state decided to build the highway along I @-@ 97 's current corridor rather than along the MD 2 corridor , which has partial freeway access via MD 10 . Construction on I @-@ 97 began in the late 1980s with new construction from US 50 and US 301 to Crownsville . The Crownsville – Millersville segment of MD 32 was expanded and incorporated into the Interstate and the MD 3 – MD 32 junction was upgraded . The portion of the MD 3 corridor from Millersville to south of Glen Burnie was upgraded on the spot to Interstate Highway standards in the early 1990s , after which MD 3 was truncated at Millersville . I @-@ 97 's interchange with I @-@ 695 was rebuilt in the late 1980s and early 1990s . The Glen Burnie Bypass was upgraded and expanded to six lanes in the mid @-@ 1990s . The complex process included reconstruction of several interchanges ; the last interchange to be reconstructed was upgraded in the mid @-@ 2000s . = = Route description = = I @-@ 97 begins at US 50 and US 301 ( John Hanson Highway ) , which run concurrently with unsigned I @-@ 595 , on the edge of the community of Parole west of Annapolis . The freeways meet at a semi @-@ directional T interchange ; the ramp from I @-@ 97 to eastbound US 50 and US 301 merges with a collector @-@ distributor road that extends east to that freeway 's interchange with MD 665 ( Aris T. Allen Boulevard ) . I @-@ 97 heads northwest as a four @-@ lane freeway with a speed limit of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) . The freeway crosses over MD 450 ( Defense Highway ) and passes along the south and west sides of Crownsville , where it crosses several tributaries of the Bacon Ridge Branch of the South River . North of Crownsville , I @-@ 97 has a partial interchange that comprises a pair of long ramps to MD 178 ( Generals Highway ) ; the interchange allows access from southbound I @-@ 97 to MD 178 and from the state highway to the northbound Interstate . I @-@ 97 gains an extra lane in each direction from the MD 178 ramps ; those extra lanes split off at the freeway 's partial interchange with the eastern end of MD 32 just north of Millersville . The Interstate curves northeast and has a complementary partial interchange with the northern end of MD 3 ( Robert Crain Highway ) . The two state highways meet each other at a six @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange immediately to the west of I @-@ 97 's sweeping curve , which facilitates all movements between the three highways . I @-@ 97 continues north as a six @-@ lane freeway and is closely paralleled on the east by Veterans Highway on the western edge of Severna Park . The highways cross Severn Run within Severn Run Natural Environment Area before they diverge slightly at the Interstate 's partial cloverleaf interchange with Benfield Boulevard ; access from northbound I @-@ 97 to the crossroad is via Veterans Highway . I @-@ 97 and Veterans Highway continue to parallel each other to the latter highway 's northern end at I @-@ 97 's partial cloverleaf interchange with the southern end of MD 3 Business ( Robert Crain Highway ) and New Cut Road . The interchange includes a flyover ramp from northbound I @-@ 97 to northbound Veterans Highway just south of its intersection with MD 3 Business . The freeway continues north along the west side of Glen Burnie and meets MD 174 ( Quarterfield Road ) at a four @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange and MD 100 at a cloverstack interchange that has flyover exit ramps from both directions of I @-@ 97 . I @-@ 97 temporarily gains two extra lanes in each direction between MD 100 and its partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 176 ( Dorsey Road ) . Access from the southbound Interstate to MD 176 is via MD 162 ( Aviation Boulevard ) , which forms part of the Airport Loop surrounding Baltimore – Washington International Airport . I @-@ 97 continues through Ferndale , where it crosses over the Glen Burnie branch of the Baltimore Light Rail immediately before the highway 's four @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 648 ( Baltimore – Annapolis Boulevard ) , which provides access to the transit line 's terminal station , Cromwell Station / Glen Burnie . I @-@ 97 's final interchange is with I @-@ 695 ( Baltimore Beltway ) . The Interstate crosses the Cabin Branch of Curtis Creek within the interchange , which includes a flyover ramp from I @-@ 97 to westbound I @-@ 695 ; that ramp and the one from eastbound I @-@ 695 to I @-@ 97 merge on the inside of the two carriageways of the Beltway . The Interstate drops to four lanes and reaches its northern terminus just north of the loop ramp from westbound I @-@ 695 to I @-@ 97 in Brooklyn Park . The highway continues as I @-@ 895A , a pair of ramps that merge with the spur from I @-@ 895 ( Harbor Tunnel Thruway ) to MD 2 ( Governor Ritchie Highway ) . The continuation from I @-@ 97 includes a ramp to westbound I @-@ 695 that allows access to the Beltway 's interchange with MD 648 . I @-@ 97 does not have an official name . However , the Interstate is dedicated to John A. Cade , who served the area around Severna Park in the Maryland Senate from 1974 to his 1996 death and who worked to secure funding for the highway . The Maryland General Assembly passed a dedication bill in 1998 , and the Maryland State Highway Administration ( MDSHA ) installed a pair of signs noting the dedication in Millersville and near Parole . Like all Interstate Highways , I @-@ 97	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the year . However , eight earned runs allowed over his next six games raised his ERA to 4 @.@ 00 . Afterwards , though , he had a 2 @.@ 08 ERA over his next 12 games . On June 17 , he was the winning pitcher when he threw a scoreless inning in a 4 – 1 victory over Toronto . In his next game , on June 19 , he was the losing pitcher when he gave up three runs ( only one run was earned ) without recording an out in a 4 – 1 loss to the New York Mets . However , after that 12 @-@ game stretch , he gave up five earned runs over his next four games to bring his ERA up to 4 @.@ 29 . On July 13 , he was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career with right shoulder tendinitis . Mota returned at the beginning of September , but he had a 10 @.@ 57 ERA and two losses in his final 11 games of the year . He finished the season with a 1 – 3 record and a 5 @.@ 26 ERA in 53 games . = = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = = = = = = 2002 = = = = Mota began spring training with the Expos in 2002 , but was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers with outfielder Wilkin Ruan for pitcher Matt Herges and infielder Jorge Nunez on March 23 . He failed to make the Dodgers ' major league club in spring training and was assigned to the Las Vegas 51s of the triple @-@ A Pacific Coast League to begin the season . He was called up on April 20 when Kevin Brown was placed on the disabled list . After appearing in two games , he was returned to Las Vegas on April 30 when Brown came off the disabled list . On May 17 , he was called up a second time . In 22 games through July 14 , he had a 2 @.@ 43 ERA . On June 3 , he pitched a scoreless inning and earned the win in an 11 – 5 victory over the Colorado Rockies . However , he was returned to Las Vegas on July 28 after he had a loss and a 13 @.@ 50 ERA over his next seven games . He did not return to the Dodgers until August 26 , when Kevin Beirne was demoted to the minors . That same day , he was the losing pitcher when he gave up three runs ( two earned ) in his third inning of work in a 12 @-@ inning 6 – 3 loss to Arizona . He was the losing pitcher again on September 13 when he gave up three runs in the seventh inning and blew a 4 – 2 lead over Colorado . He posted a 3 @.@ 92 ERA over his final 14 games of the year to finish with a 1 – 3 record and a 4 @.@ 15 ERA in 43 games . With the 51s , he had a 1 – 3 record with a 2 @.@ 95 ERA in 20 games . = = = = = Conflict with Mike Piazza = = = = = On March 28 , 2002 , Mota hit Mike Piazza , catcher for the Mets at the time , with a pitch in a spring training game against the Mets . After Mota was removed from the game , Piazza grabbed him by the neck and had to be separated from Mota by other players . Piazza received a $ 3 @,@ 000 fine for his actions . Next season , in a spring training game against the Mets on March 12 , Mota hit Piazza with a pitch . Piazza charged the mound , starting a brawl , and both players were ejected from the game . After the game , Piazza entered the Dodgers ' clubhouse looking for Mota . Informed that Mota had left , Piazza searched the clubhouse before leaving . Mota said that hitting Piazza was not intentional , but both he and Piazza were suspended five games in the regular season and fined — Mota $ 1 @,@ 500 and Piazza $ 3 @,@ 000 . Mota 's suspension was later reduced to four games . = = = = 2003 = = = = In 2003 , Mota earned a roster spot with the Dodgers after spring training . From May 1 to May 27 , he pitched 15 2 ⁄ 3 consecutive scoreless innings . On May 23 , against the Milwaukee Brewers , he got his first save when he pitched three scoreless innings in a 6 – 4 victory . Manager Jim Tracy used him to get the save because he wanted to rest closer Éric Gagné . On May 29 , Mota struck out six batters in three innings in a 12 – 5 loss to Colorado . From June 11 through July 17 , he threw 19 2 ⁄ 3 consecutive scoreless innings . On July 13 , he hit his second career home run ( against Joe Roa ) in a 9 – 3 victory over Colorado . In August , he had a 2 – 0 record with a 0 @.@ 44 ERA in 21 games . Mota finished the season with a 6 – 3 record and a 1 @.@ 97 ERA in 76 games , and his 105 innings pitched were the most by a Dodger reliever since 1985 , when Tom Niedenfuer threw 106 1 ⁄ 3 . His 105 innings pitched led National League ( NL ) relief pitchers and were just two shy of American League leader Steve Sparks . Mota , Gagné , Tom Martin , and Paul Quantrill were the first relief pitcher teammates to appear in at least 76 games in a season . His opponent batting average of .205 ranked tenth among NL relievers , and left @-@ handers ' .181 average against him ranked fourth in the NL . = = = = 2004 = = = = After Quantrill became a free agent , Mota became the setup man for Gagné in 2004 . He started the season with eight straight scoreless games . From June 27 to July 16 , he did not allow a run in 10 straight games . On July 29 , he started a career @-@ high five @-@ game winning streak when he got a win by pitching two scoreless innings in a 2 – 1 victory over the San Francisco Giants . He was the winning pitcher when he pitched two scoreless innings in an 8 – 5 victory over the Anaheim Angels on July 3 in a game notable for Gagné getting the final save of his 84 straight converted save chances . On July 30 , a day before the trade deadline , Mota had a 2 @.@ 14 ERA in 52 games . That day , he was traded to the Florida Marlins with Juan Encarnación and Paul Lo Duca for Hee @-@ seop Choi , Brad Penny , and Bill Murphy . = = = Florida Marlins = = = Upon joining the Marlins , Mota was named the closer because Armando Benítez , the Marlins ' closer , was injured . On August 5 , he entered a game in the eighth inning with the Marlins leading 7 – 5 and got his first save as a Marlin in an 11 – 5 victory over Arizona . However , that was his only save opportunity before he was returned to the setup role because of the return of Benítez from the disabled list . Mota had a 4 @.@ 81 ERA in 26 games with the Marlins , although it would have been only 3 @.@ 06 if he had not given up seven runs in his final two games of the year . He finished the season with a 9 – 8 record and a 3 @.@ 07 ERA in 78 games . His nine wins were tied with Ryan Madson for second in the NL by a relief pitcher , and his 96 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched led NL relievers . His opponent batting average of .196 was fifth @-@ best among NL relievers . In 2005 , Mota was named the Marlins ' closer in spring training since Benítez became a free agent following the 2004 season . He did not get a save opportunity until April 22 , which he converted in a 4 – 2 win over Cincinnati . He got his second save of the year the next day in another 4 – 2 win over Cincinnati . However , he was placed on the disabled list on May 1 ( retroactive to April 24 ) with inflammation in his right elbow . He was activated on May 27 , but Todd Jones , who had been filling in for Mota , remained the closer . Mota had a 1 @.@ 69 ERA through his first 11 games , but 12 earned runs allowed over his next seven games raised his ERA to 7 @.@ 27 . On June 24 , he was the winning pitcher in the Marlins ' 7 – 4 victory over the Tampa Bay Devil Rays . He got his only other win of the year on August 30 , when he gave up a run in two innings in a 7 – 6 victory over St. Louis . Mota posted a 3 @.@ 81 ERA over his final 38 games to finish the season 2 – 2 with a 4 @.@ 70 ERA in 56 games . On November 24 , Mota was traded with Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell to the Boston Red Sox for four prospects : Jesús Delgado , Harvey García , Hanley Ramírez , and Aníbal Sánchez . = = = Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians = = = Mota never played a game with the Red Sox , as on January 27 , 2006 , he was traded to the Cleveland Indians with Andy Marte , Kelly Shoppach , a player to be named later ( eventually Randy Newsom ) , and cash considerations for Coco Crisp , David Riske , and Josh Bard . The trade was postponed slightly because Mota failed to pass a physical , so the Indians put him on a conditioning program before spring training . However , he was still expected to be the setup man for closer Bob Wickman . He started the season well , as he did not allow an earned run in his first seven games . However , he struggled after that , and he lost the setup role to Rafael Betancourt in May . Over his next 27 games , Mota had a 7 @.@ 89 ERA , and opponents batted .314 against him . On August 11 , he was designated for assignment after he had a 1 – 3 record with a 6 @.@ 21 ERA in 34 games . On August 20 , he was traded to the New York Mets with cash for a player to be named later . To date , his time with the Indians was his only stint in the American League . = = = New York Mets = = = On September 1 , Mota was the winning pitcher when he pitched a scoreless inning in an 8 – 7 victory over Houston . He got another win by pitching a scoreless inning on September 12 in a 6 – 4 victory over Florida . With the Mets , he had a 3 – 0 record with a 1 @.@ 00 ERA and 19 strikeouts in 18 games to finish the season 4 – 3 with a 4 @.@ 53 ERA in 52 games . He made the playoffs for the first time in his career as the Mets won the NL East . In the first game of the 2006 National League Division Series against the Dodgers , Mota was the winning pitcher when he pitched two innings , although he blew a 4 – 1 lead by giving up three runs and allowing the Dodgers to tie the game . Mota pitched two scoreless innings in the Mets ' series @-@ winning 9 – 5 victory over the Dodgers in Game 3 . In the 2006 National League Championship Series , Mota appeared in five of the seven games in the series . He blew a lead in an eventual Game 2 loss , but he did not give up a run in the other four games as the Mets lost to St. Louis in seven games . On October 30 , he filed for free agency . On November 1 , 2006 , Mota became the fifteenth MLB player to be suspended for using performance @-@ enhancing drugs ( and the first to be suspended for fifty games ) when he was suspended for the first fifty games of 2007 . However , the Mets re @-@ signed him to a two @-@ year , $ 5 million contract on December 7 . After spending two weeks in the minors , Mota rejoined the Mets on May 30 , 2007 . He struggled in his first 16 games , collecting a 7 @.@ 71 ERA in them . In his next 15 games , however , he amassed a 1 @.@ 89 ERA . During those games , on August 3 , he was the winning pitcher when he threw a scoreless inning in a 6 – 2 victory over the Chicago Cubs . He struggled after that , though , as he had a 7 @.@ 48 ERA over his final 21 games of the season . On August 28 , he was the losing pitcher when he gave up a walk @-@ off home run to Ryan Howard in the 10th inning of a 4 – 2 loss to Philadelphia . He earned the win on September 12 in a 4 – 3 victory over the Atlanta Braves despite losing a two @-@ run lead in the eighth inning . His final decision of the season came on September 16 , when he gave up three runs without recording an out in a 10 – 6 loss to Philadelphia . Mota finished the season with a 2 – 2 record and a 5 @.@ 76 ERA in 52 games . On November 20 , he was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for Johnny Estrada . = = = Milwaukee Brewers = = = Mota started the 2008 season with a 2 @.@ 20 ERA in his first 15 games . On May 11 , Brewers manager Ned Yost removed Gagné from the closer 's role and decided to use different pitchers in save opportunities . The next day , Mota got his first save since 2005 in an 8 – 3 victory over St. Louis . However , that was his only save of the season , and Salomón Torres took over the closer 's role . Mota began to struggle after the save , as he had a 9 @.@ 00 ERA over his next 19 games to bring his ERA to 5 @.@ 77 at the All @-@ Star break . However , he began pitching better after the All @-@ Star break as he posted a 1 @.@ 59 ERA in his final 24 games of the season . On August 24 , Mota was the winning pitcher in a 4 – 3 victory over Pittsburgh when he entered the game with the bases loaded and no outs and did not allow a run to score in one inning of work . He finished the season with a 5 – 6 record and a 4 @.@ 11 ERA in 58 games , and he returned to the playoffs as the Brewers made the playoffs for the first time in 26 years . In the first game of the 2008 National League Division Series , he pitched a scoreless 1 ⁄ 3 inning in a 3 – 1 loss to Philadelphia . His only other appearance of the playoffs that year came in Game 4 ( the final game of the series ) when he allowed a solo home run to Pat Burrell in the final 1 1 ⁄ 3 innings of a 6 – 2 loss . On November 3 , Mota filed for free agency . = = = Second stint with the Dodgers = = = On January 13 , 2009 , Mota returned to the Dodgers upon signing a one @-@ year contract . His second stint with the Dodgers got off to a bad start , as he posted a 9 @.@ 00 ERA in his first 15 games of the season . However , his statistics improved when he compiled a 0 @.@ 26 ERA over his next 29 games to lower his season ERA to 2 @.@ 92 . From June 24 through July 29 , Mota gave up no runs in 17 games ( 20 1 ⁄ 3 consecutive innings pitched ) . However , he had a 4 @.@ 97 ERA over his next 13 games . On August 4 , in a 17 – 4 victory over Milwaukee , Mota was ejected after he hit Brewers first baseman Prince Fielder with a pitch ( in retaliation for Chris Smith hitting Manny Ramirez a few innings earlier , according to Dodgers catcher Russell Martin ) . After the game , Fielder attempted to gain entry into the Dodgers ' clubhouse to confront Mota but was stopped by teammates . Both Mota and Fielder were fined by Major League Baseball for their actions . On August 31 , Mota was placed on the disabled list with an ingrown toenail to make room for Ronnie Belliard on the roster . He was reactivated on September 14 . However , after posting a 5 @.@ 40 ERA in his final four games of the year , he was left off the Dodgers ' playoff roster . He finished the season with a 3 – 4 record and a 3 @.@ 44 ERA ( his lowest since 2004 ) in 61 games . On November 6 , he filed for free agency . = = = San Francisco Giants = = = On February 2 , 2010 , Mota signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants with an invitation to spring training , marking the first time he was a non @-@ roster invitee . On April 4 , he was placed in the final spot in the Giants ' bullpen . He started his tenure with the Giants with nine consecutive scoreless outings . On May 5 , he got his only save of 2010 in a 9 – 6 victory over Florida . Mota took over the setup role in May , but lost it after allowing five runs and losing one of three games from June 10 to 13 . He compiled a 1 @.@ 27 ERA over his first 23 games , but a 7 @.@ 48 ERA over his next 28 games raised his ERA to 4 @.@ 78 . On July 4 , he intentionally walked four batters in 1 1 ⁄ 3 innings ( due to runners reaching third base with nobody out in the 14th and 15th innings ) and was the losing pitcher when he allowed a run in the 15th inning of a 4 – 3 loss to Colorado . On August 23 , he was placed on the disabled list with iliotibial band syndrome to make room for Cody Ross on the Giants ' roster . He returned to the Giants on September 6 . Mota did not give up an earned run in his final five appearances of the season to finish the year with a 1 – 3 record and a 4 @.@ 33 ERA in 56 games , and he made the Giants ' playoff roster as they won the NL West . However , he was not used until Game 2 of the 2010 World Series , when he pitched a scoreless ninth inning in a 9 – 0 victory over the Texas Rangers . His only other postseason appearance came when he pitched 1 1 ⁄ 3 scoreless innings in a 4 – 2 loss in Game 3 . However , Mota won his first World Series when the Giants defeated Texas 4 games to 1 in the series . After the series , he filed for free agency . On December 19 , Mota signed another minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Giants . He won one of the final two spots in the Giants ' bullpen on March 30 , 2011 . On April 16 , after Giants ' starter Barry Zito was injured in the second inning , Mota pitched a career @-@ high 4 1 ⁄ 3 innings , giving up one run and earning the win in a 5 – 3 victory over Arizona . On May 7 , 2012 , MLB announced that they were suspending Mota for 100 games due to his testing positive for Clenbuterol , a performance @-@ enhancing substance . This was his second suspension as he had previously been suspended for 50 games in 2006 . = = = Kansas City Royals = = = Mota signed a minor league deal with the Kansas City Royals on January 16 , 2014 . However , he announced his retirement on March 2 , 2014 . = = Pitching style = = Mota has three different kinds of pitches : a fastball , a slider , and a circle changeup . The slider is the pitch he usually uses to get outs . Wildness has been a problem for him , though , and his fastball is easy to hit when thrown over the plate . In the past , he has thrown a splitter and a curveball . = Worlds Apart ( Falling Skies ) = " Worlds Apart " is the second season premiere episode of the American television drama series Falling Skies and the 11th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on TNT in the United States on June 17 , 2012 , as a two @-@ hour season premiere with the second episode of the season . Written by the first season showrunner Mark Verheiden and directed by Greg Beeman , " Worlds Apart " was the first original Falling Skies episode in 10 months . Remi Aubuchon was hired as the showrunner for the second season in May 2011 before the first season premiere . He replaced Verheiden , who is also the co @-@ executive producer . Once Aubuchon entered the writer 's room , he began speaking of the cliffhanger left over from the first season finale . He stated that creating the follow @-@ up was a " fun challenge , which propelled a lot of the storytelling for the second season . " Three months have passed since Tom Mason boarded the spacecraft , and the 2nd Mass has been on the move . Assuming their father is dead , Tom 's eldest son , Hal , becomes more of a presence in the 2nd Mass , along with Ben , whose hatred of the Skitters grows stronger . After Tom 's return , through flashbacks , " Worlds Apart " details his torture by the Overlords and his pilgrimage back to the 2nd Mass . Reviews for the episode were relatively positive . Many critics saw it as a step @-@ up in quality from the first season and praised the darker approach to storytelling . In the United States , the two @-@ hour season premiere achieved a viewership of 4 @.@ 46 million . The episode garnered a Nielsen rating of 1 @.@ 5 in the 18 – 49 demographic , down from the season finale . = = Plot = = Three months have passed since Tom Mason ( Noah Wyle ) boarded the spacecraft , and the 2nd Mass has been on the move . In the opening scene , a small group , part of the 2nd Mass , led by Captain Weaver ( Will Patton ) , attack a group of Skitters and Mechs patrolling the streets . Ben Mason ( Connor Jessup ) , who was captured by the Skitters months earlier , has since grown to despise the extra terrestrials . Weaver orders the group to cease fire and conserve ammo . Ben , however , notices a Skitter still alive . He jumps from the rooftop on which he was firing and slits the Skitter 's throat . His brother , Hal ( Drew Roy ) , follows him . They both hear a noise and notice another Skitter . Ben shoots it . However , at that point , Tom Mason was wrestling with it . The bullet goes through the Skitter and wounds Tom . The group bring Tom back to their camp . Anne Glass ( Moon Bloodgood ) and Lourdes ( Seychelle Gabriel ) operate on Tom . While Tom is in surgery , flashbacks appear , filling in the gaps of his 3 month departure . He is apparently tortured by the alien “ Overlords ” while on the spaceship . Later , the Overlords wish to speak with him . They communicate through Karen ( Jessy Schram ) , who was once part of the 2nd Mass . It tells Tom about a “ Neutral Zone ” , in which survivors can live in peace – detained in a camp run by The Overlords . Tom quickly realizes that negotiation with their invaders is out of the question , and he immediately refuses . He attacks a nearby Skitter and is knocked unconscious in the process . Later , Tom is dropped off in a field somewhere . There , he discovers that other people were held captive on the spaceship as well . A Mech kills everyone , except for Tom , presumably to tell others about what he witnessed . He begins a pilgrimage back to Boston . On his way , he finds a girl , Teresa ( Laine MacNeil ) being mugged . Tom helps her . Teresa ’ s mother was murdered and Tom and Teresa bury her . They leave together on Teresa ’ s motorcycle . Later , they hear Mech fire and people . Teresa decides to leave and go to the mountains . Tom stays to find other survivors . There , he finds a Skitter . While attempting to kill it , Tom is shot by his son , Ben . His story complete , Tom awakens to find Anne by his side . She tells him she knew he ’ d return for his sons . He tells her that he came back for her too . Tom then reunites with his children before greeting fellow members of the 2nd Mass . They appear happy to see him . Pope ( Colin Cunningham ) , however , appears not so happy to see Tom . He tells Weaver about his suspicions . = = Production = = Falling Skies was renewed on July 7 , 2011 , for a second season . TNT announced production had begun on the second season on October 24 , 2011 . For the second season , Brandon Jay McLaren joined the cast in October as Jamil Dexter , a mechanic . McLaren will feature in seven episodes . Filming took place in Vancouver and at the Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam from October 2011 to March 2012 . For the first season , production took place in Hamilton and Toronto . Noah Wyle said that the change in location made filming significantly different . A new crew came in for the second season , with only " two or three people on staff that were there in season one . " The new staff includes a new writing staff and showrunner . Remi Aubuchon was hired as the showrunner for the second season in May 2011 before the first season premiere . Once Aubuchon entered the writer 's room , he began speaking of the cliffhanger " it became a really fun challenge . " Out of that cliffhanger , says Aubuchon , " came some really positive things that propel a lot of the storytelling in the second season . And the writers came up with a pretty cool way for Tom Mason to get off that spaceship again . " " You 'll always catch people after a huge trauma saying , ' Oh , it wasn 't that bad . ' Or , ' It was fun , ' Or , ' It was cool falling off that cliff , ' " says Aubuchon . " The truth is , at first it was like , ' Oh my God , should i just say I can 't do this job ? ' Ultimately , though , I think it turned out cool . " Series lead Noah Wyle received several phone calls after the first season finale aired . The number one question was " What the hell were you doing getting on that spaceship ? " He said that they " wrote themselves into a corner " . Moon Bloodgood , who plays Dr. Anne Glass , says she was sort of daunted but impressed by the writing . Aubuchon added that Tom Mason 's capture helped the writer 's change the character slightly . He stated : " Tom comes away from that experience feeling used and manipulated . It wasn 't the experience [ he expected ] . He thought he was going to be having a nice conversation with an extraterrestrial being . It turned out to be worse than that . More than that , I won 't say . But that 's what made it fun . " Greg Beeman , who directed the episode , spoke about Remi Aubuchon 's hiring . He said that Remi had " a lot of ideas about how to keep the good stuff we ’ d established in Season 1 " , and " diminish the things that weren ’ t as strong " . Steven Spielberg 's original conception of Falling Skies was that the characters in the series would be nomadic . The idea for the second season was to " create a mobile refugee camp made up of vehicles and rag @-@ tag tents . " Chris Faloona , who was the Director of Photography in the first season , was unable to return due to commitments on another series , and Nate Goodman was hired . Aubuchon and Beeman discussed what was a head for the characters this season , and soon after , Beeman called Connor Jessup , who plays Ben Mason , and said " I ’ ve just heard what the plans are for you for this season . And my strong advice is that you get a trainer and start eating your Wheaties ! You are in a HUGE storyline is going to revolve around you … You ’ re a warrior , you ’ re a skitter killer and you ’ re a badass ! " Jessup hired a trainer that very day . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast , " Worlds Apart " was seen by an estimated 4 @.@ 46 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . The episode was down 24 % from its series debut , which garnered a 2 @.@ 0 rating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . Nevertheless , Falling Skies remains TNT 's highest @-@ rated scripted series . " Worlds Apart " received a 1 @.@ 5 rating among viewers between ages 18 and 49 , meaning 1 @.@ 5 percent of viewers in that age bracket watched the episode . = = = Reviews = = = Reviews for the episode were strong . Many critics noted a step @-@ up in quality from the first season . Newsday 's Verne Gay called stated " " Skies " has made the bad guys intriguing , and now if it can only get serious about character development with the good ones -- humans -- then the second season will be a big improvement . " Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post compared the episode to the first season by saying " Season 2 is a different animal , a much leaner and meaner machine that allows sentiment to be present but unexpressed and depicts a darker world in which innocence is a luxury that no one can truly afford . " Chuck Barney declared " Sunday 's explosive two @-@ hour opener boldly delivers on the promise by TNT producers to rev up both the pace and the firepower in Season 2 . " Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic called the episode a " strong start overall to Falling Skies Season 2 , " and continued by praising the performances of Wyle , Patton and Cunningham . Screen Rant 's Anthony Ocasio praised the episode . " While further episodes will reveal more , the type of character development , intriguing storylines and exciting action that will be contained in Falling Skies season 2 , there ’ s no doubt that TNT ’ s hit drama will likely become an epic adventure , spanning many seasons , " he said . = Hugh Beadle = Sir Thomas Hugh William Beadle CMG OBE PC ( 6 February 1905 – 14 December 1980 ) was a Rhodesian lawyer , politician and judge who served as his country 's Сhief Justice from 1961 to 1977 . He came to international prominence against the backdrop of Rhodesia 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) from Britain in 1965 , upon which he initially stood by the British Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs as an adviser ; he then provoked acrimony in British government circles by declaring Ian Smith 's post @-@ UDI administration legal in 1968 . Born and raised in the Rhodesian capital Salisbury , Beadle read law in South Africa and England before commencing practice in Bulawayo in 1931 . He became a member of the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly for Godfrey Huggins 's ruling United Party in 1939 . Appointed Huggins 's Parliamentary Private Secretary in 1940 , he retained that role until 1946 , when he became Minister of Internal Affairs and Justice ; the Education and Health portfolios were added two years later . He retired from politics in 1950 to become a judge of the Southern Rhodesian High Court . In 1961 , he was knighted and appointed Chief Justice ; three years later he became president of the High Court 's new Appellate Division and a member of the British Privy Council . Beadle held the Rhodesian Front , the governing party from 1962 , in low regard , dismissing its Justice Minister Desmond Lardner @-@ Burke as a " small time country solicitor " . As independence talks between Britain and Rhodesia gravitated towards stalemate , Beadle repeatedly attempted to arrange a compromise . He continued these efforts after UDI , and brought Harold Wilson and Smith together for talks aboard HMS Tiger . The summit failed ; Wilson afterwards castigated Beadle for not persuading Smith to settle . Beadle 's de jure recognition of the post @-@ UDI government in 1968 outraged the Wilson administration and drew accusations from the British Prime Minister and others that he had furtively supported UDI all along . His true motives remain the subject of speculation . After Smith declared a republic in 1970 , Beadle continued as Chief Justice ; he was almost removed from the Privy Council , but kept his place following Wilson 's electoral defeat soon after . Beadle retired in 1977 and thereafter sat as an acting judge in special trials for terrorist offences . He died in Johannesburg on 14 December 1980 , aged 75 . = = Early life and education = = Thomas Hugh William Beadle ( generally known as Hugh ) was born in Salisbury , Southern Rhodesia on 6 February 1905 , the only son and eldest child of Arthur William Beadle and his wife Christiana Maria ( née Fischer ) . He had two sisters . The family was politically conservative and favoured joining the Union of South Africa during the latter years of Company rule , sharing a firm consensus that Sir Charles Coghlan and his responsible government movement were , in Beadle 's recollection , " a pretty wild bunch of jingoes " . Responsible government ultimately prevailed in the 1922 referendum of the mostly white electorate , and Southern Rhodesia became a self @-@ governing colony the following year . After attending Salisbury Boys ' School , Milton High School in Bulawayo and Diocesan College , Rondebosch , Beadle studied law at the University of Cape Town . He completed his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1928 , then continued his studies in England as a Rhodes Scholar at The Queen 's College , Oxford . There he played rugby and tennis for the college , boxed for the university and qualified as a pilot with the Oxford University Air Squadron . He graduated with a second @-@ class Bachelor of Civil Law degree in 1930 , and soon after was called to the English bar . He briefly read in London chambers before commencing practice in Bulawayo in 1931 . In 1934 he married Leonie Barry , a farmer 's daughter from Barrydale in the Cape of Good Hope ; they had two daughters . = = Political and judicial career = = = = = MP and Cabinet minister = = = After returning to Rhodesia , Beadle took an interest in politics ; he joined the United Party , created from the former Rhodesia Party and the conservative faction of the Reform Party to contest the 1934 general election . He was attracted to the United Party not so much by its policies but by his admiration for its leading figures — he considered the Prime Minister Godfrey Huggins " a man of the calibre I think of Rhodes " . The Southern Rhodesian electoral system allowed only those who met certain financial and educational qualifications to vote . The criteria were applied equally to all regardless of race , but since most black citizens did not meet the set standards , the electoral roll and the colonial Legislative Assembly were overwhelmingly from the white minority ( about 5 % of the population ) . The United Party broadly represented commercial interests , civil servants and the professional classes . Beadle stood in Bulawayo South in the 1934 election , challenging Harry Davies , the Labour leader . Davies defeated Beadle by 458 votes to 430 , but the United Party won decisively elsewhere and formed a new government with 24 out of the 30 parliament seats . Huggins , who remained Prime Minister , held Beadle in high regard and made him a close associate . In the 1939 election , Beadle won a three @-@ way contest in Bulawayo North with 461 votes out of 869 , and became a United Party MP . Beadle was seconded to the Gold Coast Regiment with the rank of temporary captain following the outbreak of the Second World War , but was released from military service at the request of the Southern Rhodesian government to serve as Huggins 's Parliamentary Private Secretary , " with access to all ministers and top @-@ ranking officials on the PM 's business to speed up affairs " . He held this post from 1940 to 1946 , during which time he was also Deputy Advocate General for the Southern Rhodesian armed forces . In the first post @-@ war election in 1946 , Beadle defeated Labour 's Cecil Maurice Baker in Bulawayo North by 666 votes to 196 . He was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs and Justice . The same year he was made a Queen 's Counsel and appointed OBE . Two years later , after retaining his seat in the 1948 election with a large majority , he was assigned two more portfolios , those of Education and Health . Around this time he turned down an approach from a group of Liberal and rebel United Party MPs to challenge Huggins 's premiership . Beadle had entered the Cabinet at a time when relations between the United Party and the British Labour Party were warming . He formed a good relationship with Aneurin Bevan , the UK Minister of Health , and put considerable work into attempting to create a Southern Rhodesian system similar to National Insurance in Britain . These efforts were largely unsuccessful , but did lead to a maternity grant for white mothers , nicknamed the " Beadle baby scheme " . Beadle retired from politics in 1950 to accept a seat on the Southern Rhodesian High Court . This decision surprised many of his contemporaries ; Beadle would explain later that he left politics as he did not feel he would work well under his United Party colleague Edgar Whitehead , who he correctly predicted would rise to the premiership . = = = Chief Justice = = = Beadle filled the seat on the High Court bench vacated by Sir Robert Tredgold , who had just been appointed Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia . Despite his close relationship with Huggins , Beadle had strong misgivings regarding Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , which became Huggins 's flagship project . Beadle argued that since the British government would never devolve indigenous African affairs to Federal responsibility , native policy in the three territories would never be co @-@ ordinated , meaning " the thing was bound to crash " . Nevertheless , Huggins sent him to London in 1949 to discuss the legal problems of the proposed Federation with the British government . Beadle later expressed regrets that he had not played a bigger role in drawing up the constitution for the Federation , which was inaugurated as an indissoluble entity in 1953 , following a mostly white referendum in Southern Rhodesia . Huggins spent three years as Federal Prime Minister before retiring in 1956 . Whitehead became Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia in 1958 . After Leonie 's death in 1953 , Beadle married Olive Jackson , of Salisbury , in 1954 . He later said that he was repeatedly asked to resign from the bench to become the Federal Minister of Law or stand for Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia , but " didn 't regard any of the issues as crucial enough to warrant my going back " . Beadle 's biographer Claire Palley describes him as " a learned , fair but also adventurous judge " . He was appointed CMG in 1957 . In August 1959 , amid rising black nationalism and opposition to the Federation , particularly in the two northern territories , Beadle chaired a three @-@ man tribunal on the Southern Rhodesian government 's preventive detention of black nationalist leaders without trial during the disturbances . He upheld the government 's actions , reporting that the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress had disseminated " subversive propaganda " , encouraged racial hatred , intimidated people into joining and undermined the authority of tribal chiefs , government officials and police . In 1960 Beadle was a member of the Monckton Commission on the Federation 's future . According to Aidan Crawley , a British member of the commission , Beadle began the process " as a radical advocate of white supremacy " but later expressed markedly different views . The commissioners " hardly agreed on anything " , in Beadle 's recollection . While not recommending dissolution , the Monckton report was strongly critical of the Federation . It advocated a wide range of reforms , rejected any further advance towards Federal independence until these were implemented , and called for the territories to be permitted to secede if opposition continued . Beadle was knighted in 1961 and the same year appointed Сhief Justice of Southern Rhodesia . A primary school in Bulawayo was named after him . In Mehta v. City of Salisbury ( 1961 ) , a case challenging the racial segregation of a public swimming pool , Beadle decided that apartheid made precedents in South African case law invalid , ruled that the plaintiff 's dignity had been unlawfully affronted , and awarded him damages . Following continued black nationalist opposition to the Federation , particularly in Nyasaland , the British government announced in 1962 that Nyasaland would be allowed to secede . This was soon extended to Northern Rhodesia as well , and at the end of 1963 the Federation was dismantled . Whitehead 's United Federal Party was defeated in the 1962 Southern Rhodesian general election by the Rhodesian Front ( RF ) , an all @-@ white , firmly conservative party led by Winston Field whose declared goal was independence for Southern Rhodesia without major constitutional changes and without commitment to any set timetable regarding black majority rule . RF proponents downplayed black nationalist grievances regarding land ownership and segregation , and argued that despite the racial imbalance in domestic politics — whites made up 5 % of the population , but over 90 % of registered voters — the electoral system was not racist as the franchise was based on financial and educational qualifications rather than ethnicity . Beadle expressed an extremely low opinion of the RF . Ian Smith , who replaced Field as Prime Minister in 1964 , was in Beadle 's eyes an unconvincing leader ; Desmond Lardner @-@ Burke , the Justice Minister , was a " fascist " and a " small time country solicitor ... incapable of producing correct documents for an undefended divorce action " . The same year Smith took over , Beadle became a member of the Privy Council in London and president of the new Appellate Division of the Southern Rhodesian High Court . In this latter role he blocked a Legislative Assembly act to extend periods of preventive restriction outside times of emergency , ruling it against the declaration of rights contained in Southern Rhodesia 's 1961 constitution . = = = UDI = = = Britain granted independence to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , renamed Zambia and Malawi respectively , under black majority governments in 1964 . As independence talks between the British and Southern Rhodesian governments continued with little progress , speculation began to mount that the colonial government might attempt a unilateral declaration of independence ( UDI ) if no accommodation could be found . The British High Commissioner in Salisbury , J B Johnston , had few doubts about how Beadle would respond to such an act , writing that he was " quite certain that no personal considerations would deflect him for a moment from administering the law with absolute integrity . " Arthur Bottomley , the British Сommonwealth Secretary , took a similar line , describing Beadle to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson as " a staunch constitutionalist " who would be disposed to " frustrate any illegal action by Mr Smith 's government " . Beadle told Wilson that he and the judiciary would stand by the law in the event of a UDI , but that he expected the armed forces and police to side with the post @-@ UDI authorities . He thought UDI would be a political and economic mistake for Rhodesia , and attempted to dissuade Smith from this course of action , but at the same time asserted that if UDI occurred it was " not the function of a court to attempt to end the revolution and restore legality " . He warned his High Court colleagues that he would not direct " a judicial rebellion against the Rhodesian government " . Smith and Wilson made little progress towards a settlement during 1964 and 1965 ; each accused the other of being unreasonable . The RF won a decisive victory in the May 1965 general election . After efforts to forge a compromise in London in early October 1965 failed , Wilson , desperate to avert UDI , travelled to Salisbury later that month to continue negotiations . Beadle 's " irrepressible ingenuity led to an incredible succession of proposals for a settlement " , Wilson recalled , but these talks also failed . The two sides agreed on an investigatory Royal Commission , possibly chaired by Beadle , to recommend a path towards independence , but could not settle on the terms . Beadle continued to seek a compromise , and on 8 November persuaded Smith to allow him to go to London to meet Wilson again . Beadle told Wilson that he thought Smith was personally disposed to continue talks but under pressure from some of his ministers to abandon negotiations . Wilson told the British House of Commons that Beadle had provided " wise advice " to both governments , and was " welcome [ in ] this country not only for his sagacity , judgement , and humanity but as a man with the courage of a lion . " Beadle later wrote to his fellow High Court judge Benjamin Goldin that he thought he had " saved the situation " by going to London , having persuaded Wilson to give some ground on the terms for the Royal Commission , but his trip alarmed the pro @-@ UDI camp in the Rhodesian Cabinet , who feared that Beadle might be carrying a message to the Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs telling him to prorogue parliament . Smith and his Cabinet declared independence on 11 November 1965 , while Beadle was at Lusaka Airport on his way home . Smith later rejected the suggestion that Beadle could have had anything significant to tell them on his return , saying that " the only thing that Beadle could have done when he got back was to have talked us out of insisting on our questions " . Before announcing UDI to the nation , Smith , Lardner @-@ Burke and the Deputy Prime Minister Clifford Dupont visited Gibbs at Government House to inform him personally and ask him to resign . Gibbs made clear that he would not do so , but indicated that he would vacate Government House and return to his farm . When Beadle arrived later in the day , he not only persuaded Gibbs to stay at the official residence , but moved in himself to provide advice and moral support . On Beadle 's counsel , Gibbs instructed those responsible for law and order in Rhodesia to stay at their posts and carry on as normal . When the Governor showed no sign of stepping down , Smith 's government effectively replaced him with Dupont , appointing the latter to the post of Officer Administering the Government created by the 1965 constitution attached to UDI . Lardner @-@ Burke asked Beadle to administer the oath of allegiance to Dupont , but was rebuffed ; Beadle said he would be committing a criminal offence if he did so . The UK government introduced extensive economic and political sanctions against Rhodesia and indicated that any dialogue had to take place through Gibbs . Beadle was told to liaise with Lardner @-@ Burke regarding any proposals Smith 's government might have . Beadle would later recount that the post @-@ UDI government briefly threatened him , telling him to " go now , otherwise you lose your job " , but he was ultimately left alone . The Chief Justice noted in his diary that Smith 's government was " not prepared to force [ a ] showdown with the judges " . = = = Madzimbamuto case and Tiger talks = = = During the immediate post @-@ UDI period Beadle , in his role as Chief Justice , occupied a unique position as he could speak directly with all of the main players — Gibbs , Smith and Wilson . He became the main intermediary between them , and received a dormant commission from the UK government to replace Gibbs as Governor in case of necessity . He visited London in January 1966 and , according to Wilson 's Attorney General Elwyn Jones , was " scornful of the 1965 constitution " . Some in Rhodesia criticised Beadle for going to London , or accused him of siding with Gibbs against Smith . The Chief Justice insisted that he was just trying to do his best for Rhodesia , a claim Smith accepted , saying Beadle " thought more of his country than of his position " . The UK Foreign Office remained wary , speculating in a January 1966 report that while the British government hoped to reclaim Rhodesia " in such a way that policy and thinking is reoriented , racial attitudes changed , and the path to majority rule firmly laid , " the Chief Justice " would be content to see a 1961 @-@ type constitution , without independence , remain for a long time " . Beadle summarised the Rhodesian judiciary 's position in light of UDI by saying simply that the judges would carry on with their duties " according to the law " , but this non @-@ committal stance was challenged by legal cases heard at the High Court . The first of these was Madzimbamuto v. Lardner @-@ Burke N. O. and Others , concerning Daniel Madzimbamuto , a black nationalist detained without trial five days before UDI under emergency powers . When Lardner @-@ Burke 's ministry prolonged the state of emergency in February 1966 , Madzimbamuto 's wife appealed for his release , arguing that since the UK government had declared UDI illegal and outlawed the Rhodesian government , the state of emergency ( and , by extension , her husband 's imprisonment ) had no legal basis . The High Court 's General Division ruled on 9 September 1966 that the UK retained legal sovereignty , but that to " avoid chaos and a vacuum in the law " the Rhodesian government should be considered to be in control of law and order to the same extent as before UDI . Madzimbamuto appealed to Beadle 's Appellate Division , which considered the case over the next year and a half . Beadle arranged " talks about talks " between the British and Rhodesian governments during 1966 , which led to Smith and Wilson meeting personally aboard HMS Tiger off Gibraltar between 2 and 4 December . Beadle had to be hoisted aboard because of a back injury . Negotiations snagged primarily over the matter of the transition . Wilson insisted on the abandonment of the 1965 constitution , the dissolution of the post @-@ UDI government and a period under a British Governor — conditions that Smith saw as tantamount to surrender , particularly as the British proposed to draft and introduce the new constitution only after a fresh test of opinion under UK control . Indeed , Smith had warned Beadle before the summit that unless he " could assure his people that a reasonable constitution had been agreed " , he would feel unable to settle . Smith said he could not agree without first consulting his ministers in Salisbury , infuriating Wilson , who declared that a central condition of the talks had been that he and Smith would have plenipotentiary powers to make a deal . Beadle agreed with Smith that a deal ending UDI without any prior agreement on the replacement constitution would meet with widespread opposition among white Rhodesians , but still felt that Salisbury should agree . He asked Smith to commend the terms to his colleagues in Salisbury , speculating that if he did the Cabinet would surely accept . Smith refused to make such a commitment , much to the disappointment of Beadle and Gibbs , and signed the final document only to acknowledge it as an accurate record . Wilson was furious with Beadle , feeling that he should have taken a far firmer line to persuade Smith to settle ; after Beadle left the meeting , Wilson said that he " could not understand how any man could have a slipped disc whom Providence had failed to provide with a backbone " . Beadle and Gibbs urged Smith to reconsider during the journey home , but made little headway . During the Rhodesian Cabinet meeting on the proposals , the judges were kept informed by the " expression on Sir Hugh 's face and from comments of increasing despair " , Goldin later wrote ; the Chief Justice " spent the whole day in his chambers looking more anxious and despondent after each occasion on which he was smuggled into the Cabinet meeting to explain the meaning or effect of particular provisions " . On 5 December 1966 , when Beadle heard at Government House that Smith 's ministers had rejected the terms , he stood " as though pole @-@ axed " , Gibbs 's Private Secretary Sir John Pestell recalled , and appeared close to collapse . The judge 's wife and daughter helped him to slowly return to his room . = = = De facto decision ; rejection of royal prerogative = = = The United Nations instituted mandatory economic sanctions against Rhodesia in December 1966 . Over the next year British diplomatic activity regarding Rhodesia was diminished ; the UK government 's stated policy shifted towards NIBMAR — " no independence before majority rule " . Beadle grappled with the Rhodesian problem privately and in correspondence , attempting to reconcile the Smith administration 's control over the country with the unconstitutional nature of UDI . Erwin Griswold , the United States Solicitor General , wrote to him that as he saw it the Rhodesian judges could not recognise the post @-@ UDI government as de facto while also claiming to act under the Queen 's commission . Ruling on Madzimbamuto 's appeal in January 1968 , Beadle and three other judges decided that Smith 's post @-@ UDI order was not de jure but should be acknowledged as the de facto government by virtue of its " effective control over the state 's territory " . Sir Robert Tredgold , the former Southern Rhodesian and Federal Chief Justice , told Gibbs that Beadle had thereby " sold the pass " and " should be asked to leave Government House " . The following month , considering the fate of James Dhlamini , Victor Mlambo and Duly Shadreck , three black Rhodesians sentenced to death before UDI for murder and terrorist offences , Beadle upheld Salisbury 's power to execute the men . Whitehall reacted by announcing on 1 March 1968 that at the request of the UK government , the Queen had exercised the royal prerogative of mercy and commuted the sentences to life imprisonment . Dhlamini and the others promptly applied for a permanent stay of execution . At the hearing for Dhlamini and Mlambo on 4 March 1968 , Beadle dismissed the statement from London , saying it was a decision by the UK government and not the Queen herself , and that in any case the 1961 constitution had transferred the prerogative of mercy from Britain to the Rhodesian Executive Council . " The present government is the fully de facto government and as such is the only power that can exercise the prerogative , " he concluded . " It would be strange indeed if the United Kingdom government , exercising no internal power in Rhodesia , were given the right to exercise the prerogative of clemency . " The Judge President Sir Vincent Quenet and Justice Hector Macdonald agreed , and the application was dismissed . Dhlamini , Mlambo and Shadreck were hanged two days later . Justice John Fieldsend of the High Court 's General Division resigned in protest , writing to Gibbs that he no longer believed the High Court to be defending the rights of Rhodesian citizens . Beadle told reporters that " Her Majesty is quite powerless in this matter , " and that " it is to be deplored that the Queen was brought into this " . At Government House , the Chief Justice berated Gibbs for " dragging the Queen into the political argument " . To the Governor 's astonishment , Beadle conceded that for some time he had no longer considered himself to be sitting under the 1961 constitution , but had not made this clear as he had not fully accepted the 1965 constitution as valid . Gibbs told him to leave Government House forthwith . They never met again . In his analysis of Beadle 's behaviour , Manuele Facchini suggests that the Chief Justice considered the matter from a dominion @-@ style viewpoint — by stressing the 1961 constitution and the rights held by Salisbury thereunder , he was repudiating not the royal prerogative itself , but rather the attempt to exercise it at the behest of British rather than Rhodesian ministers . Kenneth Young comments that the British government 's involvement of the Queen inadvertently strengthened the post @-@ UDI authorities ' position ; outraged , many in Rhodesia who had heretofore rejected UDI now threw their weight behind the RF . Beadle , deeply disillusioned , wrote to a friend that he was " thoroughly fed up with the way the Wilson government had behaved in this whole affair . " = = = De jure decision = = = Madzimbamuto petitioned for the right to appeal against his detention to the Privy Council in London ; the Rhodesian Appellate Division ruled that he had no right to do so , but the Privy Council considered his case anyway . It ruled in his favour on 23 July 1968 , deciding that orders for detention made by the Rhodesian government were invalid regardless of whether they were under the 1961 or 1965 constitution , and that Madzimbamuto was illegally detained . Harry Elinder Davies , one of the Rhodesian judges , announced on 8 August that the Rhodesian courts would not consider this ruling binding as they no longer accepted the Privy Council as part of the Rhodesian judicial hierarchy . Justice J R Dendy Young resigned in protest at Davies 's ruling on 12 August and four days later became Chief Justice of Botswana . Madzimbamuto would remain in prison until 1974 . Beadle and his judges granted full de jure recognition to the post @-@ UDI government on 13 September 1968 , while rejecting the appeals of 32 black nationalists who one month earlier had been convicted of terrorist offences and sentenced to death . Beadle declared that while he believed the Rhodesian judiciary should respect rulings of the Privy Council " so far as possible " , the judgement of 23 July had made it legally impossible for Rhodesian judges to continue under the 1961 constitution . He asserted that as he could not countenance a legal vacuum , the only alternative was the 1965 constitution . Referring to the Privy Council 's decision that the UK might yet remove the post @-@ UDI government , he said that " on the facts as they exist today , the only prediction which this court can make is that sanctions will not succeed in overthrowing the present government ... and that there are no other factors which might succeed in doing so " . UDI , the associated 1965 constitution and the government were thereafter considered de jure by the Rhodesian legal system . The British Commonwealth Secretary George Thomson expressed outrage , accusing Beadle and the other judges of breaching " the fundamental laws of the land " , while Gibbs stated that since his position as Governor existed under the 1961 constitution he could only reject the ruling . An internal UK Foreign Office memorandum rejected Beadle 's argument but recognised his belief that " because of the effect of the effluxion of time , he was entitled to take a different view " , and concluded that the Chief Justice 's argument was " sufficiently plausible to make it difficult to say that that position is manifestly improper or that , in adopting it , Sir Hugh Beadle is manifestly guilty of misconduct . " Beadle explained in a 1972 interview : " We had been doing our best to try and uphold the law and when the thing was in the revolutionary stage we dug our toes in , we wouldn 't budge . But then as the government became more and more entrenched we had to apply the principle of law , which says that if a revolution succeeds the law changes with it . Yet because we accepted the inevitable we 're blamed by a lot of people for being responsible for the revolution , which is a very different thing . " = = = Threatened removal from Privy Council ; republican Chief Justice = = = Beadle 's acceptance of the post @-@ UDI order effectively placed him on the side of the RF and removed any chance of his regaining an intermediary role with Wilson . The British Prime Minister minimised the political impact of the Chief Justice 's decision by presenting it as evidence that Beadle had furtively supported UDI all along , and subsequently excluded him from the diplomatic dialogue . Wilson pursued a second initiative which led to a fresh round of talks with Smith off Gibraltar aboard HMS Fearless in October 1968 . Marked progress towards agreement was made but the Rhodesian delegation demurred on a new British proposal , the " double safeguard " . This would involve elected black Rhodesians controlling a blocking quarter in the Rhodesian parliament , with the power to veto retrogressive legislation , and thereafter having the right to appeal passed bills to the Privy Council in London . Smith 's team accepted the principle of the blocking quarter but agreement could not be reached on the technicalities ; the involvement of the Privy Council was rejected by Smith as a " ridiculous " provision that would prejudice Rhodesia 's sovereignty . The talks ended without success . Smith 's government held a referendum on 20 June 1969 in which the mostly white electorate overwhelmingly voted in favour of both a new constitution and the declaration of a republic . Four days later the UK Foreign Office released Gibbs from his post , withdrew the British residual mission in Salisbury and closed the post @-@ UDI government 's representative office at Rhodesia House in London . The 1969 constitution introduced a President as head of state , a multiracial senate , separate black and white electoral rolls ( each with qualifications ) and a mechanism whereby the number of black MPs would increase in line with the proportion of income tax revenues paid by black citizens . This process would stop once blacks had the same number of seats as whites ; the declared goal was not majority rule , but rather " parity between the races " . Michael Stewart , Wilson 's Foreign Secretary , recommended that Britain take preliminary steps towards removing Beadle from the Privy Council if the Chief Justice did not resign or dissociate himself from the republic " within a week or two " after the new constitution came into force . Given the gravity of such an action — only one Privy Counsellor , Edgar Speyer , was struck off the list during the 20th century — and the likelihood that accusations of vindictiveness would result , the British government was loath to do this , and hoped that Beadle would remove the need for it by resigning . Smith officially declared a republic on 2 March 1970 , and on 10 April the RF was decisively returned to power in the first republican election , winning all 50 white seats out of a total of 66 . Six days later , Dupont was sworn in as the first President of Rhodesia . British officials learned only from the Rhodesian radio that Dupont 's oath of office was administered not by Beadle but by the " Acting Chief Justice " , Hector Macdonald . Beadle 's absence prompted speculation in British quarters , but this promptly dissipated after The Rhodesia Herald reported on 29 April that a High Court farewell to Sir Vincent Quenet , a retiring judge , would be presided over by the republic 's Chief Justice Sir Hugh Beadle . On 6 May 1970 , Stewart suggested to Wilson that they should formally advise the Queen to remove Beadle from the Privy Council . Wilson resolved to wait until after the British general election the following month . This decision proved decisive for Beadle as , to the surprise of many , the Conservatives won the election , and Edward Heath replaced Wilson as Prime Minister . Heath 's government decided against removing Beadle from the Privy Council , surmising that this would only hinder progress towards an accommodation with Smith . Beadle remained a Privy Counsellor for the rest of his life . = = = Later years = = = In May 1973 Beadle chaired the High Court appeal hearing for Peter Niesewand , a freelance reporter for the overseas press who had been convicted of espionage under the Official Secrets Act , prompting outcry abroad . Niesewand had written three articles in November 1972 claiming to describe the Rhodesian military 's plans for combating communist @-@ backed black nationalist guerrillas , and had been sentenced by a magistrate to two years ' hard labour , one year suspended . Beadle , Goldin and Macdonald rejected the state prosecution and unanimously overturned the conviction , ruling that Niesewand 's reports had embarrassed the government but did not damage the Rhodesian state . " Factual evidence as opposed to opinion was never given , " Beadle commented . The government promptly expelled Niesewand from Rhodesia . After Olive 's death in a motor accident in 1974 , Beadle married Pleasance Johnson in 1976 . He retired as Chief Justice in 1977 ; Macdonald succeeded him . For the rest of his life , Beadle served as an acting judge in special trials where suspected insurgents were tried for terrorist offences carrying the death penalty . In March 1977 he refused to try Abel Mapane and Jotha Bango , two Botswana citizens facing arms charges , ruling that since Rhodesia and Botswana were not at war and the Rhodesian Army had crossed into Botswana to capture the accused , the court had no jurisdiction . " Were it not so it would mean this Court condoned the illegal abduction of Botswana nationals , " he explained . Beadle continued to serve under the short @-@ lived , unrecognised government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , which replaced the Rhodesian republic in June 1979 , and under the British interim authorities following the Lancaster House Agreement of December that year . Following fresh elections in February – March 1980 , the UK granted independence to Zimbabwe under the leadership of Robert Mugabe in April . Beadle died , aged 75 , in Johannesburg on 14 December 1980 . Hugh Beadle Primary School in Bulawayo retains its name in the 21st century . = = Personality and appraisal = = " A short , stocky man of ruddy complexion with a toothbrush moustache , " Claire Palley writes , " Beadle had a blunt manner , looking hard at all whom he encountered . His drive and enthusiasm were overwhelming , whether at work , in charitable activities , or as a courageous hunter and fisherman . He had a warm family life and many friends . " According to J R T Wood , Wilson " hated Beadle perhaps because Beadle was clever but spoke his mind " ; the British Prime Minister described Beadle to Lord Alport shortly after UDI as combining " the courage of a lion " with " the smartness of a fox " . In Robert Blake 's History of Rhodesia , Beadle is characterised as " an irrepressible , bouncy extrovert , who does not always perceive the reaction which he causes in others . " Sir Garfield Todd , Southern Rhodesia 's Prime Minister from 1956 to 1958 , saw Beadle as " impulsive " and " always inclined to overstate his case " . The black nationalist movement regarded Beadle as a white supremacist , pointing to his 1959 preventive detention ruling as evidence . Wilson and other British figures saw him as two @-@ faced for first supporting Gibbs , then declaring Smith 's post @-@ UDI government legal , and concluded that the judge must have always been a furtive UDI supporter , a theory that many have accepted . Wilson 's private assistant Marcia Falkender identified Beadle as " the villain of the piece " , while Bottomley dubbed him UDI 's " evil genius " . Others , including Palley , Wood and Facchini , contend that Beadle was determined to avert UDI and afterwards sincere in his search for an accommodation until he came to believe this was not possible . " Beadle accepted the rebellion when he realised that he was identifying himself with ' the code of an Empire that had ceased to exist ' , " Facchini concludes . " Thus , he retained his Privy Counsellorship as a vestige of the Rhodesia he had known all his life . " Palley asserts that but for UDI , " Beadle would have been remembered as a Commonwealth chief justice who upheld individual liberty " . " The thing that I 've regretted most is this UDI and also I 've regretted more than anything the fact that later it wasn 't settled , " Beadle said in 1972 ; " I think it could have been settled at a much earlier stage if Wilson had been a bit more reasonable . " Julian Greenfield , a close friend and colleague of Beadle , considered him " one who put service to the country first and foremost and laboured unceasingly on what he believed to be its true interests . " According to Palley , Beadle 's own view was similar — that " he did his best for his country in a time of difficult choices " . = St Twrog 's Church , Bodwrog = St Twrog 's Church is a small rural church at Bodwrog in Anglesey , North Wales . Built in the late 15th century in a medieval style , some alterations have been made but much of the original structure still remains . It has two 15th @-@ century doorways ( one later converted into a window ) and some 15th @-@ century windows . The bull 's head decoration used on the church denotes a connection with the Bulkeleys of Beaumaris , a prominent north Wales family over several centuries . Set in a remote part of the countryside in the middle of Anglesey , it is dedicated to St Twrog , who was active in the late 5th and early 6th centuries . The church 's tithes were paid for at least two hundred years to Jesus College , Oxford , which has historically strong links with Wales , and the college at one point built a house for the priest who served St Twrog 's and a neighbouring parish . The church is still used for worship by the Church in Wales , as one of seven churches in a Ministry Area . It is a Grade II * listed building , a national designation given to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " , in particular because it is regarded as " a good rural late Medieval church " . It is built from rubble masonry with a slate roof . The interior is lit by gas lamps . = = History and location = = The church is in a churchyard in " a remote rural location " on Anglesey , Wales , about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from the county town of Llangefni , at the side of a small road between Gwalchmai and Llynfaes . The date of first construction of a Christian building at this location is unknown . The parish takes its name from Twrog , a saint who lived in the late 5th and early 6th centuries , to whom the church is dedicated : the Welsh word bod means " abode " or " dwelling " , and " -wrog " is a modified form of the saint 's name – i.e. " Twrog 's dwelling " . One of his brothers , St Gredifael , is commemorated in another Anglesey church , St Gredifael 's Church , Penmynydd . The present church dates from the time of King Henry VII ( ruled 1485 – 1509 ) , when a significant amount of building work took place in Wales . Some more windows were added in the 17th or 18th century , and the church was restored in the mid to late 19th century . The writer Samuel Lewis recorded in 1849 that St Twrog 's was attached to St Trygarn 's Church , Llandrygarn , with the priest serving the two parishes residing in Llandrygarn . The church tithes had been paid to Jesus College , Oxford ( who had built a " neat parsonage @-@ house " in Llandrygarn ) since 1648 , Lewis said , subject to a small deduction for distribution to the poor of the parish . The tithes were given to the college ( which has had strong connections with Wales since its foundation in 1571 ) by a Dr Wynne , Chancellor of Llandaff Cathedral . St Twrog 's is still in use for worship by the Church in Wales . It is one of seven churches in a group of parishes served by the same priest ( Llandrygarn with Bodwrog with Heneglwys with Trewalchmai with Llannerch @-@ y @-@ medd ) . Other churches in the combined parishes include St Cwyllog , Llangwyllog and St Mary , Llannerch @-@ y @-@ medd . It is within the deanery of Malltraeth , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , the parish does not have a rector , and the position has been vacant since December 2000 . = = Architecture and fittings = = The church is built from rubble masonry , dressed with limestone ; the roof is made from slate , with a stone bellcote at the west end and a bell dating from 1668 . There is no structural division between the nave and chancel , although there is a step and a rail denoting the sanctuary , and overall the church measures about 46 by 13 feet ( 14 @.@ 0 by 4 @.@ 0 m ) . On the south side of the church , there are two windows and a 15th @-@ century square @-@ framed entrance door , which is at the west end ; there are three windows on the north side . The east window and the two eastern @-@ most windows on the north and south sides date from the late 15th century . Like the rest of the windows , these are made wholly or mainly from clear glass ; none of the windows is made entirely of stained glass . The east window has three long narrow lights ( sections of window separated by mullions or tracery ) each with an ogee ( double arc shaped ) curve at the top , topped with eight smaller lights arranged with four in the centre . The other two 15th @-@ century windows are set in square frames and have pairs of lights headed with cinquefoils ( a five leaf pattern ) . The rectangular windows in the middle of the north and south walls were added in the 17th or 18th century , and have pairs of lights . The western @-@ most window on the north side is a converted 15th @-@ century door ; it bears designs of a leaf pattern on one side and three bull 's heads on the other . The three bull 's heads pattern is associated with the Bulkeley family of Beaumaris , who were prominent and influential landowners , in Anglesey and elsewhere in north Wales , from the 15th to the 19th centuries . In 1500 , about the time that the church was rebuilt , Richard Bulkeley was Archdeacon of Anglesey and so would have been involved in the work here , and is likely to have contributed towards the cost . A bull 's head is carved into a stone above the doorway . The roof dates from the 19th century and the supporting woodwork structure can be seen from inside the church . The church , which is lit by gas lamps , contains box pews in the nave , and a panelled reading desk with a matching pulpit , one on each side in the sanctuary . Cream paint has been used for the pews , pulpit and reading desk . There are some 18th @-@ century memorial tablets on the south wall of the nave . A 1937 survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire noted an oak collecting shovel dated 1733 , a silver cup dated 1773 and a font of uncertain date . = = Assessment = = The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II * listed building – the second @-@ highest of the three grades of listing , designating " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . It was given this status on 5 April 1971 , and has been listed because it is regarded as " a good rural late Medieval church " . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes that the church has " a simple traditional character " , and that it retains " many original features . " Writing in 1862 , the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones said that the east window was similar to windows in the south aisle of St Cybi 's Church , Holyhead . A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region also comments upon the east window , saying that it was " surprisingly grand " . A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey says that St Twrog 's is in " an elevated spot in a remote rural location . " It notes that the east window was " much weathered " , but that overall the building " appears to be in fairly good condition . " = William Gabriel Davy = General Sir William Gabriel Davy , KCH ( 1780 – 25 January 1856 ) was a British Army officer who fought in the Peninsular War . = = Life = = William Gabriel Davy was born in 1780 in Kingsholm , Gloucestershire . He was the eldest son of Major William Davy , Persian Secretary to Warren Hastings , the first Governor @-@ General of Bengal . Educated at Eton College , Davy became a lieutenant in the 61st Foot of the British Army in 1797 . He transferred to the 5th battalion of the 60th Foot at the beginning of 1802 , and was made a captain . He was promoted to major and lieutenant @-@ colonel on 5 February 1807 and 28 December 1809 , respectively . After becoming the battalion 's commander in May 1808 , he led the battalion early in the Peninsular War . The battalion departed from Cork on 12 July 1808 . On 1 August , they arrived at Mondego Bay in Portugal , where the first British troops to participate in the Peninsular War landed ; Davy 's battalion was the first to land . The Battle of Roleia was especially difficult , as Davy 's battalion was in the middle of the fighting . At one point , the troops ascended a mountain " so covered with brushwood that [ their ] legs were ready to sink under [ them ] . " In December 1809 , just after being promoted to lieutenant @-@ colonel , he moved to the regiment 's 7th battalion . However , he never participated in physical combat again . He married Mary Ann Carruthers in Adel , Yorkshire on 20 June 1814 . In July 1830 , Davy was made a major general . He remarried in 1840 , to the sister of Major @-@ General Sir Richard England , and was promoted to lieutenant @-@ general in November of the following year . In November 1842 , Davy became colonel of the 1st battalion of the 60th Foot . He was promoted to general in 1854 . From his purchase of the property in 1820 , Davy resided at Tracy Park , Gloucestershire . He died there on 25 January 1856 , aged 77 . = = Honours = = Davy was awarded the Field Officer 's Gold Medal , a clasp , and a gold ribbon buckle for his service in the battles of Roleia , Vimiera and Talavera during the Peninsular War . He was also praised by distinguished figures , such as Secretary of State Lord Castlereagh . Davy became a Companion of the Bath in June 1815 . King William IV knighted Davy and made him a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1836 . = Battle of Chelsea Creek = The Battle of Chelsea Creek was the second military engagement of the Boston campaign of the American Revolutionary War . It is also known as the Battle of Noddle 's Island , Battle of Hog Island and the Battle of the Chelsea Estuary . This battle was fought on May 27 and 28 , 1775 , on Chelsea Creek and on salt marshes , mudflats , and islands of Boston Harbor , northeast of the Boston peninsula . Most of these areas have since been united with the mainland by land reclamation and are now part of East Boston , Chelsea , Winthrop , and Revere . The American colonists met their goal of strengthening the siege of Boston by removing livestock and hay on those islands from the reach of the British regulars . The British armed schooner Diana was also destroyed and its weaponry was appropriated by the Colonial side . This was the first naval capture of the war , and it was a significant boost to the morale of the Colonial forces . = = Background = = The Battle of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 drew thousands of militia forces from throughout New England to the towns surrounding Boston . These men remained in the area and their numbers grew , placing the British forces in Boston under siege when they blocked all land access to the peninsula . The British were still able to sail in supplies from Nova Scotia , Providence , and other places because the harbor side of the city remained under British naval control . Colonial forces could do little to stop these shipments due to the naval supremacy of the British fleet and the complete absence of a Continental Navy in the spring of 1775 . However , there was one remaining local area that continued to supply the British forces in Boston after the war began . Farmers to the east of the city in coastal areas and on the Boston Harbor islands found themselves vulnerable once the siege began because they were exposed to British influence from the sea . If they continued to sell livestock to the regulars they would be viewed as Loyalists in the eyes of the Patriots , but if they refused to sell then the British would consider them rebels and raiding parties would simply take what they wanted . On May 14 , the Massachusetts Committee of Safety under Joseph Warren issued the following order : Resolved , as their opinion , that all the live stock be taken from Noddle 's Island , Hog Island , Snake Island , and from that part of Chelsea near the sea coast , and be driven back ; and that the execution of this business be committed to the committees of correspondence and selectmen of the towns of Medford , Malden , Chelsea , and Lynn , and that they be supplied with such a number of men , as they shall need , from the regiment now at Medford . A few days before the battle , Warren and General Artemas Ward , commander of the besieging forces , inspected Noddle 's Island and Hog Island , which lay to the northeast of Boston , and east of Charlestown . They found no British troops there but plenty of livestock . The animals in other coastal areas had been moved inland by their owners . On May 21 , the British had sailed troops to Grape Island in the outer harbor near Weymouth to get hay and livestock , and had been driven off by militia mustered from the nearby towns , which then removed the livestock and burned the hay on the island . The British Navy around occupied Boston was under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral Samuel Graves . The Royal Marines were under the command of Major John Pitcairn . The British forces as a whole were led by Governor General Thomas Gage . Graves had , in addition to hay and livestock , hired storage on Noddle 's Island for a variety of important naval supplies , which he felt were important to preserve , owing to the " almost impossibility of replacing them at this Juncture . " = = Prelude to Battle = = Vice @-@ Admiral Graves , apparently acting on intelligence that the Colonials might make attempts on the islands , posted guard boats near Noddle 's Island . These were longboats that included detachments of Marines . Sources disagree as to whether or not any regulars or marines were stationed on Noddle 's Island to protect the naval supplies . The " regiment now at Medford " mentioned by the Committee of Safety was Colonel John Stark 's 1st New Hampshire Regiment of about 300 men stationed near Winter Hill with its headquarters in Medford . Taking his instructions from General Ward , Stark and his regiment crossed the bridge over the Mystic River just after midnight on May 27 . Their route took them far to the north of Chelsea Creek through Malden and parts of what are now the cities of Everett and Revere . Additional local men most likely joined them during their march . Hog Island was accessible at low tide from the east by fording Belle Isle Creek near the current location of Belle Isle Marsh Reservation . This crossing was effected without Graves ' guard boats taking notice . Stark began to move his force to Hog Island at about 10 am and directed most of his men to round up livestock there while he forded Crooked Creek to Noddle 's Island with a group of thirty men . Stark 's small contingent on Noddle 's Island scattered into small groups , killed the animals they could find , and set fire to haystacks and barns . = = Battle = = = = = Islands = = = The British first took notice when they spotted the smoke from the burning hay . Vice @-@ Admiral Graves on his flagship , HMS Preston saw smoke from the burning hay at about 2 pm , and signaled for the guard marines to land on Noddle 's island , which they did , engaging Stark 's scattered forces . Graves also ordered the schooner Diana , under the command of his nephew Lieutenant Thomas Graves , to sail up Chelsea Creek to support the operation and cut off the colonists ' escape . Eventually , a combined force of roughly 400 marines was landed , formed ranks and began to systematically drive Stark 's men back to the east . The colonists fled without fighting until they reached Crooked Creek . There they dropped into marshy ditches and fired on their pursuers from strong defensive positions . A pitched battle followed , in which the colonists " Squat [ t ] ed down in a Ditch on the ma [ r ] sh " and engaged in " a hot fiar untill the Regulars retreated " . The Marines withdrew from their positions to the interior of Noddle 's Island , and Stark 's men left Crooked Creek to join the main body of his forces on Hog Island . Diana and the other vessels continued northeast up Chelsea Creek in pursuit . By sunset , hundreds of cattle , sheep , and horses had been driven from Hog Island to the mainland . Also around sunset , Diana turned about in an attempt to avoid being trapped in the shallows of the creek . However , Lieutenant Graves realized he would require assistance , and raised a signal . Vice @-@ Admiral Graves ordered barges manned by marines into the creek to tow Diana out , along with the sloop Britannia , tender of HMS Somerset ( under the command of another of Graves nephews , Lieutenant John Graves ) to assist and provide additional firepower . Sources disagree on the timing of the dispatching of the various vessels . A number of sources ( Frothingham and A Documentary History of Chelsea among them ) claim that Diana , Britannia , and the barges were all dispatched together ; Nelson and Ketchum , possibly on the basis of more recent research , claim the account as told above . = = = Mainland coast = = = Some of Stark 's men were engaged in driving the livestock further up the coast . Others noticed that Diana was in trouble , and called for reinforcements . General Putnam and as many as 1000 troops ( including Joseph Warren ) came up on the shore near Diana , a place at the mouth of Chelsea Creek , in the modern Chelsea neighborhood by the McArdle bridge to East Boston . Putnam waded out into the harbor up to his waist and offered quarter to the sailors of Diana if they would surrender , but its cannon continued to fire , and attempts to tow her into deeper water continued . Colonial forces continued firing on the ship , supported by two field pieces positioned on the shore . Britannia and field pieces the British had landed on Noddle 's Island also joined the cannonade . At about 10 pm , the British rowers were forced to abandon the rescue of Diana due to the heavy fire . Diana drifted and ran aground again on the Mystic River side of the Chelsea coast , tipping onto one side . Lieutenant Graves abandoned Diana and transferred his men to Britannia , which was successfully towed to deeper water . American forces boarded Diana and rapidly removed everything of value , including guns , rigging , sails , clothing , and money . They laid hay under the stern to serve as kindling , and the vessel was set on fire at about 3 am to prevent it from falling back into British hands . The guns recovered were probably used in the American positions during the Battle of Bunker Hill . = = Aftermath = = This skirmish was apparently the first use of field pieces by the Colonists in the American Revolution . They suffered no fatalities , with only a small number of wounded , and their morale was greatly boosted by the successful capture and destruction of Diana . The action was also a boost to Israel Putnam , whose appointment by the Second Continental Congress as a General in the Continental Army was unanimously approved , in part due to reports of this skirmish . General Gage was understated in his casualty report to London : " Two men were killed and a few wounded . " Others , however , apparently exaggerated , reporting large casualties . The Pennsylvania Journal reported on June 21 , 1775 , that General Gage himself recorded at least one hundred killed while other sources said more than three hundred . From another source : " The regulars were said to have suffered very much , not to have had less than two hundred killed and wounded . The loss was probably greatly exaggerated ; that , however , had a good effect on the provincials . The affair was a matter of no small triumph to them and they felt upon the occasion more courageous than ever . " Gage ordered cannon mounted on Copp 's Hill in Boston , and Vice @-@ Admiral Graves moved the Somerset , which had been stationed in the shallow waters between Boston and Charlestown , into deeper waters to the east of Boston , where it would have improved maneuverability if fired upon from land . He also belatedly sent a detachment of regulars to secure Noddle 's Island ; the Colonists had long before removed or destroyed anything of value on the island . = = Geographic changes = = In the years since the American Revolution , the geography of the Boston area has undergone significant expansion , and the islands named Hog and Noddle 's are no longer islands . In the late 19th and early 20th century , the channel that separated Noddle 's and Hog was filled in , and that between Hog Island and the mainland was filled in over the course of the late 19th century and early 20th century leaving just a small , narrow creek between the former islands and the mainland . In terms of modern geography , the Orient Heights neighborhood of East Boston is the present location of Hog Island and nearby Breeds Island , and much of the remainder of East Boston is what was then Noddle 's Island . The Chelsea Creek has been narrowed due to the expansion of Chelsea and has been dredged and straightened to create a deep shipping channel . While occasional attempts have been made to locate the remains of the Diana in Chelsea Creek , which has been extensively dredged and industrialized in the years since the battle , no wrecks found in that body have been identified as hers . In 2009 , the National Park Service gave funds for a state @-@ led effort to locate the wreck . = Thomas Ferens = Thomas Robinson Ferens ( 4 May 1847 – 9 May 1930 ) was a British politician , a philanthropist , and an industrialist . He was the Member of Parliament for Hull East for 13 years , and served the city as a Justice of the Peace and as High Steward . He helped establish Reckitt & Sons , a manufacturer of household goods , as one of Kingston upon Hull ’ s foremost businesses . His career with the company spanned 61 years — from his initial employment as a confidential and shorthand clerk until his death , as chairman , in 1930 . In the House of Commons , Ferens spoke to further the cause of Women 's Rights . He supported women 's suffrage at home , and repeatedly drew attention to the trafficking of women and girls in the colonies . But never a great orator , and by nature a retiring man , much of his work at Westminster was completed in the committee rooms , away from the limelight . He did not seek re @-@ election after being unseated in acrimonious campaign in 1918 . A devout Wesleyan Methodist , Ferens made numerous charitable donations throughout his life . His gifts to Hull include the Ferens Art Gallery and a donation of £ 250 @,@ 000 for the establishment of University College ( now the University of Hull ) . He is memorialized in the University 's motto : Lampada Ferens . In other parts of the country he made substantial donations to schools , hospitals and charitable organisations . = = Early life = = = = = Childhood and early career = = = Ferens was born on 4 May 1847 in East Thickley , a village close to the market town of Bishop Auckland , County Durham . He was the third of the seven children of George Waller Ferens ( 1817 – 1893 ) , a flour miller , and his wife , Anne , née Jackson . After attending Bishop Auckland private school until the age of thirteen , he found employment as a clerk in the Shildon office of the mineral department of the Stockton and Darlington Railway . Six years later , he left home for Stockton where he worked as a clerk to Head , Wrightson & Co . A committed autodidact , he taught himself grammar , arithmetic , mechanics , and shorthand . At weekends he taught at Sunday School and enjoyed playing cricket . In 1868 , after working in Stockton for two years , he left to take up a post as a confidential shorthand clerk to James Reckitt of Reckitt & Sons in Kingston upon Hull . = = = Family life = = = In Hull , Ferens continued to teach in Sunday School , a practice he began during his time in Stockton . While teaching at the Brunswick Sunday School he met Ester Ellen ( Ettie ) Field , a fellow teacher and a wealthy merchant ’ s daughter of " rather masculine appearance . " They married in 1873 at Sculcoates Registry Office ; and they continued to teach at the Sunday School for the rest of their lives . Though Ettie remained childless , the couple adopted her nephew , John Johnson Till ( known as Till ) , in 1880 . Till Ferens separated from his wife and became estranged from his adoptive parents during the 1914 – 18 war . Till Ferens , like Thomas , was a Liberal and stood for the Liberal Party at Gainsborough in the 1935 general election . = = A career in industry = = Reckitt & Sons was already a successful firm when Ferens joined it in 1868 . It produced household wares such as starch , washing blue and black lead . It had been acquired by Isaac Reckitt , a Quaker , in 1840 and was now run by his sons , also Quakers , George ( 1825 – 1900 ) , Francis ( 1827 – 1917 ) and James ( 1833 – 1924 ) . Ferens was industrious and forward @-@ thinking ; he moved swiftly through the company 's managerial ranks . In 1874 he became Works Manager with a share in profits ; in 1879 , Secretary ; in 1880 , General Manager . He joined the board of directors in 1888 when Reckitt & Sons became a private joint @-@ stock company . When James Reckitt died , 36 years later , Ferens was named joint chairman . Under the guidance of Ferens and James Reckitt , the company flourished , becoming one of the most successful in the city . It opened offices in London and New York and expanded into pharmaceuticals — a natural progression from its disinfectants business . Dettol was launched in 1932 . = = Politics and public life = = In 1894 Ferens was appointed a Justice of the Peace . In 1911 he was made a Freeman of the City of Hull . He entered parliament as Liberal member for Hull East in 1906 after an unsuccessful bid for the same seat six years earlier . In 1912 King George V appointed him to the Privy Council , and in the same year he became High Steward of Hull . He was not a frequent speaker in parliament but he chaired several committees and was a member of the Inter @-@ Parliamentary Union before the First World War . Hansard , the printed record of parliamentary debates , records that his first parliamentary contribution related to schools in orphan homes , and his last to the health of troops in Palestine . A recurrent theme in Ferens ' parliamentary contributions is Women 's Rights . In 1910 he presented a petition in favour of the enfranchisement of women . In 1912 , when the House discussed an allegedly inflammatory speech by Emmeline Pankhurst , Ferens wondered whether her speech might have been influenced by the " example of some Privy counsellors . " The following year , he asked several questions regarding slave @-@ trading in women ; including the trade in West African women , and the trade of European and Japanese women to India . In 1917 he questioned the Home Secretary on the role of women in the police force . Ferens ' personal and religious convictions are evident in other of his parliamentary contributions . He tabled a number of questions concerning temperance , both at home and in the colonies . His first question in the Commons was about orphan schools . He later asked about railway accidents to children , and about trafficking of young girls in India . In 1915 Ferens opened a parliamentary debate on the increase in the cost of living caused by the war , which was " causing much hardship , especially to the poor . " He noted that " Many labourers ' families have now to be content , owing to the high price of the necessaries of life , with one meal of meat in the week . " In replying , the Prime Minister , Herbert Asquith , agreed that prices were high but he felt they were not as high as might have been expected considering the scale of the global conflict . He remarked that the current high prices were not without precedent , even in peacetime ; the price of coal was no higher than it had been in 1875 . Ferens also intervened on behalf of his constituency and its inhabitants . In April 1913 he drew the attention of the Postmaster @-@ General to the case of a post office sorting @-@ clerk who was having difficulties claiming his pension . On 10 August 1916 , after a fatal raid by a Zeppelin in the early of the previous morning , against which the city had been able to muster only a single searchlight and one gun , he asked that adequate defences be provided and brought to action where necessary . The 1918 election campaign was acrimonious and Ferens was subjected to personal attacks accusing him of being a Little Englander . In reporting on the four contested Hull seats , The Times spoke of “ Slashing attacks , covert insults , challenges , defiances and the incessant chatter of other weapons ... ” It noted that Ferens ’ opponent , Charles Murchinson , was “ busy digging out ' Little Navy ’ speeches of Mr Ferens in 1909 [ cf.Little Englander ] ... ” Murchinson was elected and Ferens resolved never to stand again . After the war he became an active supporter of the League of Nations . Away from politics , Ferens was an important figure in the Nonconformist community although , typically , he stayed out of the limelight . In a survey of the personalities of Free Church leaders , the Times noted that “ among the most respected counsellors of Nonconformity are men who seldom figure on platforms ” , and went on to list Ferens among their number . “ The leadership of Nonconformity is largely in the hands of laymen ” , it commented . In 1924 Ferens attempted to intervene on behalf William George Smith , a Ship ’ s Painter who had been sentenced to death for murder at York Assizes . A telegram addressed to the King was sent in the early hours of 9 December appealing for the exercise of the Royal Prerogative . But the appeal was unsuccessful and Smith was executed at Hull Gaol later that morning . = = Temperance = = Ferens was a lifelong teetotaller and a strong advocate of temperance . In his youth he attended Band of Hope meetings . In 1913 he was elected treasurer of the United Kingdom Alliance . In 1923 he shared a platform with the Archbishop of Canterbury at the Mansion House . The occasion was the inaugural meeting of the National United Campaign of the Churches , which was organised by The Temperance Council of the Christian Churches of England and Wales . The campaign 's objectives were to present “ the modern scientific indictment of alcoholic beverages and its moral implications ” , and to “ rally local support for the Council ’ s immediate legislative program ” , which included the prohibition of the sale of alcohol to persons under the age of 18 , and the banning of the sale of alcohol on Sundays . But the Campaign was firmly opposed to Prohibition , as is plain in the Times ' report of the Archbishop 's address : " To his mind prohibition was the very antithesis of temperance ( Cheers . ) It was an open confession of failure . " Ferens donated £ 1 @,@ 000 to a fund established to accomplish the aims of the campaign . = = A benevolent man = = From the time he started earning a salary , Ferens allocated 10 % of his income to charity . His personal wealth increased quickly , inline with the growth of Reckitt & Sons , affording him the opportunity to make ever more generous donations . This he deemed " one of the greatest blessings of my life . " By 1920 he was distributing £ 47 @,@ 000 out of his annual income of £ 50 @,@ 000 . In 1917 Ferens purchased a plot of land in Queen Victoria Square in Hull city centre . The land was the site of a former Church , Saint John 's . Later in the year he wrote to the council , informing them that he intended to donate the land to the city , and that he would also donate shares in Reckitt & Sons worth £ 35 @,@ 000 . In his letter , which was read out at a council meeting , Ferens explained that the shares and the land were to be used to build an art gallery . Nine years later the Prince of Wales laid the foundation stone for The Ferens Art Gallery . Afterwards , the prince visited the premises of Reckitt & Sons where he was greeted by the company ’ s workforce which now numbered 6000 . The Ferens Art Gallery finally opened in 1927 . Educational establishments and hospitals were often the beneficiaries of Ferens ’ munificence . In 1924 he donated £ 30 @,@ 000 to extend Kingswood School for Boys , Bath . A year later , the Queen opened an extension to Farrington Girls School , Chiselhurst , which Ferens had made possible with a donation of a similar amount . In the same year a new post @-@ graduate Theological College , to which he had donated £ 17 @,@ 000 , was opened in Cambridge for the training of Wesleyan ministers . In February 1927 Ferens formally handed over the Ferens Institute of Otolaryngology to Prince Arthur , which he had made possible by a donation of £ 20 @,@ 000 . In handing over the institute , Ferens said that he hoped that it would attract workers from all parts of the Empire , and from countries outside it . In 1925 Ferens made his largest single donation . He wrote to the Lord Mayor of Kingston upon Hull to inform him that he intended to donate £ 250 @,@ 000 towards the foundation of a university college in the city . The college would be built in the west of city on an eighteen and a half acre site , which Ferens had previously donated . The Duke of York laid the foundation stone in 1928 , and Prince George opened the new college in 1929 . Ferens became the college 's first president , and is memorialized its motto : " Lampada Ferens " — " carrying the light ( of learning ) . " The dove in the university 's logo , which signifies peace , is taken from Ferens ' coat of arms . Ferens remained a modest man ; he saw giving as a moral duty and repeatedly declined offers of ennoblement . In replying to the headmaster ’ s speech when he visited Kingswood school in 1926 , the King said : “ The headmaster is right in assuming that I am already well acquainted with Mr Ferens ’ s benefactions in other parts of the country ; this is not the first time I have been associated with him in this manner , and though I know the last thing that he would want would be a public expression of thanks on my part , I would like to be allowed to share in the debt of gratitude which the Kingswood School owes him today . ” = = Legacy = = In March 1930 , ill health prevented Ferens from attending the company ’ s Annual Meeting . It was the first he had missed in 50 years . He had not fulfilled any public engagements for some weeks ; nevertheless , he wrote out his speech and it was presented by Sir Harold Reckitt . In the speech Ferens was again able to present the board with pleasing figures . The net profit was £ 1 @,@ 277 @,@ 683 , an increase of £ 33 @,@ 108 over 1928 , which was itself a record year . It was a source of great gratification for him “ to be able to say that the most cordial relations exist between the workers , the management and the board ” . Ferens died in his home , Holderness House , in East Hull on 9 May 1930 . Hettie had predeceased him eight years earlier . In his will he bequeathed the house and its grounds , together with an endowment of £ 50 @,@ 000 , to be used as a rest home for poor gentlewomen and to be preserved as an open space for East Hull . As of 2011 , the house continues to be run as a residential home for ladies . The year after his death , a pageant was held to mark the opening of Ferensway , a major new thoroughfare in the centre of the city . The Times reported that it would “ rank as one of the finest in the North of England ” , and continued , “ The street is 100 ft wide , 10 ft wider than Regent Street in London . " To make way for the new street , a large slum area was cleared of houses . Low @-@ rent housing was provided to those displaced by the new road . Reckitt & Son merged with J & J Colman in 1938 becoming Reckitt & Colman Ltd . In 1999 that company merged with Benckiser N.V. to become Reckitt Benckiser . In 2006 Reckitt Benckiser acquired Boots Healthcare International for £ 1 @.@ 9 billion . Though the company is now headquartered in Slough , the Hull site remains one of the city ’ s most significant employers . In the 21st century , Thomas Ferens ' legacy remains woven into fabric of the city of Hull . University college continued to expand , gaining its Royal Charter in 1954 . In 1979 it became the first university to be awarded the Queen ’ s award for Technological Achievement . Alumni include John Prescott , Frank Field , Roy Hattersley and Roger McGough . Ferens Art Gallery now houses an internationally renowned permanent collection which includes works by Antonio Canaletto , David Hockney , Stanley Spencer and Henry Moore . Generations of Hull 's children have enjoyed summers on the boating lake and drenching , perilous trips aboard its Wicksteed Splashboat . Almshouses which Ferens donated to the city in 1910 still provide shelter to the City 's needy almost a century after his death . In 2012 a new secondary school named Thomas Ferens Academy opened in Hull which was named in his honour ( the school was renamed Sirius Academy North in 2015 ) . = Battle of Schliengen = At the Battle of Schliengen ( 24 October 1796 ) , both the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle under the command of Jean @-@ Victor Moreau and the Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles of Austria claimed victories . The village of Schliengen lies in the present @-@ day Kreis Lörrach close to the border of present @-@ day Baden @-@ Württemberg ( Germany ) , the Haut @-@ Rhin ( France ) , and the Canton of Basel @-@ Stadt ( Switzerland ) . During the French Revolutionary Wars , Schliengen was a strategically important location for the armies of both Republican France and Habsburg Austria . Control of the area gave either combatant access to southwestern German states and important Rhine river crossings . On 20 October Moreau retreated from Freiburg im Breisgau and established his army along a ridge of hills . The severe condition of the roads prevented Archduke Charles from flanking the French right wing . The French left wing lay too close to the Rhine to outflank , and the French center , positioned in a 7 @-@ mile ( 11 km ) semi @-@ circle on heights that commanded the terrain below , was unassailable . Instead , he attacked the French flanks directly , and in force , which increased casualties for both sides . Although the French and the Austrians claimed victory at the time , military historians generally agree that the Austrians achieved a strategic advantage . However , the French withdrew from the battlefield in good order and several days later crossed the Rhine River at Hüningen . A confusion of politics and diplomacy in Vienna wasted any strategic advantage that Charles might have obtained and locked the Habsburg force into two sieges on the Rhine , when the troops were badly needed in northern Italy . The battle is commemorated on a monument in Vienna and on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . = = Background = = Initially , the rulers of Europe viewed the French Revolution as a dispute between the French king and his subjects , and not something in which they should interfere . As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident , they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis XVI and his family ; this Declaration of Pilnitz ( 27 August 1791 ) threatened ambiguous , but quite serious , consequences if anything should happen to the royal family . The position of the revolutionaries became increasingly difficult . Compounding their problems in international relations , French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter @-@ revolution . Finally , on 20 April 1792 , the French National Convention declared war on Austria . In this War of the First Coalition ( 1792 – 98 ) , France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her , plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire . Despite some victories in 1792 , by early 1793 , France was in terrible crisis : French forces had been pushed out of Belgium ; also there was revolt in the Vendée over conscription ; wide @-@ spread resentment of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy ; and the French king had just been executed . The armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption ; the problems became even more acute following the introduction of mass conscription , the levée en masse , which saturated an already distressed army with thousands of illiterate , untrained men . For the French , the Rhine Campaign of 1795 proved especially disastrous , although they had achieved some success in other theaters of war ( see for example , War of the Pyrenees ( 1793 – 95 ) ) . = = = Campaign in 1796 = = = The armies of the First Coalition included the imperial contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states , amounting to about 125 @,@ 000 ( including three autonomous corps ) , a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary wars . In total , though , the commander @-@ in @-@ chief Archduke Charles ' troops stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea and Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 's , from the Swiss @-@ Italian border to the Adriatic . Habsburg troops comprised the bulk of the army , but the thin white line of Habsburg infantry could not cover the territory from Basel to Frankfurt with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of their opponents . Compared to French coverage , Charles had half the number of troops covering a 211 @-@ mile ( 340 km ) front that stretched from Renchen near Basel to Bingen . Furthermore , he had concentrated the bulk of his force , commanded by Count Baillet Latour , between Karlsruhe and Darmstadt , where the confluence of the Rhine and the Main made an attack most likely , as it offered a gateway into eastern German states and ultimately to Vienna , with good bridges crossing a relatively well @-@ defined river bank . To his north , Wilhelm von Wartensleben 's autonomous corps covered the line between Mainz and Giessen . The Austrian army consisted of professionals , many moved from the border regions in the Balkans , and conscripts drafted from the imperial circles . Two French generals , Jean Baptiste Jourdan and Jean Victor Moreau , commanded ( respectively ) the Army of Sambre @-@ et @-@ Meuse and the Army of the Rhine and Moselle at the outset of the 1796 campaign . The French citizens ' army , created by mass conscription of young men and systematically divested of old men who might have tempered the rash impulses of teenagers and young adults , and had already made itself odious , by reputation and rumor at least , throughout France . Furthermore , it was an army entirely dependent upon the countryside for its material support . After April 1796 , pay was made in metallic value , but pay was still in arrears . Throughout the spring and early summer , the unpaid French army was in almost constant mutiny : in May 1796 , in the border town of Zweibrücken , the 74th Demi @-@ brigade revolted . In June , the 17th Demi @-@ brigade was insubordinate ( frequently ) and in the 84th Demi @-@ brigade , two companies rebelled . The French commanders understood that an assault into the German states was essential , not only in terms of war aims , but also in practical terms : the French Directory believed that war should pay for itself , and did not budget for the payment or feeding of its troops . In Spring , 1796 , when resumption of war appeared eminent , the 88 members of the Swabian Circle , which included most of the states ( ecclesiastical , secular , and dynastic ) in Upper Swabia , had raised a small force of about 7 @,@ 000 men . These were literally raw recruits , field hands and day laborers drafted for service , but usually untrained in military matters . It was largely guess work where they should be placed , and Charles did not like to use the militias in any vital location . Consequently , in early late May and early June , when the French started to mass troops by Mainz as if they would cross there — they even engaged the Imperial force at Altenkirchen ( 4 June ) and Wetzler and Uckerath ( 15 June ) — Charles thought that main attack would occur there and felt few qualms placing the 7 @,@ 000 @-@ man Swabian militia at the crossing by Kehl . On 24 June , though , at Kehl , Moreau 's advance guard , 10 @,@ 000 , preceded the main force of 27 @,@ 000 infantry and 3 @,@ 000 cavalry directed at the Swabian pickets on the bridge . The Swabians were hopelessly outnumbered and could not be reinforced . Most of the Imperial Army of the Rhine was stationed further north , by Mannheim , where the river was easier to cross , but too far away to support the smaller force at Kehl . Neither the Condé 's troops in Freiburg nor Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 's force in Rastatt could reach Kehl in time to support them . Within a day , Moreau had four divisions across the river . Thrust out of Kehl , the Swabian contingent reformed at Rastatt by 5 July . There they managed to hold the city until the French turned both flanks . Charles could not move much of his army away from Mannheim or Karlsruhe , where the French had also formed across the river , and Fürstenberg could not hold the southern flank . Furthermore , at Hüningen , near Basel , on the same day that Moreau 's advance guard crossed at Kehl , Ferino executed a full crossing , and advanced unopposed east along the German shore of the Rhine with the 16th and 50th Demi @-@ brigades , the 68th , 50th and 68th line infantry , and six squadrons of cavalry that included the 3rd and 7th Hussars and the 10th Dragoons . The Habsburg and Imperial armies were in danger of encirclement , as the French pressed hard at Rastatt . Ferino moved quickly east along the shore of the Rhine ; from there , an approach from the rear might have flanked the entire force . To prevent this , Charles executed an orderly withdrawal in four columns through the Black Forest , across the Upper Danube valley , and toward Bavaria , trying to maintain consistent contact with all flanks as each column withdrew through the Black Forest and the Upper Danube . By mid @-@ July , the column encamped near Stuttgart . The third column , which included the Condé 's Corps , retreated through Waldsee to Stockach , and eventually Ravensburg . The fourth Austrian column , the smallest ( three battalions and four squadrons ) , Ludwig Wolff de la Marselle , marched the length of the Bodensee 's northern shore , via Überlingen , Meersburg , Buchhorn , and the Austrian city of Bregenz . Given the size of the attacking force , Charles had to withdraw far enough into Bavaria to align his northern flank in a perpendicular line with Wartensleben 's autonomous corps to protect the Danube valley and deny the French primary access to Vienna . His own front would prevent Moreau from flanking Wartensleben from the south and together they could resist the French onslaught . In the course of this withdrawal , he abandoned the Swabian Circle to the French . For the Swabians to negotiate neutrality , their militia needed to disband . At the end of July , eight thousand of Charles ' men executed a dawn attack on the camp of the remaining three thousand Swabian and Condé 's immigrant troops , disarmed them , and impounded their weapons . As Charles withdrew further east , the neutral zone established in Swabia expanded , eventually to encompass most of southern German states and the Ernestine Duchies . = = = Summer of maneuvers = = = The summer and fall included various conflicts throughout the southern territories of the German states as the armies of the Coalition and the armies of the Directory sought to flank each other : By mid @-@ summer , the situation looked grim for the Coalition : Wartensleben continued to withdraw to the east @-@ northeast despite Charles ' orders to unite with him . It appeared probable that Jourdan or Moreau would outmaneuver Charles by driving a wedge between his force and that of Wartensleben . At Neresheim on 11 August , Moreau crushed Charles ' force , forcing him to withdraw further east . At last , however , with this loss , Wartensleben recognized the danger and changed direction , moving his corps to join at Charles ' northern flank . At Amberg on 24 August , Charles inflicted a defeat on the French , yet that same day , his commanders lost a battle to the French at Friedberg . Regardless , the tide had turned in the Coalition 's favor . Both Jourdan and Moreau had overstretched their lines , moving far into the German states , and were separated too far from each other for one to offer the other aid or security . The Coalition 's concentration of troops forced a wider wedge between the two armies of Jourdan and Moreau , similar to what the French had tried to do to Charles and Wartensleben . As the French withdrew toward the Rhine , Charles and Wartensleben pressed forward . On 3 September at Würzburg , Jourdan attempted to halt his retreat . Once Moreau received word of the French defeat , he had to withdraw from southern Germany . He pulled his troops back through the Black Forest , with Ferino supervising the rear guard . The Austrian corps commanded by Latour drew too close to Moreau at Biberach and lost 4 @,@ 000 men taken as prisoners , some standards and artillery , after which Latour followed at a more prudent distance . = = Terrain = = The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the Swiss Cantons . The High Rhine ( Hochrhein ) , the 80 @-@ mile ( 130 km ) stretch between the Rhine Falls near Schaffhausen and Basel , cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed ; in such places as the former rapids at Laufenburg , it moves in torrents . A few miles north and east of Basel , the terrain flattens . The Rhine makes a wide , northerly turn , in what is called the Rhine knee , and enters the so @-@ called Rhine ditch ( Rheingraben ) , part of a rift valley bordered by the Black Forest on the east and Vosges Mountains on the west . In 1796 , the plain on both sides of the river , some 19 miles ( 31 km ) wide , was dotted with villages and farms . At the farthest edges of the flood plain , especially on the eastern side , the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon . Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of the Black Forest , creating deep defiles in the mountains . The tributaries then wound in rivulets through the flood plain to the river . The landscape was impressive , but rugged . As a nineteenth @-@ century traveler described it , the mountains in the vicinity [ of Müllheim ] are bold ; the dark ravines contrasting with its sunny fronts offer some exquisite scenes . The Rhine ... lay revealed before us for many a league , twisting and twining like a serpent of silver ... dotted with innumerable islands , and flowing through a most extensive plain , perfectly flat . Our elevation was considerable and the eye ranged over a great extent of country : Elsace [ sic ] , in France , and the level country as far as Bingen , would have been seen to their furthest limits had not the distance melted the extreme verges into ' thin air ' . Many were the villages , and hamlets , and woods sprinkled over the landscape .... The traveler described additional walks , in which the forest of dark pine bordered directly on the road , " checquered [ sic ] by glades in which browsed sheep and goats . " The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does today ; the passage from Basel to Iffezheim was " corrected " ( straightened ) between 1817 and 1875 . Between 1927 and 1975 , a canal was constructed to control the water level . In 1790 , though , the river was wild and unpredictable , in some places four times wider or more than it is in the twenty @-@ first century , even under regular water levels . Its channels wound through marsh and meadow , and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods . = = Battle = = = = = Key participants = = = = = = Preliminaries to the action at Schliengen = = = Throughout September and early October , Charles maintained his pressure on Moreau 's army , pushing it further to the west . On 18 September , part of an Austrian division under Feldmarschall @-@ Leutnant Petrasch swept from Karlsruhe , south to Kehl and stormed the Rhine bridgehead there ; he succeeded in holding it , with high losses ( about 2 @,@ 000 of his 5 @,@ 000 men were killed , wounded or missing ) . Immediately , though , General Schauenburg , the French garrison commander , counter @-@ attacked and drove the Austrians back ; the French lost 1 @,@ 200 killed or wounded , and 800 captured . Even though the French still held the crossing at Kehl and Strasbourg , Petrasch 's Austrians prevented Moreau from using the crossing to escape to France , leaving as his only reliable route to France the bridge at Hüningen . If Moreau , at that point situated in Freiburg , withdrew too soon from the Breisgau , Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino ' s column would be trapped there . The next contact occurred on 19 October at Emmendingen , in the Elz valley which winds through the Black Forest . The section of the valley involved in the battle runs southwest through the mountains from Elzach , through Bleibach and Waldkirch . Just to the southwest of Waldkirch , the river emerges from the mountains and flows north @-@ west towards the Rhine , with the Black Forest to its right . This section of the river passes through Emmendingen before it reaches Riegel . Riegel sits in a narrow gap between the Black Forest and an isolated outcropping of volcanic hills known as the Kaiserstuhl . Here the archduke split his force into four columns . Column Nauendorf , in the upper Elz , had 8 battalions and 14 squadrons , advancing southwest to Waldkirch ; column Wartensleben had 12 battalions and 23 squadrons advancing south to capture the Elz bridge at Emmendingen . Latour , with 6 @,@ 000 men , was to cross the foothills via Heimbach and Malterdingen , and capture the bridge of Köndringen , between Riegel and Emmendingen , and column Fürstenberg held Kinzingen , about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Riegel . Michael Fröhlich and Condé ( part of Friedrich Joseph , Count of Nauendorf 's column ) were to pin down Ferino and the French right wing in the Stieg valley . Nauendorf 's men were able to ambush Saint ' Cyr 's advance ; Latour 's columns attacked Beaupuy at Matterdingen , killing the general and throwing his column into confusion . Wartensleben , in the center , was held up by French riflemen until his third ( reserve ) detachment arrived to outflank them . In the ensuing melee , Wartensleben was mortally wounded . The French retreated across the rivers , destroying all the bridges . Lack of bridges did not slow the Coalition pursuit . The Austrians repaired the bridges by Matterdingen , and moved on Moreau at Freiburg . On 20 October , Moreau 's army of 20 @,@ 000 united south of Freiburg im Breisgau with Ferino 's column . Ferino 's force was smaller than Moreau had hoped , bringing the total of the combined French force to about 32 @,@ 000 . Charles ' combined forces of 24 @,@ 000 closely followed Moreau 's rear guard from Freiburg , southwest , to a line of hills stretching between Kandern and the river . = = = French dispositions = = = After a retreat of approximately 38 miles ( 61 km ) in which his rear guard was continually harassed by the vanguard of his enemy , Moreau halted at Schliengen and distributed his army in a 7 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 12 km ) semicircle along a ridge that commanded the approaches from Freiburg . He placed his right wing , commanded by Ferino , at the neighboring heights of Kandern ( altitude 1 @,@ 155 feet ( 352 m ) ) and Sitzenkirch , and his left wing at Steinstadt . His center occupied the village of Schliengen ( altitude 820 feet or 250 meters ) , which lay about 3 miles ( 5 km ) from the Rhine river . His entire force guarded a front protected by a small stream , the 14 @-@ mile ( 23 km ) long Kander that meandered out of the mountains west of Kandern and plunged 755 feet ( 230 m ) into the Rhine when it passed Steinstadt . For extra protection , Moreau also posted a body of infantry in front of his center , giving it added depth . His position on the heights gave him the advantage in any approach ; his troops could fire downhill on any advancing troops . The French position , in the chain of abrupt and woody heights , seemed nearly impregnable . = = = Austrian strategy = = = The Austrian army , augmented by the Army of Condé under the prince 's command , approached from Freiburg . Charles had a couple of options open to him . Any direct assault on the French position would be costly ; Moreau had chosen an almost unassailable position , especially for his center . Any Habsburg force would have to cross the Kandern ; in most cases , it would have to advance uphill into withering fire . Charles could avoid a battle by leaving a force to keep the French occupied and directing a part of his army through the mountains to the left of the Kandern , descending into the valley to Wies and disrupt the French line with Hüningen . However , this operation would take time , and the roads were bad from the rain , making any such maneuver difficult . Rather than see his enemy slip from his grasp , Charles decided to turn Moreau 's right flank at Kandern . He redistributed the four columns : Condé 's Emigré Corps formed the far right column , and Condé 's grandson , Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien , commanded its vanguard ; the second column , commanded by the young but reliable Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg , included 9 battalions and 26 squadrons . Charles ordered the first two columns to keep the left wing of the French army in check , preventing it from swinging around his own army 's rear in a flanking maneuver . This force also maintained contact with Petrasch 's force by Kehl . The third column , commanded by the experienced Maximilian Anton Karl , Count Baillet de Latour , included 11 battalions and 2 regiments of cavalry . The fourth , commanded by the dependable Friedrich Joseph , Count of Nauendorf , included the entire vanguard of Charles ' corps and approached on the far Austrian left . The two larger columns , under Latour and Nauendorf , were to attack the French right wing in force , and to turn it so that the French army 's back was to the Rhine . This was by far the most grueling of the proposed advances : they would approach the French uphill from them . Nauendorf divided his column into several smaller groups , and approached Kandern from several sides , up the steep slopes , by coordinating contact between his column and Latour 's , using Maximilian , Count of Merveldt 's regiment as the link between them . = = = Combat = = = Condé 's Corps formed down river at Neuburg and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 's column formed at Müllheim . Their role was specific : keep the French left from flanking the main Austrian force . Yet , despite specific orders to the contrary , the Duke of Enghien , Condé 's grandson , led a spirited attack on Steinstadt with the Army of Condé ; they took the village with a bayonet charge and remained there under severe artillery and musket fire for the rest of the daylight hours . Republican fire continued , incessant and terrible . An officer was killed as he stood between the Royal Highnesses ( Condé , his son , and grandson ) and the Duke of Berry . Taking advantage of the royalist acquisition , the second column took the hill opposite Schliengen , which was heavily defended by General of Division Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr . Saint @-@ Cyr tried several times to retake the position , but Fürstenberg 's column clung to its prize throughout the day , despite a heavy cannonade from the French divisions opposite it . On the opposite side of the battlefield , Latour 's column marched through part of the night to Feldburg , passed through Vögisheim at 47 ° 47 ′ N 7 ° 37 ′ E to Feldberg , after which it separated into two smaller columns . At 07 : 00 , the right column attacked Ferino 's positions in two vineyards which lay approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) to the northeast at 47 ° 46 ′ 0 @.@ 12 ″ N 7 ° 39 ′ 0 @.@ 00 ″ E. This column forced the French to retire behind Liel at 47 ° 45 ′ N 7 ° 36 ′ E , 0 @.@ 8 miles ( 1 km ) east of Schliengen . The left column , meanwhile , had attacked another position by Egennen . After fierce fighting , Latour 's column dislodged the French after obstinate resistance ; the second portion of Latour 's column approached the hamlet Eckenheim from the reverse angle , and forced a French contingent from the village . Grueling combat followed as the Austrians made the steep , uphill advance . The greater part of the battle , yet to come , fell to Nauendorf 's column . His men had marched all of the preceding night ; his column moved with the corps of General Latour to Feldburg , but by the castle of Bürgeln 3 @.@ 9 miles ( 6 km ) to the east at 47 ° 44 ′ 0 ″ N 7 ° 49 ′ 0 ″ E , it turned to the left ( west ) to penetrate to the source of the Kandern stream . Finally , by 14 : 00 , two in the afternoon , Nauendorf 's column had slogged through mud and muck and came fully into the action . Despite determined opposition , his troops ousted the French from Kandern and Sitzenkirch , and all the high ground above the river and Feurbach . The fighting there , between Ferino 's and Nauendorf 's columns , was intense and horrific : Moreau later recounted that Ferino 's troops performed " prodigies of valor " from daybreak to nightfall . When Nauendorf finished pushing the French from Kandern , and two hamlets beside it , and he sent a note with this information to Latour . As the battle finished , a ferocious storm unleashed hail and wind . So ended the first day of the battle during which Charles ' army had successfully ousted both French flanks from their positions . Overnight , Charles drew up his plans to attack the French center on the following morning . It promised to be a long and bloody second day . = = = Withdrawal = = = Moreau appreciated his untenable position , especially on his right where the bulk of Charles ' force stood ready to attack again in the morning . The Austrian army occupied a line which passed obliquely across the extremity of his right , and another line which passed along his left ; they both intersected in front of him , where the main force of Charles ' army blocked any movement forward . With luck , his troops might hold the Austrians off another day , but there were hazards : principally , the Austrians could break either wing , swing behind him and cut him off from the bridge at Hüningen , which was his only escape route back to France . Consequently , that night he withdrew his right wing to the heights of Tannenkirch at 47 ° 43 ′ N 7 ° 37 ′ E , a position scarcely less impregnable than that which it had abandoned . With a strong rear guard provided by Abbatucci and Lariboisière , he abandoned his position the same night and retreated part of the 9 @.@ 7 miles ( 16 km ) to Hüningen . The right and left wings followed . By 3 November he had reached Haltingen and evacuated his troops over the bridge into France . = = Aftermath = = With their backs to the river , Ferino and Moreau had to retreat across the Rhine into France , but retained control of the fortifications at Kehl and Hüningen and , more importantly , the tête @-@ du @-@ ponts of the star @-@ shaped fortresses where the bridges crossed the river . Moreau offered an armistice to Charles , which the archduke was inclined to accept . He wanted to secure the Rhine crossings and send troops to northern Italy to relieve Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser at besieged Mantua ; an armistice with Moreau would allow him to do that . However , his brother , Francis II , the Holy Roman Emperor , and the civilian military advisers of the Aulic Council categorically refused such an armistice , forcing Charles to order simultaneous sieges at Kehl and Hüningen . These tied his army to the Rhine for most of the winter . He moved north with the bulk of his force to invest Kehl , and instructed Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg to conduct the siege in the south by Basel . While the Austrians besieged these Rhine crossings , Moreau had sufficient surplus troops to send 14 demi @-@ brigades ( approximately 12 @,@ 000 troops ) into Italy to assist in the siege at Mantua . = Skyfall ( song ) = " Skyfall " is the theme song of the 2012 James Bond film of the same name , performed by British singer Adele . It was written by Adele and producer Paul Epworth and features orchestration by J. A. C. Redford . Film company Eon Productions invited the singer to work on the theme song in early 2011 , a task that Adele accepted after reading the film 's script . While composing the song , Adele and Epworth aimed to capture the mood and style of the other Bond themes , including dark and moody lyrics descriptive of the film 's plot . " Skyfall " was released at 0 : 07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the Global James Bond Day , celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of Dr. No , the first James Bond film . The song quickly went to the top of the iTunes chart , and reached number two at the UK Singles Chart and eight on the Billboard Hot 100 . Reviews were positive , with the song being compared to Shirley Bassey 's Bond themes , and " Skyfall " became the first Bond theme to win at the Golden Globes , the Brit Awards and the Academy Awards . It also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media . During the 85th Academy Awards , Adele performed the song live for the first time . = = Background and production = = In early 2011 Sony Pictures President of Music , Lia Vollack , suggested to the James Bond film producers at Eon Productions that they ask Adele to record a theme song for their next Bond film , later revealed to be titled Skyfall . Vollack thought that	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Adele would be a good choice to ask to record a Bond theme song , because her music had a " soulful , haunting , evocative quality " , which Vollack considered would bring back the " classic Shirley Bassey feel " associated with several early Bond films . Adele , who had just released her second album 21 , admitted that initially she was a " little hesitant " about agreeing to write a Bond theme song . On meeting with the Skyfall film crew , the singer had told Skyfall director Sam Mendes that she felt as though she was not the person that they were looking for because " my songs are personal , I write from the heart " . Mendes simply replied " just write a personal song " , telling her to use Carly Simon 's " Nobody Does It Better " from The Spy Who Loved Me as an inspiration . Adele left the meeting with the script of Skyfall and , upon reading it , decided that it was a " no @-@ brainer " as she " fell in love " with the film 's plot . Producer Paul Epworth , who had worked with Adele on 21 , was brought in to help her write the song . Adele stated that she enjoyed working to a brief and set of guidelines , even though it was something she had never done before . Production of " Skyfall " , from the first contact with Adele to the song 's release , took 18 months to complete . Vollack stated that the reason for this was " fine @-@ tuning " the song , as Adele and Epworth wanted to ensure that they " were getting it right " . The first cut of the song was completed in October 2011 , as Adele had free time after cancelling the final concerts of her Adele Live tour due to vocal problems . During an interview at their post @-@ Academy Award for Best Original Song win in February 2013 , Adele revealed that the first draft of the song was written in 10 minutes . After Adele underwent throat microsurgery for vocal problems , she recorded a demo of the track and sent it to Mendes , who was doing the principal photography of Skyfall . The director in turn played the demo for film producer Barbara Broccoli and Bond actor Daniel Craig , both of whom " shed a tear " . Adele stated that the final cut of the song lasted two studio sessions at Abbey Road Studios in London . It features a 77 @-@ piece orchestra conducted by J. A. C. Redford . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Skyfall " is an orchestral pop song with a duration of four minutes and forty @-@ six seconds . Epworth stated that although " Skyfall " is an original composition , he and Adele had worked to capture " the James Bond feeling " of previous theme songs . The song intentionally references Monty Norman 's " James Bond Theme " after the first chorus . Norman said that the song had his seal of approval and that including the leitmotif he wrote for the Bond character was " a pretty sensible thing to do , if you want to feel the ' James Bond quality ' of the music " . Epworth said that while " Skyfall " was his first experience writing film music , he had been involved with the production of James Bond music before : while Epworth was a tape operator at AIR Studios , he recorded some film soundtracks including David Arnold 's Tomorrow Never Dies . Epworth stated that the producers ' request was for " a dramatic ballad " , so he and Adele tried to " do something that was simultaneously dark and final , like a funeral , and to try and turn it into something that was not final . A sense of death and rebirth " . Epworth watched the first thirteen Bond films seeking the " musical code " of the songs , " whatever the modal structure or the chord that always seemed to unify those songs " and contributed to the mood and " that kind of ' 60s jazzy quality " . Epworth identified as an uniting factor " a minor ninth as the harmonic code ... the Bond songs , they have that elaboration to it " , and wrote what would become the instrumental part of " Skyfall " . He described it as " a bit of a ' Eureka ! ' moment " . " Skyfall " was composed in the key of C minor using common time at 76 beats per minute ( Adagietto ) . Adele 's vocal range spans over one octave , from the low note of G3 to the high note of C5 , on the song . The lyrics closely follow the narrative of the film rather than focusing on romanticism . According to Epworth , the song is about " death and rebirth " , saying " It 's like , when the world ends and everything comes down around your ears , if you 've got each other 's back , you can conquer anything . From death to triumph , that was definitely something we set out to try and capture " . The Daily Telegraph writer Neil McCormick described the lyrics as " slightly sinister " and containing references to a number of Bond tropes and motifs . = = Release and remixes = = The theme song , and the identity of its singer , was kept secret , but rumours of Adele 's involvement still emerged . Adele first mentioned recording a " special project " in September 2011 in an interview on The Jonathan Ross Show , leading to speculation in the media that she was recording a Bond theme . In an interview with NRJ in April 2012 , the singer stated that she intended released a new single by the end of the year ; however , it would not be preceding a new album . Further rumours about Adele 's involvement circulated in September 2012 , when she was reportedly seen at Abbey Road Studios where Thomas Newman was recording Skyfall 's musical score . The song 's title was originally rumoured to be " Let the Sky Fall " . In September 2012 OneRepublic vocalist Ryan Tedder posted a message on Twitter claiming he had heard the title track and that it was " the best James Bond theme in his lifetime " . Adele 's publicist , Paul Moss , mentioned the song on his Twitter feed ; both later deleted their messages . The artwork for the song was leaked online , but Adele 's involvement in the project was not officially confirmed until 1 October . " Skyfall " was released at 0 : 07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the " Global James Bond Day " , celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of Dr. No , the first James Bond film . A 12 @-@ inch single featuring unofficial remixes of the song was sold in Germany to promote the song . The song was not included in Skyfall : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , marking the second time in the Bond series that the theme song was split from the soundtrack album , following " You Know My Name " from Casino Royale in 2006 . Wilson and Broccoli still asked composer Thomas Newman to include a reference to " Skyfall " in the film 's score , " so that it didn 't appear as a kind of ' one off ' at the top of the movie " . Newman opted to include an interpolation in the track " Komodo Dragon " , used in a scene where Bond enters a casino in Macau . According to Newman the scene had " a real moment of ' Bond ' swagger " , and the music fitted the scene accordingly . Epworth was visited by Newman for advice , and Redford , who was already doing the score 's orchestration , was requested to arrange " Komodo Dragon " ; Newman was unable to do the arrangement because he felt that his task " was already so huge and daunting " . = = Critical reception = = Entertainment Weekly wrote that there is " finally " a great James Bond theme . The Huffington Post described the song as a " brassy and soulful tune [ that ] fits perfectly alongside the work of Shirley Bassey in the oeuvre of James Bond title tracks " . RedEye gave the song four out of four stars and declared that it " is a return to form , and if it doesn 't get you hyped for the movie , you 're not a Bond fan " . The Daily Record named " Skyfall " its ' Single of the Week ' and gave the song five stars out of five . PopCrush gave the song four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five and called it " wholly satisfying and worth the wait " . Idolator wrote that " during the song 's final third , Adele does , in fact , make the sky fall , in typical Adele fashion " . Consequence of Sound commented that " rousing instrumentation elevates the vocals to soaring heights " , while HitFix called the song a " majestic ballad " and a " classic James Bond theme " . Newsday was also very positive , writing that " Skyfall " is " unlike anything else she 's done in her young career . It 's self @-@ assured and grand , drawing inspiration from Dame Shirley Bassey , while adding her own powerful phrasing to make it her own . Adele 's style so far has been to downplay her massive voice with lyrics that are questioning and self @-@ deprecating . On ' Skyfall , ' though , it sounds like the diva point of view suits her , too " . The Los Angeles Times complimented the song and said that the song " tells good things for this winter 's blockbuster @-@ to @-@ be . It 's not a reimagining or a musical departure , but simply a righting of the ship . The song is big , bold and seems to have a little spot @-@ o @-@ fun " . MTV was also positive , stating that " Adele 's lush song fits right in with classics by Shirley Bassey , Paul McCartney and Carly Simon " . The Wall Street Journal felt similarly , writing that the song " has sweep and drama , [ with ] orchestral support [ that ] gives it a classical timelessness that sets it apart from typical pop songs . Because it is a theme for a Bond film , after all , the song is also shot through with the threat of violence and death " . E ! Online wrote that Adele 's song was " a cross , and a good one at that , between the 1971 Bassey classic and a more @-@ focused version of Garbage 's ' The World Is Not Enough ' . " The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the song " instantly feels like a Bond theme , with the singer 's sultry voice set against a minor chord progression . Done in big , orchestral style , the mood – like the singer – is all 1960s throwback , back when Bond themes like ' Goldfinger ' were smooth , seductive and larger than life " . Jim Farber of the New York @-@ based Daily News wrote in his review : " It suffers from a similarly meandering melody and ponderous progression . The grandeur of its arrangement easily upstages the tune " , but " even so , the luster of Adele 's tone , and the bravura arc of her vocal , makes it enjoyable enough . And , fifty years down the line , isn 't that all we really expect from a Bond product these days ? " Yahoo ! ' s Rob O 'Connor gave the standalone song a positive review , but felt that it was too soon to tell how the song would fit into the wider canon of Bond theme songs . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph was less complimentary , describing the song as " classy " , but at the same time , " overly predictable " . = = = Accolades = = = The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song ; it had been the first Bond theme to receive an Academy Award nomination since the 1982 song " For Your Eyes Only " and was the first Bond theme to win the award . It also won the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song ; the Golden Globe for Best Original Song ; and the Brit Award for British Single of the Year . Adele gave her acceptance speech at the last of those awards through a video message , as she was in Los Angeles preparing for her Academy Award performance . It was also nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Original Song but lost to " Suddenly " , from Les Misérables . " Skyfall " was also named the Best Original Song by the film critics associations of Houston , Las Vegas and Phoenix . The song won at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media . = = Chart performance = = The song went to number one at the UK 's iTunes online store less than ten hours after it was released , surpassing " Diamonds " by Rihanna . At 6 am on 5 October Clear Channel began airing " Skyfall " on 180 radio stations around the United States every hour , on the hour ; within 24 hours , " Skyfall " had garnered 10 million audience impressions and had already begun to rank within the top 50 of the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems @-@ based Radio Songs chart . On 7 October " Skyfall " entered the UK Singles Chart at number 4 after less than 48 hours on sale . The single sold 84 @,@ 000 copies in the UK during its first two days of release . On 14 October " Skyfall " rose to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 92 @,@ 000 copies . This tied " Skyfall " with Duran Duran 's " A View to a Kill " as the highest @-@ charting James Bond theme song on the UK Singles Chart . This was since been broken when , in 2015 , Sam Smith 's " Writing 's on the Wall " debuted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was the 20th best @-@ selling song of 2012 in the UK with 547 @,@ 000 sold . " Skyfall " debuted at number one in Ireland . It also charted at number one on the French Singles Chart for six weeks and spent 24 weeks in the top 10 . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 8 for the week ending 20 October 2012 , Adele 's first song to debut in the top 10 , selling 261 @,@ 000 copies in the United States in its first three days . Although " Skyfall " debuted at number 8 , it was actually the third best @-@ selling single in the US that week – the Hot 100 ranks songs based on sales , radio airplay and online streaming . " Skyfall " is the first James Bond theme to chart within the top 10 in the US since Madonna 's " Die Another Day " a decade earlier , and is the first James Bond theme to debut in the top 10 . Interest in " Skyfall " led to a 10 % increase in sales of Adele 's last album , 21 , in the US . For the week ending 27 October 2012 , the second week after its release , the song fell from number 8 to number 13 . After Skyfall was released in cinemas in North America , Adele 's song saw a sales increase of 66 % . In January 2013 unofficial remixes also warranted the song an inclusion on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart , peaking at the 10th spot . After Adele won the Oscar for the song , sales in the US increased by 56 % with 56 @,@ 000 downloads . The following week " Skyfall " sold an additional 103 @,@ 000 downloads and climbed 28 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 . As of July 2013 , " Skyfall " has sold over five million copies worldwide . As of January 2013 it had sold 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 copies in the US according to Soundscan , and is the first Bond song to sell a million digital copies . = = Live performance and cover versions = = Adele performed the song live for the first time at the 85th Academy Awards ceremony on 24 February 2013 , prior to learning that she had won the award . In preparation for the performance , the singer took advice about breathing technique from Ayda Field , wife of Robbie Williams , to combat stage fright . Earlier in the ceremony , Shirley Bassey had performed another Bond theme , " Goldfinger " , from the film of the same name , as part of an unrelated tribute to James Bond in film . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Abbey Road Studios , London , England . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of " Skyfall " , XL Recordings . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Alfred Dunhill = Alfred Dunhill FRSA ( 30 September 1872 – 2 January 1959 ) was an English tobacconist and inventor . He is the progenitor of the Dunhill luxury goods company and the Dunhill branded tobacco products from British American Tobacco ( now two independently owned entities ) . From 1893 Dunhill ran a company selling motoring accessories , and in 1902 opened a shop in Mayfair . He developed a pipe designed for motorists in 1904 . He opened a tobacconist 's shop in St James 's in 1907 , offering tailored tobacco blends . Shops were opened in New York and Paris in the 1920s . With his international ambitions , Dunhill helped to create the modern luxury goods market . He retired from business in 1929 , and married his mistress in 1945 , following the death of his wife . = = Early life = = Dunhill was born on 30 September 1872 at 2 Church Path , Hornsey , Middlesex . He was the second son of five children of Henry Dunhill ( 1842 – 1901 ) , a master blind @-@ maker , and his wife and cousin , Jane , née Styles ( 1843 – 1922 ) . His father occupied premises on Euston Road , manufacturing harnesses for horses . Alfred Dunhill was educated at a private school in Hampstead and by tutors until he was 15 , when he was apprenticed to his father 's business . In 1893 , Dunhill inherited his father 's business and shortly afterwards began to supply accessories for motor cars under the name Dunhill 's Motorities ( a portmanteau of " motorist " and " priorities " ) . He married Alice Stapleton ( 1874 – 1945 ) on 15 June 1895 . In 1890 he established the Discount Motor Car Company to sell his accessories through mail order . In 1902 he opened his first shop in Conduit Street , Mayfair , selling clothing and accessories to chauffeurs and their employers . He entered the pipemaking business in 1904 when he developed a " windshield pipe " to allow motorists to smoke while driving . = = Tobacco business = = In 1907 he opened a small tobacconist 's shop on Duke Street in the St James 's area . He offered tobacco blends tailored for the individual customer . In 1908 he introduced the first Dunhill cigarette . The shop rapidly prospered . His granddaughter Mary later described his flair as a salesman and a shopkeeper . The business expanded , and by 1910 Dunhill had taken additional premises in Duke Street . In 1912 he was joined in the business by his youngest brother , Herbert , and his eldest son , Alfred , followed by his second son , Vernon , in 1913 . In 1912 Dunhill introduced the white spot trademark to its pipes . The post @-@ war period witnessed both expansion and the commissioning of new products . The company always ensured its products were covered by patent and trade mark , a policy prosecuted with vigour from the outset . The early 1920s saw the wholesale and export side of the business move to Notting Hill Gate , close to the pipe and cigarette division located at Campden Hill Road . In 1921 the firm received its first royal warrant , as tobacconist to Edward , Prince of Wales . Dunhill also supplied Winston Churchill and Siegfried Sassoon . The 1920s also saw the opening of shops in New York and Paris . Bloomberg Businessweek opined that Dunhill prefigured the modern luxury goods market with its international ambitions . In 1924 the company launched the Unique lighter , a product that Dunhill and his brother Herbert had much interest in developing , and was the world 's first lighter that could be operated with just one hand . Also in 1924 , Dunhill published The Pipe Book , a monograph which detailed the history of the smoking pipe . In the New York Times review of the book , the anonymous author credited Dunhill with making pipe smoking " a gentlemanly diversion " . The book has rarely been out of print since its publication . Dunhill was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1925 . = = Retirement = = Dunhill passed the chairmanship of his company to his son Alfred Henry in 1929 , taking retirement due to health reasons . He left his wife and moved to Worthing to join his long @-@ term mistress , Vera Mildred Wright ( 1902 – 1976 ) , who changed her name to his by deed poll . Dunhill married Wright on 28 March 1945 , shortly after the death of his wife . He died in a nursing home in Worthing on 2 January 1959 , and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium . He left gross assets of £ 74 @,@ 117 ( equivalent to £ 1 @,@ 555 @,@ 099 in 2015 ) . His wife survived him . = = Works = = Dunhill , Afred ( 1924 ) . The Pipe Book . London : A. & C. Black . OCLC 909095159 . Reprinted : The Pipe Book . New York : Skyhorse Publishing Company . 2011 . ISBN 9781616080495 . OCLC 758870949 . = 2007 Monte Carlo Rally = The 2007 Monte Carlo Rally ( formally known as the 75e Rallye Automobile Monte @-@ Carlo ) was a rallying autosports race held over four days between 18 January and 21 January 2007 , and operated out of Valence , Drôme , France . It was the first race of the 2007 World Rally Championship ( WRC ) season . Contested over fifteen stages at a length of 328 @.@ 54 kilometres ( 204 @.@ 15 miles ) , Sébastien Loeb won the race for the Citroën Total World Rally Team . Dani Sordo finished second in the other Citröen works car , with Marcus Grönholm finishing third in a Ford . Loeb , driving an all new Citroën C4 WRC car which had been in development throughout 2006 , took control of the race from the outset , winning the two stages on the first day and four more stages over the following three days . His teammate Sordo kept the pressure on , winning three stages , but on Stage 6 , Loeb extended his lead from 6 @.@ 6 seconds to nearly 24 seconds , and from thereon became unattainable . Each stage on the first two Legs were won by either Loeb or Sordo , and it wasn 't until Saturday afternoon on the second run of the day 's stages , that other drivers could effectively challenge them . The last two days of the race consisted of a duel between Mikko Hirvonen , who drove a factory 2006 model Ford Focus RS WRC , and Chris Atkinson in a factory Subaru Impreza WRC 2006 . After Hirvonen completed Stage 2 in fourth place , Atkinson took the position on Stage 3 and held onto it throughout Friday and into Saturday morning 's stages . On Stage 12 on Saturday afternoon , Hirvonen retook fourth , Atkinson regained it on Stage 13 but then lost it to Hirvonen again following Stage 14 . Atkinson won the final stage on Sunday morning , and finished the race back in fourth position . Controversially , the 2007 Monte Carlo Rally was no longer based in Monaco and localities nearby , where it had been held in recent years . The event only visited Monte Carlo with its final special stage , a short run on part of the Circuit de Monaco and the rest of the time was spent in and around Valence hundreds of kilometres north of Monaco in the Rhône @-@ Alpes region . Many of the locations had not been visited since the 1990s , such as the Vercors and Ardèche , and only one top level driver had competitively driven on the roads before . The 2007 event also marked the return of the nighttime stages . Loeb 's win was his fourth at Monte Carlo and twenty @-@ ninth in WRC . It was the sixth time that he had achieved a podium position there , which brought his WRC podium finishes to forty @-@ eight . He earned ten points in the World Rally Championship for Drivers . Sordo was two points behind him , while Grönholm was in third position with six points . With Atkinson and Hirvonen in fourth and fifth place , Petter Solberg , Toni Gardemeister and Jan Kopecký were the other points finishers . In the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers , Citroën Total World Rally Team earned the maximum eighteen points for their 1 – 2 finish , BP Ford World Rally Team placed second , with ten points , with the Subaru World Rally Team placing third with eight points . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The 2007 Monte Carlo Rally was the first round of the 2007 World Rally Championship ( WRC ) season after taking a six @-@ week break since the last race of the 2006 season in Great Britain . It was held over four days from Thursday , 18 January to Sunday , 21 January 2007 . With pressure from the president of Fédération Française du Sport Automobile and being beset with criticism for running a chaotic route in the 2006 Monte Carlo Rally , Automobile Club de Monaco ( ACM ) , the rally organisers , chose to move 2007 's race away from Monte Carlo and the roads around Alpes @-@ Maritimes and other departments within the Provence @-@ Alpes @-@ Côte d 'Azur region . Instead , the rally HQ was set up in Valence , Drôme , almost 400 km ( 250 mi ) away from Monte Carlo , with most stages being held in Ardèche . While some stages were brand new to the rally , some places , such as Saint @-@ Jean @-@ en @-@ Royans , Burzet , Saint @-@ Martial , Lalouvesc , Saint @-@ Bonnet @-@ le @-@ Froid , Saint @-@ Barthélemy @-@ Grozon , and the Saint @-@ Pierreville – Antraigues @-@ sur @-@ Volane route had played host to Monte Carlo Rally stages in the 1990s and earlier . Only Manfred Stohl , driving for OMV @-@ Kronos Citroën World Rally Team , was familiar with these roads , as he had competed on them in the late 1990s . Although the 25 @,@ 000 spectators seemed pleased that the rally had returned to the region , the drivers , team bosses and Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ; WRC 's governing body ) were less enthusiastic . Over a total distance of 1 @,@ 185 @.@ 22 kilometres ( 736 @.@ 46 miles ) , the fifteen stages totalled 328 @.@ 54 competitive km ( 204 @.@ 15 mi ) , which was shorter than the FIA 's regulatory minimum of 360 km ( 220 mi ) for Special Stages . The drivers hoped that with the rally taking place on higher altitudes , wintery conditions and burle ( a freezing wind blowing from the north ) would produce ice and snow on the ground , making for a more exciting event ; however , except for some rain on Thursday evening it never came to fruition and the prevailing weather was clear and dry . Sébastien Loeb was unhappy with the weekend 's weather forecast . Following his reconnaissance run , he said , " With snow everywhere and walls on both sides of the road , like in the old days , some of these stages would have been brilliant . But because it 's dry , in some places that makes it less interesting because than the roads further south with all their corners . " The service park in Valence was also much smaller than what had been used in Monaco , so there were no Production World Rally Championship or Junior Rally Championship categories , and fewer entries of competitors . It was also badly located and poorly run , and WRC 's commercial director David Richards said that the service area was " like a car boot sale " . After being absent from the WRC for the 2006 season to spend thirteen months concentrating on preparing their new Citroën C4 WRC vehicle , the Citroën Total World Rally Team returned in 2007 ready to début it in the Monte Carlo Rally . The Citroën Xsara WRC had dominated the championship in recent years , and despite its age it was still incredibly reliable and was only replaced because the Xsara model was no longer in production . The C4 's mechanical components , such as the engine , transmission , differentials and suspension were either very similar to , or came from , the Xsara , but the wheelbase and chassis were longer by 253 millimetres ( 10 @.@ 0 inches ) and 107 mm ( 4 @.@ 2 in ) , respectively , which meant that under WRC rules the C4 could be widened to 1 @,@ 800 mm ( 71 in ) . It was also higher than the Xsara , and the weight distribution had been fine @-@ tuned , including raising and moving back the front seats ( which had the negative effect of reducing the drivers ' visibility ) , and attaching the wing mirrors to the midpoint along the front doors . The C4 's test drivers reported that the car handled more stably . Citroën was confident the C4 would be successful yet concerned as to whether it would beat the Ford Focus WRC 06 , which had won the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers title in 2006 for the BP @-@ Ford World Rally Team . The Focus , in addition had undergone its own developments during the winter break . The tarmac testing of the C4 showed it to be faster than the outgoing Xsara , but Loeb knew that that performance might not show itself in the race . " The car has been good in testing . But what about the rally ? " he asked . " I don 't know . " Marcus Grönholm , the Ford team 's number 1 driver , was wary , however . " It 's got thousands of k 's on the clock . It was running when the Focus WRC 06 was still on the board . " Meanwhile , the Subaru World Rally Team were waiting for the Subaru Impreza WRC 2007 to be ready for the 2007 Rally Mexico in March . The team knew that the 2006 version , which had performed poorly the previous season , would be no match for the Focus or C4 . Added to the fact that the cars were equipped with unfamiliar BF Goodrich tyres after Pirelli decided not to supply any teams in 2007 , and they were hoping that Petter Solberg and Chris Atkinson could just earn some points from the race . Forty @-@ nine crews registered to compete in the rally , Of the top @-@ tier drivers entered , Jean @-@ Marie Cuoq was the only WRC rookie , and Chris Atkinson , Henning Solberg , and Matthew Wilson had driven at Monte Carlo only once before , all in 2006 . The starting order for Leg 1 was " Priority 1 " ( P1 ) and P2 WRC drivers in the order of the final classification of the 2006 season , followed by all other drivers as decided by the ACM . Loeb , the previous season 's champion , set off first , followed by Grönholm , then Mikko Hirvonen . Loeb and Grönholm were the favourites to win ; Loeb had won the Monte Carlo three times in a row between 2003 and 2005 , and Grönholm had won in 2006 . Nevertheless , there were worries that Loeb would not be physically fit enough to win . Four months earlier he had broken his left shoulder in a mountain @-@ biking accident , and there was a chance he might not even compete in the first part of the season . His physiotherapists and consultants told him that because of the operations he had had on his arm , he should definitely have sat out the Monte Carlo Rally . Loeb admitted that he was " really stressed " before the start , and wondered whether his arm would be okay . " It has been okay in testing but what about the long stages ? " he asked . His answer : " I don 't know . " = = = Race = = = Following a ten @-@ year absence of nighttime @-@ run stages , the first two Special Stages of the event were held on Thursday night . They were the first night stages scheduled in the rally since 1997 . Throughout the day it had rained , and although it had stopped before the race began , the roads were still very wet and slippery . In discussing the day 's weather , Grönholm said that he expected the stages that night to be difficult , and added , " I hope this time we can take the right tyres , we were always a little bit on the wrong side [ last year ] – it ’ s not easy , but I hope we will manage to get it right this time . " Earlier in the day , the crews had driven a shakedown stage in Mauves ; however , due to a large number of fans and spectators along the route the shakedown was stopped early , and some crews including Loeb and co @-@ driver Daniel Elena were forced to carry out last @-@ minute testing and necessary changes to their cars on the main roads back to Valence . Though forty @-@ nine crews registered in the rally , only forty @-@ seven actually competed . Privateers François Duval driving a Škoda Fabia WRC , and Angelo Villa in a Fiat Punto failed to start the event . The first stage of the rally started at 19 : 16 Central European Time ( UTC + 1 ) on Thursday evening . The 28 @.@ 52 kilometres ( 17 @.@ 72 miles ) winding route led the crews between Saint @-@ Jean @-@ en @-@ Royans and Col de Lachau . Before taking to the tarmac , Chris Atkinson , in a 2006 Impreza WRC for the Subaru WRT , admitted to never driving a tarmac stage at night before , but said it would be interesting to see how everybody performed . His teammate Petter Solberg spoke of the challenges facing him : " [ In the dark ] everything gets a little bit more narrow and you always tend to be careful with how you turn in and keep the speed up in the corners , but obviously you have to listen to the pacenotes , that is absolutely crucial thing , 100 % . " Loeb , who was familiar with driving on nighttime stages in the French Rally Championship , said , " In the dark you have to drive like you can when you have only two passes on the recce , and then you also start with the fastest stage . I think there can be some big moments tonight . " Loeb and Elena took to the road first in their C4 , and despite the limited visibility from both his ride position and the unlit roads , he set a pace time of 13m 58.7s. His teammate Dani Sordo and co @-@ driver Marc Marti were able to keep up the pace , maxing out at 196 kilometres per hour ( 122 miles per hour ) at one point along the route , and finished in 14m 07.2s for second place . Taking third place on the stage were the Ford crew of Grönholm and Timo Rautiainen , who finished after 14 m 13.9s. On Stage 2 , a 17 @.@ 88 km ( 11 @.@ 11 mi ) run from La Cime du Mas to Col de Gaudissart , Loeb held on to the lead , completing it in 9m 31.2s. Grönholm proved to be faster than Sordo on this stage , finishing with a time of 9m 45.5s , 1.1s faster than Sordo . At the end of Leg 1 and 46 km ( 29 mi ) , any worries about how well the new C4s would perform had been forgotten . They had beaten all the competition by a wide margin . Loeb was almost 25 seconds ahead of his teammate , while Grönholm was 30 seconds adrift ; and Petter Solberg , over a minute behind the lead . There were six stages in Leg 2 on Friday , totalling 150 @.@ 62 competitive km ( 93 @.@ 59 mi ) . Stage 3 was the first of these , starting at 08 : 19 CET in Saint @-@ Pierreville . The route was 46 @.@ 02 km ( 28 @.@ 60 mi ) long and finished in Antraigues . The previous leg 's provisional classification determined the starting order for Leg 2 , whereby the top 15 P1 and P2 drivers started in reverse order , followed by the remaining drivers in order of classification . Henning Solberg and Cato Menkelud , driving a 2006 @-@ spec Focus RS WRC for the Stobart VK M @-@ Sport Ford Rally Team were the first crew to take to the still @-@ damp roads , and they set a time of 32m 52.9s. Their teammates , Matthew Wilson and Michael Orr , completed the leg a minute quicker , at 31m 42.5s. With no snow and ice on the roads , Sordo , who proved to be very quick on the tarmac surfaces last season , was fastest on Stage 3 . He set a time of 29m 43.4s , a wide margin ahead of Loeb 's and Grönholm 's second- and third @-@ placed times of 29m 59.6s and 30m 01.1s , respectively . Loeb was said to be " visibly shaken " from losing the stage to his less @-@ experienced teammate . " I lost 16 seconds , my tyres were too hard , " he said . " At the start they went cold and I wasn 't in a good rhythm . Before we reached some dry parts I wasn 't confident and I didn 't want to take any big risks this morning . " Most drivers had problems with their tyre selection on Stage 3 , including Petter Solberg and Hirvonen . Petter was still trying to get used to the new BF Goodriches his car was outfitted with , but he found them too hard and said he could not find any feeling or grip with them . Hirvonen , however , felt his tyre compound was too soft , and was unimpressed with his time . Hirvonen completed the stage ninth , in 30m 41.5s , but Petter 's time of 30m 50.0s was even worse , putting him in 12th position . Petter 's Subaru teammate Atkinson had no problems with his tyres , though , and he finished fourth with a time of 30m 03.5s. The Mitsubishi Lancer WRC crew of Xavier Pons and Xavier Amigo had other troubles during this stage . The transmission failed and they had to retire from the rally . Their teammates Toni Gardemeister and Jakke Honkanen set a good time on the stage when they finished in fifth place , as did OMV @-@ Kronos 's Manfred Stohl and Ilka Minor in sixth . At the end of Stage 3 , the podium positions were unchanged , but the time difference between Loeb and Sordo had decreased to seven seconds , although the gap between first place and fourth was over a minute . Petter Solberg had dropped out of contention for points , in ninth place overall , eighth being taken by Jan Kopecký in a privately entered Škoda Fabia WRC . Before Stages 4 and 5 got underway , the crews had a chance to change their tyres to a set with a more suitable compound . A new WRC rule for 2007 allowed for Remote Service Zones to be set up away from the main Service Park at Rally HQ . For 15 minutes the cars could be refuelled , re @-@ tyred , and have any necessary maintenance carried out , as long as the parts and tools to do so ( except fuel and tyres ) were already in the vehicle . For Grönholm this was a major relief . On the previous stage his car had developed an issue with the hydraulic flappy @-@ paddle gearchanges on his steering wheel , which meant he had had to resort to shifting gears manually . The technicians were unsure why or how it had occurred and were hoping that their repairs would last until the car got back to Valence . Loeb won an uneventful Stage 4 , but only by one @-@ tenth of a second ahead of Sordo , and on Stage 5 Sordo was quicker than Loeb , after Loeb stalled on the start @-@ line and was unable to make up the lost seconds . At the midday break , Loeb was lamenting his lead over Sordo . " Now it 's a big battle between the two C4s . The other cars for the moment are behind , so it 's good news for the team . It would be easier if Dani were bit further behind but I have to deal wit that , " he said . " I 'll try to keep position this afternoon , but it 's not easy . Dani is really fast . I only have a six @-@ second lead . " Grönholm was also complaining . " The only good thing here is to win this rally , but to drive here ; I don 't like it . " Stage 6 was a rerun of the Saint @-@ Pierreville – Antraigues stage from the morning . The roads had dried out by the afternoon , but that did not stop some crews from having accidents along the route . Stohl spun out as he went through a corner , and crashed the front of his car into the stone wall of a house . He continued on , but the front bumper was damaged and hanging loose . " We lost the front brakes completely , " Stohl explained . " Absolutely no brakes . I was lucky to finish because I was nearly off sometimes . " Despite his difficulties , he managed to finish the stage in 29m 37.6s which put him in 10th position for the stage , and 8th overall . The dry roads meant that all the drivers were able to complete the stage faster than they had been in the morning . At just 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) Loeb was already much faster than his time during Stage 3 , but on a narrow stretch of the route towards the Col de la Fayolle he did not brake into a corner at the right time and skidded and collided with a fence . He was able to carry on driving , but co @-@ driver Elena 's door and sill were damaged . Despite the accident , he won the stage , and increased the overall gap between himself and Sordo from 6 @.@ 5 seconds to nearly 24 seconds . A repeat run of Stages 4 and 5 closed the day . Sordo won Stage 8 and Loeb took Stage 9 . But by the end of the Leg and 550 @.@ 02 km ( 341 @.@ 77 mi ) of driving , Loeb 's arm and shoulder were in great pain and his osteopath worked through the night to try to address the problems . Leg 3 began early Saturday morning . Following Friday 's stages , Loeb was 25 seconds ahead of Sordo , and 1m 15s in front of Grönholm . Stage 9 was the first of the day , a 19 @.@ 67 km ( 12 @.@ 22 mi ) route between Labatie @-@ d 'Andaure and Lalouvesc held in darkness . Loeb , Sordo , and Grönholm once again finished first , second and third . Atkinson suffered a setback when he crashed his car and stalled it . It cost him a few seconds and he finished the stage ninth , behind Hirvonen , Jean @-@ Marie Cuoq , Gardemeister and Kopecký , but he retained his fourth place standing in the event 's classifications . The surprise result of Stage 10 was Atkinson 's . He broke Loeb 's and Sordo 's run and was the first fastest non @-@ Citroën driver of the rally , and set a time of 12m 42s . Henning Solberg , meanwhile , went off the road and into a ditch as he entered one of the corners on the stage , and his brother Petter had a similar problem in the same corner , but his quick reactions were able to control the car so he just drove into the scrub and got back on track . Henning finished in seventeenth place , and Petter finished joint @-@ fifth with Cuoq on 12m 50.4s. Loeb ran his slowest time on this stage after he reduced speed and his tyres went cold . " I was a bit faster than Dani [ Sordo ] on the start of the stage , and then I saw my splits [ times between checkpoints ] and then I tried to slow down , " he explained . " We had hard tyres and when you slow down the tyres [ cool down ] and then you lose the grip more and more , and at the end it was really tricky and I had cold tyres , so I just tried to slow down . The end [ of the stage ] was really tricky so I didn 't want to take any risks . " Stage 11 was won by Hirvonen with a time of 11m 46.9s. Loeb was 1.2s slower and finished second . Atkinson lost all the time he made up in Stage 10 by finishing in eighth place , 11 @.@ 4 seconds slower than Hirvonen . This reduced the gap between the two in the overall classifications to just 8 @.@ 9 seconds . Sordo , meanwhile , had his worst stage and finished in 10th position . After the midday service , the next three stages were reruns of the morning 's . Hirvonen won Stage 12 and Atkinson had another slow run , which resulted in Hirvonen taking fourth place in the provisional classification by four @-@ tenths of a second . On Stage 13 , Atkinson retook his fourth @-@ placed position after winning the stage with a time of 12m 32.4w , and beating Hirvonen by 7 @.@ 6 seconds . " Considering how ordinary I drove in the first one , I had to pull my finger out ! " said Atkinson . He regained his fourth @-@ place position just 7 @.@ 2 seconds ahead of Hirvonen . Loeb was slow again , 6 @.@ 7 seconds slower than his teammate , Sordo , which cut the time between them to 23 @.@ 2 seconds . " No problem , the car is going very well , " said Loeb . " One stage more to go and hopefully its okay . " Stage 14 was the last in the mountains of Ardeche , before travelling to Monte Carlo for the Super Special Stage . For most drivers it was going to be the last time to gain higher positions in the classifications . Loeb , although slow again , extended his lead in the standings to 31 @.@ 1 seconds , by finishing in fourth position with a time of 11m 47.7s. Sordo also had another bad stage . He finished the stage ninth @-@ fastest after 11m 55.6s on the road . For Hirvonen , it was the last good chance to retake fourth position from Atkinson , which he did when he won the stage by setting the pace time of 11m 30.5s. Atkinson ran 8 seconds slower and finished second . It was also Jari @-@ Matti Latvala 's last chance to earn a points position . Kopecký had been in eighth position and set to score one point since the middle of the second Leg , but Latvala was just 5 @.@ 4 seconds behind him going into this stage . But Latvala pushed too hard and when he drove over some loose gravel he lost control and slid the car into the end of a stone wall . The impact caused damage to the car 's roll cage which forced him to retire from the rally and end his attempt to earn any points . The final stage of the rally took place on Sunday morning . After conducting the entire race in France the organisers only paid lip service to the principality by holding a Super Special Stage there . It involved two laps of part of the Circuit de Monaco for a total distance of 2 @.@ 8 km ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) , with two cars on the road at the same time but starting at two different points along the track so that they did not interfere with each other . Because the Service Park was in Valence , repairs , adjustments , refuelling and tyre changes were carried out on Saturday night ahead of the drive down to the coast . The decision about which tyres to fit on the cars was taken out of the teams ' hands . ACM ordered that all the cars would drive on the snow tyres that the teams had been allocated , but had not been used because of the dry weather , a decision that was described as " absurd " because the cars ended up drifting through the corners . Loeb 's , Sordo 's and Grönholm 's lead times so far ahead of anyone else 's , so the interest in Stage 15 was on Hirvonen and Atkinson . Only eight @-@ tenths of a second made the difference between a fourth @-@ place position and five points , and fifth @-@ placed position and four points . Hirvonen , who was in fourth place , completed the stage in 1m 50.9s , and admitted , " [ I made ] a few small mistakes , and that can be it . Nothing more I can do . We 'll see how Chris drives and hope for the best . " . Atkinson drove opposite Grönholm on the stage , with Hirvonen watching from the sidelines . To beat Hirvonen , he had to complete the stage in 1m 50.0s. He was one @-@ tenth of a second quicker than that , which won him the stage and fourth place in the rally . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Loeb was delighted with his win at Monte Carlo , saying , " It 's a victory in Monte Carlo so that 's a great moment . I like to start the season like this , with ten points . That 's really important for me , the feeling is good . The car is really , really fast and my arm is much better , so everything is perfect for the moment . " Guy Fréquelin , the Team Principal at Citroën Total was also pleased with Leob 's and Sordo 's results . He said afterwards , It 's a really a fantastic start for Citroën , for the team , for the crews . It 's really fantastic , and for the chief , for sure ! This is the result of a huge team effort . To do this in the first event , every member of the Citroën Sport team had to come together in a common goal . I think it 's a wonderful reward for our pus to come back to the World Championship . It 's not often that a car making its competition début produces results like these : nine fastest times , eight on them 1 – 2s . And there aren 't many models that have dominated and scored a 1 – 2 finish in their first race , either . The Citroën C4 WRC has really made its presence felt on its international début . The last time a car had finished in first and second @-@ place in its début rally was 20 years ago in the 1987 Monte Carlo Rally , when Miki Biasion and Juha Kankkunen came first and second in all @-@ new Lancia Delta HF 4WDs . The Delta HF 4 × 4 also won two @-@ thirds of all the stages of that 1987 rally , just like the C4 did this time around . Lancia also won both the Group A and Group N categories in the race , while Citroën won the 4 @-@ wheel drive WRC category and came first in the 2 @-@ wheel drive Super 1600 category . Grönholm was disappointed with his race , admitting that he thought he might be able to beat Sordo , if not Loeb . But after having gearbox and tyre problems on Leg 2 , he settled into third place and stayed in that position to the rally 's conclusion . " We got it wrong on the tyre choice , which we had to have approved by the FIA early in the week , " he explained . " We thought it would rain . Harder tyres would have made life easier for us . " BP @-@ Ford was also unhappy . Christian Loriaux , the team 's Technical Director said , " Having Marcus finish behind Sordo is disappointing . Being behind Loeb is easier to understand , because I didn 't expect the C4 to be any slower than the Xsara , and that car had a performance edge over us last year . " Petter Solberg also had issues with his tyres throughout the rally . After Subaru switched to BF Goodriches from Pirelli following the 2006 season , and with the shortest break between seasons the WRC had seen , the crews had not had enough time to test the new compounds . The Subarus had had their problems with the Pirellis , too . To protect them from breaking up too quickly the drivers had learned how to look after them , but driving that way on the new brand meant that he could not get the BFs up to temperature and ended up running slower . He finished the rally in sixth place . His teammate Atkinson did not have that problem though , and after fighting with Hirvonen in the final half of the rally , finished in fourth place . " It 's been a massive battle , and so much fun to be in a battle with these guys again , " he said after being congratulated by Hirvonen . Two drivers in non @-@ manufacturer cars , Gardemeister and Kopecký , finished in seventh and eighth place to receive drivers points . As a consequence of the final positions , Loeb started the season leading in the World Rally Championship for Drivers with ten points . Sordo was second with eight points , Grönholm was in third position with six points . In the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers , Stobart Ford had one point from Henning Solberg 's fourteenth @-@ placed position ( although Wilson finished the rally quicker , he was not nominated to earn points for the manufacturer ) . Stohl earned OMV @-@ Kronos Citroën two points . Subaru were in third place with eight points , BP @-@ Ford were two points clear of Subaru in second place , and Citroën Total WRT was first , with eighteen points – ten from Loeb 's win and eight from Sordo . = = Statistics = = Crew names in italics are able to score points for the manufacturer in the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers = = = Entry list = = = = = = Special stages = = = = = Classifications = = = = Championship standings after the event = = = The Convention Conundrum = " The Convention Conundrum " is the 14th episode of the seventh season of the U.S. sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 149th episode of the show overall . It first aired on CBS on January 30 , 2014 . The episode features guest appearances by James Earl Jones and Carrie Fisher . In contrast to previous guest stars , Jones takes a liking to Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) and the main plot is focused on the two having a night out together . Fisher appears when Jones suggests they knock on her door and run away . The episode received high ratings and mainly positive reviews , with many complimenting the cameo appearances . = = Plot = = Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) , Sheldon , Raj ( Kunal Nayyar ) and Howard ( Simon Helberg ) are in Leonard and Sheldon 's apartment , waiting for Comic @-@ Con tickets to go on sale online . After ten minutes of trying , Leonard finally gets in the queue but is 15,211th in line . Tickets run out and the four men are disappointed that they will not be able to attend , especially as they had spent so much time on their costumes , intending to go as different versions of the Hulk as portrayed by Lou Ferrigno , Eric Bana , Edward Norton , and Mark Ruffalo . Sheldon decides to set up his own Comic @-@ Con , and tries to convince several celebrities to appear , including Stan Lee , Bill Nye the Science Guy , Leonard Nimoy , and Wil Wheaton . Since he has restraining orders from Lee , Nimoy , and Nye , he asks Leonard to contact them . He then discovers James Earl Jones , whom he reveres for voicing the Star Wars villain Darth Vader , is going to a sushi restaurant and meets him there . Unlike many celebrities Sheldon has met , James Earl Jones welcomes his company , and the two spend the night doing various activities ; they go to an ice @-@ cream parlor , a carnival , a strip club , and a sauna . Sheldon asks Jones questions about himself and learns that he was functionally mute for eight years , he was a pre @-@ med in college , and that sound designer Ben Burtt used scuba equipment to create the sound of Darth Vader 's breathing . They also sing at a karaoke club and prank Carrie Fisher by knocking on her door and running away . At the end of the night , James Earl Jones learns that Sheldon and his friends failed to get Comic @-@ Con tickets and invites them along as his guests . Meanwhile , Leonard , Raj , and Howard attempt to solve their Comic @-@ Con problem by illegally buying scalped tickets . After arranging for a scalper to come to Leonard 's apartment , they begin to get worried as Sheldon pointed out they could get charged for petty theft . When the scalper is heard arriving , they quickly turn out the lights and stay silent . Penny ( Kaley Cuoco @-@ Sweeting ) , Amy ( Mayim Bialik ) and Bernadette ( Melissa Rauch ) go to a tea room in an attempt to feel more like adults . At the tea room , they discover only mothers and their children are there and go to the bar . They discuss how they do not feel grown up and how being an adult is not necessarily a good thing . = = Production = = The episode features guest stars James Earl Jones and Carrie Fisher , actors from the Star Wars film series . It was first announced that they would be appearing on the show on January 12 , 2014 . The day after , Steve Molaro revealed the basic plot outline for the episode , although he refused to explain exactly what Fisher 's " very small , very funny , very weird part " would be . The episode was filmed on January 21 , 2014 . In real life , James Earl Jones is said to be a " good sport " when meeting Star Wars fans , similar to his character in the episode . Jim Parsons described having James Earl Jones around as " pretty insane " and said " there 's no way ever you can even realize the amount of work he 's done . " " The Convention Conundrum " is the first episode to credit Kaley Cuoco , who plays Penny , as Kaley Cuoco @-@ Sweeting . She married Ryan Sweeting on December 31 , 2013 ; this was the third episode to air after their wedding . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = On the night of its first broadcast on January 30 , 2014 at 8 p.m. , the episode was watched by 19 @.@ 05 million households in the U.S. Including 5 @.@ 70 viewers watching on DVR , the episode was watched by 24 @.@ 75 million viewers in total . It received a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 3 / 14 overall , and 5 @.@ 2 / 15 for viewers aged 18 to 49 . The episode was the most watched episode that night . In Canada , the episode aired at the same time as in America , on CTV Television Network and was watched by 4 @.@ 38 million viewers , ranking it third on both Canadian television and CTV that week . Australia first broadcast the episode on Nine Network on March 25 , 2014 , and was watched by 994 @,@ 000 households . It was ranked third on the network that night and eighth on cable . In the UK , it aired on May 1 , 2014 on E4 . The episode received 1 @.@ 84 million viewers ( according to BARB ) , ranking it number 1 that week on the channel ; the episode had 0 @.@ 46 million viewers on E4 + 1 , giving it a total of 2 @.@ 31 million viewers . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received mostly positive reviews , with many critics complimenting James Earl Jones and Carrie Fisher 's cameo appearances . Jesse Schedeen of IGN rated it eight out of 10 , summarizing that " When it comes to celebrity guest stars , James Earl Jones raised the bar on this week 's Big Bang Theory . " Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B , complimenting the show for having enough " nerd currency " to secure two high @-@ profile guest stars in one episode ; Jason Hughes of The Huffington Post agreed , describing the episode as " one of the best uses of celebrity guest stars playing themselves we 've seen on television " . Billy Nilles from Zap2it said " Jones has proven himself a powerful comedy performer " . Carla Day from TV Fanatic gave the episode a very positive review , describing it as " by far the funniest episode of the season " and giving it an editor rating of 4 @.@ 9 out of 5 . Tom Eames of Digital Spy gave it a mixed review . He complimented the cold opening , and described Carrie Fisher 's " surprise cameo appearance " as " pretty cool " . However , he said the girls ' subplot of acting like grown @-@ ups was " used a bit too often " and thought the scalper ticket subplot being " dropped without a conclusion " was " a shame " . However , Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode 40 out of 100 , describing it as " classic bad Big Bang Theory " . Pierson said " a story like this makes it a bit harder to believe in Sheldon " and suggested that Sheldon should " take something from this experience " . Pierson also disliked the girls ' subplot as it did not " go anywhere " and described the guys as " cowards " . = 2009 AAA 400 = The 2009 AAA 400 was the twenty @-@ eighth stock car race of the 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and the second in the ten @-@ race season @-@ ending Chase for the Sprint Cup . It was held on September 27 , 2009 at Dover International Speedway , in Dover , Delaware before a crowd of 110 @,@ 000 people . The 400 @-@ lap race was won by Jimmie Johnson of the Hendrick Motorsports team after he started from pole position . His teammate Mark Martin finished second and Matt Kenseth came in third . Johnson won the pole position and maintained his lead on the first lap to begin the race . After a competition caution on lap 25 , Ryan Newman became the leader of the race . Chase for the Sprint Cup participants Kurt Busch and Jeff Gordon were in the top ten for most of the race . Johnson reclaimed the lead , after passing Kurt Busch . Johnson maintained the first position to lead the most laps of 271 , and to win his fourth race of the season . There were nine cautions and six lead changes among four different drivers during the course of the race . The race was Johnson 's fourth win of the 2009 season , as well as the forty @-@ fourth of his career . The result kept Martin in the lead in the Drivers ' Championship , ten points ahead of Johnson , and sixty @-@ five in front of Juan Pablo Montoya . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , forty @-@ five ahead of Toyota and seventy @-@ five in front of Ford , who bumped Dodge , with one @-@ hundred and twenty @-@ two points , to fourth place . The race attracted 5 @.@ 08 million television viewers . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Dover International Speedway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Bristol Motor Speedway , Richmond International Raceway , Martinsville Speedway , and Phoenix International Raceway . The NASCAR race makes use of the track 's standard configuration , a four @-@ turn short track oval that is 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at twenty @-@ four degrees , and both the front stretch ( the location of the finish line ) and the backstretch are banked at nine degrees . Before the race , Mark Martin led the Drivers ' Championship with 5 @,@ 230 points ; Jimmie Johnson and Denny Hamlin were tied for second with 5 @,@ 195 points each , 35 points behind Martin . Juan Pablo Montoya was fourth with 5 @,@ 175 points , ten ahead of Kurt Busch and nineteen ahead of Tony Stewart in fifth and sixth respectively . Ryan Newman with 5 @,@ 151 was eleven points ahead of Brian Vickers , as Greg Biffle with 5 @,@ 138 points , was ten ahead of Jeff Gordon . Carl Edwards and Kasey Kahne rounded out the top twelve positions in the Chase for the Sprint Cup with 5 @,@ 117 and 5 @,@ 069 points respectively . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 199 points , thirty @-@ nine points ahead of their rivals Toyota in second place . Dodge , with 118 points , were one point ahead of Ford in the battle for third place . Johnson was the race 's defending champion . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — one on Friday , and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , and the second 45 minutes . The final session lasted 60 minutes . In the first practice session , Johnson was fastest , placing ahead of Newman in second and Montoya in third . Biffle took fourth position and Kurt Busch placed fifth . A.J. Allmendinger , David Reutimann , Kevin Harvick , Martin and David Gilliland rounded out the top ten fastest drivers in the session . During the session , Bowyer broke a rocker arm , and his team changed engines as a consequence . Although forty @-@ four drivers were entered in the qualifier ; according to NASCAR 's qualifying procedure , only forty @-@ three could race . Each driver ran two laps , with the starting order determined by the competitor 's fastest times . Johnson clinced his third pole position of the season , with a time of 22 @.@ 878 . He was joined on the grid 's front row by Montoya . Newman qualified third , Biffle took fourth and Reutimann started fifth . Kahne , Gordon , Bowyer , Sam Hornish , Jr. and Paul Menard completed the top ten positions . The driver that failed to qualify was Scott Wimmer . During qualifying , Elliott Sadler 's changed his car 's engine , after one failed during the session . After the qualifier Johnson said , " A pole today will make the start of the weekend much better and give us a lot of direction and momentum moving into tomorrow , It does carry you , and there is an aspect of momentum . But at the same time , you 've got to go out and perform . " On Saturday morning , Kurt Busch was fastest in the second practice session , ahead of Montoya in second , and Newman in third . Johnson was fourth quickest , and Bowyer took fifth . Kyle Busch managed sixth . Stewart , Hamlin , Matt Kenseth and Gilliland followed in the top ten . Of the other drivers in the Chase , Biffle finished with the eleventh fastest time , while Kahne set the fourteenth fastest time . Kahne set the fastest time in the final practice session , while Montoya and Joey Logano followed in second and third respectively . Martin was fourth quickest , ahead of Biffle and Johnson . Kurt Busch was seventh fastest , Jamie McMurray eighth , Gilliland ninth and Martin Truex , Jr. tenth . Other chase drivers included Newman in eleventh and Hamlin in eighteenth . = = = Race = = = The race , the twenty @-@ eighth of a total of thirty @-@ six in the 2009 season , began at 2 : 00 p.m. and was televised live in the United States on ESPN . Around the start of the race , weather conditions were cloudy with the air temperature 71 ° F ( 22 ° C ) ; a moderate chance of rain was forecast . Pastor Dan Schafer began pre @-@ race ceremonies by giving the invocation . Country music group and Show Dog @-@ Universal Music recording artists Trailer Choir performed the national anthem , and Sergeant Major John Jones of the Pennsylvania National Guard gave the command for drivers to start their engines . During the pace laps , Bowyer , Sadler and Tony Raines all had to move to the rear of the grid because of them changing their engines . NASCAR announced that a competition caution would take place on lap 25 , meaning drivers would make mandatory pit stops . Johnson maintained his pole position lead into the first corner . One lap later , Newman passed Montoya for the second position . After starting the race in twelfth , Martin had lost four positions to run eighteenth by lap 4 . By the 10th lap , Johnson had built up a 1 @.@ 2 second lead over Newman . Bowyer , who began the race at the rear of the grid , had moved up thirteen positions to twenty @-@ ninth by lap 15 . Two laps later , Raines drove to his garage . On lap 18 , Kurt Busch passed Vickers for ninth , as Kahne claimed fourth position from Biffle , two laps later . On lap 25 , the competition caution came out . During the caution , all of the leaders made pit stops ; Gilliland became the new leader on lap 28 . After pit stops , Newman claimed the first position and held it at the restart . On lap 31 , a multi @-@ car collision occurred in turn 3 as Logano was bumped by Stewart , causing him to flip sideways , which collected Truex , Robby Gordon and Reed Sorenson , prompting the second caution . On the same lap , the red flag was shown to allow race officials to clear the track of debris . The race was restarted 24 minutes later under caution . Newman maintained his lead at the restart , followed by Kurt Busch and Menard . Three laps later , Montoya and Gordon passed Menard for fifth and sixth respectively . On lap 43 , Jeff Burton fell to ninth after being passed by Hamlin and Martin . Four laps later , Martin passed Hamlin for the thirteenth position . By lap 50 , Johnson passed Reutimann to move back into the top ten . On lap 58 , Kurt Busch passed Newman to claim the lead . Three laps later , Jeff Gordon claimed fifth position off Kahne , while Menard was passed by Johnson for eighth . On lap 63 , Montoya moved into the third position after passing Biffle , while Gilliland went to his garage to retire from the race . Two laps later , Kyle Busch claimed seventh position off Kahne , as Montoya passed Newman for second on lap 66 . On lap 67 , Gordon and Biffle passed Newman for third and fourth positions . Four laps later , Johnson claimed seventh from Kahne . On lap 80 , Reutimann ran out of fuel , forcing him to make a pit stop . On lap 83 , Biffle was passed by Johnson for the fourth position . One lap later , Michael Waltrip lost his car 's right @-@ front tire and collided with the wall , causing the third caution . All of the leaders elected to make pit stops . Kurt Busch remained the leader at the restart , ahead of Biffle and Kyle Busch . On lap 93 , Kyle Busch passed Biffle for second position , while McMurray was passed by Kahne for ninth on lap 96 . Three laps later , Biffle dropped to sixth after being passed by Jeff Gordon , as Montoya passed Kyle Busch for the third position on lap 113 . Sixteen laps later , Kahne passed Jeff Gordon for sixth , while Stewart moved into the eighteenth position on lap 137 . On the 147th lap , Kurt Busch was blocked by Bobby Labonte , allowing Johnson to claim the lead . By the 150th lap , Kyle Busch dropped three positions to sixth after being passed by Martin , Kahne and Jeff Gordon . Green flag pit stops began on lap 152 , when Hornish made a pit stop . Eleven laps later , the fourth caution came out . During the caution , which was caused by liquid on the track , all of the leaders made pit stops . Kurt Busch reclaimed the lead for the lap 168 restart . Stewart moved into the eleventh position on lap 170 . Six laps later , Johnson reclaimed the lead off Kurt Busch . By the 183rd lap , Johnson opened out a 1 @.@ 6 second lead over Kurt Busch . Twenty @-@ four laps later , Kyle Busch collided with the wall in turn 3 and turn 4 , prompting the fifth caution . All of the leaders chose to make pit stops during the caution . The race resumed on lap 211 , with Johnson leading from Jeff Gordon and Kurt Busch . By the 223rd lap , Johnson had a lead of 1 @.@ 6 seconds . Twenty @-@ seven laps later , Sorenson rejoined the race track . On lap 252 , Stewart passed Allmendinger for the ninth position . Seven laps later , Stewart moved into eighth after passing Newman , and passed Bowyer for seventh on the 262nd lap . On lap 272 , Johnson 's lead of 3 @.@ 5 seconds was reduced to nothing when the pace car moved on track . During the caution , which was caused by David Stremme making contact with the wall at turn 4 , all of the leaders made pit stops . Johnson remained the leader at the restart . On lap 286 , Kahne was passed by Newman for ninth . By lap 290 , Johnson built up a lead of two seconds . Seventeen laps later , Martin passed Kenseth for the fourth position . Johnson 's lead had increased to 2 @.@ 2 seconds by lap 319 . Five laps later , debris was spotted on the track and the seventh caution was prompted . All of the leaders elected to make pit stops during the caution . Johnson maintained his lead at the restart , followed by Martin and Kenseth . One lap later , Montoya moved into the second position , as Martin fell to fifth . On lap 336 , Martin moved into fourth after passing Kurt Busch , and passed Kenseth for third two laps later . On lap 341 , the eighth caution came out when Regan Smith spun off , collecting Stremme , Truex and Sadler . Johnson kept the lead at the lap 347 restart . One lap later , Kenseth moved into the second position , as Stewart and Gordon moved into fourth and tenth respectively . On lap 349 , Gordon passed Newman for ninth , before falling to eleventh position after contact with Newman one lap later . On the 354th lap , Stewart was passed by Martin for the fourth position , as Johnson had built a 2 @.@ 2 second lead by lap 357 . One lap later , Jeff Gordon moved into the ninth position after passing Newman . On the 368th lap , Hornish , spun on the backstraightway , prompting the ninth and final caution of the race . During the caution , some of the leaders made pit stops . Johnson maintained the lead on the lap 373 . Four laps later , Newman passed Mears for eighth , as Edwards was passed by Stewart for twelfth . On the 383rd lap , Kahne , Allemndinger and Stewart passed Newman for seventh , eighth and ninth respectively . On the next lap , Kenseth was passed by Martin for second position . On the 391st lap , Kahne was passed by Allmendinger for the second position . Two laps later , Johnson 's lead had increased to 2 @.@ 2 seconds and held it to win the race . Martin finished second , ahead of Kenseth in third , Montoya fourth , and Kurt Busch fifth . Gordon , Allmendinger , Kahne , Stewart and Newman rounded out the top ten finishers . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Johnson appeared in victory lane to celebrate his fourth victory of the season in front of 110 @,@ 000 people who attended the race . Johnson also earned $ 276 @,@ 076 in race winnings . Afterward , he said , " I woke up ( on Sunday ) morning very optimistic . By about lap two or three I knew we had a very balanced car and we 'd be competitive all day long , get a solid finish . " , he continued , " I see guys get so worried about what other people think , what other people say and spend a lot of time in those areas . That 's not what works for me . ( I ) don 't watch television ; don 't watch or read any of the trade papers or magazines . Just ignore , ignore , ignore and focus on my world and what 's going on with my race car . That 's what I 'll do through the rest of the Chase . " Martin , who finished second , was candid about the result , " We did really well to finish second . I just don 't think we were in [ Johnson 's ] league today . " In the post @-@ race press conference , Kenseth said of his result , " We didn 't qualify very good , but we were really happy with our car . When the race started , I didn 't think we were quite as good as we were yesterday ( in practice ) , but we were able to have really good pit stops . " Logano , who was involved in the biggest accident of the race , " The biggest thing was , I was fine the whole time , [ but ] I 'm not really sure what happened . The spotter was clearing me low . When I got down there , they checked up going into the corner and I got tagged from behind . " The race result kept Martin in the lead of the Drivers ' Championship with 5 @,@ 400 points . Johnson , who won the race , stood in second , ten points behind Martin , and sixty @-@ five ahead of Montoya . Kurt Busch moved into fourth position with 5 @,@ 325 points . Stewart with fifth , Hamlin sixth , and Newman , Jeff Gordon , Biffle and Vickers followed in the top @-@ ten positions . The final two positions available in the Chase for the Sprint Cup were occupied by Edwards in eleventh and Kahne in twelfth . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet maintained their lead with 208 . Toyota remained second with 163 . Ford followed with 123 points , one point ahead of Dodge in fourth . 5 @.@ 08 million people watched the race on television . The race took three hours , twenty @-@ two minutes and eleven seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 1 @.@ 970 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = Standings after the race = = = Slow Fade = " Slow Fade " is a song by Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Written by Mark Hall , it was released as the third single from Casting Crowns ' 2007 studio album The Altar and the Door . Written after the public falls from grace of several church leaders , " Slow Fade " is a cautionary tale against making the wrong choices . It was positively received by music critics , who praised the song 's lyrical theme . " Slow Fade " had moderate success on Christian chart formats , peaking at number five on the Billboard Christian Songs chart , number seven on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , and number nineteen on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . The song 's music video , which was produced and directed by the Erwin Brothers , depicts a family slowly deteriorating due to the compromising decisions they have made . It won the award for Short Form Music Video of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards . = = Background and composition = = " Slow Fade " was written in the " light of the well publicised falls from grace of several high profile church leaders " . According to lead vocalist Mark Hall : " Nobody falls , it 's just a slow fade . It 's a series of minor compromises until you 're in a place you never thought you 'd be , doing things you never thought you 'd do and rationalising all of it " . He continued by saying that : " As believers , as men , if we 're not guarding our relationship with God , we 're going down . There 's too much going against us . If we 're not careful , we 're going to crash and burn " . " Slow Fade " is a song with a length of four minutes and thirty @-@ eight seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , " Slow Fade " is set in common time in the key of D major , with a tempo of 80 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of A3 to the high note of G5 . A ballad , " Slow Fade " is " a cautionary tale urging believers to make the right choices " . = = Reception = = " Slow Fade " met with mostly positive reception from music critics . Jared Johnson of Allmusic noted it had a " mature rock theme " and " showcased more grunge guitar than could be heard on all of Lifesong " . In reviews for Billboard and CCM Magazine , Deborah Evans Price praised the song as " compelling " and an example of Mark Hall 's ability to write " stirring anthems " and " achingly vulnerable , introspective songs " . Andree Farias of Christianity Today praised the lyrics as " full of great ideas about spiritual apostasy " but said the arrangement " leaves the impression that [ Mark ] Hall and company are bored or tired " . = = Chart performance = = " Slow Fade " debuted at number twenty @-@ eight on the Billboard Christian Songs chart for the chart week of August 23 , 2008 . It advanced to number nineteen in its fifth chart week and to number fifteen in its sixth . In its eleventh chart week " Slow Fade " entered the top ten , moving to number nine . It advanced to its peak position of number five in its eighteenth chart week , the week of December 20 , 2008 . In total , " Slow Fade " spent twenty @-@ nine weeks on the Christian Songs chart . It also peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , which it spent thirty weeks on , and number nineteen on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . " Slow Fade " ranked at number thirty @-@ three on the 2008 year @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart . It ranked at number thirty @-@ five on the 2009 year @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart and number fifty on the 2009 year @-@ end Christian Songs chart . On the 2000s decade @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart , " Slow Fade " ranked at number ninety @-@ five . = = Promotion = = Produced and directed by the Erwin Brothers , the music video for " Slow Fade " was shot in Birmingham , Alabama . The video depicts a deteriorating family slowly fading because of the compromising decisions they have made . It premiered on Yahoo ! Music on May 21 , 2008 , receiving placement of the website 's front page . It was included on Casting Crowns ' live album The Altar and the Door Live and won the award for Short Form Music Video of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards . Casting Crowns performed a " haunting " rendition of " Slow Fade " at a concert on March 22 , 2008 at the Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena in Jacksonville , Florida . At a concert on February 3 , 2010 at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri , Casting Crowns performed it as the third song on their set list . At a concert on February 28 , 2010 in Hershey , Pennsylvania , they performed the song as part of their set list . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits lifted from the album liner notes . = = Charts = = = Mersea Island = Mersea Island IPA : [ m3 : .zi ] is an island in Essex , England , in the Blackwater and Colne estuaries to the south @-@ east of Colchester . Its name comes from the Old English word meresig , meaning " island of the pool " . The island is split into two main areas , West Mersea and East Mersea , and connected to the mainland by the Strood , a causeway that floods at high tide . The island has been inhabited since pre @-@ Roman times . It was used as a holiday destination in Roman Britain for occupants of Camulodunum ( Colchester ) . Fishing has been a key industry on the island since then , particularly oysters , and along with tourism makes up a significant part of the island 's economy . The Church of St Peter & St Paul in West Mersea is thought to have existed since the 7th century , while the Church of St Edmund in East Mersea dates from around the 12th or 13th centuries . The island became popular with smugglers from the 16th to the 19th century . It became a focal point for troops in both world wars , and a number of observation posts can still be found on the island . Tourism remains popular , and there are a number of beach huts and holiday parks on the island . A week @-@ long festival of boat racing , Mersea Week , takes place every summer . = = Geography = = The island lies 9 miles ( 14 km ) south @-@ east of Colchester and 26 miles ( 42 km ) east of the county town , Chelmsford . It is the most easterly inhabited island in the United Kingdom and is one of 43 ( unbridged ) tidal islands which can be accessed on foot or by road from the British mainland . It is situated in the estuary area of the Blackwater and Colne rivers and has an area of around 7 square miles ( 18 km2 ) . It is formed by the Pyefleet Channel to the north and the Strood Channel to the west , which connect the Blackwater to the Colne . The much smaller Ray Island lies adjacent to the north . Most of the area immediately surrounding the island consists of saltmarsh and mudflats , and is an important sanctuary for wading and migratory birds . The island itself sits on a mix of London Clay , chalky boulder clay , sand and gravel . Internally , the island is split between West Mersea , which is the main inhabited area containing the jetty and marina , and East Mersea , which is predominantly farmland and includes Cudmore Grove County Park to the east . There is also a small hamlet at Barrow Hill to the north of West Mersea . The land immediately facing the Blackwater is known as the Mersea flats , which is mostly beach that dries at low tide . The former Bradwell Power Station can be seen on the other side . West Mersea can be further divided into three areas . The Old City in the southwest of West Mersea serves the fishing and yachting industries and contains a number of listed buildings . The centre contains the church of St Peter & St Paul , while the beach and esplanade are to the south . The name ' Mersea ' is derived from the Old English word meresig meaning ' island of the pool ' . It is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Meresai . The Strood is derived from strod , meaning ' marshy land ' . = = Economy = = The main industries on Mersea are farming , fishing and servicing the leisure boating and yachting industry . Oysters have been harvested off the island since Roman times , and are shipped worldwide . The extensive history and association with the oyster trade attracts a significant number of tourists each year , though today the trade is predominantly with Pacific oysters that have been introduced to the area . The Essex oyster fishery is opened by the Mayor of Colchester every September . The Company Shed restaurant on the west side of the island serves seafood fresh to order and has been praised for its quality by Jamie Oliver . Many small shops and ice cream businesses serve the tourism on Mersea 's seafront . The Two Sugars Cafe is sited on a former World War II pillbox near the beach . There are six camping and caravanning sites on the island , which help contribute towards the island 's economy during the summer months . The largest is Cooper 's Beach , which caters to 3 @,@ 000 residents . = = History = = There is evidence of pre @-@ Roman settlement on Mersea in the form of " red hills " that are the remains of Celtic salt workings . A large Romano @-@ British round barrow near the Strood contained the remains of a cremated adult in a glass urn , within a lead casket , now in the local Mersea Museum . In 1730 , a large mosaic floor was found underneath the Church of St Peter & St Paul at West Mersea and in 1764 , Richard Gough discovered further evidence of Roman remains around the church . West Mersea was believed to be a holiday destination for Romans staying at Camulodunum ( Colchester ) . Evidence has shown a number of fish traps exist around the island , which date from around the 7th century . The Anglo @-@ Saxons established a large fish weir at Besom Fleet to the southwest of the island and built the church at West Mersea . It was damaged by Norse raiders in 894 and rebuilt afterwards . The west tower was added to the church around the 11th century , the south aisle in the 15th and various other rebuilds continued towards the end of the 18th century . The Strood causeway was also built by the Saxons ; oak piles discovered in 1978 have been dated to between 684 and 702 using dendrochronology . By 950 , there was a Benedictine priory at West Mersea and land here was granted to the Abbey of St Ouen in France by Edward the Confessor in 1046 . The priory survived until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1542 . The Parish Church of St Edmund in East Mersea dates from around the 12th or 13th century , with extensions in the late 15th or 16th . The church and hall are surrounded by a moat that is thought to be the remains of a Danish refuge after their defeat by King Alfred at Farnham . In the English Civil War , the Parliamentary Army built a blockhouse at East Mersea in 1648 , with the aim of blockading the River Colne during the Siege of Colchester . Some ruins of this blockhouse remain and are known as the Block House Stone , which is legally protected by English Heritage as a scheduled monument . Fishing grew in importance on the island during this time , with numerous fish weirs being installed . During the 16th and 17th centuries , Dutch and French settlers arrived on the island . Some locals supplemented their income from the oyster trade by smuggling , which remained popular until the mid @-@ 19th century . Smugglers favoured the Peldon Rose , immediately north of the Strood , where they would store contraband in the pond alongside the inn . In the early 19th century , the increased demand for oysters despite a limited supply from the Strood and Pyefleet Channel led traders to get oysters from other places and pass them off as native to the island . By the end of the 19th century , the land around the island had been partially reclaimed , allowing easier access . A police officer for the island was appointed in 1844 and a school was opened in 1871 . The Reverend Sabine Baring Gould ( author of " Onward Christian Soldiers " and of " Mehalah " , a novel set in Mersea ) was Rector of East Mersea from 1870 to 1881 . In the First World War , 320 soldiers came from Mersea Island , of which 50 lost their lives . Troops were stationed at Mersea Island during the war . In 1916 , a Zeppelin crash landed at nearby Great Wigborough to the northwest of the island . The survivors were stationed at Mersea before moving to prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps . In 2013 , the Mersea Island Tales Educational Trust obtained a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund to set up a First World War exhibition at Ivy Farm , which features a 1916 Sopwith Pup biplane and information about soldiers from Mersea who took part in the war . In 1926 , West Mersea became a self @-@ governing urban district , which allowed it to set up a self @-@ contained water and sewer system . Unlike several other coastal resorts , the island did not immediately develop any holidaymaker facilities aside from the beach huts which now stretch along the Esplanade . At the outbreak of World War II , the island became part of the front line for invasion and was heavily fortified . Along with other coastal resorts , the island drew in evacuees from London , though as the war progressed , these were moved to safer settlements further inland . 2000 troops were stationed on the island to guard against invasion . A battery of 4 @.@ 7 inch guns was installed along the beach along with a Battery Observation post and a number of searchlights and pillboxes . Several of these installations survived and can still be seen along the south coast of the island , one of which has been converted into a cafe . After the war , the island suffered from severe winter weather in 1947 which destroyed much of the oyster fishery , and from the flooding of 1953 , where numerous beach huts were swept out to sea . In 1963 , a lifeboat service was launched following an initiative by " Diggle " Hayward who had approached the Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) about a lifeboat capability on Mersea . The lifeboat station in West Mersea now operates an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat , the RNLB Just George B @-@ 879 . Since the 1960s , the population has increased considerably , with the population of West Mersea rising from 3 @,@ 140 in 1961 to 6 @,@ 925 in 2001 . Mersea Island has suffered less from the increased popularity of holidaying abroad when compared to nearby resorts such as Clacton and Southend , predominantly due to its isolated and rural atmosphere , and the continued popularity of sailing . In 2006 , more than a thousand locals signed a petition against the proposed opening of a Tesco Express store on the island , expressing concern that it would take trade away from local businesses . On 4 June 2012 , as part of the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee celebrations , the island declared a mock independence from the UK for that day . Anyone travelling to the island across the Strood paid 50p for a " passport " , the proceeds of which went towards the war veteran charity Help for Heroes . = = Education = = Mersea Island School is a foundation primary school in West Mersea with 450 pupils aged 4 – 11 . The school has an additional nursery for 52 children aged 2 – 4 . The school was built by Horace Darken in 1871 @-@ 72 , with additional classrooms added in 1897 . There are no secondary schools in the island . The nearest are Thomas Lord Audley School in Colchester and Thurstable School in Tiptree . = = Transport = = The main access to the island is via a causeway known as the Strood , carrying the Mersea – Colchester road ( B1025 ) . The road is often covered at high tides and especially during spring tides . During the 1953 North Sea flood , the Strood was submerged under over 6 feet ( 2 m ) of water , cutting off access to the mainland . In 2012 , West Mersea Lifeboats complained to Essex County Council about the lack of adequate signage after 13 people had to be rescued from the Strood at high tide in less than 24 hours . A webcam provides a live view of access across the Strood , while a corresponding website lists upcoming high tides and the likelihood of obstructing the road . There has never been a railway to Mersea Island . During the railway boom of the mid 19th century , goods were transported by boat and barge . In 1911 , local businessmen proposed a railway between Colchester and the island , which would have ended at a pier next to the Esplanade in the south , with an additional station in West Mersea on what is now East Road . The plans were abandoned due to the First World War . A regular bus service links West and East Mersea to Colchester via the Strood and Abberton . A foot ferry runs from East Mersea to Point Clear and Brightlingsea on the other side of the Colne estuary , including a scheduled service in the summer and a dial @-@ on @-@ demand service in the spring and autumn . = = Culture = = The island is used as a setting for several works of Margery Allingham , who spent childhood holidays on the island . These included her first novel , Blackkerchief Dick ( published in 1923 when she was 19 ) and Mystery Mile ( though the plot is disguised as being in Suffolk ) . Baring @-@ Gould 's novel Mehalah is set in Mersea . The Mersea Week is a week @-@ long August festival of boat racing organised by the West Mersea Yacht Club and Dabchicks Sailing Club , established in 1973 . During the week , starting on Monday , there are races for many boat classes in the Blackwater Estuary , from Optimist dinghies to large yachts . The most celebrated event is the Round @-@ the @-@ Island race , where dinghies attempt to sail round the island in either direction , helped over the Strood	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
methods are available for detecting chickenpox in evaluation of suspected smallpox cases . = = Prevention = = The earliest procedure used to prevent smallpox was inoculation ( known as variolation after the introduction of smallpox vaccine to avoid possible confusion ) , which likely occurred in India , Africa , and China well before the practice arrived in Europe . However , the idea that inoculation originated in India has been challenged , as few of the ancient Sanskrit medical texts described the process of inoculation . Accounts of inoculation against smallpox in China can be found as early as the late 10th century , and the procedure was widely practiced by the 16th century , during the Ming dynasty . If successful , inoculation produced lasting immunity to smallpox . However , because the person was infected with variola virus , a severe infection could result , and the person could transmit smallpox to others . Variolation had a 0 @.@ 5 – 2 percent mortality rate , considerably less than the 20 – 30 percent mortality rate of the disease . Lady Mary Wortley Montagu observed smallpox inoculation during her stay in the Ottoman Empire , writing detailed accounts of the practice in her letters , and enthusiastically promoted the procedure in England upon her return in 1718 . In 1721 , Cotton Mather and colleagues provoked controversy in Boston by inoculating hundreds . In 1796 , Edward Jenner , a doctor in Berkeley , Gloucestershire , rural England , discovered that immunity to smallpox could be produced by inoculating a person with material from a cowpox lesion . Cowpox is a poxvirus in the same family as variola . Jenner called the material used for inoculation vaccine , from the root word vacca , which is Latin for cow . The procedure was much safer than variolation , and did not involve a risk of smallpox transmission . Vaccination to prevent smallpox was soon practiced all over the world . During the 19th century , the cowpox virus used for smallpox vaccination was replaced by vaccinia virus . Vaccinia is in the same family as cowpox and variola , but is genetically distinct from both . The origin of vaccinia virus and how it came to be in the vaccine are not known . The current formulation of smallpox vaccine is a live virus preparation of infectious vaccinia virus . The vaccine is given using a bifurcated ( two @-@ pronged ) needle that is dipped into the vaccine solution . The needle is used to prick the skin ( usually the upper arm ) a number of times in a few seconds . If successful , a red and itchy bump develops at the vaccine site in three or four days . In the first week , the bump becomes a large blister ( called a " Jennerian vesicle " ) which fills with pus , and begins to drain . During the second week , the blister begins to dry up and a scab forms . The scab falls off in the third week , leaving a small scar . The antibodies induced by vaccinia vaccine are cross @-@ protective for other orthopoxviruses , such as monkeypox , cowpox , and variola ( smallpox ) viruses . Neutralizing antibodies are detectable 10 days after first @-@ time vaccination , and seven days after revaccination . Historically , the vaccine has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95 percent of those vaccinated . Smallpox vaccination provides a high level of immunity for three to five years and decreasing immunity thereafter . If a person is vaccinated again later , immunity lasts even longer . Studies of smallpox cases in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the fatality rate among persons vaccinated less than 10 years before exposure was 1 @.@ 3 percent ; it was 7 percent among those vaccinated 11 to 20 years prior , and 11 percent among those vaccinated 20 or more years prior to infection . By contrast , 52 percent of unvaccinated persons died . There are side effects and risks associated with the smallpox vaccine . In the past , about 1 out of 1 @,@ 000 people vaccinated for the first time experienced serious , but non @-@ life @-@ threatening , reactions , including toxic or allergic reaction at the site of the vaccination ( erythema multiforme ) , spread of the vaccinia virus to other parts of the body , and to other individuals . Potentially life @-@ threatening reactions occurred in 14 to 500 people out of every 1 million people vaccinated for the first time . Based on past experience , it is estimated that 1 or 2 people in 1 million ( 0 @.@ 000198 percent ) who receive the vaccine may die as a result , most often the result of postvaccinial encephalitis or severe necrosis in the area of vaccination ( called progressive vaccinia ) . Given these risks , as smallpox became effectively eradicated and the number of naturally occurring cases fell below the number of vaccine @-@ induced illnesses and deaths , routine childhood vaccination was discontinued in the United States in 1972 , and was abandoned in most European countries in the early 1970s . Routine vaccination of health care workers was discontinued in the U.S. in 1976 , and among military recruits in 1990 ( although military personnel deploying to the Middle East and Korea still receive the vaccination ) . By 1986 , routine vaccination had ceased in all countries . It is now primarily recommended for laboratory workers at risk for occupational exposure . = = Treatment = = Smallpox vaccination within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people . Vaccination four to seven days after exposure can offer some protection from disease or may modify the severity of disease . Other than vaccination , treatment of smallpox is primarily supportive , such as wound care and infection control , fluid therapy , and possible ventilator assistance . Flat and hemorrhagic types of smallpox are treated with the same therapies used to treat shock , such as fluid resuscitation . People with semi @-@ confluent and confluent types of smallpox may have therapeutic issues similar to patients with extensive skin burns . No drug is currently approved for the treatment of smallpox . However , antiviral treatments have improved since the last large smallpox epidemics , and studies suggest that the antiviral drug cidofovir might be useful as a therapeutic agent . The drug must be administered intravenously , however , and may cause serious kidney toxicity . = = Prognosis = = The overall case @-@ fatality rate for ordinary @-@ type smallpox is about 30 percent , but varies by pock distribution : ordinary type @-@ confluent is fatal about 50 – 75 percent of the time , ordinary @-@ type semi @-@ confluent about 25 – 50 percent of the time , in cases where the rash is discrete the case @-@ fatality rate is less than 10 percent . The overall fatality rate for children younger than 1 year of age is 40 – 50 percent . Hemorrhagic and flat types have the highest fatality rates . The fatality rate for flat @-@ type is 90 percent or greater and nearly 100 percent is observed in cases of hemorrhagic smallpox . The case @-@ fatality rate for variola minor is 1 percent or less . There is no evidence of chronic or recurrent infection with variola virus . In fatal cases of ordinary smallpox , death usually occurs between the tenth and sixteenth days of the illness . The cause of death from smallpox is not clear , but the infection is now known to involve multiple organs . Circulating immune complexes , overwhelming viremia , or an uncontrolled immune response may be contributing factors . In early hemorrhagic smallpox , death occurs suddenly about six days after the fever develops . Cause of death in hemorrhagic cases involved heart failure , sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema . In late hemorrhagic cases , high and sustained viremia , severe platelet loss and poor immune response were often cited as causes of death . In flat smallpox modes of death are similar to those in burns , with loss of fluid , protein and electrolytes beyond the capacity of the body to replace or acquire , and fulminating sepsis . = = = Complications = = = Complications of smallpox arise most commonly in the respiratory system and range from simple bronchitis to fatal pneumonia . Respiratory complications tend to develop on about the eighth day of the illness and can be either viral or bacterial in origin . Secondary bacterial infection of the skin is a relatively uncommon complication of smallpox . When this occurs , the fever usually remains elevated . Other complications include encephalitis ( 1 in 500 patients ) , which is more common in adults and may cause temporary disability ; permanent pitted scars , most notably on the face ; and complications involving the eyes ( 2 percent of all cases ) . Pustules can form on the eyelid , conjunctiva , and cornea , leading to complications such as conjunctivitis , keratitis , corneal ulcer , iritis , iridocyclitis , and optic atrophy . Blindness results in approximately 35 percent to 40 percent of eyes affected with keratitis and corneal ulcer . Hemorrhagic smallpox can cause subconjunctival and retinal hemorrhages . In 2 to 5 percent of young children with smallpox , virions reach the joints and bone , causing osteomyelitis variolosa . Lesions are symmetrical , most common in the elbows , tibia , and fibula , and characteristically cause separation of an epiphysis and marked periosteal reactions . Swollen joints limit movement , and arthritis may lead to limb deformities , ankylosis , malformed bones , flail joints , and stubby fingers . = = History = = = = = Disease emergence = = = The earliest credible clinical evidence of smallpox is found in the smallpox @-@ like disease in medical writings from ancient India ( as early as 1500 BC ) , Egyptian mummy of Ramses V who died more than 3000 years ago ( 1145 BC ) and China ( 1122 BC ) . It has been speculated that Egyptian traders brought smallpox to India during the 1st millennium BC , where it remained as an endemic human disease for at least 2000 years . Smallpox was probably introduced into China during the 1st century AD from the southwest , and in the 6th century was carried from China to Japan . In Japan , the epidemic of 735 – 737 is believed to have killed as much as one @-@ third of the population . At least seven religious deities have been specifically dedicated to smallpox , such as the god Sopona in the Yoruba religion . In India , the Hindu goddess of smallpox , Sitala Mata , was worshiped in temples throughout the country . The timing of the arrival of smallpox in Europe and south @-@ western Asia is less clear . Smallpox is not clearly described in either the Old or New Testaments of the Bible or in the literature of the Greeks or Romans . While some have identified the Plague of Athens — which was said to have originated in " Ethiopia " and Egypt — or the plague that lifted Carthage 's 396 BC siege of Syracuse with smallpox , many scholars agree it is very unlikely such a serious disease as variola major would have escaped being described by Hippocrates if it had existed in the Mediterranean region during his lifetime . While the Antonine Plague that swept through the Roman Empire in AD 165 – 180 may have been caused by smallpox , Saint Nicasius of Rheims became the patron saint of smallpox victims for having supposedly survived a bout in 450 , and Saint Gregory of Tours recorded a similar outbreak in France and Italy in 580 , the first use of the term variola ; other historians speculate that Arab armies first carried smallpox from Africa into Southwestern Europe during the 7th and 8th centuries . In the 9th century the Persian physician , Rhazes , provided one of the most definitive descriptions of smallpox and was the first to differentiate smallpox from measles and chickenpox in his Kitab fi al @-@ jadari wa @-@ al @-@ hasbah ( The Book of Smallpox and Measles ) . During the Middle Ages , smallpox made periodic incursions into Europe but did not become established there until the population increased and population movement became more active during the era of the Crusades . By the 16th century smallpox had become well established across most of Europe . With its introduction into populated areas in India , China and Europe , smallpox affected mainly children , with periodic epidemics that killed as many as 30 percent of those infected . The settled existence of smallpox in Europe was of particular historical importance , since successive waves of exploration and colonization by Europeans tended to spread the disease to other parts of the world . By the 16th century it had become an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout much of the world . There are no credible descriptions of smallpox @-@ like disease in the Americas before the westward exploration by Europeans in the 15th century AD . Smallpox was introduced into the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in 1509 , and into the mainland in 1520 , when Spanish settlers from Hispaniola arrived in Mexico bringing smallpox with them . Smallpox devastated the native Amerindian population and was an important factor in the conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas by the Spaniards . Settlement of the east coast of North America in 1633 in Plymouth , Massachusetts was also accompanied by devastating outbreaks of smallpox among Native American populations , and subsequently among the native @-@ born colonists . Case fatality rates during outbreaks in Native American populations were as high as 80 – 90 % . Smallpox was introduced into Australia in 1789 and again in 1829 . Although the disease was never endemic on the continent , it was the principal cause of death in Aboriginal populations between 1780 and 1870 . By the mid @-@ 18th century smallpox was a major endemic disease everywhere in the world except in Australia and in several small islands . In Europe smallpox was a leading cause of death in the 18th century , killing an estimated 400 @,@ 000 Europeans each year . Up to 10 percent of Swedish infants died of smallpox each year , and the death rate of infants in Russia may have been even higher . The widespread use of variolation in a few countries , notably Great Britain , its North American colonies , and China , somewhat reduced the impact of smallpox among the wealthy classes during the latter part of the 18th century , but a real reduction in its incidence did not occur until vaccination became a common practice toward the end of the 19th century . Improved vaccines and the practice of re @-@ vaccination led to a substantial reduction in cases in Europe and North America , but smallpox remained almost unchecked everywhere else in the world . In the United States and South Africa a much milder form of smallpox , variola minor , was recognized just before the close of the 19th century . By the mid @-@ 20th century variola minor occurred along with variola major , in varying proportions , in many parts of Africa . Patients with variola minor experience only a mild systemic illness , are often ambulant throughout the course of the disease , and are therefore able to more easily spread disease . Infection with v. minor induces immunity against the more deadly variola major form . Thus as v. minor spread all over the USA , into Canada , the South American countries and Great Britain it became the dominant form of smallpox , further reducing mortality rates . = = = Eradication = = = The English physician Edward Jenner demonstrated the effectiveness of cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796 , after which various attempts were made to eliminate smallpox on a regional scale . The introduction of the vaccine to the New World took place in Trinity , Newfoundland in 1800 by Dr. John Clinch , boyhood friend and medical colleague of Jenner . As early as 1803 , the Spanish Crown organized the Balmis expedition to transport the vaccine to the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines , and establish mass vaccination programs there . The U.S. Congress passed the Vaccine Act of 1813 to ensure that safe smallpox vaccine would be available to the American public . By about 1817 , a very solid state vaccination program existed in the Dutch East Indies . In British India a program was launched to propagate smallpox vaccination , through Indian vaccinators , under the supervision of European officials . Nevertheless , British vaccination efforts in India , and in Burma in particular , were hampered by stubborn indigenous preference for inoculation and distrust of vaccination , despite tough legislation , improvements in the local efficacy of the vaccine and vaccine preservative , and education efforts . By 1832 , the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans . In 1842 , the United Kingdom banned inoculation , later progressing to mandatory vaccination . The British government introduced compulsory smallpox vaccination by an Act of Parliament in 1853 . In the United States , from 1843 to 1855 first Massachusetts , and then other states required smallpox vaccination . Although some disliked these measures , coordinated efforts against smallpox went on , and the disease continued to diminish in the wealthy countries . By 1897 , smallpox had largely been eliminated from the United States . In Northern Europe a number of countries had eliminated smallpox by 1900 , and by 1914 , the incidence in most industrialized countries had decreased to comparatively low levels . Vaccination continued in industrialized countries , until the mid to late 1970s as protection against reintroduction . Australia and New Zealand are two notable exceptions ; neither experienced endemic smallpox and never vaccinated widely , relying instead on protection by distance and strict quarantines . The first hemisphere @-@ wide effort to eradicate smallpox was made in 1950 by the Pan American Health Organization . The campaign was successful in eliminating smallpox from all American countries except Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , and Ecuador . In 1958 Professor Viktor Zhdanov , Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR , called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox . The proposal ( Resolution WHA11.54 ) was accepted in 1959 . At this point , 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year . Overall , however , the progress towards eradication was disappointing , especially in Africa and in the Indian subcontinent . In 1966 an international team , the Smallpox Eradication Unit , was formed under the leadership of an American , Donald Henderson . In 1967 , the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $ 2 @.@ 4 million annually to the effort , and adopted the new disease surveillance method promoted by Czech epidemiologist Karel Raška . In the early 1950s an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year . To eradicate smallpox , each outbreak had to be stopped from spreading , by isolation of cases and vaccination of everyone who lived close by . This process is known as " ring vaccination " . The key to this strategy was the monitoring of cases in a community ( known as surveillance ) and containment . The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases , as many cases did not come to the attention of the authorities . The fact that humans are the only reservoir for smallpox infection , and that carriers did not exist , played a significant role in the eradication of smallpox . The WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities . Early on , donations of vaccine were provided primarily by the Soviet Union and the United States , but by 1973 , more than 80 percent of all vaccine was produced in developing countries . The last major European outbreak of smallpox was in 1972 in Yugoslavia , after a pilgrim from Kosovo returned from the Middle East , where he had contracted the virus . The epidemic infected 175 people , causing 35 deaths . Authorities declared martial law , enforced quarantine , and undertook widespread re @-@ vaccination of the population , enlisting the help of the WHO . In two months , the outbreak was over . Prior to this , there had been a smallpox outbreak in May – July 1963 in Stockholm , Sweden , brought from the Far East by a Swedish sailor ; this had been dealt with by quarantine measures and vaccination of the local population . By the end of 1975 , smallpox persisted only in the Horn of Africa . Conditions were very difficult in Ethiopia and Somalia , where there were few roads . Civil war , famine , and refugees made the task even more difficult . An intensive surveillance and containment and vaccination program was undertaken in these countries in early and mid @-@ 1977 , under the direction of Australian microbiologist Frank Fenner . As the campaign neared its goal , Fenner and his team played an important role in verifying eradication . The last naturally occurring case of indigenous smallpox ( Variola minor ) was diagnosed in Ali Maow Maalin , a hospital cook in Merca , Somalia , on 26 October 1977 . The last naturally occurring case of the more deadly Variola major had been detected in October 1975 in a two @-@ year @-@ old Bangladeshi girl , Rahima Banu . The global eradication of smallpox was certified , based on intense verification activities in countries , by a commission of eminent scientists on 9 December 1979 and subsequently endorsed by the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980 . The first two sentences of the resolution read : Having considered the development and results of the global program on smallpox eradication initiated by WHO in 1958 and intensified since 1967 … Declares solemnly that the world and its peoples have won freedom from smallpox , which was a most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through many countries since earliest time , leaving death , blindness and disfigurement in its wake and which only a decade ago was rampant in Africa , Asia and South America . = = = Post @-@ eradication = = = The last cases of smallpox in the world occurred in an outbreak of two cases ( one of which was fatal ) in Birmingham , UK in 1978 . A medical photographer , Janet Parker , contracted the disease at the University of Birmingham Medical School and died on September 11 , 1978 , after which Professor Henry Bedson , the scientist responsible for smallpox research at the university , committed suicide . All known stocks of smallpox were subsequently destroyed or transferred to two WHO @-@ designated reference laboratories with BSL @-@ 4 facilities — the United States ' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Russia 's State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR . WHO first recommended destruction of the virus in 1986 and later set the date of destruction to be 30 December 1993 . This was postponed to 30 June 1999 . Due to resistance from the U.S. and Russia , in 2002 the World Health Assembly agreed to permit the temporary retention of the virus stocks for specific research purposes . Destroying existing stocks would reduce the risk involved with ongoing smallpox research ; the stocks are not needed to respond to a smallpox outbreak . Some scientists have argued that the stocks may be useful in developing new vaccines , antiviral drugs , and diagnostic tests ; however , a 2010 review by a team of public health experts appointed by WHO concluded that no essential public health purpose is served by the U.S. and Russia continuing to retain virus stocks . The latter view is frequently supported in the scientific community , particularly among veterans of the WHO Smallpox Eradication Program . In March 2004 smallpox scabs were found tucked inside an envelope in a book on Civil War medicine in Santa Fe , New Mexico . The envelope was labeled as containing scabs from a vaccination and gave scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention an opportunity to study the history of smallpox vaccination in the U.S. In July 2014 several vials of smallpox were discovered in an FDA laboratory at the National Institutes of Health location in Bethesda , Maryland . = = Society and culture = = = = = Biological warfare = = = The British used smallpox as a biological warfare agent at the Siege of Fort Pitt during the French and Indian Wars ( 1754 – 1763 ) against France and its Native American allies . The actual use of smallpox had official sanction . British officers , including the top British commanding generals , ordered , sanctioned , paid for and conducted the use of smallpox against the Native Americans . As described by historians , " there is no doubt that British military authorities approved of attempts to spread smallpox among the enemy " , and " it was deliberate British policy to infect the indians with smallpox " . On June 24 , 1763 , William Trent , a local trader and commander of the Fort Pitt militia , wrote , " Out of our regard for them , we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital . I hope it will have the desired effect . " The effectiveness of this effort to broadcast the disease is unknown . There are also accounts that smallpox was used as a weapon during the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 – 1783 ) . According to a theory put forward in Journal of Australian Studies ( JAS ) by an independent researcher , in 1789 , British marines used smallpox against indigenous tribes in New South Wales . This occasion was also discussed earlier in Bulletin of the History of Medicine and by David Day in his book Claiming a Continent : A New History of Australia . Prior to the JAS article this theory was disputed by some academics . Jack Carmody claimed the cause of the outbreak in question was more likely due to chickenpox , which at the time was sometimes identified as a mild form of smallpox . While it was noted that , in the 8 @-@ month voyage of the First Fleet and the following 14 months there were no reports of smallpox amongst the colonists and that as smallpox has an incubation period of 10 – 12 days it is unlikely it was present in the first fleet , it is now known that the likely source was bottles of smallpox virus possessed by First Fleet surgeons and there actually was a report of smallpox amongst the colonists - a seaman , Jefferies . More information is at : First Fleet Smallpox . During World War II , scientists from the United Kingdom , United States and Japan ( Unit 731 of the imperial Japanese army ) were involved in research into producing a biological weapon from smallpox . Plans of large scale production were never carried through as they considered that the weapon would not be very effective due to the wide @-@ scale availability of a vaccine . In 1947 the Soviet Union established a smallpox weapons factory in the city of Zagorsk , 75 km to the northeast of Moscow . An outbreak of weaponized smallpox occurred during testing at a facility on an island in the Aral Sea in 1971 . General Prof. Peter Burgasov , former Chief Sanitary Physician of the Soviet Army and a senior researcher within the Soviet program of biological weapons , described the incident : On Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea , the strongest recipes of smallpox were tested . Suddenly I was informed that there were mysterious cases of mortalities in Aralsk . A research ship of the Aral fleet came to within 15 km of the island ( it was forbidden to come any closer than 40 km ) . The lab technician of this ship took samples of plankton twice a day from the top deck . The smallpox formulation — 400 gr. of which was exploded on the island — " got her " and she became infected . After returning home to Aralsk , she infected several people including children . All of them died . I suspected the reason for this and called the Chief of General Staff of Ministry of Defense and requested to forbid the stop of the Alma @-@ Ata — Moscow train in Aralsk . As a result , the epidemic around the country was prevented . I called Andropov , who at that time was Chief of KGB , and informed him of the exclusive recipe of smallpox obtained on Vozrazhdenie Island . Others contend that the first patient may have contracted the disease while visiting Uyaly or Komsomolsk @-@ on @-@ Ustyurt , two cities where the boat docked . Responding to international pressures , in 1991 the Soviet government allowed a joint U.S.-British inspection team to tour four of its main weapons facilities at Biopreparat . The inspectors were met with evasion and denials from the Soviet scientists , and were eventually ordered out of the facility . In 1992 Soviet defector Ken Alibek alleged that the Soviet bioweapons program at Zagorsk had produced a large stockpile — as much as twenty tons — of weaponized smallpox ( possibly engineered to resist vaccines , Alibek further alleged ) , along with refrigerated warheads to deliver it . Alibek 's stories about the former Soviet program 's smallpox activities have never been independently verified . In 1997 , the Russian government announced that all of its remaining smallpox samples would be moved to the Vector Institute in Koltsovo . With the breakup of the Soviet Union and unemployment of many of the weapons program 's scientists , U.S. government officials have expressed concern that smallpox and the expertise to weaponize it may have become available to other governments or terrorist groups who might wish to use virus as means of biological warfare . Specific allegations made against Iraq in this respect , however , proved to be mistaken . Concern has been expressed by some that artificial gene synthesis could be used to recreate the virus from existing digital genomes , for use in biological warfare . Insertion of the synthesized smallpox DNA into existing related pox viruses could theoretically be used to recreate the virus . The first step to mitigating this risk , it has been suggested , should be to destroy the remaining virus stocks so as to enable unequivocal criminalization of any possession of the virus . = = = Notable cases = = = Famous historical figures who contracted smallpox include Lakota Chief Sitting Bull , Ramses V of Egypt , the Kangxi Emperor ( survived ) , Shunzhi Emperor and Tongzhi Emperor ( refer to the official history ) of China , Date Masamune of Japan ( who lost an eye to the disease ) . Cuitláhuac , the 10th tlatoani ( ruler ) of the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan , died of smallpox in 1520 , shortly after its introduction to the Americas , and the Incan emperor Huayna Capac died of it in 1527 . More recent public figures include Guru Har Krishan , 8th Guru of the Sikhs , in 1664 , Peter II of Russia in 1730 ( died ) , George Washington ( survived ) , king Louis XV in 1774 ( died ) and Maximilian III Joseph , Elector of Bavaria in 1777 . Prominent families throughout the world often had several people infected by and / or perish from the disease . For example , several relatives of Henry VIII survived the disease but were scarred by it . These include his sister Margaret , Queen of Scotland , his fourth wife , Anne of Cleves , and his two daughters : Mary I of England in 1527 and Elizabeth I of England in 1562 ( as an adult she would often try to disguise the pockmarks with heavy makeup ) . His great @-@ niece , Mary , Queen of Scots , contracted the disease as a child but had no visible scarring . In Europe , deaths from smallpox often changed dynastic succession . The only surviving son of Henry VIII , Edward VI , died from complications shortly after apparently recovering from the disease , thereby nullifying Henry 's efforts to ensure a male successor to the throne ( his two immediate successors were both women , who had both had it and survived ) . Louis XV of France succeeded his great @-@ grandfather Louis XIV through a series of deaths of smallpox or measles among those earlier in the succession line . He himself died of the disease in 1774 . William III lost his mother to the disease when he was only ten years old in 1660 , and named his uncle Charles as legal guardian : her death from smallpox would indirectly spark a chain of events that would eventually lead to the permanent ousting of the Stuart line from the British throne . William III 's wife , Mary II of England , died from smallpox as well . In Russia , Peter II of Russia died of the disease at 15 years of age . Also , prior to becoming Russian Emperor , Peter III caught the virus and suffered greatly from it . He was left scarred and disfigured . His wife , Catherine the Great , was spared but fear of the virus clearly had its effects on her . She feared for her son and heir Pavel 's safety so much that she made sure that large crowds were kept at bay and sought to isolate him . Eventually , she decided to have herself inoculated by a Scottish doctor , Thomas Dimsdale . While this was considered a controversial method at the time , she succeeded . Her son Pavel was later inoculated as well . Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating : " My objective was , through my example , to save from death the multitude of my subjects who , not knowing the value of this technique , and frightened of it , were left in danger . " By 1800 , approximately 2 million inoculations were administered in the Russian Empire . In China , the Qing Dynasty had extensive protocols to protect Manchus from Peking 's endemic smallpox . U.S. Presidents George Washington , Andrew Jackson , and Abraham Lincoln all contracted and recovered from the disease . Washington became infected with smallpox on a visit to Barbados in 1751 . Jackson developed the illness after being taken prisoner by the British during the American Revolution , and though he recovered , his brother Robert did not . Lincoln contracted the disease during his Presidency , possibly from his son Tad , and was quarantined shortly after giving the Gettysburg address in 1863 . Famous theologian Jonathan Edwards died of smallpox in 1758 following an inoculation . Soviet leader Joseph Stalin fell ill with smallpox at the age of seven . His face was badly scarred by the disease . He later had photographs retouched to make his pockmarks less apparent . Hungarian poet Ferenc Kölcsey , who wrote the Hungarian national anthem , lost his right eye to smallpox . = = = Tradition and religion = = = In the face of the devastation of smallpox , various smallpox gods and goddesses have been worshipped throughout parts of the Old World , for example in China and in India . In China , the smallpox goddess was referred to as T ’ ou @-@ Shen Niang @-@ Niang . Chinese believers actively worked to appease the goddess and pray for her mercy , by such measures as referring to smallpox pustules as " beautiful flowers " as a euphemism intended to avert offending the goddess , for example . In a related New Year 's Eve custom it was prescribed that the children of the house wear ugly masks while sleeping , so as to conceal any beauty and thereby avoid attracting the goddess , who would be passing through sometime that night . If a case of smallpox did occur , shrines would be set up in the homes of the victims , to be worshipped and offered to as the disease ran its course . If the victim recovered , the shrines were removed and carried away in a special paper chair or boat for burning . If the patient did not recover , the shrine was destroyed and cursed , so as to expel the goddess from the house . India ’ s first records of smallpox can be found in a medical book that dates back to A.D. 400 . This book describes a disease that sounds exceptionally like smallpox . India , like China , created a goddess in response to its exposure to smallpox . The Hindu goddess Shitala was both worshipped and feared during her reign . It was believed that this goddess was both evil and kind and had the ability to inflict victims when angered , as well as calm the fevers of the already afflicted . Portraits of the goddess show her holding a broom in her right hand to continue to move the disease and a pot of cool water in the other hand in an attempt to soothe victims . Shrines were created where many India natives , both healthy and not , went to worship and attempt to protect themselves from this disease . Some Indian women , in an attempt to ward off Shitala , placed plates of cooling foods and pots of water on the roofs of their homes . In cultures that did not recognize a smallpox deity , there was often nonetheless a belief in smallpox demons , who were accordingly blamed for the disease . Such beliefs were prominent in Japan , Europe , Africa , and other parts of the world . Nearly all cultures who believed in the demon also believed that it was afraid of the color red . This led to the invention of so @-@ called red treatment , where victims and their rooms would be decorated in red . The practice spread to Europe in the 12th century and was practiced by ( among others ) Charles V of France and Elizabeth I of England . Afforded scientific credibility through the studies by Finsen showing that red light reduced scarring , this belief persisted even until the 1930s . = SS Mauna Loa = SS Mauna Loa was a steam @-@ powered cargo ship of Matson Navigation Company that was sunk in the bombing of Darwin in February 1942 . She was christened SS West Conob in 1919 and renamed SS Golden Eagle in 1928 . At the time of her completion in 1919 , the ship was inspected by the United States Navy for possible use as USS West Conob ( ID @-@ 4033 ) but was neither taken into the Navy nor ever commissioned . West Conob was built in 1919 for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) , part of the West series of ships — steel @-@ hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort — and was the 14th ship built at Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in San Pedro , California . She initially sailed for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company and circumnavigated the globe twice by 1921 . She began sailing to South America for Swayne & Hoyt Lines in 1925 , and then , to Australia and New Zealand . When Swayne & Hoyt 's operation was taken over by the Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company a few years later , she sailed under the name Golden Eagle until 1934 , when she was taken over by the Matson Navigation Company for service between Hawaii and the U.S. mainland and renamed Mauna Loa , after the large shield volcano on the Island of Hawaii . Shortly before the United States ' entry into World War II , Mauna Loa was chartered by the United States Department of War to carry supplies to the Philippines . The ship was part of an aborted attempt to reinforce Allied forces under attack by the Japanese on Timor in mid @-@ February 1942 . After the return of her convoy to Darwin , Northern Territory , Mauna Loa was one of eight ships sunk in Darwin Harbour in the first Japanese bombing attack on the Australian mainland on 19 February . The remains of her wreck and her cargo are a dive site in the harbor . = = Design and construction = = The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) for emergency use during World War I. Some 40 West ships were built by Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company of Los Angeles , all given names that began with the word West . West Conob ( Los Angeles Shipbuilding yard number 14 ) was completed in May 1919 . West Conob was 5 @,@ 899 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and was 410 feet 1 inch ( 124 @.@ 99 m ) long ( between perpendiculars ) and 54 feet 6 inches ( 16 @.@ 61 m ) abeam . She had a steel hull and a deadweight tonnage of 8 @,@ 600 DWT . Sources do not give West Conob 's other hull characteristics , but West Grama , a sister ship also built at Los Angeles Shipbuilding had a displacement of 12 @,@ 225 t with a mean draft of 24 feet 2 inches ( 7 @.@ 37 m ) , and a hold 29 feet 9 inches ( 9 @.@ 07 m ) deep . West Conob 's power plant consisted of a single triple @-@ expansion reciprocating steam engine with cylinders of 28 ½ , 47 , and 78 inches ( 72 , 120 , and 200 cm ) with a 48 @-@ inch ( 120 cm ) stroke . She was outfitted with three Foster water @-@ tube boilers , each with a heating area of 4 @,@ 150 square feet ( 386 m2 ) and containing 52 4 @-@ inch ( 10 cm ) and 827 2 @-@ inch ( 5 @.@ 1 cm ) tubes . Her boilers were heated by mechanical oil burners fed by two pumps , each 6 by 4 by 6 inches ( 15 × 10 × 15 cm ) with a capacity of 30 U.S. gallons ( 110 L ) per minute . Fully loaded , the ship could hold 6 @,@ 359 barrels ( 1 @,@ 011 @.@ 0 m3 ) of fuel oil . West Conob 's single screw propeller was 17 feet 1 inch ( 5 @.@ 21 m ) in diameter with a 15 @-@ foot @-@ 3 @-@ inch ( 4 @.@ 65 m ) pitch and a developed area of 102 square feet ( 9 @.@ 5 m2 ) . The ship was designed to travel at 11 knots ( 20 km / h ) , and averaged 11 @.@ 1 knots ( 20 @.@ 6 km / h ) during her first voyage in June 1919 . = = Career = = After completion , West Conob was inspected by the 12th Naval District of the United States Navy for possible naval service and was assigned the identification number of 4033 . Had she been commissioned , she would have been known as USS West Conob ( ID @-@ 4033 ) , but the Navy neither took over the ship nor commissioned her . Little information on the first years of West Conob 's career is found in sources . But it is known that she was operated by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company on Pacific routes . The ship departed Los Angeles on her maiden voyage to Hong Kong , making her way to San Francisco . West Conob departed from there on 13 June 1919 for Honolulu , where she arrived eight days later . After refueling at Honolulu , she headed to Hong Kong , and from there , retraced her route to return to San Francisco . Details of later voyages are not available , but by mid @-@ April 1921 , West Conob had completed two circumnavigations without needing to stop for repairs . At that time , the USSB allocated West Conob for service to Genoa . In December 1925 , West Conob was allocated to Swayne & Hoyt Lines for service to the east coast of South America . By mid @-@ 1926 , West Conob was sailing for Swayne & Hoyt 's American @-@ Australian @-@ Orient Line when she was reported in the Los Angeles Times as sailing to New Zealand with 350 @,@ 000 square feet ( 33 @,@ 000 m2 ) of wallboard . In October 1927 , the Los Angeles Times reported on the impending sale of West Conob and 18 other Swayne & Holt ships to a San Francisco financier . The ship later became a part of the fleet of the Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company , a joint venture between Oceanic @-@ Matson , a subsidiary of Matson Navigation Company , and the American @-@ Hawaiian Steamship Company , established to take over operation of transpacific routes that had been managed for the USSB by Swayne & Holt Lines . Some time after March 1928 , the ship was renamed Golden Eagle , the name under which she operated for the next six years . Golden Eagle was sailing for Oceanic and Oriental from Los Angeles to Australia in March 1930 , when the Los Angeles Times reported that she had sailed with 6 @,@ 700 long tons ( 6 @,@ 800 t ) of case oil and 200 long tons ( 200 t ) of general merchandise . In March 1934 , Matson began a new " sugar , molasses and pineapple service " from Hawaii to San Francisco , Los Angeles , and either Philadelphia or New York , featuring Golden Eagle and three other cargo ships . In May , after returning from New York on her first voyage in the new service , Golden Eagle entered drydock at Los Angeles for general repairs and repainting . She emerged in Matson livery and with the new name of Mauna Loa . She sailed on her maiden voyage under her new name to Honolulu with 4 @,@ 500 long tons ( 4 @,@ 600 t ) of general cargo in late May . Mauna Loa continued on the Hawaii – California – Philadelphia / New York service , occasionally making extra voyages from Los Angeles to Honolulu when dictated by cargo bookings . One such extra voyage occurred in February 1936 when she carried almost a full load of building materials for family dwellings in Hawaii . In August 1936 , Mauna Loa diverted to respond to a distress call issued by the windjammer Pacific Queen some 700 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) southwest of Los Angeles . Pacific Queen had sailed from San Diego in July with a crew of 32 — most of whom were Sea Scouts — and had been missing for two weeks . Mauna Loa 's crew provided required supplies for the sailing vessel and her radioed messages prompted the United States Coast Guard to recall all of its vessels actively searching for Pacific Queen . On 18 November 1941 , the War Department chartered Mauna Loa and seven other ships to carry supplies to the Philippines . Even though details of the charters were deemed confidential , the names of all eight ships were published in the Los Angeles Times two days later . = = World War II = = Less than three weeks after Mauna Loa 's charter , the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor propelled the United States into World War II . Mauna Loa 's movements over the next three months are unknown , but by mid @-@ February 1942 , she had made her way to Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia . Japanese forces — advancing down the Malay Barrier , the notional Allied line of defense that ran down the Malayan Peninsula through Singapore and the southernmost islands of the Dutch East Indies — had reached the island of Timor by mid February . In order to prevent the fall of that island to the Japanese , which would give them a base within 400 miles ( 640 km ) of Darwin , the Allies assembled a joint American @-@ Australian force to reinforce the Australian Sparrow Force and Royal Dutch East Indies Army forces defending Timor . The American cruiser Houston and destroyer Peary , and the Australian sloops Swan and Warrego , led Mauna Loa and three other civilian ships out of Darwin Harbour at about 03 : 00 on 15 February heading for Koepang with relief intended for Timor . Mauna Loa , loaded with 500 men , and United States Army transport ship Meigs carried an Australian infantry battalion and an antitank unit between them . The British refrigerated cargo ship Tulagi and the American cargo ship Portmar carried the 148th Field Artillery Regiment of the Idaho National Guard between them . The ships were spotted by a Japanese Kawanishi H6K " Mavis " four @-@ engined flying boat that tailed the convoy at 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) . When Captain Albert H. Rooks of Houston requested air cover for the convoy , a lone Curtiss P @-@ 40 responded and engaged the Mavis , with each plane managing to shoot down the other . At around 09 : 00 the next day , another Mavis began trailing the convoy and at 11 : 00 , 36 land @-@ based Mitsubishi Ki @-@ 21 " Sally " twin @-@ engine bombers and ten seaplanes attacked in two waves . Houston , the primary target of the bombers , unleashed all of her available antiaircraft fire with neither bombs nor Houston 's fire being effective . In the second wave , from the southwest and after the ships had scattered , Houston shot down seven of forty @-@ four planes and repelled the attacking aircraft . Houston 's 900 rounds fired in the 45 @-@ minute attack resembled a " sheet of flame " , according to witnesses . The only casualties during the attack were from one near miss on Mauna Loa ; 1 crewman and 1 passenger were killed and 18 men were wounded in the attack . The convoy was ordered back to Darwin when word that Koepang had fallen to the Japanese was received ; she arrived back in Darwin on 18 February . = = = Sinking = = = On 19 February 1942 , the Japanese carrier striking force , consisting of aircraft carriers Akagi , Kaga , Hiryu , and Soryu under the command of Admiral Chuichi Nagumo , launched 189 planes to attack Darwin . The carrier planes rendezvoused with 54 land @-@ based bombers from Kendari and Ambon . At the time of the raid the Mauna Loa and Meigs had unloaded troops and moved to anchorages with the force 's equipment and ammunition aboard with Neptuna and Zealandia unloading ammunition at the docks that were the first target of high altitude bombers . Both ships at the dock were hit with Neptuna exploding . After a second wave of bombers , concentrating on the airport , came waves of dive bombers that for two hours concentrated on ships in the harbor . During the attack , Mauna Loa quickly sank after she was hit by two bombs that landed in an open hatch . None of her 37 @-@ man crew or 7 passengers was injured . Along with Mauna Loa , two other American ships , destroyer Peary and Army transport Meigs , were sunk . In addition to the many other ships that were damaged , five Commonwealth ships were sunk , including two Australian passenger ships in use as troopships , Neptuna and Zealandia . The total death toll for the attack was around 250 ; of the total , 157 died on ships . What remains of Mauna Loa lies in Darwin Harbour at position 12 ° 29 @.@ 86 ′ S 130 ° 49 @.@ 16 ′ E at a depth of 60 feet ( 18 m ) , and is a dive site . Military trucks , Bren Gun Carriers , a Harley @-@ Davidson motorcycle , and many rounds of .303- and .50 @-@ caliber ammunition are among the pieces of Mauna Loa 's cargo that still lie strewn about the wreck . = Captive Pursuit = " Captive Pursuit " is the fifth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . The episode was written by executive producer Michael Piller and Jill Sherman Donner , and was directed by Corey Allen . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures on Deep Space Nine , a space station located near a stable wormhole between the Alpha and Gamma quadrants of the Milky Way Galaxy . In this episode , Tosk ( Scott MacDonald ) arrives on the station and befriends Chief Miles O 'Brien ( Colm Meaney ) , but is soon pursued by the Hunter ( Gerrit Graham ) , who follows him through the wormhole . Scott MacDonald would later appear in several further roles in the franchise as well as a recurring character during season three of Star Trek : Enterprise . Graham , who appears in a guest role as the Hunter , had previously been considered for the main cast role of Odo . Michael Westmore designed the make @-@ up for Tosk to resemble an alligator ; his initial design for the Hunters was changed for budgetary reasons . The episode was praised by the cast and crew , and received a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 9 , placing it as one of the four most watched episodes of the first season . Critical reception was mostly positive , with critics approving of Meaney and MacDonald 's performances , but disliking the formulaic nature of the plot . The episode won an Emmy Award for best make @-@ up for a series . = = Plot = = A damaged , unidentified vessel from the Gamma Quadrant docks at Deep Space Nine for repairs . Its reptilian pilot , identified only as Tosk ( Scott MacDonald ) , is the first known life @-@ form from the Gamma Quadrant to visit the station . Chief Miles O 'Brien ( Colm Meaney ) suspects Tosk is running from something , due to evidence of weapons fire on his vessel . O 'Brien befriends Tosk and tries to help him repair his ship . However , Tosk attempts to steal from a weapons locker and is put in a holding cell by Security Chief Odo ( René Auberjonois ) . Uniformed aliens arrive in the Alpha Quadrant through the wormhole , beam onto the DS9 promenade , and start a phaser battle with a team led by Commander Benjamin Sisko ( Avery Brooks ) . The aliens fight their way into the brig where Tosk is being held . Sisko , O 'Brien and Odo enter the room as one of the aliens , the Hunter ( Gerrit Graham ) removes his helmet and expresses his disappointment to Tosk for capturing him alive . He commands Sisko to lower the forcefield and release Tosk , but Sisko refuses . They discuss the issue and the Hunter agrees to place the Bajoran Wormhole out of bounds for future hunts . As much as he detests this practice , Sisko believes that under the Prime Directive he must release Tosk to the aliens . After talking to Quark ( Armin Shimerman ) in his bar , O 'Brien realises that he can change the rules of the hunt before Tosk is taken away by the Hunters . He lies to Odo and convinces him to release Tosk into his care , claiming it is a Starfleet , not a Bajoran matter . O 'Brien escorts the Hunter and Tosk to an airlock , but the Chief has it rigged to overload , knocking out the Hunter , allowing O 'Brien to help Tosk escape . In Ops , Sisko is informed about the situation and tells Odo to pursue the duo at a leisurely pace , giving O 'Brien time to help Tosk escape the station with the Hunters in pursuit . Later , an angry Sisko reprimands O 'Brien for his actions ; the Chief expresses his surprise at not being apprehended immediately by Odo . Sisko claims that he must have slipped up and gives O 'Brien a wry smile . = = Production = = Originally titled " A Matter of Breeding " , director Corey Allen said the episode intended to move away from the " squeaky clean " plots of Star Trek : The Next Generation . After the franchise 's creator Gene Roddenberry banned disagreements between characters in The Next Generation , this became one of the main elements that the producers wanted to include in the new series . In the episode , this was shown by O 'Brien releasing Tosk , but originally , during the teaser segment at the beginning , it was intended to show dabo girl Miss Sarda propositioning Commander Sisko . " We had long conversations on that and ultimately came down on the conservative side , but we 'd never even had that kind of conference on TNG " , Allen explained . Executive producer Michael Piller wrote the episode with writer Jill Sherman Donner , who had previous credits on television shows such as Magnum P.I. Michael Westmore designed the make @-@ up in the episode , drawing inspiration from an alligator he saw in National Geographic magazine to create Tosk 's appearance . The Hunters were initially intended to appear more alien @-@ like , with steam rising out of their masks as they opened to reveal a demonic face with huge eyes and scaly skin . However , due to budgetary restraints , the original costume and make @-@ up plans were scrapped and the description was revised to become " a rather mundane humanoid face , not far off human . " The transporter effect used by the Hunters was inspired by the science fiction film Metropolis ( 1927 ) , specifically by the scene in which the robot Maria undergoes a transformation . " Captive Pursuit " marked the first appearance in the Star Trek franchise for both Scott MacDonald and Gerrit Graham . MacDonald appeared a week later in The Next Generation episode " Face of the Enemy " as Subcommander N 'Vek . He would also appear in the DS9 episode " Hippocratic Oath " and the Star Trek : Voyager pilot " Caretaker " . In Star Trek : Enterprise , he was cast in the recurring role of the Xindi @-@ Reptilian antagonist Guruk Dolim through the third season . Graham was once considered , along with René Auberjonois and Andrew Robinson , for the role of Odo , which went to Auberjonois . Robinson was later cast as Elim Garak . Graham later gained the role of Quinn , the second Q in Voyager , in the episode " Death Wish " . The episode was positively received by the cast and crew . Meaney called " Captive Pursuit " a " classic Star Trek story " and praised MacDonald 's performance , naming the episode his favourite of the first season . Michael Piller said it was one of his favourite episodes of the season , while Rick Berman said it was his favourite out of the first six episodes of the series and noted that the connection between Tosk and O 'Brien was " charming " . = = Reception and home media release = = " Captive Pursuit " was first released in broadcast syndication on January 31 , 1993 . It received a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 9 percent , placing third in its timeslot . This was the fourth highest rated episode of the season , behind " Emissary " , " Past Prologue " and " A Man Alone " . It won the Emmy Award for outstanding individual achievement in make @-@ up for a series . Writing for Tor.com , Keith DeCandido praised " Captive Pursuit " despite , in his opinion , the weakness of the first season of DS9 prior to the episode " Duet " . DeCandido noted that " Captive Pursuit " was a good Prime Directive themed episode with interesting alien cultures . He described Colm Meaney as " magnificent " , and said that Scott MacDonald gave a " superb performance " . DeCandido gave the episode a rating of 7 out of 10 , calling it a " good , solid , well @-@ put @-@ together episode anchored by two excellent performances . " Zack Handlen , in his review for The A.V. Club , said that the episode was formulaic , lacked substance , and was simply designed to give Meaney something to do . He praised the dynamic between Meaney and MacDonald , but said that " while not a classic , [ the episode was ] entertaining enough " and it helped to set up O 'Brien 's character as one to balance the complexity of some of the newer characters introduced on the show . The first home media release of the episode was on VHS cassette in the United States on September 10 , 1996 . It was part of the initial launch of cassettes by Paramount Home Video which saw the first six episodes released and was on a single episode cassette . It was released on DVD as part of the season one box set on June 3 , 2003 . = Blown Away ( song ) = " Blown Away " is a song by American recording artist Carrie Underwood , taken from her fourth studio album of the same name ( 2012 ) . The song served as the album 's second single on July 9 , 2012 through Arista Nashville . Written by Chris Tompkins and Josh Kear , who previously wrote Underwood 's single " Before He Cheats " ( 2007 ) , " Blown Away " is a country pop song with lyrics addressing the story of a daughter locking herself in a storm cellar while her alcoholic father is passed out on the couch in the path of a tornado . Producer Mark Bright drew inspiration from 1980s music . Upon its release , " Blown Away " was met with positive reviews from music critics , who considered it to be the musical highlight of the album . The song 's content and production received particular praise , as critics felt it confirmed the album 's darker mood which Underwood had mentioned prior to its release . Commercially , " Blown Away " was successful . In the United States , it became her 13th number one hit on the Billboard Country Airplay chart , and also reached number 20 on the Hot 100 . It also charted in Canada and the United Kingdom . It won several awards , including two Grammy Awards , for Best Country Song and Best Country Solo Performance . The accompanying music video was directed by Randee St Nicholas . Underwood said that when she heard first the song , she already had ideas of a possible video for it . She wanted it to be a dark Wizard of Oz in 2012 . It earned her an award for Video of the Year at the 2013 CMT Music Awards . The video was nominated for Music Video of the Year at the 2013 Country Music Association Awards . Underwood has performed " Blown Away " in a number of live appearances , including at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards , the 55th Annual Grammy Awards , and two years in a row at the Country Music Association Awards . It was also performed as the encore of the Blown Away Tour ( 2012 – 13 ) . = = Writing and composition = = After Underwood 's Play On Tour wrapped in December 2010 , she started to work on her fourth studio album , which was then untitled . Sony Music Nashville chairman / CEO Gary Overton said that the singer " took nearly a year to compile and record the songs . " Songwriters Chris Tompkins and Josh Kear , who previously wrote " Before He Cheats " for Underwood 's debut album , Some Hearts ( 2005 ) , worked on " Blown Away " initially without a specific artist in mind . At first , they built the drums and the string parts that of the introduction and verses . Tompkins started playing his keyboard to find sound effects for the introduction , and ended up using one that was a thunderstorm . " I think that 's what kind of threw us into it . We just started writing it , " he said . The songwriters then came up with the first verse of the song : " Dry lighting cracks across the skies / Those storm clouds gather in her eyes / Her daddy was a mean old mister / Momma was an angel in the ground / The weatherman called for a twister / She prayed blow it down . " Kear commented that it was not the duo 's intent or goal to make it a dark , revenge @-@ themed song . As they wrote the pre @-@ chorus line " not enough rain in Oklahoma " , both knew that it was a Carrie Underwood song , as the singer is from that state . " We knew if we stuck with that lyric [ " Oklahoma " — which is Carrie 's home state ] it was Carrie 's song or maybe no one would ever record it , " Kear commented . After the theme of the song had been established , the songwriters wanted to " dig up as much drama as [ they ] could . " Lyrically , " Blown Away " tells the story of a daughter locking herself in a storm cellar while her alcoholic father is passed out on the couch in the path of a tornado . Underwood revealed that " Blown Away " was the song that defined the direction of the album , and recalled the first time she heard the demo : " I listened to it on my crappy computer speakers and then I had to go find my headphones because as soon as I listened to a few bars , I had to listen more closely and I got chills . I remember where I was when I heard it and called my manager , Ann , and I was like , ' Do not let anyone else have this song ! It ’ s my song . ' In talking to Chris and Josh about it , they [ told me ] , ' We said we 're either writing a song for Carrie Underwood or this song is never going to see the light of day . ' It made me feel so good that they were thinking of me when they wrote it . " As noted by interviewer Kurt Wolff , " the melody and overall sound of the song also stand out as something fresh and very different . " Tompkins explained to Wolff that " Blown Away " was an " attempt at ' melodic pop ' that was ' unique ' yet still ' country . ' " Tompkins also commented that " Blown Away " is " not even mine and Josh ’ s song anymore ; it 's [ Carrie 's ] song now . She 's completely claimed it . The song is Carrie . It 's not even a song that had a chance of being pitched to anybody else . It 's a completely different type of song for Carrie . She 's got a lot of pop elements , and I listen to a lot of pop , but I listen to everything from Randy Newman to Mozart to Rihanna to Steely Dan . I think all that stuff shows up in my music , and I think it showed up in ' Blown Away . ' " The final version of the song was produced by Mark Bright , who drew inspiration from 1980s music . Underwood recalled Bright adding an effect to her vocals similar to the ones used in Def Leppard songs : " That was a big thing with [ the band ] , all of that hollow vocal sound . And I liked it . " Bright used a similar effect on " See You Again " , another song from Blown Away . Melodically , " Blown Away " is written in the key of A minor , and is set in the common time with a tempo of 134 beats per minute . The song follows the sequence of Am - C - G as its chord progression , and Underwood 's voice spans from the low note of G3 to the high note of E5 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = " Blown Away " received generally positive reviews from music critics . A reviewer for Billboard thought that Mark Bright 's " brooding , atmospheric " production and Underwood 's vocal performance " elevate this cinematic tune to an instant classic . " They further commented , " When the girl shuts herself in the storm cellar , leaving her alcoholic father passed out on the couch in the path of a twister , you can almost feel the wind . " Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Mikael Wood thought that the song confirmed the description of the album as " a turn toward darkness from a singer who first topped the country chart with ' Jesus , Take the Wheel ' . " USA Today columnist Brian Mansfield thought the song 's " synthesizers , strings sounds , vocal overdubs and echoing guitars " combined dramatically , creating a " neo @-@ 80s feel - think an Oklahoma version of the Eurythmics . " " Blown Away " received a five @-@ star rating from Billy Dukes of Taste of Country , who called it " dangerous , but irresistible . " He also praised Underwood for recording darker material than her previous singles . Also giving it five stars , Bobby Peacock of Roughstock called it " more grandiose " than Underwood 's previous efforts , also saying that it " makes itself known by sounding like absolutely nothing else on radio . " Chris Richards of The Washington Post gave the song a mixed review , deeming the lyrics as " gripping " , but negatively comparing the instrumentation to the work of Taylor Swift . = = = Chart performance = = = Following the release of the album , " Blown Away " debuted at number 22 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs chart , with 66 @,@ 000 units sold . It eventually peaked at number 15 , staying at the chart for a total of 35 weeks . On the main Hot 100 chart , " Blown Away " peaked at number 20 and spent 22 weeks on the chart ; it was ranked the 70th biggest song of 2012 there overall . On the week of September 6 , 2012 , the song became Underwood 's 16th top ten single on the Country Airplay component chart , a record among women in the tally 's 68 @-@ year history according to Billboard . The following month , on the week of October 15 , it reached the top spot , becoming the singer 's 13th number one . It stayed there for a second week , making Underwood the only female vocalist of 2012 to achieve three weeks at number one on the chart , as previous single " Good Girl " had peaked at the same position . The song was certified three @-@ times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on August 10 , 2015 . As of February 2016 , " Blown Away " has sold 2 @,@ 819 @,@ 000 digital units in the United States . " Blown Away " also peaked at number one in Canada Country chart , number 27 in Canadian Hot 100 , and is Underwood 's first song to chart in the United Kingdom , reaching number 155 , despite not having a proper release in the country . = = = Accolades = = = = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Blown Away " was directed by Randee St. Nicholas and produced by Brandon Bonfiglo for Randee St. Nicholas Photography . Underwood said that when she heard first the song , she already had ideas of a possible video for it , and wanted it to be a dark Wizard of Oz in 2012 . The singer deemed it " a visual song . You listen to it and you can see everything that is happening . It 's so dramatic . I 'm not a drama person , but when you can make a movie in song form in three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes , it 's surreal . " A sneak peek of the video was released on June 11 , 2012 . The music video premiered worldwide on July 30 , during a 24 @-@ hour exclusive window domestically and internationally on E ! News at 7 and 11 : 30 p.m. ET / PT and on the homepage of E ! Online . Prior to the E ! premiere , Underwood held a private screening of the video with country radio station KJ97 for over 200 of their listeners in San Antonio , Texas . The video begins with a girl ( a young Underwood ) studying at home . Her abusive father arrives and asks her if she needs help . She declines his offer and starts gathering her things to leave the room , however ; as she stands up , he grabs her arm . She manages to pull away and leave . Underwood stated that this scene had no script . She and the actor acted it out the way they thought it might have happened . Underwood revealed that she left the filming location with bruises on her arm- " I had finger marks on my arm when I left at the end of the day , so I was like , ' Wow . ' ... It was intense . I wasn 't just imagining it , it was really intense . " As the video continues , the girl is seen standing in the middle of a cemetery , walking around and staring at the clouds as a thunderstorm forms in the sky . She runs back to her house through an old , destroyed yellow @-@ brick road , similar to the one of Wizard of Oz . She enters the house to see her father sleeping on the couch , holding a bottle of alcohol . She sits next to him , recalling the times he let his drunkenness and anger get out of hand . She tries to wake him up but fails . She realizes that he has passed out . She looks through the window and notices the thunderstorm getting worse , so she leaves her father and runs to the cellar alone to protect herself . She 's seen lying in an old bed and crying , as she hears the tornado coming closer , with her father still passed out . The next day , there are no traces of the house , and she calmly walks away . Regarding the Wizard of Oz references , Underwood commented that " it was all about having subtle references , " such as the plaid shirt and red shoes she wore on the video . When asked if her aim was to generate controversy with the storyline , the singer said that it was not what she were aiming for at all , adding : " I try to stay away from controversy in any form or fashion . It was just such a great story and such a mini @-@ movie , listening to the song , and we really wanted to do it justice in the video . " = = Live performances = = Underwood performed " Blown Away " on American Idol on May 3 , 2012 , the week of the album 's release . Amy Sciarretto of Taste of Country summarized the performance , writing , " Underwood was elevated on steps as she performed , with storm clouds roaring on the screens behind her . She was bathed in light as smoke billowed at feet . " The same month , she performed the song at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards , dressed in a long , red gown . The singer also performed it at the 2012 Country Music Association Awards . Throughout the performance , wind machines were used while confetti flew through the air . In 2013 , Underwood performed " Blown Away " again at the same award show , this time in a medley with " Good Girl " , " See You Again " and " Two Black Cadillacs " , representing the ending of the Blown Away era . The same year , she performed an acoustic version of the song during the 55th Annual Grammy Awards . " Blown Away " was performed as the encore of Underwood 's Blown Away Tour ( 2012 – 13 ) , along with " I Know You Won 't " . = = Charts and certifications = = = Ender 's Game = Ender 's Game is a 1985 military science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card . Set in Earth 's future , the novel presents an imperiled mankind after two conflicts with the " buggers " , an insectoid alien species . In preparation for an anticipated third invasion , children , including the novel 's protagonist , Ender Wiggin , are trained from a very young age through increasingly difficult games including some in zero gravity , where Ender 's tactical genius is revealed . The book originated as the short story " Ender 's Game " , published in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact . Elaborating on characters and plot lines depicted in the novel , Card later wrote additional books to form the Ender 's Game series . Card released an updated version of Ender 's Game in 1991 , changing some political facts to reflect the times more accurately ; e.g. , to include the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War . Reception of the book has generally been positive . It has also become suggested reading for many military organizations , including the United States Marine Corps . Ender 's Game won the 1985 Nebula Award for best novel and the 1986 Hugo Award for best novel . Its sequels , Speaker for the Dead , Xenocide , Children of the Mind and Ender in Exile , follow Ender 's subsequent travels to many different worlds in the galaxy . In addition , the later novella A War of Gifts and novel Ender 's Shadow take place during the same time period as the original . A film adaptation of the same name written for the screen and directed by Gavin Hood and starring Asa Butterfield as Ender was released in October 2013 . Card co @-@ produced the film . It has also been adapted into two comic series . = = Synopsis = = Humanity , having begun to explore the Universe and master interplanetary spaceflight , encounters an alien race dubbed the " buggers " . The discovery of a bugger forward base in the asteroid Eros leads to war between the species and the destruction of a bugger colonizing force . The battle to recapture Eros results in the discovery of advanced alien technology , including gravity manipulation . Political conflicts on Earth between three ruling parties , the Hegemon , Polemarch , and Strategos , are put aside in the face of the threat from the buggers . Ostensibly in preparation for the expected third invasion , an International Fleet ( I.F. ) is established , with headquarters on Eros . Increasingly advanced starships are built and secretly launched to attack the buggers ' home worlds . To develop commanders capable of defeating the much larger bugger forces , the I.F. creates a crash training program for children with the best strategic minds , the Battle School . Protagonist Andrew " Ender " Wiggin is one of the school 's trainees . He has a close bond with his sister Valentine ; but fears his brother Peter , a highly intelligent sociopath . The I.F. remove Ender 's monitoring device , seemingly ending his chances of Battle School , and he gets teased by a fellow student , Stilson . Ender beats up Stilson before the fight is broken up ; unknown to Ender , the fight was fatal to Stilson . When explaining his actions to I.F. Colonel Hyrum Graff , Ender states his belief that , by showing superiority now , he has prevented future struggle . Graff , on hearing of this , offers Ender a place in the Battle School , situated in Earth 's orbit , where Graff quickly isolates Ender from the other cadets . The cadets participate in competitive war simulations in zero gravity , where Ender 's innovations overwhelm his opponents . Graff promotes Ender to a new army composed of raw recruits , but Ender 's success continues . He forms bonds of friendship , loyalty and trust with several of his current and former squad members . A jealous commander of another army , Bonzo Madrid , compels him to fight outside the simulation , and Ender unknowingly kills him . On Earth , Peter Wiggin uses a global communication system to post political essays under the pseudonym " Locke " , hoping to establish himself as a respected orator and thence as a powerful politician . Valentine , despite not trusting Peter , publishes alongside him as " Demosthenes " . Their essays are soon taken seriously by the government . Though Graff is told their true identities , he recommends that it be kept a secret , because their writings are politically useful . Ender , now ten years old , is promoted to Command School on Eros , skipping several years of training . After some preliminary battles in the simulator , he is introduced to a former war hero , Mazer Rackham . From now on , while believing them to be simulations controlled by Mazer , Ender directs real human spacecraft against bugger fleets via an instantaneous communicator . As the skirmishes become harder , he is joined by some of his friends from the Battle School as sub @-@ commanders . Despite this , Ender becomes depressed by the battles , his isolation , and by the way Mazer treats him . When told that he is facing his final test , Ender finds his fleet far outnumbered by the buggers surrounding their queens ' homeworld . Hoping to earn himself expulsion from the school for his ruthlessness , he sacrifices his entire fleet to launch a Molecular Detachment Device . The Device destroys the planet and the surrounding bugger fleet . Mazer informs Ender that he has been fighting real battles and not simulations , and that Ender has won the war . Ender becomes more depressed on learning this and of the deaths of Stilson and Bonzo . When he recovers , he learns that , at the end of the bugger war , Earth 's powers fought among themselves . He stays on Eros as his friends return home and colonists venture to other worlds , using Eros as a way station . Among the first colonists is Valentine , who apologizes that Ender can never return to Earth , where he would become dangerous as used by Peter and other politicians . Instead , Ender joins the colony program to populate one of the buggers ' former worlds . There , he discovers the dormant egg of a bugger queen , who reveals that the buggers had initially assumed humans were a non @-@ sentient race , for want of collective consciousness , but realized their mistake too late , and requests that Ender take the egg to a new planet to colonize . Ender takes the egg and , with information from the Queen , writes The Hive Queen under the alias " Speaker for the Dead " . Peter , now the leader of Earth and seventy @-@ seven with a failing heart , requests Ender to write a book about him , which Ender titles Hegemon . The combined works create a new type of funeral , in which the Speaker for the Dead tells the whole and unapologetic story of the deceased , adopted by many on Earth and its colonies . In the end , Ender and Valentine board a series of starships and visit many worlds , looking for a safe place to establish the unborn Hive Queen . = = Creation and inspiration = = The original novelette " Ender 's Game " provides a small snapshot of Ender 's experiences in Battle School and Command School ; the full @-@ length novel encompasses more of Ender 's life before , during , and after the war , and also contains some chapters describing the political exploits of his older siblings back on Earth . In a commentary track for the 20th Anniversary audiobook edition of the novel , as well as in the 1991 Author 's Definitive Edition , Card stated that Ender 's Game was written specifically to establish the character of Ender for his role of the Speaker in Speaker for the Dead , the outline for which he had written before novelizing Ender 's Game . In his 1991 introduction to the novel , Card discussed the influence of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series on the novelette and novel . Historian Bruce Catton 's work on the American Civil War also influenced Card heavily . Ender 's Game was the first science @-@ fiction novel published entirely online , when it appeared on Delphi a year before print publication . = = Critical response = = Critics received Ender 's Game well . The novel won the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985 , and the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986 , considered the two most prestigious awards in science fiction . Ender 's Game was also nominated for a Locus Award in 1986 . In 1999 , it placed No. 59 on the reader 's list of Modern Library 100 Best Novels . It was also honored with a spot on American Library Association 's " 100 Best Books for Teens . " In 2008 , the novel , along with Ender 's Shadow , won the Margaret A. Edwards Award , which honors an author and specific works by that author for lifetime contribution to young adult literature . Ender 's Game was included in Damien Broderick 's book Science Fiction : The 101 Best Novels 1985 – 2010.New York Times writer Gerald Jonas asserts that the novel 's plot summary resembles a " grade Z , made @-@ for @-@ television , science @-@ fiction rip @-@ off movie " , but says that Card develops the elements well despite this " unpromising material " . Jonas further praises the development of the character Ender Wiggin : " Alternately likable and insufferable , he is a convincing little Napoleon in short pants . " The novel has received negative criticism for violence and its justification . Elaine Radford 's review , " Ender and Hitler : Sympathy for the Superman " , posits that Ender Wiggin is an intentional reference by Card to Adolf Hitler and criticizes the violence in the novel , particularly at the hands of the protagonist . Card responded to Radford 's criticisms in Fantasy Review , the same publication . Radford 's criticisms are echoed in John Kessel 's essay " Creating the Innocent Killer : Ender 's Game , Intention , and Morality " , wherein Kessel states : " Ender gets to strike out at his enemies and still remain morally clean . Nothing is his fault . " Noah Berlatsky makes similar claims in his analysis of the relationship between colonization and science fiction , where he describes how Ender 's Game is in part a justification of " Western expansion and genocide . " The U.S. Marine Corps Professional Reading List makes the novel recommended reading at several lower ranks , and again at Officer Candidate / Midshipman . The book was placed on the reading list by Captain John F. Schmitt , author of FMFM @-@ 1 ( Fleet Marine Fighting Manual , on maneuver doctrine ) for " provid [ ing ] useful allegories to explain why militaries do what they do in a particularly effective shorthand way . " In introducing the novel for use in leadership training , Marine Corps University 's Lejeune program opines that it offers " lessons in training methodology , leadership , and ethics as well [ .... ] Ender 's Game has been a stalwart item on the Marine Corps Reading List since its inception . " = = Accolades = = The weeks ending June 9 , August 18 , September 8 , September 15 , November 3 , November 10 , November 17 , and November 24 , 2013 , the novel was No. 1 on the New York Times ' Best Sellers List of Paperback Mass @-@ Market Fiction . = = Revisions = = In 1991 , Card made several minor changes to reflect the political climates of the time , including the decline of the Soviet Union . In the afterword of Ender in Exile , Card stated that many of the details in chapter 15 of Ender 's Game were modified for use in the subsequent novels and short stories . In order to more closely match the other material , Card has rewritten chapter 15 , and plans to offer a revised edition of the book . = = Adaptations = = = = = Film = = = In 2011 , Summit Entertainment financed and coordinated the film 's development and served as its distributor . Gavin Hood directed the film , which lasts 1 hour and 54 minutes . Filming began in New Orleans , Louisiana , on February 27 , 2012 , and was released on November 1 , 2013 ( USA ) . A movie preview trailer was released in May 2013 and a second trailer was released later that year . Card has called Ender 's Game " unfilmable " , " because everything takes place in Ender 's head " , and refused to sign a film deal unless he could ensure that the film was " true to the story " . Of the film that he eventually agreed to , Card said it was " the best that good people could do with a story they really cared about and believed in " , and while warning fans not to expect a completely faithful adaptation , called the film " damn good " . = = = Video game = = = Ender 's Game : Battle Room was a planned digitally distributed video game for all viable downloadable platforms . It was under development by Chair Entertainment , which also developed the Xbox Live Arcade games Undertow and Shadow Complex . Chair had sold the licensing of Empire to Card , which became a best @-@ selling novel . Little was revealed about the game , save its setting in the Ender universe and that it would have focused on the Battle Room . In December , 2010 , it was announced that the video game development had stopped and the project put on indefinite hold . = = = Comics = = = Marvel Comics and Orson Scott Card announced on April 19 , 2008 , that they would be publishing a limited series adaptation of Ender 's Game as the first in a comic series that would adapt all of Card 's Ender 's Game novels . Card was quoted as saying that it is the first step in moving the story to a visual medium . The first five @-@ issue series , titled Ender 's Game : Battle School , was written by Christopher Yost , while the second five @-@ issue series , Ender 's Shadow : Battle School , was written by Mike Carey . = = = Audioplay = = = Ender 's Game Alive : The Full Cast Audioplay , is an audio drama written by Orson Scott Card , based on the Ender 's Game novel . At over seven hours in length , this retelling of Ender 's Game hints at story lines from " Teacher 's Pest " , " The Polish Boy " , " The Gold Bug " , Ender 's Shadow , Shadow of the Hegemon , Shadow of the Giant , Shadows in Flight , Earth Unaware , and Speaker for the Dead , and gives new insight into the beginnings of Ender 's philotic connection with the Hive Queen . Ender 's Game Alive is directed by Gabrielle de Cuir , produced by Stefan Rudnicki at Skyboat Media , published by Audible.com , and performed by a cast of over 30 voice actors playing over 100 roles . = = Translations = = Ender 's Game has been translated into 34 languages : = HMS Imogen ( D44 ) = HMS Imogen was a I @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the mid @-@ 1930s . During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 1939 , the ship enforced the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides as part of the Mediterranean Fleet . After the start of the Second World War the ship was transferred to Home Fleet and participated in the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940 . Imogen sank two German submarines before her own sinking following an accidental collision in July 1940 . = = Description = = The I @-@ class ships were improved versions of the preceding H @-@ class . They displaced 1 @,@ 370 long tons ( 1 @,@ 390 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 888 long tons ( 1 @,@ 918 t ) at deep load . The ships had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by three Admiralty three @-@ drum boilers . The turbines developed a total of 34 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 @.@ 5 knots ( 65 @.@ 7 km / h ; 40 @.@ 9 mph ) . Imogen carried a maximum of 455 long tons ( 462 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 200 km ; 6 @,@ 300 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ships ' complement was 145 officers and ratings . The ships mounted four 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , they had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 @.@ 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . The I class was fitted with two above @-@ water quintuple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted ; 16 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . = = Construction and career = = The ship was ordered on 30 October 1935 from Hawthorn Leslie at Hebburn under the 1935 Naval Programme . She was laid down on 18 January 1936 , launched on 30 December 1936 , as the seventh Royal Navy ship to carry this name , and completed on 2 June 1937 , at a contract price of £ 256 @,@ 917 , excluding items supplied by Admiralty such as armaments and communications equipment . Imogen was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning and was initially based in Malta . Transferred to Gibraltar , she patrolled Spanish waters enforcing the policies of the Non @-@ Intervention Committee during 1938 . The ship was given a brief refit in Malta from 17 October – 28 November 1938 and another at Sheerness Dockyard in August 1939 . Imogen returned to the Mediterranean on 3 September , but was transferred to the Western Approaches Command for convoy escort duties two days later when Italy did not enter the war . Together with the entire 3rd Destroyer Flotilla , the ship was transferred to the Home Fleet in October . Together with her sister Ilex , she sank the German submarine U @-@ 42 on 13 October after the submarine attempted to sink the freighter SS Stonepool . Whilst escorting the merchant ship to Barry , Imogen rescued survivors from the ships Louisiane and Bretagne . She was refitted at Liverpool between 20 October and 7 November and then rejoined Home Fleet . The following month , the ship came to the aid of the torpedoed battleship Barham off the Butt of Lewis on 28 December . With her sister Inglefield and the destroyer Escort , Imogen sank U @-@ 63 after it had been spotted by the British submarine Rorqual on 25 February 1940 . During the Norwegian Campaign , the ship searched unsuccessfully for German ships , escorted ships of Home Fleet and troopships carrying Norwegian Army units from Kirkenes and Alta to Sjøvegan in mid @-@ April . In mid @-@ June , she escorted the aircraft carrier Illustrious to Bermuda to work up . Off Duncansby Head during the night of 16 July , Imogen collided with the light cruiser Glasgow in thick fog whilst bound for Scapa Flow . She was badly damaged , caught fire , and sank at position 58 ° 34 ′ N 02 ° 54 ′ W. Glasgow rescued 10 officers and 125 enlisted men , but 19 men were killed in the collision . = Gun Court = The Gun Court is the branch of the Jamaican judicial system that tries criminal cases involving firearms . The Court was established by Parliament in 1974 to combat rising gun violence , and empowered to try suspects in camera , without a jury . The Supreme Court , Circuit Courts , and Resident Magistrate 's Courts function as Gun Courts whenever they hear firearms cases . There is also a Western Regional Gun Court in Montego Bay . Those convicted by the Gun Court are imprisoned in a dedicated prison compound at South Camp in Kingston . Until 1999 , the Gun Court sessions were also held in the same facility . The long sentences of the Gun Court and its restrictions on the rights of the accused have given rise to constitutional challenges , some of which have been appealed to the Privy Council in London . These cases have resulted in some modifications to the court , but have upheld it on the whole . The Gun Court system has also been the target of criticism because of its lengthy delay in hearing cases , and the continuing rise in gun violence since its adoption . = = Background = = In the early 1970s , Jamaica experienced a rise in violence associated with criminal gangs and political polarization between supporters of the People 's National Party and the Jamaica Labour Party . After a rash of killings of lawyers and businessmen in 1974 , the government of Michael Manley attempted to restore order by granting broad new law enforcement powers in the Suppression of Crime Act and the Gun Court Act . The Suppression of Crime Act allowed the police and the military to work together in a novel way to disarm the people : soldiers sealed off entire neighbourhoods , and policemen systematically searched the houses inside for weapons without requiring a warrant . The goal was to expedite and improve enforcement of the 1967 Firearms Act , which imposed licensing requirements on ownership and possession of guns and ammunition , and prohibited automatic weapons entirely . Firearm licences in Jamaica require a background check , inspection and payment of a yearly fee , and can make legal gun ownership difficult for ordinary citizens . The new judicial procedures of the Gun Court Act were designed to ensure that firearms violations would be tried quickly and harshly punished . Prime Minister Michael Manley expressed his determination to take stronger action against firearms , predicting that " It will be a long war . No country can win a war against crime overnight , but we shall win . By the time we have finished with them , Jamaican gunmen will be sorry they ever heard of a thing called a gun . " In order to win this war , Manley believed it necessary to fully disarm the public : " There is no place in this society for the gun , now or ever . " = = History = = = = = Establishment = = = The Gun Court Act and the Suppression of Crime Act were passed in special simultaneous sessions of the Senate and House of Representatives , and immediately signed into law by Governor @-@ General Florizel Glasspole on 1 April 1974 . The new court had several extraordinary features . Most trials were to be conducted in camera , without a jury and closed to the public and the press , in order to avoid problems of intimidation of witnesses and jurors . There was no provision for bail , either pre @-@ trial or during appeal , since all defendants were considered dangerous . Most offences carried a single , mandatory sentence : indefinite imprisonment with hard labour . A convicted offender could be released only upon special decision of the Governor @-@ General , advised by an appointed review board . = = = Legal challenges and amendments = = = The unusual features of the Gun Court have faced legal challenges , some of which have forced amendment of the Gun Court Act . The case Hinds et al. v. the Queen was an early test case for the new court . Four men , Moses Hinds , Henry Martin , Elkanah Hutchinson , and Samuel Thomas , had been arrested and convicted by the Gun Court in 1974 for possession of firearms and ammunition without a licence . They appealed their sentences to Jamaica 's highest appellate court , the Court of Appeals , which initially declined to hear the case . However , they were allowed to apply to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London , which agreed to review the legality of the Gun Court system . The Constitution of Jamaica reserves certain serious crimes to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and its divisions . The Gun Court Act had established the Full Court division , with resident magistrates presiding , to try major firearms offences . The Privy Council held that this provision of the Act improperly encroached on the jurisdiction reserved for the Supreme Court , and that the Full Court division was therefore unconstitutional . This fault was remedied in 1976 by replacing the Full Court division with a new High Court division , presided over by a single Supreme Court justice . The Privy Council also found that the institution of an appointed review board to determine the length of sentences was contrary to the doctrine of separation of powers fundamental to the Westminster system of government . According to this principle , sentencing in each particular case is a function of the judiciary , and cannot be assigned to any other body . The 1976 amendment eliminated the review board entirely , leaving life imprisonment without review as the only possible sentence . Another case , Trevor Stone v. the Queen , challenged the denial of jury trial for most gun offences . It was argued that trial by jury is a fundamental and constitutional right guaranteed by tradition in English common law . The Jamaican Court of Appeals rejected this argument in a decision written by Court President Ira DeCordova Rowe in 1980 . The court noted that the written Constitution adopted by Jamaica upon independence guaranteed certain rights to criminal defendants , but omitted trial by jury . This case confirmed the Gun Court 's power to try all non @-@ capital cases before judges alone . The case of Herbert Bell v. Director of Public Prosecutions , concerning the right to a speedy trial , reached the Privy Council in 1983 . The defendant had been held awaiting trial for several years , but the state ultimately failed to present any evidence or witnesses . When he was again arrested on the same firearms charges , he filed suit arguing that the Gun Court had violated his constitutional rights through unreasonable delay . The Privy Council agreed , ruling that even when prevailing local standards were taken into account , Bell 's trial had been excessively delayed through no fault of his own . The Gun Court Amendment Act of 1983 allowed Resident Magistrates to grant pre @-@ trial bail , and to decide whether to keep firearms cases in the Resident Magistrate 's Court or to send them to the High Court division of the Gun Court . Judges were given the power to set sentences other than life imprisonment . Cases involving defendants under 14 years old were directed to juvenile courts , instead of being heard by the ordinary Gun Court , and many young convicts serving indefinite sentences were released . = = Structure = = = = = Divisions = = = The Gun Court has three divisions : the Resident Magistrate 's Division , the High Court Division , and the Circuit Court Division . The three divisions differ in their jurisdictions and procedures . When someone is charged with a firearm violation , whether by unlicensed possession alone or by use of a gun in commission of a crime , the case is ordinarily sent to the High Court Division . These cases are tried in camera by a justice of the Supreme Court of Jamaica , without a jury . The exceptions are charges of murder and treason . As capital offences , these require a jury trial . Charges of murder or treason using firearms are given preliminary investigation by a single resident magistrate in the Resident Magistrate 's Division of the Gun Court , in camera . They are then sent to the Gun Court 's Circuit Court Division . A Supreme Court justice presides over a jury trial , " exercising the jurisdiction of a Circuit Court . " The Circuit Court Division therefore differs from the other divisions of the Gun Court in practicing jury trial . The Gun Court Act originally instituted a Full Court Division , in which cases were to be heard by a panel of three Resident Magistrates . This was replaced by the High Court Division after the Privy Council struck down the Full Court Division in the Hinds case , as judges of the lower levels of the judiciary were not empowered by the Constitution to try serious offences . = = = Western Regional Gun Court = = = In 1999 , Parliament established a Western Regional Gun Court with its own Resident Magistrate 's , High Court , and Circuit Court divisions , in parallel with the jurisdictions and powers of the central Gun Court divisions . Cases arising in four western parishes , Hanover , Trelawny , Saint James , and Westmoreland , are heard in the Regional Court . The Regional Gun Court sits in Montego Bay , in the court facilities of the St. James Resident Magistrate 's Court . The regional court has been a success , avoiding the chronic backlogs that affect the central Gun Court . = = = South Camp compound = = = At the establishment of the new court in 1974 , the Manley administration quickly build a new Gun Court compound ( 17 ° 59 ′ 5 ″ N 76 ° 46 ′ 43 ″ W ) at South Camp Road , Kingston , with both court and prison facilities . The Gun Court Prison was defended by guard towers and barbed wire , earning it the nickname of " Jamaica 's Stalag 17 , " and the walls were painted bright red " to show that it [ is ] dread . " It held 320 inmates in 1986 . The courtrooms housed the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
= Esdaile was born on 1 June 1987 , and has a visual disability called oculocutaneous albinism . = = Goalball = = Esdaile is a goalball player , and is classified as a B2 competitor . Her introduction to the sport was in primary school in 1999 . She has continuously played it since then . Esdaile made her national team debut in 2010 at the Goalball World Championships . In a game against Greece , she scored a goal immediately following a penalty . As a member of the 2011 team , she finished sixth at the IBSA Goalball World Cup . Her team made it the quarter finals before losing to Russia 3 @-@ 6 . Her team then met the Spain women 's national goalball team to try to earn a spot in the fifth / sixth place match . Australia walked away 8 @-@ 7 victors , but lost the fifth / sixth place match to the Israel women 's national goalball team 6 @-@ 8 . She was with the team during the 2011 IBSA Africa Oceania Goalball Regional Champions , which served as the Paralympic qualifying tournament . In her first game against New Zealand , her team won 11 @-@ 4 after leading 7 @-@ 1 at the half . She scored three goals in the team 's victory . She also played in a match against Germany , and in the final match against New Zealand women 's national goalball team , which Australia won , with Esdaile scoring a pair of goals . Esdaile was a named a member of the Aussie Belles that was going to the 2012 Summer Paralympics . That the team qualified for the Games came as a surprise , as the Australian Paralympic Committee head been working on player development with the idea of qualifying for the 2016 Summer Paralympics . An Australian team had not participated since the 2000 Summer Paralympics , when they earned an automatic selection as hosts , and the team finished last in the competition . The country has not medalled in the event since 1976 . Going into the Paralympics , the team was ranked eighth in the world . In the 2012 Summer Paralympics tournament , the Belles played games against Japan , Canada , the United States and Sweden . They lost every game , and did not advance to the finals . Esdaile was the team 's lead scorer , with four goals . = Freedom for the Thought That We Hate = Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment is a 2007 non @-@ fiction book by journalist Anthony Lewis about freedom of speech , freedom of the press , freedom of thought , and the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . The book starts by quoting the First Amendment , which prohibits the U.S. Congress from creating legislation which limits free speech or freedom of the press . Lewis traces the evolution of civil liberties in the U.S. through key historical events . He provides an overview of important free speech case law , including U.S. Supreme Court opinions in Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) , Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) , United States v. Schwimmer ( 1929 ) , New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , and New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) . The title of the book is drawn from the dissenting opinion by Supreme Court Associate Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. in United States v. Schwimmer . Holmes wrote that " if there is any principle of the Constitution that more imperatively calls for attachment than any other , it is the principle of free thought — not free thought for those who agree with us but freedom for the thought that we hate . " Lewis warns the reader against the potential for government to take advantage of periods of fear and upheaval in a post @-@ 9 / 11 society to suppress freedom of speech and criticism by citizens . The book was positively received by reviewers , including Jeffrey Rosen in The New York Times , Richard H. Fallon in Harvard Magazine , Nat Hentoff , two National Book Critics Circle members , and Kirkus Reviews . Jeremy Waldron commented on the work for The New York Review of Books and criticized Lewis ' stance towards freedom of speech with respect to hate speech . Waldron elaborated on this criticism in his book The Harm in Hate Speech ( 2012 ) , in which he devoted a chapter to Lewis ' book . This prompted a critical analysis of both works in The New York Review of Books in June 2012 by former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens . = = Contents = = Freedom for the Thought That We Hate analyzes the value of freedom of speech and presents an overview of the historical development of rights afforded by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Its title derives from Justice Holmes ' admonition , in his dissenting opinion in United States v. Schwimmer ( 1929 ) , that the First Amendment 's guarantees are most worthy of protection in times of fear and upheaval , when calls for suppression of dissent are most strident and superficially appealing . Holmes wrote that " if there is any principle of the Constitution that more imperatively calls for attachment than any other , it is the principle of free thought — not free thought for those who agree with us but freedom for the thought that we hate . " The book starts by quoting the First Amendment , which prohibits the U.S. Congress from creating legislation that limits free speech or freedom of the press . The author analyzes the impact of this clause and refers to the writer of the United States Constitution , James Madison , who believed that freedom of the press would serve as a form of separation of powers to the government . Lewis writes that an expansive respect for freedom of speech informs the reader as to why citizens should object to governmental attempts to block the media from reporting about the causes of a controversial war . Lewis warns that , in a state in which controversial views are not allowed to be spoken , citizens and reporters merely serve as advocates for the state itself . He recounts key historic events in which fear led to overreaching acts by the government , particularly from the executive branch . The author gives background on the century @-@ long process by which the U.S. judicial system began defending publishers and writers from attempts at suppression of speech by the government . In 1798 , the federal government , under President John Adams , passed the Alien and Sedition Acts , which deemed " any false , scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States " a criminal act . The Alien and Sedition Acts were used for political impact against members of the Republican Party in order to punish them for criticizing the government . Thomas Jefferson was elected the next president in 1800 ; Lewis cites this as an example of the American public 's dissatisfaction with Adams ' actions against freedom of speech . After taking office in 1801 , Jefferson issued pardons to those convicted under the Alien and Sedition Acts . Lewis interprets later historical events as affronts to freedom of speech , including the Sedition Act of 1918 which effectively outlawed criticism of the government 's conduct of WW I ; and the McCarran Internal Security Act and Smith Act , which were used to imprison American communists who where critical of the government during the McCarthy era . During World War I , with increased fear among the American public and attempts at suppression of criticism by the government , the First Amendment was given wider examination in the U.S. Supreme Court . Lewis writes that Associate Justices Louis Brandeis and Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr . , began to interpret broader support for freedom of speech imparted by the First Amendment . Holmes wrote in the case of Schenck v. United States that freedom of speech must be defended except for situations in which " substantive evils " are caused through a " clear and present danger " arising from such speech . The author reflects on his view of speech in the face of imminent danger in an age of terrorism . He writes that the U.S. Constitution permits suppression of speech in situations of impending violence , and cautions use of the law to suppress expressive acts including burning a flag or using offensive slang terms . Lewis asserts that punitive measures can be taken against speech which incites terrorism to a group of people willing to commit such acts . The book recounts an opinion written by Brandeis and joined by Holmes in the 1927 case of Whitney v. California which further developed the notion of the power of the people to speak out . Brandeis and Holmes emphasized the value of liberty , and identified the most dangerous factor to freedom as an apathetic society averse to voicing their opinions in public . In the 1964 Supreme Court case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , the court ruled that speech about issues of public impact should be unrestricted , vigorous and public , even if such discussion communicates extreme negative criticism of public servants and members of government . Lewis praises this decision , and writes that it laid the groundwork for a press more able to perform investigative journalism concerning controversies , including the Watergate scandal and the Vietnam War . He cites the New York Times Co. v. Sullivan decision as an example of " Madisonian " philosophy towards freedom of speech espoused by James Madison . The author examines the 1971 U.S. Supreme Court case of New York Times Co. v. United States , and endorses the court 's decision , which allowed the press to publish classified material relating to the Vietnam War . The author questions the actions of the media with respect to privacy . He observes that public expectations regarding morality and what constitutes an impermissible violation of the right to privacy has changed over time . Lewis cites the dissenting opinion by Brandeis in Olmstead v. United States , which supported a right to privacy . Lewis warns that , during periods of heightened anxiety , the free speech rights of Americans are at greater risk : " there will always be authorities who try to make their own lives more comfortable by suppressing critical comment . " He concludes that the evolution of interpretation of the rights afforded by the First Amendment has created stronger support for freedom of speech . = = Themes = = The book 's central theme is a warning that , in times of strife and increased fear , there is a danger of repression and suppression of dissent by those in government who seek to limit freedom of speech . In an interview with the author , Deborah Solomon of The New York Times Magazine wrote that American politics has frequently used fear to justify repression . Lewis pointed out to Solomon that , under the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 , individuals who protested against President Woodrow Wilson 's sending of soldiers to Russia were tried and given a twenty @-@ year jail sentence . The author explained that his motivation for writing the book was to recognize the unparalleled civil liberties in the U.S. , including freedom of speech and freedom of the press . He identified reductions in freedoms of citizens as a result of governmental action taken after the September 11 attacks . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate discusses the capability and liberty of citizens to criticize their government . Lewis asserts that the U.S. has the most unreserved speech of any nation . Law professor Jeremy Waldron gave the example of his ability to criticize the president or call the vice president and Secretary of Defense war criminals , without fear of retribution from law enforcement for such statements . The book contrasts present @-@ day free speech liberties afforded to Americans and those possessed by citizens in earlier centuries . The author argues that the scope of civil liberties in the U.S. has increased over time owing to a desire for freedom among its people being held as an integral value . Lewis observes in contemporary application of the law , presidents are the subject of satire and denunciation . He notes that it is unlikely a vociferous critic would face a jail sentence simply for voicing such criticism . = = Release and reception = = Freedom for the Thought That We Hate was first published by Basic Books , a member of the Perseus Books Group , in New York in 2007 , with the subtitle , A Biography of the First Amendment . For just the second printing , in both New York and London in 2008 , the book 's subtitle was simplified to Tales of the First Amendment . That change was reverted for the remaining printings , including the paperback edition in 2009 and a large print edition in 2010 . E @-@ book versions were released for the first , third and fourth printings ; an audiobook was released with the second printing , and re @-@ released with the fourth . The book has also been translated into Chinese , and was published in Beijing in 2010 . The book was positively received by critics . Jeffrey Rosen , who reviewed the book for The New York Times , was surprised by the author 's departure from traditional civil libertarian views . Rosen pointed out that Lewis did not support absolute protection for journalists from breaking confidentiality with their anonymous sources , even in situations involving criminal acts . Nat Hentoff called the book an engrossing and accessible survey of the First Amendment . Kirkus Reviews considered the book an excellent chronological account of the First Amendment , subsequent legislation , and case law . Richard H. Fallon reviewed the book for Harvard Magazine , and characterized Freedom for the Thought That We Hate as a clear and captivating background education to U.S. freedom of speech legislation . Fallon praised the author 's ability to weave descriptions of historical events into an entertaining account . Robyn Blumner of the St. Petersburg Times wrote that Lewis aptly summarized the development of the U.S. Constitution 's protections of freedom of speech and of the press . She observed that the book forcefully presented the author 's admiration of brave judges who had helped to develop interpretation of the U.S. Constitution 's protections of the rights of freedom of expression as a defense against censorship . Writing for the Hartford Courant , Bill Williams stated that the book should be mandatory reading for high school and college students . Anne Phillips wrote in her review for The News @-@ Gazette that the book is a concise and well @-@ written description of the conflicts the country faces when grappling with the notions of freedom of expression , free speech , and freedom of the press . Writing for The Christian Science Monitor , Chuck Leddy noted that the author helps readers understand the importance of freedom of speech in a democracy , especially during a period of military conflict when there is increased controversy over the appropriateness of dissent and open dialogue . Jeremy Waldron reviewed the book for The New York Review of Books , and was critical of Lewis ' broad stance towards freedom of speech with respect to hate speech . Waldron later elaborated this position in his 2012 book The Harm in Hate Speech , in which he devoted an entire chapter to Lewis ' book . Waldron emphasized that the problem with an expansive view of free speech is not the harm of hateful thoughts , but rather the negative impact resulting from widespread publication of the thoughts . He questioned whether children of racial groups criticized by widely published hate speech would be able to succeed in such an environment . Former U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens analyzed The Harm in Hate Speech and discussed Freedom for the Thought That We Hate , in a review for The New York Review of Books . Justice Stevens recounted Lewis ' argument that an acceptance of hate speech is necessary , because attempts to regulate it would cause encroachment upon expression of controversial viewpoints . He pointed out that Lewis and Waldron agreed that Americans have more freedom of speech than citizens of any other country . In his review , Stevens cited the 2011 decision in Snyder v. Phelps as evidence that the majority of the U.S. Supreme Court supported the right of the people to express hateful views on matters of public importance . Stevens concluded that , although Waldron was unsuccessful in convincing him that legislators should ban all hate speech , The Harm in Hate Speech did persuade him that government leaders should refrain from using such language themselves . = Edinburgh town walls = There have been several town walls around Edinburgh , Scotland , since the 12th century . Some form of wall probably existed from the foundation of the royal burgh in around 1125 , though the first building is recorded in the mid @-@ 15th century , when the King 's Wall was constructed . In the 16th century the more extensive Flodden Wall was erected , following the Scots ' defeat at the Battle of Flodden in 1513 . This was extended by the Telfer Wall in the early 17th century . The walls had a number of gates , known as ports , the most important being the Netherbow Port , which stood halfway down the Royal Mile . This gave access from the Canongate which was , at that time , a separate burgh . The walls never proved very successful as defensive structures , and were easily breached on more than one occasion . They served more as a means of controlling trade and taxing goods , and as a deterrent to smugglers . Throughout their history , the town walls of Edinburgh have served better in their role as a trade barrier than as a defensive one . By the mid 18th century , the walls had outlived both their defensive and trade purposes , and demolition of sections of the wall began . The Netherbow Port was pulled down in 1764 , and demolition continued into the 19th century . Today , a number of sections of the three successive walls survive , although none of the ports remain . = = Background = = Edinburgh was formally established as a royal burgh by King David I of Scotland around 1125 . This gave the town the privilege of holding a market , and the ability to raise money by taxing goods coming into the burgh for sale . It is probable , therefore , that some form of boundary was constructed around this time , although it may have been a timber palisade or ditch , rather than a stone wall . To the north of Edinburgh lay the marshy Nor Loch , formed in the early 15th century in the depression where Princes Street Gardens are now laid out . This natural defence was augmented by the steep slope up to the northern edge of the Old Town . Edinburgh Castle , on its rocky outcrop , defended the western approach . Walls were therefore needed primarily on the south and east sides of the burgh . Early records mention a west gate in 1180 , a south gate in 1214 , and the Netherbow Port in 1369 . In 1362 the Wellhouse Tower was built beneath the north wall of the castle , protecting the castle 's water supply , and defending the approach along the south shore of the Nor Loch . = = King 's Wall = = The King 's Wall is first recorded in 1427 , in a title deed which refers to the wall as the property boundary . In 1450 , King James II issued a charter permitting the burgesses of Edinburgh to defend their town , as follows : In a further royal charter of 28 April 1472 , King James III ordered the demolition of houses built on or outside the King 's Wall , which were hampering efforts to strengthen the defences . Edinburgh was thus one of only three Scottish towns to have medieval stone walls , the others being Stirling and Perth , though other towns had earth walls or palisades . The wall ran along the south side of the Royal Mile , above the Cowgate , from the slope of the Castle Hill in the west , almost as far as the modern St Mary 's Street in the east , where it turned to cross the Royal Mile . In all , the King 's Wall enclosed a space no larger than 0 @.@ 8 by 0 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 50 by 0 @.@ 25 mi ) . The alignment of the wall was irregular , as existing property boundaries or walls were reinforced to form a defence . The early wall had two ports : the Upper Bow or Over @-@ Bow , in the vicinity of what is now Victoria Street , and the Nether Bow , on the Royal Mile near Fountain Close , which was located near around 46 metres ( 151 ft ) further west than the later structure . In addition , posterns ( side gates ) were provided , for example at Gray 's Close . = = Flodden Wall = = In 1513 , King James IV led an invasion of northern England in support of the French and the Auld Alliance . On 9 September , the Scots met the English at the Battle of Flodden , and were heavily defeated , with King James killed on the field . An English invasion was widely expected , and in Edinburgh it was resolved to build a new town wall . However , the new wall was also an opportunity to control smuggling into the burgh , and the town council accordingly decided to extend the wall south to take in the Grassmarket and Cowgate areas of the burgh . Construction began the following year , but was not completed until 1560 . Work started at the western end , and the final section was the stretch from Leith Wynd to the Nor Loch , incorporating the New Port . The cost of this last work was £ 4 / 10s Scots per rood ( one rood = six ells or 5 @.@ 6 metres ) for the wall , plus 40s per rood for the battlements . The Flodden Wall , as it became known , was generally around 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 ft 11 in ) thick and up to 7 @.@ 3 metres ( 24 ft ) high . The Flodden Wall began at the south side of the castle , running south across the west end of the Grassmarket , where the West Port was located , and continued uphill along the Vennel . A watch @-@ tower or bastion survives at this , the south @-@ west extent of the wall . It then ran east , wrapping around Greyfriars Kirkyard , to the Bristo Port and the Potterow Port , both located in the vicinity of the National Museum of Scotland . Continuing east , the wall passed the Kirk o ' Field , where the Old College now stands , and ran along Drummond Street , turning north at the Pleasance to enclose the former Blackfriars Monastery . The Cowgate Port was located at the foot of the Pleasance , and the wall then ran up the line of St Mary 's Street , where it was formed by strengthening existing walls rather than new walling , to the Netherbow Port , which stood across the Royal Mile . The wall continued north to the Nor Loch , since replaced by Waverley railway station , terminating at the New Port . The Flodden Wall enclosed an area of just under 57 hectares ( 140 acres ) , and remained the limit of the burgh until the 18th century . Contained within this area , in 1560 , was a population of around 10 @,@ 000 . There were six ports in the Flodden Wall . Anti @-@ clockwise from the castle they were : West Port , built 1514 at the west end of the Grassmarket , where the modern street of West Port is today , and giving access to Wester Portsburgh ; Bristo Port ( Greyfriars Port , Society Port ) , built around 1515 on Bristo Street , close to Greyfriars Kirk and the Society of Brewers ; Potterrow Port ( Kirk o ' Field Port ) , at the head of Horse Wynd near the Kirk o ' Field , giving access to Easter Portsburgh ; Cowgate Port ( Soo @-@ gate , Blackfriars Port ) , on the Cowgate near the Blackfriars Monastery , the access to the Grassmarket from the east ; Netherbow Port , on the Royal Mile ; New Port ( St Andrew 's Port ) , at the foot of Halkerston 's Wynd beneath the modern North Bridge , giving access north to Leith . Besides , there were a number of small posterns . The heads and limbs of executed criminals were regularly displayed above the ports . Of the six ports , the Netherbow was the only one which took the form of a large fortified gateway . Repairs to the Netherbow are recorded in 1538 , and a drawing of 1544 shows the Netherbow as a wide arched gate flanked by two round towers . In 1571 , the gateway between the towers was rebuilt , and a central clock tower was added above the gateway , topped by an octagonal stone spire . This structure was repaired in the early 17th century . = = = Military action = = = Although the expected English invasion never materialised after Flodden , the 16th century was a turbulent period in Scotland . In 1544 the Earl of Hertford led an English force into Scotland during the War of the Rough Wooing . On 6 May , having captured Leith , Hertford 's men , under the command of Sir Christopher Morris , blew open the Netherbow Port with their artillery . The town was burned over the following three days , " so that neither within the walls nor in the suburbs was left any one house unburnt " . Further disturbances took place during the troubled reign of Mary , Queen of Scots ( 1542 – 1567 ) , and its aftermath . In 1558 the Protestant Lords of the Congregation marched on Edinburgh against the Catholic French Regent , Mary of Guise , and were able to take control of the town without difficulty , despite the guards posted at the city gate . Following the forced abdication of Queen Mary , Scotland 's nobility was divided between her supporters , and those of the infant King James VI , represented by a series of regents . Edinburgh was held for the Queen by William Kirkcaldy of Grange , and in May 1571 the town was besieged by the Regent 's forces under James Douglas , 4th Earl of Morton . Repairs were made to the walls , and the Netherbow was barricaded . Nearby houses were pulled down to improve defences , and the siege gun Mons Meg was employed to batter houses outside the wall which were being used by snipers . Unable to make any headway , the besiegers withdrew on 20 May . Again the defences were strengthened in September , in advance of a second siege which began on 16 October . By this stage only ten per cent of Edinburgh 's inhabitants remained in the city . The besiegers under Regent Mar had only seven guns , and while they did manage to breach the Flodden Wall , the inner defences were too strong for an assault . By 21 October the siege was once again lifted . A blockade of the town was continued until July 1572 when a truce was agreed . Grange retreated into the castle and handed over the town to the Regent 's party . The siege of Edinburgh Castle continued until May 1573 , when it was finally reduced by a battery of guns shipped from England . = = Telfer Wall = = In 1618 the town council bought 10 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 ha ) of land to the west of Greyfriars Kirk , which was enclosed between 1628 and 1636 by the Telfer Wall . Most of this land was subsequently sold to the charitable George Heriot 's Trust , and is now occupied by George Heriot 's School . The rubble @-@ built wall ran south from the Flodden Tower in the Vennel to Lauriston Place ; it then turned east , running as far as Bristo Street , where it returned north to the Bristo Port in the Flodden Wall . The Telfer Wall was named after its master mason , John Taillefer . = = Later history and demolition = = By the 17th century the King 's Wall had been almost completely absorbed within later buildings , although it is briefly mentioned in the " Extent Roll " , a town survey of 1635 , and limited sections appear on James Gordon of Rothiemay 's map of 1647 . The mason John Mylne and the wright ( carpenter ) John Scott strengthened the Flodden and Telfer walls and constructed artillery emplacements in 1650 . Further emplacements were built by Captain Theodore Dury in 1715 , in response to the Jacobite rising of that year . In 1736 , the lynching of Captain John Porteous by an Edinburgh mob led the British Government in London to impose sanctions on the town . Porteous , Captain of the Town Guard , had been convicted of murder following the shooting of spectators at a public hanging , but following a reprieve , a mob broke into the Tolbooth Jail and executed him . The initial demand by the House of Lords was for the demolition of the Netherbow Port , although this was resisted by the town , and commuted to a fine by the House of Commons . When the town was threatened by the Jacobite rising of 1745 , a company of volunteer citizens was raised for the defence of the city , and the mathematics professor Colin Maclaurin advised on improvements to the walls . However , as Bonnie Prince Charlie 's troops approached , the town was undermanned and the walls undefended . On the morning of 17 September , a group of Highlanders under Donald Cameron of Lochiel rushed the Netherbow Port as the gates were opened , and Edinburgh was captured without a fight . Demolitions began soon after the withdrawal of the Jacobite threat in 1746 . The bastions of the Telfer Wall along Lauriston Place were demolished in 1762 , as they were obstructing traffic . The Netherbow survived until 1764 , when it too was removed as an obstruction . The West Port and the Potterow Port were removed in the 1780s . By now , the New Town was under construction , and although smuggling of goods through the city walls was still being punished , complaints about the zealousness of the guards were widely circulated . The Old College of the University of Edinburgh ( constructed from 1789 ) , and then the Royal Museum of Scotland ( constructed from 1861 ) , were built over sections of the wall around the Potterow Port . Forrest Road was laid out in the 1840s , resulting in the loss of another section of the Telfer Wall . During construction works around the Advocates ' Library and Parliament House in 1832 and 1845 , fragments of walling were uncovered , which were attributed to the King 's Wall . Two sections of the increasingly neglected town wall collapsed in the mid @-@ 1850s . In 1854 , a large portion of wall ( 20 feet high and 3 – 4 feet thick ) , and the embankment against which it was built fell into Leith Wynd between the High Street and Calton Road . A week later the Dean of Guild ordered the removal of a 150 feet stretch of the wall from that location . In 1856 , a lightning strike appears to have been the cause of the collapse of a 40 to 50 feet stretch of the wall enclosing Greyfriars Kirkyard . = = Surviving fragments = = Nothing remains of Edinburgh 's earliest enclosures , and very little of the King 's Wall survives , although parts are probably incorporated in later buildings . A section of walling in Tweeddale Court , on the south side of the Royal Mile , may represent part of the eastern wall . This was exposed , identified and recognised as a fortified wall , initially by two labourers working on the renovation and restoration of the old Oliver & Boyd publishers in 1983 . Subsequently this was confirmed by archaeologists and planners and it was not demolished as consented . The height ( 6 metres ( 20 ft ) ) , and lack of openings suggest a defensive purpose . Walling in Castle Wynd , north of the Grassmarket , has also been identified with the King 's Wall . In 1973 , archaeological excavations on the site now occupied by the Radisson Hotel , south of the Royal Mile , uncovered a fragment of wall , which was thought likely to be the King 's Wall . There was also evidence of a house adjacent , which had been demolished sometime in the 15th century , presumably in response to James III 's order of 1472 . Four sections of the Flodden Wall survive : to the north and south of the Grassmarket ; in Greyfriars Kirkyard ; and along Drummond Street and the Pleasance . North of the Grassmarket the wall runs alongside Granny 's Green Steps and has been incorporated into later buildings , including the former Greyfriars Mission Kirk . A line of granite paving across the Grassmarket marks the line of the wall where it was uncovered during construction work in 2008 . In the Vennel the last remaining bastion of the town walls survives . The Flodden Tower , as it is sometimes known , comprises two remaining walls with a total length of 17 @.@ 2 metres ( 56 ft ) , pierced by crosslet gunloops and a 19th @-@ century window . Sections of the Flodden Wall can be seen within Greyfriars Kirkyard , adorned with 16th and 17th century tombstones . At the junction of Forrest Road and Bristo Street a line of cobbles and a narrow gap in the later buildings mark the line of the wall . The longest section is in Drummond Street and the Pleasance , where it originally enclosed the Blackfriars Monastery . At the corner of the wall a blocked archway is probably the entrance to a demolished bastion . The site of the Netherbow is marked with an outline of brass blocks at the junction of the Royal Mile and St Mary 's Street . There are two remaining sections of the Telfer Wall . The first runs along Heriot Place from the Flodden Tower , and forms the west boundary of George Heriot 's School . The wall along Lauriston Place was demolished in 1762 , as the bastions were obstructing traffic . The only remaining section is that forming the south wall of Greyfriars Kirkyard . An inscription on the building at the corner of Teviot Place and Bristo Street reads " 1513 Site of Town Wall " , although it was the 17th @-@ century Telfer Wall , not the earlier Flodden Wall , which stood on this spot . The majority of the surviving sections are listed buildings , while three sections are further protected as scheduled ancient monuments : the Flodden Wall at Granny 's Green ; the Flodden and Telfer Walls at the Vennel and Heriot Place ; and the Flodden Wall at Drummond Place and Pleasance . The walls also form part of the Edinburgh Old Town World Heritage Site . = = Location = = = Bill Cosby in advertising = American comedian Bill Cosby was a popular spokesperson for advertising from the 1960s – before his first starring television role – until the early 2000s . He started with White Owl cigars , and later endorsed Jell @-@ O pudding and gelatin , Coca @-@ Cola ( including New Coke ) , Texas Instruments , E. F. Hutton & Co . , Kodak , and the 1990 United States Census . As of 2002 , Cosby held the record for being the longest @-@ serving celebrity spokesperson for a product , through his work with Jell @-@ O. In 2011 , he won the President 's Award for Contributions to Advertising from the Advertising Hall of Fame . Cosby was one of the first black people to appear in the United States as an advertising spokesperson . He was known for his appeal to white consumers in the second half of the 20th century , in an industry seen as slow to accept diversity . In spite of making contradictory soft drink pitches and endorsing a disgraced financial company , he continued to be considered effective and believable . In the 1980s , studies found Cosby the " most familiar " and " most persuasive " spokesperson , to the point where Cosby attributed his wealth to these contracts , as opposed to his television series . However , in 2014 , allegations of sexual assault significantly damaged Cosby 's public image ; public opinion polling following the news placed him near the bottom of a list of 3 @,@ 000 personalities , when rated on trust and effectiveness . = = Personality = = Anthony Tortorici , director of public relations at Coca @-@ Cola , told Black Enterprise magazine in 1981 that the " three most believable personalities are God , Walter Cronkite , and Bill Cosby . " At the peak of his advertising career in the mid @-@ 1980s , Cosby had a Q Score of 70 , meaning that 70 percent of those responding to a survey of 1 @,@ 000 United States residents thought highly of him , thus deeming him the most familiar and persuasive endorser . In 2003 , industry publication Advertising Age said that " during [ Cosby 's ] 14 @-@ year reign over the ad industry 's public approval index [ he had only been surpassed by ] the Pope . In 2012 , the separate Celebrity DBI index listed Cosby as second most @-@ trusted celebrity on a list of celebrities people pay attention to on television , behind Morgan Freeman . Professionally , Coca @-@ Cola advertising director John Bergin considered Cosby the company 's " greatest weapon " ; he said , " magic happens when the camera starts . " His enthusiasm was tempered on a personal level , finding him " inconceivably arrogant " and mentioned " blow @-@ ups " on the set . One biographer of Cosby , Linda Etkin , said , " Cosby comes across as a father figure , a teacher , and a friend " in his advertisements . William Turner , in 1982 the marketing manager for Texas Instruments ' consumer products group , said Cosby " represents comfort , and people trust him " . In 2014 , one educator asked for comment said he remembered Cosby as a " black male authority figure , one of those people who folks that don 't live on the edges of the country think of as a good black guy ; they trust that guy " . In 1988 , a representative for Kodak said Cosby had become " synonymous with quality products and quality services " . Ebony agreed , saying Cosby has the advantage of being able to be selective . Cosby said his belief in their product is an attribute , stating , " if I presented a Bill Cosby who didn 't care , their sales would stop right there on the screen . Obviously , I could never do that . Once I believe in the product I aim to sell it , and that 's what I think I do better than anybody " . An article in Black Enterprise said part of Cosby 's mystique is " that he can endorse a number of products and still retain credibility in each individual sell " . Shortly after being signed by Coca @-@ Cola , Cosby appeared at a bottlers ' convention . He refused to drink the bottle of Coke he carried on stage , saying , " I 'm waiting for all the Jell @-@ O pudding I ate to settle " . Cosby said that in childhood , he experienced " periods of addiction " to Coca Cola , consuming fifteen bottles by 2 pm . = = Career in advertising = = = = = 1960s = = = The American advertising industry was initially reluctant to use black spokespeople for fear of angering white customers . The Nat King Cole Show ( 1956 @-@ 1957 ) , the first nationally @-@ syndicated U.S. television series to be hosted by an African American , never found a national sponsor ; after its cancellation Cole said , " Madison Avenue is afraid of the dark " . Cosby 's first advertisement was for White Owl cigars . He liked their slogan , " We 're going to get you " , so he had his agent Norman Brokaw of William Morris Agency inquire about Cosby becoming their spokesperson . Cosby had appeared several times on the late @-@ night talk program The Tonight Show , a signifier of success in American comedy , although his television series I Spy had yet to debut . Cosby later said there were no commercials " with a black person holding something , buying a product , so the absence of pictures , in retrospect , said a lot " . Despite the stigma among advertisers around using a black spokesperson , sales of the product rose . According to an entry in Ad Age Encyclopedia , the public acceptance of Cosby and Robert Culp appearing as equals on I Spy made it possible for advertisers to show black people and white people together in their commercials . The Bill Cosby Radio Program , which debuted in 1968 , was sponsored by The Coca @-@ Cola Company . The series was syndicated to over 200 radio stations by McCann Erickson , Coca @-@ Cola 's advertising agency . = = = 1970s = = = In 1974 , Cosby began promoting Jell @-@ O pudding for General Foods . Cosby said comedian Jack Benny , whose program the brand sponsored , was the only previous spokesman for Jell @-@ O , but Kate Smith , Lucille Ball , and Andy Griffith have also pitched the brand . In previous campaigns since the brand 's launch in 1902 , it was targeted towards parents rather than to children , a practice from which the company departed in 2001 . Cosby 's early commercials were unscripted , but later were written by comedy writers . Cosby disagreed with the writers , who wanted to say the food was for when you were " hungry " ; Cosby thought there was not enough substance to satisfy hunger and wanted to use the word " appetite " . In 1979 , General Foods introduced Pudding Pops , the company 's first frozen dessert product . With Cosby as spokesperson , it sold US $ 100 million its first year . After introducing Gelatin Pops and frozen Fruit Bars , the company 's frozen desserts sales reached $ 300 million . Cosby was engaged to promote the flagging Jell @-@ O gelatin product line in the mid @-@ 1980s , when General Foods introduced a holdable Jell @-@ O product called " Jigglers " . Sales increased seven percent during the first year of the promotion . Cosby appeared in commercials for Coca @-@ Cola 's 1979 campaign , " Coke and a Smile , " and made a guest appearance at the Great Get @-@ Together , a major bottlers ' convention held that year . This campaign continued into 1981 . His work in this decade was well received . Advertising Age named Cosby the top advertising personality of 1978 . In 1999 , Advertising Age magazine named Cosby 's 1975 Jell @-@ O commercials , which they called " Bill Cosby with kids " , the 92nd best advertising campaign of all time . = = = 1980s = = = Black Enterprise magazine found that Cosby was one of only a very few African Americans who could command among the highest fees paid for advertising spokespeople . The 1981 feature also highlighted how rare it was for African Americans to be hired for a complete campaign , as opposed to a single advertisement , despite an overall increase in opportunities . Cosby 's agents told the magazine he had earned at least $ 3 million in current advertising contracts – about one @-@ fifth of his income – the rest of which he earned from live performances . Cosby returned as Coca @-@ Cola 's spokesperson in its 1982 " Coke Is It " campaign , a series of commercials mocking the Pepsi Challenge . One advertisement in this series showed a Pepsi vending machine to mock the brand , which author Mark Pendergrast called " unthinkable " . Another said Pepsi Challenge commercials were misleading because they never showed anyone choosing Coke . John Bergin , who directed the series of commercials , personally disliked Cosby but said his presence in Coca @-@ Cola advertising ended the first Pepsi Challenge campaign in 1983 . In mid @-@ 1982 , Cosby was hired by Texas Instruments to appear in television advertisements for the company 's TI @-@ 99 / 4A home computer . He was to be paid $ 1 million a year for the campaign . The company touted Cosby 's education and rapport with adults and children . The campaign was aimed at parents , rather than children , as was the campaign for the Commodore 64 . Cosby was the face of a mystery rebate program , offering reimbursements of between $ 3 and $ 1 @,@ 000 . J. Fred Bucy , who was head of Texas Instruments ' home computer operation in 1983 , scrapped Cosby 's advertisements to focus on the product 's educational value . Radio Shack vice @-@ president of marketing David Beckerman said , " A celebrity draws attention to the product . Even if we had President Reagan on our ads , we wouldn 't sell any more computers . A product sells itself . A celebrity causes indirect sales . " Cosby , along with entrepreneur James Bruce Llewellyn , bought stock in a Philadelphia Coca @-@ Cola bottler in 1983 as part of the company 's push to increase African American participation in the company . This was , in part , a response to pressure by Jesse Jackson 's PUSH campaign . At the height of the Cola Wars , marketer Sergio Zyman persuaded Coca @-@ Cola executives to create and air commercials with Cosby praising Coke for being less sweet than Pepsi , which was aired only in areas where sales of Pepsi were dominant . One commercial from the series features Cosby " rubberfacing an icky frown " and describing Pepsi as " gooey " . These advertisements were broadcast from October 1984 ; Coca @-@ Cola 's independently owned bottlers demanded the commercials were run in their markets as well . Zyman said despite the upcoming contradiction , the ads were the first boost to Coke 's image in years . Coca @-@ Cola was simultaneously testing possible new variations of its soft drink and decided it would sell more product if it used a sweeter formula . Once New Coke was launched , Pepsi prepared its public response to the change ; among its talking points for journalists writing about New Coke was to " Ask them about those Bill Cosby ads " . One of a new series of Coke advertisements showed Cosby dressed in a toga ; this campaign was described as unconvincing . Coca @-@ Cola faced a widespread public backlash , internal dissent , and ultimately the original drink recipe returned as " Coca @-@ Cola Classic " . In the days following the reversal , an editorial cartoon featured Cosby pouring a can of Pepsi into a can of Coke . Marcio Moreira , a McCann Erickson creative executive behind the New Coke introduction , said in 2011 that the decision to hire Cosby was not made until other commercials were being edited . The Cosby Show debuted in 1984 , becoming " TV 's biggest hit in the 1980s " and reviving both the sitcom genre and NBC . Before the series premiere , Cosby told reporters his income from commercials for Coke , Ford , and , his Las Vegas shows , had made him financially secure . At some point before 1985 , Cosby featured in advertisements for Bird 's Eye frozen foods . In 1986 , Cosby 's only contract was with Jell @-@ O , but by the end of the year he had added two more endorsements . By August , Cosby began promoting E. F. Hutton & Co. with a series of print and television advertisements , and comedy concerts . The company had been accused of fraud and needed a spokesperson who was well @-@ liked . Soon after Cosby 's commercials aired , the company merged with Morgan Stanley Smith Barney . In late December , he added J. Walter Thompson agency account Kodak Colorwatch System photographic processing system to his list . The estimated $ 10 million contract included commercials featuring Cosby to run in print , on television , as point of sale , and in promotional programs . Coca @-@ Cola purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982 . In 1987 , Columbia decided revenues from its spy comedy Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) would offset its losses on ' Ishtar ( 1987 ) . Leading up to release , Columbia announced it would spend $ 12 million on " synergies " with the film , taking into account the success of Cosby 's television series and record sales for his parenting book , Fatherhood . Promotions included posters , spy cameras , point of sale standees of Cosby , and a contest to win Porsche cars . Cosby , who acted in and produced the film , was initially supportive of it , but close to the release date he publicly distanced himself from it . The film failed , with a net loss of $ 33 million . In the 1980s , Cosby also appeared in public service announcements . To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census , the bureau recruited Cosby , Magic Johnson , Alfre Woodard , and Miss America Debbye Turner as spokespeople . = = = 1990s to 2010s = = = Cosby continued to be a Jell @-@ O spokesman through the 1990s . He was present for the lighting of the brand 's first billboard in New York 's Times Square in 1998 . In 1999 , Cosby 's 25th year as spokesman for Jell @-@ O , was also the final year he appeared in its advertising . The company distributed 120 @,@ 000 copies of his picture book series , Little Bill , into American public libraries . Despite the transitions of advertising agencies and the 1989 merger of General Foods into Kraft , Cosby remained with Jell @-@ O. He appeared at the Utah State Senate in 2001 to designate Jell @-@ O the official state snack , and made a promotional visit to the Jell @-@ O Gallery in 2004 . In 2010 , Cosby returned to Jell @-@ O as executive producer for the company 's " Hello Jell @-@ O " campaign . In return , the brand sponsored his weekly web show OBKB , a children 's interview series similar to Kids Say the Darndest Things . As of 2002 , Cosby 's time with Jell @-@ O was considered the longest @-@ standing celebrity endorsement in American advertising history . At the Advertising Hall of Fame induction ceremonies on March 30 , 2011 , Cosby was the first winner of the American Advertising Federation 's President 's Award for Contributions to Advertising , for special achievements in the field . = = Criticism = = In 1973 , The Village Voice writer Terry Guerin said Cosby was past his prime . Among the reasons , " making spokesman commercials for such established heels as White Owl cigars and Pan American airlines . He has evolved into a kind of self @-@ parodying sap , the kind of flagrant , perpetual parader Sammy Davis has always been " . " The Noble Cos , " a 1986 satirical editorial by Edward Sorel for The Nation , was written in Cosby 's imagined voice . It echoed the comments of other authors that Cosby had become out @-@ of @-@ touch with lower @-@ class African Americans . In response to this sentiment , Cosby said in 1997 , " So this buddy says , ' I didn 't mind your commercials for Jello , Del Monte , Ford cars ... Ideal Toys , or Coca @-@ Cola , although Coke does do business in South Africa ... But , Bill , why do commercials for those crooks at E. F. Hutton ? ' My buddy didn 't understand my commercials improve race relations . Y 'see , by showing that a black man can be just as money @-@ hungry as a white man ... I 'm proving that all men are brothers . " In 1981 , Cosby told Black Enterprise magazine : In this business , many of us are well paid but we are not all that wealthy . You may read ' X @-@ number of dollar goes to so and so , ' but remember , everybody takes a cut – the lawyer , the agent , the publicist . If a company comes along and says ' We 'd like you to talk about how much you enjoy wearing this warm @-@ up suit , ' and the money is right , I 'm going to do it . Jell @-@ O was a dessert in my house when I was a kid . My mom served Del Monte fruit cocktail when I was growing up . They want to pay me to say I eat these products , well , I eat them . I came out of a lower economic area , and this is money . This is a business ... show business . A great deal of our careers depends on keeping ourselves in the public eye . I think performers should take advantage of commercial offers if they 're satisfied with the product . = = = Sexual assault and rape allegations = = = In October 2014 , a stand @-@ up comedy routine by Hannibal Buress , addressing allegations of rape against Cosby , went viral on YouTube . On November 10 , Cosby posted a message requesting meme images , using a hashtag of # CosbyMeme , on his Twitter feed . Many of the images posted in response related to the allegations , which were fresh in the respondents ' minds . After numerous women came forward as victims of Cosby 's alleged actions , a television special and a series in development were cancelled . Cosby refused to address the situation ; his lawyer said such actions would dignify " decade @-@ old , discredited " allegations . Many media outlets commented on the way such actions clashed with his image as " America 's Dad " . One of the accusers felt nobody would believe her claims at the time of the alleged incident , given Cosby 's status in advertising . Joan Tarshis told the media that Cosby was " Mr America ; Mr Jello , as I called him " . The publicity surrounding the allegations had a drastic effect on Cosby 's reputation , as seen in the following drop in his ratings . In March 2013 , Cosby had a 76 @.@ 3 rating on the Davie @-@ Brown Index , a rating of the public perceptions of roughly 3500 personalities published by Omnicom Group company The Marketing Arm , placing him as the third most @-@ trusted celebrity , behind Morgan Freeman and Dr. Mehmet Oz . By November 19 , this had fallen to 57 @.@ 1 , placing him at either the 2,626th spot or 2615th , depending on the source . The same company 's separate rating on who consumers view as an " effective product spokesperson " saw Cosby drop to 2,746th spot ; at one point , he had been 5th . Awareness of Cosby increased from 63rd to 51st . The Marketing Arm warns about misinterpreting the ratings fall ; it said 900 celebrities were within the margin of error for Cosby 's rating . At the time of the accusations , E @-@ Poll Market Research had not updated its scores ; a Q Score for Cosby was not expected until 2015 . The executive vice @-@ president of Q Scores Co. said polling in the midst of a scandal would likely overstate the score 's longterm effects . All three companies ' scores are updated at different intervals , meaning they are not directly comparable . Jell @-@ O was relatively unaffected on social media by allegations against Cosby . The brand was mentioned in one percent of posts about Cosby , which was considered low . Still , negative connections continued , including by rapper Eminem in a freestyle rap , and an article by Food Drink and Franchise magazine pointed out moments in commercials that were awkward in retrospect . = No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School RAAF = No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 3 EFTS ) was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) pilot training unit that operated during World War II . It was one of twelve elementary flying training schools employed by the RAAF to provide introductory flight instruction to new pilots as part of Australia 's contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme . No. 3 EFTS was established in January 1940 at Essendon , Victoria , and initially included a significant proportion of civilian staff and private aircraft ; by mid @-@ year these had been largely integrated into the military . The school was disbanded in May 1942 , its aircraft and instructional staff having been transferred to No. 11 Elementary Flying School at Benalla . = = History = = Flying instruction in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) underwent major changes following the outbreak of World War II , in response to a vast increase in the number of aircrew volunteers and the commencement of Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . The Air Force 's pre @-@ war pilot training facility , No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , was supplanted in 1940 – 41 by twelve elementary flying training schools ( EFTS ) and eight service flying training schools ( SFTS ) . The EFTS provided a twelve @-@ week introductory flying course to personnel who had graduated from one of the RAAF 's initial training schools . Flying training was undertaken in two stages : the first involved four weeks of instruction ( including ten hours of flying ) , which were used to determine trainees ' suitability to become pilots . Those that passed this grading process then received a further eight weeks of training ( including 65 hours of flying ) at the EFTS . Pilots who successfully completed this course were posted to an SFTS in either Australia or Canada for the next stage of their instruction as military aviators . No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 3 EFTS ) was formed at Essendon , Victoria , on 2 January 1940 , and came under the control of Southern Area Command . Its inaugural commanding officer was Squadron Leader Roy King , a fighter ace credited with 26 victories in the Australian Flying Corps during World War I. Essendon aerodrome had been established in 1921 , and was home to several private aviation clubs and schools including the Royal Victorian Aero Club , ANA Flying School , and Victoria & Interstate Airways Ltd . It was the airfield 's position as the hub of civilian flight instruction in Victoria that led to it becoming the base for the third flying school the RAAF raised during World War II . The same principle was followed in establishing No. 1 EFTS at Parafield , South Australia , No. 2 EFTS at Archerfield , Queensland , and No. 4 EFTS at Mascot , New South Wales . The first training courses at No. 3 EFTS were not conducted by RAAF instructors under the auspices of EATS but by Essendon 's civil organisations under government contract . The training aircraft were privately owned de Havilland Tiger Moths and Gipsy Moths . All air cadets were subject to RAAF discipline , and the school 's training program was directed by Squadron Leader King . The initial intake of sixteen students arrived on 8 January 1940 , and received eight weeks of instruction that finished on 4 March ; all but one of the trainees had prior flying experience , and the course was accident @-@ free . The next student intake at No. 3 EFTS arrived on 5 February 1940 . The school 's inaugural EATS course commenced in May . Overall student numbers at this time were reported as being 48 , while staff totalled 50 . The second EATS course began in July . By this time , Essendon 's civilian presence had effectively been absorbed by the military organisation ; privately owned aircraft were taken over by the RAAF , which had also begun employing its own aircraft , the first being a Gipsy Moth that arrived in March . Training accidents were frequent , particularly during landings , but did not result in any fatalities . Clyde Fenton , known for his exploits as a flying doctor in the Northern Territory before being commissioned as a pilot in the RAAF , served as an instructor at No. 3 EFTS from mid @-@ 1940 to early 1942 . King was posted to command No. 5 EFTS at Narromine , New South Wales , in December 1940 . By this time No. 3 EFTS was reported as having graduated 200 pilots in the eight flying training courses it had run since its formation . One of its graduates was Nicky Barr , who become a fighter ace in the North African Campaign with twelve victories to his credit . No. 3 EFTS began operating a ground @-@ based Link Trainer on 17 February 1941 . The school started flying the recently introduced CAC Wackett Trainer in August 1941 , but the type proved troublesome , delaying the training program . From September to November 1941 , a detachment of personnel from No. 11 EFTS also utilised training facilities at Essendon , after their home aerodrome at Benalla had been inundated by heavy rain . No. 3 EFTS 's instructors , students and Wackett Trainers were transferred to No. 11 EFTS during April 1942 , and the Essendon school was disbanded on 1 May . = Superman in film = The fictional character Superman , an American comic book superhero in DC Comics publications , has appeared in movies almost since his inception . He debuted in cinemas in a series of animated shorts beginning in 1941 , and then starred in two movie serials in 1948 and 1950 . An independent studio , Lippert Pictures , released the first Superman feature film , Superman and the Mole Men , starring George Reeves , in 1951 . Ilya and Alexander Salkind and Pierre Spengler purchased the Superman film rights in 1974 . After numerous scripts , Richard Donner was hired to direct the film , filming Superman ( 1978 ) and Superman II ( 1980 ) simultaneously . Donner had already shot eighty percent of Superman II with Christopher Reeve before it was decided to finish shooting the first film . The Salkinds fired Donner after Superman 's release , and commissioned Richard Lester as the director to finish Superman II . Lester also returned for Superman III ( 1983 ) , and the Salkinds further produced the 1984 spin @-@ off Supergirl before selling the rights to Cannon Films , resulting in the critically panned Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) . Ilya Salkind commissioned a fifth Superman script before Warner Bros. acquired the rights entirely in 1993 . Over the course of eleven years Warner Bros. would develop and then cancel Tim Burton 's Superman Lives , which would have starred Nicolas Cage , Wolfgang Petersen 's Batman vs. Superman , and the J. J. Abrams scripted Superman : Flyby , which went between directors Joseph " McG " Nichols and Brett Ratner . The studio hired Bryan Singer to take over the franchise in 2004 , releasing Superman Returns in 2006 , which starred newcomer Brandon Routh . Donner 's director 's cut for Superman II was also released that year . Despite positive reviews , Warner Bros. was disappointed with the financial performance of Superman Returns , and canceled Singer 's proposed sequel . The studio nearly went in production of a Justice League film with George Miller directing and D. J. Cotrona as Superman , but it was shelved in 2008 and the film series was rebooted in 2013 with Man of Steel , directed by Zack Snyder and produced by Christopher Nolan . Henry Cavill reprised the role of Superman in 2016 with Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . = = Films = = = = Early films and serials = = = = = Paramount cartoon shorts = = = Superman first appeared in cinemas in a series of 17 theatrical animated shorts from between 1941 and 1943 . They were released by Paramount Pictures . Of those seventeen , nine were produced by Fleischer Studios and further eight by its successor , Famous Studios . = = = Film serials = = = The first appearances of Superman in live @-@ action film were in two serials for Columbia Pictures : Superman in 1948 and Atom Man vs. Superman in 1950 , both starring Kirk Alyn and Noel Neill . = = = Superman and the Mole Men ( 1951 ) = = = Superman and the Mole Men is a 1951 superhero film starring George Reeves as Superman and Phyllis Coates as Lois Lane . The film was produced by Barney Sarecky and directed by Lee Sholem with the original screenplay by Richard Fielding ( a pseudonym for Robert Maxwell and Whitney Ellsworth ) . Shot on a low budget , it served as a trial run for the syndicated TV series Adventures of Superman , for which it became a pilot two @-@ part episode titled " The Unknown People " . = = Christopher Reeve series ( 1978 – 1987 ) = = = = = Superman ( 1978 ) = = = In 1973 , producer Ilya Salkind convinced his father Alexander to buy the rights to Superman . They hired Mario Puzo to pen a two @-@ film script , and negotiated with Steven Spielberg to direct , though Alexander Salkind rejected him as Jaws went over budget . Marlon Brando and Gene Hackman signed on to play Jor @-@ El and Lex Luthor respectively , and Guy Hamilton was hired to direct . However , Brando was faced with an obscenity lawsuit in Italy over Last Tango in Paris , and Hamilton was unable to shoot in England as he had violated his tax payments . The Salkinds hired Richard Donner to direct the film . Donner hired Tom Mankiewicz to polish the script , giving it a serious feel with Christ @-@ like overtones . Christopher Reeve was cast as Superman , having initially failed to impress the Salkinds before bulking up . Brando meanwhile , despite spending less than two weeks on the shoot , and not even reading the script until then , earned $ 3 @.@ 7 million up front , plus 11 @.@ 75 % of the gross profits from the film . The film was a success both critically and commercially , being released during the Christmas season of 1978 ; it did not have much competition , leading the producers to believe that this was one factor in the film 's success . = = = Superman II ( 1980 ) = = = Shooting of the two films was marred by Donner 's bad relationship with the Salkinds , with Richard Lester acting as mediator . With the film going over @-@ budget , the filmmakers decided to temporarily cease production of II and move that film 's climax into the first film . Despite Superman 's success , Donner did not return to finish Superman II , and it was completed with Lester , who gave the film a more tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek tone . The Salkinds also cut Brando for financial reasons , while John Williams quit as composer due to turning his attention to other projects . Superman II was another financial and critical success , despite stiff competition with Raiders of the Lost Ark in the same year . In 2006 , after receiving many requests for his own version of Superman II , Richard Donner and producer Michael Thau produced their own cut of the film and released it on November 28 , 2006 . The new version of the film received positive response from critics and the stars of the original film . = = = Superman III ( 1983 ) = = = For the third installment , Ilya Salkind wrote a treatment that expanded the film 's scope to a cosmic scale , introducing the villains Brainiac and Mr. Mxyzptlk , as well as Supergirl . The original outline featured a father @-@ daughter relationship between Brainiac and Supergirl , and a romance between Superman and Supergirl , even though the two are cousins in the comics . Warner Bros. rejected it and created their own Superman III film that co @-@ starred Richard Pryor as computer wizard Gus Gorman , who under the manipulation of a millionaire magnate , creates a form of Kryptonite that turns the Man of Steel into an evil self . The retooled script pared Brainiac down into the film 's evil " ultimate computer " . Despite the film 's success , fans were disappointed with the film , in particular with Pryor 's performance diluting the serious tone of the previous films , as well as controversy over the depiction of the evil Superman . Salkind 's rejected proposal was later released online in 2007 . = = = Supergirl ( 1984 ) = = = Upon gaining the rights for the film Superman , Alexander Salkind and his son , Ilya Salkind , also purchased the rights to the character of Superman 's cousin Supergirl . Supergirl was released in 1984 as a spin @-@ off of the Reeve films ; Reeve was slated to have a cameo but he ultimately backed out of the production . It stars Helen Slater in her first motion picture in the title role , while Faye Dunaway ( who received top billing ) played the primary villain , Selena ; the film also featured Marc McClure reprising his role as Jimmy Olsen . Even though the film performed poorly at the box office , Helen Slater was nominated for a Saturn Award . = = = Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) = = = Cannon Films picked up an option for a fourth Superman / Reeve film , with Reeve reprising the role due to his interest in the film 's topic regarding nuclear weapons . However , Cannon decided to cut the budget of Superman IV : The Quest for Peace from $ 35 million to $ 15 million , with poor special effects and heavy re @-@ editing leading to the film 's poor reception . Warner Bros. decided to give the franchise a break following the negative reception of the last two Superman films . = = Abandoned and cancelled projects = = = = = Superman V = = = Before the failure of Superman IV : The Quest for Peace , Cannon Films considered producing a fifth film with Albert Pyun as director . Cannon 's bankruptcy resulted in the film rights reverting to Ilya and Alexander Salkind . Ilya Salkind wrote the story for Superman V ( also known as Superman : The New Movie ) with Superboy writers Cary Bates and Mark Jones in the early @-@ 1990s . The story had Superman dying and resurrecting in the shrunken , bottled Krypton city of Kandor . The premise of Superman 's death and rebirth coincidentally predated " The Death of Superman " . Salkind , Bates and Jones developed two drafts of the script , with Christopher Reeve set to reprise the title role . = = = Superman Reborn = = = With the success of " The Death of Superman " comic book storyline , Warner Bros. purchased the film rights of Superman from the Salkinds in early 1993 , handing the project to producer Jon Peters . The studio did not want to use Superman : The New Movie , and Peters hired Jonathan Lemkin to write a new script . Warner Bros. instructed Lemkin to write the new Superman film for mainstream audiences , a style for the MTV Generation of the 1990s . The additional family film approach would add to Superman 's toyetic appeal , similar to Batman Forever . Major toy companies insisted on seeing Lemkin 's screenplay before the deadline of the 1993 American International Toy Fair . Lemkin 's script , titled Superman Reborn , featured Lois Lane and Clark Kent with relationship troubles , and Superman 's battle with Doomsday . When Superman professes his love to Lois , his life force jumps between them , just as he dies , giving Lois a virgin birth . Their child , who grows 21 @-@ years @-@ old in three weeks , becomes the resurrected Superman and saves the world . Warner Bros. did not like the script because of the similar underlying themes with Bruce Wayne 's obligations of heroism found in Batman Forever . Peters hired Gregory Poirier to rewrite the script . Poirer 's December 1995 script had Brainiac creating Doomsday , infused with " Kryptonite blood " . Superman has romance problems with Lois Lane and visits a psychiatrist before he is killed by Doomsday . An alien named Cadmus , a victim of Brainiac , steals his corpse . Superman is resurrected and teams with Cadmus to defeat Brainiac . Powerless , Superman wears a robotic suit that mimics his old powers until he can learn to use his powers again on his own , which , according to the script , are a mental discipline called " Phin @-@ yar " , a concept similar to The Force . Other villains included Parasite and Silver Banshee . Poirier 's script impressed Warner Bros. , but Kevin Smith was hired to rewrite . Smith thought Poirier 's script did not respect the Superman mythos properly , and referred to it in An Evening with Kevin Smith as being " like the Batman TV show version of a Superman movie ; very campy . " = = = Superman Lives = = = Kevin Smith pitched Peters his story outline in August 1996 , and was allowed to write the screenplay under certain conditions : Peters wanted Superman to wear an all @-@ black suit , and also did not want Superman to fly , arguing that Superman would " look like an overgrown Boy Scout . " Smith wrote Superman flying as " a red @-@ and @-@ blue blur in flight , creating a sonic boom every time he flew . " Peters also wanted Superman to fight a giant spider for the climactic showdown . Smith accepted the terms , realizing that he was being hired to execute a preordained idea . Smith was also forced to write a scene involving Brainiac fighting a polar bear at the Fortress of Solitude , as Peters felt there were not enough action scenes in the first draft . The Star Wars 20th anniversary re @-@ release in theaters also prompted Peters to commission a " space dog " that Brainiac could present to Luthor purely for merchandising appeal and toy sales . Peters also insisted that Brainiac 's robot assistant L @-@ Ron was to be voiced by Dwight Ewell , calling the character , " a gay R2 @-@ D2 with attitude . " Smith 's draft , now titled Superman Lives , had Brainiac sending Doomsday to kill Superman , as well as blocking out the sun to make Superman powerless , as Superman is fueled by sunlight . Brainiac teams up with Lex Luthor , but Superman is resurrected by a Kryptonian robot , the Eradicator . Brainiac wishes to possess the Eradicator and its technology . Powerless , the resurrected Superman is sheathed in a robotic suit formed from the Eradicator itself until his powers return , courtesy of sunbeams , and defeats Brainiac . Smith 's casting choices included Ben Affleck as Clark Kent / Superman , Linda Fiorentino as Lois Lane , Jack Nicholson as Lex Luthor , Famke Janssen as Mercy , John Mahoney as Perry White , David Hyde Pierce as the Eradicator , Jason Lee as Brainiac and Jason Mewes as Jimmy Olsen . Robert Rodriguez was offered the chance to direct , but turned down the offer due to his commitment on The Faculty , despite liking Smith 's script . Smith originally suggested Tim Burton to direct his script , and Burton signed on with a pay @-@ or @-@ play contract of $ 5 million . Warner Bros. originally planned on a theatrical release date for summer 1998 , the 60th anniversary of the character 's debut in Action Comics . Nicolas Cage , a comic book fan , signed on as Superman with a $ 20 million pay @-@ or @-@ play contract , believing he could " re @-@ conceive the character . " Peters felt Cage could " convince audiences he [ Superman ] came from outer space . " Burton explained Cage 's casting would be " the first time you would believe that nobody could recognize Clark Kent as Superman , he [ Cage ] could physically change his persona . " Kevin Spacey was approached for the role of Lex Luthor , while Christopher Walken was Burton 's choice for Brainiac , a role also considered for Jim Carrey and Gary Oldman . Sandra Bullock , Courteney Cox and Julianne Moore had been approached for Lois Lane , while Chris Rock was cast as Jimmy Olsen . Michael Keaton confirmed his involvement , but when asked if he would be reprising his role as Batman from Burton 's Batman films , he would only reply , " Not exactly . " Industrial Light & Magic was set for work on special effects . Filming was originally set to begin in early 1998 . In June 1997 , Superman Lives entered pre @-@ production , with an art department employed under production designer Rick Heinrichs . Burton hired Wesley Strick to rewrite Smith 's script . Smith was disappointed , stating , " The studio was happy with what I was doing . Then Tim Burton got involved , and when he signed his pay @-@ or @-@ play deal , he turned around and said he wanted to do his version of Superman . So who is Warner Bros. going back to ? The guy who made Clerks , or the guy who made them half a billion dollars on Batman ? " When Strick read Smith 's script , he was annoyed with the fact that " Superman was accompanied / shadowed by someone / something called the Eradicator . " He also felt that " Brainiac 's evil plot of launching a disk in space to block out the sun and make Superman powerless was reminiscent of an episode of The Simpsons , with Mr. Burns doing the Brainiac role . " However , after reading The Death and Return of Superman , Strick was able to understand some of the elements of Smith 's script . Strick 's rewrite featured Superman as an existentialist , thinking of himself to be an outsider on Earth . Superman is threatened by Brainiac and Lex Luthor , who later amalgamate into " Lexiac , " described by Strick as " a schizo / scary mega @-@ villain . " Superman is later resurrected by the power of ' K , ' a natural force representing the spirit of Krypton , as he defeats Lexiac . Art designer Sylvain Despretz claimed the art department was assigned to create something that had little or nothing to do with the Superman comic book , and also explained that Peters " would bring kids in , who would rate the drawings on the wall as if they were evaluating the toy possibilities . It was basically a toy show ! " Peters saw a cover of National Geographic , containing a picture of a skull , going to art department workers , telling them he wanted the design for Brainiac 's space ship to have the same image . Burton gave Despretz a concept drawing for Brainiac , which Despretz claims was " a cone with a round ball on top , and something that looked like an emaciated skull inside . Imagine you take Merlin 's hat , and you stick a fish bowl on top , with a skull in it . " Concept artist Rolf Mohr said in an interview he designed a suit for the Eradicator for a planned scene in which it transforms into a flying vehicle . Burton chose Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania as his primary filming location for Metropolis , while sound stages were reserved but start dates for filming were pushed back . A minor piece of the Krypton set was constructed but then destroyed , and Cage had even attended a costume fitting . The studio was also considering changing the title Superman Lives back to Superman Reborn . Deeming Wesley Strick 's script too expensive , Warner Bros. enlisted the help of Dan Gilroy to rewrite it into something more economically feasible . Gilroy lowered the $ 190 million budget set by Strick 's draft to $ 100 million . However , the studio was still less willing to fast track production , due to financial reasons with other film properties , having Gilroy turn in two drafts . Ultimately , Warner Bros. chose to put the film on hold in April 1998 , and Burton left to direct Sleepy Hollow . At this point in production , $ 30 million was spent , with nothing to show for it . Burton , citing various differences with Peters and the studio , said , " I basically wasted a year . A year is a long time to be working with somebody that you don 't really want to be working with . " Disappointed by the lack of progress on the film 's production , aspiring screenwriter / comic book fan Alex Ford was able to have a script of his ( titled Superman : The Man of Steel ) accepted at the studio 's offices in September 1998 . Ford pitched his idea for a film series consisting of seven installments , and his approach impressed Warner Bros. and Peters , though he was later given a farewell due to creative differences . Ford said , " I can tell you they don 't know much about comics . Their audience isn 't you and me who pay $ 7 @.@ 00 . It 's for the parents who spend $ 60 on toys and lunchboxes . It is a business , and what 's more important , the $ 150 million at the box office or the $ 600 million in merchandising ? " With Gilroy 's script , Peters offered the director 's position to Ralph Zondag , Michael Bay , Shekhar Kapur and Martin Campbell though they all turned down the offer . Brett Ratner turned down the option in favor of The Family Man . Simon West and Stephen Norrington were reportedly top contenders as well . In June 1999 , William Wisher , Jr. was hired to write a new script , and Cage assisted on story elements . Cage dropped out of the project in June 2000 , while Wisher turned in a new script in August 2000 , reported to have contained similar elements with The Matrix . In October 2000 , veteran comic book creator Keith Giffen pitched a 17 @-@ page story treatment with Lobo as the antagonist , but the studio did not proceed . Oliver Stone was then approached to direct Wisher 's script , but declined , while in April 2001 , Paul Attanasio was hired to start on a new script , earning a salary of $ 1 @.@ 7 million . Peters offered Will Smith the role of Superman , but the actor turned it down over ethnicity concerns . The film 's backstory was covered in the 2015 documentary film The Death of " Superman Lives " : What Happened ? . = = = Batman vs. Superman ( 2001 – 2002 ) = = = Although it was widely reported that McG had become attached to Attanasio 's script , in February 2002 , J. J. Abrams was hired to write a new screenplay . It would ignore " The Death of Superman " storyline , and instead , it would reboot the film series with an origin story , going under the title of Superman : Flyby . The project had gone as far as being greenlit , but McG dropped out in favor of Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle . The studio approached Wolfgang Petersen to direct Abrams ' script ; however , in August 2001 , Andrew Kevin Walker pitched Warner Bros. an idea titled Batman vs. Superman , attaching Petersen as director . Abrams ' script was put on hold , while Akiva Goldsman was hired to rewrite Walker 's draft which was codenamed Asylum . Goldsman 's draft , dated June 21 , 2002 , introduced Bruce Wayne attempting to shake all of the demons in his life after his five @-@ year retirement from crimefighting . Dick Grayson , Alfred Pennyworth , and Commissioner Gordon are all dead . Meanwhile , Clark Kent is down on his luck and in despair after his divorce from Lois Lane . Clark serves as Bruce 's best man at his wedding to the beautiful and lovely Elizabeth Miller . After Elizabeth is killed by the Joker at the honeymoon , Bruce is forced to don the Batsuit once more , tangling a plot which involves Lex Luthor , while Clark begins a romance with Lana Lang in Smallville and tries to pull Bruce back . In return , Bruce blames Clark for her death , and the two go against one another . Part of the script took place in Smallville , where Clark goes into exile with Lana Lang . However , Lex Luthor is held to be responsible for the entire plot of Batman and Superman destroying each other . The two decide to team up and stop Luthor . Christian Bale , who was being considered for the lead in Darren Aronofsky 's Batman : Year one adaptation at the time , was simultaneously approached by Peterson for the Superman role . Peterson confirmed in a 2010 interview the only other actor he approached for Superman was Josh Hartnett . Warner Bros. canceled development to focus on individual Superman and Batman projects after Abrams submitted another draft for Superman : Flyby . Christopher Nolan would later cast Bale as Batman the following year in Batman Begins . In the opening scene of I Am Legend , a large banner displays the Superman symbol within the Batman symbol in Times Square . It is meant as an in @-@ joke by writer Akiva Goldsman , who wrote scripts for Batman vs. Superman and I Am Legend . = = = Superman : Flyby = = = Turning in his script in July 2002 , J. J. Abrams ' Superman : Flyby was an origin story that included Krypton besieged by a civil war between Jor @-@ El and his corrupt brother , Kata @-@ Zor . Before Kata @-@ Zor sentences Jor @-@ El to prison , Kal @-@ El is launched to Earth to fulfill a prophecy . Adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent , he forms a romance with Lois Lane in the Daily Planet . However , Lois is more concerned with exposing Lex Luthor , written as a government agent obsessed with UFO phenomena . Clark reveals himself to the world as Superman , bringing Kata @-@ Zor 's son , Ty @-@ Zor , and three other Kryptonians to Earth . Superman is defeated and killed , and visits Jor @-@ El ( who committed suicide on Krypton while in prison ) in Kryptonian heaven . Resurrected , he returns to Earth and defeats the four Kryptonians . The script ends with Superman flying off to Krypton in a spaceship . Brett Ratner was hired to direct in September 2002 , originally expressing an interest in casting an unknown for the lead role , while filming was to start sometime in late 2003 . Christopher Reeve joined as project consultant , citing Tom Welling , who portrayed the teenage Clark Kent in Smallville , as an ideal candidate . Reeve added " the character is more important than the actor who plays him , because it is an enduring mythology . It definitely should be an unknown . " Ratner approached Josh Hartnett , Jude Law , Paul Walker and Brendan Fraser for Superman , but conceded that finding a famous actor for the title role had proven difficult because of contractual obligations to appear in sequels . " No star wants to sign that , but as much as I 've told Jude and Josh my vision for the movie , I 've warned them of the consequences of being Superman . They 'll live this character for 10 years because I 'm telling one story over three movies and plan to direct all three if the first is as successful as everyone suspects . " Hartnett in particular was offered $ 100 million for a three @-@ picture deal . Walker explained that " I could have made a gazillion dollars on that franchise . I could probably have bought my own fleet of jets or my own island . You know what ? I don 't need it . " Fraser turned it down out of fear of typecasting . David Boreanaz , Victor Webster and Ashton Kutcher auditioned , along with Keri Russell as Lois Lane , but Kutcher decided not to pursue the role , citing scheduling conflicts with That ' 70s Show , the Superman curse and fear of typecasting , while Boreanaz had to back out due to obligations with Angel . James Marsden stated in a 2006 interview that at one point he was approached by Ratner . Although it was never formally announced , Matt Bomer confirmed he was in the running for the lead role , being Ratner 's preferred choice at the time . Bomer would later voice the character in the 2013 animated film Superman : Unbound . Amy Adams had also auditioned for Lois Lane , and would eventually win the role eight years later when she was cast in Man of Steel . Superman : Flyby was being met with a budget exceeding $ 200 million , not including money spent on Superman Reborn , Superman Lives , and Batman vs. Superman , but Warner Bros. was still adamant for a summer 2004 release date . Christopher Walken was in negotiations for Perry White , while Ratner wanted to cast Anthony Hopkins as Jor @-@ El , and Ralph Fiennes as Lex Luthor , two of his cast members in Red Dragon . Joel Edgerton turned down a chance to audition as Superman in favor of the villain Ty @-@ Zor , before Ratner dropped out of the project in March 2003 , blaming casting delays , and aggressive feuds with producer Jon Peters . McG returned as director in 2003 , while Fraser continued to express interest , but had fears of typecasting . ESC Entertainment was hired for visual effects work , with Kim Libreri as visual effects supervisor and Stan Winston designing a certain " prototype suit " . McG approached Shia LaBeouf for Jimmy Olsen , with an interest to cast an unknown for Superman , Scarlett Johansson as Lois Lane and Johnny Depp for Lex Luthor . The director confirmed in a 2012 interview that Robert Downey , Jr. had been cast as Lex Luthor . Neal H. Moritz and Gilbert Adler were set to produce the film . McG also commissioned Josh Schwartz to rewrite the Abrams script . He wanted to shoot in Canada , which would have cost $ 25 million more than WB 's preferred Australian locale . McG also shot test footage with several candidates , including Jason Behr , Henry Cavill , Jared Padalecki , and Michael Cassidy before leaving , blaming budgetary concerns and filming locations . He opted to shoot in New York City and Canada , but Warner Bros. wanted Sydney , Australia . McG felt " it was inappropriate to try to capture the heart of America on another continent . " He later admitted it was his fear of flying . Abrams lobbied for the chance to direct his script , but Warner Bros. replaced McG with Bryan Singer in July 2004 , resulting in Superman Returns . = = Superman Returns ( 2006 ) = = Following the departure of Ratner and McG , Bryan Singer , who was said to be a childhood fan of Richard Donner 's film , was approached by Warner Bros. He accepted , abandoning two films already in pre @-@ production , X @-@ Men : The Last Stand ( which , coincidentally , would come to be directed by Ratner ) and a remake of Logan 's Run . The film uses the events of Superman and , to less of a degree , Superman II as backstory , while completely ignoring the events of Superman III and Superman IV : The Quest for Peace . Singer 's story tells of Superman 's return to Earth following a five @-@ year search for survivors of Krypton . He discovers that in his absence Lois Lane has given birth to a son and become engaged . Singer chose to follow Donner 's lead by casting relatively unknown Brandon Routh as Superman , who resembled Christopher Reeve somewhat , and more high profile actors in supporting roles , such as Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor . Singer brought his entire crew from X2 to work on the film . Via digitally @-@ enhanced archive footage , the late Marlon Brando appeared in the film as Jor @-@ El . Superman Returns received positive reviews and grossed approximately $ 391 million worldwide . In February 2006 , four months before the release of Superman Returns , Warner Bros. announced a summer 2009 theatrical release date for a sequel , with Bryan Singer returning as director . Brandon Routh , Kate Bosworth , Kevin Spacey , Sam Huntington , Frank Langella , and Tristan Lake Leabu were expected to reprise their roles , however , with the release of Superman Returns in July 2006 , Warner Bros. was hesitant on moving forward with development . Warner Bros. President Alan F. Horn explained that Superman Returns was a very successful film , but that it " should have done $ 500 million worldwide . We should have had perhaps a little more action to satisfy the young male crowd . " Singer reacted incredulously to the studio complaints , saying , " That movie made $ 400 million ! I don 't know what constitutes under @-@ performing these days ... " Filming was supposed to start in March 2008 ; no screenplay was ever written , but Singer would have titled it Man of Steel , with an interest in Darkseid as the main villain . Singer stressed that it would have been more action @-@ packed than Superman Returns. while writer Michael Dougherty was interested in using Brainiac . " In my mind , if the Kryptonians really were a space @-@ faring race ... it would only make sense that there would 've been colonies and off @-@ planet missions ... other Kryptonians making their way to Earth seemed like a pretty big one . It wouldn 't necessarily be evil right off the bat . That 's too easy and cliché ... I think it 'd be interesting to see how these other Kryptonians show up , land and have all these powers and [ have to learn ] how to adapt to them . " Warner Bros. commissioned husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film in February 2007 , halting development for the Superman Returns sequel . The Justice League script was submitted to Warner Bros. the following June , which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production . Singer went on to film Valkyrie the following month , and George Miller signed to direct Justice League : Mortal in September 2007 . The script would have featured a different Superman in a separate continuity from Singer 's film ; Routh was not approached to reprise his role for Justice League : Mortal , which ended up going to D. J. Cotrona . The film nearly went into production in March 2008 , but the Australian Film Commission denied Warner Bros. their 40 percent tax rebate and Catrona 's options eventually expired . With Justice League : Mortal canceled , Singer renewed his interest in the Superman sequel that same month , stating that it was in early development . Paul Levitz , president of DC Comics , still expected Routh to reprise the title role , but Routh 's contract for a sequel expired in 2009 . " Superman Returns didn 't quite work as a film in the way that we wanted it to , " Warner Bros. President of Production Jeff Robinov admitted in August 2008 . " It didn 't position the character the way he needed to be positioned . Had Superman worked in 2006 , we would have had a movie for Christmas of this year or 2009 . Now the plan is just to reintroduce Superman without regard to a Batman and Superman movie at all . " = = DC Extended Universe = = = = = Man of Steel ( 2013 ) = = = In June 2008 , Warner Bros. took pitches from comic book writers , screenwriters and directors on how to restart the Superman film series . During story discussions for The Dark Knight Rises in 2008 , David S. Goyer , aware that Warner Bros. was planning a Superman reboot , told Christopher Nolan his idea on how to present Superman in a modern context . Impressed with Goyer 's concept , Nolan pitched the idea to the studio in February 2010 , who hired Nolan to produce and Goyer to write based on the financial and critical success of The Dark Knight . Nolan admired Singer 's work on Superman Returns for its connection to Richard Donner 's version , and previously used the 1978 film as casting inspiration for Batman Begins . Zack Snyder was hired as the film 's director in October 2010 . Principal photography started in August 2011 in West Chicago , Illinois , before moving to Vancouver and Plano , Illinois . The film stars Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Kal @-@ El / Superman , Amy Adams as Lois Lane , Michael Shannon as General Zod , Diane Lane as Martha Kent , Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent , Laurence Fishburne as Perry White , and Russell Crowe as Jor @-@ El . = = = Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) = = = David S. Goyer and Zack Snyder are set to write and direct a sequel to Man of Steel , respectively . Christopher Nolan is also expected to return as producer , albeit in a lesser role than he had in the first film . On June 16 , 2013 , The Wall Street Journal reported that the studio is possibly planning to release the sequel in 2014 . Warner Bros. announced that Superman and Batman will unite in a new film which will be the follow @-@ up to Man of Steel , set for release in 2015 . Goyer stated at the Superman 75th Anniversary Panel at 2013 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , that Batman and Superman would face off , and titles under consideration are Superman Vs Batman and Batman Vs Superman . On August 22 , 2013 , it was announced that Ben Affleck was cast as Batman . On December 4 , 2013 , it was reported that Gal Gadot was cast as Wonder Woman . On January 17 , 2014 , it was announced that the film had been delayed from its original July 17 , 2015 release date to March 25 , 2016 , in order to give the filmmakers " time to realize fully their vision , given the complex visual nature of the story " . On January 31 , 2014 , Jesse Eisenberg and Jeremy Irons were cast as Lex Luthor and Alfred Pennyworth , respectively . In an official press release , Snyder described the casting of Eisenberg as Luthor by stating , " Having Jesse in the role allows us to explore that interesting dynamic , and also take the character in some new and unexpected directions . " = = = Justice League ( 2017 ) = = = Shortly after filming had finished for Man of Steel , Warner Bros hired Will Beall to script a new Justice League film in June 2012 . With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013 , Goyer was hired to write a new Justice League script , with the Beall draft being scrapped . In April 2014 , it was announced that Zack Snyder would also be directing Goyer 's Justice League script . Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July , after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman . In October 2014 , Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts as the fifth and ninth installments of the shared universe , with Part One releasing in 2017 , and Part Two in 2019 . Snyder will direct both films with Henry Cavill set to reprise his role as Superman . = = = Untitled Man of Steel sequel ( TBA ) = = = In October 2014 , a Man of Steel sequel was announced with an intended release between 2016 and 2020 . In August 2015 , Jon Schnepp revealed to DC Movie News on the Popcorn Network that the studio are rumored to have George Miller as the director for the sequel . On June 2016 , Russel Crowe confimed that a Man of Steel trilogy was originally planned before it was scrapped due the announcement of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice = = Characters = = = = = Recurring characters = = = This table only includes characters which have appeared / appearing in multiple films . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A V indicates a voice @-@ only role . A C indicates a cameo role . A P indicates an appearance through photograph ( s ) . A Y indicates a role as a younger version of the character . A O indicates a role as an older version of the character . A A indicates an appearance through archivial footage , stills or audio . A Marc McClure reprised his role as Jimmy Olsen for Supergirl . B The corpse of the now @-@ deceased General Zod also appears in the film in a crucial role , however , Michael Shannon did not film any scenes for the film and his corpse was created using the physique of fitness model Greg Plitt and a head @-@ shot of Shannon . = = = Non @-@ recurring characters = = = = = Reception = = = = = Box office performance = = = indicates that the film in the series is currently playing = = = Critical and public response = = = = = Franchise collections = = The initial four Superman films were released previously on VHS , and throughout the film series ' history , three box sets of the films have been released by Warner Bros. The first occurred on May 1 , 2001 , when The Complete Superman Collection was released both on DVD and VHS , containing that year 's DVD / home video releases of Superman , Superman II , Superman III , and Superman IV . The set was valued at US $ 49 @.@ 99 for the DVD release and US $ 29 @.@ 99 for the VHS release , and received positive reviews . The four Christopher Reeve films were again released on November 28 , 2006 , in new DVD releases to coincide with Superman Returns , also released in that year . Superman was released in a four @-@ disc ' special edition ' similar to Superman II , which was released in a two @-@ disc special edition . Both Superman III and IV were released in single disc ' deluxe editions ' , and all four releases were available together in The Christopher Reeve Superman Collection , an 8 @-@ disc set that was valued at US $ 79 @.@ 92 . Like the 2001 set before it , The Christopher Reeve Superman Collection received positive reviews . Also on November 28 , 2006 , a 14 @-@ disc DVD box set titled Superman Ultimate Collector 's Edition was released , containing Superman , Superman II , Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut , Superman III , Superman IV , Superman Returns , and Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman , among other releases . All contents of the set were housed within a tin case . The set was valued at US $ 99 @.@ 92 , and received extremely positive reviews when first released . However , after only a day on the market , Warner Bros. announced that there were two errors discovered within the set . The first was that the 2 @.@ 0 audio track on Superman , was instead the 5 @.@ 1 audio track already on the disc . The second was that the Superman III disc was not the 2006 deluxe edition as advertised , but the 2001 release instead . The set was soon recalled , and Warner Bros. offered a toll @-@ free number to replace the faulty discs for people who had already purchased the set . Due to popular demand , a corrected set was released and Superman Ultimate Collector 's Edition returned to store shelves on May 29 , 2007 . On October 14 , 2008 , another Christopher Reeve Superman film collection was released , entitled Superman : 4 Film Favorites , containing all four films , but with far less bonus material than previous sets . The collection was a 2 @-@ disc DVD @-@ 18 set that included the first disc of both special editions from the 2006 release and both deluxe editions . On April 1 , 2011 , it was announced that the entire Superman anthology would be making its way to Blu @-@ ray for the first time . The anthology box set was released on June 7 , 2011 . = Northwest Airlines Flight 421 = Northwest Airlines Flight 421 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight from Chicago , Illinois to Minneapolis , Minnesota that crashed on 29 August 1948 . The Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 aircraft , operated by Northwest Airlines , suffered structural failure in its left wing and crashed approximately 4 @.@ 1 miles ( 6 @.@ 6 km ) northwest of Winona , Minnesota , approximately 95 miles ( 153 km ) southeast of Minneapolis . A Civil Aeronautics Board investigation determined that the crash was caused by fatigue cracks in the wings of the aircraft , and recommended lower speeds and frequent inspections of all Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 aircraft . All 33 passengers and four crewmembers on board were killed . The crash was the first loss of a Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 , and remains the worst accident involving a Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 . = = Flight = = Flight 421 was served by a Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 aircraft was operated by Northwest Airlines . It was just under a year old , and had accumulated a total airtime of 1321 hours starting in 1947 . The flight was piloted by Captain Robert L. Johnson , 30 , who had 5 @,@ 502 hours of flying time . The copilot was David F. Brenner , 27 , with 2 @,@ 380 hours of flight time . The aircraft departed Chicago at 3 : 50 PM , CST , carrying 33 passengers , four crewmembers , 800 US gallons ( 3 @,@ 000 l ; 670 imp gal ) of fuel , and 1 @,@ 038 pounds ( 471 kg ) of baggage . Weather reports received prior to departure indicated relatively clear conditions with a few scattered rain showers en route in the vicinity of La Crosse , Wisconsin and Rochester , Minnesota . The flight progressed normally as the aircraft reached its planned altitude of 8 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 400 m ) and made its way across Wisconsin . At 4 : 55 PM , the aircraft reported its position over La Crosse , Wisconsin , approximately 125 miles ( 201 km ) southeast of Minneapolis . The aircraft received permission to begin its descent , and descended to 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) at 4 : 59 PM . = = Crash = = The last communication made with the flight was a 4 : 59 PM report from the pilot that the aircraft had passed the 7 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) altitude level . The pilot sounded calm , and made no indication that the aircraft was experiencing any mechanical trouble . Between 4 : 45 PM and 5 : 00 PM , a number of people in the area of Winona , Minnesota were observing a thunderstorm approaching from the northwest . These people told the Civil Aeronautics Board that the storm was increasing in intensity , and they observed increasing amounts of thunder and lightning . The aircraft continued on course in the direction of Winona , where it encountered the thunderstorm . The aircraft was seen flying below the clouds before entering the roll cloud , or leading edge of the thunderstorm . This was the last reported sighting of the aircraft ; seconds later , local observers saw pieces of the aircraft falling from the sky . An off @-@ duty Northwest Airlines pilot who observed the crash told newspapers that he believed that the airliner had been struck by lightning . Some local farmers said that the plane seemed to barrel roll , but also observed that while there was significant rainfall , winds were relatively light . In its Aug. 30 , 1948 edition , The New York Times reported : The crash occurred on Sutters Ridge , between Winona and Fountain City , Wis . , on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi . Parts of the wreckage were found in swamplands along the river . A few bits also landed in a ballpark at Winona , seven miles south of the crash scene . A Mr. Haeussinger , Gordon Closway , executive editor of The Winona Republican @-@ Herald , and William White , a reporter for the paper , were among the first to reach the wreckage . Mr. Closway said he counted ten dead in the plane . One was a woman still holding a baby in her arms . The body of the pilot , Capt. Robert Johnson of St. Paul , was still in the nose of the ship , Mr. Closway said . = = Investigation and follow @-@ up = = The aircraft crashed on a forested bluff on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi River , between Winona and Fountain City , Wisconsin . The aircraft was torn into four large pieces , with numerous deposits of smaller wreckage . The large sections were located in a straight line with a bearing of 335 degrees , approximating the intended flight path . These large sections were the fuselage , tail assembly , outer left wing , and the inner left wing . The mangled bodies of all 37 deceased were located within the wrecked fuselage that had rolled into a deep ravine . The sides of the ravine were so steep that rescuers formed a human chain to carry the passengers ' remains 150 feet ( 46 m ) up the rocky crevice . Horse @-@ drawn farm wagons loaded with human remains made their perilous way down the bluff . Contemporary news reports estimated that as many as 20 @,@ 000 people came to see the crash scene and render aid . Civil Aeronautics Board investigators concluded that the outer portion of the wing had detached from the rest of the wing . The investigation revealed a fatigue crack 7 / 8 inch long and 3 / 32 inch deep at the point of detachment . Similar cracks were found on the wing root fittings of another Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 aircraft that flew the same flight path through the same storm shortly after Flight 421 . October inspections of three other Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 aircraft revealed identical fatigue cracks in similar locations . The CAB report concluded : [ D ] ue to the high local stress concentrations of this particular design of the attachment fitting , fatigue cracks had developed in the attachment fitting which so weakened the structure as to cause failure of the complete outer wing panel under the stress of the severe turbulence encountered in the thunderstorm . The investigation determined that a spar on the front left of the wing separated , quickly followed by the lower rear spar and the connections which attached the outer wing to the center section . The loss of the left wing caused the aircraft to roll left , whereupon the fuselage and the right horizontal stabilizer collided with the separated wing . The initial separation was caused either by a wind gust in excess of operating velocity , or a similar lower velocity gust after the material had become fatigued . The Board also recommended frequent inspections of wing root fittings for the development of fatigue cracks , increasing the thickness of the portion of the wing attached to the fuselage , and reduction of operating speeds by 10 % . In April 1949 , Northwest Airlines sued the Glenn L. Martin Company , manufacturers of the Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 , for $ 725 @,@ 000 . The lawsuit claimed that the company had sold the airline five defective aircraft , including the aircraft lost in Flight 421 . Glenn Martin , president of the aircraft manufacturing corporation , dismissed the lawsuit as a mere formality , a bit of meaningless legal maneuvering to appease disagreeing insurance companies . Flight 421 was the first hull loss of a Martin 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 . It remains the deadliest accident involving the 2 @-@ 0 @-@ 2 . It was Northwest Airlines 's worst air disaster at the time , and the first accident in over a billion miles of flight . = The Holy Bible ( album ) = The Holy Bible is the third studio album by Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers . It was released on 29 August 1994 by record label Epic . At the time the album was written and recorded , lyricist and rhythm guitarist Richey Edwards was struggling with severe depression , alcohol abuse , self @-@ harm and anorexia nervosa , and its contents are considered by many sources to reflect his mental state . The songs focus on themes relating to politics and human suffering . The Holy Bible was the band 's last album released before Edwards ' disappearance on 1 February 1995 . Although it reached number 6 on the UK Albums Chart , initially , global sales were disappointing compared to previous albums and the record did not chart in mainland Europe or North America . It was promoted with tours and festival appearances in the UK , Ireland , Germany , Portugal , the Netherlands and Thailand – in part without Edwards . The Holy Bible has sold over half million copies worldwide as of 2014 and over the years it received significant critical acclaim . The album has been featured and listed highly on lists of the best albums of all time by British music publications such as Melody Maker , NME and Q. = = Recording = = According to drummer Sean Moore , the band felt they had been " going a bit astray " with their previous album , 1993 's Gold Against the Soul , and so the approach to the follow @-@ up was for the band to go back to their " grass roots " and rediscover " a little bit of Britishness that we lacked " . Singer and guitarist James Dean Bradfield recalls the band feeling they had become " a bit too rockist [ ... ] we had lost our direction " . The band stopped listening to American rock music and returned to influences that had inspired them when they first formed , including Magazine , Wire , Skids , PiL , Gang of Four and Joy Division . Epic Records had proposed that the album be recorded in Barbados , but the band had wanted to avoid what Bradfield called " all that decadent rockstar rubbish " . It was bassist Nicky Wire 's idea , says Bradfield , that the band " should not use everything at its disposal " in recording the album . Instead , recording began with sound engineer Alex Silva at the low @-@ rent , " absolutely tiny " Sound Space Studios in Cardiff . The album was mixed by Mark Freegard , who had previously worked with The Breeders . " She Is Suffering " was produced by Steve Brown . The recording took four weeks . Bradfield has described the recording of the album as preventing him from having a social life and Alex Silva attributes the break @-@ up of his relationship with his girlfriend at the time to the long hours involved in the recording . Guitarist Richey Edwards attended recording sessions but would , according to Wire , " collapse on the settee and have a snooze " while the other band members did all the recording . He was drinking heavily and frequently crying . " Inevitably " , says Bradfield , " the day would start with a ' schhht ! ' ; the sound of a can opening . " The album was constructed with " academic discipline " , according to Bradfield , with the band working to headings and structures " so each song is like an essay " . = = Content = = = = = Lyrics = = = Whereas lyric @-@ writing on the two previous albums was split fairly evenly between Richey Edwards and Nicky Wire , the lyrics on The Holy Bible were 70 @-@ 75 % written by Edwards , according to James Dean Bradfield . At the time of the album 's 10th anniversary reissue Wire claimed to be largely responsible for " This Is Yesterday " and " Ifwhiteamericatoldthetruthforonedayit 'sworldwouldfallapart " , contributing only titles to some of the other songs . However , on later reinspecting his notebooks , Wire was surprised to find he had contributed more lyrics than he had previously remembered , having also written significant portions of " Of Walking Abortion " and " Mausoleum " and a number of lines from " Faster " , now believing himself to be responsible for around 30 % of the words on the album . The album 's lyrics deal with subjects including prostitution , American consumerism , British imperialism , freedom of speech , the Holocaust , self @-@ starvation , serial killers , the death penalty , political revolution , childhood , fascism and suicide . According to Q : " the tone of the album is by turns bleak , angry and resigned " . The same magazine commented in 1994 that " even a cursory glance at the titles will confirm that this is not the new Gloria Estefan album " . Sean Moore has described the content of the lyrics as being " as far as Richey 's character could go " . According to Bradfield : " Some of the lyrics confused me . Some [ ... ] were voyeuristic and some were coming from personal experience [ ... ] I remember getting the lyrics to ' Yes ' and thinking ' You crazy fucker , how do I write music for this ? ' " . Critic Simon Price notes that the potential radio @-@ friendliness of the song is undermined by its focus on the subject of prostitution and the recurrence of sexual swearing in the lyric . Interviewed at the time of the album 's release , Nicky Wire said that the track " Ifwhiteamericatoldthetruthforonedayit 'sworldwouldfallapart " [ sic ] was " not a completely anti @-@ American song " , but instead was about " how the most empty culture in the world can dominate in such a total sense " . " Of Walking Abortion " is about right @-@ wing totalitarianism , of which Wire commented : " there 's a worm in human nature that makes us want to be dominated " . " Archives of Pain " , dealing with the glorification of serial killers and seemingly advocating capital punishment , he said " was the song that me and Richey worried about most [ ... ] the song isn 't a right wing statement , it 's just against this fascination with people who kill " . Later in 1994 , Bradfield described the song as " one of the most important things we 've done " but said it was also " very right @-@ wing " and " miscalculated " . Wire described " Revol " as being about Edwards ' idea that " relationships in politics , and relationships in general , are failures " . " P.C.P. " , he said , was about how " PC followers take up the idea of being liberal but end up being quite the opposite " . He said that he was " completely confused " by " Faster " ( most of which he had written ) , although Edwards had told him that it was about self @-@ abuse . " Mausoleum " and " The Intense Humming of Evil " , Wire said , were both inspired by visits by the band to former concentration camps at Dachau and Belsen . A first draft of the latter song had been considered insufficiently judgemental by Bradfield , who had asked for a re @-@ write ( " you can 't be ambivalent about the Holocaust " ) . According to Wire , " Die in the Summertime " and " 4st 7lb " were " pretty obviously about Richey 's state of mind " . However , Edwards attested that the former song is actually about a pensioner wanting to die with memories of childhood in his mind . 4 stone 7 pounds ( 29 kg ) is the weight below which death is reputed to become medically unavoidable for anorexics . " This Is Yesterday " , according to Wire , is " about how people always look back to their youth and look on it as a glorious period " . Wire and Bradfield have both expressed a disliking for the lyrics to the song " She Is Suffering " , Wire saying it suffers from " man @-@ coming @-@ to @-@ the @-@ rescue syndrome " . According to Edwards , the " she " in the song title is desire : " In other Bibles and Holy Books no truth is possible until you empty yourself of desire " . = = = = Use of dialogue samples = = = = Several tracks on the album are also complemented by samples of dialogue , in keeping with the themes of the songs themselves , as follows : " Yes " contains dialogue from the 1993 documentary Hookers , Hustlers , Pimps and their Johns , by Beeban Kidron , about the prostitution trade . " Ifwhiteamericatoldthetruthforonedayit 'sworldwouldfallapart " begins with a TV trailer for GOP TV 's Rising Tide show . " Of Walking Abortion " begins with an extract from an interview with Hubert Selby , Jr . " Archives of Pain " begins with the words of the mother of one of serial killer Peter Sutcliffe 's victims from a TV report on his trial . " 4st 7lb " begins with dialogue from the 1994 documentary about anorexia , Caraline 's Story , by Jeremy Llewelyn @-@ Jones about Caraline Neville @-@ Lister . " Mausoleum " features a quotation from an interview with J. G. Ballard explaining his motivation for writing the novel Crash . " Faster " begins with dialogue from the 1984 film adaptation of George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four , spoken by John Hurt . " The Intense Humming of Evil " begins with an extract from a report on the Nuremberg Trials . " P.C.P. " ends with dialogue spoken by Albert Finney from Peter Yates ' The Dresser . = = = Musical style = = = Musically , The Holy Bible marks a shift from the modern rock sound of their first two albums , Generation Terrorists and Gold Against the Soul . It was described as alternative rock , hard rock , punk rock , post @-@ punk , and gothic rock , with influences from British punk , new wave , industrial and art rock . During the recording of the album , the band was mainly influenced by post @-@ punk bands such as Wire , Public Image Ltd , and Joy Division , and their new sound drew comparisons to similar artists such as Magazine , Siouxsie and the Banshees , and Gang of Four . The record 's heavy style was also compared to that of popular industrial rock act Nine Inch Nails . = = = Aesthetic = = = James Dean Bradfield has described the album as representing " the most definitive period for us visually as well as the songs we were writing and the record [ ... ] we 've never been scared to admit that " . While touring in early 1994 , the band visited army surplus stores and bought clothing to wear on stage , in a homage to The Clash . This military image was used consistently by the band during the promotion of The Holy Bible , including in their videos and television appearances . A performance of " Faster " on the BBC 's Top of the Pops in June 1994 resulted in a record number of complaints — over 25 @,@ 000 — due to Bradfield wearing a paramilitary @-@ style balaclava . The album cover , designed by Richey Edwards while hospitalised , features a triptych by Jenny Saville depicting three perspectives on the body of an obese woman in her underwear , and is titled Strategy ( South Face / Front Face / North Face ) . Saville gave her permission for use of her work for free after a discussion with Edwards in which he described each song on the album . The back cover features a photo of the band in military uniforms and a quote taken from Octave Mirbeau 's book The Torture Garden . This album is also the first instance of the Manic Street Preachers using Gill Sans typeface with a reversed " R " in their album art . The typeface would later be re @-@ used on later albums and has become an easily recognised motif of the Manics ' artwork . The typeface is similar to one used on Empires and Dance by Simple Minds , one of James Dean Bradfield 's favourite records . The lyrics booklet features various images including Christian iconography , photographs of the gate at Dachau concentration camp and a plan of the gas chambers at Belsen concentration camp , a photograph of Lenin 's corpse , an engraving depicting an execution by guillotine in Revolutionary France , a picture of an apple , a photograph of a woman with a parasitic twin , photographs of each of the Manic Street Preachers as children and a photograph of a group of British policemen in gas @-@ masks . The booklet also contains a Buddhist saying from the Tripitaka alongside a dedication to the band 's publicist , Philip Hall , who had died of cancer in 1993 . The title " The Holy Bible " was chosen by Edwards to reflect an idea , according to Bradfield , that " everything on there has to be perfection " . Interviewed at the end of 1994 , Edwards said : " The way religions choose to speak their truth to the public has always been to beat them down [ ... ] I think that if a Holy Bible is true , it should be about the way the world is and that 's what I think my lyrics are about . [ The album ] doesn 't pretend things don 't exist " . = = Health of Richey Edwards = = Richey Edwards had had long @-@ term problems with alcohol abuse , depression and self @-@ harm . During 1994 , these problems had , according to Wire , " escalated to a point where everybody got a bit frightened " and Edwards had also begun to suffer from anorexia nervosa . During April and May , when the band played concerts in Thailand and Portugal , Edwards was habitually cutting himself and appeared onstage in Bangkok with self @-@ inflicted wounds across his chest . He talked openly in the music press about his problems , telling the NME : " When I cut myself I feel so much better . All the little things that might have been annoying me seem so trivial because I 'm concentrating on the pain " , and " I 'm the sort of person who wakes up in the morning and needs to pour a bottle down my throat " . His problems continued and , during the recording of the album , his mental state deteriorated after learning of the suicide of a close friend from university . In July , he was taken to hospital after severely lacerating himself at home , then transferred to Whitchurch Hospital , an NHS psychiatric facility in Cardiff . His weight had fallen to 6 stone ( 38 kg ) . By the time of the album 's release in late August 1994 , Edwards was hospitalised at the private Priory Hospital in Roehampton . He rejoined the band to tour during the autumn of 1994 . Other band members felt that his drinking was under control at this point , but his eating continued to be a problem and he continued to self @-@ harm . On 1 February 1995 , he disappeared and is presumed to have committed suicide . His car was found close to the Severn Bridge . The Holy Bible has been described by Q as a " graphic , violent torrent of self @-@ lacerating punk fury which infamously details the horrors in Richey Edwards ' head " . = = Release = = The album reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart , remaining in the chart for 11 weeks . Despite not charting outside the UK and Japan , by mid @-@ 2014 The Holy Bible had sold more than 600 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . On 6 December 2004 an expanded version of The Holy Bible was released , containing two CDs and a DVD . Disc one comprised a digitally re @-@ mastered version of the original album plus four live tracks . The DVD features an interview with the band , footage of TV and festival appearances and promo videos . The second disc includes a remix of the album by Tom Lord @-@ Alge . The remixed version had been intended for release in the US , but this never happened " for well @-@ documented reasons " , according to James Dean Bradfield . The band felt the second mix was superior to the version originally released . As Bradfield puts it : " For once we got something back from the American record company — who we despised — and it was brilliant " . A new special edition was released in December 2014 , commemorating the 20th anniversary of the album . This edition includes the vinyl edition of the full album , plus a three @-@ CD set , the first CD with the full album remastered for the special release , the second with the US mix remastered and the third including a performance at the Astoria in 1994 and an acoustic session for Radio 4 Mastertapes in 2014 . The special edition also contains a 40 @-@ page book full of rare photos and handwritten lyrics and notes by Richey and by the band . As part of Record Store Day 2014 a 12 " picture disc of the US Mix of the album was released . Side A featured a mix of the Revol cover overlaid with the Jesus image from the CD . Side B was a white label image . The album was housed in a clear plastic sleeve . 1500 copies were pressed . = = Reception = = Despite not charting in mainland Europe , and not selling very well initially , The Holy Bible received significant critical acclaim when it was released on August 1994 , and in the years following . NME saw The Holy Bible as primarily the work of James Dean Bradfield , saying " The Holy Bible isn 't elegant , but it is bloody effective " . Melody Maker , seeing it as primarily the work of Richey Edwards , described it as " the sound of a group in extremis [ ... ] hurtling towards a private armageddon " . Upon its re @-@ release ten years later , the NME described it as " a work of genuine genius " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said that the album was " Richey James ' last will and testament " , finishing with " Every song has a passage frightening in its imagery . Although the music itself isn 't as scarily intense , its tight , terse hard rock and glam hooks accentuate the paranoia behind the songs , making the lyrics cut deeper . " Joe Tangari from Pitchfork wrote " In a way , the story of Edwards ' spiral into some unknown oblivion is tied to the experience of The Holy Bible , which in retrospect has become a sort of horror @-@ show eulogy for a man who couldn 't live with the world around him . " Observed Roy Wilkinson in Select : " Amid all the references to coma , carcasses , ' walking abortions ' and dying in the summer sits the spectre of Richey , holed up in a private clinic , having drunk too much , eaten too little and cut himself for reasons varying between dramatic gesture , a surrogate for screaming out loud and something ' sexual ' [ ... ] Let 's hope that , with a record of such unsettling , morbid resonance as The Holy Bible , no further gestures are required . " Mark Edwards of Stylus opined that " The Holy Bible is easily one of the best albums of the 90s — ignored by many , but loved intensely by the few who 've lived with it over the years [ ... ] It puts everything the Manics have done since to shame , not to mention nearly everything else [ in music ] " . David Fricke of Rolling Stone also reviewed the album positively : " even the pall of [ Edwards ' ] absence can 't cancel out the life @-@ affirming force that hits you with the very first song " . Nick Butler of Sputnikmusic praised the album , calling it a " classic " and awarding it 5 out of 5 stars , concluding with : " Punk , hard rock , indie , and even metal fans owe it to themselves to hear this . Anyone else may be scared off , but may just find they never look at life the same way again . I certainly haven 't . " = = Touring = = In April and May 1994 the band first performed songs from The Holy Bible at concerts in Thailand and Portugal and at a benefit concert for the Anti @-@ Nazi League at Brockwell Park , London . In June , they played the Glastonbury Festival . In July and August , without Richey Edwards , they played T in the Park in Scotland , the Alte Wartesaal in Cologne , the Parkpop Festival in The Hague and the Reading Festival . During September , October and December there was a headline tour of the UK and Ireland and two tours in mainland Europe with Suede and Therapy ? In December , three nights at the London Astoria ended with the band smashing up their equipment and the venue 's lighting rig , causing £ 26 @,@ 000 worth of damage . James Dean Bradfield and Richey Edwards were due to fly to the United States for media interviews on 1 February 1995 , the day of Edwards ' disappearance , and Bradfield ended up doing this alone . Concerts in US cities as well as in Prague and Vienna had been scheduled for March and April 1995 , but were cancelled . In late 2014 the band performed the album in full for the first time , at concerts in Glasgow , Manchester , Dublin and London , marking the 20th anniversary of its release . After the tour in the UK , the Manics are going to take The Holy Bible tour to North America , in the spring of 2015 , in April the band played in Washington DC , Toronto , New York , Boston , San Francisco , Los Angeles and Chicago . They also played in the Cardiff Castle with 10 @,@ 000 fans attending the gig , it was broadcast nationwide by BBC Two Wales . = = Legacy = = The Holy Bible has continued to receive praise in the years following its release , with many British music magazines listing the album among the greatest ever made . The writers of Melody Maker ranked it 15th on its list of the top 100 albums of all time in 2000 , and Kerrang ! placed it 10th in a similar list five years later . It has also remained popular with the British public – in 2005 it topped a BBC Newsnight poll of viewers ' favourite albums . Readers of Q voted it as the 10th best album released during the magazine 's lifetime in 2001 and as the 18th greatest album ever in 2003 . In 2011 NME ranked it number 1 in their " 50 Darkest Albums Ever " list . The same magazine placed the album at number 5 in their end of the year list of the best albums of 1994 . In 2003 it was voted	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
on number 37 on NME 's poll of best albums of all time and , more recently , number 44 in their list of the 500 greatest albums ever made . The album is also featured in The Guardian 's list " 1000 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die " . At the NME awards 2015 , the album won " Reissue of the Year " for its 20th anniversary edition . Ben Patashnik of Drowned in Sound later said that the album in the time of its release " didn 't sell very well , but its impact was felt keenly by anyone who 'd ever come into contact with the Manics " , and that it is now a " masterpiece [ ... ] the sound of one man in a close @-@ knit group of friends slowly disintegrating and using his own anguish to create some of the most brilliant art to be released on a large scale as music in years [ ... ] It 's not a suicide note ; it 's a warning . " The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . = = Track listing = = All lyrics written by Richey Edwards ( credited as Richey James ) and Nicky Wire , all music composed by James Dean Bradfield and Sean Moore . 10th Anniversary Edition DVD " Faster " ( performed on Top of the Pops ) " Faster " ( performed on Butt Naked ) " P.C.P. " ( performed on Butt Naked ) " She Is Suffering " ( performed on Butt Naked ) " 4st 7lb " ( performed on MTV Most Wanted ) " She Is Suffering " ( performed on MTV Most Wanted ) " Faster " ( performed at Glastonbury ' 94 ) " P.C.P. " ( performed at Glastonbury ' 94 ) " Yes " ( performed at Glastonbury ' 94 ) " Revol " ( performed at Reading ' 94 ) " Faster " ( US video ) " Judge Yr 'self " ( video ) Yes ( New Film Made by Patrick Jones ) Band interview = = Personnel = = Manic Street Preachers James Dean Bradfield – lead vocals , lead and rhythm guitar , production Richey Edwards ( credited as Richey James ) – rhythm guitar , sleeve design , production Nicky Wire – bass guitar , production Sean Moore – drums , production Technical Steve Brown – production ( " She Is Suffering " ) Alex Silva – engineering Mark Freegard – mixing Jenny Saville – front cover painting Barry Kamen – back cover painting Octave Mirbeau – author of back cover text ( from The Torture Garden ) Neil Cooper – sleeve photography = = Charts and certifications = = = Battle of Nazareth = The Battle of Nazareth began on 20 September 1918 , during the Battle of Sharon , which together with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought during the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War . During the cavalry phase of the Battle of Sharon the Desert Mounted Corps rode to the Esdraelon Plain ( also known as the Jezreel Valley and the plain of Armageddon ) 40 and 50 miles ( 64 and 80 km ) behind the front line in the Judean Hills . At Nazareth on the plain , the 13th Cavalry Brigade of the 5th Cavalry Division attempted to capture the town and the headquarters of the Yildirim Army Group which was eventually captured the following day after the garrison had withdrawn . The Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) attack on Nazareth was made possible by the British Empire infantry attack on 19 September which began the Battle of Sharon . The EEF infantry attacked along an almost continuous front from the Mediterranean Sea , across the Plain of Sharon and into the Judean Hills . The XXI Corps 's British Indian Army infantry captured Tulkarm and the headquarters of the Ottoman Eighth Army . During the course of this attack , the infantry created a gap in the Ottoman front line defences through which the Desert Mounted Corps rode northwards to begin the cavalry phase of the battle . Subsequently the infantry also captured Tabsor , Et Tire and Arara to outflank the Eighth Army . Meanwhile , the Desert Mounted Corps advanced to capture the communications hubs of Afulah , Beisan and Jenin on 20 September , cutting the main Ottoman withdrawal routes along their lines of supply and communications . The 5th Cavalry Division had been assigned the task of capturing Nazareth , which was the site of the General Headquarters of the Central Powers ' Yildirim Army Group , on 20 September . However , due to the rough and narrow Shushu Pass over the Mount Carmel Range , they were forced to leave behind one brigade and the divisional artillery . Instead of both the 13th and 14th Cavalry Brigades advancing across the Esdrealon Plain to capture the Nazareth , the 14th Cavalry Brigade went directly to Afulah , the objective of the 4th Cavalry Division . By the time the 13th Cavalry Brigade attacked Nazareth , it had been reduced to two squadrons and was not strong enough to capture the Yilderim Army Group headquarters and secure the town . During the attack the German commander of the Yildirim Army Group , Generalleutnant ( Major General ) Otto Liman von Sanders and his senior staff officers escaped . The following day , after the Ottoman garrison retreated , Nazareth was occupied by the 13th Cavalry Brigade . = = Background = = Following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attacks by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) in March / April and April / May 1918 , the EEF commanded by General Edmund Allenby occupied the Jordan Valley and the front line , which extended across the Judean Hills to the Mediterranean . Most of the British infantry and yeomanry cavalry regiments were redeployed to the Western Front to counter Ludendorff 's Spring Offensive and were replaced by British India Army infantry and cavalry . As part of reorganisation and training , these newly arrived soldiers carried out a series of attacks on sections of the Ottoman front line during the summer months . These attacks were aimed at pushing the front line to more advantageous positions in preparation for a major attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived India Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the consolidated force was ready for large @-@ scale operations . During this time the Occupation of the Jordan Valley continued . By the afternoon of 19 September , it was clear that the breakthrough attacks in the Battle of Sharon by the XXI Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Edward Bulfin had been successful and the XX Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode was ordered to begin its attack , supported by an artillery barrage , against the well @-@ defended Ottoman front line . The attacks continued until midday on 21 September , when a successful flanking attack by the XXI Corps , combined with the XX Corps assault , forced the Seventh and Eighth Armies to disengage . The Ottoman Seventh Army retreated from the Nablus area towards the River Jordan crossing at the Jisr ed Damieh bridge before the rearguard at Nablus was captured . The Desert Mounted Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Harry Chauvel advanced through the gap provided by the infantry on 19 September to almost encircle the fighting in the Judean Hills , capturing Nazareth , Haifa , Afulah , Beisan , Jenin and Samakh , before advancing to Tiberias . During this time , Chaytor 's Force commanded by Major General Edward Chaytor captured part of the retreating Ottoman and German column at the Jisr ed Damieh bridge to cut this line of retreat across the Jordan River . To the east of this river , as the Fourth Army began its retreat , Chaytor 's Force advanced to capture Es Salt on 23 September . Amman was captured on 25 September during the Second Battle of Amman when a strong Fourth Army rearguard was defeated there on 25 September . = = = Deployment = = = The Desert Mounted Corps , commanded by Chauvel , consisted of the 4th and 5th Cavalry , the Australian Mounted Divisions , less the 5th Light Horse Brigade temporarily attached to the infantry 60th Division , and less the Anzac Mounted Division assigned to Chaytor 's Force . The three cavalry divisions concentrated near Ramleh , Ludd ( Lydda ) and Jaffa , where they dumped surplus equipment in preparation for their advance , before concentrating behind the XXI Corps ' infantry divisions between the Mediterranean coast and the railway line from Ludd to Tulkarm . Each of the three divisions was made up of three brigades , each with three regiments . The 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions which had transferred from France , consisted of one British yeomanry regiment and two British Indian Army cavalry regiments , one of which was usually lancers . Except the 15th ( Imperial Service ) Cavalry Brigade which had three regiments of Indian Imperial Service Troops lancers . Some of the cavalry regiments were armed , in addition to their Lee – Enfield rifles , bayonets and swords , with lances . The 5th Cavalry Division , consisted of three lancer regiments . The Australian Mounted Division consisting of three light horse brigades , each of three regiments consisting of a headquarters and three squadrons ; 522 men and horses in each regiment , was armed with swords , Lee – Enfield rifles and bayonets , while the Anzac Mounted Division detached to Chaytor 's Force , was , and remained throughout the war , only armed with rifles and bayonets . These divisions were supported by machine guns , three batteries from the Royal Horse Artillery or Honourable Artillery Company , and light armoured car units ; two Light Armoured Motor Batteries , and two Light Car Patrols . By 17 September the Desert Mounted Corps 's leading division , the 5th Cavalry Division , was deployed north @-@ west of Sarona 8 miles ( 13 km ) from the front line . Ready to follow ; the 4th Cavalry Division was located in orange groves to the east of Sarona , 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the front , and the Australian Mounted Division was in reserve near Ramleh and Ludd 17 miles ( 27 km ) from the front line . All movement had been restricted to night time culminating in a general move forwards on the night of 18 / 19 September when the 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions moved to a position close behind the infantry , while the Australian Mounted Division moved forward to Sarona . The three cavalry divisions concentrated with their supplies carried in massed horse @-@ drawn transport and on long trains of camels . The divisions carried one iron ration and two days ' special emergency rations for each man , and 21 pounds ( 9 @.@ 5 kg ) of grain for each horse , all of which were carried on the horses , with an additional day 's grain for the horses carried on the first line transport in limbered wagons . = = = Desert Mounted Corps objectives = = = The cavalry divisions were to ride northwards up the coastal Plain of Sharon , then eastwards over the Mount Carmel Range and onto the Esdraelon Plain ( also known as the Jezreel Valley and the plain of Armageddon ) , to block the line of retreat of the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies fighting the XX and XXI Corps in the Judean Hills . If the Esdraelon Plain could be quickly captured , while the two Ottoman armies continued fighting the British Empire infantry , the lines of retreat by railway and road could be cut . The success of this plan depended on a rapid advance to simultaneously almost encircle the Seventh and Eighth Armies in the Judean Hills and capture Liman von Sanders and the Yilderim Army Group general headquarters . Further , in order to consolidate their success , the cavalry would be required to hold these places for some time . Operating many miles from their base , they would be dependent on rations being quickly and efficiently transported forward from base . = = = Esdraelon Plain = = = The lines of supply for the two Ottoman armies fighting in the Judean Hills depended on the main road and railway networks which crossed the Esdraelon Plain . ( See Falls Map 21 Cavalry advances detail below ) The plain stretches from Lejjun in the west , 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the white houses of Nazareth in the foothills of the Galilean Hills in the north , to Afulah in the centre of the plain and on to Beisan on its eastern edge close to the Jordan River , and to Jenin on its south edge at the foot of the Judean Hills . The main route from the Plain of Sharon to the Esdrealon Plain was across the Mount Carmel Range via the Musmus Pass which enters the plain near Lejjun . This area is dominated by the site of the ancient fortress of Megiddo on Tell al Mutesellim . A small force on this prominent ground could control the routes to the north and across the plain where Egyptians , Romans , Mongols , Arabs , Crusaders and the army of Napoleon had marched and fought . Yet no defensive works had been identified on the plain , or covering the approaches to it , during aerial reconnaissances , except German troops garrisoning Yildirim Army Group headquarters . Liman von Sanders took steps to correct this failure at 12 : 30 on 19 September , by ordering the 13th Depot Regiment at Nazareth and the military police , a total of six companies and twelve machine guns to occupy Lejjun and defend the Esdrealon Plains exit of the Musmus Pass . = = Prelude = = " Concentration , surprise , and speed were key elements in the blitzkrieg warfare planned by Allenby . " Success at the Battle of Megiddo depended on an intense British Empire artillery barrage covering a successful attack on the front line by infantry who were required to also drive a gap in the front line . The gap was required for the cavalry to advance quickly to the Esdraelon Plain , 50 miles ( 80 km ) behind the Ottoman front line , during the first day of battle . The Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) were required to win control of the skies by destroying or dominating German aircraft activity and reconnaissances . These two flying arms carried out constant bombing raids on Afulah and the Seventh and Eighth Army headquarters at Tulkarm and Nablus respectively to cut communications with Liman von Sanders at Nazareth . = = = Desert Mounted Corps advance = = = During the initial cavalry advance up the coastal Plain of Sharon to Litera on the Nahr el Mefjir , the Desert Mounted Corps were to advance , " strictly disregarding any enemy forces that did not directly bar its path . " Then turning north @-@ east , the cavalry were to cross the Mount Carmel Range through two passes and ride onto the Plain of Esdraelon . The 5th Cavalry Division was to move through the more difficult northern pass from Sindiane to Abu Shusheh , 18 miles ( 29 km ) south @-@ east of Haifa , and on to Nazareth . The 4th Cavalry Division was to follow northwards until they reached the southern pass known as the Musmus Pass which would take them to Lejjun on the plain ; their objective was to capture Afulah . In reserve , the Australian Mounted Division was to follow the 4th Cavalry Division to Lejjun . = = = = 5th Cavalry Division = = = = The 5th Cavalry Division consisted of the 13th , 14th and 15th Cavalry Brigades , Essex and Nottinghamshire Batteries , Royal Horse Artillery , 5th Field Squadron , Royal Engineers , 5th Cavalry Division Signal Squadron , the 12th Light Armoured Motor Battery and the 7th Light Car Patrol . The division was to lead the advance north riding along the beach under the cover of some cliffs , past the Nahr el Falik on their way through Mukhalid and up the Plain of Sharon . Their advance guard , the 13th Cavalry Brigade and the 12th Light Armoured Motor Battery , were on the beach just south of Arsuf when Major General H. J. Macandrew the divisional commander , was informed at 07 : 00 by the 60th Division that Ottoman shelling had ceased south of the Nahr el Faliq , clearing the way for the cavalry . An hour later the 9th Hodson 's Horse leading its brigade , reached Nahr el Faliq , but the horses were " somewhat blown " by their quick journey across the soft sand . Macandrew had seen the speed the 13th Cavalry Brigade set and galloped after them , hoping to slow them down , but could not catch them . By 10 : 00 the rest of the division had passed the Nahr el Falik . Although the division had been ordered to avoid conflict until they reached the entrenched line near Liktera , leading squadrons attacked 200 Ottoman infantry in a large orchard east of Basse el Hindi . Here they captured about 60 prisoners , two guns and many wagons at the cost of one man killed and two wounded . Another isolated machine gun was captured further north . Near Mukhalid , the 9th Hodson 's Horse outflanked another Ottoman position , and another at Nahr Iskanderun at 10 : 15 . A total of 110 prisoners , 2 artillery pieces and 12 wagons were captured . The entrenched Ottoman position at Liktera was garrisoned by the Eighth Army Depot Regiment . It stretched from about Jelameh , through El Mejdel and Liktera , to the sea near the mouth of the Nahr Mefjir . Seeing the mounted divisions approaching up the plain , the garrison withdrew to Qaqun where 126 prisoners were later captured by the 4th Cavalry Division . The 5th Cavalry Division crossed the Nahr Iskanderun to arrive at Liktera 10 miles ( 16 km ) north @-@ west of Tulkarm , on the Nahr el Mefjir at 11 : 00 , an hour ahead of schedule . Having ridden 25 miles ( 40 km ) , the horses were fatigued , some being unfit for further service ; the 18th Lancers ( 13th Cavalry Brigade ) destroyed five horses and were forced to leave ten behind . The 9th Hodson 's Horse did not record the number of horses they destroyed or left behind but it was probably more . The divisions rested here when the men , horses and several hundred Ottoman prisoners were watered and fed . During this time a squadron led by armoured cars went ahead to reconnoitre the track across the Mount Carmel Range from Sindiane through the Abu Shusheh Pass . The reconnaissance group reported the track across the Abu Shusheh pass rough and in a bad repair . Macandrews informed Chauvel that his division would not be ready to move from Liktera before 18 : 15 when the 13th and 14th Cavalry Brigades would advance without wheels to negotiate the pass at night . As a consequence the 15th ( Imperial Service ) Cavalry Brigade remained to guard the guns . The artillery and the Jodhpur and 1st Hyderabad Lancers , were to follow at daylight on 20 September , while the Mysore Lancers waited at Liktera for the division 's transport , which they were to guard . Chauvel arrived at Liktera after midnight on 19 / 20 September when he ordered the 15th ( Imperial Service ) Cavalry Brigade to take the 5th Cavalry Division 's guns via J 'ara and Abu Shushe . They arrived at Abu Shusheh at 03 : 00 and rejoin their division at Afulah during the night . = = = Approach to Nazareth = = = The 13th and 14th Cavalry Brigades , commanded by Brigadier Generals Kelly and Clarke respectively , successfully rode through the Abu Shusheh Pass during the night of 19 / 20 September without incident . The 18th Lancers , 13th Cavalry Brigade , had taken the vanguard from the 9th Hodson 's Horse , advancing north along Napoleon 's route to Ez Zerganiya 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) north @-@ west of Kerkur to the Wadi Qudrah , which they followed north of Subbarin village . They turned east to enter the Abu Shusheh Pass , moving in single file for most of the way along the rough , narrow track following the Wadi el Fuwar to J 'ara on the northern side of the watershed at 01 : 00 on 20 September . Two squadrons of the 9th Hodson 's Horse were deployed at J 'ara in a rearguard position to defend the pass from an attack from Haifa . The front of the long column reached Abu Shusheh at 02 : 15 where they remained until 03 : 00 while the brigades concentrated . Having entered the Esdrealon Plain they cut a 100 yards ( 91 m ) section of the Haifa to Afulah railway line which was blown up and destroyed . = = = Desert Mounted Corps plans = = = Once on the Esdraelon Plain , the objectives of the 5th Cavalry Division were to attack and capture Nazareth , Liman von Sanders and his headquarters 70 miles ( 110 km ) from the Asurf , before clearing the plain to Afulah . Meanwhile , the 4th Cavalry Division 's objective after arriving on the Esdraelon Plan through the Musmus Pass was to capture Afulah . Later the same day , this division was to advance eastwards across the plain , to capture Beisan and occupy the road and railway bridges to the north , over the Jordan River . In particular , they were to hold or destroy the Jisr Mejamieh bridge 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of Beisan and 97 miles ( 156 km ) from the front line . In reserve , the Australian Mounted Division was to enter the Esdraelon Plain and occupy Lejjun while the 3rd Light Horse Brigade advanced to capture Jenin 68 miles ( 109 km ) from the front line . = = Battle = = At daylight a reconnaissance by No. 1 Squadron aircraft reported three British armoured cars halfway across the Esdraelon Plain on their way to Afulah , a cavalry brigade at Lejjun and two brigades just entering the plain advancing on a broad front . The 5th Cavalry Division had ordered the 14th Cavalry Brigade to Afulah . This brigade reached the Afulah to Nazareth road at about 05 : 30 , and at 07 : 15 after attacking a German or Ottoman force , the 20th Deccan Horse captured Afulah railway station and about 300 prisoners . The division 's artillery , which had moved through the Abu Shusheh pass during the morning , rejoin the 5th Cavalry Division at Afulah later in the day . The 5th Cavalry Division 's remaining brigade ; the 13th Cavalry Brigade reached Nazareth at 05 : 30 , having been weakened by diversions and a number of detachments . One squadron of 9th Hodson 's Horse had lost touch during the night march . Two troops of lancers were clearing the village of Yafa . The 18th Lancers surrounded and captured 200 sleeping Ottoman soldiers in the village of El Mujeidil at 03 : 30 , which they had mistaken for Nazareth . While the rest of the brigade were collecting prisoners , the only unit available to attack Nazareth , the Gloucester Hussars , was ordered to take over the advanced guard and attack Nazareth , closely followed by one squadron and three troops of the 18th Lancers . = = = Nazareth = = = Nazareth had a population of 15 @,@ 000 living in homes built at the bottom and on the steep sides of a depression in the Galilean Hills . These homes were dominated by buildings on top of the hills to the north @-@ west , while the roads from Afulah and Haifa winding their way up the steep hillside towards the town , joined 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) from Nazareth 's southern edge . On the left of the main road into the town , the Yildirim Army Group 's mess was located in the Hotel Germania , while 500 yards ( 460 m ) further on the General Headquarters and Liman von Sanders offices were in the Monastery of Casa Nuova . My Cavalry are now in rear of the Turkish Army ... One of my Cavalry Divisions surrounded Liman von Sanders ' Headquarters , at Nazareth , at 03 : 00 today ; but Liman had made a bolt , at 19 : 00 yesterday . Between 05 : 00 and 05 : 30 on 20 September , the leading troop of the Gloucester Hussars , after riding more than 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) , arrived at Nazareth with swords drawn . They captured many prisoners at the Hotel Germania and a mass of documents were found in houses nearby . Meanwhile , the bulk of Yilderim Army Group 's records were being burned at the Monastery of Casa Nuova . The commander of 13th Cavalry Brigade requested the assistance of the 14th Cavalry Brigade through 5th Cavalry Division 's headquarters at 06 : 50 . He reported the 13th Cavalry Brigade had captured many prisoners and material but that Liman von Sanders had left the evening before . The 14th Cavalry Brigade ( 5th Cavalry Division ) was unable to assist the attack on Nazareth . The brigade had captured 1 @,@ 200 prisoners during their advance southwards to capture Afulah where they joined the leading troops of the 10th Cavalry Brigade ( 4th Cavalry Division ) . At Nazareth , the initial attack by the Gloucester Hussars was strongly opposed during street fighting . The Congestion created by prisoners was increased by numerous German lorries parked along the narrow streets . As they were continuing their attack , the Gloucester Hussars were fired on by machine guns from the buildings on the high ground to the north @-@ west and from balconies and windows . At 08 : 00 the Gloucester Hussars were reinforced by two squadrons and three troops of the 18th Lancers followed by a squadron of the 9th Hodson 's Horse . They were subsequently counter @-@ attack by German office workers who , despite being almost annihilated by the 13th Cavalry Brigade 's machine guns , held off the British cavalry attack . At 10 : 55 divisional headquarters replied to the 13th Brigade 's request for assistance that the 14th Cavalry Brigade could not be sent to Nazareth because of " the state of the horses . " The 13th Cavalry Brigade was ordered to withdraw to the north of Afulah , taking with them 1 @,@ 250 prisoners , having ridden 50 miles ( 80 km ) in 22 hours . The Gloucester Hussars suffered 13 men killed and 28 horses and the 9th Hodgson 's Horse suffered 9 men killed . Kelly , the commander of 13th Cavalry Brigade , had failed to capture Nazareth ; failed to force a way through the town to cut the road from Nazareth to Tiberias and failed to capture Liman von Sanders . He was held responsible and lost his command as a result . = = Aftermath = = The 13th Cavalry Brigade moved to cut the Nazareth to Tiberias road to the north of the town , before being ordered to return and occupy the town the next morning . By then the German and Ottoman forces had retired towards Tiberias from Nazareth which was occupied without opposition . The 4th Cavalry Division , which had advanced to capture Beisan in the afternoon of 20 September , now controlled the area north along the River Jordan , while the 5th Cavalry Division garrisoned Afulah and the Nazareth area . Here motor ambulances , which had been working in the Judean Hills , rejoined their division on 22 September . The Australian Mounted Division 's 3rd Light Horse Brigade occupied Jenin . In consequence , all direct routes northwards were now controlled by the Desert Mounted Corps , forcing the retreating Ottoman Seventh Army and what remained of the Eighth Army to withdraw along minor roads and tracks heading eastwards across the Jordan River , towards the Hedjaz railway . During the first 36 hours of the Battle of Sharon ; between 04 : 30 on 19 September and 17 : 00 on 20 September , the German and Ottoman front line had been cut by infantry and the cavalry had passed through the gap to reach their objectives at Afulah , Nazareth and Beisan . The continuing infantry attack from the south forced the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth armies in the Judean Hills to withdraw northwards . By the end of 20 September , the main achievements of the British infantry during the Battle of Tulkarm were the expulsion of the Eighth Army from the coastal Plain of Sharon and the capture the Eighth Army headquarters at Tulkarm . The 60th Division also captured Anebta in the Judean Hills , while their attached 5th Light Horse Brigade cut the Jenin railway south of Arrabe . During the Battle of Tabsor the 7th ( Meerut ) Division captured the village of Beit Lid and controlled the crossroads at Deir Sheraf . By this time the Desert Mounted Corps blocked the Seventh Army and what remained of the Eighth Army 's main lines of retreat north from the Judean Hills . A large proportion of a retreating column seen withdrawing from Nablus in the direction of Beisan , would be captured at Jenin after the 3rd Light Horse Brigade 's Capture of Jenin . By dusk 4 @,@ 000 prisoners had been captured and brigade transport following the cavalry divisions was 20 miles ( 32 km ) inside Ottoman territory . After negotiating the heavy sand at Arsuf and at Nahr Iskanderun , the Desert Mounted Corps ' transport wagon train reached Liktera at 09 : 00 on 20 September . They were escorted through the Musmus Pass and arrived at Afulah at noon on 21 September . Liman von Sanders and his headquarters ' staff escaped by motor vehicle along the road from Nazareth to Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee . From there they drove on to Samakh in the afternoon , where Liman von Sanders organised a strong rearguard which would be attacked by Australian light horse on 25 September during the Battle of Samakh . Liman von Sanders ordered the Samkh garrison , under German command and supported by German machine guns , to prepare for an attack ; they were to fight " to the last man " . During early stages of his journey , Liman von Sanders could not communicate with his armies , leaving the Fourth , Seventh and Eighth Armies without orders or direction . = Oklahoma = Oklahoma / ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə / ( Cherokee : Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ ; or transliterated from English as ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ( òɡàlàhoma ) , Pawnee : Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga : Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central United States . Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning " red people " . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non @-@ Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date , and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which opened the door for white settlement in America 's Indian Territory . The name was settled upon statehood , Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name . On November 16 , 1907 , Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union . Its residents are known as Oklahomans , or informally " Okies " , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . In 2007 , it had one of the fastest @-@ growing economies in the United States , ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth . Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two @-@ thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas . With small mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers and the U.S. Interior Highlands — a region especially prone to severe weather . In addition to having a prevalence of English , German , Scottish , Scotch @-@ Irish , and Native American ancestry , more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma , second only to California . Oklahoma is located on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for southern settlers , and a government @-@ sanctioned territory for Native Americans . = = Etymology = = The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma , literally meaning red people . Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory , in which he envisioned an all @-@ Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs . Equivalent to the English word Indian , okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole . Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory , and it was officially approved in 1890 , two years after the area was opened to white settlers . = = Geography = = Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States , covering an area of 69 @,@ 898 square miles ( 181 @,@ 035 km2 ) , with 68 @,@ 667 square miles ( 177847 km2 ) of land and 1 @,@ 281 square miles ( 3 @,@ 188 km2 ) of water . It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states . It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri , on the north by Kansas , on the northwest by Colorado , on the far west by New Mexico , and on the south and near @-@ west by Texas . The western edge of the Oklahoma panhandle is out of alignment with its Texas border . The Oklahoma / New Mexico border is actually 2 @.@ 1 to 2 @.@ 2 miles east of the Texas line . The border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819 . It was then set along the 103rd Meridian . In the 1890s , when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques , it was discovered that the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian . Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819 , and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2 @.@ 2 miles to the east . It was much easier to leave the mistake as it was than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the original surveying error . The placement of the Oklahoma / New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian . Cimarron County in Oklahoma 's panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states : New Mexico , Texas , Colorado and Kansas . = = = Topography = = = Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed , generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary . Its highest and lowest points follow this trend , with its highest peak , Black Mesa , at 4 @,@ 973 feet ( 1 @,@ 516 m ) above sea level , situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle . The state 's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel , OK , which dips to 289 feet ( 88 m ) above sea level . Among the most geographically diverse states , Oklahoma is one of four to harbor more than 10 distinct ecological regions , with 11 in its borders – more per square mile than in any other state . Its western and eastern halves , however , are marked by extreme differences in geographical diversity : Eastern Oklahoma touches eight ecological regions and its western half contains three . Although having fewer ecological regions Western Oklahoma contains many rare , relic species . Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges : the Ouachita Mountains , the Arbuckle Mountains , the Wichita Mountains , and the Ozark Mountains . Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region , the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains mark the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians . A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north @-@ central Oklahoma , and near the state 's eastern border , Cavanal Hill is regarded by the Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department as the world 's tallest hill ; at 1 @,@ 999 feet ( 609 m ) , it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot . The semi @-@ arid high plains in the state 's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests ; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains . Partial plains interrupted by small , sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma ; transitional prairie and oak savannahs cover the central portion of the state . The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state 's eastern third , gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction . More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma 's waterways , and with 200 lakes created by dams , it holds the highest number of artificial reservoirs in the nation . Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas rivers , though the Lee and Little rivers also contain significant drainage basins . = = = Flora and fauna = = = Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass , mixed @-@ grass , and tallgrass prairie , harbor expansive ecosystems in the state 's central and western portions , although cropland has largely replaced native grasses . Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state , shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems , though pinyon pines , red cedar ( junipers ) , and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the far western reaches of the panhandle . Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare , disjunct species including sugar maple , bigtooth maple , nolina and southern live oak . Marshlands , sabal minor , cypress forests and mixtures of shortleaf pine , loblolly pine and deciduous forests dominate the state 's southeastern quarter , while mixtures of largely post oak , elm , red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ) and pine forests cover northeastern Oklahoma . The state holds populations of white @-@ tailed deer , mule deer , antelope , coyotes , mountain lions , bobcats , elk , and birds such as quail , doves , cardinals , bald eagles , red @-@ tailed hawks , and pheasants . In prairie ecosystems , American bison , greater prairie chickens , badgers , and armadillo are common , and some of the nation 's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state 's panhandle . The Cross Timbers , a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma , harbors 351 vertebrate species . The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear , red fox , grey fox , and river otter populations , which coexist with a total of 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma . Also , in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator . = = = Protected lands = = = Oklahoma has 50 state parks , six national parks or protected regions , two national protected forests or grasslands , and a network of wildlife preserves and conservation areas . Six percent of the state 's 10 million acres ( 40 @,@ 000 km2 ) of forest is public land , including the western portions of the Ouachita National Forest , the largest and oldest national forest in the Southern United States . With 39 @,@ 000 acres ( 158 km2 ) , the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north @-@ central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area , once covering 14 states . In addition , the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31 @,@ 300 acres ( 127 km2 ) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma . The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901 , encompassing 59 @,@ 020 acres ( 238 @.@ 8 km2 ) . Of Oklahoma 's federally protected park or recreational sites ; the Chickasaw National Recreation Area is the largest , with 9 @,@ 898 @.@ 63 acres ( 18 km2 ) . Other sites include the Santa Fe and Trail of Tears national historic trails , the Fort Smith and Washita Battlefield national historic sites , and the Oklahoma City National Memorial . = = = Climate = = = Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region . Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north , semi @-@ arid climate to the west , and humid subtropical climate in the central , south and eastern portions of the state . Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold , dry air from Canada , warm to hot , dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S. , and warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico . The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather ( severe thunderstorms , damaging thunderstorm winds , large hail and tornadoes ) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth . An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year — one of the highest rates in the world . Because of Oklahoma 's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds , weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances and can change drastically in a short time . As an example , on November 11 , 1911 , the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) in the afternoon ( the record high for that date ) , then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state , causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees , down to 17 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) at midnight ( the record low for that date ) ; thus , both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date . This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area , such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak , when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front , resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour over the course of a day . The humid subtropical climate ( Koppen Cfa ) of central , southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico . Traveling westward , the climate transitions progressively toward a semi @-@ arid zone ( Koppen BSk ) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward , less frequently touched by southern moisture . Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly , with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches ( 1 @,@ 020 mm ) and up to 56 inches ( 1 @,@ 420 mm ) , while areas of the ( higher @-@ elevation ) panhandle average 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , with an annual rainfall under 17 inches ( 430 mm ) . Over almost all of Oklahoma , winter is the driest season . Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May , the wettest month over most of the state , with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity . Early June can still be wet , but most years see a marked decrease in rainfall during June and early July . Mid @-@ summer ( July and August ) represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma , with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years . Severe drought is common in the hottest summers , such as those of 1934 , 1954 , 1980 and 2011 , all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and high temperatures well over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Average precipitation rises again from September to mid @-@ October , representing a secondary wetter season , then declines from late October through December . All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) or below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) , though below @-@ zero temperatures are rare in south @-@ central and southeastern Oklahoma . Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches ( 10 cm ) in the south to just over 20 inches ( 51 cm ) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle . The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center , the National Severe Storms Laboratory , and the Warning Decision Training Branch , all part of the National Weather Service and located in Norman . Oklahoma 's highest recorded temperature of 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) was recorded at Tipton on June 27 , 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of − 31 ° F ( − 35 ° C ) was recorded at Nowata on February 10 , 2011 . = = History = = Evidence exists that native peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age . Ancestors of the Wichita and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma . The Panhandle culture peoples were precontact residents of the panhandle region . The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds , in what is now Spiro , Oklahoma , which flourished between AD 850 and 1450 . Spaniard Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541 , but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803 , when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase . The territory now known as Oklahoma was first a part of the Arkansas Territory from 1819 until 1828 . During the 19th century , thousands of Native Americans were expelled from their ancestral homelands from across North America and transported to the area including and surrounding present @-@ day Oklahoma . The Choctaw was the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to be removed from the southeastern United States . The phrase " Trail of Tears " originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831 , although the term is usually used for the Cherokee removal . A total of 17 @,@ 000 Cherokees and 2 @,@ 000 of their black slaves were deported . The area , already occupied by Osage and Quapaw tribes , was called for the Choctaw Nation until revised Native American and then later American policy redefined the boundaries to include other Native Americans . By 1890 , more than 30 Native American nations and tribes had been concentrated on land within Indian Territory or " Indian Country " . All Five Civilized Tribes supported and signed treaties with the Confederate military during the American Civil War . The Cherokee Nation had an internal civil war . Slavery in Indian Territory was not abolished until 1866 . In the period between 1866 and 1899 , cattle ranches in Texas strove to meet the demands for food in eastern cities and railroads in Kansas promised to deliver in a timely manner . Cattle trails and cattle ranches developed as cowboys either drove their product north or settled illegally in Indian Territory . In 1881 , four of five major cattle trails on the western frontier traveled through Indian Territory . Increased presence of white settlers in Indian Territory prompted the United States Government to establish the Dawes Act in 1887 , which divided the lands of individual tribes into allotments for individual families , encouraging farming and private land ownership among Native Americans but expropriating land to the federal government . In the process , railroad companies took nearly half of Indian @-@ held land within the territory for outside settlers and for purchase . Major land runs , including the Land Run of 1889 , were held for settlers where certain territories were opened to settlement starting at a precise time . Usually land was open to settlers on a first come first served basis . Those who broke the rules by crossing the border into the territory before the official opening time were said to have been crossing the border sooner , leading to the term sooners , which eventually became the state 's official nickname . Deliberations to make the territory into a state began near the end of the 19th century , when the Curtis Act continued the allotment of Indian tribal land . = = = 20th and 21st centuries = = = Attempts to create an all @-@ Indian state named Oklahoma and a later attempt to create an all @-@ Indian state named Sequoyah failed but the Sequoyah Statehood Convention of 1905 eventually laid the groundwork for the Oklahoma Statehood Convention , which took place two years later . On November 16 , 1907 , Oklahoma was established as the 46th state in the Union . The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry , as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth . Tulsa eventually became known as the " Oil Capital of the World " for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state 's early economy . In 1927 , Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery , known as the " Father of Route 66 " , began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66 . Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo , Texas to Tulsa , Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66 , Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66 , based in his hometown of Tulsa . Oklahoma also has a rich African American history . There were many black towns that thrived in the early 20th century because of black settlers moving from neighboring states , especially Kansas . The politician Edward P. McCabe encouraged black settlers to come to what was then Indian Territory . He discussed with President Theodore Roosevelt the possibility of making Oklahoma a majority @-@ black state . By the early 20th century , the Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa was one of the most prosperous African @-@ American communities in the United States . Jim Crow laws had established racial segregation since before the start of the 20th century , but the blacks had created a thriving area . Social tensions were exacerbated by the revival of the Ku Klux Klan after 1915 . The Tulsa Race Riot broke out in 1921 , with whites attacking blacks . In one of the costliest episodes of racial violence in American history , sixteen hours of rioting resulted in 35 city blocks destroyed , $ 1 @.@ 8 million in property damage , and a death toll estimated to be as high as 300 people . By the late 1920s , the Ku Klux Klan had declined to negligible influence within the state . During the 1930s , parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices , extended drought and high winds . Known as the Dust Bowl , areas of Kansas , Texas , New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures , sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States . Over a twenty @-@ year period ending in 1950 , the state saw its only historical decline in population , dropping 6 @.@ 9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl . Soil and water conservation projects markedly changed practices in the state and led to the construction of massive flood control systems and dams ; they built hundreds of reservoirs and man @-@ made lakes to supply water for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation . By the 1960s , Oklahoma had created more than 200 lakes , the most in the nation . In 1995 , Oklahoma City was the site of one of the most destructive acts of domestic terrorism in American history . The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19 , 1995 , in which Timothy McVeigh detonated a large , crude explosive device outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , killed 168 people , including 19 children . For his crime , McVeigh was executed by the federal government on June 11 , 2001 . His accomplice , Terry Nichols , is serving life in prison without parole for helping plan the attack and prepare the explosive . On May 31 , 2016 , several cities experienced record setting flooding . = = Demographics = = The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Oklahoma was 3 @,@ 911 @,@ 338 on July 1 , 2015 , a 4 @.@ 26 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . At the 2010 Census , 68 @.@ 7 % of the population was non @-@ Hispanic White , down from 88 % in 1970 , 7 @.@ 3 % non @-@ Hispanic Black or African American , 8 @.@ 2 % non @-@ Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native , 1 @.@ 7 % non @-@ Hispanic Asian , 0 @.@ 1 % non @-@ Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 0 @.@ 1 % from some other race ( non @-@ Hispanic ) and 5 @.@ 1 % of two or more races ( non @-@ Hispanic ) . 8 @.@ 9 % of Oklahoma 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin ( they may be of any race ) . As of 2011 , 47 @.@ 3 % of Oklahoma 's population younger than age 1 were minorities , meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non @-@ Hispanic white . As of 2008 Oklahoma had a population of 3 @,@ 642 @,@ 361 with an estimated 2005 ancestral makeup of 14 @.@ 5 % German , 13 @.@ 1 % American , 11 @.@ 8 % Irish , 9 @.@ 6 % English , 8 @.@ 1 % African American , and 11 @.@ 4 % Native American ( including 7 @.@ 9 % Cherokee ) though the percentage of people claiming American Indian as their only race was 8 @.@ 1 % . Most people from Oklahoma who self @-@ identify as having American ancestry are of overwhelmingly English ancestry with significant amounts of Scottish and Welsh inflection as well . The state had the second @-@ highest number of Native Americans in 2002 , estimated at 395 @,@ 219 , as well as the second highest percentage among all states . As of 2006 , 4 @.@ 7 % of Oklahoma 's residents were foreign born , compared to 12 @.@ 4 % for the nation . The center of population of Oklahoma is located in Lincoln County near the town of Sparks . The state 's 2006 per capita personal income ranked 37th at $ 32 @,@ 210 , though it has the third fastest @-@ growing per capita income in the nation and ranks consistently among the lowest states in cost of living index . The Oklahoma City suburb Nichols Hills is first on Oklahoma locations by per capita income at $ 73 @,@ 661 , though Tulsa County holds the highest average . In 2011 , 7 @.@ 0 % of Oklahomans were under the age of 5 , 24 @.@ 7 % under 18 , and 13 @.@ 7 % were 65 or older . Females made up 50 @.@ 5 % of the population . = = = Language = = = The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010 . The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English , and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland , South Midland , and Southern dialects . In 2000 , 2 @,@ 977 @,@ 187 Oklahomans — 92 @.@ 6 % of the resident population five years or older — spoke only English at home , a decrease from 95 % in 1990 . 238 @,@ 732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census , about 7 @.@ 4 % of the total population of the state . Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state , with 141 @,@ 060 speakers counted in 2000 . The most commonly spoken native North American language is Cherokee , with 10 @,@ 000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma . Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians . German has 13 @,@ 444 speakers representing about 0 @.@ 4 % of the total state population , and Vietnamese is spoken by 11 @,@ 330 people , or about 0 @.@ 4 % of the population , many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City . Other languages include French with 8 @,@ 258 speakers ( 0 @.@ 3 % ) , Chinese with 6 @,@ 413 ( 0 @.@ 2 % ) , Korean with 3 @,@ 948 ( 0 @.@ 1 % ) , Arabic with 3 @,@ 265 ( 0 @.@ 1 % ) , other Asian languages with 3 @,@ 134 ( 0 @.@ 1 % ) , Tagalog with 2 @,@ 888 ( 0 @.@ 1 % ) , Japanese with 2 @,@ 546 ( 0 @.@ 1 % ) , and African languages with 2 @,@ 546 ( 0 @.@ 1 % ) . In addition to Cherokee , more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma , second only to California ( though , it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present ) . = = = Religion = = = Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the " Bible Belt " . Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States , the area is known for politically and socially conservative views , even though Oklahoma has more voters registered with the Democratic Party than with any other party . Tulsa , the state 's second largest city , home to Oral Roberts University , is sometimes called the " buckle of the Bible Belt " . According to the Pew Research Center , the majority of Oklahoma 's religious adherents are Christian , accounting for about 80 percent of the population . The percentage of Oklahomans affiliated with Catholicism is half of the national average , while the percentage affiliated with Evangelical Protestantism is more than twice the national average – tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state . In 2010 , the state 's largest church memberships were in the Southern Baptist Convention ( 886 @,@ 394 members ) , the United Methodist Church ( 282 @,@ 347 ) , the Roman Catholic Church ( 178 @,@ 430 ) , and the Assemblies of God ( 85 @,@ 926 ) . Other religions represented in the state include Buddhism , Hinduism , and Islam . In 2000 , there were about 5 @,@ 000 Jews and 6 @,@ 000 Muslims , with 10 congregations to each group . Oklahoma religious makeup : Evangelical Protestant – 53 % Mainline Protestant – 16 % Roman Catholic – 13 % Other – 6 % Unaffiliated – 12 % = = Economy = = Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation , energy , transportation equipment , food processing , electronics , and telecommunications . Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas , aircraft , and food . The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas , is the 27th @-@ most agriculturally productive state , and also ranks 5th in production of wheat . Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma , and it has been rated one of the most business @-@ friendly states in the nation , with the 7th @-@ lowest tax burden in 2007 . In 2010 , Oklahoma City @-@ based Love 's Travel Stops & Country Stores ranked 18th on the Forbes list of largest private companies , Tulsa @-@ based QuikTrip ranked 37th , and Oklahoma City @-@ based Hobby Lobby ranked 198th in 2010 report . Oklahoma 's gross domestic product grew from $ 131 @.@ 9 billion in 2006 to $ 147 @.@ 5 billion in 2010 , a jump of 10 @.@ 6 percent . Oklahoma 's gross domestic product per capita was $ 35 @,@ 480 in 2010 , which was ranked 40th among the states . Though oil has historically dominated the state 's economy , a collapse in the energy industry during the 1980s led to the loss of nearly 90 @,@ 000 energy @-@ related jobs between 1980 and 2000 , severely damaging the local economy . Oil accounted for 35 billion dollars in Oklahoma 's economy in 2007 , and employment in the state 's oil industry was outpaced by five other industries in 2007 . As of September 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate is 4 @.@ 4 % . = = = Industry = = = In mid @-@ 2011 , Oklahoma had a civilian labor force of 1 @.@ 7 million and total non @-@ farm employment fluctuated around 1 @.@ 5 million . The government sector provides the most jobs , with 339 @,@ 300 in 2011 , followed by the transportation and utilities sector , providing 279 @,@ 500 jobs , and the sectors of education , business , and manufacturing , providing 207 @,@ 800 , 177 @,@ 400 , and 132 @,@ 700 jobs , respectively . Among the state 's largest industries , the aerospace sector generates $ 11 billion annually . Tulsa is home to the largest airline maintenance base in the world , which serves as the global maintenance and engineering headquarters for American Airlines . In total , aerospace accounts for more than 10 percent of Oklahoma 's industrial output , and it is one of the top 10 states in aerospace engine manufacturing . Because of its position in the center of the United States , Oklahoma is also among the top states for logistic centers , and a major contributor to weather @-@ related research . The state is the top manufacturer of tires in North America and contains one of the fastest @-@ growing biotechnology industries in the nation . In 2005 , international exports from Oklahoma 's manufacturing industry totaled $ 4 @.@ 3 billion , accounting for 3 @.@ 6 percent of its economic impact . Tire manufacturing , meat processing , oil and gas equipment manufacturing , and air conditioner manufacturing are the state 's largest manufacturing industries . = = = Energy = = = Oklahoma is the nation 's third @-@ largest producer of natural gas , fifth @-@ largest producer of crude oil , and has the second @-@ greatest number of active drilling rigs , and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves . While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011 , it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy , with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non @-@ renewable sources in 2009 , including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas . Oklahoma has no nuclear power . Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009 , Oklahoma 's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation . As a whole , the oil energy industry contributes $ 35 billion to Oklahoma 's gross domestic product , and employees of Oklahoma oil @-@ related companies earn an average of twice the state 's typical yearly income . In 2009 , the state had 83 @,@ 700 commercial oil wells churning 65 @.@ 374 million barrels ( 10 @,@ 393 @,@ 600 m3 ) of crude oil . Eight and a half percent of the nation 's natural gas supply is held in Oklahoma , with 1 @.@ 673 trillion cubic feet ( 47 @.@ 4 km3 ) being produced in 2009 . According to Forbes magazine , Oklahoma City @-@ based Devon Energy Corporation , Chesapeake Energy Corporation , and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil @-@ related companies in the nation , and all of Oklahoma 's Fortune 500 companies are energy @-@ related . Tulsa 's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state 's largest and second @-@ largest companies respectively , also ranking as the nation 's second and third @-@ largest companies in the field of energy , according to Fortune magazine . The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second @-@ largest company in the mining and crude oil @-@ producing industry in the nation , while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and Oklahoma Gas & Electric ranks as the 25th @-@ largest gas and electric utility company . Oklahoma Gas & Electric , commonly referred to as OG & E ( NYSE : OGE ) operates four base electric power plants in Oklahoma . Two of them are coal @-@ fired power plants : one in Muskogee , and the other in Redrock . Two are gas @-@ fired power plants : one in Harrah and the other in Konawa . OG & E was the first electric company in Oklahoma to generate electricity from wind farms in 2003 . = = = = Wind generation = = = = Source : = = = Agriculture = = = The 27th @-@ most agriculturally productive state , Oklahoma is fifth in cattle production and fifth in production of wheat . Approximately 5 @.@ 5 percent of American beef comes from Oklahoma , while the state produces 6 @.@ 1 percent of American wheat , 4 @.@ 2 percent of American pig products , and 2 @.@ 2 percent of dairy products . The state had 85 @,@ 500 farms in 2012 , collectively producing $ 4 @.@ 3 billion in animal products and fewer than one billion dollars in crop output with more than $ 6 @.@ 1 billion added to the state 's gross domestic product . Poultry and swine are its second and third @-@ largest agricultural industries . = = Culture = = Oklahoma is placed in the South by the United States Census Bureau , but lies fully or partially in the Midwest , Southwest , and southern cultural regions by varying definitions , and partially in the Upland South and Great Plains by definitions of abstract geographical @-@ cultural regions . Oklahomans have a high rate of English , Scotch @-@ Irish , German , and Native American ancestry , with 25 different native languages spoken . Because many Native Americans were forced to move to Oklahoma when White settlement in North America increased , Oklahoma has much linguistic diversity . Mary Linn , an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Oklahoma and the associate curator of Native American languages at the Sam Noble Museum , notes that Oklahoma also has high levels of language endangerment . Six governments have claimed the area now known as Oklahoma at different times , and 67 Native American tribes are represented in Oklahoma , including 39 federally recognized tribes , who are headquartered and have tribal jurisdictional areas in the state . Western ranchers , Native American tribes , southern settlers , and eastern oil barons have shaped the state 's cultural predisposition , and its largest cities have been named among the most underrated cultural destinations in the United States . Residents of Oklahoma are associated with traits of southern hospitality – the 2006 Catalogue for Philanthropy ( with data from 2004 ) ranks Oklahomans 7th in the nation for overall generosity . The state has also been associated with a negative cultural stereotype first popularized by John Steinbeck 's novel The Grapes of Wrath , which described the plight of uneducated , poverty @-@ stricken Dust Bowl @-@ era farmers deemed " Okies " . However , the term is often used in a positive manner by Oklahomans . = = = Arts and theater = = = In the state 's largest urban areas , pockets of jazz culture flourish , and Native American , Mexican American , and Asian American communities produce music and art of their respective cultures . The Oklahoma Mozart Festival in Bartlesville is one of the largest classical music festivals on the southern plains , and Oklahoma City 's Festival of the Arts has been named one of the top fine arts festivals in the nation . The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame . These were Yvonne Chouteau , sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief , Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin , known collectively as the Five Moons . The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States . The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma 's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov . The University program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States . In Sand Springs , an outdoor amphitheater called " Discoveryland ! " is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma ! Ridge Bond , native of McAlester , Oklahoma , starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma ! , playing the role of " Curly McClain " in more than 2 @,@ 600 performances . In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma ! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast . Bond was instrumental in the title song becoming the Oklahoma state song and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical 's 50th anniversary . Historically , the state has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing , which was popularized at Cain 's Ballroom in Tulsa . The building , known as the " Carnegie Hall of Western Swing " , served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s . Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music , the best @-@ known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers . Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include , in the capital city , Oklahoma City Theatre Company , Carpenter Square Theatre , Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park , and CityRep . CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals . In Tulsa , Oklahoma 's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company , and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi . Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater . The cities of Norman , Lawton , and Stillwater , among others , also host well @-@ reviewed community theatre companies . Oklahoma is in the nation 's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts , ranking 17th , and contains more than 300 museums . The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman , one of the largest university @-@ based art and history museums in the country , documents the natural history of the region . The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa , which also holds the world 's largest , most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West . The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee @-@ Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles . The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world , and Oklahoma City 's National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier . With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism , the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States . = = = Festivals and events = = = Oklahoma 's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association , and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16 , 2007 . Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events , and include festivals ( as examples ) in Scottish , Irish , German , Italian , Vietnamese , Chinese , Czech , Jewish , Arab , Mexican and African @-@ American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions . During a 10 @-@ day run in Oklahoma City , the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts . Large national pow @-@ wows , various Latin and Asian heritage festivals , and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year . The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its 10 @-@ day run , and the city 's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375 @,@ 000 people in four days during 2007 . In 2006 , Tulsa 's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today and one of the top German food festivals in the nation by Bon Appetit magazine . Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival , a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians . Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman , which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma 's first medieval fair . The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003 . The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma 's " largest weekend event and the third largest event in Oklahoma , and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation " . = = Education = = With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions , Oklahoma had 638 @,@ 817 students enrolled in 1 @,@ 845 public primary , secondary , and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008 . Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126 @,@ 078 students in the 2009 @-@ 10 school year . Ranked near the bottom of states in expenditures per student , Oklahoma spent $ 7 @,@ 755 for each student in 2008 , 47th in the nation , though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd . The state is among the best in pre @-@ kindergarten education , and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards , quality , and access to pre @-@ kindergarten education in 2004 , calling it a model for early childhood schooling . High school dropout rate decreased from 3 @.@ 1 to 2 @.@ 5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate . In 2004 , the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas , though at 85 @.@ 2 percent , it had the highest rate among southern states . Oklahoma State University , the University of Oklahoma , the University of Central Oklahoma , and Northeastern State University are the largest public institutions of higher education in Oklahoma , operating through one primary campus and satellite campuses throughout the state . The two state universities , along with Oklahoma City University and the University of Tulsa , rank among the country 's best in undergraduate business programs . Oklahoma City University School of Law , University of Oklahoma College of Law , and University of Tulsa College of Law are the state 's only ABA accredited institutions . Both University of Oklahoma and University of Tulsa are Tier 1 institutions , with the University of Oklahoma ranked 68th and the University of Tulsa ranked 86th in the nation . Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities , including Northeastern State University , the second @-@ oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River , also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount . Langston University is Oklahoma 's only historically black college . Six of the state 's universities were placed in the Princeton Review 's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007 , and three made the list of top colleges for best value . The state has 55 post @-@ secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma 's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade . In the 2007 – 2008 school year , there were 181 @,@ 973 undergraduate students , 20 @,@ 014 graduate students , and 4 @,@ 395 first @-@ professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges . Of these students , 18 @,@ 892 received a bachelor 's degree , 5 @,@ 386 received a master 's degree , and 462 received a first professional degree . This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38 @,@ 278 degree @-@ holders per completions component ( i.e. July 1 , 2007 – June 30 , 2008 ) . National average is 68 @,@ 322 total degrees awarded per completions component . = = = Non @-@ English Education = = = The Cherokee Nation instigated a 10 @-@ year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home . This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years , 80 % or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language . The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $ 3 million into opening schools , training teachers , and developing curricula for language education , as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used . There is a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah , Oklahoma that educates students from pre @-@ school through eighth grade . Graduates are fluent speakers of the language . Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language , including the University of Oklahoma and Northeastern State University . = = Sports = = Oklahoma has teams in basketball , football , arena football , baseball , soccer , hockey , and wrestling located in Oklahoma City , Tulsa , Enid , Norman , and Lawton . The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the state 's only major league sports franchise . The state had a team in the Women 's National Basketball Association , the Tulsa Shock , from 2010 through 2015 , but the team relocated to Dallas – Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings . Oklahoma supports teams in several minor leagues , including Minor League Baseball at the AAA and AA levels ( Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers , respectively ) , hockey 's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers , and a number of indoor football leagues . In the last @-@ named sport , the state 's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons , which played in the Arena Football League until 2012 , when the team was moved to San Antonio . The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa 's only professional arena football team , playing the CPIFL . The Oklahoma City Blue , of the NBA Development League , relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014 , where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers . Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution , which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League . Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA . The NBA 's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City 's Ford Center , now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena , for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . In July 2008 , the Seattle SuperSonics , a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC , a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clay Bennett , relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008 – 09 season , becoming the state 's first permanent major league franchise . Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state . The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports , NCAA Division I. The most prominent are the state 's two members of the Big 12 Conference , one of the so @-@ called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football , Division I FBS . The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50 @,@ 000 fans attending their football games , and Oklahoma 's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010 , with an average of 84 @,@ 738 people attending its home games . The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series , which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state . Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation . Two private institutions in Tulsa , the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University ; are also Division I members . Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference , while Oral Roberts , which does not sponsor football , is a member of The Summit League . In addition , 12 of the state 's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of four different conferences , and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA , mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference . Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa , and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa , Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City , and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa . Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation , Southern Hills has hosted four PGA Championships , including one in 2007 , and three U.S. Opens , the most recent in 2001 . Rodeos are popular throughout the state , and Guymon , in the state 's panhandle , hosts one of the largest in the nation . = = = Current teams = = = = = Health = = Oklahoma was the 21st @-@ largest recipient of medical funding from the federal government in 2005 , with health @-@ related federal expenditures in the state totaling $ 75 @,@ 801 @,@ 364 ; immunizations , bioterrorism preparedness , and health education were the top three most funded medical items . Instances of major diseases are near the national average in Oklahoma , and the state ranks at or slightly above the rest of the country in percentage of people with asthma , diabetes , cancer , and hypertension . In 2000 , Oklahoma ranked 45th in physicians per capita and slightly below the national average in nurses per capita , but was slightly over the national average in hospital beds per 100 @,@ 000 people and above the national average in net growth of health services over a 12 @-@ year period . One of the worst states for percentage of insured people , nearly 25 percent of Oklahomans between the age of 18 and 64 did not have health insurance in 2005 , the fifth @-@ highest rate in the nation . Oklahomans are in the upper half of Americans in terms of obesity prevalence , and the state is the 5th most obese in the nation , with 30 @.@ 3 percent of its population at or near obesity . Oklahoma ranked last among the 50 states in a 2007 study by the Commonwealth Fund on health care performance . The OU Medical Center , Oklahoma 's largest collection of hospitals , is the only hospital in the state designated a Level I trauma center by the American College of Surgeons . OU Medical Center is located on the grounds of the Oklahoma Health Center in Oklahoma City , the state 's largest concentration of medical research facilities . The Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Southwestern Regional Medical Center in Tulsa is one of four such regional facilities nationwide , offering cancer treatment to the entire southwestern United States , and is one of the largest cancer treatment hospitals in the country . The largest osteopathic teaching facility in the nation , Oklahoma State University Medical Center at Tulsa , also rates as one of the largest facilities in the field of neuroscience . = = Media = = Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the 45th and 61st @-@ largest media markets in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research . The state 's third @-@ largest media market , Lawton @-@ Wichita Falls , Texas , is ranked 149th nationally by the agency . Broadcast television in Oklahoma began in 1949 when KFOR @-@ TV ( then WKY @-@ TV ) in Oklahoma City and KOTV @-@ TV in Tulsa began broadcasting a few months apart . Currently , all major American broadcast networks have affiliated television stations in the state . The state has two primary newspapers . The Oklahoman , based in Oklahoma City , is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th @-@ largest in the nation by circulation , with a weekday readership of 138 @,@ 493 and a Sunday readership of 202 @,@ 690 . The Tulsa World , the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation , holds a Sunday circulation of 132 @,@ 969 and a weekday readership of 93 @,@ 558 . Oklahoma 's first newspaper was established in 1844 , called the Cherokee Advocate , and was written in both Cherokee and English . In 2006 , there were more than 220 newspapers located in the state , including 177 with weekly publications and 48 with daily publications . The state 's first radio station , WKY in Oklahoma City , signed on in 1920 , followed by KRFU in Bristow , which later on moved to Tulsa and became KVOO in 1927 . In 2006 , there were more than 500 radio stations in Oklahoma broadcasting with various local or nationally owned networks . Five universities in Oklahoma operate non @-@ commercial , public radio stations / networks . Oklahoma has a few ethnic @-@ oriented TV stations broadcasting in Spanish , Asian languages and sometimes have Native American programming . TBN , a Christian religious television network has a studio in Tulsa , and built their first entirely TBN @-@ owned affiliate in Oklahoma City in 1980 . = = Transportation = = Transportation in Oklahoma is generated by an anchor system of Interstate Highways , intercity rail lines , airports , inland ports , and mass transit networks . Situated along an integral point in the United States Interstate network , Oklahoma contains three interstate highways and four auxiliary Interstate Highways . In Oklahoma City , Interstate 35 intersects with Interstate 44 and Interstate 40 , forming one of the most important intersections along the United States highway system . More than 12 @,@ 000 miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ) of roads make up the state 's major highway skeleton , including state @-@ operated highways , ten turnpikes or major toll roads , and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation . In 2008 , Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma 's busiest highway , with a daily traffic volume of 123 @,@ 300 cars . In 2010 , the state had the nation 's third highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient , with nearly 5 @,@ 212 bridges in disrepair , including 235 National Highway System Bridges . Oklahoma 's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City , averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3 @.@ 5 million ( 1 @.@ 7 million boardings ) in 2010 . Tulsa International Airport , the state 's second largest commercial airport , served more than 1 @.@ 3 million boardings in 2010 . Between the two , six airlines operate in Oklahoma . In terms of traffic , R. L. Jones Jr . ( Riverside ) Airport in Tulsa is the state 's busiest airport , with 335 @,@ 826 takeoffs and landings in 2008 . In total , Oklahoma has over 150 public @-@ use airports . Oklahoma is connected to the nation 's rail network via Amtrak 's Heartland Flyer , its only regional passenger rail line . It currently stretches from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth , Texas , though lawmakers began seeking funding in early 2007 to connect the Heartland Flyer to Tulsa . Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma : the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa . The only port handling international cargo in the state , the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean @-@ going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year . Both ports are located on the McClellan @-@ Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System , which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers , contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world . = = Law and government = = Oklahoma is a constitutional republic with a government modeled after the Federal Government of the United States , with executive , legislative , and judicial branches . The state has 77 counties with jurisdiction over most local government functions within each respective domain , five congressional districts , and a voting base with a plurality in the Democratic Party . State officials are elected by plurality voting in the state of Oklahoma . Oklahoma is one of 32 states with capital punishment as a legal sentence , and the state has had ( between 1976 through mid @-@ 2011 ) the highest per capita execution rate in the US . = = = State government = = = The Legislature of Oklahoma consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives . As the lawmaking branch of the state government , it is responsible for raising and distributing the money necessary to run the government . The Senate has 48 members serving four @-@ year terms , while the House has 101 members with two @-@ year terms . The state has a term limit for its legislature that restricts any one person to a total of twelve cumulative years service between both legislative branches . Oklahoma 's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court , the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals , and 77 District Courts that each serves one county . The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts : a Court of Impeachment and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary . Oklahoma has two courts of last resort : the state Supreme Court hears civil cases , and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases ( this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas ) . Judges of those two courts , as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission , and are subject to a non @-@ partisan retention vote on a six @-@ year rotating schedule . The executive branch consists of the Governor , their staff , and other elected officials . The principal head of government , the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch , serving as the ex officio Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature . The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget , ensuring that state laws are enforced , and ensuring peace within the state is preserved . = = = Local government = = = The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally , each headed by a three @-@ member council of elected commissioners , a tax assessor , clerk , court clerk , treasurer , and sheriff . While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive , legislative and judicial power , county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non @-@ incorporated areas within their boundaries , but have executive power but no legislative or judicial power . Both county and municipal governments collect taxes , employ a separate police force , hold elections , and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction . Other local government units include school districts , technology center districts , community college districts , rural fire departments , rural water districts , and other special use districts . Thirty @-@ nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma , each holding limited powers within designated areas . While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma , tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era , but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties . Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi @-@ sovereign entities with executive , judicial , and legislative powers over tribal members and functions , but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers . The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval . Oklahoma has 11 substate districts including the two large Councils of Governments , INCOG in Tulsa ( Indian Nations Council of Governments ) and ACOG ( Association of Central Oklahoma Governments ) . For a complete list visit the Oklahoma Association of Regional Councils . = = = National politics = = = Oklahoma has been politically conservative for much of its history , especially recently . During the first half century of statehood , it was considered a Democratic stronghold , being carried by the Republican Party in only two presidential elections ( 1920 and 1928 ) . During this time , it was also carried by every winning Democratic candidate up to Harry Truman . However , Oklahoma Democrats were generally considered to be more conservative than Democrats in other states . After the 1948 election , the state turned firmly Republican . Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015 , starting in 1952 , Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election ( 1964 ) . This is not to say that every election has been a landslide for Republicans : Jimmy Carter lost the state by less than 1 @.@ 5 % in 1976 , while Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton both won 40 % or more of the state 's popular vote in 1988 and 1996 respectively . Al Gore in 2000 , though , was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state . Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in both 2008 and 2012 . Generally , Republicans are strongest in Oklahoma City and Tulsa and their suburbs , as well as the Panhandle . Democrats are strongest in the eastern part of the state and Little Dixie , as well as the most heavily African American parts of Oklahoma City and Tulsa . With a population of 8 @.@ 6 % Native American in the state , it is also worth noting that most Native American precincts vote Democratic in margins exceeded only by African Americans . Following the 2000 census , the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives , each serving one congressional district . For the 112th Congress ( 2011 – 2013 ) , there were no changes in party strength , and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat . In the 112th Congress , Oklahoma 's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn , and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan ( R @-@ OK @-@ 1 ) , Dan Boren ( D @-@ OK @-@ 2 ) , Frank D. Lucas ( R @-@ OK @-@ 3 ) , Tom Cole ( R @-@ OK @-@ 4 ) , and James Lankford ( R @-@ OK @-@ 5 ) . In 2012 , Dan Boren ( D @-@ OK @-@ 2 ) retired from Congress , therefore making the seat vacant . This district , which covers most of Little Dixie , is the Democrats ' best region of the state , and has been represented by a Democrat for a dozen years . Republican Markwayne Mullin won the election , making the state 's congressional delegation entirely Republican . = = = Military = = = = = Cities and towns = = = = = Major cities = = = Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010 , including four cities over 100 @,@ 000 in population and 43 over 10 @,@ 000 . Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma , Oklahoma City and Tulsa , and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas , or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area . Oklahoma City , the state 's capital and largest city , had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010 , with 1 @,@ 252 @,@ 987 people , and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937 @,@ 478 residents . Between 2000 and 2010 , the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard ( 172 @.@ 4 % ) , Elgin ( 78 @.@ 2 % ) , Jenks ( 77 @.@ 0 % ) , Piedmont ( 56 @.@ 7 % ) , Bixby ( 56 @.@ 6 % ) , and Owasso ( 56 @.@ 3 % ) . In descending order of population , Oklahoma 's largest cities in 2010 were : Oklahoma City ( 579 @,@ 999 , + 14 @.@ 6 % ) , Tulsa ( 391 @,@ 906 , − 0 @.@ 3 % ) , Norman ( 110 @,@ 925 , + 15 @.@ 9 % ) , Broken Arrow ( 98 @,@ 850 , + 32 @.@ 0 % ) , Lawton ( 96 @,@ 867 , + 4 @.@ 4 % ) , Edmond ( 81 @,@ 405 , + 19 @.@ 2 % ) , Moore ( 55 @,@ 081 , + 33 @.@ 9 % ) , Midwest City ( 54 @,@ 371 , + 0 @.@ 5 % ) , Enid ( 49 @,@ 379 , + 5 @.@ 0 % ) , and Stillwater ( 45 @,@ 688 , + 17 @.@ 0 % ) . Of the state 's ten largest cities , three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa , and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau , though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith , Arkansas extends into the state . Under Oklahoma law , municipalities are divided into two categories : cities , defined as having more than 1 @,@ 000 residents , and towns , with under 1 @,@ 000 residents . Both have legislative , judicial , and public power within their boundaries , but cities can choose between a mayor @-@ council , council @-@ manager , or strong mayor form of government , while towns operate through an elected officer system . = = State symbols = = State law codifies Oklahoma 's state emblems and honorary positions ; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations . Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state 's motto . The House passed HCR 1024 , which will change the state motto from " Labor Omnia Vincit " to " Oklahoma @-@ In God We Trust ! " The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no " official " vote regarding " Labor Omnia Vincit " , therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto . State symbols : State cartoon : Gusty Created by Don Woods , Oklahoma 's first professional meteorologist , used on KTUL @-@ TV from 1954 @-@ 1989 . State bird : Scissor @-@ tailed flycatcher State tree : Eastern redbud State mammal : American bison State beverage : Milk State fruit : Strawberry State vegetable : Watermelon State game bird : Wild turkey State fish : Sand bass State floral emblem : Mistletoe State flower : Oklahoma rose State wildflower : Indian blanket ( Gaillardia pulchella ) State grass : Indiangrass ( Sorghastrum nutans ) State fossil : Saurophaganax maximus State rock : Rose rock State insect : Honeybee State soil : Port Silt Loam State reptile : Collared lizard State amphibian : Bullfrog State meal : Fried okra , squash , cornbread , barbecue pork , biscuits , sausage and gravy , grits , corn , strawberries , chicken fried steak , pecan pie , and black @-@ eyed peas . State folk dance : Square dance State percussive instrument : Drum State waltz : " Oklahoma Wind " State butterfly : Black swallowtail State song : " Oklahoma ! " State language : English ; Cherokee and other Native American languages State gospel song : " Swing Low , Sweet Chariot " State rock song : " Do You Realize ? ? " by The Flaming Lips = New York State Route 429 = New York State Route 429 ( NY 429 ) is a north – south state highway located entirely within Niagara County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 12 @.@ 16 miles ( 19 @.@ 57 km ) from an intersection with NY 265 and NY 384 in North Tonawanda to a junction with NY 104 ( Ridge Road ) on the border between the towns of Cambria and Lewiston . Although it is relatively minor in length , the route is regionally important nonetheless as it connects North Tonawanda to some of the county 's interior regions . About midway between North Tonawanda and Ridge Road , NY 429 serves the hamlet of Sanborn , where it briefly overlaps with NY 31 . At Pekin , a community situated between Sanborn and NY 104 , NY 429 descends the Niagara Escarpment . The Sanborn – Ridge Road segment of modern NY 429 was originally designated as part of Route 30 , an unsigned legislative route , in 1908 . In the mid @-@ 1920s , the portion of Route 30 west of Rochester became part of the signed NY 31 ; however , NY 31 was realigned in the late 1920s to follow Ridge Road west from Cambria to the village of Lewiston . NY 31 's former alignment from Niagara Falls to Ridge Road via Sanborn became New York State Route 31A at this time . NY 31A was eliminated c . 1935 as part of the establishment of U.S. Route 104 ( US 104 ) . The portion of its former routing north of Sanborn became part of the new NY 429 , which was assigned to its current alignment upon assignment . = = Route description = = NY 429 begins on the banks of the Niagara River at a junction with NY 265 and NY 384 in downtown North Tonawanda . The route heads east as Wheatfield Street , crossing the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Niagara Subdivision at a grade crossing that separates an industrialized block of the street from more residential sections to the east . After three blocks , NY 429 turns onto Oliver Street and follows it northwestward through residential and industrial portions of the city , paralleling NY 265 and NY 384 for 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) to a junction with Ward Road . Oliver Street and Ward Road merge here , and the combined street takes on the Ward Road name as it proceeds due northward through the solely residential northern portion of North Tonawanda . NY 429 exits the city near a junction with Ruie Road , at which point maintenance of the route shifts from the city to the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) . Now in the town of Wheatfield , NY 429 heads across populated but less developed areas on its way to a junction with US 62 . North of this point , the closely spaced homes gradually give way to more isolated houses and , eventually , rural farmland . It continues on a north – south line to the town of Lewiston and the hamlet of Sanborn , located adjacent to the Lewiston – Cambria town line . In the small but developed community , NY 429 follows Buffalo Street past three blocks of homes to a junction with NY 31 ( Saunders Settlement Road ) . Buffalo Street ends here ; however , NY 429 joins NY 31 for two blocks east to Townline Road , a north – south highway delimiting the boundary between Lewiston and Cambria . NY 429 continues north on Townline Road , passing the sprawling main campus of Niagara County Community College , a stark departure from the rural fields that NY 429 traversed in Wheatfield . Past the college , NY 429 follows the Lewiston – Cambria town line for the rest of its length . In terms of elevation , it reaches a crest of 644 feet ( 196 m ) at Upper Mountain Road in Pekin before it begins to descend the Niagara Escarpment , a beach ridge that further west led to the formation of Niagara Falls eons ago . Here , on clear enough days , a wide panorama can be seen of the entire northern half of the county and Lake Ontario . After descending 100 feet ( 30 m ) , it crosses a narrow plateau containing Lower Mountain Road . Another 150 @-@ foot ( 46 m ) drop follows , and NY 429 ends shortly afterward at a junction with NY 104 ( Ridge Road ) located 392 feet ( 119 m ) above sea level — a 252 @-@ foot ( 77 m ) descent from Pekin . During this final , mostly undeveloped stretch , NY 429 passes the Buffalo Diocese 's Immaculate Conception Catholic Church . = = History = = The portion of modern NY 429 north of Sanborn was originally designated as part of Route 30 , an unsigned legislative route , by the New York State Legislature in 1908 . Route 30 entered Sanborn from the west on what is now NY 31 and followed current NY 429 north to Ridge Road , where it turned east toward Rochester . All of legislative Route 30 west of Rochester became part of NY 31 in the mid @-@ 1920s , while the remainder of what is now NY 429 outside of North Tonawanda was taken over by the state of New York by 1926 . In the late 1920s , NY 31 was realigned between Niagara Falls and the Lewiston – Cambria town line to follow Ridge Road west to the village of Lewiston . Its former routing to Niagara Falls via Sanborn became NY 31A . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the Niagara Falls – Sanborn leg of NY 31A became part of a realigned NY 3 , which had followed modern NY 425 from North Tonawanda to Saunders Settlement Road prior to the renumbering . Despite this fact , NY 31A continued to extend west to Niagara Falls , creating an overlap with the cross @-@ state NY 3 . The overlap remained in place until c . 1935 when US 104 was assigned across Upstate New York . West of Rochester , it replaced NY 31 , which was shifted southward to follow all of NY 3 from Niagara Falls to Rochester . NY 31A , meanwhile , was eliminated and partially replaced with NY 429 , a new route that continued south from Sanborn to North Tonawanda via Ward Road and Oliver and Wheatfield Streets . NY 429 has not been substantially altered since that time . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Niagara County . = Baćin massacre = The Baćin massacre was the killing of 83 civilians just outside the village of Baćin , near Hrvatska Dubica , committed by Croatian Serb paramilitaries . The killings took place on 21 October 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence . Most of the civilians were Croats , but they also included two ethnic Serbs , taken from Hrvatska Dubica , Baćin and the nearby village of Cerovljani . The civilians were killed in the area of Krečane , at the very bank of the Una River , and their bodies were left unburied for two weeks . Most of them were subsequently bulldozed into a shallow mass grave , while a number of the bodies were thrown into the river . The killings followed the takeover of Hrvatska Dubica and its immediate surroundings by the Serbian Autonomous Oblast Krajina ( SAO Krajina ) and the Yugoslav People 's Army ( Serbian Latin : Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) following the withdrawal of the Croatian National Guard ( Croatian : Zbor narodne garde – ZNG ) in mid @-@ September , when the bulk of the civilian population left the area . The remaining Croat population in the area was either killed or expelled by November . A mass grave containing the bodies of 56 civilians killed in Baćin was uncovered in 1997 , two years after Croatia recaptured the area . The event was included in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) indictment against Slobodan Milošević and the ICTY indictment against Milan Martić . Milošević died before his trial concluded , and Martić was convicted and sentenced to 35 years in prison . Croatian authorities prosecuted and convicted seven other former SAO Krajina officers and officials in connection with the killings . = = Background = = In 1990 , ethnic tensions between Serbs and Croats worsened after the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union ( Croatian : Hrvatska demokratska zajednica – HDZ ) . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( Serbian Latin : Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) confiscated Croatia 's Territorial Defence ( Croatian : Teritorijalna obrana – TO ) weapons to minimize resistance . On 17 August , the tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs , centred on the predominantly Serb @-@ populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin ( approximately 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) north @-@ east of Split ) , parts of the Lika , Kordun , Banovina and eastern Croatia . In January 1991 , Serbia , supported by Montenegro and Serbia 's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo , unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency 's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces . The request was denied and a bloodless skirmish between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March prompted the JNA itself to ask the Federal Presidency to give it wartime authority and declare a state of emergency . Even though it was backed by Serbia and its allies , the JNA request was refused on 15 March . Serbian President Slobodan Milošević , preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit , publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency . The threat caused the JNA to abandon plans to preserve Yugoslavia in favour of expansion of Serbia as the JNA came under Milošević 's control . By the end of March , the conflict had escalated with the first fatalities . In early April , leaders of the Serb revolt in Croatia declared their intention to amalgamate the areas under their control with Serbia . These were viewed by the Government of Croatia as breakaway regions . At the beginning of 1991 , Croatia had no regular army . To bolster its defence , Croatia doubled its police numbers to about 20 @,@ 000 . The most effective part of the Croatian police force was 3 @,@ 000 @-@ strong special police comprising twelve battalions organised along military lines . There were also 9 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 regionally organised reserve police in 16 battalions and 10 companies , but they lacked weapons . In response to the deteriorating situation , the Croatian government established the Croatian National Guard ( Croatian : Zbor narodne garde – ZNG ) in May by expanding the special police battalions into four all @-@ professional guards brigades . Under Ministry of Defence control and commanded by retired JNA General Martin Špegelj , the four guards brigades comprised approximately 8 @,@ 000 troops . The reserve police , also expanded to 40 @,@ 000 , was attached to the ZNG and reorganised into 19 brigades and 14 independent battalions . The guards brigades were the only units of the ZNG that were fully equipped with small arms ; throughout the ZNG there was a lack of heavier weapons and there was poor command and control structure above the brigade level . The shortage of heavy weapons was so severe that the ZNG resorted to using World War II weapons taken from museums and film studios . At the time , the Croatian weapon stockpile consisted of 30 @,@ 000 small arms purchased abroad and 15 @,@ 000 previously owned by the police . To replace the personnel lost to the guards brigades , a new 10 @,@ 000 @-@ strong special police was established . = = Prelude = = By June 1991 , Banovina declared itself a part of the Serbian Autonomous Oblast Krajina ( SAO Krajina ) , and the Serb – Croat conflict began to escalate . Clashes peaked in late July , when Croatian Serb forces launched an offensive codenamed Operation Stinger . It was primarily aimed at the Croat @-@ populated villages between Dvor and Hrvatska Kostajnica , and the police station in the town of Glina . The offensive was successful in securing Glina , and prompted the withdrawal of Croat forces from the Una River valley south and west of Hrvatska Kostajnica on 27 July . During the fighting , 12 Croatian policemen and 20 civilians were killed . On 28 July , fighting resumed around Topusko , which was besieged by SAO Krajina forces that day , as well as around Hrvatska Kostajnica and Hrvatska Dubica . Combat in the area continued into August , and Hrvatska Kostajnica was besieged on 9 September . Three days later , SAO Krajina forces captured a major hill overlooking Hrvatska Kostajnica , prompting local Croatian forces to withdraw . On 13 September , Hrvatska Kostajnica was captured by SAO Krajina forces with JNA support . Approximately 300 Croatian troops retreated from the town or surrendered . The capture of the town was followed by killings , looting and torching of buildings in the town and surrounding villages . A total of 67 Croatian troops were captured in the town and shipped to the jail in Glina , but none arrived . SAO Krajina forces captured Hrvatska Dubica the same day , and Topusko fell on 14 September . On 21 September , Petrinja was captured by SAO Krajina forces and the JNA , denying Croatia an important bridgehead on the south ( right ) bank of the Kupa River . = = Timeline = = On 13 September , after SAO Krajina forces captured Hrvatska Kostajnica and Hrvatska Dubica , the conflict shifted north , where a new line of control was established south of ZNG @-@ controlled Sunja and Novska . Daily skirmishes continued there . After the ZNG pulled out of Hrvatska Kostajnica and Hrvatska Dubica , a substantial number of civilians left the area as well , leaving only about 120 Croat civilians in the two towns and the surrounding villages . About half of these stayed behind in Hrvatska Dubica , where looting and torching of houses owned by Croats or Serbs who had previously fled the town continued until mid @-@ October . Most of the civilians who stayed in their homes were elderly or women . Armed Serbs burnt Croat @-@ owned houses in the village of Cerovljani , just to the north of Hrvatska Dubica , on 13 September and once more on 21 September . Three days later , the gunmen returned and after some shooting , three civilians were found dead and four more houses were torched in the village . The same day , the Catholic church bell tower was shot at using rocket @-@ propelled grenades . In October , the armed Serbs gathered ten out of eleven remaining Cerovljani residents in the village 's community centre , telling them they were to take part in a meeting . Instead , they were detained for the night and shipped away the next day to the Krečane area next to the village of Baćin , just to the west of Hrvatska Dubica and killed there . Approximately 30 elderly civilians remained in Baćin after SAO Krajina forces captured the village . All of them were taken to Krečane and killed in October as well , except for three men who were detained and killed in Hrvatska Dubica . On the morning of 20 October , SAO Krajina police picked up 53 civilians in Hrvatska Dubica . Most of them were Croats , but there were several Serbs and Muslims by nationality . They were told they were being taken to a meeting , but they were detained under armed guard in the town 's fire station . During the day , eleven people escaped or were released , either because they were Serbs or because they had Serb relatives . On 21 October , SAO Krajina forces moved 43 detainees from Hrvatska Dubica . The detainees were placed on a bus and told that they would be taken to Glina and released in a prisoner exchange . However the group , all of them Croats except for two Serbs , were taken to Krečane and killed . In the same period , an additional 24 civilians from villages around Hrvatska Dubica were killed by Serb forces at unknown locations . The bodies of those killed at Krečane were left unburied for two weeks . Some of the victims were not immediately killed , rather they took days to die and people living on the opposite bank of the Una River in Bosnia and Herzegovina claim that they heard cries for help for days after the killings took place . After two weeks , most of the bodies were bulldozed into a shallow grave on the bank of the river , and the rest thrown into the Una . The grave was located sufficiently close to the river to allow the current to wash at least some of the bodies away . = = Aftermath = = All surviving Croat civilians were expelled from the area of Hrvatska Dubica on 20 November . At least 118 Croat and other non @-@ Serb civilians were killed in Baćin and its vicinity by February 1992 . By 1995 , numerous Croat @-@ owned houses in Hrvatska Dubica , all Croat @-@ owned houses in Cerovljani and about half the Croat @-@ owned houses in Baćin were torched , dynamited or otherwise destroyed . The Catholic churches in Hrvatska Dubica , Cerovljani and Baćin were destroyed , and the foundations of the church destroyed in Hrvatska Dubica were completely removed . The mass grave at Krečane near Baćin was discovered in 1997 , two years after Croatian authorities recaptured the area in Operation Storm . The mass grave contained 56 bodies , 36 of which were identified . The remaining twenty were buried in a common grave at the Catholic cemetery in Hrvatska Dubica . The killings of the civilians taken from Hrvatska Dubica , Cerovljani and Baćin were included in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) trial of Milan Martić , and the trial of Slobodan Milošević . Martić , who coordinated the combat activities of SAO Krajina forces and the JNA with Colonel Dušan Smiljanić , the security head of the JNA 10th ( Zagreb ) Corps in the area of Hrvatska Kostajnica , was convicted and sentenced to 35 years in prison for his role in an ethnic cleansing campaign against non @-@ Serbs in Croatia . The judgment identified 83 civilians — the 43 taken from Hrvatska Dubica , 10 from Cerovljani and approximately 30 from Baćin who were killed at Krečani on or about 21 October 1991 . Milošević died in custody in March 2006 before a verdict could be reached . Croatian authorities prosecuted in absentia and convicted seven Croatian Serbs for killing of at least 75 persons in the Baćin massacre in 2013 . Commanding officer of SAO Krajina TO in Dubica Milinko Janjetović , commander of SAO Krajina police in Dubica Momčilo Kovačević and two of their subordinates , Stevo Radunović and Veljko Radunović were sentenced to 20 years in prison each , and Stevan Dodoš was sentenced to 15 years in prison for organizing detention of the civilians and participation in their execution near Baćin . Head of the SAO Krajina civilian authorities in Dubica , Branko Dmitrović and the commander of SAO Krajina TO in Kostajnica , Slobodan Borojević , were sentenced to 15 years in prison each under the command responsibility for failing to prevent or punish the crime . = Buffalo nickel = The Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel was a copper @-@ nickel five @-@ cent piece struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938 . It was designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser . As part of a drive to beautify the coinage , five denominations of US coins had received new designs between 1907 and 1909 . In 1911 , Taft administration officials decided to replace Charles E. Barber 's Liberty Head design for the nickel , and commissioned Fraser to do the work . They were impressed by Fraser 's designs showing a Native American and an American bison . The designs were approved in 1912 , but were delayed several months because of objections from the Hobbs Manufacturing Company , which made mechanisms to detect slugs in nickel @-@ operated machines . The company was not satisfied by changes made in the coin by Fraser , and in February 1913 , Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh decided to issue the coins despite the objections . Despite attempts by the Mint to adjust the design , the coins proved to strike indistinctly , and to be subject to wear — the dates were easily worn away in circulation . In 1938 , after the expiration of the minimum 25 @-@ year period during which the design could not be replaced without congressional authorization , it was replaced by the Jefferson nickel , designed by Felix Schlag . Fraser 's design is admired today , and has been used on commemorative coins and gold bullion pieces . = = Background = = In 1883 , the Liberty Head nickel was issued , featuring designs by Mint Engraver Charles E. Barber . After the coin was released , it was modified to add the word " CENTS " to the reverse because the similarity in size with the half eagle allowed criminals to gild the new nickels and pass them as five dollar coins . An Act of Congress , passed into law on September 26 , 1890 required that coinage designs not be changed until they had been in use 25 years , unless Congress authorized the change . The act made the current five @-@ cent piece and silver dollar exceptions to the twenty @-@ five year rule ; they were made eligible for immediate redesign . However , the Mint continued to strike the Liberty Head nickel in large numbers through the first decade of the 20th century . President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 expressed his dissatisfaction with the artistic state of the American coinage , and hoped to hire sculptor Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens to redesign all the coins . Constrained by the 1890 act , the Mint only hired Saint @-@ Gaudens to redesign the cent and the four gold pieces . Saint @-@ Gaudens , before his 1907 death , designed the eagle and double eagle , which entered circulation that year ; the cent , quarter eagle , and half eagle were designed by other artists and released into circulation by 1909 . By that time , the Liberty Head nickel had been in circulation for more than 25 years , and was eligible for redesign regardless of the special provision . In 1909 , Mint Director Frank Leach instructed Barber to make pattern coins for new nickels . Most of these coins featured the first president , George Washington . The press found out about the pieces , and speculated they would be released into circulation by the end of the year . The Mint received orders from banks in anticipation of the " Washington nickel " . However , the project was discontinued when Leach left office on November 1 , 1909 , to be replaced by Abram Andrew . Andrew was dissatisfied with the just @-@ issued Lincoln cent , and considered seeking congressional authorization to replace the cent with a design by sculptor James Earle Fraser . While the change in the cent did not occur , according to numismatic historian Roger Burdette , " Fraser 's enthusiasm eventually led to adoption of the Buffalo nickel in December 1912 " . = = Inception = = = = = New design = = = On May 4 , 1911 , Eames MacVeagh , son of Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh wrote to his father : A little matter that seems to have been overlooked by all of you is the opportunity to beautify the design of the nickel or five cent piece during your administration , and it seems to me that it would be a permanent souvenir of a most attractive sort . As possibly you are aware , it is the only coin the design of which you can change during your administration , as I believe there is a law to the effect that the designs must not be changed oftener than every twenty @-@ five years . I should think also it might be the coin of which the greatest numbers are in circulation . Soon after the MacVeagh letter , Andrew announced that the Mint would be soliciting new designs for the nickel . Fraser , who had been an assistant to Saint @-@ Gaudens , approached the Mint , and rapidly produced concepts and designs . The new Mint director , George Roberts , who had replaced Andrew , initially favored a design featuring assassinated President Abraham Lincoln , but Fraser soon developed a design featuring a Native American on one side and a bison on the other . Andrew and Roberts recommended Fraser to MacVeagh , and in July 1911 , the Secretary approved hiring Fraser to design a new nickel . Official approval was slow in coming ; it was not until January 1912 that MacVeagh asked Roberts to inform Fraser that he had been commissioned . MacVeagh wrote , " Tell him that of the three sketches which he submitted we would like to use the sketch of the head of the Indian and the sketch of the buffalo . " Roberts transmitted the news , then followed up with a long list of instructions to the sculptor , in which he noted , " The motto , ' In God We Trust ' , is not required upon this coin and I presume we are agreed that nothing should be upon it that is not required . " Fraser completed the models by June 1912 , and prepared coin @-@ size electrotypes . He brought the models and electrotypes to Washington on July 10 , where they met with the enthusiastic agreement of Secretary MacVeagh . = = = Hobbs affair = = = In July 1912 , word of the new design became publicly known , and coin @-@ operated machine manufacturers sought information . Replying to the inquiries , MacVeagh wrote that there would be no change in the diameter , thickness , or weight of the nickel . This satisfied most firms . However , Clarence Hobbs of the Hobbs Manufacturing Company , of Worcester , Massachusetts requested further information . According to Hobbs , his firm was the manufacturer of a device which would detect counterfeit nickels inserted into vending machines with complete accuracy . Discussions continued for most of the rest of 1912 , with Hobbs demanding various changes to the design , to which the artist was reluctant to agree . When in December 1912 , the Hobbs Company submitted a modified design for the nickel , MacVeagh strongly opposed it . On December 18 , Roberts officially approved Fraser 's design , and the sculptor was authorized to complete and perfect the design , after which he would be paid $ 2 @,@ 500 ( US $ 61 @,@ 300 with inflation ) for his work . On January 7 , 1913 , Fraser 's approved design was used to strike experimental pieces ; the sculptor later wrote that he remembered several of the workmen commenting that the new piece struck more easily than the old . Afterwards , Roberts asked Fraser if the Hobbs Company was content with the design . The sculptor told the Mint director that the firm wanted changes made , and Fraser agreed to meet with them further . Over the following two weeks , Fraser worked with George Reith , the Hobbs Company 's mechanic who had invented the anti @-@ slug device , in an attempt to satisfy the firm 's concerns . On January 20 , Fraser wired the Mint from his studio in New York , announcing that he was submitting a modified design , and explained that the delay was " caused by working with inventor until he was satisfied " . The next day , Philadelphia Mint Superintendent John Landis sent Roberts a sample striking of the revised design , stating , " the only change is in the border , which has been made round and true " . Despite the apparent agreement , the Hobbs Company continued to interpose objections . Engraver Barber was asked for his view ; he stated that Reith , who had attended the trial striking , had been given all the time and facilities he had asked for in testing the new pieces , and the mechanic had pronounced himself satisfied . Hobbs Company agent C. U. Carpenter suggested that Reith had been intimidated by the preparations that had already gone into the issue of the modified nickel , " and , instead of pointing out clearly just what the situation demanded , agreed to adapt our device to the coin more readily that [ sic ] he was warranted in doing " . On February 3 , Hobbs sent Roberts a lengthy list of changes that he wanted in the coin , and the sculptor was required to attend a conference with Hobbs and Reith . On the fifth , following the conference , which ended with no agreement , Fraser sent MacVeagh a ten @-@ page letter , complaining that his time was being wasted by the Hobbs Company , and appealing to the Secretary to bring the situation to a close . MacVeagh agreed to hold a meeting at his office in Washington on February 14 . When the Hobbs Company requested permission to bring a lawyer , Fraser announced he would be doing the same . The Hobbs Company sought letters of support from the business community , with little success ; Fraser 's efforts to secure support from artists for his position were more fruitful . Barber prepared patterns showing what the nickel would look like if the changes demanded by Hobbs were made . MacVeagh conducted the meeting much like a legal hearing , and issued a letter the following day . The Secretary noted that no other firm had complained , that the Hobbs mechanism had not been widely sold , and that the changes demanded — a clear space around the rim and the flattening of the Indian 's cheekbone — would affect the artistic merit of the piece . It is of course true that only the most serious business considerations should stand in the way of the improvement of the coinage , and this particular coin has great claims of its own , because of its special quality . If we should stop new coinage — which is always allowed every twenty @-@ five years — for any commercial obstacles less than imperative , we should have to abandon a worthy coinage altogether . This would be a most serious handicap to the art of the Nation , for scarcely any form of art is more influential than an artistic coin , where the coin is widely circulated . You will please , therefore , proceed with the coinage of the new nickel . After he issued his decision , MacVeagh learned that the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad Company , which Hobbs claimed had enthusiastically received his device , was actually removing it from service as unsatisfactory . The Secretary 's decision did not end the Hobbs Company efforts , as the firm appealed to President Taft . With only two weeks remaining in his term , the President was not minded to stop the new nickel ( production of which had started on February 18 ) and MacVeagh wrote to Taft 's secretary , Charles D. Hilles , " Certainly Hobbs got all the time and attention out of this administration that any administration could afford to give to one manufacturing corporation . " Numismatic historian and coin dealer Q. David Bowers describes the Hobbs matter as " much ado about nothing from a company whose devices did not work well even with the Liberty Head nickels " . = = Release and production = = The first coins to be distributed were given out on February 22 , 1913 , when Taft presided at groundbreaking ceremonies for the National American Indian Memorial at Fort Wadsworth , Staten Island , New York . The memorial , a project of department store magnate Rodman Wanamaker , was never built , and today the site is occupied by an abutment for the Verrazano @-@ Narrows Bridge . Forty nickels were sent by the Mint for the ceremony ; most were distributed to the Native American chiefs who participated . Payment for Fraser 's work was approved on March 3 , 1913 , the final full day of the Taft administration . In addition to the $ 2 @,@ 500 agreed upon , Fraser received $ 666 @.@ 15 ( US $ 15 @,@ 900 with inflation ) for extra work and expenses through February 14 . The coins were officially released to circulation on March 4 , 1913 , and quickly gained positive comments as depicting truly American themes . However , The New York Times stated in an editorial that " The new ' nickel ' is a striking example of what a coin intended for wide circulation should not be ... [ it ] is not pleasing to look at when new and shiny , and will be an abomination when old and dull . " The Numismatist , in March and May 1913 editorials , gave the new coin a lukewarm review , suggesting that the Indian 's head be reduced in size and the bison be eliminated from the reverse . With the coin now in production , Barber monitored the rate at which dies were expended , as it was the responsibility of his Engraver 's Department to supply all three mints with working dies . On March 11 , 1913 , he wrote to Landis that the dies were being used up three times faster than with the Liberty Head nickel . His department was straining to produce enough new dies to meet production . In addition , the date and denomination were the points on the coin most subject to wear , and Landis feared the value on the coin would be worn away . Barber made proposed revisions , which Fraser approved after being sent samples . These changes enlarged the legend " FIVE CENTS " and changed the ground on which the bison stands from a hill to flat ground . According to data compiled by numismatic historian David Lange from the National Archives , the changes to what are known as Type II nickels ( with the originals Type I ) actually decreased the die life . The new Treasury Secretary , William G. McAdoo , wanted further changes in the coin , but Fraser had moved on to other projects and was uninterested in revisiting the nickel . The thickness of the numerals in the date was gradually increased , making them more durable ; however the problem was never addressed with complete success , and even many later @-@ date Buffalo nickels have the date worn away . The Buffalo nickel saw minor changes to the design in 1916 . The word " LIBERTY " was given more emphasis and moved slightly ; however many	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Denver and San Francisco issues of the 1920s exhibit weak striking of the word , the Denver issue of 1926 especially ; Bowers questions whether any change was made to the portrait of the Indian , though Walter Breen in his reference work on United States coins states that Barber made the Indian 's nose slightly longer . According to Breen , however , none of these modifications helped , with the coin rarely found well @-@ struck and with the design subject to considerable wear throughout the remainder of its run . The bison 's horn and tail also posed striking problems , again with the Denver and San Francisco issues of the 1920s in general , and 1926 @-@ D in particular , showing the greatest propensity for these deficiencies . The piece was struck by the tens of millions , at all three mints ( Philadelphia , Denver and San Francisco ) , through the remainder of the 1910s . In 1921 , a recession began , and no nickels at all were struck the following year . The low mintage for the series was the 1926 @-@ S , at 970 @,@ 000 — the only date @-@ mint combination with a mintage of less than 1 million . The second lowest mintage for the series came with the 1931 nickel struck at the San Francisco Mint . The 1931 @-@ S was minted in a quantity of 194 @,@ 000 early in the year . There was no need for more to be struck , but Acting Mint Director Mary Margaret O 'Reilly asked the San Francisco Mint to strike more so that the pieces would not be hoarded . Using materials on hand , including the melting down of worn @-@ out nickels , San Francisco found enough metal to strike 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 more pieces . Large quantities were saved in the hope they would become valuable , and the coin is not particularly rare today despite the low mintage . A well @-@ known variety in the series is the 1937 – D " three @-@ legged " nickel , on which one of the buffalo 's legs is missing . Breen relates that this variety was caused by a pressman , Mr. Young , at the Denver Mint , who in seeking to remove marks from a reverse die ( caused by the dies making contact with each other ) , accidentally removed or greatly weakened one of the animal 's legs . By the time Mint inspectors discovered and condemned the die , thousands of pieces had been struck and mixed with other coins . Another variety is the 1938 @-@ D / S , caused by dies bearing an " S " mintmark being repunched with a " D " and used to strike coins at Denver . While the actual course of events is uncertain , Bowers is convinced that the variety was created because Buffalo nickel dies intended for the San Francisco mint were repunched with the " D " and sent to Denver so they would not be wasted — no San Francisco Buffalo nickels were struck in 1938 , but they were produced at Denver , and it was already known that a new design would be introduced . The 1938 @-@ D / S was the first repunched mintmark of any US coin to be discovered , causing great excitement among numismatists when the variety came to light in 1962 . When the Buffalo nickel had been in circulation for the minimum 25 years , it was replaced with little discussion or protest . The problems of die life and weak striking had never been solved , and Mint officials advocated its replacement . In January 1938 , the Mint announced an open competition for a new nickel design , to feature early President Thomas Jefferson on the obverse , and Jefferson 's home , Monticello on the reverse . In April , Felix Schlag was announced as the winner . The last Buffalo nickels were struck in April 1938 , at the Denver Mint , the only mint to strike them that year . On October 3 , 1938 , production of the Jefferson nickel began , and they were released into circulation on November 15 . = = Design , models , and name controversy = = In a 1947 radio interview , Fraser discussed his design : Well , when I was asked to do a nickel , I felt I wanted to do something totally American — a coin that could not be mistaken for any other country 's coin . It occurred to me that the buffalo , as part of our western background , was 100 % American , and that our North American Indian fitted into the picture perfectly . The visage of the Indian which dominates Fraser 's obverse design was a composite of several Native Americans . Breen noted ( before the advent of the Sacagawea dollar ) that Fraser 's design was the second and last US coin design to feature a realistic portrait of an Indian , after Bela Pratt 's 1908 design for the half eagle and quarter eagle . The identity of the Indians whom Fraser used as models is somewhat uncertain , as Fraser told various and not always consistent stories during the forty years he lived after designing the nickel . In December 1913 , he wrote to Mint Director Roberts that " [ b ] efore the nickel was made I had done several portraits of Indians , among them Iron Tail , Two Moons , and one or two others , and probably got characteristics from those men in the head on the coins , but my purpose was not to make a portrait but a type . " By 1931 , Two Guns White Calf , son of the last Blackfoot tribal chief , was capitalizing off his claim to be the model for the coin . To try to put an end to the claim , Fraser wrote that he had used three Indians for the piece , including " Iron Tail , the best Indian head I can remember . The other one was Two Moons , the other I cannot recall . " In 1938 , Fraser stated that the three Indians had been " Iron Tail , a Sioux , Big Tree , a Kiowa , and Two Moons , a Cheyenne " . Despite the sculptor 's efforts , he ( and the Mint ) continued to receive inquiries about the identity of the Indian model until his 1953 death . Nevertheless , John Big Tree , a Seneca , claimed to be a model for Fraser 's coin , and made many public appearances as the " nickel Indian " until his 1967 death at the age of 92 ( though he sometimes alleged he was over 100 years of age ) . Big Tree was identified as the model for the nickel in wire service reports about his death , and he had appeared in that capacity at the Texas Numismatic Association convention in 1966 . After Big Tree 's death , the Mint stated that he most likely was not one of the models for the nickel . There have been other claimants : in 1964 , Montana Senator Mike Mansfield wrote to Mint Director Eva B. Adams , enquiring if Sam Resurrection , a Choctaw was a model for the nickel . Adams wrote in reply , " According to our records , the portrait is a composite . There have been many claimants for this honor , all of whom are undoubtedly sincere in the belief that theirs is the one that adorns the nickel . " According to Fraser , the animal that appears on the reverse is the American bison Black Diamond . In an interview published in the New York Herald on January 27 , 1913 , Fraser was quoted as saying that the animal , which he did not name , was a " typical and shaggy specimen " which he found at the Bronx Zoo . Fraser later wrote that the model " was not a plains buffalo , but none other than Black Diamond , the contrariest animal in the Bronx Zoo . I stood for hours ... He refused point blank to permit me to get side views of him , and stubbornly showed his front face most of the time . " However , Black Diamond was never at the Bronx Zoo , but instead lived at the Central Park Zoo until he was sold and slaughtered in 1915 . Black Diamond 's mounted head is still extant , and has been exhibited at coin conventions . The placement of Black Diamond 's horns differs considerably from that of the animal on the nickel , leading to doubts that Black Diamond was Fraser 's model . One candidate cited by Bowers is Bronx , a bison who was for many years the herd leader of the bison at the Bronx Zoo . From its inception , the coin was referred to as the " Buffalo nickel " , reflecting the American colloquialism for the North American bison . As the piece is 75 % copper and 25 % nickel , prominent numismatist Stuart Mosher objected to the nomenclature in the 1940s , writing that he was " uncertain why it is called a ' Buffalo nickel ' although the name is preferable to ' Bison copper ' " . The numismatic publication with the greatest circulation , Coin World , calls it an Indian head nickel , while R.S. Yeoman 's Red Book refers to it as an " Indian Head or Buffalo type " . In 2001 , the design was adopted for use on a commemorative silver dollar . In 2006 , the Mint began striking American Buffalo gold bullion pieces , using a modification of Fraser 's Type I design . = Green children of Woolpit = The legend of the green children of Woolpit concerns two children of unusual skin colour who reportedly appeared in the village of Woolpit in Suffolk , England , some time in the 12th century , perhaps during the reign of King Stephen . The children , brother and sister , were of generally normal appearance except for the green colour of their skin . They spoke in an unknown language , and the only food they would eat was beans . Eventually they learned to eat other food and lost their green pallor , but the boy was sickly and died soon after he and his sister were baptised . The girl adjusted to her new life , but she was considered to be " rather loose and wanton in her conduct " . After she learned to speak English , the girl explained that she and her brother had come from Saint Martin 's Land , a subterranean world inhabited by green people . The only near @-@ contemporary accounts are contained in William of Newburgh 's Historia rerum Anglicarum and Ralph of Coggeshall 's Chronicum Anglicanum , written in about 1189 and 1220 respectively . Between then and their rediscovery in the mid @-@ 19th century , the green children seem to surface only in a passing mention in William Camden 's Britannia in 1586 , and in Bishop Francis Godwin 's fantastical The Man in the Moone , in both of which William of Newburgh 's account is cited . Two approaches have dominated explanations of the story of the green children : that it is a folktale describing an imaginary encounter with the inhabitants of another world , perhaps one beneath our feet or even extraterrestrial , or it is a garbled account of a historical event . The story was praised as an ideal fantasy by the English anarchist poet and critic Herbert Read in his English Prose Style , published in 1931 . It provided the inspiration for his only novel , The Green Child , written in 1934 . = = Story = = One day at harvest time , according to William of Newburgh during the reign of King Stephen ( 1135 – 1154 ) , the villagers of Woolpit discovered two children , a brother and sister , beside one of the wolf pits that gave the village its name . Their skin was green , they spoke an unknown language , and their clothing was unfamiliar . Ralph reports that the children were taken to the home of Richard de Calne . Ralph and William agree that the pair refused all food for several days until they came across some raw beans , which they consumed eagerly . The children gradually adapted to normal food and in time lost their green colour . The boy , who appeared to be the younger of the two , became sickly and died shortly after he and his sister were baptised . After learning to speak English , the children – Ralph says just the surviving girl – explained that they came from a land where the sun never shone and the light was like twilight . William says the children called their home St Martin 's Land ; Ralph adds that everything there was green . According to William , the children were unable to account for their arrival in Woolpit ; they had been herding their father 's cattle when they heard a loud noise ( according to William , the bells of Bury St Edmunds ) and suddenly found themselves by the wolf pit where they were found . Ralph says that they had become lost when they followed the cattle into a cave and , after being guided by the sound of bells , eventually emerged into our land . According to Ralph , the girl was employed for many years as a servant in Richard de Calne 's household , where she was considered to be " very wanton and impudent " . William says that she eventually married a man from King 's Lynn , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Woolpit , where she was still living shortly before he wrote . Based on his research into Richard de Calne 's family history , the astronomer and writer Duncan Lunan has concluded that the girl was given the name " Agnes " and that she married a royal official named Richard Barre . = = Explanations = = Neither Ralph of Coggeshall nor William of Newburgh offer an explanation for the " strange and prodigious " event , as William calls it , and some modern historians have the same reticence : " I consider the process of worrying over the suggestive details of these wonderfully pointless miracles in an effort to find natural or psychological explanations of what ' really , ' if anything , happened , to be useless to the study of William of Newburgh or , for that matter , of the Middle Ages " , says Nancy Partner , author of a study of 12th @-@ century historiography . Nonetheless , such explanations continue to be sought and two approaches have dominated explanations of the mystery of the green children . The first is that the narrative descends from folklore , describing an imaginary encounter with the inhabitants of a " fairy Otherworld " . In a few early as well as modern readings , this other world is extraterrestrial , and the green children alien beings . The second is that it is a garbled account of a real event , although it is impossible to be certain whether the story as recorded is an authentic report given by the children or an " adult invention " . His study of accounts of children and servants fleeing from their masters led Charles Oman to conclude that " there is clearly some mystery behind it all [ the story of the green children ] , some story of drugging and kidnapping " . Jeffrey Jerome Cohen offers a different kind of historical explanation , arguing that the story is an oblique account of the racial difference between the contemporary English and the indigenous Britons . = = = Folklore = = = Scholars such as Charles Oman note that one element of the children 's account , the entry into a different reality by way of a cave , seems to have been quite popular . Gerald of Wales tells a similar story of a boy who , after escaping his master , " encountered two pigmies who led him through an underground passage into a beautiful land with fields and rivers , but not lit by the full light of the sun " . But the motif is poorly attested ; E. W. Baughman lists it as the only example of his F103.1 category of English and North American folk tale motifs : " Inhabitants of lower world visit mortals , and continue to live with them " . Martin Walsh considers the references to St Martin to be significant , and sees the story of the green children as evidence that the feast of Martinmas has its origins in an English aboriginal past , of which the children 's story forms " the lowest stratum " . E. S. Alderson suggests a Celtic connection in a 1900 edition of Notes and Queries : " ' Green ' spirits are ' sinless ' in Celtic literature and tradition ... It may be more than a coincidence that the green girl marries a ' man of [ Kings ] Lynn . ' Here the original [ Celtic word ] would be lein , evil , i.e. the pure fairy marries a sinful child of earth . " In a modern development of the tale the green children are associated with the Babes in the Wood , who were left by their wicked uncle to die ; in this version the children 's green colouration is explained by their having been poisoned with arsenic . Fleeing from the wood in which they were abandoned , possibly nearby Thetford Forest , the children fell into the pits at Woolpit where they were discovered . Local author and folk singer Bob Roberts states in his 1978 book A Slice of Suffolk that " I was told there are still people in Woolpit who are ' descended from the green children ' , but nobody would tell me who they were ! " Other commentators have suggested that the children may have been aliens , or inhabitants of a world beneath the Earth . In a 1996 article published in the magazine Analog , astronomer Duncan Lunan hypothesised that the children were accidentally transported to Woolpit from their home planet as the result of a " matter transmitter " malfunction . Lunan suggests that the planet from which the children were expelled may be trapped in synchronous orbit around its sun , presenting the conditions for life only in a narrow twilight zone between a fiercely hot surface and a frozen dark side . He explains the children 's green colouration as a side effect of consuming the genetically modified alien plants eaten by the planet 's inhabitants . Lunan was not the first to state that the green children may have been extraterrestrials . Robert Burton suggested in his 1621 The Anatomy of Melancholy that the green children " fell from Heaven " , an idea that seems to have been picked up by Francis Godwin , historian and Bishop of Hereford , in his speculative fiction The Man in the Moone , published posthumously in 1638 . = = = Historical explanations = = = Many Flemish immigrants arrived in eastern England during the 12th century , and they were persecuted after Henry II became king in 1154 ; a large number of them were killed near Bury St Edmunds in 1173 at the Battle of Fornham fought between Henry II and Robert de Beaumont , 3rd Earl of Leicester . Paul Harris has suggested that the green children 's Flemish parents perished during a period of civil strife and that the children may have come from the village of Fornham St Martin , slightly to the north of Bury St Edmunds , where a settlement of Flemish fullers existed at that time . They may have fled and ultimately wandered to Woolpit . Disoriented , bewildered , and dressed in unfamiliar Flemish clothes , the children would have presented a very strange spectacle to the Woolpit villagers . The children 's colour could be explained by green sickness , the result of a dietary deficiency . Brian Haughton considers Harris 's explanation to be plausible , and the one most widely accepted , although not without its difficulties . For instance , he suggests it is unlikely that an educated local man like Richard de Calne would not have recognised the language spoken by the children as being Flemish . Historian Derek Brewer 's explanation is even more prosaic : The likely core of the matter is that these very small children , herding or following flocks , strayed from their forest village , spoke little , and ( in modern terms ) did not know their own home address . They were probably suffering from chlorosis , a deficiency disease which gives the skin a greenish tint , hence the term " green sickness " . With a better diet it disappears . Jeffrey Jerome Cohen proposes that the story is about racial difference , and " allows William to write obliquely about the Welsh " : the green children are a memory of England 's past and the violent conquest of the indigenous Britons by the Anglo @-@ Saxons followed by the Norman invasion . William of Newburgh reluctantly includes the story of the green children in his account of a largely unified England , which Cohen juxtaposes with Geoffrey of Monmouth 's The History of the Kings of Britain , a book that according to William is full of " gushing and untrammeled lying " . Geoffrey 's history offers accounts of previous kings and kingdoms of various racial identities , whereas William 's England is one in which all peoples are either assimilated or pushed to the boundaries . According to Cohen , the green children represent a dual intrusion into William 's unified vision of England . On one hand they are a reminder of the racial and cultural differences between Normans and Anglo @-@ Saxons , given the children 's claim to have come from St Martin 's Land , named after Martin of Tours ; the only other time William mentions that saint is in reference to St Martin 's Abbey in Hastings , which commemorates the Norman victory in 1066 . But the children also embody the earlier inhabitants of the British Isles , the " Welsh ( and Irish and Scots ) who [ had been ] forcibly anglicized ... The Green Children resurface another story that William had been unable to tell , one in which English paninsular dominion becomes a troubled assumption rather than a foregone conclusion . " The boy in particular , who dies rather than become assimilated , represents " an adjacent world that cannot be annexed ... an otherness that will perish to endure " . = = Legacy = = The English anarchist poet and critic Herbert Read describes the story of the green children in his English Prose Style , published in 1931 , as " the norm to which all types of fantasy should conform " . It was the inspiration for his only novel , The Green Child , written in 1934 . A 1994 adaptation of the story by Kevin Crossley @-@ Holland tells it from the point of view of the green girl . Author John Macklin includes an account in his 1965 book , Strange Destinies , of two green children who arrived in the Spanish village of Banjos in 1887 . Many details of the story very closely resemble the accounts given of the Woolpit children , such as the name of Ricardo de Calno , the mayor of Banjos who befriends the two children , strikingly similar to Richard de Calne . It therefore seems that Macklin 's story is an invention inspired by the green children of Woolpit , particularly as there is no record of any Spanish village called Banjos . Australian novelist and poet Randolph Stow uses the account of the green children in his 1980 novel The Girl Green as Elderflower ; the green girl is the source for the title character , here a blond girl with green eyes . The green children become a source of interest to the main character , Crispin Clare , along with some other characters from the Latin accounts of William of Newburgh , Gervase of Tilbury , and others , and Stow includes translations from those texts : these characters " have histories of loss and dispossession that echo [ Clare 's ] own " . The green children are the subject of a 1990 community opera performed by children and adults , composed by Nicola LeFanu with a libretto written by Kevin Crossley @-@ Holland . In 2002 English poet Glyn Maxwell wrote a verse play based on the story of the green children , Wolfpit ( the earlier name for Woolpit ) , which was performed once in New York City . In Maxwell 's version the girl becomes an indentured servant to the lord of the manor , until a stranger named Juxon buys her freedom and takes her to an unknown destination . = Norman Yardley = Norman Walter Dransfield Yardley ( 19 March 1915 – 3 October 1989 ) was an English cricketer who played for Cambridge University , Yorkshire County Cricket Club and England , as a right @-@ handed batsman and occasional bowler . An amateur , he captained Yorkshire from 1948 to 1955 and England on fourteen occasions between 1947 and 1950 , winning four Tests , losing seven and drawing three . Yardley was named Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1948 and in his obituary in Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , he was described as Yorkshire 's finest amateur since Stanley Jackson . Yardley played schoolboy cricket at St Peter 's , York . A highly talented all @-@ round sportsman , he went to St John 's College , Cambridge , and won Blues at cricket , squash , rugby fives and field hockey . In the university matches , he scored 90 in his second year , 101 in his third and was captain for his final year . He made his Yorkshire debut in 1936 and played for the county until 1955 , when he retired as a player . He made his Test match debut against South Africa in 1939 and after the Second World War was chosen as vice @-@ captain to Wally Hammond on the 1946 — 47 tour of Australia where he captained England in the fifth Test . He followed Hammond as skipper in 1947 , and captained England intermittently until 1950 when his business commitments allowed . In 1948 he succeeded to the Yorkshire leadership when Brian Sellers resigned . Yardley remained in the position until 1955 , during a time when Yorkshire had several difficult players in their dressing room . Under Yardley , Yorkshire were joint champions in 1949 but too often for the liking of supporters , finished second to Surrey in the County Championship . He served as a Test match selector between 1951 and 1954 , acting as chairman of selectors in 1952 . He was President of Yorkshire C.C.C. from 1981 to 1984 , when he resigned after becoming involved in controversy over the decision to release Geoffrey Boycott in 1983 . He died after a stroke in 1989 . = = Early life = = Yardley was born in Royston , near Barnsley , on 19 March 1915 to a family with no real background in cricket . He was sent to St Peter 's , York , where he made a good impression as a cricketer , being in the school team for five years from 1930 and captain in his final two years . In 1933 , his first season in charge , he scored 973 runs at an average of 88 @.@ 45 , scoring three centuries in consecutive innings . He headed the bowling averages , with 40 wickets at 11 @.@ 90 runs per wicket . His form that season saw him selected for the match between Young Amateurs and Young Professionals at Lord 's Cricket Ground , in which Yardley scored 189 in his first representative match , playing against his future England team @-@ mate Denis Compton . In 1934 , Yardley played in two further representative matches at Lord 's , for The Rest against Lord 's Schools , and for Public Schools against The Army , making 117 , the first century in the fixture for Public Schools , and 63 . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack later cited these successes as a demonstration of his ability to perform well on important occasions . While still at school , he came to the attention of Yorkshire County Cricket Club , playing for the Yorkshire Colts side and receiving coaching from George Hirst . He played for Yorkshire Second XI once in 1932 , twice in 1933 and twice in 1934 . = = First @-@ class cricketer = = = = = University Cricketer = = = Leaving St Peter 's School , Yardley went to St John 's College , Cambridge University , where he immediately began to show all @-@ round ability at sports . He won the North of England Squash Championships every year between 1934 and 1939 , and won his Blue in hockey , squash , and Rugby Fives . However , his main distinction came from cricket , where he was a Blue in each his four years at Cambridge . He played for the University team in his first year , the 1935 season , making ten first @-@ class appearances without much success . His Wisden obituary noted that " class rather than performance guaranteed his place . " He made his first @-@ class debut against Sussex , scoring a duck in his first innings and 24 runs in the second . He passed fifty on just one occasion that season , scoring 319 runs at an average of 16 @.@ 78 , and bowled 69 balls without taking a wicket . Nevertheless , he played in the University Match , scoring just 19 and 36 . In the following season , Yardley improved considerably , becoming a dominant force in University Cricket according to Wisden . His maiden first @-@ class century came in a narrow Cambridge victory over the Army , and he scored a second against Surrey , remaining not out for 116 in a total of 359 . Bowling much more regularly , his maiden wickets in first @-@ class cricket came in a performance of four wickets for 45 against Yorkshire , including the wicket of Len Hutton . Yardley topped the Cambridge batting averages and played an effective innings of 90 in the University Match . This display impressed Stanley Jackson , an influential former Yorkshire amateur cricketer , and he urged the Yorkshire selectors to include Yardley in the first team . Yardley was still appearing in the county second team at this stage , but at the end of August , he made his debut for the Yorkshire first eleven , appearing in the County Championship match against Derbyshire . He scored 12 in his only innings and took a wicket . He played in a further seven matches for Yorkshire , scoring 309 runs in ten innings with a highest score of 89 against Hampshire , with further fifties against Surrey and Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . In all first @-@ class cricket that season , Yardley scored 1 @,@ 017 runs at an average of 37 @.@ 66 and took 12 wickets at an average of 26 @.@ 08 . Yardley continued to make progress in his batting in 1937 . For Cambridge , he scored fifties against the Army and Surrey . Against Hampshire he took four for 47 and five for 41 , and when Cambridge collapsed to 35 for six chasing a victory target of 141 , he scored 64 not out to take the side to a win . Playing Sussex , he scored a century and took four for 36 , while in the University match , he scored 101 in two and a half hours . Yardley 's form saw him selected for the Gentlemen against the Players at Lord 's , although he scored only 7 and 4 , and when he joined Yorkshire after the Cambridge season , he made his first century for the county against Surrey , as well as three other fifties . His overall first @-@ class figures were 1 @,@ 472 runs at an average of 33 @.@ 45 and 31 wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 87 . He was picked for the winter MCC tour of India , under the captaincy of Lord Tennyson , where he scored 519 runs at an average 25 @.@ 95 but only took one wicket . No official Tests were played on the tour , but Yardley played in the representative matches which took place , scoring 96 in the first game , but his highest score in four other innings was 31 . Honours continued to come Yardley 's way in the 1938 season . He was chosen to captain Cambridge in his final season in the team ; although his side did not win a match , Yardley enjoyed some personal success . Among his fifties were innings of 67 against the touring Australian team and 61 in the University Match . He was included in different representative sides ; he was selected in a Test trial , playing for the Rest , and played a second game against the Australians for the Gentlemen of England , although he did not pass fifty in either match . For the Gentlemen against the Players , Yardley scored 88 . He did not make the full England side but was twelfth man in two Tests against Australia . His highest innings of the season was 97 for Yorkshire against Gloucestershire , and in all first @-@ class matches , Yardley accumulated 1 @,@ 217 runs at an average of 31 @.@ 20 and took 22 wickets at 35 @.@ 45 . = = = Test debut and war service = = = By this stage , Yorkshire regarded Yardley as the heir to Brian Sellers as captain , and the England Test selectors also began to prepare him to assume the England captaincy . At the end of the 1938 season , Yardley was chosen to tour South Africa with MCC as vice @-@ captain to Wally Hammond . He made a good start to the tour , scoring centuries in his first two innings , both surpassing his previous highest score . Wisden noted that he made a good impression on spectators in these early matches . In his fourth match , he captained the MCC in Hammond 's absence for the first time . When Len Hutton was injured in a tour match and missed the first Test , Yardey made his debut but scored just seven runs in a total of 422 and did not bat in the second innings . Hutton returned for the second match , and the successes of other batsmen meant that Yardley was not required in the other Tests on the tour . However , he scored a third century when he captained the MCC against Border . Having built up a reputation as one of the best amateur cricketers in England , Yardley played three early season matches for the MCC , but he was selected for neither the Gentlemen nor for England that year . He played his first full season for Yorkshire , scoring centuries against Cambridge , Warwickshire and Sussex ; in total , he scored 1 @,@ 086 runs at an average of 27 @.@ 84 and took 17 wickets . War brought first @-@ class cricket to an end in 1939 , and Yardley joined the first battalion of the Green Howards , along with his Yorkshire team @-@ mate Hedley Verity . After training in Omagh , Northern Ireland , where he played several cricket matches with Verity , he served in India , Iran , Syria , Egypt , Sicily , Italy and Iraq . In January 1944 , he was wounded in Italy , rejoining the First Battalion in Iraq on his recovery to become an instructor , before being demobilised at the end of the war . = = Career after the war = = = = = Tour to Australia in 1946 – 47 = = = When County cricket resumed in England in 1946 , Yorkshire won the County Championship . Yardley scored 788 runs at an average of 23 @.@ 17 , with just one century , for Yorkshire against Nottinghamshire . With the ball , he was used less frequently than before the war and took only nine wickets . He was not selected for any Test matches , but appeared for England in a Test trial and scored 39 and 11 . He also played twice for the MCC and represented the Gentlemen against the Players , making 29 and a duck in a heavy defeat for the amateurs . Critics regarded his season as unsuccessful , but he was chosen as vice @-@ captain to Hammond on the tour to Australia that winter , continuing his pre @-@ war role . It was intended that Yardley would appear lower down in the batting order , batting with a substantial total accumulated by the previous batsmen . However , the frailties of the England batting meant he often appeared in a crisis and had to rebuild several innings . Bill Bowes , the Yorkshire and England bowler who covered the tour as a journalist , was impressed by Yardley 's approach , noting that he did not back away from the fast bowlers , who frequently bowled bouncers at him : " In fact , Yardley played cricket with a determination we had never seen in Yorkshire or in his days at the university . " He made the greatest impression as a bowler , surprising commentators with his effectiveness . He did not bowl in the first six matches , but in his first over of the tour dismissed Arthur Morris who had already scored a century . From that point , he was used effectively to break up partnerships . In the Tests , he removed Donald Bradman in three successive innings , while in the third Test , he took two wickets , including Bradman , in two deliveries . Bowes believed the natural length of Yardley 's bowling was perfect for Australian pitches — he was not skilful enough to alter the length at which he bowled so his bowling in other conditions was less effective . The Australian reporter Clif Cary wrote " It was always amusing to watch the Englishmen when Yardley took a wicket . The first time they seemed fairly amused , but when he was regularly breaking partnerships , their enthusiasm knew no bounds , and it is said that in Melbourne after he had obtained Bradman 's wicket for the third time , Yardley blushed profusely when one excited team @-@ mate slapped him on the back and shouted " Well , bowled , Spofforth " . In the Tests , Yardley 's only scores over fifty , his first in Test cricket , came in the third Test , where he scored 61 and 53 not out . In England 's first innings , he helped his side to recover from a batting collapse , surviving for two hours . His second innings lasted 89 minutes and helped England to avoid defeat for the first time in the series . In the same match , Yardley bowled more overs than he had done previously on the whole tour , following injuries to Bill Voce and Bill Edrich , two of England 's main bowlers . Bowling leg theory with a fielders concentrated on the leg side , Yardley managed to move the ball off the seam . He dismissed Bradman twice in the match , having figures of three for 67 in the second innings and taking five wickets in the match . This was the first time that an England player had scored fifty runs in both innings and taken five wickets in a Test . Yardley also had substantial bowling workload in the fourth Test , delivering 31 overs in Australia 's first innings to take three for 101 . When Hammond did not play in the final Test , Yardley became captain , doing so courageously according to Wisden , which also pointed out that Yardley used field placing more effectively than Hammond . In the series , Yardley scored 252 runs at an average of 32 @.@ 50 , His ten wickets at an average of 37 @.@ 20 placed him first in the series bowling averages . He played in the drawn Test on the short tour to New Zealand which followed , opening the batting scoring 22 and taking a wicket . = = = England captain = = = Yardley enjoyed his most successful season with the bat in the 1947 season , scoring 1 @,@ 906 runs at an average of 44 @.@ 32 with five centuries ; his bowling took eleven wickets . Following Hammond 's retirement immediately after the 1946 – 47 tour , Yardley captained England against South Africa throughout the season . In the first Test , he made his highest Test score . England were unexpectedly made to follow on in the face of a large South African total ; when Yardley came to the crease in the second innings , England looked likely to be defeated at 170 for four , still 155 runs behind the tourists . Yardley scored 99 , being caught in the slips just before reaching his century , but his batting had helped to save the game and earned praise from Wisden for " batting soundly " . Yardley and Denis Compton added 237 , which was a record partnership for the fifth wicket in England and remains , in August 2010 , England 's best fifth wicket stand against South Africa . Yardley 's only other score over fifty in the series came in the drawn fifth Test when he scored 59 . However , he scored 41 in just over an hour in helpful conditions for fast bowlers in the third Test and 36 on a difficult pitch in the fourth Test . Yardley scored 273 runs at an average of 39 @.@ 00 in the series . In contrast to his efforts in Australia , he bowled just six overs in the series without taking a wicket . England won the second , third and fourth Tests to win the series , helped by a negative approach from the tourists . Yardley captained the Gentlemen against the Players for the first time , at Lord 's and Scarborough , and captained The Rest against Middlesex , the County Champions . His batting and captaincy in the season earned him selection as one of Wisden 's Cricketers of the Year . = = = Playing the Invincibles = = = Following Brian Sellers resignation , Yardley was appointed Yorkshire captain at the start of the 1948 season . With his England commitments and other absences , he only played in 12 County Championship matches . He had not toured the West Indies with MCC in 1947 – 48 , when Gubby Allen captained the side . However , Yardley resumed his leadership of England when Australia , captained by Bradman , toured the country without losing a match . Yardley led the MCC in an early match against the tourists , and captained England in a Test trial , but only played three other games , all for Yorkshire , before the first Test , with a top score of 46 . In the first Test , England were bowled out for 165 after Yardley won the toss and batted in difficult conditions . Wisden did not blame Yardley for the collapse as England did not bat well . He then set defensive fields to keep down Australia 's scoring rate , taking a wicket himself with his fourth ball as part of figures of two for 32 . The Australian batsmen found it difficult to score quickly against the negative tactics but still established a lead of 344 . Yardley batted an hour in the second innings to score 22 but Australia recorded an eight wicket win . Before the second Test , Yardley played for Yorkshire against the Australians , and although unsuccessful with the bat , took two for nine with the ball , his first wickets of the season for his county . England adopted an aggressive strategy in the second Test , but could not avoid a second defeat . Yardley frequently changed his bowlers to unsettle the Australians in their first innings , and took two for 35 himself as England briefly held the advantage . However , the lower order batsmen mounted a recovery , Yardley being criticised for his reluctance to bowl Doug Wright . The England captain then arrested a batting collapse by adding 87 with Denis Compton , scoring 44 himself , but Australia led by 135 on first innings . Yardley took two wickets in two balls in Australia 's second innings , narrowly missing a hat @-@ trick when Keith Miller only just got his bat down on the ball to avoid being bowled , and had figures of two for 36 , but Australia scored 460 for seven and bowled England out for 186 . In between Tests , Yardley scored his only century of the season , but his contributions to the third Test were minimal . He scored 22 and bowled four wicketless overs . However , the home side fought back in the match , for which Len Hutton was dropped . England scored 363 and bowled out Australia for 221 . They scored 174 for three before declaring , but rain intervened to prevent Yardley pushing for a win . England maintained their newly confident approach , being on top for most of the fourth Test . Yardley 's men scored 496 and achieved a first innings lead of 38 , Yardley contributing two wickets . England increased their lead by 365 before Yardley declared . He kept the team batting for five minutes on the last day , allowing him to use the heavy roller to quicken the break @-@ up of the pitch . Australia had to score 404 in 345 minutes , a target considered unlikely as such a large total had never been made to win a Test match . In addition , the pitch was difficult to bat on by now and the spinners could turn the ball sharply . However , England made several errors : Godfrey Evans , the England wicket @-@ keeper had a bad day and missed some stumping chances ; three catches were dropped by fielders , and England 's only specialist spinner , Jim Laker , bowled poorly . Consequently , Yardley was forced to use Denis Compton 's bowling . Compton was not a specialist bowler and although he caused problems for the batsmen , Bill Bowes believed the selectors were mistaken in expecting him to be as effective as a front line spinner . Yardley seemed unsure of the best course of action as Bradman and Arthur Morris added 301 runs for the second wicket ; he resorted to using the very occasional leg spin of Hutton , who was hit for 30 runs in four overs , although Yardley himself dropped a catch from Hutton 's bowling . The pitch conditions were unfavourable for the faster bowlers , but the ineffectiveness of the spinners forced Yardley to take the new ball . Australia won by seven wickets ; the spectators were unhappy with the inadequate English bowling and the absence of a suitable bowler to exploit the pitch on the last day . Bowes later criticised Yardley for allowing Australia to score quickly enough to win ; he believed that Yardley used Hutton 's bowling to encourage the tourists to take risks against lesser bowling to keep up with required rate of scoring , but he miscalculated in using such bowling for too long . Wisden also stated that England should have won the match . Around this time , and particularly after the fourth Test defeat , critics suggested that Walter Robins , one of the selectors , should captain England to bring a more attacking approach to the job . However , Robins ' age counted against him ; the selectors were satisfied with Yardley 's captaincy in what were difficult circumstances , and retained him for the final Test . In that match , he failed twice with the bat , scoring 7 and 9 as England were humiliated , bowled out for 52 and 188 to lose by an innings . England lost the series 4 – 0 . Yardley managed 150 runs at an average of 16 @.@ 66 , not passing fifty in a single innings . However , he once again topped the England bowling averages , taking nine wickets at an average of 22 @.@ 66 . Bowes believed that the pressure of captaincy had affected Yardley 's batting . Bowes also cast doubt on Yardley 's future , stating that other commitments may have prevented his continuing to play cricket much longer . Yardley 's only other representative appearance in 1948 was as captain of the Gentlemen against the Players at Lords , where he scored 61 . In the whole season , he scored 1 @,@ 061 runs at an average of 29 @.@ 47 and 14 wickets at an average of 35 @.@ 14 — he took just five wickets outside of the Tests . = = = Captain of Yorkshire = = = Yardley was unavailable to captain the MCC tour of South Africa in the winter of 1948 – 49 , which was led by George Mann . Mann did well enough to retain the position for two Tests in the 1949 season ; Freddie Brown captained the other two and Yardley did not play for England that year . In all first @-@ class matches that season , he scored 1 @,@ 612 runs at an average of 37 @.@ 48 and took 22 wickets at an average of 33 @.@ 86 . He did not score a century in the County Championship , but passed three figures for Yorkshire against the New Zealand touring team and for the North against the South in a festival match . His only representative game outside of festival matches was for the Gentlemen against the Players at Lord 's ; Mann was appointed captain for the game . That season , Yorkshire shared the County Championship with Middlesex , the only time Yorkshire won the competition during Yardley 's leadership . Yardley 's batting form dipped in the 1950 season . He scored 1 @,@ 082 runs at an average of 24 @.@ 59 , the final time he reached four figures in a season . With the ball he took 19 wickets at an average of 32 @.@ 10 . Yorkshire finished third in the County Championship behind joint winners Lancashire and Surrey . It took seven matches for Yardley to reach fifty runs in an innings , but he hit centuries against Surrey , Somerset and Scotland in the second half of the season . The West Indies toured England and Yardley resumed the England captaincy ; he also captained MCC against the tourists and England against The Rest in a Test trial . However , neither Yardley nor Mann , the two likeliest candidates , were able to accept the captaincy of the MCC side in Australia that winter . The selectors spent much of the season assessing other players . Although Yardley represented the Gentlemen against the Players , the side was led by Brown , who scored a century and was appointed captain of the touring side . Brown also assumed the captaincy of England for the final Test against West Indies and Yardley was left out of the team . In the three Tests he played , Yardley scored 108 runs at an average of 18 @.@ 00 with a top score of 41 . He won the first Test but lost the next two , West Indies ' first Test wins in England ; the final Test was also lost by Brown . Following this series , Yardley did not play any more Tests , although his name was mentioned as a potential captain in 1953 before Hutton was appointed as England 's first professional captain of the twentieth century . At the time , Yardley was still considered the best amateur candidate . In 20 Tests , Yardley scored 812 runs at an average of 25 @.@ 37 and four fifties . With the ball , he took 21 wickets at an average of 33 @.@ 66 . On the fourteen occasions he was captain , he won four times , lost seven and drew three . Yorkshire finished second in the County Championship to Warwickshire in the 1951 season and second to Surrey in the 1952 season . However , in following season , Yorkshire dropped to equal twelfth , their worst ever finish at that time . In the following two seasons , the team were again runners up , Surrey winning on both occasions . Yardley scored more than 850 runs in each season , but only managed two more centuries . These were 183 not out against Hampshire in 1951 , the highest innings of his career , and an unbeaten score of exactly 100 against Gloucestershire in his final season . His batting average was generally between 24 and 31 , except in 1953 when in matches in England he averaged 36 @.@ 53 . Yardley used himself as a bowler more often in 1951 and 1952 , delivering more overs than any other time in his career in the latter year . He took 32 and 43 wickets respectively in each season , his highest two season totals , and taking five wickets in an innings on three occasions , having only done so twice before . However , he bowled less often during his final three seasons , with a subsequent drop in his tally of wickets . His only representative cricket , apart from annual matches at the Scarborough Festival for the Gentlemen against the Players and occasionally for T. N. Pearce 's XI , was the Gentlemen v Players match at Lord 's in 1954 . Judgements were mixed on Yardley 's performance as Yorkshire 's captain . His record would have been considered good at any other county , but not by the standards set by previous Yorkshire sides . Critics felt that Yorkshire should have won the Championship with the players available . Contemporaries believed him to be the best captain in the country tactically , taking reasonable chances without too many risks and judging players strengths and weakness . Trevor Bailey , who played against him for Essex and under him for England , wrote that he thought him " an outstanding tactician and an expert on wicket behaviour . He was unquestionably one of the best captains I have ever played with or against . It has been said that he was too nice to lead Yorkshire , but I cannot think of anybody I have preferred playing under . " Alan Gibson believed that unlike some county captains , Yardley was worth his place in the side on cricketing ability . However , he seemed unable to extract the best from his players . Jim Kilburn noted that he used orthodox tactics , even when a different approach was called for , while other critics believed that he was shocked by the attitude of some difficult players in the side . Neither Yardley nor Hutton , his senior professional , were disciplinarians in the dressing room and kept apart from others . Both were frequently absent , playing in representative matches . This may have inflamed the situation , leading to accusations that some players were out of control . Yardley disliked confrontation , and Ray Illingworth , who played under him , described him as too nice to stand up to his players . But Bob Appleyard , another of his former players , gives Yardley credit for recognising his potential and encouraging him to become a spinner , and believes that he and Hutton made a formidable pair of tacticians . Generally , he was popular with his players . Between 1951 and 1954 , Yardley served as a Test selector , serving as chairman in 1952 at the time when Hutton was chosen as England captain . Following the 1955 season , aged 40 and increasingly bothered by lumbago , Yardley retired from the team . He ended his first @-@ class career with 18 @,@ 173 runs at an average of 31 @.@ 17 , and 279 wickets at an average of 30 @.@ 48 . Wisden later described him as " the finest Yorkshire amateur since F. S. Jackson " . = = Style and technique = = Yardley had a good technique for batting . He possessed a fluent , attractive style , and his height allowed him to reach the ball and drive more comfortably than most . His best shots were on the leg side , using his strong wrists to turn the ball away when it was aimed towards his legs . Yardley performed best when his side was in difficulty , and he could play attacking or defensive innings depending on the situation . He bowled intelligently , leading to greater rewards than his gentle style led opponents to expect , but remained a reluctant bowler who was surprised by his own success . He was a good fielder in positions close to the batsmen . = = Career after cricket = = Yardley worked as a wine merchant outside cricket . After his retirement from playing he worked as a cricket journalist and served as an expert summariser on Test Match Special from 1956 until 1969 , as well as in 1973 . According to David Frith , the only time he was moved to express severe disapproval was when Brian Close was dismissed after a poor shot in the Fourth Test in 1961 at Old Trafford ; this was part of a final @-@ day England collapse that handed Australia the match and a 2 – 1 series win after the hosts had been on course for victory and the series lead . Trevor Bailey , who was a colleague in the commentary box for the later part of Yardley 's time with Test Match Special , wrote : " I always considered Norman Yardley to be an ideal summariser : accurate , informative and very sensible , and able to explain not only what happened but also the reasons why . His knowledge about pitches , tactics and the technicalities of the game was exceptional ... Articulate , expert , and possessing considerable charge [ sic ] , I thought his interpretation of events on the field and his post @-@ session summaries were sound , balanced and never less than fair . " He served on the Yorkshire Cricket Committee , and from 1981 , he was Yorkshire President . However , he became involved in the controversy surrounding Geoffrey Boycott , to whom the committee had decided not to give a new contract . Yardley resigned early in 1984 after a vote of no confidence , dismayed by the attitude of Boycott 's supporters . Anthony Woodhouse wrote in his history of Yorkshire : " he conducted affairs in a fair and unbiased manner . Alas , he should never have been burdened with the politics of Yorkshire cricket in the 1980s . " He died at Lodge Moor , Sheffield on 3 October 1989 following a stroke . = Vorontsov Palace ( Alupka ) = The Vorontsov Palace ( Ukrainian : Воронцовський палац ; Russian : Воронцо ́ вский дворе ́ ц ) or the Alupka Palace is an historic palace situated at the foot of the Crimean Mountains near the town of Alupka in Crimea . The Vorontsov Palace is one of the oldest and largest palaces in Crimea , and is one of the most popular tourist attractions on Crimea 's southern coast . The palace was built between 1828 and 1848 for Russian Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov for use as his personal summer residence at a cost of 9 million silver rubles . It was designed in a loose interpretation of the English Renaissance revival style by English architect Edward Blore and his assistant William Hunt . The building is a hybrid of several architectural styles , but faithful to none . Among those styles are elements of Scottish Baronial , Mughal architecture , and Gothic Revival architecture . Blore had designed many buildings in the United Kingdom , and was later particularly well known there for completing the design of Buckingham Palace in London . Once completed , the palace was visited by many members of the Russian Empire 's elite ruling class ; a great number of these vastly wealthy nobles were so taken with the palace and its seaboard site that they were moved to create their own summer retreats in the Crimea . By the early 20th century not only many aristocrats , but also members of the Imperial Family , including the Tsar himself , has palaces in an assortment of architectural styles in the vicinity . An important feature of the Vorontsov Palace is the adjoining park ensemble , which features 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) of greenery and forestry arranged by German landscape gardener Carolus Keebach . Today , the Vorontsov Palace is a part of the " Alupka Palace @-@ Park Complex , " a national historical preserve including the Massandra Palace in neighbouring Massandra . Owing to its status as an important local tourist attraction and architectural monument , the Vorontov Palace and its surrounding park complex were commonly featured in Ukrainian and Soviet cinema productions such as : An Ordinary Miracle ( 1964 ) , Nebesnye lastochki ( 1976 ) , Crazy Day or The Marriage of Figaro ( 2004 ) , and Sappho ( 2008 ) . Russian poet Ivan Bunin visited the palace in 1900 and wrote a short poem entitled " Long alley leading down to the shore ... " ( Russian : К прибрежью моря длинная аллея ... ) . = = History = = In the period following the Napoleonic wars , the new city of Odessa emerged as Russia 's southern capital with a vibrant cosmopolitan society centered on a handful of brilliant Russian aristocrats and beautiful Polish ladies such as Zofia Potocka and Karolina Rzewuska . According to Filipp Vigel , the viceroy 's court in Odessa looked like a " small capital of an imperial fürst " . While many Neoclassical buildings appeared in Odessa , the Crimea ( or Taurica , as it was then better known ) was still perceived as a wild , exotic hinterland . The mid @-@ 1820s saw the appearance of highly popular Romantic works celebrating its rugged beauty , such as Alexander Pushkin 's poem The Fountain of Bakhchisaray and Adam Mickiewicz 's Crimean Sonnets . Both poets were fascinated with Lord Byron 's Oriental romances and pictured the Crimea as an exotic land of Tartar Muslim traditions which had flourished in the Khanate of Crimea until its demise in 1783 . Mikhail Vorontsov was appointed Viceroy of Novorossiya in May 1823 . Even before their arrival in Odessa , the Vorontsovs started buying up lands in the southwest of Crimea , which was sparsely populated and little known at the time . Alupka was bought in 1824 from colonel Theodosios Reveliotis , the owner of Livadia and Oreanda . By that time , the Vorontsovs also had property in Gurzuf , Massandra , Ai @-@ Danil , and Cape Martian . = = = Original design and ethos = = = The Vorontsov Palace was commissioned as a summer residence for the Governor @-@ General of Novorossiya , Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov ( born 1782 – died 1856 ) . The Prince was a dedicated Anglophile . His father , Semyon Vorontsov , had been Catherine the Great 's ambassador to England , and the Prince had been educated in London . His sister , Catherine , had married an English aristocrat and become the châtelaine of one of England 's grandest country houses , Wilton House . On the accession of Paul I , in 1796 , Semyon Vorontsov fell from favour and his estates confiscated and not returned until 1801 , after the accession of Alexander 1 . It 's therefore unsurprising that he chose to reside with his daughter in England until his death and that Mikhail Vorontsov was a frequent visitor to that country . Vorontsov had been purchasing land from the local Tartars for the site of his new palace at Alupka from 1823 ; however , the acquisition had been part of a deal which necessitated Vorontsov to build a new mosque . Part of the site had already been planted with fine trees in 1787 for Prince Potemkin by the English landscape gardener William Gould as part of Potemkin 's " improvements " to the area in perpetration of a visitation by Catherine the Great following Potemkin 's bloodless annexation of the Crimea to Russia . On acquiring ownership of the site , Vorontsov immediately employed the German gardener Karl Kebach to further improve the site and layout the grounds and gardens for the proposed new palace . In 1824 , the architect Philip Elson was commissioned to build a small house for the Vorontsov family to inhabit while the new palace was under construction . Now much altered in form , and known as the Asiatic Pavilion , this building still stands . Originally , the prince wanted a strictly Classical design , and plans for such a design were executed , in Chester by architect Thomas Harrison and modified , on site , by Odessa architect Francesco Boffo . The two architects had previously worked together on the design for Vorontsov 's official residence in Odessa . Harrison 's plans for he palace at Alupka show a classical villa on the site of the present palace 's corps de logis with bedroom floors below , on what are now the lower terraces of the present palace . On the garden front , facing the sea , the plans show a large double height classical exedra ; Vorontsov must have approved of this concept as it was the only feature ( albeit transformed to an Islamic style ) , to be incorporated from Harrison 's plans into the new plans . Construction began in 1828 , however , it was suspended in June 1831 before the building has risen from its foundations . This may have been because the principal architect Harrison had died the previous year and Boffo working alone may not have been an option – his alterations to Harrison 's plans for the Governor 's residence in Odessa had been unfavorably received . = = = Change of plan = = = Vorontsov had traveled widely in England , and had doubtless seen the newly emerging Jacobethan style – a hybrid revival styles based on the English buildings of the late 16th and early 17th centuries , which , in turn , had been influenced by the English Renaissance style which had belatedly evolved from the Italian Renaissance style of a century earlier . Vorontsov decided to review the design in order to incorporate these new trends from Western European architecture . This major change from a Classical design to a far more complex revival style , little known in Russia , meant Vorontsov had to find an alternative architect to execute a new design . This was further complicated by Vorontsov 's desire to not only have a loose Jacobethan style , but also to incorporate motifs from Islamic architecture so as to highlight the oriental strain evident in the Khan 's Palace , Enikale Fort , and other local Tatar architecture . The resulting design was to highlight the Crimea 's position as a place where the East and West meet . It was a radical departure from the Neoclassical strain that dominated the Russian architecture of the period . As a result of the expansion of the British Empire , a similar approach was also gaining popularity in Britain . An Anglicised interpretation of Islamic architecture is exemplified by the Brighton Royal Pavilion , completed in 1823 , and the Sezincote House , completed a few years earlier . Both these buildings drew heavily on the Islamic motifs , which were later to be evident at the Vorontsov Palace and were new and novel designs at the time of the Prince 's visit to England . Vorontsov decided upon the British architect Edward Blore to redesign and complete the building . Blore was a curious choice of architect ; though able his work has often been often considered bland and uninspired . The eminent architectural historian Howard Colvin claimed that " a dull competence pervaded all his work " , while the country house architectural expert Mark Girouard has described Blore as " a bit of a bore . " However , Blore 's stolid and conventional designs were admired by the English Tory aristocracy – a class to which Vorontsov 's sister belonged and for whom Blore had worked at Wilton . The Anglophile Vorontsov was also a great admirer and friend of Sir Walter Scott for whom Blore had worked at the great Scottish baronial country house Abbotsford ; therefore it seems likely that these latter connections led Vorontsov to Blore . Blore had already worked on many grand British buildings and a couple of buildings in colonial Australia . Blore himself did not visit the town of Alupka , however , he was well informed about the area 's mountainous landscape and terrain . Construction restarted in 1830 , under the supervision of Blore 's fellow architect William Hunt . = = = Architecture = = = Blore 's new plan for the corps de logis of house was constrained by Vorontsov 's wish to use the footings and foundations which had been built for Harrison 's original design ; this severely restricted the shape , size and layout of the palaces principal rooms . However , rather than erect a compact and low classical villa , as Harrison had designed , Blore 's plan was radically different , with strong English Tudor Renaissance features on the northern side , and an eclectic medley of western and Islamic features on the southern . The central bay of the southern facade was inspired by Delhi 's Jummah Masjid mosque , which enabled the classical exedra of Harrison 's design to be incorporated , once given an Islamic makeover , harmoniously into the design . In places , the seemingly at odds architectural styles can be viewed simultaneously ; this is particularly so in the chimney stacks which resemble Islamic minarets . These coupled with the castellated parapets add what appears to be an almost Moorish element to the late English Renaissance air of the northern facade . However , it is the southern garden facade which displays the strongest of the building 's Islamic influences ; it has a flat roof and is topped by two minaret @-@ style towers at its centre . These minarets flank the massive , central bay , this takes the form of a projecting double height porch entered through a high Islamic horseshoe arch . The interior of the porch takes the form of an exedra , which is really an elaborately decorated open vestibule ; it has an inscribed Shahada stating " There is no God but Allah " in Arabic . The porch is flanked by two short wings , each of two bays and adorned with cast iron balconies and verandahs overlooking over the terraces and their statuary . While the designs for the corps de logis were confined by the foundations of Harrison 's earlier plan , the secondary wings and precincts were not . Abandoning completely Harrisons concept of bedrooms set in terraces beneath the corp de logis , Blore 's assistant architect , Hunt , opted for the typical vast sprawling wings and servants ' quarters of the 19th century English country house . These took full advantage of the gradients and topography of the site , and with their courtyards came to resemble a small medieval , fortified town of towers and high castellated walls . Nowhere is this more evident than the Shuvalov Passage , an enclosed carriage drive squeezed between the high walls of two wings , leading from the castellated Western Gatehouse to the forecourt before the northern facade . The passage , which twists and turn beneath high wall and towers and even passes under a bridge , resembles the street of a medieval town , rather than the approach to a country house . = = = Construction = = = Vorotsov imported thousands of his serfs from the Moscow , Vladimir , and Voronezh governorates of the Russian Empire to construct the palace . These unpaid workers performed all the labour by hand , aided only by primitive hand tools . Masons were also brought in to help with the construction . The palace 's ashlar blocks were made from a local greenish @-@ gray tinge diabase , chosen for its unique color to match the colours of the surrounding mountainous landscape and forest greenery . All other building materials were imported from outside the Empire . One of the first of the palace 's many rooms to be completed was the main dining room , built from 1830 to 1834 . The principal central wing of the mansion was constructed from 1831 to 1837 . Between 1841 and 1842 , a billiard room was constructed adjoining the dining room . From 1838 through to 1844 , the guest wing , the east wing , towers , the service wing , and the front entrance were completed . The final wing built of the mansion was the library wing ; this was under construction from 1842 to 1844 . The remaining four years of building works were spent on the palace 's interior decoration . William Hunt , the onsite architect employed to oversee Blore 's design , while remaining faithful to Blore 's overall plans , was not afraid to alter them . Most notably , the Western Gatehouse , the main approach to the palace , was intended to have octagonal towers , but Hunt redesigned the gatehouse in an English 14th @-@ century castle style , with solid round towers and machicolations , nearly identical to the towers at Bodiam Castle , East Sussex . After completion of the palace , Hunt remained at Alupka working on an assortment of projects in and around the estate building long carriage drives , roads and structural improvements to the gardens surrounding the palace . One of his largest projects was an extension to the palace itself , the Shuvalov wing , which was to be the summer retreat of the Vorontsov 's daughter Countess Sofia Shuvalova and her children , the countess was estranged from her husband This wing linled the palace to the western gatehouse , and created the enclosed Shuvalov Passage leading to the main entrance . Hunt remained in the Prince 's employ until his retirement in 1852 . = = Interior = = The palace consists of a total of 150 rooms , the principal of which are panelled with wood block floors . Inside the corps de logis , it had been Blore 's intention to follow the English 19th century tradition of distinct masculine and feminine suites of reception rooms ; with a library , dining rooms and billiard room ensuite to left of the central hall for men , and a massive drawing room to the right for women . This layout of sexually designated zones had become popular in Victorian England ; however its intention was not to segregate the sexes , but more to define furnishings – the male zones tended to have heavy oak furniture and dark ' Turkey ' carpets , whereas the female zones would have more delicate furnishings of rosewood , Aubusson carpets and chintz soft furnishings . However , for unknown reasons , this concept was never executed and the female part of the house was extended into the male territory , with the intended billiard room becoming the countess 's boudoir while the study became a further small sitting room for feminine use . Above these seaward facing rooms were the family bedrooms . Following the female claim to the principal rooms of the corps de logis , the library and dining room were relocated to a secondary wing not built until much later . This secondary wing is linked to the west of corps de logis by a large arcaded loggia ; originally open , it is now glazed and known as the Winter Garden . A later secondary wing , known as the Shuvalov wing ( named after Vorontsov 's son @-@ in @-@ law , Count Shuvalov ) was not part of Blore 's original plan and designed by his assistant , William Hunt . The most notable of which are the blue room , chintz room , dining room , and the Chinese cabinet . The museum covers the first floor 's first eight rooms , featuring more than 11 @,@ 000 exhibits , including engravings of the 18th century , paintings from the 16th through 19th centuries , including those depicting Crimean scenarios by Armenian seascape painter Ivan Aivazovsky , as well as furniture crafted by Russian wood masters from the 19th century . The library , the last of the palace 's rooms to be completed , is based on Sir Walter Scott 's own library , revealing the personal friendship that Blore had with Scott . Inside , the library features about 6 @,@ 000 literary and musical works of the 18th and 19th centuries . The interior 's woodwork , including the doors , panelling , and ceilings , is made out of oak . The walls are adorned in cloth , with designs made by Dutch , Flemish , French , and Italian painters . The palace 's Gothic fireplaces are made out of polished diabase . = = Grounds = = The palace sits surrounded by gardens and a park ; these grounds consisting of 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) were laid out by the German landscape gardener Carolus Keebach. in the first half of the 19th century in the form of an amphitheatre : featuring wide open spaces and gardens planted alongside the walkways . The walkways are gravelled with 29 bags of coloured stones from the Crimean village of Koktebel . The largest of the landscaping undertakings carried out on the palace 's grounds were performed between 1840 and 1848 with the aid of soldiers , who also assisted in the formation and leveling of the terraces laid out before of the palace 's southern façade . Fauna was introduced from various locations throughout the world , including the Mediterranean , the Americas , and East Asia . Flora imported over a 150 years ago still numbers almost 200 species . Keebach had the park designed in such a way that it would incorporate the landscape 's native vegetation , mountain springs , and nearby rocky masses , in addition to foreign plant species brought in from the Mediterranean , both North and South America , as well as from East Asia . Today , the park still features more than 200 exotic tree and shrub species , including a wide variety of palm trees , laurels , cypresses , olive trees , and evergreen viburnum , among many others . In the summer of 1848 , the palace and its grounds were enhanced by the addition of three pairs of white marble Medici lions ; this statuary was placed alongside the wide flight of steps climbing the terraces to the palace . Each of the statues , by Italian sculptor Giovanni Bonnani , are depicted in a varying pose – a pair of " sleeping lions " at the bottom of the steps , " waking lions " near the centre , and " standing lions " at the top nearest the palace . Crimea 's coastal highway runs through the park , dividing it into the upper and lower portions . The upper park is dominated by the mountain springs , as well as by the native southern coast forestry and clusters of foreign tree growth . A feature of the upper park is the Fountain of Trilby , which was placed there in 1829 . The lower park is modelled upon a style called the Italian Renaissance garden . It features three pairs of Medici lions near the staircase leading up to the palace 's southern façade , carved out of carrara marble by sculptor Giovanni Bonnani . = = Influence = = The construction of Mikhail Vorontsov 's summer residence in Alupka so impressed Tsar Nicholas I that he decided to have his own family retreat built at neighbouring Oreanda . In September 1837 , the Tsar and Tsarina visited the Crimea for the first time . The viceroy entertained them at his new residence in Alupka . Impressed with the palace and its setting , the Prussian @-@ born Empress commissioned from Karl Friedrich Schinkel , a Berlin @-@ based architect , a design for a new residence . His design called for a striking combination of Greek Revival and Egyptian Revival elements . The palace was to be perched on the craggy shore in Oreanda . The court architect Andrei Stackenschneider offered a less expensive design , which was adopted . The Tsarina 's palace was built between 1843 and 1853 under the supervision of William Hunt and Combioggio , an architect from Odessa . This edifice was destroyed by a 1882 conflagration , with only a marble rotunda remaining . The next emperor , Alexander II , had the royal residence moved to Livadia . Vorontsov 's building activities started a tradition of imperial residency of the area which would attract many of Russia 's smart and most elite to also build villas and palaces in the Crimea . One of the first such buildings was the Gaspra Palace , designed by William Hunt in the 1830s for Prince Alexander Galitzine , one of Alexander I 's most trusted advisors . Blore 's design inspired another straightforward imitation on the eastern shore of the Black Sea : the Dadiani Palace in Zugdidi that was commissioned by the last Princess of Mingrelia in 1873 and , at the time of the Russian Revolution , was in possession of the House of Murat . Neo @-@ Moorish architectural elements were also incorporated in the design of the royal villas in Dulber and Likani . = = Owners and occupiers = = Count , later ( 1845 ) Prince Mikhail Vorontsov ( 30 May 1782 – 18 November 1856 ) , Viceroy of New Russia , builder of the palace . He was renowned for his success in the Napoleonic wars . As the Viceroy of the Caucasus from 1844 to 1853 , he supervised the conduct of the Caucasian War . Having completed the palace , Vorotsov , now suffering progressive blindness , spent little time there . His commitments to the expanding Russian Empire took him to Tiflis ; there , he waged wars on the rebellious local tribes . The now elderly Vorontsov , a confirmed anglophile , was particularly distressed by the outbreak of the Crimean War , which , in England , was heavily promoted by his English nephew , Sidney Herbert . Embarrassed and distressed , he retired from public life to the privacy of Odessa . Vorontsov died in 1856 , having lived just long enough to see the signing of the Peace of Paris . Vorontsov 's tomb in the Odessa Cathedral was ruined by the Soviets , but his remains survived the Soviet era and were returned to the newly rebuilt cathedral in 2005 . Countess , later Princess Yelizaveta Vorontsova ( 19 September 1792 – 27 April 1880 ) , a daughter of Count Franciszek Ksawery Branicki by Aleksandra von Engelhardt , one of the nieces and heiresses of Prince Potemkin , the founder of New Russia ( who was childless ) . She was one of the many Polish noble women who married the Russian aristocrats during the brief period of the " Polish enchantment " , when Alexander I publicly conducted an affair with Marie Czetwertyńska and his heir Konstantin was in love with her sister Joanna Wyszkowska . When exiled to the Black Sea coast after The Gabrieliad affair , Alexander Pushkin wooed Elise Vorontsova in Odessa and addressed several poems to her . Apparently resenting his advances , the countess complained to her husband , who had his young rival exiled to a northern village . After her husband 's death , Yelizaveta rarely visited the Alupka Palace , preferring to live in Odessa . Prince Semyon Vorontsov ( 23 October 1823 – 6 May 1882 ) , the only son and heir of Prince Mikhail . He served under his father in the Caucasus with distinction and figures in Leo Tolstoy 's novella Hadji Murat , as do his wife and father . On 26 August 1851 he married in Alupka , against his parents ' wishes , Madame Stolypina , née Princess Trubetskaya , once famed for her radiant beauty . The couple found the cost of running the palace too high , and after making various economies they seldom visited the Crimea . After Semyon 's death without issue , the widow plundered the palace of many of its entailed furnishings and paintings and settled at the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne with the Duca di Montelfi , her son from a previous marriage . Countess Sofia Shuvalova ( 1825 – 15 August 1879 ) , the daughter of Prince Mikhail and Princess Elizaveta . In 1844 , she married Count Andrei Shuvalov , the owner of Pargolovo ( not to be confused with another branch of the Shuvalov family whose family seat was the Schloss Ruhenthal in Courland ) . The marriage was not happy , inducing her to live separately from her husband , who died in the house of another woman in 1876 . From the 1850s Sofia and her children used Alupka as a country retreat , occupying the long West Wing now named after them , the Shuvalov Wing , while her brother Prince Semyon occupied the remainder of the palace . Count , later ( 1882 ) Prince Pavel Vorontsov @-@ Shuvalov ( 1846 – 1885 ) , the son of Sofia Shuvalova and grandson of Mikhail Vorontsov , inherited the largely empty palace and the Vorontsov title on the death of his uncle in 1882 . He died three years later . His wife , Yelizaveta Stolypina , née Baroness Pilar von Pilchau , outlived him by 54 years . They had no children . An imperial ukase from 7 July 1882 designated Alupka the centrepiece of the Vorontsov majorat , which was to be inherited in the right of primogeniture . Count Mikhail Shuvalov ( 7 July 1850 – 5 January 1904 ) inherited the entailed estate in 1885 from his brother Count Pavel . On 12 February 1886 , the Emperor authorized him to use the princely title and to style himself Prince Vorontsov @-@ Shuvalov . He was a bachelor and lived abroad . On his death , the title of Prince Vorontsov ( Serene Highness ) became extinct . Countess Elizaveta Vorontsova @-@ Dashkova ( 25 July 1845 – 15 July 1924 ) , the elder sister of Pavel and Mikhail Shuvalov . She was the last private owner of the palace , and restored much of its former splendour , buying back many of its former furnishings , and living quietly there with her husband , Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov @-@ Dashkov , a scion of the only surviving branch of the Vorontsov family . At the beginning of the World War I , Count Illarion was the Governor @-@ General of Caucasus . He died in Alupka in 1916 . Countess Yelizaveta Vorontsova @-@ Dashkova lived in the palace until April 1919 . During the great evacuation of the Crimea by the Russian Whites , she sailed to Malta aboard a British ship . She was accompanied by her grandchildren from the Sheremetev family , including Count Nikolai Sheremetev , who later married Princess Irina Yusupova ( Bébé ) . Yelizaveta 's descendants also include actress Anne Wiazemsky . = = Later history = = Four years after the October Revolution , in 1921 , the palace was nationalised , after which it was converted into a museum . This occupied the main , dining , and library wings of the building . In addition to the state @-@ confiscated Vorontsov family possessions , the museum also featured the exhibits of the nationalised estates of the Romanovs , Yusupovs , and Stroganovs all of whom had estates in the vicinity . In 1927 , the palace 's Shuvalov wing housed a sanatorium " 10 Years of October , " while the palace 's main concourse became home to Alupka resort 's polyclinic and spa baths . When World War II began in 1941 , most of the museum 's exhibits were evacuated for safety from Alupka . However , some 537 artistic and graphics exhibits ( including temporary exhibition paintings from the State Russian Museum and the Simferopol Art Museum ) , 360 pieces of the building 's decor , sets of unique furniture , and a series of historic books were stolen by occupying Nazi German forces , amounting to a loss of 5 million rubles at the time . During the war , Adolf Hitler presented the palace as a reward to Field Marshal Erich von Manstein , who made it personal headquarters . This explains why the palace was so well preserved . The building was later converted into a museum for Wehrmacht officers stationed in and around Crimea . Originally , the Nazis had planned to dynamite the palace , but the rapid advance of the Separate Coastal Army and supporting Yalta partisan groups during the Crimean Offensive saved the palace from destruction . From 11 to 14 February 1945 , the Yalta Conference took place in the neighbouring , former imperial Livadia Palace ; this was between representatives from the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union . Winston Churchill and his British delegation were given temporary residence within the Vorontsov Palace . Within two weeks , construction workers had restored 22 rooms in the main palace , 23 rooms in the Shuvalov wing , and even replanted the palace gardens . The palace 's English @-@ inspired architectural style gained praise from Churchill himself : Churchill was so taken by the garden 's Medici lions that he later asked Stalin if he could take them home ; Stalin declined the request . The setting of our abode was impressive ... Behind the villa , half Gothic and half Moorish in style , rose the mountains , covered in snow , culminating in the highest peak in the Crimea . Before us lay the dark expanse of the Black Sea , severe , but still agreeable and warm even at this time of the year . Carved white lions guarded the entrance to the house , and beyond the courtyard lay a fine park with sub @-@ tropical plants and cypresses . Following the war , the palace was used as a summer retreat for the Soviet secret police , and later as a trade sanatorium . In 1956 , the palace was once again reinstated as a museum , and two years later , it was further expanded by art treasures . However , the majority of the artwork looted during the war was never recovered , only a small fragment of the former collection was returned to the museum . In 1965 , the palace was included into the " Alupka Palace @-@ Park Complex , " a national historical preserve which also includes the Massandra Palace in neighboring Massandra , built in the Louis XIII château style for Russian Tsar Alexander III . Although it has survived years of wear and warfare , one of the palace 's wings is now in danger of collapsing into the Black Sea below . Cracks have begun to appear in the library , housing almost 10 @,@ 000 books and manuscripts . Although Edward Blore had a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art drainage system built into the palace 's foundation , years of neglect and the construction of a nearby sewage pipe in 1974 have helped to increase the potential for a landslide . Another potential looming disaster is surrounding the medieval @-@ style gatehouse near the palace 's west side . = = Gallery = = = Hugh Boyle Ewing = Hugh Boyle Ewing , ( October 31 , 1826 – June 30 , 1905 ) , was a diplomat , author , attorney , and Union Army general during the American Civil War . He was a member of the prestigious Ewing family , son of Thomas Ewing , the eldest brother of Thomas Ewing , Jr. and Charles Ewing , and the foster brother and brother @-@ in @-@ law of William T. Sherman . General Ewing was an ambitious , literate , and erudite officer who held a strong sense of responsibility for the men under his command . He combined his West Point experience with the Civil War system of officer election . Ewing 's wartime service was characterized by several incidents which would have a unique impact on history . In 1861 , his political connections helped save the reputation of his brother @-@ in @-@ law , William T. Sherman , who went on to become one of the north 's most successful generals . Ewing himself went on to become Sherman 's most trusted subordinate . His campaigning eventually led to the near @-@ banishment of Lorenzo Thomas , a high @-@ ranking regular army officer who had intrigued against Sherman . He was present at the Battle of Antietam , where his brigade saved the flank of the Union Army late in the day . During the Vicksburg campaign , Ewing accidentally came across personal correspondence from Confederate President Jefferson F. Davis to former President Franklin Pierce which eventually ruined the reputation of the latter . Ewing was also present in Kentucky during Major General Stephen G. Burbridge 's " reign of terror " , where he worked to oppose Burbridge 's harsh policies against civilians , but was hampered by debilitating rheumatism . He ended the war with an independent command , a sign he held the confidence of his superiors , acting in concert with Sherman to trap Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina . After the war , Ewing spent time as Ambassador to the Netherlands and became a noted author . He died in 1905 on his family farm . = = Early life and career = = Hugh Ewing was born in Lancaster , Ohio . He was educated at the U.S. military academy , but was forced to resign on the eve of graduation after failing an engineering exam , which was a major embarrassment to his family . While a member of the cadet corps , he was close friends with future Union generals John Buford Jr . , Nathaniel C. McLean , and John C. Tidball . His father appointed Philip Sheridan to the open seat . During the gold rush in 1849 , Ewing went to California , where he joined an expedition ordered by his father , then Secretary of the Interior , to rescue immigrants who were imprisoned in the Sierra by heavy snows . He returned in 1852 with dispatches for the government . He then completed his course in law and settled in St. Louis . He practiced law there from 1854 to 1856 , when he moved with his young brother , Thomas Jr . , and brothers @-@ in @-@ law William T. Sherman and Hampden B. Denman to Leavenworth , Kansas , and began speculating in lands , roads , and government housing . They quickly established one of the leading law firms of Leavenworth , as well as a financially powerful land agency . In 1858 , Ewing married Henrietta Young , daughter of George W. Young , a large planter of the District of Columbia , whose family was prominent in the settlement and history of Maryland . He soon afterward took charge of his father 's salt works in Ohio . = = Civil War = = In April 1861 , Governor William Dennison appointed Ewing as the brigade @-@ inspector of Ohio volunteers . He served under Rosecrans and McClellan in western Virginia . Ewing became colonel of the 30th Ohio Volunteer Infantry in August 1861 . In November 1861 , when his brother @-@ in @-@ law William T. Sherman was relieved of his command in disgrace , Ewing aided his younger sister Ellen Ewing Sherman in making the rounds of Washington D.C. , denying sensationalist media claims that Sherman was insane , and personally lobbying the President for Sherman 's reinstatement . Ewing and his sister argued that Sherman 's requests for men and material in Kentucky had been denied in Washington , and that the charges of insanity had been part of a conspiracy orchestrated by Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas . Eventually the political influence of the Ewing family persevered , and with the assistance of Henry Halleck , Sherman was returned to command . President Abraham Lincoln praised Sherman 's " talent & conduct " publicly to a large group of important officers , and later banished Thomas to a meaningless post on recruiting duty in the Trans @-@ Mississippi Theater . Under McClellan , Ewing commanded a regiment and then a brigade in the Kanawha Division in the IX Corps . In the Battle of South Mountain , he led the assault which drove the enemy from the summit ; and at midnight of that day , he received an order placing him in command of the brigade of Colonel Eliakim P. Scammon , who was in temporary command of the Kanawha division after its commander Major General Jacob D. Cox had been elevated to command of the IX Corps , replacing the fallen Major General Jesse Lee Reno who was killed earlier that day . At Antietam his brigade was placed upon the extreme left of the army , where , according to the report of the commander of the left wing , General Ambrose Burnside , " by a brilliant change of front he saved the left from being completely driven in . " After Antietam , Ewing was placed on sick leave because of chronic dysentery , and was promoted to Brigadier General on November 29 , 1862 . He transferred West and served throughout the campaign before Vicksburg , leading the assaults made by General Sherman ; and upon its fall was placed in command of a division in the XVI Corps . At Chattanooga , he was given command of the 4th Division of the XV Corps , which formed the advance of Sherman 's army and carried Missionary Ridge . Prior to the Battle of Chattanooga , Ewing 's command led a diversionary raid that resulted in the destruction of the Empire State Iron Works in Dade County , Georgia , which was being refurbished to increase the South 's manufacturing capability . Sherman considered Ewing his most reliable division commander . In the aftermath of Vicksburg , Ewing 's command wrecked Confederate President Jefferson Davis 's Fleetwood Plantation , and Ewing turned over Davis ' personal correspondence to his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Sherman . However , Ewing also sent copies of the letters to a few people he had known in Ohio , which , after the documents were published , permanently sullied the reputation of former President Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire . Their release coincided with that of Pierce 's book , Our Old Home . As early as 1860 , Pierce had written to Davis about " the madness of northern abolitionism " , and other letters uncovered stated that he would " never justify , sustain , or in any way or to any extent uphold this cruel , heartless , aimless unnecessary war " , and that " the true purpose of the war was to wipe out the states and destroy property . " In October 1863 , Ewing was placed in command of the occupation forces in Louisville , Kentucky . He was unfortunate enough to serve during Maj. Gen. Stephen Gano Burbridge 's " reign of terror , " where martial law was declared several times . On August 11 , 1864 , Burbridge ordered soldiers from the 26th Kentucky to select four men to be taken from prison in Louisville to Eminence , Kentucky , to be shot for unknown outrages , and on August 20 , several suspected Confederate guerrillas were also to be taken from Louisville and executed . General Ewing declared their innocence and sought a pardon from Burbridge , but he refused to give the pardon and the men were shot . In his autobiography , Ewing describes an incident in October 1862 with Colonel Augustus Moor , who had struck a member of Ewing 's regiment with his sword when the enlisted soldier had fallen out of a march . Ewing immediately confronted Moor . In his own words : He was at the table with his Staff and Colonels , drinking Ohio wine from long @-@ necked bottles , and smoking , and presented quite an old @-@ time German scene . I Told him I would not tolerate the German custom of treating common soldiers , if applied to my men , by any officer . I preserved discipline by taking care of my troops , collectively and individually . Colonel Moor quickly apologized . While General Ewing respected the discipline of the German regiment , he preferred a different atmosphere in his own command , better suited to Americans . He was capable of recognizing the military tradition of other units while accommodating the unique needs of his own . General Ewing was ordered to North Carolina in 1865 , and was planning an expedition up the Roanoke river to co @-@ operate with the Army of the James , when Lee surrendered . In 1864 , Ewing suffered an attack of rheumatism , and received treatment several times thereafter , often being confined to his chair . He was likely prostrated with illness as Commander of Louisville during Burbridge 's madness in Kentucky . He was made a brevet major general on March 13 , 1865 . After leaving the Army , he experienced painful attacks for the rest of his life , often bedridden for periods of up to forty days . = = Postbellum career = = President Andrew Johnson appointed Ewing as U.S. Minister to Holland , where he served from 1866 to 1870 . This appointment may have drawn the ire of the Radical Republicans , for Speaker of the House James G. Blaine urged President Ulysses S. Grant that Ewing be recalled and replaced with his brother , Charles Ewing . Blaine told the President that Hugh was ' acting badly ' . Blaine himself was disingenuous , having represented to prominent politicians in Ohio including Senator John Sherman that he was doing everything possible to nominate his close personal friend , former Ohio General Roeliff Brinkerhoff , for the post . Nonetheless , Blaine 's request to recall General Ewing was never acted upon , possibly due to the influence of his sister , whose husband General Sherman was a very close friend to President Grant . Upon his eventual return to the United States , Ewing retired to a farm near Lancaster , Ohio , where he died of old age . He was the author of : The Black List ; A Tale of Early California ( 1887 ) ; A Castle in the Air ( 1887 ) ; The Gold Plague , and other works . = Ben Thompson ( actor ) = Ben Thompson ( born 1 June 1992 ) is an English actor best known for his role as Ryan Connor in the British soap opera Coronation Street . Brought up in Radcliffe , Greater Manchester , Thompson made his screen debut when he appeared in the 2002 film Re @-@ Inventing Eddie . Shortly before turning 13 , he appeared in the 2004 CBBC children 's comedy programme Stupid ! . Thompson rose to further prominence when he was cast as teenager Ryan Connor in Coronation Street in 2006 . As part of the longstanding series , he has been involved in storylines that have dealt with varying topics , including family life , death and coming of age . In addition to his career as an actor , Thompson is also an amateur musician . He is a member of the Rusholme Ruffians , an indie group who are largely influenced by established Manchester bands . = = Youth and early career = = Ben Thompson was brought up in Radcliffe , a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Bury , in Greater Manchester , England . He trained in acting from the age of eight at the Carol Godby Theatre Workshop in Bury . For five years , Thompson was educated at nearby Radcliffe Riverside High School . He later reflected that he enjoyed his time at school , interacted well with his teachers and " never went into one lesson where there wasn 't [ something ] interesting to do " . In 2002 , Thompson starred alongside John Lynch , Geraldine Somerville , Lauren Cook and John Thomson in the Jim Doyle @-@ directed film Re @-@ Inventing Eddie . The movie is about a man named Eddie ( Lynch ) , who is hounded by social services and branded a paedophile after an innocent bathtime game with his children is taken out of context . About two years later and shortly before entering teenagehood , Thompson successfully auditioned to feature in the BBC children 's comedy programme Stupid ! . Out of around 400 hopeful youngsters , he was one of only a few to be selected to appear in the show . Prior to Stupid ! ' s launch on the CBBC channel in 2004 , Thompson commented , " When I first started going to auditions I was quite nervous but now I just get on with it . I go to quite a few and it gets easier . " = = Coronation Street = = Thompson auditioned in 2006 for the role of Cameron McIntyre in the long @-@ standing British soap opera Coronation Street . The part would have had him be on @-@ screen friends with Chesney Brown , played by Sam Aston , who Thompson already knew from the Carol Godby Theatre Workshop . Producers for Coronation Street , however , were so impressed by Thompson that they asked him to audition for a different role . His try @-@ out was successful and he was given a six @-@ month contract , along with the option to extend it for up to a year . He was cast as Ryan Connor , a boy who moves to Weatherfield — the fictional Greater Manchester setting of Coronation Street — with his mother , Michelle ( played by actress and former Hear 'Say band member Kym Marsh ) , and her brothers , Liam ( Rob James @-@ Collier ) and Paul ( Sean Gallagher ) . The Bolton News reported that Thompson would spend between one and two days in front of the camera , and that he would be given an on @-@ set tutor to help complete his school work . On his first day of filming , in July 2006 , Thompson — who grew up watching Coronation Street — was starstruck . " [ It ] was the strangest day of my life because I was in a room with all these famous people . " He added : " It was completely different to how I imagined it would be . Everyone 's been really nice to me and it 's going well . " Prior to the airing of the Connor family 's arrival on the famous cobblestone street in August 2006 , Thompson commented , " I can 't say too much about Ryan and the story lines , but he 's very mischievous . The character is not a bad lad , but he 's not a good lad either . " Garth Philips , series producer , said at the time , " We held extensive casting sessions to get this family right , and the energy that Sean , Rob , Kym and Ben have will certainly make them a joy to watch on screen . " He continued , " They 're a twenty @-@ first century Coronation Street family , and we hope our viewers will be as enthralled and excited by them as we are . " Within his first year on Coronation Street , Thompson had acted out scenes that involved his character stealing a car , graffiting the wall of the local newsagents , and discovering that his mother 's fiancée was having a gay affair with her male best friend . Still impressed with Thompson 's acting ability , producers of the series had his contract extended to 2009 . Reflecting on his first year in the soap , Thompson said : " It 's been a really strange year and a lot of things have happened . It 's been absolutely brilliant . The filming is everything that I could have wanted it to be . It 's fantastic and I enjoy it more than anything . " He added : " My favourite story lines so far have been doing the graffiti and stealing the car . I really enjoyed filming those two . " In 2009 , opposite Sacha Parkinson , who plays Sian Powers , Thompson filmed his first screen kiss . He said of the experience , " It was bizarre because Sacha had done one before and I hadn 't . I knew the line I had to say and then kiss her . I knew it every time , and every time I said it I was shaking . " He continued , " Oh it was dreadful . I mean I don 't get nervous when I go on stage or anything like that , but it was just bizarre . It was one of those things that I got really nervous about . " The on @-@ screen romance was part of a controversial New Year 's Eve storyline which featured the two characters attempting to see in 2010 by losing their virginities , only to be discovered by Ryan 's adoptive mother Michelle . In May 2012 , it was confirmed that Ryan would be recast and played by Sol Heras , because Thompson chose not to return . = = Private life and interests = = Thompson has a keen interest in music and has played the guitar for several years . He often takes the instrument to work with him , as a means of occupying himself during takes . The actor is part of a group : the Rusholme Ruffians , formed by himself and two of his fellow schoolmates while they were still at Radcliffe Riverside High . The Rusholme Ruffians have performed at venues throughout the UK and the band 's set list includes their own material , as well as songs by home @-@ town influences such as Morrissey , The Smiths , Oasis , James and The Stone Roses . Thompson has expressed an interest in getting into the music industry later in life . He attended Holy Cross College in Bury , which he left after a year due to filming commitments . Ben studied at SSR ( School of Sound Recording ) in Manchester and went on to work at Blueprint Studios in Salford . = = Filmography = = = Ozy and Millie = Ozy and Millie is a webcomic , created by D. C. Simpson syndicated by North America Syndicate , which debuted in January 1997 . The comic was part of Keenspot from 2001 to 2003 , going independent for several years before returning to Keenspot in November 2006 . It follows the adventures of assorted anthropomorphized animals . New strips were released on most weekdays , though the comic 's run ended in 2008 . The comic centers on Ozy and Millie , two young foxes attending North Harbordale Elementary School in Seattle , contending with everyday elementary school issues such as tests and bullies , as well as more surreal situations . Although the strip ceased being produced in 2008 , it is currently being re @-@ run on GoComics . The strip concentrates on character interaction , but sometimes veers into commentary based on Simpson 's political views . Most of the strips have been reprinted in book form . Five collections were released through Plan 9 Publishing , but they have all gone out of print ; currently a complete set of the strip 's archives is available through Lulu.com. The strip is listed in the top 200 most read webcomic on The Webcomic List . = = History = = Ozy and Millie originally started as a print comic strip in a Washington college newspaper , the Copper Point Journal , in 1997 using ink and brush as drawing implements . Simpson claims to have been influenced by comics and cartoons such as Bloom County , Calvin and Hobbes , The Simpsons and Pogo . It became an irregular webcomic in early 1998 . In June 1998 , it became a Monday @-@ Friday daily strip . In the same year , Simpson won a newspaper syndicates ' college cartoonist award . When the strip began , Simpson 's artistic style was similar to that in Calvin and Hobbes . In 2000 , the strip went on hiatus and returned with a new , unique style . The strip also went on hiatus several times . It was once on hiatus for five months , between August 23 , 2003 to January 22 , 2004 . Between January 30 , 2004 , and January 12 , 2009 Simpson also ran another strip , I Drew This , a webcomic specifically about her political views , which also appear in Ozy and Millie . In 2002 , the strip won the Web Cartoonist 's Choice Awards for " Best Anthropomorphic Comic " . Ozy and Millie also won the 2006 and 2007 Ursa Major Awards for " Best Anthropomorphic Comic Strip " . = = Characters = = = = = Ozy = = = Ozymandias Justin Llewellyn is a ten @-@ year @-@ old fox of an unidentified species ( also called an " Adolescent Gray Zen Fox " ) who attends North Harbordale Elementary School in Seattle , together with his friend Millie . He was originally supposed to be a wolf , until a fan showed Simpson a photo of Arctic fox cubs , that Simpson claimed were " absolute ringers " for Ozy . However , Ozy retained his whisker marks . Ozy 's full name , Ozymandias Justin Llewellyn , is a reference to the poem Ozymandias by Percy Bysshe Shelley . Ozy is recognised by his large top hat , which he got from his father Llewellyn when he adopted Ozy . The only other clothing he wears is a vest , which makes him the target of some of Millie 's practical jokes . He is adept at letting Millie 's pranks pass by without effect , but he does suffer bullying at the hands of the school jock , Jeremy , who likes to stuff Ozy into rubbish bins . Ozy also suffers from annual baldness , usually through either a freak accident or because of Millie . Although it is caused by a gypsy curse ( later revealed by Llewellyn to be a myth ) which has passed on through Ozy 's adoptive father 's heritage largely unnoticed , it does affect Ozy badly since he is the first Llewellyn with any hair to lose . Ozy is also quiet and serene , usually playing the " straight person " . Under Llewellyn 's guidance , Ozy also practices Zen ; or rather a humorous version of it . Ozy is told by Llewellyn that his birth mother 's name was Shelley and that she disappeared after discovering perfection when she created the " perfect " ice cream flavor , but since absolute perfection is incompatible with the world , she ascended to a higher plane of existence . Ozy 's father left before he was born and become a monk . The pair met when the monk came to town for a visit , though Ozy decided to stay with Llewellyn , whom he considered his " true " dad . = = = Millie = = = Millicent Mehitabel Mudd , better known as Millie , is a ten @-@ year @-@ old red fox girl who is Ozy 's best friend . Millie is usually seen wearing a set of blue denim overalls . Unlike Ozy , who is calm , Millie is chaotic and manic , both in the destruction she leaves behind and the ways she devises of avoiding work . She is a rebel and is opposed to any form of authority , which regularly leads to confrontations with both her teacher , Ms. Sorkowitz , and her mother , Mililani Mudd . Her destructive and rebellious habits not only get herself into trouble , but Ozy too . Her most infamous antic was giving Ozy a haircut only to accidentally shave off all his fur . Although she is normally manic , she also has a strong sense of justice , facing the inexplicable wrongs of life and the world she sees . However , her rebellions are mostly limited to annoying her mother , playing jokes on Ozy and disrupting the peace at school . None of which matters any less to her , as long as she has fun doing it . Millie says aloud what others think , and does what others , for fear of reaction from the people around them , would not dare . She , like Ozy , often tries to answer the most important questions in life , but her method of finding the answers makes her unique . = = = Llewellyn = = = Ozy 's adoptive father , known only as Llewellyn , is a red dragon . Llewellyn and other members of his dragon family have been responsible for running several secret conspiracies . He also lends both Ozy and Millie advice , although his advice tends to be nonsense . He has also tried to run for U.S. president – first under the " Rainbow Peace Party " in 1968 , the " People With Nothing Better To Do " Party in 2000 , then under the " Zen Party " in 2004 and 2008 . He also runs his house as a separate nation : Greater Llewellynlland . His favourite pastime is playing the " House Rules Parcheesi " , a game which has many , very complicated rules , that is claimed to be rather opposite to Calvinball . Llewellyn married Millie 's Mother at the end of the Daily Strip . Of all the characters in Ozy and Millie , Simpson has claimed that Llewellyn is her favorite . = = = Ms. Mudd = = = Ms. Mililani Minerva Mudd , Millie 's mother , is a lawyer , who is as an older , wiser , more temperate version of Millie . She was like Millie in her childhood , and as a result knows how to deal with any trouble caused by her , much to Millie 's annoyance . While Ms. Mudd knows how to deal with Millie , she is also the first to lend her support if there is anything amiss . She married Llewellyn at the end of the strip 's run in a storyarc from November – December 2008 . Her full name was revealed on October 1 , 2008 . = = = Other characters = = = Other characters in Ozy and Millie include Avery , a raccoon friend who constantly tries to be " cool , " even ditching his " uncool " friends such as Ozy . Ironically , his friend Stephan the aardvark is the nerdiest character in the strip . Avery 's younger brother , Timulty , constantly undermines his coolness . The two major antagonists are Felicia the sheep , a " popular girl " who teases Millie for being too individualistic , and Jeremy the jock rabbit who bullies Ozy . Other minor characters include Ms. Sorkowitz , Ozy and Millie 's kangaroo teacher and Principal Beau Vine , the bull principal of the school who allows bullying believing that , " Repeated exposure to unprovoked assault squelches unhealthy nonconformist tendencies . " Dr. I. Wahnsinnig ( German for insane or mad ) , is a ring @-@ tailed lemur psychiatrist of the school who fights with Vine over school issues . Ozy 's dragon cousin Isolde is another character who , like Llewellyn , is in charge of various conspiracies . Another character is Pirate Captain Locke , a child pirate from an alternate dimension on the other side of Llewellyn 's couch , in which people age backwards . Locke , currently the same age as Millie , is also her biological father . = = Reception = = Critic Fred Patten is one of the main supporters of the strip . In 2001 , he wrote that the strip was , " a gently humorous fantasy with a liberal political philosophy . " In 2006 , Patten still claimed that , " Ozy and Millie is one of the top anthropomorphic cartoon strips on the Internet , " although he did also comment negatively about the loss of colour in between changes of printed editions of books . The comic is also popular because of its relatively inoff	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Harvest Records 's " Harvest Heritage " series of reissues − and to capitalise on the breakthrough commercial success of Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon − The Madcap Laughs was re @-@ released in September 1974 as record one of a double album , record two being Barrett 's second and last solo album , Barrett . ( The cover of the double album was also designed by Storm Thorgerson . ) In 1993 , The Madcap Laughs ( along with Barrett and Opel ) was reissued both independently and as part of the Crazy Diamond Barrett box set , on 26 April 1993 . A remastered version was released in 2010 . For release on An Introduction to Syd Barrett in 2010 , Gilmour laid down a new bass track to four songs , three from Madcap : " Octopus " , " She Took a Long Cold Look " and " Here I Go " . = = Track listing = = All songs written by Syd Barrett , except " Golden Hair " ( music by Barrett , based on a poem by James Joyce ) . All track info taken from album booklet . = = = Original release = = = = = = 1993 reissue = = = = = = 2015 Japanese reissue = = = = = Personnel = = Syd Barrett – acoustic and electric guitar , vocals , production David Gilmour – bass guitar , 12 @-@ string acoustic guitar , drums ( on " Octopus " ) , production Jerry Shirley – drums ( track 4 , 6 ) Willie Wilson – bass guitar ( track 4 , 6 ) Robert Wyatt – drums ( tracks 2 , 3 ) Hugh Hopper – bass guitar ( tracks 2 , 3 ) Mike Ratledge – keyboards ( tracks 2 , 3 ) Production personnel Syd Barrett – producer ( tracks 7 , 8 ) David Gilmour – producer ( tracks 5 , 7 – 11 ) Peter Jenner – producer ( track 13 ) Malcolm Jones – producer ( tracks 1 – 4 , 6 , 12 , 13 ) Roger Waters – producer ( tracks 5 , 9 – 11 ) Phil McDonald – engineer Peter Mew – engineer Mike Sheady – engineer Jeff Jarratt – engineer Tony Clark – engineer Mick Rock – photography Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis – cover designs = The Field Where I Died = " The Field Where I Died " is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Rob Bowman . The episode originally aired in the United States on November 3 , 1996 on the Fox network . It is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 3 and was seen by 19 @.@ 85 million viewers upon its initial broadcast . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder 's search for an informant inside a cult compound leads him and Scully to one of the cult leader 's wives . What they soon discover is an unexpectedly close connection with the woman involving reincarnation . Scully discovers that spirits inhabit living beings in order to tell their stories . After Mulder 's regression scene , he details all of his past lives . Morgan and Wong wrote the episode specifically for Kristen Cloke , who had previously been the protagonist of their science fiction series Space : Above and Beyond . The two also wanted to write an episode to challenge Duchovny as an actor . The installment was also inspired by Ken Burns ' eponymous Civil War documentary . " The Field Where I Died " received mixed to positive reviews from television critics , with many praising the episode 's exploration of loss and grief as well as Cloke 's acting . Others , however , felt that the entry was bogged down by Duchovny 's performance and the entry 's over @-@ use of emotion . = = Plot = = In Apison , Tennessee , authorities receive a tip from someone named Sidney alleging child abuse and weapons possession by a local cult called the Temple of the Seven Stars . The FBI and BATF stage a raid on the Temple 's compound , but are unable to find its leader , Vernon Ephesian ( Michael Massee ) . Agent Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) experiences déjà vu and walks into a field on the compound , where he finds a trapdoor . Inside , Mulder and Agent Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) find Ephesian preparing to drink a red liquid with his six wives . Mulder stops them and handcuffs Ephesian , but he feels a strange connection to one of the wives , Melissa Riedal @-@ Ephesian ( Kristen Cloke ) . Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) warns the FBI and BATF that Ephesian and his wives will be released in a day unless they can track down Sidney and the Temple 's reported weapons cache . The agents question Ephesian , who states that there is no member of the temple named Sidney . When they interview Melissa , she suddenly begins to talk like Sidney , claiming that Harry Truman is president . Scully believes Melissa is exhibiting multiple personality disorder , but Mulder thinks she is recalling a past life . The agents take her back to the temple , where she takes on the personality of a woman from the Civil War period and says that the weapons were hidden in another secret bunker in the field . She also states that Mulder , in a past life , was in the field with her , and she watched him die . Mulder has Melissa undergo regression hypnosis for her to recount her past lives . She implies that she and Mulder have met over their past lives , always to be separated or lost to each other . To confirm her events , Mulder has himself hypnotized and recalls a time when he was a Jewish woman with a son , who had the same soul as his sister Samantha ; his deceased father , who was Scully , is dead . Melissa was his husband in this life , and had been taken to a Nazi concentration camp by a Gestapo officer who was The Smoking Man . Mulder also recalls his past life from the Civil War , when he was a man named Sullivan Biddle , while Melissa was Sarah Kavanaugh ; Scully , Mulder claims , was his sergeant in the Union Army . Scully finds pictures of Biddle and Kavanaugh in the county 's hall of records and gives them to Mulder . The FBI and BATF plan to make another search of the compound . Ephesian , realizing that he will not survive another siege , passes out poison to the cult members and all but he and Melissa die , Melissa having feigned drinking it . As Mulder rushes into the temple , Ephesian forces Melissa to drink the poison , and when Mulder arrives he finds both of them dead . Mulder caresses Melissa , looking out into the field . = = Production = = Writers Glen Morgan and James Wong developed the episode specially for Kristen Cloke , both for her experience as the protagonist of their series Space : Above and Beyond , to translate Morgan 's feelings as his friendship with Cloke became an emotional relationship , and for showcasing her acting . Morgan stated , " I knew she did a lot of characters and voices , so I wanted to incorporate that ... I wanted to write something for her that challenged her " . Cloke did research on multiple personality disorders before filming , and based the various personalities on people she knew . Morgan also stated that he " wanted to write something for David Duchovny that challenged him . " When pitching the idea to director Rob Bowman , the writers stated they wanted " this episode to feel like the part in Ken Burns ' Civil War documentary where they read the Sullivan Ballou letter . " Michael Massee wanted his characterization of Ephesian to be " normal looking " and " nondemonic " , explaining , " You have to believe that he believes his own rap . When he speaks , he 's just explaining that ' this is the way it is ' – and that 's when it gets very scary . " The name " Vernon " comes from cult leader David Koresh 's real name , and " Ephesian " is taken from one of the books of the Bible . The Temple of the Seven Stars was built on a soundstage at North Shore Studios , one of the most expensive sets built for the show . Composer Mark Snow used samples of Gregorian chants in his score for Melissa 's death scene . The production team contacted officials of Apison , Tennessee , who sent them a real citizen 's registry from the Civil War era which was reproduced by the props department and an expert calligrapher to make those Scully finds in the county courthouse . The photographs of Sullivan Biddle and Sarah Kavanaugh are " hybrids " of different public domain photographs , with computer effects " melding " the different features taken from different photographs . The face used for Sullivan was chosen because it bore an " uncanny " resemblance to Mulder . The poem Mulder reads at the beginning and end is from Paracelsus by Robert Browning . The first cut of " The Field Where I Died " was over an hour long , an excess length record for The X @-@ Files . Eighteen minutes had to be cut , which included two additional personalities of Melissa , and most of a third , Lily , which only makes a brief appearance in the final cut . Sarah Stegall later noted that the penultimate scene , which features federal agents raiding the religious compound and finding that everyone inside has committed suicide , bears similarities to the Waco siege . Stegall even points out that the real name of the church leader in the episode , Vernon Warren , also resembles the name of the compound leader during the Waco siege : Vernon Wayne . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " The Field Where I Died " originally aired on the Fox network on November 3 , 1996 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 3 , with an 18 share , meaning that roughly 12 @.@ 3 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . " The Field Where I Died " was seen by 19 @.@ 85 million viewers on first broadcast . = = = Reviews = = = " The Field Where I Died " received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave " The Field Where I Died " a " B + " . He felt that it worked " pretty well " and there was a lot to appreciate about it , and while he noted that " the episode isn 't quite good enough for the conclusion to be as devastating as it should be " , he still praised the tragic ending . However , he felt it not believable that Mulder quickly accepts his past lives and Melissa 's part in it , and thought it would have worked better if he eased into believing it . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . She called the entry " unabashedly emotional episode " that is " unafraid to plumb the depths of human loss and grief " . Furthermore , Vitaris praised Cloke 's acting ; she called her " a truly gifted actor , slipping faultlessly into the skin of all of Melissa 's personalities . " She was , however , more critical of Duchovny , noting that his hypnosis scene was underacted . Sarah Stegall , in The Munchkyn Zone , gave the episode a 5 out 5 rating . Stegall wrote that while the episode is " drowned in tears and soaked in muted sunlight , [ and ] teeters on the brink of sentimentality " , it manages " to stay just this side of it for a dynamite , gripping episode that showcases some fine actors " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , and wrote that , while the episode " stumbles around a lot " , it gives the viewer " the impression there 's nothing else on TV quite like it " . The two felt that the idea that Mulder and Scully were friends throughout their various lives was " one of the best things about the story " . They also wrote that the fact that Melissa and Mulder were somehow soul mates also prevented the story from being " obvious and pat " . However , Shearman and Pearson felt that Morgan and Wong added " a few too many ingredients " which yielded an uneven episode . Entertainment Weekly , on the other hand , was negative , giving the episode an " F " and describing it as " stultifyingly awful " . The episode is a favorite of Anderson 's , who said she " loved the script " and that it made her cry . Series creator Chris Carter received angry calls after the Heaven 's Gate , a UFO religion cult , committed mass suicide less than six months after the episode had aired . He declined to comment . = Daedaleopsis confragosa = Daedaleopsis confragosa , commonly known as the thin walled maze polypore or the blushing bracket , is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae . A plant pathogen , it causes a white rot of injured hardwoods , especially willows . The fruit bodies are semicircular and tough , have a concentrically zoned brownish upper surface , and measure up to 20 cm ( 8 in ) in diameter . The whitish underside turns gray @-@ brown as the fruit body ages , but bruises pink or red . It is found all year and is common in northern temperate woodlands of eastern North America , Europe , and Asia . The species was first described from Europe in 1791 as a form of Boletus , and has undergone several changes of genus in its taxonomic history . It acquired its current name when Joseph Schröter transferred it to Daedaleopsis in 1888 . = = Taxonomy = = Daedaleopsis confragosa was first described scientifically under the name Boletus confragosus by English naturalist James Bolton , in his 1791 work An History of Fungusses , growing about Halifax . He reported finding specimens on old trees near Fixby Hall , and having specimens sent to him from Darlington . The species has been shuffled between several genera in its taxonomic history : Daedalea by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801 ; Trametes by Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst in 1844 ; Polyporus by Paul Kummer in 1871 ; Stigila by Otto Kuntze in 1891 ; Lenzites by Patouillard in 1900 ; Agaricus by William Alphonso Murrill in 1905 ; and Ischnoderma by Ivan Zmitrovich in 2001 . It was transferred to its current genus , Daedaleopsis , by German mycologist Joseph Schröter in 1888 . D. confragosa is the type species of the genus Daedaleopsis . Several varieties have been described . L. Ljubarskii published var. bulliardi and var. rubecens in 1975 . Both of these varieties were published invalidly are not considered to have independent taxonomic significance : variety rubescens is folded into synonymy with the main variety , while variety bulliardi is now considered synonymous with Trametes suaveolens . Variety tricolor , proposed by Appollinaris Semenovich Bondartsev and Rolf Singer in 1953 , is now the independent species Daedaleopsis tricolor . Bondartsev described the form sibirica in 1953 , but this is also no longer independent . The polypore has acquired several vernacular names , including " thin @-@ maze flat polypore " , " thin walled maze polypore " , " blood @-@ stained bracket " , and " blushing bracket " . The latter name refers to its characteristic bruising reaction . James Bolton referred to it as the " rugged boletus " . = = Description = = The shelflike or bracketlike fruit body is fan @-@ shaped to semicircular , and typically measures 5 – 15 cm ( 2 – 6 in ) in diameter , and up to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) thick . Its upper surface is broadly convex to flat , dry , smooth to somewhat hairy , and usually has concentric zone lines . Its color ranges from reddish @-@ brown to brown to grayish , sometimes becoming blackish in maturity . The cap surface may have an umbo at the point of attachment to the substrate . Fruit bodies are leathery to corky when moist , but become hard and rigid when dry . The flesh is white to pinkish to brownish and tough . The underside of the fruit bodies features tiny pores measuring about 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 5 mm in diameter . They are white to tan to brown , but will develop pinkish or reddish tones if bruised . Pore shape is highly variable , ranging from circular to elongated , to mazelike , to gill @-@ like . The tubes are up to 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) long . The fruit body lacks a stalk , as the shelf attaches directly to the substrate . The inedible fruit bodies have no distinctive odor and a slightly bitter taste . The spore print is white ; spores are cylindrical , smooth , and measure 7 – 11 by 2 – 3 μm . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) have a shape ranging from cylindrical to club @-@ shaped , and dimensions of 20 – 40 by 3 – 5 μm . The hymenium features numerous hyphidia ( modified terminal hyphae ) , which measure 2 – 3 μm . The hyphal system of Daedaleopsis confragrosa is trimitic , meaning that there are three types of hyphae in the fruit body : skeletal hyphae , which provide structural support , are thick walled , measuring 3 – 7 μm in diameter ; generative hyphae , responsible for new growth , can be either thin- or thick @-@ walled , may contain clamps , and measure 2 – 6 μm ; binding hyphae , thick @-@ walled and much branched , are 2 – 5 μm . The polypore is used in ornamental paper making , whereby the fruit bodies are pulped , pressed , and dried to produce sheets with unusual textures and colors . = = = Similar species = = = Cerrena unicolor ( formerly Daedalea unicolor ) is a common polypore species with a mazelike pore surface that can resemble D. confragosa . It can be distinguished by its thinner fruit bodies , a black line in the flesh , and the way that the tubes often break into irregular flattened teeth in maturity . Daedalea quercina , common on oak , has a larger fruit body up to 20 cm ( 8 in ) in diameter and 1 – 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick , and its pore surface is more distinctively labyrinthine ( maze @-@ like ) . It causes a brown heart rot , where carbohydrates are removed from the inner heartwood , leaving brownish , oxidized lignin . = = Ecology and distribution = = Daedaleopsis confragosa is a lignicolous fungus that produces a decay of sapwood . It causes white rot , a type of wood decay in which lignin is degraded and cellulose remains as a light @-@ colored residue . The fruit bodies grow singly or in groups , sometimes in tiers , in the wounds of living trees . Its preferred host is willow , but it has also been found on birch and other hardwoods . Fruiting usually occurs from June to December , but the hard shelves can persist year @-@ round . In North America , the species is most common in eastern locales , but rare in western regions . It is common in Europe , and is one of the 100 most common fungi in the United Kingdom . Its European range extends east to the Urals . In Asia it is widely distributed , having been recorded from China , western Maharashtra ( India ) , Iran , and Japan . The fruit bodies are popular among fungus @-@ loving beetles . In a Russian study , 54 species from 16 families in the Coleoptera complex were recorded using the fungus ; the most common were Cis comptus , Sillcacis affinis ( Ciidae ) , Tritoma subbasalis , Dacne bipustulata ( Erotylidae ) , Mycetophagus multipunctatus , M. piceus ( Mycetophagidae ) , and Thymalus oblongus ( Trogossitidae ) . = = Bioactive compounds = = The triterpenes 3α @-@ carboxyacetoxyquercinic acid , 3α @-@ carboxyacetoxy @-@ 24 @-@ methylene @-@ 23 @-@ oxolanost @-@ 8 @-@ en @-@ 26 @-@ oic acid , and 5α , 8α @-@ epidioxyergosta @-@ 6 @,@ 22 @-@ dien @-@ 3β @-@ ol ( ergosterol peroxide ) have been isolated from D. confragosa . Lectins from D. confragosa , tested against rabbit and human erythrocytes , were determined to have anti @-@ H serological specificity . Analysis of the lipid and fatty acid composition revealed that D. confragosa contains 20 @.@ 1 % total lipids ( mg / g dry weight ) , 32 @.@ 9 % neutral lipids , 53 @.@ 8 % phospholipid , and 13 @.@ 3 % glycolipids . An analysis of hydroxy fatty acid content showed that D. confragosa contains , as a percentage of total fatty acids , 0 @.@ 02 % 7 @-@ hydroxy @-@ 8 @,@ 14 @-@ dimethyl @-@ 9 @-@ hexadecenoic acid and 0 @.@ 01 % 7 @-@ hydroxy @-@ 8 @,@ 16 @-@ dimethyl @-@ 9 @-@ octadecenoic acid . = Aladdin ( 1992 Disney film ) = Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Aladdin is the 31st animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series , and was part of the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance . The film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements , and is based on the Arab @-@ style folktale Aladdin and the Magic Lamp from One Thousand and One Nights . The voice cast features Scott Weinger , Robin Williams , Linda Larkin , Jonathan Freeman , Frank Welker , Gilbert Gottfried , and Douglas Seale . Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea , and the screenplay went through three drafts before then @-@ Disney Studios president Jeffrey Katzenberg agreed to its production . The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld , and computers were used for both finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements . The musical score was written by Alan Menken and features six songs with lyrics written by both Ashman and Tim Rice , who took over after Ashman 's death . Aladdin was released on November 25 , 1992 and was the most successful film of 1992 , earning over $ 217 million in revenue in the United States , and over $ 504 million worldwide . The film also won many awards , most of them for its soundtrack . The film is considered by many as the best film that came out during the Disney Renaissance . Aladdin 's success led to other material inspired by the film , including two direct @-@ to @-@ video sequels , The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves , an animated television series of the same name , toys , video games , spin @-@ offs , including a live @-@ action remake about the genie titled Genies , Disney merchandise , and a Broadway adaptation that debuted in 2014 . = = Plot = = A peddler sets up shop in the fictional sultanate of Agrabah , offering to tell the audience about the story of an oil lamp in his possession . Jafar , the Grand Vizier of the Sultan , and his parrot Iago , seek the lamp hidden within the Cave of Wonders but is told that only a “ diamond in the rough ” may enter . Jafar identifies a street urchin named Aladdin as worthy . Aladdin and his pet monkey Abu cross paths with Princess Jasmine , who has run away from the palace , unwilling to be married off to another snobbish suitor . Aladdin and Jasmine become friends and fall in love , but Jafar has Aladdin apprehended , tricking Jasmine into thinking that he was decapitated . Disguised as an old man , Jafar frees Aladdin and Abu , taking them to the Cave and promises to reward them if they retrieve the lamp . Inside , Aladdin befriends a magic carpet . Abu greedily tries to steal a jewel , despite the Cave ’ s request , and it collapses . Trapped underground , Aladdin rubs the lamp , releasing the Genie trapped inside , who explains Aladdin has become his master and will grant him three wishes . Aladdin tricks the Genie into freeing them from the Cave without wasting a wish , and then uses his first to become a prince to be near Jasmine . Jafar , on Iago ’ s suggestion , plots to become Sultan by marrying Jasmine , but Aladdin parades into the city as “ Prince Ali of Ababwa ” . However , Jasmine is unimpressed with Aladdin ’ s bravado . Despite his friends advising him to tell Jasmine the truth , Aladdin refuses , believing she would never fall “ for some street rat ” . He takes Jasmine on a worldwide flight on the carpet , where she deduces his identity , though Aladdin says that he dresses as a peasant to escape the stresses of royal life , which convinces her . Aladdin returns Jasmine home , only to be attacked by the palace guards on Jafar ’ s orders and nearly drowned , until the Genie rescues him using his second wish . Jafar tries to hypnotise the Sultan into agreeing to his marriage to Jasmine , only for Aladdin to appear and expose Jafar ’ s schemes . Jafar flees , but notices Aladdin has the lamp , realising who he is . Learning he will become Sultan , Aladdin has second thoughts about freeing the Genie , believing that without him , he would not be able to keep up appearances . Iago steals the lamp , and Jafar becomes the Genie ’ s new master . He uses his first two wishes to usurp the Sultan and become the world ’ s most powerful sorcerer , exposing Aladdin ’ s lies and exiles him , Abu , and the carpet to a frozen wasteland , though they escape death and return to the palace . Jafar orders the Genie to brainwash Jasmine into falling in love with him , but the Genie reveals he is unable to grant the wish . Jasmine feigns interest to distract Jafar and allow Aladdin to get the lamp , but he is caught . Jafar transforms himself into a giant cobra and ensnares Aladdin , saying he is the most powerful being in the world . However , Aladdin points out the Genie is more powerful , inspiring Jafar to use his last wish to become a genie , only to be sucked into his own lamp as part of the genie ’ s nature , dragging Iago in with him . The Genie chucks Jafar ’ s lamp into the Cave of Wonders , and asks Aladdin to use his third wish to regain his royal title . However , Aladdin decides to free the Genie . Learning of Aladdin and Jasmine ’ s love , the Sultan alters the law to allow his daughter to marry whom she chooses . The Genie leaves to explore the world , while Aladdin and Jasmine celebrate their engagement . = = Cast = = Scott Weinger as Aladdin , a poor , but kind @-@ hearted Agrabah thief . Weinger sent in a homemade audition tape with his mother playing the Genie , and after several call backs he found six months later that he had the part . Aladdin 's supervising animator was by Glen Keane . Brad Kane provides Aladdin 's singing voice . Robin Williams as The Genie , a comedic genie , with nigh omnipotent power that can only be exercised when his master wishes it . The Genie 's supervising animator was Eric Goldberg . Clements and Musker wrote the part of the Genie for Williams , and , when met with resistance , created a reel of Williams ' stand @-@ up to animation of the Genie . The directors asked Goldberg to animate a Genie over one of Williams ' old stand @-@ up comedy routines to pitch the idea to the actor . The resulting test , where Williams talking about schizophrenia was translated into Genie growing another head to argue with himself , made Williams " laugh his ass off " and convinced him to sign on for the role . Williams ' appearance in Aladdin ( despite his appearance along with Christian Slater and Tim Curry in the early 1992 animated film FernGully ) marks the beginning of a transition in animated film to celebrity voice actors , rather than specifically trained voice actors in animated film . Williams provided many celebrity impressions during recording sessions , which were re @-@ adapted into the fabric of the character . These included Ed Sullivan , Jack Nicholson , Robert De Niro , Groucho Marx , Rodney Dangerfield , William F. Buckley , Peter Lorre , Arnold Schwarzenegger , and Arsenio Hall . Williams also voices the Peddler , a mysterious merchant who appears at the beginning of the film . After promoting useless goods to the audience , he reveals the magic lamp and begins the story of Aladdin . Bruce Adler supplies his singing voice . The scene was completely unscripted — the production left Williams a table with props covered with a sheet and asked him to pull out objects without looking at them and describe them in @-@ character . The double role originally led to the Peddler revealing to be the Genie disguised , but that idea was later dropped . In October 2015 , Clements and Musker claimed that the Peddler is actually the Genie 's human form . Jonathan Freeman as Jafar , the power @-@ hungry Grand Vizier of Agrabah . Jafar was originally envisioned as an irritable character , but the directors decided that a calm villain would be scarier . Freeman was the first actor cast and spent one year and nine months recording his dialogue . He later readjusted his voice after Weinger and Larkin were cast as he felt " Jafar had to be seen as a real threat to Aladdin and Jasmine " . Jafar 's supervising animator was Andreas Deja , who tried to incorporate Freeman 's facial expressions and gesturing into the character , while Jafar 's beggar and snake forms are animated by Kathy Zielinski . Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine : The princess of Agrabah , who is tired of life in the royal palace . Larkin was chosen nine months after her audition , and had to adjust ( or lower ) her high @-@ pitched voice to reach the voice the filmmakers were looking for in the character . Jasmine 's supervising animator was Mark Henn . Lea Salonga provides Jasmine 's singing voice . Frank Welker as Abu , Aladdin 's kleptomaniac pet monkey with a high @-@ pitched voice . The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo to study their movements for Abu 's character . In the three years it took to record the film , Welker did not meet Weinger or Williams . Welker also voices Jasmine 's tiger Rajah and the Cave of Wonders . Duncan Marjoribanks was the supervising animator for Abu , while Rajah was animated by Aaron Blaise . Gilbert Gottfried as Iago , Jafar 's sarcastic , foul @-@ mouthed parrot assistant . Iago 's supervising animator Will Finn tried to incorporate some aspects of Gottfried 's appearance into Iago 's design , especially his semi @-@ closed eyes and the always @-@ appearing teeth . Douglas Seale as The Sultan , the pompous , but kind ruler of Agrabah , who desperately tries to find a suitor for his daughter Jasmine . Some aspects of the character were inspired by the Wizard of Oz , to create a bumbling authority figure . The Sultan 's supervising animator was David Pruiksma . Jim Cummings as Razoul , the Captain of the Guard . He was named after layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani . He and the other guards were animated by Phil Young and Chris Wahl . Charlie Adler as Gazeem : A thief that Jafar sends into the Cave of Wonders at the beginning of the film but is trapped inside for being unworthy . Gazeem was animated by T. Daniel Hofstedt . Corey Burton as Prince Achmed , a snobbish prince who is rejected by Princess Jasmine as her suitor . = = Production = = = = = Script and development = = = In 1988 , lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea of an animated musical adaptation of Aladdin . Ashman had written a 40 @-@ page film treatment remaining faithful to the plot and characters of the original story , but envisioned as a campy 1930s @-@ style musical with a Cab Calloway / Fats Waller @-@ like Genie . Along with partner Alan Menken , Ashman conceived several songs and added Aladdin 's friends named Babkak , Omar , and Kasim to the story . However , the studio were dismissive of Ashman 's treatment and removed the project from development in which Ashman and Menken were later recruited to compose songs for Beauty and the Beast . Linda Woolverton , who had also worked on Beauty and the Beast , used their treatment and developed a draft with inspired elements from The Thief of Bagdad such as a villain named Jaf 'far , an aged sidekick retired human thief named Abu , and a human handmaiden for the princess . Then , directors John Musker and Ron Clements joined the production , picking Aladdin out of three projects offered , which also included an adaptation of Swan Lake and King of the Jungle – that eventually became The Lion King . Before Ashman 's death in March 1991 , Ashman and Menken had composed " Prince Ali " and his last song , " Humiliate the Boy " . Musker and Clements wrote a draft of the screenplay , and then delivered a story reel to studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg in April 1991 . Katzenberg thought the script " didn 't engage " , and on a day known by the staff as " Black Friday , " demanded that the entire story to be rewritten without rescheduling the film 's November 25 , 1992 release date . Among the changes Katzenberg requested from Clements and Musker were to not be dependent on Ashman 's vision , and the removal of Aladdin 's mother , remarking , " Eighty @-@ six the mother . The mom 's a zero . " Screenwriting duo Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio were brought in to rework the story , and the changes they made included the removal of Aladdin 's mother , the strengthening of the character of Princess Jasmine , and the deletion of several of the Ashman @-@ Menken songs . Aladdin 's personality was rewritten to be " a little rougher , like a young Harrison Ford , " and the parrot Iago , originally conceived as an uptight British archetype , was reworked into a comic role after the filmmakers saw Gilbert Gottfried in Beverly Hills Cop II . Gottfried was cast to provide Iago 's voice . By October 1991 , Katzenberg was satisfied with the new version of Aladdin . As with Woolverton 's screenplay , several characters and plot elements are based on the 1940 version of The Thief of Bagdad , the location of the film was changed from Baghdad , Iraq to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah . = = = Design and animation = = = One of the first issues that the animators faced during production of Aladdin was the depiction of Aladdin himself . Director and producer John Musker explains : He was initially going to be as young as 13 , but that eventually changed to eighteen . Aladdin was designed by a team led by supervising animator Glen Keane , and was originally made to resemble actor Michael J. Fox . During production , it was decided that the design was too boyish and wasn 't " appealing enough , " so the character was redesigned to add elements derived from actor Tom Cruise and Calvin Klein models . The design for most characters was based on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld , which production designer Richard Vander Wende also considered appropriate to the theme , due to similarities to the swooping lines of Persian miniatures and Arabic calligraphy . Jafar 's design was not based on Hirschfeld 's work because Jafar 's supervising animator , Andreas Deja , wanted the character to be contrasting . Each character was animated alone , with the animators consulting each other to make scenes with interrelating characters . Since Aladdin 's animator Glen Keane was working in the California branch of Walt Disney Feature Animation , and Jasmine 's animator Mark Henn was in the Florida one at Disney @-@ MGM Studios , they had to frequently phone , fax or send designs and discs to each other . The Magic Carpet is a sentient carpet who is able to fly . Animator Randy Cartwright described working on the Carpet as challenging , since it is only a rectangular shape , who expresses himself through pantomime – " It 's sort of like acting by origami " . Cartwright kept folding a piece of cloth while animating to see how to position the Carpet . After the character animation was done , the carpet 's surface design was applied digitally . For the scenery design , layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani took many pictures of his hometown of Isfahan , Iran for guidance . Other inspirations for design were Disney 's animated films from the 1940s and 50s and the 1940 film The Thief of Bagdad . The coloring was done with the computerized CAPS process , and the color motifs were chosen according to the personality – the protagonists use light colors such as blue , the antagonists darker ones such as red and black , and Agrabah and its palace use the neutral color yellow . Computer animation was used for some elements of the film , such as the tiger entrance of the Cave of Wonders and the scene where Aladdin tries to escape the collapsing cave . Musker and Clements created the Genie with Robin Williams in mind ; even though Katzenberg suggested actors such as John Candy , Steve Martin , and Eddie Murphy , Williams was approached and eventually accepted the role . Williams came for voice recording sessions during breaks in the shooting of two other films he was starring in at the time , Hook and Toys . Unusually for an animated film , much of Williams ' dialogue was ad @-@ libbed : for some scenes , Williams was given topics and dialogue suggestions , but allowed to improvise his lines . It was estimated that Williams improvised 52 characters . Eric Goldberg , the supervising animator for the Genie , then reviewed Williams ' recorded dialogue and selected the best gags and lines that his crew would create character animation to match . The producers added many in @-@ jokes and references to Disney 's previous works in the film , such as a " cameo appearance " from directors Clements and Musker and drawing some characters based on Disney workers . Beast , Sebastian from The Little Mermaid , and Pinocchio make brief appearances , and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film — Goofy hat , Hawaiian shirt , and sandals — are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney @-@ MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s . = = = Robin Williams ' conflicts with the studio = = = In gratitude for his success with Touchstone Pictures ' Good Morning , Vietnam , Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ( $ 75 @,@ 000 ) , on condition that his name or image not be used for marketing , and his ( supporting ) character not take more than 25 % of space on advertising artwork , since Williams ' film Toys was scheduled for release one month after Aladdin 's debut . For financial reasons , the studio went back on the deal on both counts , especially in poster art by having the Genie in 25 % of the image , but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller . The Disney Hyperion book Aladdin : The Making of an Animated Film listed both of Williams ' characters " The Peddler " and " The Genie " ahead of main characters , but was forced to refer to him only as " the actor signed to play the Genie " . = = = Music = = = Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is " consistently good , rivaling the best of Disney 's other animated musicals from the ' 90s . " Menken and Ashman began work on the film together , with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS @-@ related complications in early 1991 . Although fourteen songs were written for Aladdin , only six are featured in the movie , three by each lyricist . The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animations tests , and a music video of one , " Proud of Your Boy " , performed by Clay Aiken , which also appears on the album DisneyMania 3 . = = Themes = = The filmmakers thought the moral message of the original tale was not appropriate , and decided to " put a spin on it " , by making the fulfillment of wishes seem like a great thing , but eventually becoming a problem . Another major theme was avoiding an attempt to be what the person is not – both Aladdin and Jasmine get into trouble faking to be different people , and the Prince Ali persona fails to impress Jasmine , who only falls for Aladdin when she finds out who he truly is . Being " imprisoned " is also discussed , a fate that occurs to most of the characters – Aladdin and Jasmine are stuck to their lifestyles , Genie is attached to his lamp and Jafar , to the Sultan – and is represented visually by the prison @-@ like walls and bars of the Agrabah palace , and the scene involving caged birds which Jasmine later frees . Jasmine is also depicted as a different Disney Princess , being rebellious to the royal life and the social structure , and trying to make her own way , unlike the princesses who just wait for rescue . = = Release and reception = = = = = Theatrical run = = = A large promotion campaign preceded Aladdin 's debut in theaters , with the film 's trailer being attached to most Disney VHS releases , and numerous tie @-@ ins and licensees being released . After a limited release on November 13 , 1992 , Aladdin debuted in 1 @,@ 131 theaters on November 25 , 1992 , grossing $ 19 @.@ 2 million in its opening weekend – number two at the box office , behind Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York . It took eight weeks for the film to reach number one at the US box office , breaking the record for the week between Christmas and New Year 's Eve with $ 32 @.@ 2 million . The film held the top spot five times during its 22 @-@ week run . Aladdin was the most successful film of 1992 grossing $ 217 million in the United States and over $ 504 million worldwide . It was the biggest gross for an animated film until The Lion King two years later . As of January 2014 , it is the thirtieth highest grossing animated film and the third highest grossing traditionally animated feature worldwide , behind The Lion King and The Simpsons Movie . It sold an estimated 52 @,@ 442 @,@ 300 tickets in the US . = = = Critical reception = = = The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 94 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on a sample of 68 reviews , with an average score of 8 @.@ 1 / 10 . Most critics ' praise went to Robin Williams ' performance as Genie , with Janet Maslin of The New York Times declaring that children " needn 't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is " . Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even called the film " the funniest feature ever made . " Furthermore , English @-@ Irish comedian Spike Milligan considered it to be the greatest film of all time . James Berardinelli gave it 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars , praising the " crisp visuals and wonderful song @-@ and @-@ dance numbers " . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said the comedy made the film accessible to both children and adults , a vision shared with Desson Howe of The Washington Post , who also said " kids are still going to be entranced by the magic and adventure . " Brian Lowry of Variety praised the cast of characters , describing the expressive magic carpet as " its most remarkable accomplishment " and considered that " Aladdin overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity " . Some aspects of the film were widely criticized . Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine wrote a negative review , describing the film as racist , ridiculous , and a " narcissistic circus act " from Robin Williams . Roger Ebert , who generally praised the film in his review , considered the music inferior to its predecessors The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast , and claimed Aladdin and Jasmine were " pale and routine " . = = = Awards = = = Aladdin also received many award nominations , mostly for its music . It won two Academy Awards , Best Music , Original Score and Best Music , Original Song for " A Whole New World " and receiving nominations for Best Song ( " Friend Like Me " ) , Best Sound Editing ( Mark A. Mangini ) , and Best Sound ( Terry Porter , Mel Metcalfe , David J. Hudson and Doc Kane ) . At the Golden Globes , Aladdin won Best Original Song ( " A Whole New World " ) and Best Original Score , as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams , with a nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy . Other awards included the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature , a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance to Robin Williams , Saturn Awards for Best Fantasy Film , Performance by a Younger Actor to Scott Weinger and Supporting Actor to Robin Williams , the Best Animated Feature by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association , and four Grammy Awards , Best Soundtrack Album , and Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media for " A Whole New World " . = = = Home media = = = The film was first released in VHS on October 1 , 1993 , as part of the " Walt Disney Classics " line . In its first week of availability , Aladdin sold over 10 @.@ 6 million copies , and went on to sell over 25 million in total ( a record only broken by the later release of The Lion King ) . It entered moratorium on April 30 , 1994 . On October 5 , 2004 , Aladdin was released on DVD , as part of Disney 's Platinum Edition line . The DVD release featured retouched and cleaned @-@ up animation , prepared for Aladdin 's planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003 , and a second disc with bonus features . Accompanied by a $ 19 million marketing campaign , the DVD sold about 3 million units in its first month , but it was less than the number of copies , sold in that amount of time , by any other Platinum Edition released before it . The film 's soundtrack was available in its original Dolby 5 @.@ 1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix . The DVD went into moratorium in January 2008 , along with its sequels . According to an insert in the Lady and the Tramp Diamond Edition release case , Aladdin was going to be released on Blu @-@ ray Disc as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013 . Instead , Peter Pan was released on Blu @-@ ray as a Diamond Edition on February 5 , 2013 to celebrate its 60th anniversary . A non @-@ Diamond Edition Blu @-@ ray was released in a few select European countries in March 2013 . The Belgian edition ( released without advertisements , commercials or any kind of fanfare ) comes as a 1 @-@ disc version with its extras ported over from the Platinum Edition DVD ) . The same disc was released in the United Kingdom on April 14 , 2013 . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu @-@ ray on October 13 , 2015 . The film was released on Digital HD on September 29 , 2015 . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped the Blu @-@ ray Disc sales chart and debuted at number 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales behind the disaster film San Andreas . = = = Controversies = = = One of the verses of the opening song " Arabian Nights " was altered following protests from the American @-@ Arab Anti @-@ Discrimination Committee ( ADC ) . The lyrics were changed in July 1993 from " Where they cut off your ear if they don 't like your face , " in the original release to " Where it 's flat and immense and the heat is intense . " The change first appeared on the 1993 video release . The original lyric was intact on the initial CD soundtrack release , but the re @-@ release uses the edited lyric . The rerecording has the original voice on all other lines and then a noticeably deeper voice says the edited line . The Broadway adaptation also uses the edited line . Entertainment Weekly ranked Aladdin in a list of the most controversial films in history , due to this incident . The ADC also complained about the portrayal of the lead characters Aladdin and Jasmine . They criticized the characters ' Anglicized features and Anglo @-@ American accents , in contrast to the other characters in the film , which are dark @-@ skinned , have foreign accents and grotesque facial features , and appear villainous or greedy . Protests were also raised to another scene . When Aladdin is attacked by the tiger Rajah on the palace balcony , Aladdin quietly says a line that some people reported hearing as " Good teenagers , take off your clothes , " which they considered a subliminal reference to promiscuity . However , according to the director 's commentary on the 2004 DVD , while Musker and Clements did admit Scott Weinger ad @-@ libbed during the scene , they claimed " we did not record that , we would not record that . " and said the line was " Good tiger , take off and go ... " and the word " tiger " is overlapped by Rajah 's snarl . After the word tiger , a second voice can be heard which has been suggested was accidentally grafted onto the soundtrack . Because of the controversy , Disney removed the line on the DVD release . Animation enthusiasts have noticed similarities between Aladdin and Richard Williams ' unfinished film The Thief and the Cobbler ( also known as Arabian Knight under Miramax Films and The Princess and the Cobbler under Majestic Films International ) . These similarities include a similar plot , similar characters , scenes and background designs , and the antagonist Zig @-@ Zag 's resemblance in character design and mannerisms to Genie and Jafar . Though Aladdin was released prior to The Thief and the Cobbler , The Thief and the Cobbler was started much earlier in the 1960s , its production being mired in difficulties including financial problems , copyright issues , and late production times caused by separate studios trying to finish the film after Richard Williams was fired from the project for lack of finished work . The late release , coupled with Miramax purchasing and re @-@ editing the film , has sometimes resulted in The Thief and the Cobbler being labeled a copy of Aladdin . = = Live @-@ action prequel = = On July 15 , 2015 , the studio started developing a live @-@ action comedy adventure prequel called Genies that is being written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift , while Tripp Vinson is on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner . The film is planned to lead for a live @-@ action Aladdin movie . On November 8 , Disney revealed it had originally planned to use Robin Williams ' unused lines from the 1991 – 2 recording sessions for the film , but his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for twenty @-@ five years after his death . = Martin Gélinas = Martin Gélinas ( French pronunciation : [ ʒeliˈna ] ; born June 5 , 1970 ) is a Canadian former ice hockey forward who played 1 @,@ 273 games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Edmonton Oilers , Quebec Nordiques , Vancouver Canucks , Carolina Hurricanes , Calgary Flames , Florida Panthers and Nashville Predators . A first round selection of the Los Angeles Kings , 7th overall , at the 1988 NHL Entry Draft , Gélinas never played for the team as he was included in one of the most significant trades in NHL history while he was still playing junior hockey for the Hull Olympiques . He was sent to the Oilers as a part of the Wayne Gretzky trade in 1988 . Gélinas reached the Stanley Cup finals with four teams . He was a member of Edmonton 's 1990 championship team and also reached the final in 1994 with Vancouver , 2002 with Carolina and 2004 with Calgary . He tied a record in 2004 by scoring three series @-@ winning goals in one playoff year , earning the nickname " The Eliminator " . After playing his final professional season with SC Bern in the Swiss National League A ( NLA ) , Gélinas turned to coaching and player development . He was named an assistant coach with the Calgary Flames in 2012 . = = Playing career = = = = = Junior = = = Gélinas played two seasons of junior hockey in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) for the Hull Olympiques between 1987 and 1989 . He scored 101 goals and 107 assists in 106 games . In his first year , 1987 – 88 , Gélinas finished 10th in QMJHL scoring with 131 points . He won the Michel Bergeron Trophy as offensive rookie of the year and was named Canadian Hockey League rookie of the year in addition to being named a QMJHL first @-@ team all @-@ star . Gélinas added 32 points in 17 playoff games as the Olympiques defeated the Drummondville Voltigeurs in the final to win the President 's Cup . At the 1988 Memorial Cup , Gélinas won the George Parsons Trophy as the most sportsmanlike player of the tournament . The National Hockey League ( NHL ) Central Scouting Bureau ranked Gélinas as the eighth best prospect at the 1988 NHL Entry Draft . He was selected by the Los Angeles Kings with the seventh overall pick . Gélinas never played for the Kings as on August 9 , 1988 , he was included in one of the most significant trades in NHL history . The Edmonton Oilers sent Wayne Gretzky , Mike Krushelnyski and Marty McSorley to the Kings in exchange for Gelinas , Jimmy Carson , three first round draft picks and $ 15 million in cash . As one of the key players coming to Edmonton in what he later called " the biggest trade in sports history " , Gélinas endured the scrutiny of the Canadian media and pressure created by angry and disappointed fans after the Oilers dealt away a player in Gretzky who was considered a national icon . Gélinas began the 1988 – 89 season with the Oilers and made his NHL debut and scored his first point , on an assist , on October 7 , 1988 , against the New York Islanders . He scored his first goal ten days later against Jon Casey of the Minnesota North Stars but he was returned to Hull after six games to complete his second season of junior hockey . Making his international debut , Gélinas played with the Canadian national junior team at the 1989 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . He recorded two assists in seven games for the fourth place Canadians . = = = Edmonton , Vancouver and Carolina = = = Joining the Oilers full @-@ time in 1989 – 90 , Gélinas recorded 25 points in 46 games . At the age of 19 , he was a member of Edmonton 's " Kid Line " playing alongside 22 @-@ year @-@ olds Joe Murphy and Adam Graves . The trio provided an offensive boost in the post @-@ season as the Oilers reached the 1990 Stanley Cup Final against the Boston Bruins . Edmonton won the best @-@ of @-@ seven championship series four games to one and captured the Stanley Cup . After recording 40 points in 1990 – 91 , Gélinas scored only 29 points the following season . The Quebec Nordiques , who had been criticized by local fans and media for failing to select Gélinas at the 1988 draft , attempted to acquire him in exchange for Bryan Fogarty . The deal failed to materialize and Gélinas remained with the Oilers for the 1992 – 93 season where his offensive production again declined , to 23 points . The Nordiques finally acquired Gélinas on June 20 , 1993 , in exchange for Scott Pearson . He lasted only 31 games with Quebec before being placed on waivers and claimed by the Vancouver Canucks . After scoring 16 points in 33 games to end the 1993 – 94 regular season with Vancouver , Gélinas added nine points in 24 playoff games . The Canucks reached the 1994 Stanley Cup Final but were defeated in seven games by the New York Rangers . In the lockout @-@ shortened 1994 – 95 season , he scored 23 points in 46 games and won his first of two consecutive Fred J. Hume Awards as Vancouver 's " unsung hero " . Gélinas finally achieved the offensive production expected of him when he was drafted by recording consecutive 30 @-@ goal seasons . He scored 30 goals in 1995 – 96 and led the Canucks with 35 goals , was second to Alexander Mogilny with 68 points and recorded a four @-@ goal game against the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996 – 97 . He won three team awards : The Cyclone Taylor Award as Vancouver 's most valuable player , the Molson Cup for earning the most three star selections and the Most Exciting Player Award . A collision with Edmonton 's Dan McGillis early in the 1997 – 98 season forced Gélinas out of the lineup with a sprained knee . He missed 16 games due to the injury and had only eight points in 24 games played . His tenure with the Canucks ended January 3 , 1998 . He was traded , along with Kirk McLean to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Sean Burke , Geoff Sanderson and Enrico Ciccone . Gélinas was added to Carolina 's roster to add a physical presence to the team and improve the team at both ends of the ice . He finished the season with 24 points in 40 games with the Hurricanes , and was invited to join Team Canada for the 1998 World Championship . Gélinas scored one goal for the sixth @-@ place Canadians . Placed in a defensive role , Gélinas 's offensive statistics fell to 28 points in 1998 – 99 and 30 in 1999 – 2000 . The Hurricanes placed him on waivers late in the latter season , but remained with the team after he went unclaimed . His teammates expressed relief that he hadn 't been moved the following season as , after improving to 59 points , Gélinas scored the game @-@ winning goal to clinch a playoff spot for Carolina . He recorded only one assist in six post @-@ season games , then accepted a lessened role with the Hurricanes as he was placed on the third line in 2001 – 02 . Gélinas led the Hurricanes to their first Stanley Cup Final in franchise history after scoring the overtime @-@ winning goal in the sixth game of the Eastern Conference final to eliminate the Toronto Maple Leafs . Carolina fell to the Detroit Red Wings in five games in the 2002 Stanley Cup Final . = = = Calgary , Florida and Nashville = = = Gélinas chose to decline his contract option for 2002 – 03 and left Carolina as a free agent . He signed a contract with the Calgary Flames on July 2 , 2002 . A 52 @-@ point season was fourth best on the Flames and included his 500th career point , a game @-@ winning goal against the Detroit Red Wings on January 25 , 2003 . Gélinas reached another career milestone during the 2003 – 04 season as he played in his 1,000th NHL game on December 9 against the Minnesota Wild . His 35 points on the season was again fourth @-@ best on the team . In qualifying for the 2004 Stanley Cup Playoffs , the Flames reached the post @-@ season for the first time in eight seasons . With eight goals and 15 points in the playoffs , Gélinas emerged as one of Calgary 's post @-@ season heroes . He scored the series @-@ winning goal in overtime of game seven of the Flames ' first round series against Vancouver . The victory advanced Calgary to the second round of the playoffs for the first time in 15 years . Gélinas also scored the overtime goal that eliminated Detroit in six games , which made him the first player in NHL history to score three series @-@ winning goals in overtime . He then became the second player in NHL history to score three series @-@ clinching goals in one playoff year by tallying the goal that eliminated the San Jose Sharks and propelled the Flames into the 2004 Stanley Cup Final . His heroics throughout the post @-@ season resulted in Gélinas being called " the Eliminator " . The Flames ' Cinderella run ended in the final as the Tampa Bay Lightning won the series in seven games . The result was controversial as Gélinas appeared to have scored the tie @-@ breaking goal in the sixth game that would have won the Stanley Cup for Calgary had the score held up . Television replays of the play showed that the puck deflected off Gélinas ' skate and appeared to be across the goal line before Tampa goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin kicked it out of the net . The referees did not signal a goal , however , and no video review was requested . Tampa Bay went on to win the game in overtime . As the 2004 – 05 NHL season went unplayed due to a labour dispute , Gélinas spent the season in Switzerland . He played one regular season and five playoff games with HC Lugano in the Nationalliga A ( NLA ) , but otherwise spent the season with HC Forward @-@ Morges in the Nationalliga B ( NLB ) where he scored 37 goals in 41 games and recorded 58 points . A free agent when the NHL resumed play in 2005 – 06 , Gélinas signed a two @-@ year contract with the Florida Panthers . Brought in as a capable veteran , he played all 82 games for Florida and scored over 40 points in each season . Gélinas scored his 300th career goal in Florida 's final game of the 2006 – 07 season . Leaving Florida , Gélinas signed with the Nashville Predators for the 2007 – 08 season . He had 20 points in 57 games before suffering a torn anterior cruciate ligament in February 21 , 2008 , game against the Vancouver Canucks that was ultimately his final contest in the NHL . Gélinas returned to Switzerland 2008 – 09 as he signed a contract to play with SC Bern in the NLA . In 27 games , he scored 15 goals and 22 points . He retired following the season . In his NHL career , Gélinas played 1 @,@ 273 regular season games and added 147 in the playoffs . His former junior team , now known as the Gatineau Olympiques , retired his uniform number 20 in 2012 . = = Coaching career = = The Nashville Predators hired Gélinas as their director of player development in 2009 . He had spent the final years of his playing career mentoring younger teammates and general Manager David Poile praised him as being an ideal person for the role : " we will depend on Martin and his experience , work ethic and professionalism to help develop our prospects into NHL players " . Spending up to 20 days per month on the road , he often served in a coaching capacity by assisting players during practices when visiting Nashville 's farm club , the Milwaukee Admirals . He carried that experience back to Calgary in 2012 when he was hired as the Flames ' assistant coach under Bob Hartley . One of Gélinas ' duties with the team is to work with the special teams units , both the power play and the penalty kill . The 2013 – 14 season is his second with the team . = = Personal life = = A native of Shawinigan @-@ Sud , Quebec , Martin is the son of René Gélinas and Lise Lebel . His father was a barber in Shawinigan @-@ Sud . Martin and his wife Jane have three children : son Matthew and daughters Cameron and Morgan . The family have made Calgary their permanent home since he first signed with the Flames in 2002 . Mathew is also a hockey player , and in 2013 – 14 is in junior as a member of the Tri @-@ City Americans . Active with charitable endeavours throughout his career , Gélinas was named the recipient of the Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award in 2004 . A Calgary Flames team award , it is given to the player who best combines on @-@ ice leadership with a dedication to community service . He is involved with the Calgary Flames Alumni Association 's charitable events . Gélinas is also involved with Calgary 's business industry : He holds an interest in Calgary @-@ based Whitecap Resources . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards and honours = = = The Guardian Legend = The Guardian Legend , known in Japan as Guardic Gaiden ( ガーディック外伝 , Gādikku Gaiden ) , is a 1988 hybrid action @-@ adventure / shoot ' em up video game developed by Compile for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . It is the sequel to the 1986 MSX game Guardic , and was published and released in Japan by Irem in 1988 , in North America by Brøderbund in 1989 , and in Europe by Nintendo in 1990 . In the game , the player controls a lone protagonist , the Guardian , who is on a quest to destroy a large alien @-@ infested world named Naju before it reaches the planet Earth . The player must deactivate ten safety devices scattered throughout Naju , thus activating the alien world 's self @-@ destruct sequence . The player explores Naju in a non @-@ linear fashion and can acquire different weapons during the course of the game . The Guardian Legend received mixed reviews from magazines such as Electronic Gaming Monthly and Nintendo Power . While it has been praised for its impressive graphics , memorable sound , and responsive controls , it has been criticized for its repetitive gameplay and complicated password system . The game received little fanfare upon its release , but it has since been considered a classic example of a multiple @-@ genre game that set a standard for others such as the title Sigma Star Saga and incorporated gameplay elements from other titles such as The Legend of Zelda , Metroid , and 1942 . = = Plot = = In The Guardian Legend , the player controls the gynoid guardian of Earth , a " highly sophisticated aerobot transformer " . The player 's mission is to infiltrate Naju , a large planet @-@ like object which aliens sent hurtling towards the Earth . While inside , the player must activate ten safety devices in order to initialize Naju 's self @-@ destruct mechanism and destroy the alien world before it reaches Earth . Five hostile tribes of alien lifeforms are vying for control of territories within Naju , and the player needs to fight through them to successfully activate the switches and escape . The story is advanced through a series of messages left by one or more unidentified predecessor ( s ) who unsuccessfully attempted to engage the self @-@ destruct mechanism of Naju before the Guardian arrived . Left by the sole remaining survivor of the attack on Naju , the first message serves as an introduction ; later messages give hints that help the player open locked corridors . = = Gameplay = = Gameplay varies depending on the player 's location within Naju . The player controls the Guardian in humanoid form when exploring the surface of Naju ( the Labyrinth ) and in spaceship form when investigating Naju 's interior ( the Dungeon ) . The Guardian has a life meter that decreases after sustaining damage from enemies ; it can be replenished by collecting various items . If the life meter runs out , the Guardian explodes , and the game ends . The player can use a primary rapid @-@ fire weapon with unlimited ammunition as well as various powerful secondary weapons that consume " power chips " with each use . Power chips are also used as currency to purchase upgrades for the Guardian in a handful of shops throughout Naju . Found within the Labyrinth or obtained after defeating a boss , these upgrades include primary weapon improvements , new or upgraded secondary weapons , and round , brightly colored creatures called Landers . Blue and Red Landers , recurring characters in many Compile games , increase the player 's maximum life and power chip capacities , respectively . Blue Landers play multiple roles in The Guardian Legend . Some of them are not items but non @-@ player characters that dispense advice to the player or exchange upgrades for power chips ; others provide a password that allows the player to resume the game at a later time with their progress retained . These Blue Landers also serve as checkpoints ; players can restart their game in these designated rooms after being defeated provided the system has not been turned off . In the action @-@ adventure portion of the game known as the " Labyrinth " , the player explores the surface of Naju in humanoid form in a top @-@ down perspective . The player must navigate the Labyrinth and find and infiltrate the corridors and ultimately activate Naju 's ten safety devices . The Labyrinth consists of screen @-@ wide passages and rooms individually plotted as X – Y coordinates . A map that details these coordinates in a grid @-@ like form can be viewed on the pause subscreen . While the player can generally walk from one screen to the next , some screens are separated by portals called " warp panels " . Warp panels bear a symbol indicative of their surrounding area , and the player can only access these warp panels with keys that match these symbols . Some warp panels lead to rooms containing various clues and story elements while others are gateways to shops , password rooms , and corridors . Keys allow players to access different portions of the Labyrinth , which they can then explore in a non @-@ linear fashion . In the shoot ' em up portion of the game known as the " Dungeon " , the player battles through Naju 's interior in spaceship form . The Dungeon consists of a series of enemy @-@ filled corridors which are found during exploration of the Labyrinth . The player 's objective in the Dungeon is to progress through each corridor and defeat the boss at the end . Upon completion , the player destroys the corridor and is returned to the Labyrinth , where a power @-@ up ( and sometimes a warp panel key ) is collected as a reward . While some corridors can be accessed freely , others can only be entered by performing a particular action in the corridor room . Some rooms in the Labyrinth contain clues that indicate how to unseal these corridors . Ten of the corridors in the game serve as the safety devices which must be deactivated to win the game . = = Development = = The Guardian Legend was developed for the Nintendo Famicom by Compile as the sequel to the 1986 MSX game Guardic , and it was released as Guardic Gaiden in Japan by Irem on February 5 , 1988 ( 1988 @-@ 02 @-@ 05 ) . The director was Masamitsu " Moo " Niitani , Compile 's president and the creator of the Puyo Puyo series . The development team featured many of the staff who helped create Guardic as well as Zanac and Blazing Lazers . The box art for Guardic Gaiden was created by Japanese science @-@ fiction illustrator Naoyuki Kato and depicts the Guardian as a female cyborg . The Guardian Legend was released for the NES and released in North America by Brøderbund in April 1989 ; it was published in Europe by Nintendo in 1990 . Nintendo Power previewed The Guardian Legend in January 1989 , where they discussed the game 's mechanics , graphics , and shoot ' em up sequences . They promised a full review in the following issue , but it was postponed due to a delay of the game 's release . The Guardian Legend was exhibited at the 1989 Winter Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas , Nevada before its release ; it was one of the prime attractions at the Brøderbund booth along with the U @-@ Force controller . In 1990 , remaining inventory of The Guardian Legend was among the assets Brøderbund sold to THQ along with the rest of its New Ventures Division . = = Reception = = The game has received both praise and criticism for its multiple @-@ genre format . It was reviewed by four people in a 1989 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly shortly after the release of the game in 1989 . Steve Harris said that the game does more than most shoot ' em ups and that it 's a " good follow @-@ up for Zanac fans " . He added that the multiple @-@ genre format " helps elevate the whole title to a much higher level " . Ed Semrad called the game a Blaster Master clone and " only average at best " , and he echoed Harris ' opinion that those who enjoyed Zanac would enjoy The Guardian Legend . Donn Nauert said that the game is repetitive and offers little challenge and that it would have been better as a pure shoot ' em up ; he pointed to a special password ( " TGL " ) in which players can enter to bypass all of the Labyrinth portions . Jim Allee also compared the game to Zanac and repeated what Nauert said about the lack of difficulty except in the boss battles ; he overall praised the game for successfully bringing together two distinct themes . The Guardian Legend received accolades from the editors of Nintendo Power . The game appeared in the magazine 's September 1989 issue , where it debuted at # 9 on its " Top 30 " NES Chart . The editors praised the game , and described the protagonist as " the ultimate transforming hero " . The game would remain on the chart for nearly a year . In recognition of its achievements , the magazine 's editors and staff nominated the game for several awards in its first @-@ ever Nintendo Power Awards for 1989 — among them , " Best Graphics & Sound " , " Best Play Control " , and " Best Overall " — but the game did not win the top award in any of these categories . Nintendo Power published a partial walkthrough for the game in the following November 1989 issue . The game received moderate praise in some German gaming magazines after its European release . In Video Games magazine the reviewer praised the game as being a good action @-@ adventure game in the same style of The Legend of Zelda ; he notes that the need to find hidden items and areas and the top @-@ down perspective closely resemble the Nintendo classic . He appreciated the variety and extras in the game , the various strategies needed to fight bosses , its difficulty , and the well @-@ done graphics . The reviewers from Power Play compared The Guardian Legend to The Legend of Zelda and Life Force . They praised the diverse gameplay and weapons , difficulty , and the mixture of action @-@ adventure and shoot ' em up elements . They criticized the game for lacking battery @-@ backed RAM to save player progress — one of the reviewers said that " the wretched fumbling with the password had long ended " — as well as its lack of challenging puzzles and a high difficulty level in some of the shoot ' em up sections . = = Legacy = = The game continued to receive praise from major game reviewers over a decade since its release . Lucas Thomas of the Evansville Courier & Press favorably compared The Guardian Legend with the NES title The Legend of Zelda and the Game Boy Advance title Sigma Star Saga ; he emphasized Compile 's successful fusion of the action @-@ adventure , shoot ' em up and action role @-@ playing game genres . Later , in a 2008 IGN article , Thomas listed the game at # 2 on his " Top 10 Unreleased NES Hits " list and contended that The Guardian Legend took the concept of the multiple @-@ genre game to a farther extent than Blaster Master . In October 2009 , IGN ranked The Guardian Legend as # 87 on its " Top 100 NES Games of All Time " list and deemed it " one of the most influential games in the history of the gaming industry " . In March 2008 , Game Informer editors referred to the game as " the ultimate genre bender " and likened it to a combination of the NES games The Legend of Zelda , Metroid , and 1942 . While they acclaimed the game for its " exciting and challenging " shooter stages , they criticized it for its complex world map and " outrageous " password system . In a Gamasutra interview , Retro Game Challenge designer Mike Engler said that " The Guardian Legend is one of the best games ever released " . The graphics and sound of The Guardian Legend have been influential . Robert Dewar and Matthew Smosna of the open computing magazine Open Systems Today cited the game as an example of how graphics co @-@ processors such as those in the NES can compensate for inadequate CPU speed in graphics @-@ intensive computer applications . They noted that the fast @-@ paced action seen in the game could not be replicated on a personal computer at that time ( 1992 ) without an expensive graphics board and regardless of CPU speed . The music of the game , composed by Masatomo Miyamoto and Takeshi Santo , has remained popular years after the game 's release . Samantha Amjadali of the Melbourne @-@ based newspaper The Herald Sun reported that a remixed tune from the game was rated as the second most popular track on the website OverClocked ReMix in March 2002 . Video game cover band The Advantage 's 2006 album Elf Titled featured a cover version of music from one of the game 's dungeon levels . = Hiyō @-@ class aircraft carrier = The two Hiyō @-@ class aircraft carriers ( 飛鷹型航空母艦 , Hiyō @-@ gata kōkūbokan ) were built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during World War II . Both ships of the class , Hiyō and Junyō , were originally laid down as luxury passenger liners before being acquired by the IJN for conversion to aircraft carriers in 1941 . Junyō was the first of the sister ship to be completed in May 1942 and the ship participated in the invasion of the Aleutian Islands the following month . Both ships participated in several battles during the Guadalcanal Campaign in late 1942 . Their aircraft were disembarked several times and used from land bases in a number of battles in the South West Pacific . Hiyō was torpedoed in June 1943 and Junyō in November ; both ships spent about three months under repair . They spent most of the time after their repairs training and ferrying aircraft before returning to combat . Hiyō was sunk by a gasoline vapor explosion caused by an American torpedo hit during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in mid @-@ 1944 while Junyō was damaged by several bombs . Lacking aircraft , she was used as a transport in late 1944 and was torpedoed in December . The ship was under repair until March 1945 when the repairs were deemed uneconomical . Junyō was then effectively hulked for the rest of the war . The ship was deemed not worth the cost to repair by the Americans after the surrender of Japan in September and she was broken up in 1946 – 47 . = = Design and description = = The ships were ordered as the fast luxury passenger liners Izumo Maru and Kashiwara Maru by Nippon Yusen Kaisha ( Japan Mail Steamship Company @-@ NYK ) in late 1938 . In exchange for a 60 % subsidy of their building costs by the Navy Ministry , they were designed to be converted to aircraft carriers . To facilitate this process , they were fitted with a double hull , additional fuel oil capacity , provisions for the fitting of additional transverse and longitudinal bulkheads , installation of a longitudinal bulkhead to separate the turbine rooms , a strengthened main deck , more height between decks , rearrangement of the superstructure and passenger accommodations to facilitate the installation of aircraft elevators and hangars , more space for additional wiring , installation of a bulbous bow and the addition of aviation gasoline storage tanks fore and aft of the machinery spaces . NYK was only interested in a maximum speed of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) to save fuel , but the Navy wanted a maximum speed of no less than 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) so they compromised by limiting the performance of the turbines to 80 % of maximum power during peacetime . The ships had a length of about 219 @.@ 32 meters ( 719 ft 7 in ) overall . They had a beam of 26 @.@ 7 meters ( 87 ft 7 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 15 meters ( 26 ft 9 in ) . They displaced 24 @,@ 150 metric tons ( 23 @,@ 770 long tons ) at standard load . Their crew ranged from 1 @,@ 187 to 1 @,@ 224 officers and enlisted men . Both ships were fitted with two Mitsubishi @-@ Curtis geared steam turbine sets with a total of 56 @,@ 250 shaft horsepower ( 41 @,@ 950 kW ) , each driving a 5 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 18 ft ) propeller . Steam was provided by six water @-@ tube boilers ; Junyō had Mitsubishi three @-@ drum boilers that operated at a pressure of 40 kg / cm2 ( 3 @,@ 923 kPa ; 569 psi ) and temperature of 420 ° C ( 788 ° F ) while Hiyō had Kawasaki @-@ La Mont boilers . Their machinery , designed for merchant service , was over four times heavier than that of the purpose @-@ built aircraft carrier Hiryū . The ships had a designed speed of 25 @.@ 5 knots , but both exceeded that by small margins during sea trials . They carried 4 @,@ 100 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 000 long tons ) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 11 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 21 @,@ 700 km ; 13 @,@ 500 mi ) or more at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . = = = Flight deck arrangements = = = The flight deck was 210 @.@ 3 meters ( 690 ft 0 in ) long and had a maximum width of 27 @.@ 3 meters ( 89 ft 7 in ) . A large island was fitted on the starboard side that , for the first time in a Japanese carrier , was integrated with the ship 's funnel . This was angled 26 ° outwards to help keep its exhaust from interfering with flight operations . The ships were designed with two superimposed hangars , each approximately 153 meters ( 502 ft 0 in ) long , 15 meters ( 49 ft 3 in ) wide and 5 meters ( 16 ft 5 in ) high . Each hangar could be subdivided by four fire curtains and they were fitted with fire fighting foam dispensers on each side . The hangars were served by two square elevators with rounded corners , 14 @.@ 03 meters ( 46 ft 0 in ) on each side . The elevators had a maximum capacity of 5 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 11 @,@ 000 lb ) and took 15 seconds to go from the lower hangar to the flight deck . The ships were fitted with electrically operated Kure type model 4 arresting gear with nine cables . They also mounted two Type 3 crash barricades . No aircraft catapult was fitted . The ships mounted a crane on the port side of the flight deck , just aft of the rear elevator . When collapsed , it was flush with the flight deck . Their air group was originally intended to consist of 12 Mitsubishi A5M " Claude " fighters , plus 4 in storage , 18 Aichi D3A " Val " dive bombers , with an additional 2 in reserve , and 18 Nakajima B5N " Kate " torpedo bombers . This was revised to substitute a dozen Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters , plus 3 in storage , for the A5Ms by the time the ship commissioned in 1942 . As a result of the lessons learned from the Battle of Midway in June , the ships ' fighter complement was strengthened to 21 Zeros , and the other aircraft reduced to 12 D3As and 9 B5Ns . By the end of the year , 6 more Zeros replaced an equal number of D3As . Although it was possible to fit all these aircraft into the hangars , 8 or 9 were usually stored on the flight deck to reduce crowding below decks . = = = Armor , armament and sensors = = = As a conversion from an ocean liner , it was not possible to add much armor , although the ships had a double hull . Two plates of Ducol steel , each 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick , protected the sides of the ships ' machinery spaces . Their aviation gasoline tanks and magazines were protected by one layer of Ducol steel . In addition , their machinery spaces were further subdivided by transverse and longitudinal bulkheads to limit any flooding . The primary armament consisted of a dozen 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 cm Type 89 anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns in twin mounts on sponsons along the sides of the hull . They fired 23 @.@ 45 @-@ kilogram ( 51 @.@ 7 lb ) projectiles at a rate between 8 and 14 rounds per minute at a muzzle velocity of 700 – 725 m / s ( 2 @,@ 300 – 2 @,@ 380 ft / s ) ; at 45 ° , this provided a maximum range of 14 @,@ 800 meters ( 16 @,@ 200 yd ) , and a maximum ceiling of 9 @,@ 400 meters ( 30 @,@ 800 ft ) . The ships were also initially equipped with eight triple 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns , also in sponsons along the sides of the hull . They fired .25 @-@ kilogram ( 0 @.@ 55 lb ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 900 m / s ( 3 @,@ 000 ft / s ) ; this provided a maximum range of 7 @,@ 500 meters ( 8 @,@ 202 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 meters ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) at + 85 ° . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute due to the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines . In mid @-@ 1943 , four more triple mounts were added and another four triple mounts in late 1943 – early 1944 . Two of these last four mounts were mounted on the stern and the others were placed in front of and behind the island . A dozen single mounts were also added , some of which were portable and could be mounted on tie @-@ down points on the flight deck . After the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 , Junyō 's anti @-@ aircraft armament was reinforced with three more triple mounts , two twin mounts and 18 single mounts for the 25 mm Type 96 gun . These guns were supplemented by six 28 @-@ round AA rocket launchers . Each 12 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) rocket weighed 22 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 50 lb ) and had a maximum velocity of 200 m / s ( 660 ft / s ) . Their maximum range was 4 @,@ 800 meters ( 5 @,@ 200 yd ) . In October 1944 , Junyō had a total of 9	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1 25 mm barrels ; 57 in 19 triple mounts , four in two twin mounts , and 30 single mounts . Two Type 94 high @-@ angle fire @-@ control directors , one on each side of the ship , were fitted to control the Type 89 guns . Each director mounted a 4 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 14 ft 9 in ) rangefinder . When Junyō first commissioned only the rangefinders were fitted and the directors were added later . Four Type 95 directors controlled the 25 mm guns and another pair were added in early 1943 . Early warning was provided by two Type 2 , Mark 2 , Model 1 air search radars . The first of these was mounted on the top of the island in mid- to late 1942 on each ship , and the other was added during 1943 . This latter system was fitted on the port side of the hull , outboard of the rear elevator . A smaller Type 3 , Mark 1 , Model 3 air search radar was added in 1944 on Junyō . = = Ships = = = = Service history = = The ships were purchased on 10 February 1941 by the Navy Ministry for the price of ¥ 48 @,@ 346 @,@ 000 and their armament and aircraft cost an additional ¥ 27 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 . The cost to convert the two ships was budgeted at ¥ 38 @,@ 073 @,@ 000 , for a grand total of ¥ 114 @,@ 219 @,@ 000 . Kashiwara Maru and Izumo Maru were temporarily referred to as No. 1001 Ship ( Dai 1001 bankan ) and No. 1002 Ship respectively to keep their conversions secret . Junyō was initially classified as an auxiliary aircraft carrier ( Tokusetsu kokubokan ) , but following the loss of four Japanese fleet carriers in the Battle of Midway , she was redesignated as a regular carrier ( Kokubokan ) in July ; Hiyō , completed after the loss of the carriers , received that designation from the beginning . Despite being launched several days after Hiyō , Junyō was the first of the pair to be commissioned in May 1942 . She was assigned to the Fourth Carrier Division of the 1st Air Fleet , together with Ryūjō . The ship was tasked to support the invasion of the Aleutian Islands , a diversionary thrust in support of the attack on Midway . Junyō carried 18 A6M2 Zeros and 18 D3As for this operation . The ship launched her first airstrike at dawn on 3 June against Dutch Harbor on Unalaska Island . She accomplished little during this operation , losing 5 aircraft to all causes , and her own aircraft only shot down 5 American aircraft . Upon arrival at Truk on 9 October , the two sisters were assigned to the Second Carrier Division to begin operations against American forces in the Guadalcanal area as part of the 3rd Fleet . On 15 October , the two carriers reached the vicinity of Malaita Island in the Solomon Islands and their aircraft discovered a resupply convoy for Guadalcanal that was escorted by the destroyer Meredith . Their aircraft attacked and sank the destroyer . The next day , they found the small seaplane tender , McFarland , in Lunga Roads offloading avgas into barges . Dive bombers from the sisters blew the ship 's stern off , but failed to sink McFarland . The two carriers were intended to play a prominent role in the Japanese effort to retake Guadalcanal Island and were assigned to the Advance Force for this operation . Their aircraft were supposed to provide air cover after the Japanese night attack that retook Henderson Field and then they were to be flown ashore , but Hiyō 's machinery problems caused her to return to Truk . Some of her aircraft were transferred to her sister before she departed . In late October 1942 , during the Guadalcanal Campaign , Junyō took part in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands . At this time , her air group consisted of 18 Zeros , 18 D3As and 9 B5Ns . Her aircraft made hits on the carrier Hornet , the battleship South Dakota and the light cruiser San Juan , but inflicted little substantial damage . A torpedo hit from one of her B5Ns , however , did force the Americans to abandon their effort to repair Hornet . During this time , Hiyō 's remaining aircraft flew to Rabaul on 23 October where they provided air cover for Japanese forces on Guadalcanal . A detachment from the air group was transferred to Buin , Papua New Guinea on 1 November and participated in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal later in the month . Those aircraft that remained at Rabaul flew back to Truk by 11 November , but the Buin detachment was ferried back to Japan on 14 December . In mid @-@ November 1942 , Junyō was tasked to provide air cover for the convoy bringing reinforcements for the Japanese forces on Guadalcanal during the three @-@ day @-@ long Naval Battle of Guadalcanal . The ship 's fighters were unable to do so ; seven transports were sunk and the remaining four transports were damaged . In December 1942 – January 1943 , the carrier covered several convoys that brought reinforcements to Wewak , New Guinea and her air group was based there for several days to protect the forces there before returning to Truk on 20 January . The ship then covered the evacuation of forces from Guadalcanal through early February . Hiyō had returned to Japan in December and Junyō followed in February . Both ships returned to Truk in late March and their air groups were detached from in early April to participate in Operation I @-@ Go , a land @-@ based aerial offensive against Allied bases in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea . The ships returned to Japan in late May and sailed for Truk on 7 June , but Hiyō was torpedoed that evening and forced to return to port for repairs . Her fighters were flown to Truk by 15 July and assigned to the light carrier Ryūhō . The ship was under repair at Yokosuka until 15 September . Junyō 's air group was deployed to Buin , Papua New Guinea on 2 July in response the American invasion of Rendova Island on 30 June . Leaving her aircraft behind , the carrier returned to Japan in late July . Junyō ferried aircraft to Singapore in mid @-@ August and troops and equipment to the Caroline Islands the following month . On 5 November 1943 , she was hit by a torpedo , but the damage was light , other than the disabled rudder . The ship was under repair and refit until 29 February 1944 at Kure . The air groups of both carriers were reconstituted at Singapore on 1 November . The aircraft transferred to Truk on 1 December and then to Kavieng at the end of December before reaching Rabaul on 25 January 1944 ; the survivors were back at Truk on 20 February and the air group was disbanded . Hiyō departed Japan for Singapore on 24 November . She arrived on 3 December and was almost immediately assigned duties as an aircraft ferry until January when the ship returned to Japan . In the meantime , the Japanese Navy had restructured its carrier air groups so that one air group was assigned to one carrier division and Air Group 652 was assigned to the 2nd Carrier Division with Hiyō , Junyō and Ryūhō on 1 March . The air group was last in priority to be rebuilt and only had 30 Model 21 Zeros , 13 Model 52 Zeros and 4 D3As on hand on 1 April of its authorized 81 fighters , 36 dive bombers and 27 torpedo bombers . The ships conducted training for their aircraft in the Inland Sea until 11 May when she sailed for Tawi @-@ Tawi in the Philippines . The new base was closer to the oil wells in Borneo on which the Navy relied and also to the Palau and western Caroline Islands where the Japanese expected the next American attack . However , the location lacked an airfield on which to train the green pilots and American submarines were very active in the vicinity which restricted the ships to the anchorage . = = = Battle of the Philippine Sea = = = The Japanese fleet was en route to Guimares Island in the central Philippines on 13 June , where they intended to practice carrier operations in an area better protected from submarines , when Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa learned of the American attack on the Mariana Islands the previous day . Upon reaching Guimares , the fleet refuelled and sortied into the Philippine Sea where they spotted Task Force 58 on 18 June . The Americans failed to locate Ozawa 's ships that day and the Japanese turned south to maintain a constant distance between them and the American carriers as Ozawa had decided on launching his air strikes early the following morning . At this time , Air Group 652 consisted 81 Zeros , 27 D3As , 9 Yokosuka D4Y " Judy " dive bombers and 18 Nakajima B6N " Jill " torpedo bombers , roughly evenly divided among the three ships . The three carriers launched multiple air strikes against the American ships , but generally failed to locate them and did not inflict any damage while losing most of their aircraft . At dusk , the Japanese turned away to the northwest to regroup and to refuel and the Americans turned west to close the distance . They discovered the retiring Japanese fleet during the afternoon of the following day and Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher ordered an air strike launched . Hiyō was struck by two bombs , one of which detonated above the bridge and killed or wounded virtually everyone there . More seriously , the ship was struck by one torpedo dropped by a Grumman TBF Avenger from Belleau Wood . This knocked out the starboard engine room and started fires , but Hiyō was able to continue , albeit a slower speed . Two hours later , a large explosion occurred when leaking gasoline vapor ignited and it knocked out all power on the ship . The fires raged out of control and Hiyō sank stern first shortly afterwards at 16 ° 20 ′ N 132 ° 32 ′ E. Roughly 1 @,@ 000 men were rescued by her escorting destroyers , but 247 officers and enlisted men died aboard the carrier . Junyō was hit by two bombs near her island . The ship was not badly damaged , but the damage did stop flight operations . Air Group 652 claimed 2 Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters and 9 Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers shot down , but lost 11 aircraft , plus another 3 that had to ditch . By the end of the battle , the air group only consisted of 11 A6M5s , 5 A6M2s and 1 B6N and it was disbanded on 10 July . Most of its remaining personnel were assigned to Air Group 653 . After repairs at Kure , the ship remained in the Inland Sea without aircraft until 27 October when she was tasked to transport material to Borneo . On 3 November , she was attacked by the submarine Pintado , but her escorting destroyer , Akikaze , deliberately sacrificed herself by intercepting the torpedoes and sank with no survivors . While returning from Manila , Junyō was attacked by the submarines Sea Devil , Plaice and Redfish early in the morning of 9 December 1944 . She was hit by three torpedoes , but she was able to proceed on one engine . She reached Sasebo the following day and began repairs on 18 December . The repairs were abandoned in March 1945 for lack of materials and the ship was moved from the dock to Ebisu Bay , Sasebo on 1 April . Efforts to camouflage the ship began on 23 April and she was reclassified as a guard ship on 20 June . Junyō 's armament was ordered removed on 5 August and the ship was surrendered to the Allies on 2 September . An American technical team evaluated the ship 's condition on 8 October and deemed her a constructive total loss . Junyō was stricken from the Navy List on 30 November and scrapped between 1 June 1946 and 1 August 1947 by the Sasebo Ship Company . = = See Also = = List of ships of the Second World War List of ship classes of the Second World War = Hank Azaria = Henry Albert " Hank " Azaria ( / əˈzɛəriə / ə @-@ ZAIR @-@ ee @-@ ə ; born April 25 , 1964 ) is an American actor , voice actor , comedian and producer . He is known for starring in the animated television sitcom The Simpsons ( 1989 – present ) , voicing Moe Szyslak , Apu Nahasapeemapetilon , Chief Wiggum , Comic Book Guy , Carl Carlson and numerous others . After attending Tufts University , Azaria joined the series with little voice acting experience , but became a regular in its second season , with many of his performances on the show being based on famous actors and characters . Along with the series , Azaria became more widely known through his live @-@ action appearances in films , such as The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Godzilla ( 1998 ) , Mystery Men ( 1999 ) , America 's Sweethearts ( 2001 ) , Shattered Glass ( 2003 ) , Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) , Run Fatboy Run ( 2007 ) , Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) and The Smurfs ( 2011 ) . He also had recurring roles on the television series Mad About You and Friends , played the title character in the drama Huff ( 2004 – 2006 ) , and appeared in the popular stage musical Spamalot . Though originally known as a comic actor , Azaria has also taken on more dramatic roles including the TV films Tuesdays With Morrie ( 1999 ) and Uprising ( 2001 ) . He has won five Emmys and a Screen Actors Guild Award . Azaria was married to actress Helen Hunt from 1999 to 2000 and has been married to actress Katie Wright since 2007 . = = Early life = = Azaria was born in Queens , New York City , the son of Sephardic Jewish parents , Ruth ( Altcheck ) and Albert Azaria . His grandparents on both sides hailed from Thessaloniki , Greece , and his family spoke Ladino . Azaria 's father ran several dress @-@ manufacturing businesses , while his mother raised him and his two older sisters , Stephanie and Elise . Before marrying his father , Azaria 's mother had been a publicist for Columbia Pictures , promoting films in Latin American countries , as she was fluent in both English and Spanish . During his childhood , Azaria often " memorize [ d ] and mimic [ ked ] " the scripts of the films , shows and stand @-@ up comedy routines that he enjoyed . Azaria attended The Kew @-@ Forest School in Forest Hills . He decided to become an actor after performing in a school play at the age of 16 , becoming , at the expense of his academic studies , " obsessed with acting . " Both of his parents loved all forms of show business , which further spurred him to become an actor . He studied drama at Tufts University from 1981 to 1985 , where he met and befriended actor Oliver Platt and noted that " Oliver was a better actor than I was in college , and he really inspired me . " Together they both starred in various college stage productions , including The Merchant of Venice , before Azaria trained at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . Although he did not expect the endeavor to be successful , Azaria decided to become a professional actor , so that later in his life , he would not regret not having tried . Azaria 's first acting job was an advertisement for Italian television when he was seventeen years old . He also worked as a busboy . Azaria originally intended to work predominantly as a theatrical actor , and he and Platt set up their own company , named Big Theatre , although Harold Pinter 's The Dumb Waiter was the only thing they ever performed . He decided that television was a better arena and offered more opportunity so , after being offered work with talent agent Harry Gold , Azaria moved to Los Angeles . = = Career = = = = = Early career ( 1986 – 1988 ) = = = Azaria got along with Gold who was lukewarm about working with him , but after a woman Azaria had " worked with in New York got really furious with him because he said he 'd work with me and then didn 't " , Gold sent him out for auditions . He made his television debut with a role in the pilot episode of the 1986 ABC comedy @-@ drama series Joe Bash , with Peter Boyle . His part – a one @-@ line role as the police officer Maldonado – was edited out before the show was broadcast , although the role secured him admission to the Screen Actors Guild . Azaria appeared in the TV film Nitti : The Enforcer , about the gangster Frank Nitti , and appeared in the failed pilot Morning Maggie , alongside Matthew Perry , with whom he became good friends . He played Joe in an episode of the sitcom Family Ties in 1988 , in which he had one line and the following year he played Steve Stevenson in an episode of Growing Pains . Azaria has described his career progression as being gradual ; he did not achieve overnight recognition or fame . In Los Angeles , Azaria was trained by acting coach Roy London . Between acting jobs he performed as a stand @-@ up comedian , and worked as a bartender for a catering firm . = = = The Simpsons ( 1989 – present ) = = = Azaria became famous for his voice work in the ongoing animated television series The Simpsons . He joined the show having previously performed only one voice over : as the titular animated dog in the failed Fox pilot Hollywood Dog , a show he described as " sort of Roger Rabbit @-@ esque , where the dog was animated but everybody else was real . " The first voice he performed on The Simpsons was that of town bartender Moe Szyslak , replacing Christopher Collins who had initially recorded the character 's voice . Having known him from Hollywood Dog , casting director Bonita Pietila called Azaria and asked him to audition for the voice of Moe . At the time he was performing the role of a drug dealer in a play , utilizing a voice based on actor Al Pacino 's performance in the film Dog Day Afternoon . He used the voice in his audition for The Simpsons and , at the request of the show 's executive producers Matt Groening and Sam Simon , made the voice more " gravelly " . Groening and Simon thought the resultant voice was ideal for Moe and took Azaria over to the Fox recording studio . Before he had even seen a script , he recorded several lines of dialogue as Moe for the episode " Some Enchanted Evening " , dubbing Collins ' voice . Azaria did not expect to hear from the show again , but they continued to call him back , first to perform the voice of Chief Wiggum , and then Apu Nahasapeemapetilon . He felt that , initially , " [ the producers ] didn 't seem too pleased with what I had done ... [ Simon ] was very exacting ... [ and ] was kind of impatiently directing me on the ABCs of comedy . But then , much to my surprise , he would still keep having me back every week . But each week , I thought it was going to be my last week , because I really didn 't think I had done that well . " Nevertheless , by the show 's second season he was performing multiple recurring voices , and so was given a contract and made a permanent member of the main cast . Since he joined later than the rest of the cast , Groening still considered Azaria the " new guy " . In addition to Moe , Wiggum and Apu , Azaria provides the voices of the Comic Book Guy , Carl Carlson , Cletus Spuckler , Professor Frink , Dr. Nick Riviera , Lou , Snake Jailbird , Kirk Van Houten , the Sea Captain , Superintendent Chalmers , Disco Stu , Duffman , the Wiseguy and numerous other one @-@ time characters . As Moe 's voice is based on Al Pacino 's , likewise many of Azaria 's other recurring characters are based on existing sources . He took Apu 's voice from the many Indian and Pakistani convenience store workers in Los Angeles that he had interacted with when he first moved to the area , and also loosely based it on Peter Sellers ' character Hrundi V. Bakshi from the film The Party . Originally , it was thought that Apu being Indian was too offensive and stereotyped , but after Azaria 's reading of the line " Hello , Mr. Homer " , which the show 's producers thought was hilarious , the character stayed . Azaria , however , disputed this on LateNet with Ray Ellin , claiming that Apu was always intended to be stereotypical . Chief Wiggum 's voice was originally a parody of David Brinkley , but when Azaria was told it was too slow , he switched it to that of Edward G. Robinson . Officer Lou is based on Sylvester Stallone , and Dr. Nick is " a bad Ricky Ricardo impression . " The " Wise Guy " voice is " basically Charles Bronson , " while Carl is " a silly voice [ Azaria ] always did . " Two of the voices come from his time at college : Snake 's is based on Azaria 's old college roommate , while Comic Book Guy 's voice is based on a student , who lived in the room next door to Azaria , who went by the name " F " . Professor Frink is based on Jerry Lewis 's performance in the original The Nutty Professor , and the Sea Captain is based on English actor Robert Newton 's portrayal of many pirates . Azaria based his performance for the one @-@ time character Frank Grimes , from the episode " Homer 's Enemy " , on actor William H. Macy . He counts Grimes as the hardest , most emotional performance he has ever had to give in the history of The Simpsons . Azaria 's work on the show has won him four Emmy Awards for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance , in 1998 , 2001 , 2003 and 2015 . He was also nominated for the award in 2009 and 2010 , but lost to co @-@ star Dan Castellaneta and guest star Anne Hathaway respectively . He was nominated again in 2012 . Azaria , with the rest of the principal cast , reprised all of his voice roles from The Simpsons , for the 2007 film The Simpsons Movie . Azaria notes that he spends " an embarrassingly small amount of time working on The Simpsons " . He works for " an hour on Thursdays when we read through the script , then four hours on Monday when we record it , and I 'll pop in again once or twice . " He concludes it is " the best job in the world , as far as I 'm concerned . " Up until 1998 , Azaria was paid $ 30 @,@ 000 per episode . Azaria and the five other main The Simpsons voice actors were then involved in a pay dispute in which Fox threatened to replace them with new actors , and went as far as preparing for casting of new voices . However , the issue was soon resolved and from 1998 to 2004 , they received $ 125 @,@ 000 per episode . In 2004 , the voice actors intentionally skipped several script read @-@ throughs , demanding they be paid $ 360 @,@ 000 per episode . The strike was resolved a month later , with Azaria 's pay increasing to something between $ 250 @,@ 000 and $ 360 @,@ 000 per episode . In 2008 , production for the twentieth season was put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors , who wanted a " healthy bump " in salary . The dispute was later resolved and Azaria and the rest of the cast received their requested pay raise , approximately $ 400 @,@ 000 per episode . Three years later , with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut , Azaria and the other cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut , down to just over $ 300 @,@ 000 per episode . His co @-@ star in The Simpsons Nancy Cartwright wrote that : " The thing about Hank that I most remember is that he started out so unassuming and then , little by little , his abilities were revealed and his contributions to the show escalated . I realized Hank was going to be our breakaway star . " = = = Further career ( 1991 – present ) = = = = = = = Television series work = = = = With the continuing success of The Simpsons , Azaria began taking on other , principally live @-@ action , roles . He was a main cast member on the show Herman 's Head ( 1991 – 1994 ) playing Jay Nichols , alongside The Simpsons co @-@ star Yeardley Smith . He regularly recorded for The Simpsons and filmed Herman 's Head during the same day . Following the series ' cancellation Azaria unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Joey Tribbiani , one of the lead characters in the sitcom Friends . He was instead cast in the role of the scientist David , one of Phoebe Buffay 's boyfriends in the series . He appeared in the show 's tenth episode " The One with the Monkey " , before the character left for a research trip in Minsk . He reprised the role in the show 's seventh season ( 2001 ) , before making several appearances in the ninth ( 2003 ) . This return culminates in David proposing to Phoebe ; she rejects him , and David leaves the show for good . From 1995 to 1999 , Azaria had a recurring role in the sitcom Mad About You as Nat Ostertag , the dog walker . Azaria was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his roles in both Mad About You ( in 1998 ) and Friends ( in 2003 ) . Azaria had the lead role in the short @-@ lived sitcom If Not For You in 1995 , playing record producer Craig Schaeffer . Azaria produced and starred in the sitcom Imagine That in 2002 , replacing Emeril mid @-@ season in the NBC lineup . He played Josh Miller , a comedy writer , who " transformed " each episode into a character Miller has imagined , " provid [ ing ] a humorous outlet for his frustrations at home and work " . Production closed after five episodes and it was canceled after just two aired , due to poor critical reaction and ratings . Azaria later commented on the show " I wanted to do something really truthful and interesting and impactful . We had a bunch of executives sitting in the room , all agreeing that The Larry Sanders Show was our favorite thing on television , but we couldn 't do it on NBC , and nor would we want to from a business standpoint ; it simply wouldn 't make enough money . By the time it aired , the writing was sort of on the wall , and I don 't blame them at all . It was apparent it wasn 't working . " He starred as psychiatrist Craig " Huff " Huffstodt in the Showtime drama series Huff , which ran for two seasons between 2004 and 2006 , airing 24 episodes . Azaria served as an executive producer on the show and directed an episode of its second season . After reading the pilot script , he sent it to Platt , who took the role of Huff 's friend Russell Tupper . Azaria enjoyed working on the show , but struggled with the bleak subject matter and was often in dispute with its creator Bob Lowry ( producer ) , noting that it " was tough to marry our visions all the time , [ because ] we both cared so much about it that neither of us were willing to let go . " Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly called Azaria " impressively subtle " in the role , while John Leonard of New York magazine said he was a " shrewd bit of casting . " The show garnered seven Emmy nominations in 2005 , including a nomination for Azaria for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . Despite the awards , the show continually received low ratings , and Showtime chose not to commission it for a third season . Returning to live @-@ action television in 2011 , Azaria starred in the NBC sitcom Free Agents , a remake of the British series of the same name . He played Alex Taylor , a recently divorced public relations executive " who is missing his kids and trying to keep himself together " , and ends up sleeping with a co @-@ worker ( Kathryn Hahn ) . Azaria also served as a producer on the show . He was apprehensive about the project , disliking the lengthy schedule required of a lead actor in a single @-@ camera series , and favoring the " sensibility " of cable shows . However , he liked the script and executive producer John Enbom 's previous series Party Down and decided to accept the part . Despite Azaria mounting a campaign on Twitter to save it , the series was canceled after four episodes due to low ratings . In 2014 , Azaria had a recurring role in the second season of Showtime 's Ray Donovan , playing FBI agent Ed Cochran . = = = = Film work = = = = Azaria made his film debut in the direct @-@ to @-@ video release Cool Blue ( 1990 ) , as Buzz . His first theatrically released feature film appearance came the same year in Pretty Woman , as a police detective . His next major film role was as television producer Albert Freedman in the 1994 film Quiz Show , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . In 1996 , Azaria played gay Guatemalan housekeeper Agador Spartacus in the film The Birdcage . For the role , which Azaria considers to be his " big break " , he was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role , and critically branded " the most hilarious performance in the film , " by Alison Macor of The Austin Chronicle , while Empire wrote that he " [ stole ] the show . " For the role he used a Guatemalan accent , and made himself sound as effeminate as possible . He had chosen two possible voices , an effeminate one and a tougher one . After advice from a drag queen , he chose the effeminate voice . Three weeks into production , he realized he sounded exactly like his grandmother , which aided his performance . Agador was originally going to be a single scene part , with the larger role of the housekeeper being played by David Alan Grier . With the producers fearing the racial connotations of a black actor in such a part , Azaria inherited the full role . He appeared in numerous other films in the late 1990s , including Heat ( 1995 ) , Grosse Pointe Blank ( 1997 ) , Celebrity ( 1998 ) and worked opposite Gwyneth Paltrow , as Walter Plane , in the 1998 adaptation of Great Expectations . He played photographer Victor " Animal " Palotti in Godzilla ( 1998 ) . Godzilla was one of Azaria 's first starring roles in a blockbuster film . Its five @-@ month shoot was the longest of his career to date , but he considered it a good chance to boost his profile . He noted , " I 'm so used to melding into every character I play . Even people in the business think the guy who did Birdcage , Quiz Show and Great Expectations are three different actors — which in a way makes me proud , but in another way is very frustrating . It 's the curse and blessing of the character actor " . The shoot 's physical challenges , and the film 's critical failure , led Azaria to later describe it as " tough to make , and very disappointing when it came out . It was one you definitely chalk up and say , ' That was part of paying your dues , better luck next time ' . " In 1999 , he starred in the drama Mystery , Alaska as Charles Danner , and the comedy superhero film Mystery Men , as the faux @-@ British silverware throwing expert The Blue Raja . Other film roles included Hector Gorgonzolas in America 's Sweethearts ( 2001 ) , Claude in Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) , and the young Patches O 'Houlihan in Dodgeball : A True Underdog Story ( 2004 ) , the latter two with Ben Stiller . For his role of Claude , a French scuba instructor , in Along Came Polly , Azaria donned a wig and worked out extensively to get into the physical shape the part required . Azaria played composer Marc Blitzstein in Tim Robbins ' film Cradle Will Rock in 1999 . Paul Clinton wrote that Azaria was " brilliant as the tortured ( is there any other kind ) artist Blitzstein . " The same year he appeared as author and journalist Mitch Albom alongside Jack Lemmon in the television film Tuesdays with Morrie , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for the role . Azaria described the latter as the " best work [ he has ] done . " These were two of the first dramatic roles Azaria had taken ; throughout his career Azaria has primarily worked in comedy , but tries to balance the two . Azaria commented : " all the roles I got were in comedy at first , and I was certainly happy to get those , so I never felt the lack of being considered a dramatic actor because I was so happy to get what I got . And then I became surprised later on when I got dramatic roles . But I never went , ' OK , now it 's time to get a dramatic role . ' " His next dramatic part was in the television film Uprising in 2001 . The film was based on the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and Azaria played Mordechaj Anielewicz , one of the revolt 's leaders . Azaria was confused by his casting in Uprising and frequently asked the film 's producer and director Jon Avnet why he was selected . " I know [ Avnet ] liked the fact I was Jewish , and he knew I could do accents well . He cast me and David Schwimmer in [ Uprising ] , and we were both sort of mystified . He had some instinct that he wanted people who were more known for being funny . He never explained it satisfactorily to me ; I don 't understand why . " His parts in Tuesdays With Morrie and Uprising affected him , causing a depressive state which he countered with DVDs of the comedy series Monty Python . Azaria found Uprising to be " very difficult very depressing very emotionally challenging " material . In 2003 , Azaria played journalist Michael Kelly , the former editor of The New Republic , in the drama film Shattered Glass . Kelly died a few months before the film was released and Azaria said the film " has become a weird kind of eulogy to him . " Since Huff 's conclusion in 2006 , Azaria has continued to make multiple film appearances . He played the smooth @-@ talking Whit in David Schwimmer 's directorial debut Run Fatboy Run ( 2007 ) . During production he became good friends with co @-@ star Simon Pegg , performing The Simpsons voices on request , frequently distracting Pegg when he was supposed to be filming . He worked with Stiller again on 2009 's Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian in which Azaria played the villainous pharaoh Kah Mun Rah , utilizing a Boris Karloff accent . Although the film received mixed reviews , critics praised Azaria 's performance . Perry Seibert of TV Guide wrote that " thanks to Azaria , a master of comic timing . His grandiose , yet slightly fey bad guy is equally funny when he 's chewing out minions as he is when deliberating if Oscar the Grouch and Darth Vader are evil enough to join his team . " He appeared as Abraham in Year One ( 2009 ) , Dr. Knight in 2010 's Love and Other Drugs , and played Deep Throat director Gerard Damiano in Lovelace ( 2013 ) . Azaria played Gargamel in the computer @-@ animated / live @-@ action adaptation of The Smurfs ( 2011 ) . Azaria wore a prosthetic nose , ears , buck teeth , eyebrows and a wig , as well as shaving his head . He spent approximately 130 hours in the make @-@ up chair over the course of the production . Azaria considered Gargamel 's voice to be the most important part of his performance . The producers wanted an " old , failed , Shakespearean actor " voice , but Azaria felt this would lack energy and wanted something more Eastern European . He eventually selected a voice similar to that of Paul Winchell 's from the cartoon . Azaria disliked the cartoon when it first aired , and considered Gargamel too one @-@ dimensional a character and " just this straight villain " ; he opted to make Gargamel " more sarcastic " than in the cartoon , but " discovered that there 's no way to play Gargamel without screaming your head off at certain points – ramping him up and getting him very upset over Smurfs " . He interpreted him as " very lonely " , adding that " he hates the Smurfs because they 're such a happy family . He wants in really badly . I think he wants to be embraced as a Smurf " . Azaria worked with the writers to " infuse " the script with some of his ideas about the character , " particularly with the ' married ' relationship between Gargamel and [ his cat ] Azreal [ sic ] " which Azaria conceived . Reviewers from The San Francisco Chronicle and The Boston Globe commented on Azaria 's " overacting " in the role of Gargamel . More positive reaction came from Scott Bowles of USA Today called Azaria the " human standout " ; Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times felt he suffered the " greatest disservice " of the film 's cast due to a poor script . Azaria noted in an interview with The A.V. Club that The Smurfs and Night at the Museum were films he agreed to do primarily for the money , but that " I won ’ t even do that unless I think it will at least be fun to do ... I really try to throw myself into it , figure out the funniest , cleverest way to get the material over , and make it fun to do and fun to watch . " Azaria reprised his role in the 2013 sequel The Smurfs 2 . Azaria is set to star in Oppenheimer Strategies with Richard Gere . = = = = Further voice work = = = = Azaria performed a number of voice roles in addition to The Simpsons , although he noted in 2005 : " I started doing other voiceovers for cartoons for a couple of years , but I didn 't really love it . I was spoiled by The Simpsons . " He voiced Venom / Eddie Brock in Spider @-@ Man : The Animated Series between 1994 and 1996 . In the animated feature Anastasia ( 1997 ) , he voiced Bartok the bat and reprised the role in the direct @-@ to @-@ video prequel Bartok the Magnificent ( 1999 ) . For his performance in Anastasia , Azaria won the Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Feature Production . He also voiced Eric in the American dub of the series Stressed Eric , Harold Zoid in the 2001 Futurama episode " That 's Lobstertainment ! " , and Abbie Hoffman and Allen Ginsberg in Chicago 10 ( 2007 ) . For the 2011 film Hop , Azaria voiced Carlos and Phil . The response to the film was mostly negative , but many reviewers praised Azaria 's performance . For example , Sandie Chen of The Washington Post said " Azaria has been honing his over @-@ the @-@ top Spanish accent since The Birdcage , so anything he says grabs some laughs " , while Emma Simmonds of Time Out called him an " unflappable presence , voicing two characters with style " . Later in the year he voiced The Mighty Sven in Happy Feet Two . Azaria voices Shelfish Sheldon in Mack & Moxy . He also voices the lead character , Texan border agent Bud Buckwald , in Bordertown , which started in 2016 . Once The Simpsons was " going steadily " and Azaria had enough money to live on , he stopped working on commercials as he found them " demoralizing " , feeling that he sounded sarcastic whenever he read for them . When recording the part of " Jell @-@ O Man " for a Jell @-@ O commercial , he was told to make the voice he offered " more likeable and friendly so that children like him . " After pointing out that " Jell @-@ O Man " was a fictional character , he left and pledged to never record for an advertisement again . However , in 2012 he voiced several insects in a commercial for the Chevrolet Sonic . = = = = Other work = = = = Azaria wrote and directed the 2004 short film Nobody 's Perfect , which won the Film Discovery Jury Award for Best Short at the US Comedy Arts Festival . In January 2007 , he was confirmed to be directing Outsourced , a film about two American workers who journey to get their jobs back , after their factory is moved to Mexico . In 2009 , Azaria told Empire he was instead focusing on making a documentary about fatherhood . Two years later he told the Los Angeles Times that this project was " half @-@ complete " and was " forever looking for financing to finish it . " It eventually began in 2014 , airing on AOL as an online series titled Fatherhood . According to AOL , the series of short episodes documents Azaria 's " touching , humorous , and often enlightening journey from a man who is not even sure he wants to have kids , to a father going through the joys , trials and tribulations of being a dad . " He has periodically returned to theatrical work , appearing in several productions . In 2003 , he appeared as Bernard in a run of David Mamet 's play Sexual Perversity in Chicago , along with Matthew Perry and Minnie Driver , in London 's West End . Azaria made his first appearance as Sir Lancelot , the French Taunter , and four other characters in Spamalot , the musical version of Monty Python and the Holy Grail , which opened in Chicago in December 2004 , before moving to the Shubert Theatre on Broadway . The show met with critical acclaim , receiving fourteen Tony Award nominations in 2005 , with Azaria being nominated for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical . Reuniting with The Birdcage director Mike Nichols , and being a huge Monty Python fan , he saw it as an opportunity he could not pass up , describing it as " so much fun that I haven 't realized how tiring it is " , and " the most fun that I 've ever had in my entire life " . He took a break from the show in June 2005 , with Alan Tudyk filling in for him , to work on Huff , but returned in December 2005 . In late 2007 he starred in Aaron Sorkin 's The Farnsworth Invention , playing RCA head David Sarnoff . In 2016 , he starred in the world premiere of Dry Powder opposite Claire Danes , John Krasinski , and Sanjit De Silva , directed by Thomas Kail , at The Public Theater in New York City . Azaria starred in and co @-@ wrote the third episode of the Funny or Die web @-@ series Gamechangers , entitled " A Legend in the Booth " . He played Jim Brockmire , a legendary baseball announcer , fired for a profanity @-@ filled breakdown live on air after discovering his wife was having an affair . Azaria based the voice and style of Brockmire on several veteran sportscasters , including Bob Murphy and Phil Rizzuto . He has since appeared as Brockmire on the NFL Network 's The Rich Eisen Podcast to discuss the National Football League . In November 2012 , Azaria sued actor Craig Bierko over the ownership of the Brockmire voice . The case was ruled in Azaria 's favour in 2014 . Both actors had been using a baseball announcer voice before and since meeting at a party in 1990 , but US district judge Gary Allen Feess ruled that only Azaria 's voice was , as Brockmire , a defined , " tangible " character and thus subject to copyright . = = Acting style and vocal range = = Azaria 's friends refer to him as " the freakish mimic " due to his ability to copy almost anyone 's voice , instantly after he has heard it . As a child he believed that everyone could do this , but later realized that it was not a common talent . Azaria can " remember every voice I hear , famous or otherwise ... they kind of remain in the memory banks , so I 'm ready to trot them out . " Azaria was glad to have found the " ultimate outlet " for this skill , in The Simpsons . He " didn 't realize it [ when he joined the show ] , but it became like a lab for a character actor . I had to do so many voices . " In the early 2000s , Azaria felt he had reached the maximum number of voices he was capable of : " For the first 10 years of The Simpsons , I would develop a bunch of voices . And then ... I hit a point when I was tapped out . Every noise I can make , I have made . Even characters like Gargamel , I 've done . Even if it was only two or three lines , at some point I 've done something similar on The Simpsons , at least somewhere along the line . " For many of Azaria 's characters , much of their humor is derived from a " funny voice " , such as The Birdcage and Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . He stated that " being funny with a funny voice is more my comfort zone , a broader character that I try to humanize , a kind of silly or wacky persona that I try to fill in , " although he finds it " much easier to be someone much closer to myself , " as it requires " less energy ... than playing characters that are so out there and high strung " . The Simpsons creator Matt Groening has stated that Azaria possesses the ability to turn unfunny lines into some of the best in an episode , while former writer Jay Kogen stated : " Just when I think I know [ Azaria 's ] bag of tricks , he 's always got a new thing he does to surprise me . " Throughout the run of The Simpsons , Azaria has had to sing in character several times , a task which he describes as easier than singing normally . The Smurfs writer David N. Weiss says Azaria " has a beautiful treasure trove of talent , " and " became what you wished you were writing " . Playwright Jenelle Riley wrote in 2005 that Azaria was " by far " her favorite actor , praising his " versatility " and " tendency to take small roles that would normally fade into the background and to consistently create characters people care about " , noting his roles in Shattered Glass , Mystery , Alaska and especially Dodgeball : A True Underdog Story . = = Personal life = = In the early 1990s , Azaria was in a relationship with the actress Julie Warner . His relationship with actress Helen Hunt began in 1994 ; they married in a traditional Jewish ceremony at the couple 's home in Southern California on July 17 , 1999 . The two had appeared together in Mad About You and " Dumbbell Indemnity " , an episode of The Simpsons . After a year of marriage , Azaria moved out of the couple 's home , and after a six @-@ month separation , Hunt filed for divorce , citing " irreconcilable differences " . The divorce was finalized on December 18 , 2000 . Azaria began dating former actress Katie Wright in 2007 , and the two later married . They have a son together , Hal , who was born in 2009 . In 2013 , the family moved to New York , renting a home on 80th Street , with plans to make a final decision on where to live in two years . They previously lived in a four @-@ bedroom house in Pacific Palisades , which Azaria bought from his The Simpsons ' co @-@ star Dan Castellaneta and his wife Deb Lacusta in 2011 . Several weeks earlier , Azaria sold his home in Bel Air . Azaria previously owned the fifth @-@ floor co @-@ op loft at 84 Mercer Street in Manhattan 's Soho neighborhood , which he bought in 2005 from photographer Cindy Sherman , before selling it in 2013 . Azaria is the godfather of Oliver Platt 's son , George . He is also a regular poker player , appearing twice on Celebrity Poker Showdown and competing at other events , finishing a few places short of the bubble in the main event of the 2010 World Series of Poker . Politically , Azaria has made contributions that support the Democratic Party . He enjoys the music of Elvis Costello , and has stated that he would have been a therapist if he were not an actor . He considers The Godfather Trilogy to be what inspired him to become an actor , and counts Peter Sellers and Walt Frazier as his heroes . Azaria co @-@ founded the educational support charity , " Determined to Succeed " . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = Awards and nominations = = = New Jersey Route 94 = Route 94 is a state highway in the northwestern part of the New Jersey , United States . It runs 45 @.@ 94 mi ( 73 @.@ 93 km ) from the Portland – Columbia Toll Bridge over the Delaware River in Knowlton Township , Warren County , where it connects to Pennsylvania Route 611 ( PA 611 ) , northeast to the New York state line in Vernon Township , Sussex County . At the New York border , New York State Route 94 ( NY 94 ) continues to Newburgh , New York . Route 94 is mostly a two @-@ lane undivided road that runs through mountain and valley areas of Warren and Sussex counties , serving Columbia , Blairstown , Newton , and Hamburg . The route intersects several roads , including U.S. Route 46 ( US 46 ) and Interstate 80 ( I @-@ 80 ) in Knowlton Township , US 206 in Newton , Route 15 in Lafayette Township , and Route 23 in Hamburg . What is now Route 94 was legislated as part of two separate routes in 1927 . The portion of road between Route 6 / US 46 near the Delaware Bridge to Newton became Route 8 , while the route north of Newton to the New York border became a part of Route 31 . Prior to 1953 , the only portion of Route 31 north of Newton that was a state highway was between North Church and Hamburg . In 1953 , Route 94 was designated to replace all of Route 8 as well as Route 31 north of Newton ; the number was chosen to match NY 94 . After the Portland – Columbia Toll Bridge and the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge were both completed in December 1953 , the southern terminus of Route 94 was cut back to an intersection with US 611 in Columbia , which had been rerouted into New Jersey across both bridges , following a freeway between Columbia and the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge that would later become a part of I @-@ 80 . The former alignment of Route 94 between the Delaware Bridge and the Portland – Columbia Toll Bridge became a part of US 46 . By 1969 , US 611 was routed out of New Jersey , and Route 94 was extended to the state line on the Portland – Columbia Toll Bridge . Through the 1960s and 1970s , a freeway was proposed for the Route 94 corridor . This freeway , proposed to be a part of the Interstate Highway System , was never built . = = Route description = = = = = Warren County = = = Route 94 begins at the two @-@ lane undivided Portland – Columbia Toll Bridge over the Delaware River in Knowlton Township , where it connects to PA 611 on the Pennsylvania side of the river . This bridge is maintained by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission ; the rest of Route 94 is maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation ( NJDOT ) . Immediately after the bridge , the route comes to a large interchange with the western terminus of US 46 as well as with I @-@ 80 a short distance later , near the community of Columbia . In the area of the US 46 / I @-@ 80 interchange , the directions of Route 94 split , carrying two lanes in each direction . From here , the route becomes a two @-@ lane undivided road that continues northeast through a mix of woods and farms with some development , passing under the abandoned Lackawanna Cut @-@ Off . After passing through the community of Hainesburg , the road turns more to the east and enters Blairstown Township . Route 94 turns northeast before reaching the community of Blairstown , where the road continues east past some development before intersecting CR 521 . It forms a short wrong @-@ way concurrency with that route , along which it crosses the Paulins Kill . A short distance later , Route 94 enters Frelinghuysen Township , passing through more rural surroundings . The road turns northeast through the community of Marksboro before heading east again . After the intersection with CR 661 , Route 94 makes a sharp turn to the north @-@ northeast . = = = Sussex County = = = The route continues into Sussex County at Fredon Township , heading through rural areas . The road turns more to the northeast as a two @-@ lane road before heading east again and entering Newton . Here , Route 94 becomes High Street and passes several homes , intersecting CR 519 . CR 519 forms a concurrency with Route 94 and the two routes continue to downtown Newton . In the downtown area , the road comes to the Park Place square , where it meets US 206 . At this point , all three routes run concurrent north on four @-@ lane undivided Water Street for a short distance . CR 519 splits from the road by turning north on Mill Street , while US 206 and Route 94 continue north as a three @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane , where a shopping district lines the road as it leaves Newton for Hampton Township . The road narrows back to two lanes as it heads into areas of farmland . Route 94 splits from US 206 by making a right turn to continue east . The road passes a mobile home park before making a turn northeast and heading into Lafayette Township . In Lafayette Township , the route resumes to the east through a mix of rural and industrial areas . The road continues to a junction with Route 15 , where Route 94 makes a right turn to head southeast along Route 15 in a wrong way concurrency . Upon splitting , Route 15 stays straight and heads southeast as Route 94 turns at a right hand reverse jughandle to head northeast . Route 94 continues through more rural areas with occasional development and enters Sparta Township , where it is known as North Church Road . Here , the road passes near some residential developments before continuing into Hardyston Township . In Hardyston Township , the route runs through the community of North Church . After making a sharp turn to the east , Route 94 enters Hamburg and becomes Vernon Avenue . The route passes a few homes before intersecting Route 23 in the center of town . From this intersection , the route makes a turn to the northeast before leaving the town and heading back into Hardyston Township . The road passes rural developed areas before entering Vernon Township . At this point , the surroundings become more wooded and mountainous as the road passes near residential areas and reaches the community of McAfee . In McAfee , CR 517 intersects with Route 94 and the two routes head east for a short wrong way concurrency , crossing the New York , Susquehanna and Western Railway before CR 517 turns to the south . Route 94 continues northeast as McAfee Vernon Road , briefly becoming a divided highway as it passes the entrance to the Mountain Creek ski resort . Continuing northeast , the route comes to an intersection with CR 515 , which it runs concurrent with on Vernon Warwick Road . The two routes continue north , with CR 515 splitting from Route 94 a short distance after crossing the Appalachian Trail . From here , Route 94 continues through more countryside before reaching the New York state line , where the road continues into that state as NY 94 . = = History = = In the 1927 renumbering of state highways , Route 8 was defined to run along present @-@ day Route 94 from Route 6 ( current US 46 ) at the Delaware Bridge north to Columbia before turning northeast to Route 31 ( now U.S. Route 206 ) in Newton . Past Newton , Route 31 continued northeast to the New York state line ( current US 206 north of here was Route S31 ) . In the original version of the renumbering bill , Route 31 was to reach the border via Sussex , incorporating pre @-@ 1927 Route 8 ( now Route 284 ) from Sussex to the state line . However , in the final version , Route 31 ran via Hamburg , using the same alignment as a planned spur of pre @-@ 1927 Route 8 from Lafayette to North Church . Route 8 was eventually taken over by the state . On the other hand , by 1949 , only one section of Route 31 north of the Route S31 split had been taken between North Church to Hamburg . In the 1953 renumbering , Route 8 was renumbered to Route 94 , which was extended northeast past Newton along former Route 31 to the New York state line , matching NY 94 across the border . It was initially only marked south of Hamburg , as none of the route north of Hamburg was state @-@ maintained . Originally , Route 94 began at the now razed Delaware Bridge , where US 46 would cross into Pennsylvania . Route 94 would wind right and north @-@ east a few to Columbia , where it joined its current route . In December 1953 , both the Portland – Columbia Toll Bridge and Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge opened . That year a section of Old Mine Road was rebuilt and aligned as a four lane freeway between Columbia and the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge . Following this , US 46 was rerouted over the first several miles of Route 94 between the Delaware Bridge and Columbia , and Route 94 was cut back to Columbia , near the Portland @-@ Columbia Toll Bridge . Here , US 46 would end and US 611 , would cross the Portland @-@ Columbia Toll Bridge from Pennsylvania and follow the freeway north to the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge . The freeway portion that US 611 followed became a part of I @-@ 80 in 1959 . When US 611 was removed from New Jersey by 1969 , Route 94 was extended to the state line on the Portland @-@ Columbia Toll Bridge . Also by this time , the unsigned portions of Route 94 north of Newton were signed . In 1973 , this whole area was realigned into a complex interchange as the New Jersey portion of Interstate 80 was completed . In 1964 , a Route 94 freeway was proposed to run from I @-@ 80 in Netcong north to the planned Route 23 freeway in Hamburg , following US 206 north to Newton and current Route 94 to Hamburg . In the late 1960s , the NJDOT planned for the Route 94 freeway to run from I @-@ 80 / US 46 in Columbia northeast to the New York border near Wawayanda State Park . The NJDOT hoped to get funding for the freeway in 1970 for it to become an Interstate highway as it was planned to serve a proposed national recreation area along the Delaware River that would have been built in conjunction with the controversial Tocks Island Dam project . This proposed Interstate , which was to run from I @-@ 80 in Hope Township to I @-@ 84 in Port Jervis and continue northeast along US 209 , was denied funding . After reviewing the proposal again in 1972 , the NJDOT determined that the freeway would cost $ 96 million . It was eventually canceled due to environmental concerns and financial constraints . = = Major intersections = = = Troop sleeper = In United States railroad terminology , a troop sleeper was a railroad passenger car which had been constructed to serve as something of a mobile barracks ( essentially , a sleeping car ) for transporting troops over distances sufficient to require overnight accommodations . This method allowed part of the trip to be made overnight , reducing the amount of transit time required and increasing travel efficiency . = = History = = = = = Background and development = = = Between December , 1941 and June , 1945 U.S. railroads carried almost 44 million armed services personnel . As there were not enough cars and coaches available to meet the massive need for troop transit created by World War II , in late 1943 the U.S. Office of Defense Transportation contracted with the Pullman Company to build 2 @,@ 400 troop sleepers , and with American Car and Foundry ( ACF ) to build 440 troop kitchen cars . This new rolling stock was either converted from existing boxcars or built from scratch based on Association of American Railroads ( AAR ) standard 50 ' -6 " single @-@ sheathed steel boxcar designs , and were constructed entirely out of steel with heavily reinforced ends . In some instances baggage cars were converted into temporary kitchen cars before ACF could complete its order . The cars were painted the standard Pullman Green and affixed with gold lettering . Along the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 's ( ATSF ) " Surf Line , " trains consisting of 10 @-@ 12 former Southern Pacific interurban trailer cars , owned by the U.S. Maritime Commission but bearing ATSF markings , were fitted with conventional knuckle couplers at each end of the trainset and pressed into service to handle the additional passenger loads . Equipped with special Allied Full Cushion high @-@ speed swing @-@ motion trucks , Pullman troop sleepers were designed to be fully interchangeable with all other passenger equipment . The units came equipped with end doors similar to those found on standard railway cars , but had no vestibules . Loading and unloading of passengers was accomplished via wide doors positioned on each side at the center of the cars with built @-@ in trap doors and steps . Light and ventilation was provided by ten window units mounted on each side , each equipped with rolling black out shades and wire mesh screens . Troop sleepers , generally intended for use by enlisted personnel , were equipped with bunks stacked 3 @-@ high , and slept 29 servicemen plus the Pullman porter . Every passenger was provided with a separate Pullman bed , complete with sheets and pillowcases that were changed daily . The berths were laid out in a cross @-@ wise arrangement that placed the aisle along one side of the car , as opposed to down the center . Though the upper berths were fixed , the middle and lower sections could be reconfigured into seating during the daytime . Weapon racks were provided for each group of berths . Four washstands ( two mounted at each end of the car ) delivered hot and cold running water . The cars also came outfitted with two enclosed toilets and a drinking water cooler . = = = Troop kitchens = = = Troop kitchens , rolling galleys , also joined the trains to provide meal service en route ( the troops took their meals in their seats or bunks ) . As the cooking was performed by regular U.S. Army cooks , the cars were outfitted with two Army @-@ standard coal ranges . The cars were also equipped with a pair of 200 @-@ gallon cold water tanks and a 40 @-@ gallon hot water tank ; supplies were stocked on open shelves with marine @-@ type railings , a bread locker , a large refrigerator , and a series of built @-@ in cabinets and drawers . The cars served approximately 250 men each , and were typically placed in the middle of the train so that food could be served from both ends . Troop hospital cars , also based on the troop sleeper carbody , transported wounded servicemen and typically travelled in solid strings on special trains averaging fifteen cars each . Each had 38 berths for patients , 30 of which were arranged in the central section of the car in three tiers on each side . There was also a section with six berths which could be used for isolation cases as well as private compartments for special cases . Each unit was ice air @-@ conditioned and came fitted with a shower room along with a modern kitchen with the latest equipment . = = = Afterlife and preservation = = = Troop cars saw service through 1947 , after which many were sold by the U.S. Army Transportation Corps to the railroads and subsequently converted into mail cars , express service boxcars , or refrigerator cars , while others remained in sleeper configuration for use in maintenance of way ( MOW ) service as bunk cars for the maintenance workers . Subsequent conflicts have not created the need for such an arrangement , partially due to the much smaller level of manpower involved but primarily due to the wider use of aircraft for long @-@ distance transportation of troops . Today , preserved troop sleepers can be seen in several railroad museums across the United States . Troop sleeper # 7437 is on display at the B & O Railroad Museum in Baltimore , MD . It was purchased as surplus by the Western Maryland Railroad and used on work trains as crew quarters . The museum has restored it to its original outside appearance . The inside has half the beds put back and the other half has displays about the B & O RR during the war . = French battleship Condorcet = Condorcet was one of the six Danton class semi @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the French Navy in the mid @-@ 1900s . When World War I began in August 1914 , she unsuccessfully searched for the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau in the Western and Central Mediterranean . Later that month , the ship participated in the Battle of Antivari in the Adriatic Sea and helped to sink an Austro @-@ Hungarian protected cruiser . Condorcet spent most of the rest of the war blockading the Straits of Otranto and the Dardanelles to keep German , Austro @-@ Hungarian and Turkish warships bottled up . After the war , she was modernized in 1923 – 25 and subsequently became a training ship . In 1931 , the ship was converted into an accommodation hulk . Condorcet was captured intact when the Germans occupied Vichy France in November 1942 and was used by them to house sailors of their navy ( Kriegsmarine ) . She was badly damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 , but was later raised and scrapped by 1949 . = = Design and description = = Although the Danton @-@ class battleships were a significant improvement from the preceding Liberté class , they were outclassed by the advent of the dreadnought well before they were completed . This , combined with other poor traits , including the great weight in coal they had to carry , made them unsuccessful ships overall , though their numerous rapid @-@ firing guns were of some use in the Mediterranean . Condorcet was 146 @.@ 6 meters ( 481 ft 0 in ) long overall and had a beam of 25 @.@ 8 m ( 84 ft 8 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 9 @.@ 2 m ( 30 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 19 @,@ 736 metric tons ( 19 @,@ 424 long tons ) at deep load and had a crew of 681 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by four Parsons steam turbines using steam generated by twenty @-@ six Niclausse boilers . The turbines were rated at 22 @,@ 500 shaft horsepower ( 16 @,@ 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of around 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Condorcet reached a top speed of 19 @.@ 7 knots ( 36 @.@ 5 km / h ; 22 @.@ 7 mph ) on her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 027 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 995 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 3 @,@ 370 miles ( 2 @,@ 930 nmi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Condorcet 's main battery consisted of four 305mm / 45 Modèle 1906 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of twelve 240mm / 50 Modèle 1902 guns in twin turrets , three on each side of the ship . A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included sixteen 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) L / 65 guns and ten 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns . The ship was also armed with two submerged 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's main belt was 270 mm ( 10 @.@ 6 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower also had 300 mm thick sides . = = = Wartime modifications = = = During the war 75 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns were installed on the roofs of the ship 's two forward 240 mm gun turrets . During 1918 , the mainmast was shortened to allow the ship to fly a captive kite balloon and the elevation of the 240 mm guns was increased which extended their range to 18 @,@ 000 meters ( 20 @,@ 000 yd ) . = = Career = = Construction of Condorcet was begun on 26 December 1906 by Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire in Saint @-@ Nazaire and the ship was laid down on 23 August 1907 . She was launched on 20 April 1909 and was completed on 25 July 1911 . Condorcet was initially assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron ( escadre ) of the Mediterranean Fleet when she was commissioned . The ship participated in combined fleet maneuvers between Provence and Tunisia in May – June 1913 and the subsequent naval review conducted by the President of France , Raymond Poincaré on 7 June 1913 . Afterwards , Condorcet joined her squadron in its tour of the Eastern Mediterranean in October – December 1913 and participated in the grand fleet exercise in the Mediterranean in May 1914 . = = = World War I = = = At the beginning of the war , the ship , together with her sister Vergniaud and the dreadnought Courbet , unsuccessfully searched for the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau in the Balearic Islands . On 9 August , Condorcet cruised the Strait of Sicily in an attempt to prevent the German ships from breaking out to the West . On 16 August 1914 the combined Anglo @-@ French Fleet under Admiral Auguste Boué de Lapeyrère , including Condorcet , made a sweep of the Adriatic Sea . The Allied ships encountered the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta , escorted by the destroyer SMS Ulan , blockading the coast of Montenegro . There were too many ships for Zenta to escape , so she remained behind to allow Ulan to get away and was sunk by gunfire during the Battle of Antivari off the coast of Bar , Montenegro . Condorcet subsequently participated in a number of raids into the Adriatic later in the year and patrolled the Ionian Islands . From December 1914 to 1916 , the ship participated in the distant blockade of the Straits of Otranto while based in Corfu . On 1 December 1916 , Condorcet was in Athens and contributed troops to the Allied attempt to ensure Greek acquiescence to Allied operations in Macedonia . Shortly afterwards , she was transferred to Mudros to prevent Goeben from breaking out into the Mediterranean and remained there until September 1917 . The ship was transferred to the 2nd Division of the 1st Squadron in May 1918 and returned to Mudros where she remained for the rest of the war . = = = Postwar career = = = From 6 December 1918 to 2 March 1919 , Condorcet represented France in the Allied squadron in Fiume that supervised the settlement of the Yugoslav question . Afterwards , the ship was assigned to the Channel Division of the French Navy . She was modernized in 1923 – 24 to improve her underwater protection and her four aft 75 mm guns were removed . Together with her sisters Diderot and Voltaire , she was assigned to the Training Division at Toulon . Condorcet housed the torpedo and electrical schools and had a torpedo tube fitted on the port side of her quarterdeck . She was partially disarmed in 1931 and converted into an accommodation hulk ; by 1939 her propellers had been removed . The famous underwater explorer Jacques Cousteau began diving while stationed aboard the ship in 1936 . In April 1941 , the ship was towed to sea to evaluate the propellant used by the battleship Richelieu during the Battle of Dakar on 24 September 1940 . One 38 @-@ centimetre ( 15 in ) gun had an explosion in the breech and the propellant for the shell was thought to be the cause . A number of shots were successfully fired from Condorcet 's aft turret by remote control that exonerated the propellant . The following July , the ship was modified to house the signal , radio and electrician 's schools . Berthing areas were installed in the bases of four funnels , which had been removed previously , and the latest radio equipment was installed for the students to train on . Later that year , Condorcet was accidentally rammed by the submarine Le Glorieux as she was leaving drydock . The impact punctured the ship 's hull and flooded one compartment which required Condorcet to be drydocked for repairs . The ship was captured intact by the Germans when they occupied Vichy France on 27 November 1942 . Unlike the bulk of the French Fleet in Toulon , Condorcet was not scuttled because she had trainees aboard . Used by the Germans as a barracks ship , she was badly damaged by Allied aircraft in August 1944 and scuttled that same month by the Germans . The ship was salvaged in September 1945 and listed for sale on 14 December . Condorcet 's breaking up was completed about 1949 . = Decapitated ( band ) = Decapitated is a Polish death metal band formed in Krosno in 1996 . The group comprises guitarist , founder and composer Wacław " Vogg " Kiełtyka , vocalist Rafał Piotrowski , bassist Paweł Pasek , and drummer Michał Łysejko . Decapitated have gained recognition as one of the genre 's most widely respected bands and one of the finest exponents of technical death metal . The band earned an international fan base in the underground music community , and became an innovating act in the modern death metal genre . Vogg and his younger brother , drummer Witold " Vitek " Kiełtyka , founded Decapitated along with vocalist Wojciech " Sauron " Wąsowicz in their mid @-@ teens , joined by bassist Marcin " Martin " Rygiel a year later . After releasing two demos , the band signed with Wicked World ( subsidiary of Earache Records ) and , in 2000 , released their debut album , Winds of Creation . In 2002 and 2004 the band released the albums Nihility and The Negation , respectively . The band 's ambitious fourth album , Organic Hallucinosis , was released in 2006 with a new vocalist , Adrian " Covan " Kowanek . In late 2007 , the band was involved in an automobile accident . Vitek died at the age of 23 on November 2 , 2007 of the injuries he suffered from the accident and Covan survived , but he slipped into a coma as a result . After a period of disbandment , Vogg reformed Decapitated and in 2011 released the fifth album , Carnival Is Forever . The latest album , Blood Mantra , was released in 2014 . = = History = = = = = Winds of Creation , Nihility and The Negation ( 1996 – 2004 ) = = = Decapitated was founded in Krosno , Poland in 1996 , by guitarist Wacław " Vogg " Kiełtyka , who was 15 at the time , his brother drummer Witold " Vitek " Kiełtyka , who was 12 years old , and vocalist Wojciech " Sauron " Wąsowicz , who was 16 . One year later , bassist Marcin " Martin " Rygiel , 13 , joined the band . Decapitated released its first demo , Cemeterial Gardens , in 1997 and its second demo , The Eye of Horus , in 1998 . After signing to Earache Records subsidiary Wicked World , the band released its debut album , Winds of Creation , which included a cover version of Slayer 's " Mandatory Suicide " , and was produced by Piotr Wiwczarek from the Polish band Vader , in April 2000 . The band toured with Vader in early 2001 in the United Kingdom . Allmusic states that " Decapitated have quickly gained recognition as one of Poland 's , and even Europe 's , finest exponents of ultra @-@ technical death metal . " Decapitated 's self @-@ produced second album , Nihility , which was released in February 2002 , fulfilled the high expectations that followed the well @-@ received debut album . Nihility also included a cover version of Napalm Death 's " Suffer the Children " . Decapitated was chosen to perform at the Polish Ozzfest event in late May and toured in North America and Europe in August . Sławek and Wojtek Wiesławscy produced the band 's next album , The Negation , which was released in February 2004 . The album received a positive response from the critics and was followed by a tour in Europe and the United States throughout 2004 . = = = Organic Hallucinosis and hiatus ( 2005 – 2008 ) = = = In mid @-@ 2005 , Sauron announced his withdrawal from Decapitated , stating : " It was not an easy decision . However , I could reconcile the welfare of the band with my personal plans , and hence quitting appeared to be the best solution not hampering the evolution of Decapitated . ( ... ) Moreover , another reason that contributed to my decision have been some health complications . " The band chose Adrian " Covan " Kowanek , a previous member of Atrophia Red Sun , as his replacement and entered Hertz Studios in Białystok in August to record their ambitious fourth album Organic Hallucinosis , which was released the following February . According to Allmusic , the band 's musical change of direction on this album was " likely to polarize longtime Decapitated fans " . During the following tour in December 2005 , Martin could not perform with the band due to military conscription issues and was shortly substituted by Richard Gulczynski , but joined again in February 2006 . During the year , Decapitated toured with American bands Suffocation , Six Feet Under , Fear Factory , and others . In June and July 2007 , Decapitated played with Cephalic Carnage and others in the Summer Slaughter trek across the US . Later on , Martin departed from Decapitated to live with his family and to move to California . On October 28 , 2007 the band members were involved in an automobile accident that injured Vitek and Covan . Their tour bus collided with a truck carrying wood in Gomel , near the border from Russia to Belarus . Vitek died on November 2 , 2007 at the age of 23 in a Russian hospital from the injuries . Covan slipped into a coma and was later moved to Poland . In 2008 , Metal Mind Productions released the concert DVD Human 's Dust . = = = Reformation and Carnival Is Forever ( 2009 – 2013 ) = = = On March 8 , 2009 , after a period of disbandment , Vogg announced he was planning to continue the band and was searching for a new drummer and vocalist . Covan was unable to continue with Decapitated due to the slow improvement of his condition . In early 2009 , Vogg participated on recording of the guitars for Vader 's album Necropolis and continued with the band on a tour in support of the album , starting in September . In mid @-@ 2009 Vogg stated : " It has been the hardest thing for me to move on without Vitek by my side , but he would have wanted me to continue with the band . Finally , I have found some great musicians who can continue the work of Vitek and Covan . " " There 's no sense in stopping this amazing thing we built up so many years ago together with Vitek , Sauron , Martin and Covan . " On July 31 , 2009 , the Austrian drummer Kerim " Krimh " Lechner of Thorns of Ivy joined Decapitated . On November 20 , 2009 , the new line @-@ up was completed with the vocalist Rafał Piotrowski of the band Ketha and bassist Filip " Heinrich " Hałucha of Vesania and Masachist . Decapitated continued with support of Nuclear Blast record label and Hard Impact Music management . The band toured in United Kingdom in February 2010 as well as in	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
992 , at the age of 75 . In 1996 , his widow Josephine donated funding for the Air Vice @-@ Marshal B.A. Eaton ' Airman of the Year ' Award to the RAAF , to annually recognise " significant contribution to both the Service and the community " by airmen and airwoman ranked corporal or below . = M @-@ 218 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 218 was a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that served as a connector route from Interstate 96 ( I @-@ 96 , originally US Highway 16 , US 16 ) in Wixom through Oakland County 's lake country area to Business US 10 ( Bus . US 10 ) in Pontiac . M @-@ 218 was originally designated by 1936 and extended into Pontiac in 1938 . The highway was decommissioned in 1963 . = = Route description = = M @-@ 218 began at a junction with I @-@ 96 in Wixom . From there , the road traveled north via Wixom Road to present @-@ day Pontiac Trail ( which at the time was 14 Mile Road ) and continued northeast . The trunkline then continued along Pontiac Trail , meandering through the communities of Walled Lake , Orchard Lake Village , Keego Harbor and Sylvan Lake in Oakland County 's lake country . Northeast of Sylvan lake , the highway crossed US 10 ( Telegraph Road ) and crossed into Pontiac . M @-@ 218 terminated at a junction with Bus . US 10 in downtown . = = History = = When M @-@ 218 was first introduced into the State Trunkline System by 1936 , it served as a connector between M @-@ 58 in Pontiac and US 16 in West Novi . In 1938 , the route was extended into Pontiac where it terminated at US 10 . The trunkline continued to serve in this capacity until it was removed from the trunkline system in 1963 . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway was in Oakland County . = Hurricane Olga ( 2001 ) = Hurricane Olga was a late season Category 1 North Atlantic hurricane that formed during the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season . The fifteenth named storm , ninth and final hurricane of the 2001 season , Olga formed as a subtropical cyclone on November 24 . After acquiring tropical characteristics later that day , Olga meandered westward , and eventually reached hurricane status on November 26 . Olga ’ s winds peaked at 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) before the storm turned southwestward and weakening back into a tropical storm . On November 30 it deteriorated further to a tropical depression , although it re @-@ intensified two days later to tropical storm intensity . Olga then dissipated as a tropical cyclone on December 4 east of the Bahamas . Its damaging effects were limited to ships at sea . The cyclone 's remnants produced heavy rainfall across the Bahamas and Florida . It was a relatively rare storm to exist in December , which is outside of the normal Atlantic hurricane season . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Hurricane Olga were from the interaction of a cold front and a small weather disturbance in the north Atlantic Ocean , producing an extratropical low east of Bermuda on November 22 ; five other tropical cyclones and gales formed earlier in the season in the same manner . The low gradually intensified , developing an area of convection east of the center and producing a large area of gale force winds . By 0000 UTC on November 24 , the system organized enough to be classified as Subtropical Storm Two , while located about 900 mi ( 1450 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . Subsequently , the convection markedly increased and became more concentrated , with hints of an eye feature . Within 12 hours of becoming a subtropical , it is estimated the cyclone transitioned into Tropical Storm Olga ; however , it was not purely tropical , due to being positioned beneath an upper @-@ level low . Operationally , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) did not initiate advisories until nine hours later , referring it as Subtropical Storm Two for two more days . When advisories first began on Olga , forecasters were uncertain how long the storm would persist , due to the storm 's presence within a much larger storm ; one hurricane model anticipated an increase in wind shear within 24 hours , which would likely cause quick dissipation . However , the NHC accurately forecast the storm to remain a cyclone for several days . Olga initially tracked northeastward , followed by a turn to the west due to a building ridge to its north . On November 25 , the storm began acquiring more characteristics of a tropical storm , such as detaching from the larger storm and developing more distinct convective rainbands . This was due to decreasing wind shear and continued atmospheric instability , although only marginally warm sea surface temperatures . After turning to the southwest , Olga resumed a northwest motion , and at 1200 UTC on November 26 intensified into a hurricane . By that time , an eye had developed in the center , and the previously large wind field had contracted . Upon attaining hurricane status , Olga was tracking northwestward due to an approaching trough . The eye steadily became better defined as outflow increased , and on November 27 Olga attained peak winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) , along with a minimum pressure of 973 mbar ( 28 @.@ 73 inHg ) . While at peak intensity , the hurricane executed a double loop about 455 mi ( 730 km ) east of Bermuda , due to interaction with a larger cyclonic circulation that was isolated from the westerlies . On November 28 after finishing the second loop , Olga turned to the southwest due to a building ridge to its northwest . Around the same time , it began a steady weakening trend , due to strong wind shear displacing the convection . The eye became poorly defined as the center became exposed , and on November 29 Olga weakened to tropical storm status . With the thunderstorms rapidly diminishing , the storm weakened quickly , and Olga deteriorated further to a tropical depression on November 30 . Forecasters anticipated continued weakening until dissipation , although the cyclone was expected to move over an area of more favorable conditions , including warmer waters and lighter shear . Still existing as a tropical cyclone on December 1 , Olga extended the hurricane season beyond its typical boundaries . It continued producing a small area of deep convection , prompting one forecaster to note that " Olga is stubbornly holding on to tropical cyclone status ... for now . " After reaching a position about 240 mi ( 385 km ) northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands , the depression turned toward the north after a trough created a weakness in the ridge . After a decrease in wind shear , deep convection redeveloped over the center , and Olga re @-@ intensified into a tropical storm on December 2 . After becoming a tropical storm again , the thunderstorms organized into a rainband about 100 mi ( 160 km ) away from the center , characteristics more typical of a subtropical cyclone . By late on December 2 , the structure resembled that of a hurricane with an eye in the center , and although convection was weak , Olga was able to intensify further to winds of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . At the time , there was uncertainty whether the storm would strengthen further , possibly to near hurricane status , or rapidly weaken . Ultimately , an approaching trough caused weakening by increasing wind shear , while also forcing the storm eastward . On December 4 , Olga again weakened to a tropical depression as it lost most of its convection . Later that day , the circulation turned to the southeast as a ridge built to its north , and Olga degenerated into a remnant low pressure area , about 690 mi ( 1 @,@ 110 km ) east of Nassau , Bahamas . The remnant circulation turned to the south and west , completing a loop and later moving through the Bahamas before dissipating along the north coast of Cuba on December 7 . = = Preparations and impact = = Forecasters at the National Hurricane Center began issuing advisories on Olga on November 24 anticipating that the storm would threaten shipping lanes in the Atlantic . Several ships and boats in the path of Olga reported seas of 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) or higher . One boat , the Manana Tres , reported a barometric pressure of 989 millibars ( 29 @.@ 2 inHg ) and sustained structural damage . In Bermuda , the Bermuda Weather Service issued gale warnings and local marine warnings for boats and other small water craft . The approach of Olga also forced cancellation of the World Yacht regatta , but there was little damage on the island . Olga brought winds of 35 – 45 mph ( 56 – 72 km / h ) and waves 15 – 22 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 – 6 @.@ 7 m ) to the island for several days , but there were no reports of any damage . The hurricane also brought rough seas to the East Coast of the United States , the Bahamas , and as far south and east as the Lesser Antilles . A buoy near Guadeloupe reported 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) waves . High waves in Florida eroded beaches , threatening the foundations of two homes in Flagler County . The remnants of Olga later produced heavy rainfall across the Bahamas , Cuba and south Florida . = Mary of Modena = Mary of Modena ( Maria Beatrice Anna Margherita Isabella d 'Este ; 5 October [ O.S. 25 September ] 1658 – 7 May [ O.S. 26 April ] 1718 ) was Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland as the second wife of James II and VII ( 1633 – 1701 ) . A devout Catholic , Mary married the widowed James , who was the younger brother and heir presumptive of Charles II , ( 1630 – 1685 ) . She was uninterested in politics and devoted to James and their children , two of whom survived to adulthood : the Jacobite ( previous Roman Catholic / Stuart dynasty ) claimant to the thrones , James Francis Edward , ( who would have become James III of England , but later in life known as " The Old Pretender " ) , and Louisa Maria Teresa . Born a princess of the northwestern Italian Duchy of Modena , Mary is primarily remembered for the controversial birth of James Francis Edward , her only surviving son . It was widely rumoured that he was a " changeling " , brought into the birth @-@ chamber in a warming @-@ pan , in order to perpetuate her husband 's Catholic Stuart dynasty . Although the accusation was almost certainly false , and the subsequent Privy Council investigation affirmed this , James Francis Edward 's birth was a contributing factor to the " Glorious Revolution " , the revolution which deposed James II and VII and replaced him with his Protestant eldest daughter from his first marriage to Anne Hyde , ( 1637 – 1671 ) , Lady Mary , ( later Queen Mary II ) . She and her husband , William III , Prince of Orange @-@ Nassau , would reign jointly on the English Throne as " William and Mary " . Exiled to France , the " Queen over the water " — as the " Jacobites " , ( followers of James II and VII , Stuart dynasty claims , and generally Roman Catholics ) called Mary — lived with her husband and children in the Château de Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , provided by King Louis XIV of France ( " The Sun King " ) . Mary was popular among Louis XIV 's courtiers ; however , James was considered a bore . In widowhood , Mary spent much time with the nuns at the Convent of Chaillot , where she and her daughter Louisa Maria Teresa spent their summers . In 1701 , when James II died , young James Francis Edward became king at age 13 in the eyes of the " Jacobites " , as now " King James III and VIII " . As he was too young to assume the nominal reins of government , Mary acted as his regent until he reached the age of 16 . When young James Francis Edward was asked to leave France as part of the settlement from the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , which ended the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 – 1714 ) , Mary of Modena stayed , despite having no family there , her daughter Louisa Maria Teresa having unfortunately died of smallpox . Fondly remembered by her French contemporaries , Mary died of breast cancer in 1718 . = = Early life ( 1658 – 1673 ) = = Mary Beatrice d 'Este , the second but eldest surviving child of Alfonso IV , Duke of Modena , and his wife , Laura Martinozzi , was born on 5 October 1658 NS in Modena , Duchy of Modena , Italy . Her only younger brother , Francesco , succeeded their father as Duke upon his death in 1662 , the year Mary turned four . Mary and Francesco 's mother Laura was strict with them , and acted as regent of the duchy until her son came of age . Mary 's education was excellent ; she spoke French and Italian fluently , had a good knowledge of Latin and , later , mastered English . Mary was described by contemporaries as " tall and admirably shaped " , and sought as a bride for James , Duke of York , by Lord Peterborough . Lord Peterborough was groom of the stole to the Duke of York . A widower , James was the younger brother and heir of Charles II of England . Duchess Laura was not initially forthcoming with a reply to Peterborough 's proposal , hoping , according to the French ambassador , for a " grander " match with the eleven @-@ year @-@ old Charles II of Spain . Whatever the reason for Laura 's initial reluctance , she finally accepted the proposal on behalf of Mary , and they were married by proxy on 30 September 1673 NS . Modena was within the sphere of influence of Louis XIV of France , who endorsed Mary 's candidature and greeted Mary warmly in Paris , where she stopped en route to England , giving her a brooch worth £ 8 @,@ 000 . Her reception in England was much cooler . Parliament , which was entirely composed of Protestants , reacted poorly to the news of a Catholic marriage , fearing it was a " Papist " plot against the country . The English public , who were predominantly Protestant , branded the Duchess of York — as Mary was thereafter known as until her husband 's accession — the " Pope 's daughter " . Parliament threatened to have the marriage annulled , leading Charles to suspend parliament until 7 January 1674 OS , to ensure the marriage would be honoured and safeguarding the reputation of his House of Stuart . = = Duchess of York ( 1673 – 1685 ) = = = = = Household = = = The Duke of York , an avowed Catholic , was twenty @-@ five years older than his bride , scarred by smallpox and afflicted with a stutter . He had secretly converted to Catholicism around 1668 . Mary first saw her husband on 23 November 1673 OS , on the day of their second marriage ceremony . James was pleased with his bride . Mary , however , at first disliked him , and burst into tears each time she saw him . Nonetheless , she soon warmed to James . From his first marriage to the commoner Anne Hyde , who had died in 1671 , James had two daughters : Lady Mary and Lady Anne . They were introduced to Mary by James with the words , " I have brought you a new play @-@ fellow " . Unlike Lady Mary , Lady Anne disliked her father 's new wife . Mary played games with Anne , to win her affection . The Duchess of York annually received £ 5 @,@ 000 spending money and her own household , headed by Carey Fraser , Countess of Peterborough ; it was frequented by ladies of her husband 's selection : Frances Stewart , Duchess of Richmond — Charles II 's discarded mistress — and Anne Scott , 1st Duchess of Buccleuch . That the Duchess of York loathed gambling did not stop her ladies compelling her to do so almost every day . They believed that " if she refrained , it might be taken ill " . Consequently , Mary incurred minor gambling debts . The birth of the Duchess of York 's first child , Catherine Laura , named after Queen Catherine , on 10 January 1675 OS represented the beginning of a string of children that would die in infancy . At this time she was on excellent terms with Lady Mary and she visited her in The Hague after the younger Mary had married William of Orange . She travelled incognito and took Anne with her . = = = Popish plot and exile = = = The Duchess of York 's Catholic secretary , Edward Colman , was , in 1678 , falsely implicated in a fictitious plot against the King by Dr. Titus Oates . The plot , known as the Popish Plot , led to the Exclusionist movement , which was headed by Anthony Ashley Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury . The Exclusionists sought to debar the Catholic Duke of York from the throne . Their reputation in tatters , the Yorks were begrudgingly exiled to Brussels , a domain of the King of Spain , ostensibly to visit Lady Mary — since 1677 the wife of Prince William III of Orange . Accompanied by her not yet three @-@ year @-@ old daughter Isabella and Lady Anne , the Duchess of York was saddened by James 's extra @-@ marital affair with Catherine Sedley . Mary 's spirits were briefly revived by a visit from her mother , who was living in Rome . A report that King Charles was very sick sent the Yorks back to England post @-@ haste . They feared the King 's eldest illegitimate son , James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth , and commander of England 's armed forces , might usurp the crown if Charles died in their absence . The matter was compounded by the fact that Monmouth enjoyed the support of the Exclusionists , who held a majority in the House of Commons of England . Charles survived but , feeling the Yorks returned to court too soon , sent James and Mary to Edinburgh , where they stayed on @-@ and @-@ off for the next three years . Lodging in Holyrood Palace , the Yorks had to make do without Ladies Anne and Isabella , who stayed in London on Charles 's orders . The Yorks were recalled to London in February 1680 , only to return again to Edinburgh that autumn ; this time they went on a more honourable footing : James was created King 's Commissioner to Scotland . Separated from Lady Isabella once again , Mary sank into a state of sadness , exacerbated by the passing of the Exclusion bill in the Commons . Lady Isabella , thus far the only one of Mary 's children to survive infancy , died in February 1681 . Isabella 's death plunged Mary into a religious mania , worrying her physician . At the same time as news reached Holyrood of Isabella 's death , Mary 's mother was falsely accused of offering £ 10 @,@ 000 for the murder of the King . The accuser , a pamphleteer , was executed by order of the King . The Exclusionist reaction that followed the Popish plot had died down by May 1682 . Exclusionist @-@ dominated Parliament , suspended since March 1681 , never again met in the reign of Charles II . Therefore , the Duke and Duchess of York returned to England , and the Duchess gave birth to a daughter named Charlotte Mary in August 1682 ; Charlotte Mary 's death three weeks later , according to the French ambassador , robbed James of " hope that any child of his can live " — all James 's sons by Anne Hyde , his first wife , died in infancy . James 's sadness was dispelled by his revival in popularity following the discovery of a plot to kill the King and him . The objective of the plot , known as the Rye House Plot , was to have Monmouth placed on the throne as Lord Protector . The revival was so strong that , in 1684 , James was re @-@ admitted to the Privy Council , after an absence of eleven years . = = Queen ( 1685 – 1689 ) = = Despite all the furore over Exclusionism , James ascended to his brother 's thrones easily upon the latter 's death , which occurred on 6 February 1685 OS , possibly because the said alternative could provoke another civil war . Mary sincerely mourned Charles , recalling in later life , " He was always kind to me . " Mary and James 's £ 119 @,@ 000 joint coronation ceremony , occurring on 23 April OS , Saint George 's day , was meticulously planned . Precedents were sought for Mary because a full @-@ length joint coronation had not occurred since the ceremony performed for Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon . Queen Mary 's health had still not recovered after the death of Lady Isabella . So much so , in fact , that the Tuscan envoy reported to Florence that " general opinion turns [ for Mary 's successor ] in the direction of the Princess , Your Highness 's daughter " . France , too , was preparing for the Queen 's imminent demise , putting forward as its candidate for James 's new wife the Duke of Enghien 's daughter . The Queen was then trying to make her brother , the Duke of Modena , marry the former , Anna Maria Luisa de ' Medici . In February 1687 , the Queen , at the time irritated by the King 's affair with Catherine Sedley , Countess of Dorchester , moved into new apartments in Whitehall ; Whitehall had been home to a Catholic chapel since December 1686 . Her apartments were designed by Christopher Wren at the cost of £ 13 @,@ 000 . Because the palace 's renovation was thus far unfinished , the King received ambassadors in her rooms , much to the Queen 's chagrin . Five months later , shortly after the marriage talks with Tuscany collapsed , the Queen 's mother , Duchess Laura , died . Therefore , the whole English court went into mourning . Duchess Laura left Mary " a considerable sum of cash " and some jewellery . William III of Orange , James 's son @-@ in @-@ law , sensed popular discontent with James 's government ; he used the death of Mary 's mother as a guise to send his half @-@ uncle , Count Zuylestein , to England , ostensibly to condole Queen Mary , but in reality as a spy . Having visited Bath , in the hope its waters would aid conception , Queen Mary became pregnant in late 1687 . When the pregnancy became public knowledge shortly before Christmas , Catholics rejoiced . Protestants , who had tolerated James 's Catholic government because he had no Catholic heir , were concerned . The Protestant disillusion came to a head after the child was known to be male , and many Protestants believed the child was spurious ; if not , James II 's Catholic dynasty would have been perpetuated . Popular opinion alleged that the child , named James Francis Edward , was smuggled into the birth chamber as a substitute to the Queen 's real but stillborn child . This rumour was widely accepted as fact by Protestants , despite the many witnesses of the birth . Mainly by mismanagement on James ' part , these rumours had some excuse as from personal prejudice he had excluded many from the ceremony whose testimony must have been counted valid ; most of the witnesses were Catholics or foreigners , and several , such as the Princess Anne of Denmark , later to be Queen Anne , and the Protestant prelates , or the family of the Princesses whom the new birth would remove from the direct succession , were not allowed to be present . Anne later answered a memorandum of 18 questions regarding James Francis Edward 's birth for her sister , the Princess of Orange . Anne 's answers , biased and unreliable , convinced the Princess of Orange that her father had thrust a changeling upon the nation . Count Zuylestein , returning to the Netherlands shortly after the birth , agreed with Anne 's findings . Issued by seven leading Whig nobles , the invitation for William to invade England signalled the beginning of a revolution that culminated in James II 's deposition . The invitation assured William that " nineteen parts of twenty of the people throughout the kingdom " wished for an intervention . The revolution , known as the Glorious Revolution , deprived James Francis Edward of his right to the English throne , on the grounds he was not the King 's real son and , later , because he was a Catholic . England in the hands of William of Orange 's 15 @,@ 000 @-@ strong army , James and Mary went into exile in France . There , they stayed at the expense of King Louis XIV , who supported the Jacobite cause . = = Queen over the water ( 1689 – 1701 ) = = = = = Reception at Louis XIV 's court = = = As Mary II and William III & II had ascended the English and Scottish thrones , Mary of Modena ceased to be Queen of England on 11 December 1688 OS and of Scotland on 11 May 1689 OS . This was concurrent with her husband 's formal deposition . James II , however , backed by Louis XIV of France , still considered himself king by divine right and maintained it was not within parliament 's prerogative to depose a monarch . Louis XIV gave the exiled King and Queen the use of Château de Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , where they set up court @-@ in @-@ exile . Mary soon became a popular fixture at Louis XIV 's court at Versailles , where diarist Madame de Sévigné acclaimed Mary for her " distinguished bearing and her quick wit " . Questions of precedence , however , marred Mary 's relations with the Dauphine of France , Maria Anna of Bavaria . Because Mary was accorded the privileges and rank of a queen , Maria Anna was outranked by her . Therefore , Maria Anna refused to see Mary , etiquette being a sensitive issue at Versailles . In spite of this , Louis XIV and his secret wife , Madame de Maintenon , became close friends with Mary . As there was no queen at the French court , nor a dauphine after 1690 , Mary took precedence over all the female members of the French court and French royal house , as did her daughter in her capacity of a royal princess until the next French dauphine appeared in 1711 . James was largely excluded from French court life . His contemporaries found him boring , and French courtiers frequently joked that " when one talks to him , one understands why he is here . " Mary gave birth to Princess Louise Mary in 1692 . She was to be James and Mary 's last child . Initially supported by Irish Catholics in his effort to regain the thrones , James launched an expedition to Ireland in March 1689 . He abandoned it upon his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 . During James 's campaign , Mary supported his cause throughout the British Isles : she sent three French supply ships to Bantry Bay and £ 2 @,@ 000 to Jacobite rebels in Dundee . She financed those measures by selling her jewellery . Money problems plagued the Stuart court @-@ in @-@ exile , despite a substantial pension from Louis XIV of 50 @,@ 000 livres . Mary tried her best to assist those of her husband 's followers living in poverty , and encouraged her children to give part of their pocket money to Jacobite refugees . = = = Estensi succession = = = The collapse of James 's invasion of Ireland in 1691 upset Mary . Her spirits were lifted by news of the marriage of her brother , the Duke of Modena . He married Margherita Maria Farnese of Parma . When , in 1695 , Mary 's brother died , the House of Este was left with one progenitor , Cardinal @-@ Duke Rinaldo . Queen Mary , concerned for the dynasty 's future , urged the Cardinal @-@ Duke to resign his cardinalate , " for the good of the people and for the perpetuation of the sovereign house of Este " . Duke Rinaldo 's bride , Princess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick @-@ Lüneburg , was , according to Mary , " of an easy disposition best suited to [ the Duke ] " . A bone of contention , however , arose over the Queen 's inheritance and dowry . Duke Rinaldo refused to release the former , and left the latter £ 15 @,@ 000 in arrears . In 1700 , five years later , the Duke finally paid the Queen her dowry ; her inheritance , however , remained sequestered , and relations with Modena worsened again when Rinaldo allied himself with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. Leopold was an enemy of Louis XIV , James and Mary 's patron . = = = Regency = = = In March 1701 , James II suffered a stroke while hearing mass at the Château de Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , leaving him partially paralysed . Fagon , Louis XIV 's personal physician , recommend the waters of Bourbon @-@ l 'Archambault , to cure the King 's paralysis . The waters , however , had little effect , and James II died of a seizure on 16 September 1701 . Louis XIV , in contravention of the Peace of Ryswick , declared James Francis Edward King of England , Ireland and Scotland as James III and VIII . This act irritated King William III and II , who had ruled alone since the death of his wife , Mary II . Because James Francis Edward was a minor , Queen Mary acted as nominal regent for her son . Mary presided over his regency council , too , although she was uninterested in politics . Before his death , James II expressed his wish that Mary 's regency would last no longer than their son 's 18th birthday . Dressed in mourning for the remainder of her life , Queen Mary 's first act as regent was to disseminate a manifesto , outlining James Francis Edward 's claims . It was largely ignored in England . In Scotland , however , the confederate Lords sent Lord Belhaven to Saint @-@ Germain , to convince the Queen to surrender to them custody of James Francis Edward and accede to his conversion to Protestantism . The conversion , said Belhaven , would enable James Francis Edward 's accession to the English throne upon William III 's death . The Queen @-@ Regent was not swayed by Belhaven 's argument , so a compromise was reached : James Francis Edward , if he became King , would limit the number of Roman Catholic priests in England and promise not to tamper with the established Church of England . In exchange , the confederate Lords would do all in their power to block the passing of the Hanoverian succession in Scottish parliament . When , in March 1702 , William III died , Simon Fraser , 11th Lord Lovat , declared for James Francis Edward at Inverness . Soon after , Lovat travelled to the court @-@ in @-@ exile at Saint @-@ Germain , and begged the Queen @-@ Regent to allow her son to come to Scotland . Lovat intended to raise an army of 15 @,@ 000 soldiers in Scotland , to seize the throne for James Francis Edward . Mary refused to part with James Francis Edward , and the rising failed . Mary 's regency ceased with her son 's reaching of the age of 16 . Having wished to become a nun in her youth , Queen Mary sought refuge from the stresses of exile at the Convent of the Visitations , Chaillot , near Paris , where she befriended Louis XIV 's penitent mistress , Louise de La Vallière . There , Mary stayed with her daughter for long periods almost every summer . It was here , too , in 1711 , that Queen Mary found out that , as part of the embryonic Treaty of Utrecht , James Francis Edward was to lose Louis XIV 's explicit recognition and be forced to leave France . The next year , when James Francis Edward was expelled and Louise Mary died of smallpox , Mary was very upset ; according to Mary 's close friend Madame de Maintenon , Mary was " a model of desolation " . Deprived of the company of her family , Queen Mary lived out the rest of her days at Chaillot and Saint @-@ Germain in virtual poverty , unable to travel by her own means because all her horses had died and she could not afford to replace them . Following her death from cancer on 7 May 1718 , Mary was remembered fondly by her French contemporaries , three of whom , Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate , the Duke of Saint @-@ Simon and the Marquis of Dangeau , deemed her a " saint " . Mary 's remains were interred in Chaillot among the nuns she had befriended . = = Issue = = = = Ancestry = = = Fight Like Apes = Fight Like Apes ( also referred to as FLApes or FLA ) are an Irish alternative rock band formed in Dublin in 2006 . Their current members are Mary @-@ Kate " MayKay " Geraghty ( vocals and synth ) , Jamie " Pockets " Fox ( keyboard and vocals ) , Conor Garry ( bass ) , Lee Boylan ( drums ) and Frog Cullen . Original members Adrian Mullan ( drums ) and Tom Ryan ( bass ) left the band in 2010 . They are known for their elongated record titles , usually inspired by B movies . They have released three EPs , How Am I Supposed to Kill You If You Have All the Guns ? ( 2007 ) , David Carradine is a Bounty Hunter Whos Robotic Arm Hates Your Crotch ( 2007 ) and Whigfield Sextape ( 2014 ) , and two albums , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion ( 2008 ) and The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner ( 2010 ) . In 2009 , they released an EP for the American market titled You Filled His Head with Fluffy Clouds and Jolly Ranchers , What Did You Think Was Going to Happen ? . Fight Like Apes have toured the UK with The Von Bondies , The Ting Tings , New Found Glory , The Prodigy and Kasabian and have played several Irish and European festivals throughout their career . They have appeared on several television shows in Ireland , including Tubridy Tonight , WeTV , The View , Other Voices and The Cafe . They have also had some success in Asia , where they have been signed up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan for an album release on that continent in April 2009 . The band have been nominated for five Meteor Music Awards , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was nominated for the Choice Music Prize and was named 31st best album of the decade by Phantom FM at the end of 2009 . Fight Like Apes were named the fourth best Irish musical act of their generation by The Irish Times in 2009 . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = Fight Like Apes formed late 2006 following the breakup of the band Soft Cuddly Toys by Mary @-@ Kate Geraghty ( known as " MayKay " ) , Jamie Fox ( known as " Pockets " ) , Adrian Mullan and Tom Ryan . MayKay and Pockets first met as teenagers on holiday in Spain where they realised they both went to nearby schools and shared the same " extremely optimistically cynical outlook on life " . When MayKay told Pockets she loved singing he had her sign a contract on a piece of tissue in a bar . Pockets 's parents were unhappy with their son 's " disgusting " taste in music . He dropped out of his final year of study at Dublin City University and a potential career in journalism to pursue his musical career . MayKay had been studying medicinal chemistry , and later a philosophy course at Trinity College Dublin . They habitually met from early morning and spent their days eating together before deciding to form a band . Their chosen name was inspired by Caesar 's battle cry of “ Now fight like apes ” in the what they describe as the " notoriously bad " Battle for the Planet of the Apes . = = = Early EPs ( 2007 ) = = = Their debut EP , How Am I Supposed to Kill You If You Have All the Guns ? , Recorded by Lee Boylan and released by Irish indie label FIFA Records in early 2007 , sold out and generated a significant amount of interest in the media and in the Irish blogging community in the process . In May 2007 , Fight Like Apes won Phantom FM 's Topman Unsigned Band Search ; their prize was to be a support act of The Holloways at show in Dublin . Fight Like Apes played both Electric Picnic ( their first major Irish festival ) and Hard Working Class Heroes in 2007 and also performed at the CMJ Music Marathon in New York . They were also chosen to play the Futureshock stage at EXIT in Serbia after sending a demo of their songs to the organisers . On 13 October 2007 , Fight Like Apes performed " Jake Summers " on television chat show , Tubridy Tonight . The title of their second EP , David Carradine is a Bounty Hunter Whos Robotic Arm Hates Your Crotch , released on 2 November 2007 ( produced by Lee Boylan ) , was inspired by the film Future Force starring David Carradine , which the band found on the internet . The EP 's lead track , " Do You Karate ? " , was a minor hit on the Irish independent music scene . The band set off on their first UK tour after the EP 's release and their " Jake Summers " single was released there through the label , Cool For Cats ( sister of Fierce Panda ) . In February 2008 , the band toured Ireland and the UK as a support act of The Von Bondies . Von Bondies member Jason Stollsteimer has described Fight Like Apes as “ candy wrapped in barbed wire ” . Fight Like Apes were invited to participate in the sixth series of RTÉ 's annual Other Voices music show , performing on 19 March 2008 . They also appeared on RTÉ Two 's WeTV television show . Fight Like Apes performed at the South by Southwest festival in Austin , Texas in 2008 . Upon their return from South by Southwest in March / April 2008 , they went on a national tour of Ireland . Later that year , Fight Like Apes appeared at several music festivals in Ireland and the UK , including an appearance on the Futures Stage at T in the Park , and two appearances at the 2008 Glastonbury Festival , as well as Oxegen 2008 and Indie @-@ pendence in Ireland . The single " Lend Me Your Face / Lightsabre Cock @-@ sucking Blues " was released in the UK on 21 – 28 July 2008 . = = = Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion ( 2008 ) = = = The band spent a month in Seattle , Washington , in early 2008 , recording tracks for their debut album , produced by John Goodmanson . The album , titled Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion , was released on 26 September 2008 on Model Citizen Records , selling continually well in Ireland and the UK . It was preceded by the release of the single " Something Global " on 11 July 2008 . They played a sold @-@ out launch show at Whelan 's in Dublin , which was broadcast live on Phantom FM on the day of release . The Irish Times described the album as an " astonishing debut that encompasses melancholy and whimsy ( both lyrically and musically ) " . The Irish Independent , on the other hand , " strongly urge [ d ] all not to waste their money " on " the woeful debut " of a band with " lots of blogger and media friends , all aurally challenged " . RTÉ also gave the album a lukewarm response . MayKay has said she is unbothered by any criticism as long as the album is simply being reviewed . Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion reached the top five of the Irish Albums Chart , meaning the band became the first alternative act from Ireland to achieve this for several years , and " Jake Summers " and " Lend Me Your Face " became regularly played at indie clubs throughout Ireland . They went on to support The Ting Tings on a sell @-@ out UK tour , receiving kung fu lessons from their security guard Preston and a champagne bottle on the final night . They appeared on The Cafe on 16 October 2008 . The Prodigy personally invited the band to support them on their sold @-@ out arena tour of the UK ; all of the members are fans of Fight Like Apes and Liam Howlett entered their dressing room to give his regards . Sony Music Entertainment Japan signed the band for the Asian release of Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion . They headlined the Levi 's One to Watch Tour in November 2008 . In December 2008 , a video of students of the Tisch School of the Arts in New York , featuring several females miming to " Digifuckers " , was released . = = = Eurosonic , UK , US and Japan ( 2009 ) = = = Fight Like Apes represented Ireland in the Eurosonic Festival in Groningen , the Netherlands , in January 2009 , This appearance led to the band qualifying for admission into the European Talent Exchange Programme , allowing the band to be booked for music festivals across Europe , including Glastonbury and T in the Park . Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was released in the UK on 26 January 2009 . The band played a studio session for Steve Lamacq of BBC Radio 1 around this time , with Maykay also encountering Jonathan Ross , a fan of the band who has played their music on his show . They released a video for a new single , " Tie Me Up with Jackets " , later that month and performed the song on The View on 10 March 2009 . Also In March 2009 , came the release of the EP You Filled His Head with Fluffy Clouds and Jolly Ranchers , What Did You Think Was Going to Happen ? for the US market as well as a return to South by Southwest . Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was released in Japan in April 2009 , with Fight Like Apes filming a music video for the international release of their " Something Global " single in Whelan 's , Dublin . On 3 April 2009 , The Irish Times named Fight Like Apes the fourth best contemporary Irish musical act , above Lisa Hannigan and below Cathy Davey , Jape and David Holmes . The newspaper claimed that " Ireland has , quite simply , never seen a band like Fight Like Apes " , reasoning that this was due to them " acting as a palette @-@ cleansing antidote to the dour “ woolly jumper brigade ” that dragged Irish music into the depths of despair not a decade ago " . They played at the 2009 Trinity Ball in May , an event likened to " a mini @-@ Oxegen without the mud " . The band 's 2009 summer tour consisted of both domestic and European festival dates , and an appearance in Wales . Their performance at Festival Internacional de Benicàssim in Spain was cancelled due to a fire and extreme winds . Their performance at Oxegen 2009 was their second at the festival , with band members banging chairs during their performance and The Irish Times tipping them to appear on the Main Stage in 2010 . At the end of 2009 , Fight Like Apes performed a show in The Academy inside a specially constructed wrestling ring . Their music is also being used to promote television series such as Making the Band and Valemont in the United States . A second album will be released in 2010 . The first album was named 31st best album of the decade by Phantom FM at the end of 2009 . They will appear at Electric Picnic 2010 . = = = Second studio album , Adrian 's departure ( 2010 - Present ) = = = The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner , the second album by Fight Like Apes , was released in Ireland on August 27 , 2010 , through Model Citizen Records . A further European release , as well as release dates for Japan and North America , are due to be announced soon . The first single was released as a download only in Ireland on August 20 , 2010 with the lead single being " Hoo Ha Henry " . The band began promoting the album in Ireland on July 30 , with live performances in Meath , Cork , Galway and at Electric Picnic in County Laois . The band appeared on Beat 102 103 to promote their new album on August 8 , 2010 . Adrian Mullan left the band in 2010 due to " creative differences " . On Friday September 3 , 2010 their new album The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner entered the Irish charts at number 3 . On 1 November , they announced an extension to their end @-@ of @-@ year national tour . In March 2011 , they announced an Irish nationwide tour and released the single " Jenny Kelly " . The band performed at The Trinity Ball 2011 with new bassist Conor Garry as Tom Ryan has gone back to college to study . = = = Whigfield Sextape EP and Fight Like Apes Third Album = = = On April 9 , 2013 Fight Like Apes launched its Fund It campaign to help facilitate the making of their third album . The band received € 20 @,@ 000 in donations to cover the cost of PR , album artwork , equipment , mastering among other things . Donations ranged from € 10 which will get the donor a signed version of the album up to € 5 @,@ 000 where the donor would receive VIP tickets to regular gigs and festivals . The band aimed to receive all donations within 34 days , and they were successful within a few days . In the run @-@ up to the launch of their new album due for , the band performed at two dates one in Dublin and another in Cork in December 2013 . The band played a number of new tracks at both live venues . Fans who funded the new album will receive a special EP . On May 12 , 2015 Fight Like Apes released the Whigfield Sextape EP . In early 2015 , the band played a number of dates in Japan and Ireland . They release their self @-@ titled third studio album on May 15 , 2015 . = = Style and influences = = BBC Radio 1 's Steve Lamacq has described Fight Like Apes as a " great Misfit band " inhabiting " a lonely place out on the periphery of the indie rock world " . At one show in June 2008 , he witnessed them " thrash about on their guitars and keyboards and wotnot [ sic ] like it 's some kind of pop exorcism " and saw them " rolling around the empty dancefloor playflighting [ sic ] " . Today FM presenter Alison Curtis has described them as " really talented ... kind of rocky and metallic and their front girl is extremely watchable , almost going into Debbie Harry territory " . The band 's influences include B movies , computer games , kung @-@ fu and wrestling . " Do You Karate ? " , " a thumping bass driven flourish of a song " , displays the band 's " trademark twin @-@ synth attack " and the Pixies @-@ style " Canhead " has been described as " a concise ode to fish and chips " . Musically they are fond of My Bloody Valentine , Mclusky and Tom Waits , Grand Pocket Orchestra , Adebisi Shank , Jape and Giveamanakick . They dislike guitars and have been known to perform with kitchen implements such as pots and pans when on stage ; MayKay and Pockets even play keyboards with their heads . They purposefully construct lengthy record titles to " piss off " journalists and radio presenters and their self @-@ defined " karate rock " genre was directed at the NME after the British magazine tried to place them in the same category as two other female @-@ fronted bands . Vocalist MayKay has been described as one of Ireland 's " most mesmerising front women " in recent history , with her long black hair and banshee wail provoking male fans to confess simultaneous feelings of terror and attraction online . She is known to vociferate lyrics such as " you 're like Kentucky Fried Chicken but without the taste " and " you 're a fucking disappointment to the human race " , taken from the song " Jake Summers " , a song inspired by former teen idol of California Dreams fame . Pockets writes most of the band 's songs , plays the keyboard and provides vocals for some of the band 's songs . Adrian and Tom tend to remain in the background , choosing not to be photographed . The band have never written anything fictional and their lyrics have been described by Nadine O 'Regan in The Sunday Business Post as " occasionally literally gynaecological in their detail and regularly relatively shocking in their honesty " . MayKay and Pockets claim that most of their lyrics are shaped by one person who has broken each of their hearts . = = Discography = = = = = Studio albums = = = Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion ( 2008 ) The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner ( 2010 ) Fight Like Apes ( 2015 ) = = Awards = = = = = Choice Music Prize = = = The band 's debut album , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion , was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in January 2009 . The award was won by Jape for the album Ritual on 4 March 2009 . The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in 2011 . = = = Meteor Music Awards = = = Fight Like Apes were nominated for two Meteor Awards in 2008 , one for Best Irish Live Performance for their November 2007 show at Whelan 's in Dublin and the other for Best Irish Band . In 2009 , they were nominated for three Meteor Music Awards , for Best Irish Band , Best Irish Live Performance and Best Irish Album . = = = UK Festival Awards = = = In September 2009 , Fight Like Apes were nominated in the Best Breakthrough Artists category at the UK Festival Awards , competing against three British and one American acts — Florence and The Machine , Little Boots , Passion Pit and Friendly Fires . = = = IMTV Music Video Awards 2009 = = = " Something Global " won the award for Most Original Concept at the 2009 Irish Music Television Awards . The video was directed by Eoghan Kidney . = 80th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division ( United Kingdom ) = The 80th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division was an infantry division of the British Army formed at the beginning of 1943 , during the Second World War . For the twenty months that the division existed , it was a training formation . Army recruits that had been assigned to the division and fully trained were allocated to formations fighting overseas . Notably , the division was used as a source of reinforcements for the 21st Army Group , which was fighting in Normandy . After all available troops left the United Kingdom for France , the division was disbanded . A phantom 80th Infantry Division was formed in the division 's place to aid the Operation Fortitude deception effort that supported the invasion of France . This division was part of the notional British Fourth Army , which was portrayed as part of the threatened Allied landing at the Pas de Calais . The overall deception plan was successful , and affected the German response to the Allied invasion . The phantom division was " disbanded " towards the end of the war . = = Divisional history = = = = = Training formation = = = During the Second World War , the divisions of the British Army were divided between " Higher Establishment " and " Lower Establishment " formations . The former were intended for deployment overseas and combat , whereas the latter were strictly for home defence in a static role . During the winter of 1942 – 43 , three " Lower Establishment " divisions were renamed " Reserve Divisions " . On 1 January 1943 , these three were supplemented by the raising of a new reserve division , the 80th Infantry , placed under the command of Major @-@ General Lionel Howard Cox . The four reserve divisions were used as training units . Soldiers who had completed their corps training were assigned to these divisions . The soldiers were given five weeks of additional training at the section , platoon and company level , before undertaking a final three @-@ day exercise . Troops would then be ready to be sent overseas to join other formations . Training was handled in this manner to relieve the " Higher Establishment " divisions from being milked for replacements for other units and to allow them to intensively train without the interruption of having to handle new recruits . During its existence , the 80th Division was assigned to Western Command . The division was spread out across Western Command 's area of responsibility with at least one battalion based in Bowerham Barracks , Lancaster , Lancashire and another based around Shropshire . The Imperial War Museum comments that the division insignia of a troopship was derived from " one of the prime functions of the Division [ that being ] to find drafts for overseas postings " . The design included " two long and prominent bow waves from the ship " , which resulted in the troops giving it the nickname the " torpedoed troopship " . The insignia was only worn by the permanent members of the division . On 30 June 1944 , the four training divisions had a combined total of 22 @,@ 355 men . Of this number , only 1 @,@ 100 were immediately available as replacements for the 21st Army Group . The remaining 21 @,@ 255 men were considered ineligible at that time for service abroad , for medical reasons , or for not being fully fit or fully trained , or for other reasons . Over the following six months , up to 75 per cent of these men would be deployed to reinforce 21st Army Group following the completion of their training and certification of fitness . Stephen Hart comments that , by September , the 21st Army Group " had bled Home Forces dry of draftable riflemen " after the losses suffered during the Normandy Campaign , leaving the army in Britain , with the exception of the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division , with just " young lads , old men , and the unfit " . On 1 September 1944 , the division was disbanded . Cox took command of the 38th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division , which took over the role of the 80th Division . = = = Deception formation = = = The creation of the fictitious division arose from an actual reorganization of British forces . During 1944 , the British Army was facing a manpower crisis as it did not have enough men to replace the losses to front line infantry . While efforts were made to address this ( such as transferring men from the Royal Artillery and Royal Air Force to be retrained as infantry ) , the War Office began disbanding divisions to downsize the army so as to transfer men to other units to help keep those as close to full strength as possible . The War Office decided to disband several " Lower Establishment " divisions , which included the 80th Infantry ( Reserve ) Division . The Fortitude deception staff seized upon this opportunity to retain the division as a phantom unit . A cover story was established to explain the change in the division 's status . It was claimed that with the war nearing an end , several Territorial Army divisions would revert to their peacetime recruiting role and release their equipment and resources to other units . For the 80th , this was the 38th Division . With the transfer of equipment , the 80th was notionally raised to the " Higher Establishment " , readied for war , and joined the phantom VII Corps that was part of the notional British Fourth Army . The phantom 80th , retaining the insignia of the real division , was supposedly based in Canterbury and composed of the 50th , 208th and 211th brigades . The notional Fourth Army was part of Operation Bodyguard , the codename for the deception plan designed to protect Operation Overlord . Initially , the Fourth Army was part of Fortitude North . This plan aimed to make the Germans believe that the notional 250 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Fourth Army , based in Scotland , would assault Norway . The deception plan aimed to keep the German garrison of nearly half a million men stationed in Norway to resist such an attack . Following the invasion of Normandy , the Fourth Army was " transferred " south to reinforce the First United States Army Group ( FUSAG ) , another fictitious formation . Fortitude South aimed to convince the Germans that FUSAG had 500 @,@ 000 men in more than fifty divisions and would launch the main Allied invasion in the Pas de Calais , 45 days after the Normandy landings . The goal of the operation was to persuade the Germans not to move the 18 divisions of the 15th Army to Normandy . VII Corps was notionally transferred south , as part of Fourth Army , to join FUSAG . Following this move , the newly created fictitious 80th Infantry Division was assigned to the imaginary Corps . To aid in the deception , signallers from the 61st Infantry Division maintained wireless traffic , to give the Germans the impression of an actual 80th Division . In addition , Juan Pujol García , the British double agent known as Garbo who played a vital role in Fortitude , reported to the Germans that the 80th Division was undertaking assault training . Fortitude South has been credited with ensuring the German 15th Army was not deployed against the Allied invasion force too soon and ensuring the success of Operation Overlord . Gerhard Weinberg stated that the Germans " readily accepted the existence and location " of FUSAG , believed the threat to the Pas de Calais was real and " it was only at the end of July " that they realized a second assault was not coming ; " by that time , it was too late to move reinforcements " . However , Mary Barbier wrote " it is time to consider that the importance of the deception has been overrated " . She argues that 15th Army was largely immobile and not combat @-@ ready , that despite the deception numerous German divisions – including the 1st SS Panzer Division , which was held in reserve behind the 15th Army – from across Europe were transferred to Normandy to repel the invasion , and that the Germans had realized as early as May that a real threat to Normandy existed . Barbier further commented that while the Germans believed the deception due to " preconceived ideas about the importance of the Pas De Calais " , the Allied staff had overestimated the effectiveness of the deception after the 15th Army 's inaction because they held a " preconceived notion of what FORTITUDE would accomplish " . Following the Battle of Normandy , the phantom 80th Division was " transferred " around the east coast of England , moving back and forth between VII Corps and the equally bogus II Corps . The division was eventually " disbanded " in April 1945 . = = General officer commanding = = = = Order of Battle = = = 12 oz . Mouse = 12 oz . Mouse is an American animated television series created by Matt Maiellaro for Adult Swim . The series revolves around Mouse Fitzgerald , nicknamed " Fitz " ( voiced by Maiellaro ) , an alcoholic mouse who performs odd jobs so he can buy more beer . Together with his chinchilla companion Skillet , Fitz begins to recover suppressed memories that he once had a wife and a child who have now vanished . This leads him to seek answers about his past and the shadowy forces that seem to be manipulating his world . In producing the series , Maiellaro crudely designed the characters as a cost @-@ cutting measure ; the series is animated by Radical Axis . He intended for the series to lack continuity starting from the pilot , but established a serial format after starting the second episode . He had constructed an ending for the series as well as a detailed map of characters ; however , the series finale concluded differently from planned . Maiellaro cast people around his office for the characters , starring himself as the protagonist and Nine Pound Hammer vocalist Scott Luallen as the voice of Roostre ; the band also performs the opening theme . The pilot episode for 12 oz . Mouse , " Hired " , premiered on June 19 , 2005 . The series became a regular staple of Adult Swim 's lineup on October 23 , 2005 and ended on December 17 , 2006 . Critical reception was mixed ; some praised the series ' experimental nature , while others felt confounded by it . = = Premise = = The show revolves around a mouse named Mouse Fitzgerald ( voiced by Matt Maiellaro ) , nicknamed " Fitz " , who is fond of beer and caught in a world of espionage , love and the delights of odd jobs . The show employs a serial format , and its ongoing storyline developed from absurdist comedy to include mystery and thriller elements . Fitz begins to recover suppressed memories that he once had a wife and a child who have now vanished . This leads him to seek answers about his past and the shadowy forces that seem to be manipulating his world . Fitz suspects there is a sinister conspiracy which appears to revolve around fields of " asprind [ sic ] " pills beneath the city , and Shark ( Adam Reed ) , Clock , and Rectangular Businessman 's ( Kurt Soccolich ) attempts to control the nature of time and reality . Fitz and Skillet receive help from Liquor ( Matt Harrigan ) , Roostre ( Scott Luallen ) , Stoned Peanut Cop ( Nick Weidenfeld ) and others as they engage in gun battles , blow things up , and try to understand cryptic hints . The show also sometimes contains surreal " subliminal " images that flash across the screen during key plot moments , including skulls , mustached snake beasts and people screaming . The series concludes the revelation that Fitz has been kidnapped and placed into a simulation by the Shadowy Figure . He is about to be killed by Shark and the Rectangular Businessman , in their true forms outside the simulation , when he is rescued by the true form of Peanut Cop and a nurse who works in the simulation chamber . They kill Shark and Rectangle Businessman , but it is unknown if they are truly dead because the simulation in which most of the show takes place is probably taking place in another simulation . One of the purposes of the simulation seen in most of the show was to extract information from Fitz . The conclusion to episode 20 is ambiguous as to whether or not it is actually the end of the series , as some aspects of the plot remain unresolved – Golden Joe says " I thought this was done , " to which Fitz replies , " I thought so too . I guess we 're not . " = = Development = = = = = Production = = = According to Maiellaro , the series was pitched as a table read to the network . He jokingly stated that they accepted it after claiming that production costs would total " five dollars and will take some of the paper sitting in the copier . " Maiellaro borrowed inspiration from surrealism and the films of David Lynch . He intended for the series to lack continuity starting from the pilot , but established a serial format after starting to work on the second episode . He had constructed an ending for the series as well as a detailed map of characters ; however , the series finale concluded differently from planned . Radical Axis provided animation for the series using Final Cut Pro . Described as " lo @-@ fi animation " , Maiellaro crudely designed the characters as a cost @-@ cutting measure , with the exception of Amalockh , a many @-@ armed monster summoned in the season two episode " Corndog Chronicles " , which was drawn and animated by Todd Redner at the studio , and Shark , which was borrowed from the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode " Kentucky Nightmare " . In a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes clip of the show , Maiellaro explained that to animate the series , he would first grab a nearby sheet of copy paper , draw something , and then scan it , followed by him sending the file to an animator . Rhoda , a character from the series , was drawn on the back of a script page for Perfect Hair Forever . A scan of the paper revealed the textual contents behind it , which Maiellaro decided to leave in . = = = Cast = = = Maiellaro cast people around his office to voice the characters . He provides the voice of the protagonist , Mouse Fitzgerald . He originally only gave the scratch dialogue for the character during production of the pilot episode , but chose himself to voice Mouse regularly after hearing his lines assembled in the final cut . Kurt Soccolich was chosen by Maiellaro to voice Rectangular Businessman , who " already had that sort of smooth arrogance in his voice " , making him a " perfect " fit for him . Matt Harrigan was selected to voice Liquor , who is " always looking to make light of a situation " , according to Maiellaro . Nick Weidenfeld provides the voice of Peanut Cop ; Melissa Warrenburg portrays an annoying woman in a green sweater , who Maiellaro dubs " Robogirl " . Bonnie Rosmarin voices Man / Woman , picked for what Maiellaro stated is a " pouty , stand @-@ offish quality " in her delivery . Nick Ingkatanuwat voices The Eye and Adam Reed plays Shark . Vocalist of Nine Pound Hammer Scott Luallen voices Roostre ; the band also composed the opening theme song for the series . Golden Joe is voiced by Vishal Roney ; after hearing his first take on the character , Maiellaro explained that he was left unable to write any of his lines . He proceeded to only provide the basic structure of his lines in the script , instructing him to retroscript the rest . = = = Title sequence and music = = = Maiellaro spent three weeks working with Ingkatanuwat on putting together the set for the opening title sequence . The set was filmed with a motion control camera , and was inserted with miniature explosives and smoke bombs for special effect . Nine Pound Hammer composed the opening theme song ; Maiellaro sought for a song representing the " carefree " lifestyle of Mouse who " does things like drive drunk , film porno and shoot guns . " Maiellaro , who plays the electric guitar in his free time , also composed the song " F @-@ Off " , featured in the first episode , which he wrote while working on Space Ghost Coast to Coast . = = Episodes = = The pilot episode for 12 oz . Mouse , " Hired " , premiered on June 19 , 2005 and became a regular series in the Adult Swim lineup in October 2005 . An Adult Swim bumper shown with the sixth installment claimed that twenty additional episodes were being produced and taunted viewers who had complained they couldn 't understand the absurdist presentation . On December 31 , 2005 , a marathon of the series aired , replaying all six episodes followed by the premiere of the then @-@ unfinished seventh episode " Adventure Mouse " . The second season aired on Adult Swim on Monday mornings at 12 : 45 a.m. EST from September 24 , 2006 to December 17 , 2006 . On May 16 , 2007 , the 21st episode , entitled " Enter the Sandmouse " , premiered as a webisode . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = The season two episodes , " Auraphull " and " Meat Warrior " , were respectively seen by 460 @,@ 000 and 431 @,@ 000 viewers upon broadcast . In addition , the episodes ranked as the thirteenth and twelfth most watched episodes aired by the network for the week of October 23 , 2006 , also respectively . = = = Critical reception = = = The series has received mixed critical reception ; About.com 's Nancy Basile gave the series four out of five stars , opining that the series is " what Adult Swim should be ... experimental , but in a cheap , simple , not @-@ trying @-@ to @-@ be @-@ cool way . " She found the crude animation " refreshing " but joked that the series " can kill " viewers not used to the slow pace . Writing for AOL TV , Adam Finley regarded the show as " the most simplistically drawn of all the Adult Swim shows , and yet the most complex in terms of story . " He contrasted it with other Williams Street productions , finding it to " instead unrave [ l ] slowly , revealing a little bit more of what 's underneath the surface while also piling on more and more questions . " Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork Media called it " the asymptote of the block 's crude style " . Justin Heckert of Atlanta magazine opined that " the animation and art look like they were done by daycare students " , while Lucy Maher of Common Sense Media rated it one star , criticizing Fitz 's " anarchist " qualities and ultimately stated that " parents with teens who are interested in watching should preview an episode or two before letting them tune in on their own . " Felix Staica of Impulse Gamer gave the DVD release 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 , stating he was " left confounded " after watching and noted the video transfer as " decidedly and deliberately rough , with weird unfocused pixilation [ sic ] cropping up frequently . " = = Other appearances = = The hip hop duo Danger Doom have produced a song inspired by 12 oz . Mouse entitled " Korn Dogz " from their EP Occult Hymn . The song uses audio clips from the episode " Rooster " , with the line " Corn dogs for the pickin ' " being recited by Danger Doom 's MC MF Doom and Mouse Fitzgerald . A scene from the episode " Sharktasm " is visible in Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters . = = Home release = = A DVD release of the complete series was released February 29 , 2008 , exclusively on the Williams Street shop . The DVD cover depicts Leonardo 's The Last Supper with the series ' characters replacing Christ and the twelve apostles . However , under a black light , the cover depicts the skeletons of the characters , as well as letters and symbols which make out an email address . The series is presented as a single , continuous movie , with newly produced footage bridging the gaps between episodes . It also features production footage , new music , the episode " Auraphull " in its entirety and collected fan art . = Selma 's Choice = " Selma 's Choice " is the thirteenth episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 21 , 1993 . In the episode , Selma decides to have a baby , inspired by her late aunt 's wish that she would not spend her life alone . She experiences what life with children is like by taking Bart and Lisa to the Duff Gardens amusement park , which does not go as planned . It was written by David M. Stern and directed by Carlos Baeza . = = Plot = = After watching an advertisement on television for Duff Gardens , Homer , Bart and Lisa decide to go . As they prepare to leave , Marge tells them that spinster Great Aunt Gladys died and they will be going to her funeral instead . The Simpsons , along with Patty and Selma , drive to Littleneck Falls to attend her funeral and the reading of her will . On the video will , Great Aunt Gladys tells Patty and Selma not to die alone , as she did . Selma hears the ticking of her biological clock , and decides she wants a child . Selma tries video dating , but gets rejected by Groundskeeper Willie . She goes to a psychic who tries to sell her a love potion . The psychic ingests it , blurts out the innocuous ingredients and discovers that she accidentally drank a truth serum . Selma dates Hans Moleman after revoking his license at the DMV . All goes well until Hans tries to kiss her goodnight ; Selma envisions herself as the mother of several ugly , blind children and kicks Hans out of the car to prevent that future from happening . Lisa then suggests to Selma that she go through artificial insemination . When the day comes for Homer to take Bart and Lisa to Duff Gardens , he falls ill from food poisoning after eating a hoagie that became spoiled days after he took it home from a company picnic . In an attempt to give Selma a taste of motherhood , Marge nominates her to take the kids to Duff Gardens while she stays home to look after Homer . When the trio arrives at Duff Gardens , Bart and Lisa wear Selma out , especially when they go on the Little Land of Duff ride and Bart dares Lisa to drink the toxic " water " . Lisa is confused , but Bart mocks her until Selma intervenes , shouting at Bart to shut up and ordering Lisa to drink the water . When Lisa takes a sip , she hallucinates , grows violent and paranoid , and wanders away from the ride , tripping out to the parade music . While Selma is looking for Lisa , Bart gets on a roller coaster called The Barrel Roll and ends up having to be rescued after the car stops in the center of one of the inversions . Lisa is soon found swimming nude in the Fermentarium , returned to Selma and given pills by an unlicensed doctor . After Bart and Lisa return home , Selma decides she can live without children for now and adopts Jub @-@ Jub , Gladys ' pet iguana . = = Production = = Writer David Stern said he wanted to go back to a " Patty and Selma episode " , because it was sustained so well when he wrote " Principal Charming " . He thought it was important to " keep these characters ( Patty and Selma ) alive . " The animators had trouble with the size of the characters ' pupils during the season . In this episode , they are noticeably larger . When the family watches the video will , Julie Kavner did five voices in the scene . When Gladys shows off her collection of potato chips , the scene was inspired by an actual guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , who was showing off her collection of chips that looked like famous people . Jub @-@ Jub made his debut appearance in this episode ; the name of the iguana Jub @-@ Jub came from Conan O 'Brien . Though research is usually done when real languages are used on the show , the language heard on Selma 's ham radio is fictional . = = Cultural references = = Marge 's flashback of her and her sisters swimming in a lake is based on The Prince of Tides . The singers at Duff Gardens , Hooray for Everything , are a tribute to Up with People . The group is seen performing a kid @-@ friendly version of the Lou Reed song " Walk on the Wild Side " . Homer and Bart start to sing " Ding Dong ! The Witch is dead " from The Wizard of Oz . The poem that Great Aunt Gladys reads at the start of her video will is " The Road Not Taken " by Robert Frost . The song and ride that Bart , Lisa , and Selma go on , with animatronic kids from all over the world singing is a parody of the song " It 's a Small World " . The Duff Gardens parade is a parody of Disneyland 's Main Street Electrical Parade . Lisa 's hallucination where she sees Selma after drinking the water on the ride is based on the work of artist Ralph Steadman , particularly in the novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . When Lisa says " I am the Lizard Queen ! " , it is a tribute to Jim Morrison 's poem " Celebration of the Lizard " . After acquiring Jub @-@ Jub , Selma sings " ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman " , a reference to the season four finale of the sitcom Murphy Brown , in which reporter Murphy Brown sings the song after giving birth to her baby . = = Reception = = " Selma 's Choice " finished 27th in the weekly ratings for the week of January 18 – 24 , 1993 with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 2 . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood said , " A nice episode for Selma and good for Marge and Homer as well . But it 's the kids who provide the highlights in this one , with their antics at Duff Gardens . " The author of Planet Simpson : How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation , Chris Turner said it " Fills in with the usual grab bag of great gags " and " The episode had some crowd @-@ pleasing moments . " He went on to say , " The last few minutes of the show played out to continuous laughter ( in the pub he was watching it in ) " . = 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger = The 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger was a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen @-@ SS , the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II . Named Karstjäger , it was one of the thirty @-@ eight divisions fielded by the Waffen @-@ SS . Formed on 18 July 1944 from the SS Volunteer Karstwehr Battalion , its nominal strength was never more than theoretical and the division was soon reduced to the Waffen Mountain ( Karstjäger ) Brigade of the SS . Throughout its existence as a battalion , division and brigade , it was primarily involved in fighting partisans in the Karst region on the frontiers of Yugoslavia , Italy , and Austria ; the mountainous terrain required specialized mountain troops and equipment . Founded in 1942 as a company , the unit consisted mainly of Yugoslav Volksdeutsche and recruits from South Tyrol . Although primarily focused on anti @-@ partisan operations , it also saw action in the wake of the Italian surrender when it moved to disarm Italian troops in Tarvisio and protect ethnic German communities in Italy . In addition , at the end of the war it successfully fought to keep passes into Austria open , allowing German units to escape the Balkans and subsequently surrender to British forces . The remnants of the unit became some of the last Germans to lay down their arms when they surrendered to the British 6th Armoured Division on 9 May 1945 . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = In mid @-@ 1942 , the Waffen @-@ SS formed a company intended for anti @-@ partisan operations in the rugged and high @-@ altitude border region between Italy , Austria and Yugoslavia known as the Karst . SS @-@ Standartenführer ( Colonel ) Hans Brandt , a geologist and speleologist , suggested the creation of the unit . The company was formed at the SS training centre at Dachau on 10 July 1942 from soldiers of the supply services training and replacement battalion of the 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama ( 2nd Croatian ) . It was expanded to battalion strength of around 500 troops in November 1942 , and as the SS @-@ Freiwilligen @-@ Karstwehr Battalion , it spent the first six months of 1943 training in Austria . The unit drew its recruits mainly from Yugoslav Volksdeutsche ( ethnic Germans ) and South Tyrolians , with the officer cadre being drawn from SS geological detachments . The battalion @-@ strength Waffen @-@ SS Geological Corps ( German : SS @-@ Wehrgeologenkorps ) from which such detachments were drawn had been formed in April 1941 , and consisted mainly of engineers with a few geologists . They examined caves and natural obstacles , and determined whether off @-@ road terrain was suitable for tanks . They were also responsible for locating sources of fresh water . Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943 , the battalion was tasked with disarming Italian troops around Tarvisio on the border between the three countries . It then moved on to protective duties for nearby Volksdeutsche communities . From October 1943 until June 1944 , the battalion was based at Gradisca d 'Isonzo in Italy , and participated in anti @-@ partisan operations in the areas of Trieste , Udine and the Istrian peninsula . On 10 October , a column of the battalion was ambushed at the Predil Pass , suffering three killed and eight wounded . The following day the battalion burned down the village of Strmc and killed 16 local men in retaliation . Up to 19 October 1943 , the battalion suffered a total of 18 killed and 45 wounded in a series of engagements near the village of Flitsch . During the same period , the battalion captured two Italian 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) mountain guns , which significantly increased its firepower . During late October and November 1943 , the battalion was engaged in anti @-@ partisan operations around Saga and Karfreit , including Operation Traufe ( Eaves ) . In late November , the battalion was placed under the command of the Supreme SS and Police Leader , Italy , SS @-@ Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen @-@ SS ( Lieutenant General ) Karl Wolff for an operation . In February 1944 , the battalion conducted Operation Ratte ( Rat ) , during which it burned down the villages of Komen and Rihenberg , and interned the population of both villages in labour camps . Early in 1944 , Brand suggested that Slovene nationalists be recruited into the battalion , but the idea was rejected by SS headquarters , who feared that such a policy would allow the infiltration of the unit by Yugoslav Partisans . At this stage , it was estimated that there were about 20 @,@ 000 communist partisans operating in the Gorizia region . During March 1944 , the battalion was involved in a rapid series of named operations , including Zypresse ( Cypress ) , Märzveilchen ( Violet ) , Maulwurf ( Mole ) and Hellblau ( Light Blue ) , resulting in significant guerilla casualties , as well as executions of captured partisans . In March and April , Operation Osterglocke ( Daffodil ) was conducted over 12 days , followed by Operation Liane in late May , and the long @-@ running Operation Annemarie which covered the period 7 May to 16 July 1944 . In June 1944 , a patrol from the battalion failed to return from a task in the vicinity of Cividale del Friuli . Two days later , they were located with their torsos stripped naked and their severed heads impaled on bayonets . The unit became known for shooting suspected partisans . While engaged in anti @-@ partisan work , the battalion grew to a strength of around 1 @,@ 000 . = = = Expansion = = = On 18 July 1944 , Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler ordered that the battalion be expanded to divisional size , although the authorised strength was only 6 @,@ 600 troops . The 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger was to be established by the Higher SS and Police Leader ( German : Höhere SS @-@ und Polizeiführer ) for the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral , SS @-@ Gruppenführer ( Major General ) Odilo Globocnik . The name Karstjäger was derived from a combination of Karst , denoting the region of operations , and Jäger , the German military term for light infantry . The division was to consist of two Gebirgsjäger ( mountain infantry ) regiments , with an artillery regiment , reconnaissance , Panzerjäger ( anti @-@ tank ) and pioneer battalions , as well as replacement and supply troops . The division was supplied with 14 captured Italian Carro Armato P 40 tanks , but these proved unreliable , with only half being serviceable at any one time . In August 1944 , the under @-@ strength division participated in Operation Dachstein under the command of the 188th Mountain Division . Between August and November 1944 , the division continued performing anti @-@ partisan duties in the same region , but its strength had only reached 3 @,@ 000 , less than half of its authorised establishment . It proved impossible to recruit sufficient troops for the division , and in December 1944 the division was downgraded to a brigade . During late 1944 and early 1945 , the Waffen Mountain ( Karstjäger ) Brigade of the SS fought first against British @-@ supported partisans in the Julian Alps , and was then deployed to the coastal area around Trieste and the Marano @-@ Grado Lagoon . In danger of being cut off by Allied forces , the brigade soon returned to the Julian Alps , having to fight its way through the Tagliamento river valley between Osoppo and Gemona . Toward the end of April 1945 , the brigade fought British and New Zealand forces on the southern fringe of the Julian Alps . The brigade replacement company , which had been sent to Cividale from its training centre at Pottenstein , Austria , managed to destroy a number of British tanks with panzerfausts and the assistance of a tank company . In the final weeks of the war the brigade was part of a Kampfgruppe ( battlegroup ) commanded by SS @-@ Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen @-@ SS ( Brigadier ) Heinz Harmel , which was ordered to keep the Karawanken passes open between Yugoslavia and Austria . This task was critical in allowing German forces to withdraw from Yugoslavia in order to surrender to British rather than Yugoslav forces . The Kampfgruppe succeeded in its final task , and was one of the last German units to surrender , when it encountered the British 6th Armoured Division on 9 May 1945 . = = Order of battle = = On paper , the division 's final order of battle was to consist of : 59th Waffen Gebirgsjäger ( Mountain Infantry ) Regiment of the SS ( three battalions ) 60th Waffen Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the SS ( three battalions ) 24th SS Mountain Artillery Regiment ( four battalions ) 24th SS Reconnaissance Battalion 24th SS Panzerjäger ( Anti @-@ tank ) Battalion 24th SS Pioneer Battalion 24th SS Mountain Signals Battalion 24th SS Replacement Battalion The division establishment also included supply units . However , only the 59th Waffen Gebirgsjäger Regiment , one battalion of the 24th SS Mountain Artillery Regiment , one company of the 24th SS Pioneer Battalion and a half @-@ company of the divisional panzer company were ever established . = = Commanders = = According to Gordon Williamson , three Waffen @-@ SS officers commanded the division and subsequently the brigade : SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Karl Marx ( Dec 1944 ) SS @-@ Sturmbannführer Werner Hahn ( Dec 1944 – Feb 1945 ) SS @-@ Oberführer Adolf Wagner ( Feb – May 1945 ) In contrast , Roland Kaltenegger only lists Hahn as commanding the unit . = = Uniform = = The unit insignia was a stylised Týr rune with arrows pointing to the left and right . A collar insignia was manufactured , but it is believed that these were never issued or worn , and the members of the division wore the Sig runes . = Celebration : The Video Collection = Celebration : The Video Collection is a greatest videos DVD compilation by American singer @-@ songwriter Madonna . Released by Warner Bros. Records on September 29 , 2009 , the release accompanied the greatest hits Celebration . The collection follows on from her other greatest videos compilations The Immaculate Collection ( 1990 ) and The Video Collection 93 : 99 ( 1999 ) . The release of the DVD was announced in July 2009 and contained videos spanning Madonna 's entire career from 1983 to 2009 . Contemporary critics gave mixed reviews of the DVD . Some were disappointed with the low quality and the lack of clarity of the videos , while others praised the collection for being a reminder of Madonna as the visual artist . Celebration : The Video Collection debuted at the top of the Billboard Top Music Videos and the top of the DVD charts in Australia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Spain and Switzerland . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 100 @,@ 000 copies across United States . = = Background = = On March 18 , 2009 , Madonna 's publicist Liz Rosenberg announced the plans for the release of a greatest hits package by September . On July 22 , 2009 , Warner Bros. Records officially announced the release date as September 28 , 2009 and confirmed the name of the album as Celebration through Madonna 's official website , adding that a DVD containing Madonna 's best music videos would also be released . According to the official press statement , the DVD included unedited and never before seen footage of " Justify My Love " , as well as the completed video of the single " Celebration " . The music videos included on the DVD were selected by Madonna and her fans through her official website Icon . The cover for Celebration was created by street pop artist Mr. Brainwash who is best known for " throwing modern cultural icons into a blender and turning it up to eleven " . The compilation included the music videos of " Burning Up " , " Into the Groove " , " True Blue " , " Who 's That Girl " , " Erotica " , " Deeper and Deeper " , " I Want You " , " I 'll Remember " and " American Pie " , which were previously never included in any of Madonna 's DVDs . It also included the award winning music videos – " Like a Virgin " , " Papa Don 't Preach " , " Open Your Heart " , " Like a Prayer " , " Express Yourself " , " Vogue " , " Rain " , " Take a Bow " , " Frozen " , " Ray of Light " , " Beautiful Stranger " , " Music " , " Don 't Tell Me " and " Hung Up " . " Justify My Love " and " Erotica " were banned by MTV for their sexually provocative themes . The video is presented in 4 : 3 aspect ratio , with the widescreen videos windowboxed . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Douglas Wolk from Pitchfork Media commented that the DVD was " a lot closer to the mark [ of celebrating Madonna 's career ] . A lot of the fun of her career has always been its visual side . " Don Shewey from Rolling Stone said , " The video exemplified the fact that there 's no @-@ one like Madonna , who can turn the music video in to an art @-@ form . " Chad Presley from Blogcritics felt that , " There 's a healthy dose of nostalgia involved in watching these videos for anyone who grew up during the 1980s in particular . [ ... ] The video quality is a mixed bag . Most of the visual problems crop up during the earlier clips , which were photographed on much more primitive equipment . [ ... ] All things considered , especially when viewed on a Blu @-@ ray player and hi @-@ def TV , this is a pretty rough looking set . Even some of the later videos have an excess of visual noise and are lacking in sharpness . " Ian Sturges from Daily Mirror commented , " Celebration is a journey [ of Madonna ] from coquettish wannabe to pop goddess to institution . [ ... ] The videos parallel this transformation from her innocent cavorting on a Venetian gondola for ' Like a Virgin ' to the determinedly X @-@ rated couplings of ' Justify My Love ' and ' Erotica ' , both of which were banned . Monica Herrera from Billboard was not impressed with the collection and was disappointed with the " dull quality of the videos . The collection is a probable shame in Madonna 's catalogue , but a great one for her fans . " Bönz Malone from Spin said , " Celebration : The Video Collection is a reminder that Madonna is , and always will be , a true video artist . You cannot ignore her contribution to the music video art form . " Tim Sendra from Allmusic gave the DVD four and a half stars out of five , and commented that " it is indeed a celebration of Madonna 's career and some of the most celebratory and thrilling pop music ever created . " = = = Commercial performance = = = Celebration : The Video Collection debuted at the top of the Billboard Top Music Videos for the issue dated October 12 , 2009 , replacing Beyoncé 's live release I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas . It remained on the top of the music video chart for five weeks . The DVD was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 50 @,@ 000 copies . According to Nielsen Soundscan , the DVD has sold 60 @,@ 000 copies in United States and placed at number 30 on the year @-@ end DVD chart for 2009 . On October 5 , 2009 , the DVD debuted at the top of the ARIA Top 40 Music DVD chart in Australia , replacing Believe Again : Australian Tour 2009 by Delta Goodrem . After two weeks on the top , Celebration : The Video Collection was replaced by Funhouse Tour : Live in Australia by Pink . The collection was present on the DVD chart for twenty weeks , and ranked at twenty on the Australian Highest Selling Music DVD chart for 2009 . The DVD debuted at the top of the Hungarian Top 20 DVD chart on September 27 , 2009 and was present for one week on the top . In Czech Republic , the DVD debuted at the top of the DVD chart on October 14 , 2009 , replacing Madonna 's compilation album Celebration . Celebration : The Video Collection was certified platinum by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers ( CAPIF ) for shipment of 30 @,@ 000 copies in total . Celebration : The Video Collection also received a two @-@ times platinum certification in France , for shipment of 30 @,@ 000 copies of the video . = = Track listing and formats = = Notes The nudity in " Justify My Love " and " Erotica " has been censored by black bars . Many of the music videos included had not appeared on a Madonna video compilation previously , so this was their first commercial release . Those 26 of the 47 videos are marked with an * . = = = Formats = = = The DVD collection has been released in two different versions — both of them double @-@ disc releases . Keep case — DVD @-@ size packaging DVD Digipak — CD @-@ size packaging iTunes Store digital download — deluxe video edition of Celebration with 68 tracks , including 38 audio tracks ( including bonus material : " It 's So Cool " and a remix of " Celebration " ) and 30 MP4 music videos = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Ernest Lucas Guest = Sir Ernest Lucas Guest KBE , CMG , CVO , LLD ( 20 August 1882 – 20 September 1972 ) was a Rhodesian politician , lawyer and soldier . He held senior ministerial positions in the government , most notably as Minister for Air during the Second World War . Guest was born in Grahamstown , Cape Colony . His grandfather had moved the family there , leaving Kidderminster , England , where it had been in the printing business for three generations . He saw active service in the Second Boer War , enlisting despite being underage , and again in the First World War , when he was injured in France . His legal career began while back in Southern Rhodesia between those two wars . He won a case against Sir Charles Coghlan , at the time Premier of Southern Rhodesia , and Coghlan invited him to become a partner in his firm , which became known as Coghlan , Welsh & Guest . On his return from the First World War , Guest took responsibility for the Salisbury practice . He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1928 as a member of Coghlan 's Rhodesia Party , representing the constituency of Charter , which he held until 1946 . He first became a cabinet minister in Godfrey Huggins ' government , appointed Minister of Mines and Public Works in June 1938 . During the Second World War , Guest was Minister for Air and administered the Rhodesia Air Training Group . After the war he was also Minister of Defence , Minister of Finance and Leader of the House . At the 1946 elections he stood for Salisbury Gardens and held the seat until his retirement from office in 1948 . He married Edith May Jones and had two daughters and twin sons , both of whom were killed in action during the Second World War . At his death , both the High Court and Parliament paid public tributes to him . His continuing legacy is most evident in the Kariba Dam , a project that went ahead with his active support . = = Early life = = Ernest Lucas Guest was born in Grahamstown , Cape Colony ( in modern South Africa 's Eastern Cape province ) on 20 August 1882 . Guest 's grandfather had moved the family to South Africa in 1861 from Kidderminster , England , where they had been involved in the printing business for three generations . His grandfather was appointed manager of the Frontier Times , printed and published in Grahamstown . The family resided there until 1889 when Ernest 's father , Herbert Melville Guest , moved them to Klerksdorp , Transvaal , after buying the local newspaper and printing business . = = Military career = = = = = Second Boer War = = = At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 , Guest was below the minimum age of 18 for enlisting . He nevertheless managed to join the First City Volunteers , a Grahamstown regiment in which his father had served . Its task of guarding a bridge over a railway line was unappealing , so he took the opportunity of joining the Eastern Province Light Horse , attached to the Highland Brigade , which was recruiting volunteers who could both ride and shoot . Early in the Brigade 's advance into the Orange Free State on its way to the relief of Kimberley , Guest got food poisoning and he returned to Grahamstown . After recovering , he joined the Kimberley Mounted Corps and guided two officers from Lichtenburg to Klerksdorp , where they persuaded the Boers to surrender by bluffing that a strong British force was following close behind . The Boers soon retook the town and Guest was captured . He was sent with other prisoners to Pietersburg to be executed but he managed to escape and travelled to Warmbaths . After satisfying the authorities that he had actually been taken prisoner and had not surrendered voluntarily , he returned to his depot at Kimberley . His unit had been disbanded and he was discharged . Guest joined up again , enlisting in Kitchener 's Fighting Scouts on 2 January 1901 . He was given the rank of Sergeant , chasing Boer commandoes without success . He was recommended for a commission and posted to the Johannesburg Mounted Rifles , whose Colonel decided that Guest was too young to lead a force composed of miners who were considerably older than him . Returning to Klerksdorp , Guest learned that the Bechuanaland Rifles were recruiting experienced officers ; he went to Mafeking and was accepted into the unit , with whom he served until the end of the war . The Rifles were part of a mobile force , the Divisional Scouting Corps , whose function was to round up Boer detachments and to execute Kitchener 's scorched earth policy , destroying Boer farm buildings and crops , and detaining women and children in concentration camps . = = = First World War = = = Great Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914 , and as part of the British Empire , Southern Rhodesia was also now at war . The British South Africa Company ( which then administered the territory ) took no steps to aid recruiting for the forces , so many men paid their own fares to England to join up . A number of eligible recruits could not afford to go , so Guest , together with Captain Alwyn Knowles of the Bedfordshire Regiment , who as a reserve officer was awaiting his call @-@ up , organised a private fund to pay their passages . When the recruits arrived in England they were enlisted by Captain ( later Colonel ) John Banks Brady ( who was in 1934 to be elected to the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly as member for Bulawayo North ) to form a Rhodesian platoon in the King 's Royal Rifle Corps . Guest and Knowles were summoned to the Defence Department and told to stop recruiting . The Administration had decided to raise a regiment in Rhodesia , and Guest joined the Salisbury battalion of the 1st Rhodesian Regiment with the rank of Lieutenant . The battalion was sent to South Africa to assist in suppressing the 1914 Maritz Rebellion by Boers opposed to fighting for Britain . It was not , however , deployed against the Rebellion and when it ended the battalion was sent , with the Imperial Light Horse , to reinforce the South African troops in the South @-@ West Africa Campaign in German South @-@ West Africa , present @-@ day Namibia . They landed at Lambert 's Bay on Christmas morning 1914 , but made no contact with the enemy until they were sent to Swakopmund . When the campaign came to an end , the battalion returned to Salisbury . Guest then travelled to England and sought a commission , joining the South Lancashire Regiment with the rank of Lieutenant in September 1916 . He was later promoted to Captain . He went with his battalion to France where they were posted to the 59th Division , then in the line . The sector they occupied was not very active , but shelling and sniping from both sides were carried out fairly regularly . It was not long before Guest was wounded , and then he fell victim to an irritating and persistent skin complaint which was common in the trenches and did not respond to treatment . He was evacuated to England and after a brief period in hospital was sent to the Imperial Hydro at St Annes , where he was told that he would not be fit to return to his unit for six months . Through a contact at the War Office , Guest had his name added to a list of officers available for special employment , and was selected to undertake a propaganda tour of the United States , delivering 160 lectures to approximately 282 @,@ 000 people in total . He was then sent to France to promote the benefits of Southern Rhodesia to the large number of soldiers who had become unsettled and wished to emigrate . Guest then returned to Rhodesia with his family , who had spent most of the war in England . Other members of the Guest family also served in the First World War . Ivor Guest , Ernest 's eldest brother , was a lieutenant in the Witwatersrand Rifles in the South @-@ West Africa Campaign . After the regiment was disbanded at the end of the campaign , he was commissioned as a machine gun officer in the Second Cape Corps for service in East Africa ; he was killed in action in November 1917 at the Battle of Mahiwa while checking the advance of a vastly superior enemy force . His gun crew had become casualties and he was handling the gun himself when he was killed . Guest 's two younger brothers also served in the Transvaal Scottish . The elder of them , Duke , was later commissioned in the South African Scottish and served in France . He was gassed and after a long stay in hospital was declared unfit for further service and remained in England until the end of the war . = = Legal career = = = = = Admission to the Rhodesian Court = = = At the start of the Second Boer War , Guest had left school without any educational qualifications . Nevertheless , he managed to start his legal career when a Klerksdorp solicitor , Maurice Rood , offered him a job drawing up claims for compensation by farmers whose properties had been destroyed or damaged by the British forces . The claims were to be submitted to the " Compensation Committee " , on which Guest 's father served . When the committee ceased to function Rood suggested that Guest become articled to him . The need to matriculate was an obstacle . He used a family connection with St. Andrew 's College , Grahamstown , to attend as a day boy and passed his matriculation . He duly applied to the Supreme Court for admission as an attorney in the Transvaal , was accepted and took the oath . He was offered a post with the leading firm of attorneys in Klerksdorp , but a clause in his articles prohibited Guest from practising in competition with Rood 's firm for some years without the latter 's permission . Guest became acquainted with Fred Hopley , who had recently been practising in Bulawayo . He informed Guest that a solicitor in Bulawayo , Louis Champion , wanted someone to take over his practice for six months while he was away on a shooting trip . Guest 's application was accepted by return of post and he was asked to report early in July 1910 . Champion 's practice , as Deputy Sheriff , consisted mainly of debt @-@ collecting and lending money to doubtful borrowers at a high rate of interest . Guest prepared his petition for admission to the Rhodesian Court and briefed counsel to represent him before the Chief Justice , Sir Joseph Vintcent . The Judge dispensed with the requirement to apply first for admission in the Cape Colony and admitted him as an attorney of the High Court of Southern Rhodesia . A few days after Guest 's arrival a young man arrived to practise in Bulawayo as an advocate , Robert Hudson . So began a friendship that was to endure for the rest of Hudson 's life and through many vicissitudes – in the legal profession , on active service in the First World War , and during the years when they were both members of the Cabinet . Hudson , who for some years was Minister of Justice , became Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia . = = = Coghlan , Welsh & Guest = = = Bryce Hendrie , whose office was next door to Louis Champion 's , had been appointed Commanding Officer of the Rhodesian contingent to attend the coronation of King George V on 22 June 1911 . Before his departure to England , he offered Guest the management of his practice during his absence . Hendrie 's brother was an estate agent and put all his property transfers through the firm , so Guest gained much valuable experience , especially in conveyancing , through a number of cases in the High Court , in the Magistrate 's Court and in the Court of the Mining Commissioner . Guest came up against Sir Charles Coghlan , the senior partner of Coghlan and Welsh , in a case before the Court of the Mining Commissioner . Coghlan represented a mining company , which had pegged some gold claims on Guest 's client 's farm . The Commissioner gave judgment in favour of Guest , who had been instructed to oppose their registration . Following this case , although initially irritated by Guest , Coghlan invited him to join his firm in Salisbury , which Guest did in January 1912 . The Salisbury office had been opened by Bernard Tancred . His passing away provided the opportunity for Guest to join the firm as a partner . For a while , the firm was known as Coghlan , Welsh , Townsend and Guest , when Townsend , one of the 1820 Settlers in the Eastern Cape , joined the firm in Salisbury . It reverted to Coghlan , Welsh and Guest , when Townsend died a little time later . On his return to Rhodesia after the First World War , Guest took over the Salisbury practice from Sir Charles , who returned to Bulawayo . = = Politics = = = = = Early career = = = After the First World War , Guest became involved in municipal affairs . He served on a committee to help returning soldiers adjust to civilian life . He was elected to the Salisbury Town Council , and during his second term was appointed Deputy Mayor . For the best part of a year , he acted as Mayor during the Mayor 's absence in the United States . Guest was one of several prominent citizens who were members of the Rhodesian Union Association , advocating joining the Union of South Africa in the 1922 government referendum ; the alternative option was " responsible government " , under which Southern Rhodesia would become a self @-@ governing colony of Britain in its own right . The electorate returned a vote for the latter proposition , and in October 1923 Coghlan became the first Premier of Southern Rhodesia . Although Guest was on the opposite side to Coghlan the statesman was impressed by his capabilities , and when he drew up a list of those he would like to see stand for election to the next Legislative Assembly , just before his death , he put Guest 's name at the head of it . Guest first stood for Charter , representing the Rhodesia Party at the 1928 elections . Despite the constituency being largely Afrikaans , he won the seat , defeating the incumbent Charles Edward Gilfillan of the Progressive Party with a majority of 283 votes to 211 . He held Charter until 1946 , being re @-@ elected in 1933 , 1934 ( unopposed ) and 1939 . At the 1946 elections he stood for Salisbury Gardens and won , remaining there until his retirement from politics in 1948 . = = = Cabinet Minister = = = At the 1933 elections , the Rhodesia Party was defeated by the Reform Party of Godfrey Huggins . Guest was a key advocate of accepting the merger of the two parties under the new name of the United Party and Huggins appointed him to his Cabinet in 1938 . Guest was Minister of Mines and Public Works , from 1 June 1938 to 1 February 1944 . The Electricity Supply Commission came under his portfolio . It had responsibility for ensuring that the generation of electricity kept pace with the ever · growing needs of mining , farming and secondary industry . When Guest became Minister the Commission was constructing a thermal power station at Umsweswe , but kept running short of money . The Minister of Finance , Jacob Smit , was reluctant to grant further funds but would support a hydro @-@ electric scheme . Guest proposed Kariba as a source of hydro @-@ electric power and Smit provided the money for further investigation . Guest arranged with a civil engineer named Jeffares , who had earlier surveyed the route of the proposed Sinoia / Kafue railway and knew the country around Kariba , to survey the area , select a site for a power station and submit a report . When he eventually did so , Guest appointed a committee of engineers to examine the proposal . They reported favourably but did not recommend that the scheme be proceeded with immediately . Nor was the Cabinet particularly impressed , and the idea was strongly criticised by the Opposition in Parliament . The outbreak of the Second World War caused the project to be shelved but after the war the project was revived as a joint scheme to serve the two Rhodesias . = = = Second World War = = = At a special sitting of Parliament on 28 August 1939 , Rhodesia determined to stand by Great Britain in the event that war should break out , as was expected . Of a white population of just 65 @,@ 000 , only 10 @,@ 000 were fit and available for active service . It was decided not to create a full Rhodesian formation : if it were wiped out , the colony 's future prosperity would be put at risk . Instead mostly small groups of Rhodesians were distributed throughout the British Army , Navy and Air Force . In the Defence Report of 1939 , it was stated that forces would be trained and organised not only for internal security and defence but also to defend British interests in service outside its borders . = = = = Empire Air Training Scheme = = = = As early as 1936 , an air training scheme was inaugurated at Cranborne , near Salisbury , where the civilian flying school instructed pilots . Facilities were later extended to Bulawayo . In August 1937 , Squadron Leader G.A Powell and Flight Lieutenant V.E. Maxwell were seconded from the RAF to oversee service training . In September 1939 , the Rhodesian Air Training Group , under the direction of Air Vice Marshal ( later Sir ) Charles Warburton Meredith , took in 500 recruits at Cranborne . An offer was made to British Air Ministry to run a flying school and to train personnel to man three squadrons , which was duly accepted . The Southern Rhodesia Air Force effectively ceased to exist after its last training course was completed on 6 April 1940 . Its three squadrons became 44 , 237 and 266 Squadrons , Royal Air Force , bearing the name of Rhodesia . The Rhodesian Air Training Group invited the public to submit design proposals for the Squadrons ' crests . = = = = = Rhodesia Air Training Group = = = = = Meanwhile , preparations were underway in Rhodesia to expand facilities for the training of pilots . In January 1940 the government announced the creation of a Department of Air , completely separate from that of Defence . Guest was appointed Minister of Air , a post he held from 28 March 1940 to 6 May 1946 . He inaugurated and administered what became the second largest Empire Air Training Scheme , beginning with the establishment of three units at Salisbury , Bulawayo and Gwelo , each comprising a preliminary and an advanced training school . Rhodesia was the last of the Commonwealth countries to enter the Empire Air Training Scheme and the first to turn out fully qualified pilots . No.25 Elementary Flying Training School at Belvedere Air Station , Salisbury , was the first school to be opened , on 25 May 1940 by Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke @-@ Popham . It was followed by a Service School at Cranborne . In Bulawayo , an Elementary School was established at Sauerdale , although due to the unsuitability of the ground surface , it was moved to Induna , with a Service School at Kumalo . Gwelo had an Elementary School at Guinea Fowl and a Service School at Thornhill . The Elementary Schools were equipped with Tiger Moths and the Service Schools , single @-@ engine Harvards and twin @-@ engine Airspeed Oxfords . At Moffat , the first gunners passed out in September 1941 from the only Bombing and Gunnery School in Southern Rhodesia . The trainees came mainly from Britain but also from Australia , Canada , South Africa , New Zealand , USA , Yugoslavia , Greece , France , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Kenya , Uganda , Tanganyika , Fiji and Malta . In total 8 @,@ 500 British aircrew were trained in Southern Rhodesia during the War . = = = = = 237 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron = = = = = No. 1 Squadron , Southern Rhodesia Air Force , was among the units posted to East African Force in Kenya in September 1939 to undertake the role of army co @-@ operation , including reconnaissance and air @-@ photography work , as well as dive @-@ bombing operations and ground @-@ strafing , and conducting artillery shoots . On 22 April 1940 , the squadron was renamed No. 237 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron , Royal Air Force and took the Latin motto Primum Agmen in Caelo ( The Vanguard in the Sky ) , being Rhodesia 's first in the field . In September 1940 , 237 Squadron was relieved by units of the South Arican Air Force and redeployed in Sudan , where the Operations Record for the last three months of 1940 showed it was involved in reconnaissance , dive @-@ bombing and pamphlet @-@ dropping . At the start of 1941 , the Squadron was re @-@ equipped with less antiquated aircraft . The Hardys were replaced by Westland Lysander II army co @-@ operation planes as well as Gloster Gladiator fighter biplanes . 237 Squadron moved out of East Africa after the defeat of the Italians in May 1941 . They had seen active service in Kenya , Sudan , Eritrea and Abyssinia . The Squadron was involved in the Western Desert Campaign against Rommel . After a lull in the summer of 1941 , it took heavy casualties in the closing months inflicted on it by Me109F and Macchis . It was withdrawn to the Canal Zone in February 1942 after five months in the Western Desert . The Squadron 's crest was presented to it by Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder on 30 March 1942 . = = = = = 266 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron = = = = = 266 Squadron , RAF , was formed at RAF Sutton Bridge on 30 October 1939 . The majority of the Squadron were Rhodesian , with the exception of a few groundstaff and the commanding officer . Equipped with Spitfires , it was the Rhodesian fighter squadron and it took as its motto a Sindebele word Hlabezulu ( Stabber of Skies ) . It first went into action over Dunkirk on 2 June 1940 . By June 1941 , the Squadron , led by Sqn Ldr T.B. de la P. Beresford , was stationed at RAF Wittering , near Peterborough . Its duties included patrolling , escorting convoys , offensive sweeps of northern France and the Belgian and Dutch coasts , as well as escorting bombing raids over France and the Rhine . In January 1942 , the Squadron received Hawker Typhoons and later in the month moved to Duxford . = = = = = 44 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron = = = = = 44 Squadron , RAF , stationed at Waddington , south of Lincoln , was renamed 44 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron in September 1941 , and took as its motto Fulmina Regis Justa ( The King 's thunderbolts are righteous ) . The bomber Squadron , equipped with Hampdens , took part in raids on Berlin and many other targets , as well as mine @-@ laying in sea traffic lanes . It was also in September 1941 that the Squadron received the proto @-@ type Lancaster bomber , the first squadron of the RAF to receive the new aircraft . On a visit to the Squadron in December , Guest and Meredith were taken on a flight in the new plane . Although the order was given in December to cease operations in the Hampdens , it was not until 3 March 1942 that the Lancaster was put on active service on its first battle mission for the entire RAF . The Squadron , with its Lancasters , was given key targets to bomb : on 17 April 1942 , six Lancasters from 44 Squadron alongside six from 97 Squadron , bombed the MAN diesel engine factory , which produced more than half of the German U @-@ boats , as well as engines for ships , tanks and transport vehicles . The success – at a cost of five planes and crew to 44 Squadron – earned the thanks of the Prime Minister himself . The Squadron was further involved in the obliteration of Rostock on 8 May and took part in the 1 @,@ 000 @-@ aircraft attack on Cologne on 30 May . = = = After the war = = = From 1944 , Guest was Leader of the House until he retired from political office in 1948 . He retained his wartime role as Air Minister and Rhodesia capitalised on her experience to form her own highly efficient Air Force . He also tackled the problem of young airmen returning to civilian life , training aircrews for civilian duty as well as helping young men complete their academic education . He continued as Minister of Defence and Air from 7 June 1946 to 15 September 1948 . He chaired the South African Air Transport Council in its deliberations in 1947 regarding air traffic control and the establishment of control centres at Nairobi , Salisbury and Johannesburg , as well as communications and the future needs of air transport in	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1941 . = = Honours = = Guest was appointed OBE in 1938 and KBE ( Civil Division ) in the 1944 New Year Honours List " for public services , especially in inauguration of Empire Air Training Scheme . " He was also appointed CVO by King George VI during the Royal Family 's visit to Rhodesia in April 1947 , and CMG in 1949 New Years Honours List . He was granted the right in December 1948 to retain the title Honourable , having served for more than three years as a member of the Executive Council of Southern Rhodesia . The University of Witwatersrand , South Africa , recognised him with an Honorary Degree in 1953 , Doctor of Laws . = = Death = = Sir Ernest Lucas Guest died on 20 September 1972 at the age of 90 , in Salisbury , Rhodesia . A special sitting of both divisions of the High Court was convened to pay tribute to Guest on 27 September 1972 . In Parliament , a motion of condolence was moved on 14 November 1972 by Jack Howman , Minister of Foreign Affairs , Defence and Public Services – and a partner in Coghlan , Welsh & Guest – as Acting Leader of the House . = = Legacy = = The construction of Kariba Dam was of enormous value to the development of both Rhodesia and the Zambian Copperbelt , and led to the creation of what was at the time the largest manmade lake in Africa south of the Sahara . = Tales of Vesperia = Tales of Vesperia ( Japanese : テイルズオブヴェスペリア , Hepburn : Teiruzu Obu Vesuperia ) is a Japanese role @-@ playing video game developed by Namco Tales Studio for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) . The tenth mainline entry in the Tales , it was published in Japan and North America by Namco Bandai Games in 2008 , and in European territories by Atari in 2009 . An expanded port of the game for the PS3 was released in 2009 in Japan , but has not been released in Western territories . The gameplay is similar to previous Tales games , featuring a new version of the series ' trademark action @-@ based Linear Motion Battle System , while also introducing new elements such as online scoring boards . Vesperia is set in the world of Terca Lumireis , which uses an energy source called blastia for all its needs , including creating protective barriers around its cities . The story focuses on Yuri Lowell , a former Imperial soldier who forms a guild called Brave Vesperia to aid Estelle , a noble woman he encounters on a mission . As they explore the world , Brave Vesperia are challenged by factions who have different plans related to the abuse of blastia resources , and Yuri is forced to confront his friend and former comrade Flynn . The game 's story theme is justice , and its Characteristic Genre Name is " RPG to Enforce Justice " ( 正義を貫くＲＰＧ , Seigi o tsuranukitōsu RPG ) . Preliminary work on Vesperia began in 2005 . Full development began in May of the following year and lasted approximately two years . Returning staff included producer Yoshito Higuchi , composers Motoi Sakuraba and Shinji Tamura , and character designer Kōsuke Fujishima . The writers included Takashi Hasegawa and Hideo Baba . Developed by the same team that made Tales of Symphonia and Tales of the Abyss , it was designed for the Xbox 360 as the PS3 had yet to be shown to the company and the former console was achieving international popularity . The anime cutscenes were created by Production I.G , with an art style influenced by cel @-@ shaded animation . The game 's theme song , Ring a Bell by Bonnie Pink , was used for both the Japanese and English releases . Upon release , the game was an international commercial success , selling over 600 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . Critical reception has been generally positive , and further media related to the world of Vesperia has been developed . = = Gameplay = = Tales of Vesperia is a role @-@ playing video game set in a fantasy world featuring three @-@ dimensional environments and characters . The game 's environments are split into two types . On the field map , the main characters navigate reduced @-@ scale environments . A compass and mini @-@ map are displayed , along with towns , other named locations , and enemy icons . Striking an enemy icon triggers a battle , while interacting with a town causes the party to enter it . In battle and towns or similar locations , characters move around environments built on a lifelike scale relative to the human characters . In these areas , the party may interact with non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) . Within these environments , items such as crates came be moved by the currently @-@ assigned character . After a certain point in the game , an item called the Sorcerer 's Ring is given to the party , enabling them to shoot bolts of energy . These bolts can be used to activate switches , move objects , and attack enemies from a distance . Save points can be found in dungeons and towns . Items such as equipment and weapons are purchased with Gald , the in @-@ game currency . While in environments , players can trigger optional character conversations called Skits . In Skits , characters are represented by head @-@ and @-@ shoulder portraits , and the conversations can range from dramatic to comedic . Characters have several different stats and gauges : their health ( HP ) , a magic meter stocked by Technical Points ( TP ) , and Learning Points ( LP ) for learning skills. a character 's respective agility or luck , and how a character reacts to attacks . Attack types are physical and magical , while defense is limited to physical attacks . Characters gain experience levels through accumulating experience points ( EXP ) . EXP and Gald is earned through battles , along with recovering a degree of TP and occasionally items dropped by defeated enemies . Skills , attributes that change different stats , can be assigned to each character . The number of skills that can be assigned is calculated by the number of skill points each character has available . Battling with equipment associated with a particular skill enables that character to learn it when they have filled their LP meter . Cooking , creating meals with ingredients found in battle or around explored environments , can also be used by individual characters to restore their HP and TP and grant temporary enhancements . Recipes are learned from a character called the Wonder Chef . = = = Battle system = = = Vesperia uses a variation on the series ' trademark action @-@ oriented Linear Motion Battle System ( LMBS ) , which plays out in a similar way to a fighting game . The variation used in Vesperia is called the " Evolved Flex @-@ Range LMBS " . Battles take place in an isolated battle arena within the environment , with the battle party being made up of one player @-@ controlled character and three characters controlled by the game 's artificial intelligence ( AI ) . The AI commands can be customized from a set of skills , with their assigned tasks affecting their actions and placement on the battlefield . Vesperia also features a local four @-@ player multiplayer option : up to four players can connect to a single Xbox 360 console through both wired and wireless controllers . While no online multiplayer is available , players can use Xbox Live to post their respective scores , including damage chains and consecutive hit numbers , on online leaderboards . The boards can be updated by players while saving the game . Enemies , encountered in environments as icons , react differently depending on how they are approached and attacked : using the right attack or approaching them unawares grants the party an advantage in battle . If other groups of enemies are close by , they are also drawn into the initiated battle . For both player characters and enemies , battle skills and character performance can be affected by elemental attributes . Status ailments can also be inflicted by both the party and enemies . They are divided into physical ailments and magical ailments , which have a variety of negative effects : physical effects can be effects like slowing or poisoning a character , while magical ailments can cause units to turn on their allies or automatically recover a knocked @-@ out party member . Items used on characters can restore TP or HP , or remove status ailments . Characters learn new skills during battles , along with Titles that affect aspects of characters . In battle , players can perform multiple actions : walking or running along a fixed axis , freely running around the battlefield , jumping in any direction , guarding against attacks , and pausing the battle to select a different enemy to attack . Characters can launch various attacks , from standard strikes to strikes that can interrupt enemy attacks . The player character 's attacks can be chained together to create combo attacks , which create a continual flow of attacks without giving the enemy a chance to attack . Continual strikes activate the change for a Fatal Strike , which kills normal enemies and heavily damages bosses . Landing successive Fatal Strikes grants bonuses at the end of the battle . During battle , landing successive strikes without taking hits fill an Over Limit meter . Once the meter is full , the player character can perform continual attacks and cast Artes without casting time during the Over Limit 's duration . During battles , Secret Mission can be triggered by performing unspecified actions . Completing Secret Missions grants a bonus to the battle grade or acquire an item . All characters can use Artes , special physical and magical abilities which can range from standard attacks to healing magic . Learned by leveling up a character , Artes can be both specifically directed and have a general area of effect . Four Artes can be assigned to each character , and each Arte can be assigned to a hot key . Some Artes can be used outside battle to cure characters . In addition to standard Artes , each character can access Mystic Arts , extra @-@ powerful cinematic attacks . = = Plot = = The people of Terca Lumireis rely on an energy source called " blastia " , devices created by the Krytia from using the crystallized remains of a powerful race known as the Entelexeia . Blastia are powered using a mystical substance known as " aer " and were used to provide resources and protection to major cities . In ancient times , misuse of blastia by the Krytia prompted the Entelexeia to absorb the excess aer generated by blastia abuses : consuming too much aer to handle , a group of Entelexeia transformed into a monster known as the Adephagos , which would consume every living thing on the planet by converting it into aer and absorbing it . Sacrificing humans with the innate ability to convert aer into magical energy , known as " Children of the Full Moon " , they created a barrier to seal away the Adephagos . The remaining Children of the Full Moon and the Entelexeia decided on the new arrangement of the world : in future times , an unnamed Empire rules over large portions of Terca Lumireis , with the Children 's descendants being its ruling family . Ten years prior to the events of Vesperia , a new form of blastia was developed that could seriously damage Terca Lumireis ' ecosystem and potentially release the Adephagos . The Entelexeia attempted to warn humanity in vain , and when they attempted to destroy the new blastia , they were defeated in a war . One of the veterans of the Great War , Duke , is utterly disillusioned with humanity after his Entelexeia companion Elucifer is seen as a potential threat and killed . In the present , former Imperial knight Yuri Lowell goes on a mission to retrieve his neighborhood 's blastia core from a nobleman when their reservoir fails . While on his mission , he encounters a noble woman called Estelle , and flees with her from the capital in pursuit of the blastia thief . On their journey , they also meet Karol , a trainee hunter separated from his guild ; a blastia researcher named Rita ; Raven , a Great War veteran ; Judith , a Krytia who seeks to destroy the blastia harming the aer balance ; and exclusive to the PS3 version only , seemingly the descender of a legendary pirate Aifread named Patty Fleur . Together , the group recover the stolen core from a corrupt guild leader and return it to Yuri 's friend and former fellow knight Flynn . Yuri and Karol then decide to form an independent guild called Brave Vesperia . Shortly after this , Estelle is attacked by an Entelexeia called Phaeroh , who accuses her of poisoning the planet . After investigating and meeting a second time with Phaeroh , Brave Vesperia learn that Estelle is a Child of the Full Moon , capable of converting aer into magic without the aid of a blastia core , and that her actions are causing the aer krene , the sources of aer , to overproduce aer with deadly results . Alongside these events , Yuri sees that the Imperial authorities are powerless to act against powerful figures involved in blastia abuse : he takes matters into his own hands and murders two officials connected to the abuses . These acts put a strain on his friendship with Flynn . After this , Estelle is kidnapped by Raven , revealed to be an agent of Commandant Alexei , leader of the Knights and the mastermind behind the blastia thefts : Alexei intends to use Estelle 's power and the replica of a magical sword to activate an ancient weapon called the Enduring Shrine of Zaude and remake the world , erasing the harmful blastia . After Raven decides to remain with Brave Vesperia after helping Estelle to escape with them , the group travel to Zaude to stop Alexei . They fail , and as Zaude is activated , it is revealed to be a barrier generator which kept the Adephagos sealed off from the world . As the Adephagos is released , Alexei is killed as Zaude collapses and Yuri is separated from the group after one of Flynn 's subordinates attempts to kill him without Flynn 's knowledge . Rescued by Duke , Yuri decides to stop the Adaphagos . During his absence , Rita discovers a means of converting blastia cores into spirits , which can process aer into a less @-@ dangerous alternate energy called mana , stabilizing the aer krene and keeping Estelle 's powers in check . In turn , the mana could power a weapon capable of destroying the Adephagos . After receiving permission from the world 's leaders to carry out their plan , Brave Vesperia must confront Duke aboard the city @-@ sized weapon Tarqaron . Duke intends to convert all of human life , including himself , into energy to power the weapon and destroy the Adephagos , returning the world to a more primal state of being . While they share some goals , they are forced to fight due to their conflicting methods . After defeating Duke , Yuri attempts to use the converted blastia energy against Adaphagos , but it proves insufficient . Moved by Brave Vesperia 's efforts , Duke provides the extra power and Adaphagos is destroyed . The Entelexeia that formed the Adaphagos are then converted into spirits to revitalize the planet . A post @-@ credits scene shows Brave Vesperia continuing their adventures . = = Development = = Preliminary work for Tales of Vesperia began in 2005 during the later development stages of Tales of the Abyss , which released that year . Due to the success of Abyss , Vesperia was initially planned as a title for the PlayStation 2 . However , upon seeing the projected lifespan of sixth @-@ generation consoles , the executives at Namco Bandai informed the team that Abyss would be the last Tales title of that generation . In addition to this , the team felt limited by the previous generation 's hardware . In response , they decided to make the next flagship installment on next @-@ generation hardware . At the time when a platform was chosen , the PlayStation 3 had yet to be shown to the company and the Xbox 360 was highly popular in the west , so they settled on the latter . Being on that platform , the team were also able to make use of Xbox Live , enabling trophy and online ranking implementation . During areas of development , the team were in communication with Microsoft about how to best utilize the platform . Full development began in May 2006 , taking approximately two years to complete . The development team , dubbed " Team Symphonia " , was the same group that developed Abyss and the 2003 entry Tales of Symphonia . While designing the battle system , the team drew inspiration from the version used in Abyss . During the early production phases , the team was torn between a cel @-@ shaded anime or realistic style of art direction : they eventually settled on an anime style and production went fairly smoothly from there on . The shaders for the characters were designed using the game 's drawing engine , as opposed to the hand @-@ drawn shaders of characters in Abyss . The game 's director Yoshito Higuchi originally wanted a realistic feel after the cartoon @-@ like styling and shader techniques of Abyss and the Wii spin @-@ off title Tales of Symphonia : Dawn of the New World . One of the challenges this presented for the background designers was adjusting for the advent of LCD televisions . The positive aspect of this was that more colors could be displayed than on cathode ray tubes . In hindsight , it was felt that the final effect lacked the desired polish . The anime cutscenes were created by Production I.G , with the number and length increasing from previous titles . The scenario was written by Takashi Hasegawa , who had written for multiple series entries since Tales of Eternia ; Koki Matsumoto , who had written the scenario of Tales of Legendia ; Hideo Baba , who had previously done work on Tales of Rebirth ; and Takaaki Okuda , a newcomer to the series . The game 's title , meant to be indicative of the games ' theme of justice , was derived from " Vesper " , a name referring to the planet Venus . Its general meaning was to depict the protagonists and their ship as a newly @-@ born star shining on the land , similar to Venus in the evening sky . The logo was also design to convey this , and the term " Vesperia " was used in @-@ game for the party 's airship . The game 's main protagonist , Yuri Lowell , was created to be a more mature , evolved protagonist than Kyle Dunamis in Tales of Destiny 2 or Luke fon Fabre in Abyss . His role was to facilitate the growth of the other characters , and to have a sense of justice that did not take account of the law . Veteran Tales character designer , Kōsuke Fujishima , was brought in to design the main characters . Fujishima found designing Yuri difficult , while Flynn proved one of the easiest designs . One of the intentions for Flynn and Yuri was for their designs to contrast with each other . A main character not designed by Fujishima was Repede , who was designed by the art director Daigo Okumura . = = = Music = = = The music was composed by Motoi Sakuraba , who had composed for nearly all the previous Tales games , and his regular partner Shinji Tamura , the latter working under the alias Hibiki Aoyama . While creating the soundtrack , Sakuraba was caught in the transition between sequenced to prerecorded streamed music , the latter of which gave room for rearrangements and improvisation mid @-@ production . Sequenced music had been used up to Abyss , so it was the first time in the series that Sakuraba used this method , although he had done so for all his other projects at the time . For some tracks , a heavy piano element was used , with Sakuraba playing the instrument . Tamura worked with Sakuraba to create different feelings for the various tracks : character themes were melodic , dungeon themes were given a simple and minimalist mood , while town themes struck a balance between these two approaches . In addition to original tracks , three remixed tracks from other Namco Bandai games were included . The game 's theme song , " Ring a Bell " , was sung by Japanese singer @-@ songwriter Bonnie Pink , and was the first theme song to be shared by both the Japanese and western versions of a Tales game . The song 's subject matter , inspired by the game 's story and themes , focused on deep friendship between men , and by extension love between men and women . Bonnie Pink was chosen by the producers after a long period of internal consultation . They contacted Warner Music Japan , Bonnie Park 's label company , fairly early in the game 's production , and discussed the theme song 's connection to the story at great length . Bonnie Pink was also chosen as part of the team 's plans for an international release , as they wanted to create an English version of the song for the Western release . Bonnie both wrote the original lyrics and translated them into English . Arrangements of " Ring a Bell " are used in some tracks in the main soundtrack , but the song itself is not included on the soundtrack album . = = Release = = Vesperia was first announced in December 2007 at that year 's Jump Festa for a 2008 release in Japan , although its planned platform was not revealed . The game 's characteristic genre name , a recurring feature for the series representative of the game 's theme , is " RPG to Enforce Justice " ( 正義を貫くＲＰＧ , Seigi o tsuranukitōsu RPG ) . It represents Yuri 's feelings and personal goals . It was announced for a 2008 overseas release on Xbox 360 in February 2008 . It was later confirmed that it would release for that platform in Japan . In a first for the series , the team wanted to have a simultaneous worldwide release for the title , and so were developing the localized version alongside the original . This process proved exhausting . The team were able to make the skits , the game 's extra conversation pieces , fully voice in the western version , which they were not able to do for Abyss or Symphonia because of time constraints . The translation was done by 8 @-@ 4 , and dubbed by Cup of Tea Productions . The game released in Japan on August 7 , 2008 . Alongside the standard release , the game was packaged with an Xbox 360 Premium Edition . The game released in North America on August 26 , just under three weeks after its Japanese release . In July , a demo for the game was released via Xbox Live . Along with the standard edition , a Special Edition bundled with a CD featuring selected music from previous games was released to celebrate the series ' tenth anniversary in the west . The European release , which came nearly a year after the game 's North American release , was handled by Atari . The game released in Europe on June 26 , 2009 . The game was released in Australia on June 25 , 2009 . = = = PlayStation 3 port = = = A port of the game for the PlayStation 3 was announced in April 2009 . The port features full voice acting , containing nearly twice as much voice work as the original voice script , which covers previously unvoiced cutscenes in the 360 version . The game also features various new characters , has Flynn as a permanent playable character , and adds a new playable character in the form of Patty Fleur . Development on the port began in 2008 , after the release of the original version . Speaking on why the port was being developed , a developer who worked on Vampire Rain said that companies like Namco Bandai first developed for the Xbox 360 due to superior funding and development support when compared to Sony , then ported to PS3 with minimal effort so they could recoup development costs and add features that needed to be cut from the original game . The port was released on September 17 , 2009 . It was later re @-@ released as part of Sony 's budget series release on August 2 , 2012 . Speaking in January 2010 , Namco Bandai announced that they had no plans to release the port overseas . Later that year , Yuri 's English voice actor Troy Baker said that he had been recording new English dialogue for the PS3 port . A report from a Namco Bandai employee sparked speculation that the reason behind the lack of a localization was due to a deal with Microsoft to keep the game as an Xbox 360 exclusive in western territories . Later , she retracted this statement , apologizing for creating false impressions . Series producer Hideo Baba later said that the main factor in this decision was the strain put on the team with the simultaneous release of the original , meaning a Japan @-@ exclusive release was chosen to lessen the burden . This also coincided with poor marketing feedback for the series in western territories . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = The game garnered a positive critical reception upon release : on GameRankings and Metacritic , it scored 81 % and 79 / 100 based on 54 and 67 critic reviews respectively . In IGN 's Best of 2008 awards , Vesperia was nominated for Best RPG and Best Original Score in the Xbox 360 category . In GameSpot 's own similar awards , it was nominated for awards in the " Special Achievement - Best Story " and " Special Achievement - Best Graphics , Artistic " categories . The year after its release , Technology Tell cited it as one of the best Tales games to have come overseas . Famitsu gave the game a strong review , with one reviewer calling it " [ one ] of the most outstanding games in the series " , giving it a Platinum award and giving it the highest score out of the game 's reviewed in that edition of the magazine . Eurogamer 's Simon Parkin said that , while lacking the big @-@ budget look of other JRPG series and sticking to many of the genre 's conventions , " Namco is to be applauded for updating the series with no small amount of consideration and flair , an effort that has resulted in the strongest entry to the aging series yet " . Edge praised the cast 's strength and the battle system , saying that the development team 's focus in other areas was what made the game enjoyable and easy to play . Andrew Fitch , writing for 1UP.com , greatly enjoyed the technical improvement over Abyss and enjoyed the battle system and other elements including some mature plot elements , but noted translation issues in the English script and a lack of end @-@ game content . As part of his review , he called it " perhaps the finest franchise entry to date " . Matt Miller of Game Informer was less positive than most other reviewers , finding the story and gameplay lacking while appreciating the graphical polish . IGN 's Ryan Geddes called it " a strong anime @-@ style Japanese RPG " , generally citing the game as an enjoyable experience . Francesca Reyes , writing for Official Xbox Magazine , found some aspects of the battle system frustrating , but stated that most other aspects of the game made up for this deficiency . Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot was positive overall , despite noting a lack of strategy in a lot of battles and similarity to previous Tales games . Hardcore Gamer 's Steve Hannley called the game a good starting point for the series on then @-@ current consoles . RPGFan 's Ashton Liu said that , while it stood as perhaps the best entry in the series , he also noted that it had not evolved very much mechanically when compared to other RPG series . GameSpy 's Gabe Graziani cited it as a graphical improvement over other JRPGs on the console , and praised the characters despite citing the story as being conventional , and called it " [ a ] superior blend of style and production value " . Famitsu gave the PS3 port a positive review , noting its expanded content when compared to the original and sharing many sentiments with their original review . Japanese gaming website 4Gamer.net recommended the PS3 port to both veterans of the series and to newcomers , and positively noting its expanded content . James Quentin Clark , reviewing the port for RPGFan , said that the added features had made Vesperia the best JRPG of its console generation . In conclusion , he called it " the most complete package game in the series and a must @-@ have for fans of action RPGs " . = = = Sales = = = In its debut week , Vesperia reached # 4 in Famitsu 's sales charts , selling around 120 @,@ 000 units . An alternate assessment by Media Create placed the game at # 4 with sales of 108 @,@ 000 units . The game helped boost sales of its console in Japan : sales rose to just under 25 @,@ 000 over roughly 5 @,@ 000 during the previous week , doubling the console 's sales when compared to the PS3 . By the beginning of 2009 , the game had sold just over 161 @,@ 000 , reaching # 82 in Famitsu 's list of 100 top @-@ selling games of 2008 . It was also the only Xbox 360 game to appear in the list . As of April 2010 , the game 's Japanese sales have reached 204 @,@ 305 units . This makes it the second best @-@ selling Xbox 360 game in Japan , behind Star Ocean : The Last Hope and ahead of Blue Dragon . In North America , Vesperia sold 33 @,@ 000 copies during the 4 days after its launch . In its debut week , the Premium and Standard editions were placed first and second in North American sales charts . In the United Kingdom , it debuted at # 35 in the country 's gaming charts . According to Namco Bandai 's fiscal report for that financial year , the game sold a combined total of 410 @,@ 000 units in North America and in the UK , becoming the company 's third best @-@ selling title in that period . During its first day on sale , the PS3 port sold 140 @,@ 000 units , more than the first month 's sales of the original version and nearly equal to its lifetime sales at the time . The port has sold 407 @,@ 000 units as of September 2011 , making one of the better @-@ selling Tales games on PlayStation consoles at the time . The budget series release of the port sold a further 7 @,@ 229 units . = = Media adaptations = = In October 2009 , an anime film titled Tales of Vesperia : The First Strike was released in Japanese cinemas , roughly coinciding with the release of the PS3 version of the game . The anime is prequel to the game showing Yuri Lowell 's time as an Imperial Knight . It was released as a Blu @-@ ray / DVD bundle in Japan with downloadable content for the PS3 version in May 2010 . The game was also released in Japan on Universal Media Disc . An English localization of the anime was released on Blu @-@ ray and DVD in 2012 . Speaking in 2009 after the theatrical release of The First Strike , Makoto Yoshizumi , the publishing general manager for Namco Bandai , said that there was a possibility of sequels to both Tales of Vesperia and The First Strike , but as yet nothing has materialized . Tales of Vesperia spawned five manga adaptations : one specially @-@ produced anthology collection , one traditional adaptation , one yonkoma titled Tales of Vepseria Four Panels Kings , an adaptation of the last segment of the game titled Tales of Vesperia : Trajectory of Venus , and an adaptation of The First Strike . Ichijinsha was the publisher for all but Trajectory of Venus , which was published by ASCII Media Works . Three novel adaptations have also been made : a four @-@ part novelization of the game , a four @-@ part series focusing on Raven titled Tales of Vesperia : Mask of the Void , and a two @-@ part series focusing on Judith titled Tales of Vesperia : Silence of the Errand Dragon . An episodic audio novel adaptation following Yuri and Flynn 's childhood , Tales of Vesperia : Genealogy of the Condemned , began release on Android and iOS in April 2014 . Multiple CD dramas have also been produced : these include an audio adaptation of Vesperia , comic dramas focused around Brave Vesperia , a prequel to Mask of the Void , and a prequel to The First Strike . = 1897 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1897 Atlantic hurricane season was an inactive season , featuring only six known tropical cyclones , four of which made landfall . There were three hurricanes , none of which strengthened into major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The first system was initially observed south of Cape Verde on August 31 , an unusually late date . The storm was the strongest of the season , peaking as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) . While located well north of the Azores , rough seas by the storm sunk a ship , killing all 45 crewmen . A second storm was first spotted in the Straits of Florida on September 10 . It strengthened into a hurricane and tracked northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico , striking Louisiana shortly before dissipating on September 13 . This storm caused 29 deaths and $ 150 @,@ 000 ( 1897 USD ) in damage . The third storm developed in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on September 20 . It tracked along the East Coast of the United States , causing widespread damage , particularly in Florida . A fourth storm was first observed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on September 25 . This storm moved in a semicircular path around Cuba and was last noted offshore Florida four days later . Minor wind and flood damage was reported in Cuba . On October 9 , the fifth hurricane of the season was located near the Windward Islands . Moving westward , the storm eventually curved northeastward while crossing the Caribbean Sea , causing it to strike Cuba . Minor damage was reported on the island , though a ship sank with 230 people aboard ; 42 of them were rescued , while the remaining 188 were presumed dead . The final observed system developed in the vicinity of the Bahamas on October 23 . It later struck the Outer Banks of North Carolina ; the storm caused severe flooding in southeastern Virginia , with six deaths reported . It was last noted on October 29 . The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 55 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength . = = Storms = = = = = Hurricane One = = = The first hurricane of the season was observed near Cape Verde , beginning at 0600 UTC on August 31 . Initially a tropical storm , it slowly strengthened while heading west @-@ northwestward , reaching hurricane status on September 1 . Curving northwestward , the storm intensified further into a Category 2 hurricane on September 3 . It continued heading northwestward until curving to the northeast late on September 6 . Around 1130 UTC on the following day , the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 972 mbar ( 28 @.@ 7 inHg ) . Early on September 9 , the system weakened to a Category 1 , before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone well north of the Azores later that day . The extratropical remnants continued weaken , before dissipating west of Ireland on September 10 The crew of the barkentine St. Peter reported that another ship capsized with 45 men aboard ; all of them drowned . = = = Hurricane Two = = = A second hurricane was spotted in the Straits of Florida at tropical storm intensity on September 10 . Several hours later , the system made landfall in Marquesas Keys , Florida . Early on September 11 , it strengthened into a hurricane . Intensifying slightly further , the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) shortly thereafter . The hurricane maintained this intensity while moving west @-@ northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico and struck extreme southwestern Cameron Parish , Louisiana early on September 13 . Shortly thereafter , it weakened to a tropical storm over Texas , before dissipating several hours later . No impact was reported in the Florida Keys . Strong winds in southwestern Louisiana damaged crops and toppled windmills . Offshore , boats and schooners suffered severe damage from wind @-@ driven waves . Severe damage occurred in eastern Texas , with strong winds and storm surge damaging or destroying numerous buildings , houses , and crops in several cities , including Beaumont , New Sabine Pass , Orange , Sabine Pass , and Port Arthur . The storm was considered the worst in Orange since 1875 . Overall , the storm caused at least 29 fatalities in Texas , with six died at Port Arthur , three offshore , four in Sabine Pass , and sixteen others at Beaumont . Damage in the state reached approximately $ 150 @,@ 000 . = = = Tropical Storm Three = = = The third storm of the season was first observed in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on September 20 . Strengthening while heading northeastward , the system made landfall near Boca Grande , Florida with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) early on the following day . Heavy rainfall in Tampa caused the streets and sideways to become inundated , leaving portions of the city impassable , especially areas adjacent to the DeSoto Hotel . Two fire stations were severely damaged . On the east coast of Florida , the worst impact occurred in Cocoa , where some buildings were destroyed and others were deroofed . Further north in Fernandina Beach , ships in the harbor broke loose and tossed about , leaving considerable damage . Although the storm weakened while crossing Florida , it later re @-@ strengthened after emerging into the Atlantic Ocean later on September 21 . The system moved northeastward and made landfall near Hatteras , North Carolina at 1000 UTC on September 23 , with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . In eastern North Carolina , strong winds and high tides were observed in New Bern . Shortly thereafter , it re @-@ emerged into the Atlantic Ocean . The system began weakening , while making two landfalls on September 24 , the first on Long Island , New York , and the second near New London , Connecticut . Thereafter , the storm accelerated to the northeast and weakened to a tropical depression over New Brunswick early on September 25 . Several hours later , the system dissipated offshore southeastern Labrador . = = = Tropical Storm Four = = = Early on September 25 , a tropical storm was spotted about 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of Grand Cayman . It moved slowly northwestward and passed near Cape San Antonio , Cuba early on September 27 . The storm then entered the Gulf of Mexico and began strengthening while curving northward . On September 28 , the system attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 010 mbar ( 30 inHg ) . Early on September 29 , the storm curved eastward and dissipated several hours later offshore Florida . In Cuba , the storm brought strong winds and heavy rainfall as far east as Havana , causing flooding , " but no great damage " . = = = Hurricane Five = = = The fifth tropical cyclone of the season was first observed near the Windward Islands on October 9 . It moved west @-@ northwestward across the Caribbean Sea and remained at that intensity for several days . The storm curved in a northwesterly direction by October 14 while located over the northwestern Caribbean Sea , and then northeastward on the following day . Eventually , it began to strengthen and reached hurricane intensity early on October 18 . Several hours later , the hurricane made landfall in modern @-@ day Sancti Spíritus Province , Cuba with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Minimal damage was reported in Cuba . However , the ship Triton sank offshore Pinar del Río Province with 230 men aboard . Forty @-@ two people were rescued by passing ships , while the remaining 188 died , including the captain , who committed suicide . The system weakened while crossing Cuba and fell to tropical storm intensity early on October 19 . Around that time , the storm emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near the central Bahamas . Crossing through the islands , the system curved north @-@ northeastward and began to accelerate . It did not re @-@ strengthen and made landfall near Cape Hatteras , North Carolina with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Strong winds and rainfall totals ranging from 1 to 7 inches ( 25 to 178 mm ) were observed along the coast of North Carolina . Strong winds were reported in portions of the Northeastern United States , with highest wind speed being 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) , observed in Block Island , Rhode Island . Reemerging into the Atlantic Ocean , this system continued rapidly northeastward , before becoming extratropical offshore New England on October 21 . = = = Tropical Storm Six = = = The final tropical cyclone was located over the Bahamas on October 23 . It moved north @-@ northeastward and remained at the same intensity . By October 25 , the storm began executing a cyclonic loop while offshore the East Coast of the United States . Around that time , the system attained its peak intensity with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Moving southwestward , the storm made landfall near Duck , North Carolina at 2300 UTC on October 25 , at the same intensity . Early on October 26 , the system curved southeastward and quickly moved offshore . It then moved eastward and later to the northeast , before becoming extratropical on October 29 . Along much of the East Coast of the United States , the Weather Bureau warned about gales and rough seas . From Cape Hatteras , North Carolina to Maine , storm surge and tides resulted in considerable damage to boardwalks and beach cottages . In Virginia , storm surge caused a number of small crafts and a few ships to be washed ashore or destroyed . The James River rose to 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) above high tide . A few cities experienced coastal flooding , including Chincoteague and Norfolk . The Willoughby Spit was split by the tides , washing away the Old Point Comfort railroad tracks . Cedar Island was " leveled to a mere flat breath of sand " . Six fatalities were reported in Virginia , four of them from drowning in Newport News , while the other two were caused by electrocution . = Hurricane Rafael = Hurricane Rafael produced minor damage in the northeastern Caribbean Sea in mid @-@ October 2012 . The seventeenth named storm and ninth hurricane of the annual hurricane season , Rafael originated from a tropical wave roughly 230 mi ( 370 km ) south @-@ southeast of Saint Croix on October 12 ; because the system already contained tropical storm @-@ force winds , it skipped tropical depression status . Though initially disorganized due to moderate wind shear , a subsequent decrease allowed for shower and thunderstorm activity to develop in earnest by October 14 . While moving north @-@ northwestward the following morning , Rafael intensified into a Category 1 hurricane . A cold front off the East Coast of the United States caused the system to turn northward and eventually northeastward by October 16 , at which time Rafael attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . As the cyclone entered a more stable atmosphere and tracked across increasingly cooler sea surface temperatures , it began extratropical transition , a process the system completed by the following afternoon . As a disorganized tropical cyclone in the northeastern Caribbean , Rafael produced major flooding across the region . As much as a foot of rain fell across portions of the Lesser Antilles , causing mudslides , landslides , and river flooding . In addition , the heavy rains led to significant crop loss . Sustained winds near hurricane force were recorded on Saint Martin , while tropical storm @-@ force gusts occurred widespread . Lightning activity as a result of heavy thunderstorms caused many fires and power outages . One fatality occurred when a woman in Guadeloupe unsuccessfully attempted to drive her car across a flooded roadway . As Rafael passed just to the east of Bermuda as a hurricane , light rainfall was recorded . Gusts over 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) left hundreds of houses without electricity . Large swells from the system caused significant damage to the coastline of Nova Scotia , while many roads were washed away or obscured with debris , but overall , damage was minimal . = = Meteorological history = = The formation of Hurricane Rafael is attributed to a low @-@ latitude tropical wave that emerged off the western coast of Africa on October 5 . The wave remained disorganized until roughly midway between the Cape Verde Islands and Lesser Antilles , at which time a broad area of low pressure developed and convection began to consolidate around it . As a result , the disturbance was introduced into the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) ' s 48 @-@ hour Tropical Weather Outlook with a low chance of tropical development . These chances were subsequently raised as further development occurred , with the system receiving a medium chance of development early on October 10 , and a high chance of development as it approached the southern Leeward Islands late the following evening . As the wave crossed into the eastern Caribbean Sea and slowed down , the previously broad and open surface low consolidated and became stacked with the mid @-@ level center . The disturbance was already producing tropical storm @-@ force winds , and as a result , skipped tropical depression status to become Tropical Storm Rafael at 1800 UTC on October 12 . At this time , the cyclone was located roughly 200 mi ( 320 km ) south @-@ southeast of St. Croix . Despite being named , Rafael remained disorganized initially ; this was the result of the interaction between an upper @-@ level trough and the cyclone itself . Moderate to strong wind shear dislocated the center of Rafael and the deepest shower and thunderstorm activity . Over the course of the next few days , however , the upper @-@ level trough gradually weakened and backed westward , allowing for the development of an anticyclone atop the tropical storm . Wind shear lessened , allowing the center to become obscured from view and outflow to develop in association with the system . As it began to execute a turn towards the north under the influence of an upper @-@ level trough to its west , a central dense overcast was noted on satellite imagery . Following a series of intensity estimates , Rafael was upgraded to a hurricane around 0600 UTC on October 15 , while positioned about 650 mi ( 1045 km ) south of Bermuda , although this intensity was speculated upon until later that afternoon following a hurricane hunters flight into the system . As Rafael moved northward , it continued to intensify rapidly in spite of moderate wind shear . An eye became visible on microwave imagery during the morning hours of October 16 , during which time the cyclone attained its peak intensity as a Category 1 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 969 mb ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 61 inHg ) . By the afternoon hours of that same day , data from an Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft indicated that Rafael was on the verge of a weakening trend , attributed to decreasing sea surface temperatures and higher wind shear . Though the system retained hurricane @-@ force winds , it began to transition into an extratropical cyclone on October 17 , a process it completed by 1800 UTC that same day after interacting with a cold front ; at the time of the transition , Rafael was positioned well southwest of Nova Scotia . The remnants of the cyclone looped around a larger extratropical low over the north @-@ central Atlantic Ocean for several days prior to dissipating over Portugal by 1800 UTC on October 26 . = = Preparations and impact = = = = = Caribbean islands = = = Shortly after the development of Rafael , a tropical storm watch was issued for the island of Puerto Rico ; tropical storm warnings were issued for surrounding locations , including the British and U.S. Virgin Islands . By the morning hours of October 13 , the warnings were discontinued for Saint Lucia and Martinique , but issued for Culebra and Vieques . The warnings were discontinued for Guadeloupe and Saint Martin by the pre @-@ dawn hours of the following morning as Rafael pulled away , and expired for the remaining northeastern Caribbean Islands several hours later . In preparation for the system , the Virgin Islands Territorial Management Angecy ( VITEMA ) activated several emergency operation centers across the region , and requested assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) , who deployed a team of workers to cover the aftermath of Rafael . The departments of public works and power authority placed emergency crews on standby , while all ports out of the U.S. Virgin Islands were open to outbound vessel traffic only ; the Coast Guard advised mariners to prepare for impending severe weather . As a tropical storm , Rafael hit Guadeloupe with large amounts of rain , causing significant damage to homes and especially crops . According to Météo @-@ France , up to 5 @.@ 9 inches ( 150 mm ) fell in 3 hours in the prefecture of Basse @-@ Terre , and up to 12 inches ( 300 mm ) in 48 hours between October 13 and 14 ; an estimated 7 @.@ 9 inches ( 200 mm ) fell during that same timeframe in Grande @-@ Terre . Flooding and mudslides as a result of the heavy rain damaged 60 to 80 % of the vegetable crops in Grande @-@ Terre , and lightning as a result of strong storms sparked fires and led to power outages . Sustained winds of 24 mph ( 39 km / h ) and gusts reaching 42 mph ( 68 km / h ) occurred in Raizet ; gusts reached 64 mph ( 103 km / h ) in La Désirade . A woman was killed in Matouba , part of Saint @-@ Claude , after attempting to drive her car across a flooded roadway ; she was swept away . Heavy rains in St. Kitts , amounting to 11 @.@ 87 in ( 301 mm ) in a 30 ‑ hour span , caused significant flooding and mudslides , especially around Basseterre . Traffic across the area was paralyzed as roads became impassable , and most businesses were closed for the duration of the storm . Many residents lost power and water supply as well . A few people attempted to drive through flooded roads and required rescue . Numerous weather stations in the French islands of Saint Barthélémy and Saint Martin recorded gusts of 63 mph ( 101 km / h ) and 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) , respectively . Although several boats were grounded , overall damage remained fairly minor in the French territories . Road 2 between Manati , Puerto Rico and Vega Baja , Puerto Rico was flooded ; several houses were also flooded at Toa Alta High . = = = Bermuda = = = As Rafael exited the northeastern Caribbean Sea , a tropical storm watch was issued for Bermuda on October 14 . This watch was subsequently upgraded to a tropical storm warning the following morning , but was dropped by early on October 17 as the system passed northeast of the island . In advance of the system , residents were urged to take their typical precautionary measures ; in addition , the main two airlines on Bermuda — WestJet and United Airlines — cancelled hundreds of flights on October 16 . Officials warned of minor storm surge along low @-@ lying coasts , while the Bermuda Weather Service ( BWS ) warned of two to four inches of rainfall . Winds , while stronger than locals expected , did not cause significant damage . The BWS noted that sustained winds of 34 mph ( 55 km / h ) , and gusts reaching 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) , occurred at the L.F. Wade International Airport as the storm made its closest approach ; these winds left about 600 houses without electricity according to the Bermuda Electric Light Company . Rainfall was less than originally feared , peaking at 1 @.@ 71 inches ( 43 mm ) . = = = Newfoundland = = = Though tropical cyclone watches and warnings were not issued , city officials in St. John 's recommended all residents in Newfoundland to prepare for Rafael . Large swells and storm surge produced by the post @-@ tropical cyclone caused extensive damage along the Avalon Peninsula . According to locals , the waves were more intense than during Hurricane Igor , a cyclone which devastated the region during the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season . Large sections of roads were washed out or covered in debris left behind by the waves . Near Trepassey , the local breakwater was destroyed in three sections , allowing waves to wash inland . As a result , a 9 @.@ 1 m ( 30 ft ) wide and 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) deep gap in one of the main roads was left behind . In an area known as the Lower Coast , 50 people were cut off from the surrounding area . Overall damage in the area was estimated at C $ 1 – 2 million . Rainfall associated with the storm was light , amounting to 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 in ) in Cape Race . = Ralph Larkin = Ralph Wild Larkin ( born May 27 , 1940 ) is an American sociologist and research consultant . He is the author of Suburban Youth in Cultural Crisis ( 1979 ) , Beyond Revolution : A New Theory of Social Movements ( 1986 ) , and Comprehending Columbine ( 2007 ) . He obtained his bachelor 's degree from the University of California , Santa Barbara and received a master 's degree in education from California State University at Northridge . In 1969 he received a Ph.D. in Sociology of Education from the University of California , Los Angeles , and he taught sociology at Rutgers University in 1973 . He met fellow sociologist Daniel A. Foss while teaching at Rutgers , and they later partnered in researching social movements . They co @-@ authored a book together on social movements , and have jointly published studies in academic journals including Theory & Society , Sociological Analysis , and Social Text . Larkin is a Senior Research Associate at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice , City University of New York , and owns his own consulting firm called Academic Research Consulting Service . = = Early life and education = = Larkin was born in Los Angeles , California on May 27 , 1940 , and obtained his bachelor 's degree from the University of California , Santa Barbara in 1961 . After teaching elementary school in California , Larkin obtained a master 's degree in education from California State University at Northridge in 1966 , and received his Ph.D. in Sociology of Education from the University of California , Los Angeles , in 1969 . In 1970 , Larkin moved to New York and worked as a research associate at the Center for Urban Education . He became an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Rutgers University in 1973 . = = Career = = = = = Research on social movements = = = Larkin met fellow sociologist Daniel A. Foss when they were both teaching Sociology at Rutgers University . They have frequently partnered in research on the study of social movements . The book Beyond Revolution : A New Theory of Social Movements was co @-@ authored with Foss . Larkin and Foss have also jointly published research in sociology journals , including a piece on the white middle class youth movement of the 1960s and its relationship to later movements such as the Children of God , the Divine Light Mission , Swami Muktananda and the Revolutionary Youth Movement in Theory and Society . They later wrote a more focused article dealing with Guru Maharaj Ji and his followers , which was published in Sociological Analysis , and a piece dealing with the vocabulary utilized in these social movements , in Social Text . Larkin and Foss ' research has later been cited by books on both the 1960s subculture , and on movements of social change such as the Hippie movement and other forms of counterculture and subculture . = = = Teaching = = = Larkin has taught coursework in the Department of Sociology at the Newark College of Arts and Science of Rutgers University , and was also a professor at the Center for the Study of Evaluation , University of California , Los Angeles Graduate School of Education . After the publication of his work Comprehending Columbine , Larkin was contacted by the press for comment on the Columbine High School massacre , and discussed a judge 's decision to seal information and tapes containing information about the killers . " The judge said the tapes were incendiary . We have plenty of things already that stimulate violence , " said Larkin . Prior to writing the book , Larkin had given a seminar at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice 's Center on Terrorism , entitled : " From Oklahoma City to Columbine : Paramilitary Influences on Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold . " Larkin is a Senior Research Associate at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice , City University of New York , and owns his own consulting firm called Academic Research Consulting Service . = = Published works = = = = = Books = = = Larkin , Ralph W. ( January 28 , 2007 ) . Comprehending Columbine . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 @-@ 59213 @-@ 491 @-@ 2 . Foss , Daniel A. ; Ralph Larkin ( March 31 , 1986 ) . Beyond Revolution : A New Theory of Social Movements ( Critical Perspectives in Social Theory ) . Bergin & Garvey . ISBN 0 @-@ 89789 @-@ 077 @-@ 9 . Larkin , Ralph W. ( October 18 , 1979 ) . Suburban Youth in Cultural Crisis . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 502523 @-@ 7 . = = = Articles = = = Larkin , Ralph W. ( November 1 , 1988 ) . " Lurching Toward the Millennium : Youth in the Next Decade " . The world & I online ( Modern Thought / Children of the Baby Boomers : Prospects for the Future ) . Larkin , Ralph ; Daniel Foss ( Spring – Summer 1984 ) . " Lexicon of Folk @-@ Etymology " . Social Text ( Duke University Press ) 9 / 10 ( The 60 's without Apology ) : 360 – 377 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 466589 . JSTOR 466589 . Foss , Daniel A. ; Ralph W. Larkin ( 1979 ) . " The Roar of the Lemming : Youth Postmovement Groups , and the Life Construction Crisis " . Sociological Inquiry ( Blackwell Publishing Ltd ) 49 ( 2 – 3 ) : 264 – 85 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1111 / j.1475 @-@ 682X.1979.tb00375.x. Larkin , Ralph W. ; Daniel A. Foss ( Summer 1978 ) . " Worshiping the Absurd : The Negation of Social Causality among the Followers of Guru Maharaj Ji " . Sociological Analysis ( Oxford University Press ) 39 ( 2 ) : 157 – 164 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 3710215 . JSTOR 3710215 . Larkin , Ralph W. ; Daniel A. Foss ( March 1976 ) . " From " the gates of Eden " to " day of the locust " " . Theory and Society ( ISSN 0304 @-@ 2421 ) 3 ( 1 ) : 45 – 64 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1007 / BF00158479 . Larkin , Ralph W. ( Autumn 1975 ) . " Social Exchange in the Elementary School Classroom : The Problem of Teacher Legitimation of Social Power " . Sociology of Education ( American Sociological Association ) 48 ( 4 ) : 400 – 410 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 2112257 . JSTOR 2112257 . Larkin , Ralph W. ( Autumn 1973 ) . " Contextual Influences on Teacher Leadership Styles " . Sociology of Education ( American Sociological Association ) 46 ( 4 ) : 471 – 479 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 2111900 . JSTOR 2111900 . Larkin , Ralph W. ( November 1972 ) . " Class , Race , Sex and Preadolescent Attitudes " . California Journal of Educational Research 23 ( 5 ) : 213 – 23 . Larkin , Ralph W. ( 1970 ) . " Pattern Maintenance and Change in Education " . The Teachers College Record ( Teachers College , Columbia University ) 72 ( 1 ) : 111 – 120 . = Royal Mail Case = The Royal Mail Case or R v Kylsant & Otrs was a noted English criminal case in 1931 . The director of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company , Lord Kylsant , had falsified a trading prospectus with the aid of the company accountant to make it look as if the company was profitable and to entice potential investors . Following an independent audit instigated by HM Treasury , Kylsant and John Moreland , the company auditor , were arrested and charged with falsifying both the trading prospectus and company records and accounts . Although they were acquitted of falsifying records and accounts , Kylsant was found guilty of falsifying the trading prospectus and sentenced to twelve months in prison . The company was then liquidated , and reconstituted as The Royal Mail Lines Ltd with the backing of the British government . As well as its immediate impact , the case instigated massive changes in the way companies were audited . The case highlighted flaws in the way company accounts were reviewed , and " probably had a greater impact on the quality of published data than all the Companies Acts passed up to that date " . The case " fell like an atomic bomb and profoundly disturbed both the industrial and the accountancy worlds " , and has also been linked to reduced public trust of big businesses . The case is also seen as the reason for the demise of accounting with the aid of secret reserves . = = Background = = The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was a British shipping company founded in London in 1839 by James MacQueen . It became the largest shipping group in the world when it took over the White Star Line in 1927 . Lord Kylsant had been chairman of the company since 1902 . He had expanded the company rapidly : aside from the White Star Line , he bought the Pacific Steam Navigation Company in 1910 for £ 1 @.@ 5 million , the Union @-@ Castle Line in 1912 , and assumed control of the Harland and Wolff shipyards in 1924 . The company had prospered during the First World War as the government paid to requisition its ships as military supply vessels and troop transports . The company had saved the profits , predicting that it would need them to cover income tax and excess profits tax . After these taxes had been paid there was approximately £ 1 million left , which they again saved , hoping to use this to cover any financial difficulties that might arise . The reserves were again boosted with government money paid under the Trade Facilities Act 1921 , but between 1921 and 1925 the profits of the company rapidly dropped and , beginning from 1926 , the directors supplemented the company income by taking money from the reserves . In 1929 the company asked HM Treasury for an extension of the period in which government loans to the company could be paid . The Treasury first demanded an audit of the company accounts , and sent Sir William McClintock to write a report on the financial state of the company . McClintock 's report revealed that the company had not earned any trading profits since 1925 , but was still paying dividends by taking money from the reserves . The company had reported £ 439 @,@ 000 profits for 1926 , but had drawn £ 750 @,@ 000 out of the reserves and falsified accounts to make it appear that the money came from trading . In 1927 the company made a trading loss of £ 507 @,@ 000 , but money was again drawn from the reserves to make it appear that the company had made a profit of £ 478 @,@ 000 . As a result of this , and a report that in 1928 the company had issued a fraudulent prospectus inviting customers to buy shares in the company and saying that it had earned an average £ 500 @,@ 000 a year in the last decade , arrest warrants were issued for Lord Kylsant and John Moreland , the company auditor . At the time the ruse was discovered the company had a trading deficit of £ 300 @,@ 000 a year , the reserves were completely exhausted , and the company owed £ 10 million . = = Trial = = The trial began at the Old Bailey on 20 July 1931 before Mr Justice Wright , with Sir William Jowitt , D.N. Pritt and Eustace Fulton for the prosecution , Sir John Simon , J.E. Singleton and Wilfred Lewis for Lord Kylsant and Sir Patrick Hastings , Stuart Bevan , Frederick Tucker and C.J. Conway for John Moreland . The indictment contained 3 counts . On count 1 Kylsant was charged with issuing a document , namely the annual report for 1926 with intent to deceive the shareholders about the true state of the company , Morland was charged with aiding and abetting this offence . Count 2 was an identical count relating to the annual report for 1927 against both defendants and on count 3 Kylsant alone was charged with issuing a document — the debenture stock prospectus of 1928 with intent to induce people to advance property to the company . All counts were contrary to section 84 of the Larceny Act 1861 . Both defendants pleaded not guilty to all counts . The main defence on the use of secret reserve accounting came with the help of Lord Plender . Plender was one of the most important and reliable accountants in Britain , and under cross @-@ examination stated that it was routine for firms " of the very highest repute " to use secret reserves in calculating profit without declaring it . Patrick Hastings said that " if my client ... was guilty of a criminal offence , there is not a single accountant in the City of London or in the world who is not in the same position . " Both Kylsant and Moreland were acquitted of counts 1 and 2 , but Kylsant was found guilty on count 3 and was sentenced to 12 months in prison . Kylsart appealed his conviction on count 3 and was bailed pending the appeal . The appeal was heard in November 1931 where the Court of Appeal upheld the conviction , ruling that although the statements within the prospectus were all true , the document as a whole was false because of what it concealed , omitted or implied . = = Aftermath = = Following Kylsant 's conviction the company was liquidated , and reconstituted as The Royal Mail Lines Ltd with the backing of the British government . The case led to several changes in the way companies were audited . Because many accountants shared Plender 's view that secret reserve accounting was a regular and respectable practice , and because the pair had not been found guilty of publishing false information as a result of this , the professional response was disjointed and half @-@ hearted . There were major changes , however : although the practice of secret reserve accounting remained acceptable , companies disclosed their use of this in their audit reports . The Companies Act 1947 made it clear that failing to disclose the use of this process was unacceptable , and undermined the " true and fair view " companies were required to give in their financial statements . A second major change was in the approach accountants took to their job . Previously the attitude was that accountants were only required to do their legal duty , but after the Royal Mail Case accountants were more and more expected to use their ethical and moral judgement in making decisions . Contemporaries said that the case " probably had a greater impact on the quality of published data than all the Companies Acts passed up to that date " . The case " fell like an atomic bomb and profoundly disturbed both the industrial and the accountancy worlds " , and has been linked to reduced public trust of big businesses . Following his release in 1932 , Kylsant stayed mainly out of the public eye despite a brief return in 1933 . = A Thousand Suns = For the 1991 Russell Morris album of the same name , see A Thousand Suns ( Russell Morris album ) A Thousand Suns is the fourth studio album by American rock band Linkin Park . It was released on September 8 , 2010 , by Warner Bros. Records . The album was written by the band and was produced by Linkin Park vocalist Mike Shinoda and Rick Rubin , who worked together to produce the band 's previous studio album Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) . Recording sessions for A Thousand Suns took place at NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood , California from 2008 until early 2010 . A Thousand Suns is a multi @-@ concept album dealing with human fears such as nuclear warfare . The band has said the album is a drastic departure from their previous work ; they experimented on different and new sounds . Shinoda told MTV the album references numerous social issues and blends human ideas with technology . The title is a reference to Hindu Sanskrit scripture , a line of which was first popularized in 1945 by J. Robert Oppenheimer , who described the atomic bomb as being " as bright as a thousand suns " . It also appears in a line from the first single of the album , " The Catalyst " . " The Catalyst " was sent to radio and released to digital music retailers on August 2 , 2010 . " The Catalyst " peaked at the Billboard Alternative Songs and Rock Songs charts . Three more singles were released to promote the album : " Waiting for the End " , " Burning in the Skies " and " Iridescent " . " The Catalyst " and " Waiting for the End " were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Linkin Park promoted the album through the A Thousand Suns World Tour from October 2010 to September 2011 . Upon release , the album polarized critics and fans . The band 's fanbase divided over their new sound , splitting them into " love @-@ it versus hate @-@ it groups " according to one reviewer . Despite this , the album has been a commercial success , debuting at number one on over ten charts . It was certified gold by the RIAA in February 2011 . By June 2014 , it had sold over 960 @,@ 000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan . = = Writing and recording = = Recording for the album began in 2008 , less than a year after the release of Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) . As with Minutes to Midnight , Shinoda and Rick Rubin produced the album . Primary recording sessions for A Thousand Suns took place at NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood , Los Angeles , California . In November 2008 , lead singer Chester Bennington said the new record was a concept album ; he said it " sound [ ed ] a little daunting to me , so , I think my confidence level will drop , but when it was presented to us by this friend of ours , we liked the idea . It was an inspiring idea , and it was something we could relate a lot of the things we like to write about to . " In May 2009 , Mike Shinoda revealed info on the album in a Billboard magazine story , saying : " I feel like we 've been writing a lot . I 'd say we 've got about half the music done , though I shouldn 't say halfway because who knows how long the next batch of songs will take . But all the material 's just kind of coming together , and every week we meet up and assess the situation and for the rest of the week we just go and work on whatever we find exciting . " He also explained the experimentation that the band would be working with , saying , " It 's not going to be Hybrid Theory . It 's not going to be Minutes to Midnight . And if we do it right , it 'll have a cutting edge sound that defines itself as an individual record separate from anything else that 's out there . " Bennington continued composing for the album while touring with Dead by Sunrise in support of their 2009 studio album Out of Ashes . He said Linkin Park was still making a concept record , stating in another interview with MTV , " we might need to just make a record and still try to do a concept but figure out a way to do it without actually waiting another five or six years to put out a record , to try to pull off all the grandiose insanity we were thinking of doing . And we 're doing that . " Bassist Dave " Phoenix " Farrell predicted the band 's fans would be divided about A Thousand Suns , saying , " We 've known [ the album is ] going to be different , and if fans were expecting Hybrid Theory or Meteora , they 're going to be surprised . It 's going to take people some time to figure it out and know what to do with it . " When asked about the new project , drummer Rob Bourdon said , " We tend to be perfectionists and it 's sort of how we work . We like being in the studio and when we get in there we write a ton of material . " Bourdon said the album was a challenge to complete ; he said , " We 've been making music for a long time so one of the challenges was to evolve and make something to keep us interested and also have a lot of fun in the process . We 've been used to making a certain type of music and using sounds to accomplish that . So to break out of that and push ourselves to grow is definitely challenging . " Shinoda later said the album was not a concept record , saying , " People asked us if it 's a concept record , and in the middle of the process , we were contemplating whether or not that was what we wanted to do , " although he said that eventually , A Thousand Suns at its completion has no narrative and is " more abstract " than many concept albums . = = Style and composition = = In an interview with Rolling Stone in May 2009 , Shinoda said the band was in the process of writing and recording material for the album . The album was originally scheduled for an early 2010 release , but Shinoda was concerned with " the quality of the tunes " and said , " if we need to take a step back and make sure everything is top , top quality by our standards , we will " . Shinoda also said that , in comparison to Minutes to Midnight , the new album would have a bigger " thread of consistency " and would be more experimental and " hopefully more cutting @-@ edge " . Christopher Weingarten of The Village Voice compared the album to Radiohead 's third studio album , OK Computer , describing the record 's composition as " uninhibited hooks , daffy left turns , piano @-@ soaked bathos , explorations of the human relationship with technology , [ and ] a complete avoidance of metal " . Weingarten noted various elements and styles the band incorporated in A Thousand Suns , saying the band was " sink [ ing ] their distortion pedals into a tender oblivion , embracing the pulseless Vocoder syrup of Imogen Heap , the cuddly heavenward synths of Yeasayer , the post @-@ apocalyptic stutter @-@ hop of El @-@ P , the head rush of Ibiza house " . Jordy Kasko of Review Rinse Repeat compared the style of A Thousand Suns to that of Pink Floyd 's eighth studio album The Dark Side of the Moon and Radiohead 's fourth studio album Kid A. James Montgomery of MTV compared the album to Kid A because of the lack of guitars , the style of being completely different to the band 's previous works , and the album 's message . Montgomery said , " None of these problems , these terrors or these specters that haunt us in 2010 are particularly new . Quite the opposite , in fact . We 've just chosen to ignore the warnings . And now it might be too late . " According to turntablist Joe Hahn , the album 's title is a reference to a line in the Hindu Sanskrit scripture the Bhagavad Gita " If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky , that would be like the splendor of the mighty one , " which was made famous by J. Robert Oppenheimer in reference to the atomic bomb . The title also appears in the album 's lead single " The Catalyst " , which appears in the line " God save us everyone , will we burn inside the fires of a thousand suns ? " . The band said Oppenheimer 's comments about the nuclear bomb influenced the apocalyptic themes of the album . The band wrote about these comments in the album 's liner notes : Oppenheimer 's words resonate today not only for their historical significance , but for their emotional gravity . So , too , A Thousand Suns grapples with the personal cycle of pride , destruction , and regret . In life , like in dreams , this sequence is not always linear . And , sometimes , true remorse penetrates the devastating cycle . The hope , of course , springs from the notion that the possibility of change is born in our most harrowing moments . The band has stated that the album 's tenth track , " Wretches and Kings " , pays homage to the hip @-@ hop group Public Enemy . Speaking to NME about the song 's reference to Public Enemy , Shinoda said , " There is a homage to Chuck D on there . It 's probably the most hip @-@ hop song on the record and one of the most aggressive ... Public Enemy were very three @-@ dimensional with their records because although they seemed political , there was a whole lot of other stuff going on in there too . It made me think how three @-@ dimensional I wanted our record to be without imitating them of course , and show where we were at creatively . " Ian Winwood of Kerrang ! noted that " Wretches and Kings " references the Public Enemy song " Fight the Power " and compared the album 's content to Public Enemy 's third studio album , Fear of a Black Planet . Chuck D later provided vocals on a remix by HavocNdeeD . The fifth track " When They Come for Me " references The Blueprint2 : The Gift & The Curse , the seventh studio album by hip hop artist Jay @-@ Z , with whom the band collaborated on the 2004 EP Collision Course . The album includes samples of notable speeches by American political figures , including Martin Luther King , Jr . , J. Robert Oppenheimer , and Mario Savio . Chester Bennington stated in an interview with MTV News , which referred to Linkin Park 's new style as being less technical and more organic : " When it came to doing things that felt very much like older Linkin Park , like mixing hip @-@ hop with a rock chorus , [ we ] felt like , if we were going to do it , we need to really do it in a way that felt natural and felt original and felt like it was something we hadn 't done in the past ... [ While ] there are hip @-@ hop songs on the album — ' Wretches and Kings ' , ' When They Come for Me ' — they 're like nothing the band have tried before : snarling , raw , dark and ... strangely organic . " Critics and reporters labeled the album 's material with several different genres , including trip hop , electronic rock , ambient , alternative rock , industrial rock , experimental rock , rap rock , and progressive rock on the album . Compared to their previous record , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , Shinoda contributed many more vocals , while Brad Delson 's guitar riffs are put further into the background , which Gary Graff of Billboard described as " on the back burner ( and barely even in the oven ) " . Shinoda raps on the tracks " When They Come for Me " , " Wretches and Kings " and the album 's second single " Waiting for the End " . Derek Oswald of AltWire.net noted reggae @-@ like influences on Shinoda 's verses in " Waiting for the End " . He sings verses on " Burning in the Skies " , " Robot Boy " , " Blackout " , " Iridescent " and " The Catalyst " . Bennington and Shinoda sing together on " The Catalyst " , " Jornada del Muerto " and " Robot Boy " , while " Iridescent " features all band members singing together . = = Release and promotion = = The album was exhibited at a 3 @-@ D laser exhibition at Music Box Theater in Hollywood on September 7 , 2010 . A Thousand Suns was officially released on September 10 , 2010 , in Germany , Austria and Switzerland ; and on September 13 , 2010 , in the U.S. Linkin Park started worldwide promotion of the album with the A Thousand Suns World Tour , which started on October 7 , 2010 , and ended on September 25 , 2011 . The band performed an entire setlist in the Puerta de Alcalá Gate in Madrid ; their live performance of " Waiting for the End " was shown at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards . Linkin Park also promoted A Thousand Suns by featuring songs from the album in video games . Joe Hahn said " The Catalyst " would be included in the video game Medal of Honor . Hahn also announced he would direct a trailer for the game ; it was released on August 1 , 2010 — one day before the single 's release . Dave " Phoenix " Farrell stated that the band 's members believed the song 's " dark undertones ... fits with the subject matter " of the game , which was the reason " The Catalyst " was chosen for Medal of Honor . During the Japanese release of the album on September 15 , 2010 , Warner Music Japan announced that " The Catalyst " would be the official theme song of Mobile Suit Gundam : Extreme Vs . " Blackout " was featured in the soccer video game FIFA 11 . The band released a video game called Linkin Park Revenge — an edition of Tap Tap Revenge that features four tracks from the album and six songs from previous Linkin Park albums . " Wretches and Kings " is featured in the trailer for the video game EA Sports MMA . " Blackout " , " Burning in the Skies " , " The Catalyst " , " The Messenger " , " Waiting for the End " , and " Wretches and Kings " were available as downloadable content in the " Linkin Park Track Pack " for the rhythm video game Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , which was released on October 19 , 2010 , on the PlayStation Store , Xbox Live Marketplace , and Wii Shop Channel . Customers who purchased Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock from Amazon.com between October 17 and October 23 received a copy of A Thousand Suns . Three songs were remixed and released as downloadable content for the rhythm video game DJ Hero 2 in late 2010 . On January 11 , 2011 , a Linkin Park track pack was released for the rhythm video game Rock Band 3 ; it includes " Waiting for the End " and five songs from the band 's previous albums . On March 5 , 2011 , Mike Shinoda announced the European release of A Thousand Suns + , a limited re @-@ issue of the album that was released on March 28 , 2011 . The re @-@ release includes a live DVD of the band 's MTV Europe Music Awards concert at Puerta de Alcalá , Madrid on November 7 , 2010 , and an MP3 audio file of the show . On June 19 , 2012 , a live version of the album , titled A Thousand Suns : Live Around the World was released on Spotify . It features ten of the album 's fifteen songs . The tracks were recorded in London , Hamburg , Paris , Berlin , and Las Vegas . = = = Singles = = = During the announcement of the album 's release date , Linkin Park said the album 's first single would be " The Catalyst " , which was released on August 2 , 2010 . From July 9 , 2010 until July 25 , 2010 , the band held a contest titled " Linkin Park , Featuring You " . In the contest , fans could download stems from " The Catalyst " , remix the stems and / or write their own parts for the song on any instrument . The winner of this contest was Czeslaw " NoBraiN " Sakowski from Świdnica , Poland , whose remix is featured as an extra track on a version of the album made available from Best Buy and Napster . The album 's liner notes credit Sakowski with " supplemental programming " on " When They Come for Me " . The top 20 remixes that were selected by the band are being considered for future use as b @-@ sides and online downloads . Two of the remixes by DIGITALOMAT and ill Audio have since been released via the band 's webpage as free mp3 downloads , while two by Cale Pellick and DJ Endorphin been released on an exclusive German release of " The Catalyst " . The music video for " The Catalyst " , directed by Joe Hahn , premiered on August 26 , 2010 . On August 31 , 2010 , It was announced that the band would give their first live performance of the single at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12 , 2010 , at Griffith Observatory . The venue was kept secret until the performance , although it was revealed to be a prominent landmark in Los Angeles . The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Rock Songs and Alternative Songs charts , and on the UK Rock Chart . The single also peaked at number twenty @-@ seven in the Billboard Hot 100 upon the release of A Thousand Suns , and spent five weeks on the chart . " The Catalyst " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in July 2011 . On September 2 , 2010 , Linkin Park released the promotional single " Wretches and Kings " to those who had pre @-@ ordered the album . On September 8 , 2010 , the band debuted " Waiting for the End " and " Blackout " on their Myspace page . The band announced on its official website the " Full Experience Myspace Premiere " , the streaming of the entire album on its Myspace page on September 10 . A remix of " Blackout " by Renholdër was included in the soundtrack of Underworld : Awakening . " Waiting for the End " was released as the album 's second single on October 1 , 2010 . The music video for the song premiered on October 8 , 2010 , and was directed by Joe Hahn . Linkin Park 's performance of " Waiting for the End " at Puerta de Alcala in Madrid was broadcast as part of the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards . " Waiting for the End " and " When They Come for Me " were performed live on Saturday Night Live on February 5 , 2011 . " Waiting for the End " was featured in an episode of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation broadcast on CBS on October 14 , 2010 . The single peaked at number one on the Alternative Songs chart ; it was Linkin Park 's tenth number @-@ one song on the chart . It peaked at number two on the Rock Songs chart and at number forty @-@ two on the Billboard Hot 100 , spending nine weeks on the chart . The single achieved success in other countries , peaking at number thirty @-@ four in Austria , number twenty in Belgium , number 29 in Germany , and number thirty @-@ four in Japan . " Waiting for the End " was certified gold by the RIAA in April 2011 . On January 22 , 2011 , Linkin Park announced that its next international single would be " Burning in the Skies " . The music video , directed by Hahn , premiered on February 22 and the single was released on March 21 . The single reached number thirty @-@ five in Austria , number 35 in Portugal , number twenty @-@ six in German airplay , and number six in Mexico . On April 13 , 2011 , Shinoda confirmed that the album 's third U.S. , fourth international , and overall final single would be " Iridescent " . He also said a slightly shorter version of the song would be included the soundtrack of the movie Transformers : Dark of the Moon , and that a music video directed by Hahn had been made to promote the single . Linkin Park performed the single remix of " Iridescent " at the film 's premiere at Red Square , Moscow , on June 23 , 2011 . The single peaked at number eighty @-@ one at the Billboard Hot 100 , spending three weeks on the chart ; it also peaked at number nineteen at the Alternative Songs chart and number twenty @-@ nine at the Rock Songs chart . Despite these low peaks , the single achieved moderate success in other countries , peaking at number thirty @-@ nine in Australia , number ten in Israel , and number two in South Korea and on the UK Rock Chart . = = Reception = = = = = Commercial = = = A Thousand Suns debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart with first @-@ week sales of 241 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , exceeding sales of Trey Songz 's Passion , Pain & Pleasure by 1 @,@ 000 , according to Nielsen SoundScan . It became Linkin Park 's fourth US number @-@ one album , although the first @-@ week sales were significantly lower than those of their previous album Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , which opened at 623 @,@ 000 copies . The album entered Billboard 's Rock Albums , Alternative Albums , Hard Rock Albums , and Digital Albums charts at number one . In the second week , the album slid to number three , selling 70 @,@ 000 copies ; in December 2010 , two months after its release , its sales passed the half @-@ million mark . On January 11 , 2011 , A Thousand Suns was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies sold in the U.S. It spent 30 weeks on the Billboard 200 . By June 2014 , the album had sold 906 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. according to SoundScan . In Canada , A Thousand Suns peaked at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart with 23 @,@ 000 copies sold . In February 2011 , the album was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for 80 @,@ 000 units sold . In the United Kingdom album chart , on which it spent seventeen weeks , the album debuted at number two with first @-@ week sales of 46 @,@ 711 copies , behind The Script 's album Science & Faith . On September 10 , 2010 , two days after the album 's UK release , A Thousand Suns was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , marking shipments of 100 @,@ 000 copies to retailers . In Australia , it debuted at number one on the ARIA Top 50 Albums , and retained the top position for four weeks . The album remained in the chart 's top 50 for 18 weeks . By the end of 2010 , A Thousand Suns had been certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , and the following year it was certified platinum . = = = Critical reception = = = Upon its release , A Thousand Suns polarized critics , some of whom gave a positive response to the album and others less so . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 66 based on 10 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Rick Florino of Artistdirect gave the album five stars out of five , saying , " after A Thousand Suns , all rock ' n ' roll will revolve around Linkin Park " ; he credited Linkin Park with creating their own genre . Ian Winwood of Kerrang ! gave it an " excellent " rating , saying it " can only be best described as a political album " . He praised the songwriting , saying , " These are songs that have been constructed as much as they 've been written " , and that its closest comparison was Public Enemy 's 1990 album Fear of a Black Planet . Dave de Sylvia of Sputnikmusic called it " an extremely well @-@ crafted rock album , " saying it was somewhat better than its predecessor Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , but does not live up to their debut , Hybrid Theory ( 2000 ) . David Buchanan of Consequence of Sound gave the album three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five , saying , " Some might argue this new sound is posturing , complete mutation to the point of absurdity ; in the band ’ s associated artwork and videos , evolution has been touted from day one . In essence , Linkin Park has been chasing this all along , and now it has become tangible , complete . " Johan Wippsson from Melodic said Linkin Park " have created a very cool and unique sound " and described " Blackout " and " When They Come for Me " as " really innovative " . Ian Winwood of BBC Music , in his review of the band 's succeeding album Living Things , praised A Thousand Suns and described it as " a body of work startling enough that it gambled with the massive commercial success the group had achieved since their debut album , 2000 's Hybrid Theory . " James Montgomery of MTV called A Thousand Suns a " sprawling , discordant , ambitious and an all @-@ out game changer " and compared it with Radiohead 's 2000 album Kid A , but said A Thousand Suns is more optimistic than Kid A. Jordy Kasko with Review Rinse Repeat gave A Thousand Suns a perfect rating , calling it an " epic quest " . He compared it to Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) and Radiohead 's Kid A , saying " A Thousand Suns is an ALBUM . It is not a collection of songs . It is not meant to be listened to as such . The band is going so far as to release an iTunes version that is one track , 47 minutes and 56 seconds long . This is no more an ' album ' by conventional standards than Dark Side of the Moon or Kid A are . Sure , there are identifiable songs , but to understand or to appreciate any of them you must take them in the context of the entire album . " Christopher Weingarten of The Village Voice praised the album , calling it " 2010 's best avant @-@ rock nuclear @-@ anxiety concept record " , as well as comparing it to Radiohead 's OK Computer ( 1997 ) . Mikael Wood of Spin gave the album six stars out of ten , saying it " contains plenty of aggressively arty material " and calling " The Messenger " the " most unexpected track on the boldly conceived A Thousand Suns " . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B rating and said " at times the band 's odd mélange of industrial grind , hip @-@ hop swagger , and teenage @-@ wasteland angst feels jarring " . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave it three stars out of five ; she said Linkin Park were " feeling their way toward a new identity " ; she called their skill for melody " obvious " and said they sounded like " a killer Linkin Park tribute band " . Australia 's Music Network magazine gave the album a mixed review , calling it " a radical shift for the band , but it ’ s also a very uneven one ... while there 's some commanding moments ( ' The Catalyst , ' ' Wretches and Kings ' ) , many of the tracks feel like experiments rather than fully @-@ formed songs " . Johnny Firecloud of Antiquiet condemned the album , called it a " melodramatic farce " , and said it was a " mechanized mess of sentimentality ... the 15 track collection is entirely unconvincing as a call to action for uprising and activism " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said the album was a " clear continuation " of its predecessor , called it " recycled ideas " , and said " the problem is , the subdued rhythms , riffs and raps of A Thousand Suns winds up monochromatic " . Jim Farber of The New York Daily News gave the album one star out of five , saying , " no fewer than 15 cuts crowd the tight 47 @-@ minute length of the CD , many of them fragments or , more accurately , sonic non sequiturs " . Jamie Primack of The Badger Herald wrote , " there are at least five filler tracks that contain nothing more than noise and sound bites ... the full @-@ length songs aren ’ t particularly daring or interesting " . Fans of the band were equally polarized by A Thousand Suns . Initial signs of the fans ' division over the band 's new material occurred when " The Catalyst " was released as a single . MTV conducted a poll asking fans how they received the song ; most responses were positive but a large amount were dissatisfied with it . Fans then therefore debated on what they thought of the new sound . Sara Ferrer of Orange County Reloaded said the album split the views of fans and critics into " love @-@ it versus hate @-@ it groups " . Montgomery expressed similar sentiments , saying the album " alternately thrilled and thinned [ Linkin Park 's ] substantial fanbase with its vast swaths of sonic sprawl ( and overall lack of guitar solos ) . " Shinoda shared his thoughts on the divided reception of the fans ; he thanked the people who accepted the album and defended it from the criticism of those who disliked it . Commenting on fans ' polarized response to the album , Bennington said , " [ A Thousand Suns ] is definitely something that we knew people would need to digest and get over the fact that it 's not what they thought we would do . " = = = = Accolades = = = = Kerrang ! listed A Thousand Suns as the nineteenth @-@ best album of 2010 on their list of the top 20 albums that year . James Montgomery of MTV listed the album as twentieth best album of 2010 , calling it " the year 's most ambitious major @-@ label rock album ... there 's no denying the dense , dark power it packs " . The album received numerous awards and nominations . At the 2011 MTV Video Music Aid Japan , A Thousand Suns was nominated for Album of the Year , while " The Catalyst " was nominated for Best Group Video and Best Rock Video . The album received two 2011 Billboard Music Award nominations ; Best Rock Album and Top Alternative Album . " Waiting for the End " was nominated for Top Alternative Song . The music video for " Waiting for the End " was nominated at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects . Linkin Park won the Best International Rock / Alternative Group for A Thousand Suns at the 2011 ECHO Awards . At the MTV Video Game Awards , " Blackout " won the Best Song in a Video Game award for its use in FIFA 11 . " Waiting for the End " was nominated at the 2011 Teen Choice Awards for Choice Rock Song . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Linkin Park . = = = iTunes Deluxe Edition Bonus Content = = = The iTunes deluxe edition of A Thousand Suns has numerous features and bonus content . Note From The Band 20 ' In the Studio ' Exclusive photos Meeting of A Thousand Suns ( Making Of The Album ) – 29 : 46 Linkin Park Visualizers Secret Code Puzzle The Catalyst ( Music Video ) = = Personnel = = Source : Allmusic and A Thousand Suns booklet . = = Charts and certifications = = = = = Singles = = = = = = Other charted songs = = = = = = Album number @-@ one chart successions = = = = = Release history = = = Astrid Kirchherr = Astrid Kirchherr ( born 20 May 1938 ) is a German photographer and artist and is well known for her association with the Beatles ( along with her friends Klaus Voormann and Jürgen Vollmer ) , and her photographs of the band 's original members - John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best - during their early days in Hamburg . Kirchherr met artist Sutcliffe in the Kaiserkeller bar in Hamburg in 1960 , where he was playing bass with the Beatles , and was later engaged to him , before his death in 1962 . Although Kirchherr has taken very few photographs since 1967 , her early work has been exhibited in Hamburg , Bremen , London , Liverpool , New York City , Washington , D.C. , Tokyo , Vienna and at the Rock ' n ' Roll Hall of Fame . She has published three limited @-@ edition books of photographs . = = Early life = = Astrid Kirchherr was born in 1938 in Hamburg , Germany , and is the daughter of a former executive of the German branch of the Ford Motor Company . During World War II she was evacuated to the safety of the Baltic Sea where she remembered seeing dead bodies on the shore ( after the ships Cap Arcona and the SS Deutschland had been bombed and sunk ) and the destruction in Hamburg when she returned . After her graduation , Kirchherr enrolled in the Meisterschule für Mode , Textil , Graphik und Werbung in Hamburg , as she wanted to study fashion design but demonstrated a talent for black @-@ and @-@ white photography . Reinhard Wolf , the school 's main photographic tutor , convinced her to switch courses and promised that he would hire her as his assistant when she graduated . Kirchherr worked for Wolf as his assistant from 1959 until 1963 . In the late 1950s and early 1960s Kirchherr and her art school friends were involved in the European existentialist movement whose followers were later nicknamed " Exis " by Lennon . In 1995 she told BBC Radio Merseyside : " Our philosophy then , because we were only little kids , was wearing black clothes and going around looking moody . Of course , we had a clue who Jean @-@ Paul Sartre was . We got inspired by all the French artists and writers , because that was the closest we could get . England was so far away , and America was out of the question . So France was the nearest . So we got all the information from France , and we tried to dress like the French existentialists ... We wanted to be free , we wanted to be different , and tried to be cool , as we call it now . " = = The Beatles = = Kirchherr , Voormann and Vollmer were friends who had all attended the Meisterschule , and shared the same ideas about fashion , culture and music . Voormann became Astrid 's boyfriend , and moved into the Kirchherr home , where he had his own room . In 1960 , after Kirchherr and Vollmer had had an argument with Voormann , he wandered down the Reeperbahn ( in the St. Pauli district of Hamburg ) and heard music coming from the Kaiserkeller club . Voormann walked in and watched a performance by a group called the Beatles : Lennon , McCartney , Harrison , Sutcliffe and Best , their drummer at the time . Voormann asked Kirchherr and Vollmer to listen to this new music , and after being persuaded to visit the Kaiserkeller ( which was in the rough area of the Reeperbahn ) , Kirchherr decided that all she wanted to do was to be as close to the Beatles as she could . The trio of friends had never heard this new music called Rock n ' Roll before , having previously listened to only Trad jazz , with some Nat King Cole and The Platters mixed in . The trio then visited the Kaiserkeller almost every night , arriving at 9 o 'clock and sitting by the front of the stage . Kirchherr later said : " It was like a merry @-@ go @-@ round in my head , they looked absolutely astonishing ... My whole life changed in a couple of minutes . All I wanted was to be with them and to know them . " Kirchherr later said that she , Voormann and Vollmer felt guilty about being German , and about Germany 's recent history . Meeting the Beatles was something very special for her , although she knew that English people would think that she ate sauerkraut , and would comment on her heavy German accent , but they made jokes about it together . Lennon would make sarcastic remarks from the stage , saying " You Krauts , we won the war , " knowing that very few Germans in the audience spoke English , but any English sailors present would roar with laughter . Sutcliffe was fascinated by the trio , but especially Kirchherr , and thought they looked like " real bohemians " . Bill Harry later said that when Kirchherr walked in , every head would immediately turn her way , and that she always captivated the whole room . Sutcliffe wrote to a friend that he could hardly take his eyes off her and had tried to talk to Kirchherr during the next break , but she had already left the club . Sutcliffe managed to meet them eventually , and learned that all three had attended the Meisterschule , which was the same type of art college that Lennon and Sutcliffe had attended in Liverpool . ( Note : Meisterschule für Mode , Textil , Grafik und Werbung [ Master Craftspeople College for Fashion , Textile , Graphics , and Advertising ] , although it is now called the University of Applied Sciences ) . = = Photographs = = Kirchherr asked the Beatles if they would mind letting her take photographs of them in a photo session , which impressed them , as other groups had only snapshots that were taken by friends . The next morning Kirchherr took photographs with a Rolleicord camera , at a fairground in a municipal park called Hamburger Dom which was close to the Reeperbahn , and in the afternoon she took them all ( minus Best , who decided not to go ) to her mother 's house in Altona . Kirchherr 's bedroom ( which was all in black , including the furniture , with silver foil on the walls and a large tree branch suspended from the ceiling ) , was decorated especially for Voormann , with whom she had a relationship , although after the visits to the Kaiserkeller their relationship became purely platonic . Kirchherr started dating Sutcliffe , although she always remained a close friend of Voormann . Kirchherr later supplied Sutcliffe and the other Beatles with Preludin , which , when taken with beer , made them feel euphoric and helped to keep them awake until the early hours of the morning . The Beatles had taken Preludin before , but it was possible at that time to get Preludin only with a doctor 's prescription note , so Kirchherr 's mother got them from a local chemist , who supplied them without asking questions . After meeting Kirchherr , Lennon filled his letters to Cynthia Powell ( his girlfriend at the time ) with " Astrid said this , Astrid did that " , which made Powell jealous , until she read that Sutcliffe was in a relationship with Kirchherr . When Powell visited Hamburg with Dot Rhone ( McCartney 's girlfriend at the time ) in April 1961 , they stayed at Kirchherr 's house . In August 1963 , Kirchherr met Lennon and Cynthia in Paris while they were both there for a belated honeymoon , as Kirchherr was there with a girlfriend for a few days ' holiday . The four of them went from wine bar to wine bar and finally ended up back at Kirchherr 's lodgings , where all four fell asleep on Kirchherr 's single bed . The Beatles met Kirchherr again in Hamburg in 1966 when they were touring Germany , and Kirchherr gave Lennon the letters he had written to Sutcliffe in 1961 and 1962 . Lennon said it was " the best present I 've had in years " . All of the Beatles wrote many letters to Kirchherr : " I only have a couple from George [ Harrison ] , which I 'll never show anyone , but he wrote so many . So did the others . I probably threw them away . You do that when you 're young - you don 't think of the future . " Harrison later asked Kirchherr to arrange the cover of his Wonderwall Music album in 1968 . = = = The Beatles haircut and clothes = = = Kirchherr is credited with inventing the Beatles ' moptop haircut although she disagrees , saying : " All that rubbish people said , that I created their hairstyle , that 's rubbish ! Lots of German boys had that hairstyle . Stuart [ Sutcliffe ] had it for a long while and the others copied it . I suppose the most important thing I contributed to them was friendship . " In 1995 , Kirchherr told BBC Radio Merseyside : " All my friends in art school used to run around with this sort of what you call Beatles haircut . And my boyfriend then , Klaus Voormann , had this hairstyle , and Stuart liked it very very much . He was the first one who really got the nerve to get the Brylcreem out of his hair and asking me to cut his hair for him . Pete [ Best ] has really curly hair and it wouldn 't work . " Kirchherr says that after she cut Sutcliffe 's hair , Harrison asked her to do the same when she was visiting Liverpool , and Lennon and McCartney had their hair cut in the same style while they were in Paris , by Kirchherr 's friend , Vollmer , who was living there at the time as an assistant to photographer William Klein . After moving into the Kirchherr family 's house , Sutcliffe used to borrow her clothes , as he was the same height as Kirchherr . He wore her leather pants and jackets , collarless jackets , oversized shirts , and long scarves . He also borrowed a corduroy suit with no lapels that he wore on stage , which prompted Lennon to sarcastically ask if his mother had lent him the suit . = = Stuart Sutcliffe = = Sutcliffe wrote to friends that he was infatuated with Kirchherr , and asked her friends which colours , films , books and painters she liked , and whom she fancied . Best later commented that the beginning of their relationship was , " like one of those fairy stories " . Kirchherr says that she immediately fell in love with Sutcliffe , and still calls him " the love of my life " . Kirchherr and Sutcliffe got engaged in November 1960 , and exchanged rings , as is the German custom . Sutcliffe later wrote to his parents that he was engaged to Kirchherr , which they were shocked to learn , as they thought he would give up his career as an artist , although he told Kirchherr that he would like to be an art teacher in London or Germany in the future . Sutcliffe later borrowed money from Kirchherr for the airfare to fly back to Liverpool in February 1961 , returning to Hamburg in March . Kirchherr and Sutcliffe went to Liverpool in the summer of 1961 , as Kirchherr wanted to meet Sutcliffe 's family ( and to see Liverpool ) before their marriage . Everybody was expecting a strange beatnik artist from Hamburg , but Kirchherr turned up at the Sutcliffe 's house at 37 Aigburth Drive , Liverpool , bearing a single long @-@ stemmed orchid in her hand as a present , and dressed in a round @-	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Hampshire Advertiser , he declared that Faulkner had originally offered his services at no cost ; that he had been lauded publicly for his generosity in doing so without ever denying that he had been working pro bono ; and that he was practicing " duplicity and deception " in trying to win a reputation in his district through " specious acts of munificence " . Faulkner later served as United States Minister to France ; following the American Civil War , he again served as a member of the United States House of Representatives , from West Virginia 's 2nd congressional district . James Parsons III and his brother William Miller Parsons ( born 1835 ) were later proprietors of the Virginia Argus . = = = Social events = = = Following its construction by Col. Parsons in 1861 , the ballroom in the upper story of Wappocomo 's stone addition served as the scene of many events and parties . According to tradition , as many as 100 couples have danced on the ballroom 's wooden floor since its construction in 1861 . It was the custom of the Parsons family to allow guests who were visiting the mansion for the first time to write their names and the date of their visit on the mortar between the addition 's stone blocks ; many of these signatures are still legible . = = = American Civil War = = = During the American Civil War , Col. Parsons received permission from the Confederate States government to raise an independent company of mounted infantry to provide defense along the border . He set about enrolling volunteers and , within a short period of time , enlisted approximately 30 men . Following its organization , the company became known as the Huckleberry Rangers of the Confederate States Army 's 13th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment . Parsons traveled to Richmond with a supply of cattle , and returned to his company 's camp on the North River in Hampshire County around November 15 , 1861 . Throughout 1861 , Col. Parsons " gratuitously " provided Confederate soldiers with food at his table and horses from his stables at his Wappocomo plantation . Parsons was anxious to learn about the condition of his family and property at Wappocomo ; he also needed an additional change of clothing and a blanket . Accompanied by Lieutenant Blue and Adam Parrish , he traveled west along the Northwestern Turnpike to around Pleasant Dale , then followed a series of roads and paths until nighttime , when they reached Sugar Hollow two miles north of Romney . Parsons stayed behind in the hollow , while Blue and Parrish started out for Wappocomo to retrieve a set of Parsons ' clothes . Knowing that the Union Army kept a 24 @-@ hour guard at the main house , Blue circled around to the rear of the mansion and knocked on the window of his uncle , Garrett W. Blue , who was residing with the Parsons family . Garrett Blue warned his nephew about the Union Army soldiers possibly stationed on the home 's front porch , and he subsequently fetched Parsons ' daughter , Kate , who provided Lt. Blue with a parcel for her father . Lt. Blue and Parrish returned to Sugar Hollow where Parsons was awaiting them , and Parsons set about locating pine from which to make torches to light their way out of the hollow . Parsons carried with him a small hatchet , and began splitting pine in the darkness to fashion a torch . He accidentally struck himself in the knee with his hatchet , and Blue applied a handkerchief to his wound to stop its bleeding . The three men traveled through the dark and rain to the nearby home of Frank Carter , where they ate and dried their clothes by the fire . The following morning , they mounted their horses and traveled to Rev. Harris ' home , where Parsons and Blue parted with Parrish . Parsons and Blue continued east over Town Hill and reached George Thompson 's residence on the Little Cacapon River , which had risen due to the previous night 's rainfall . They remained with Thompson for two days until the river subsided , then traveled to Blue 's Gap , where they set up camp . There , Lt. Blue received orders from Col. Angus William McDonald to carry out an expedition for General Stonewall Jackson to ascertain the number of Union Army infantry , cavalry , and artillery present in and around Romney ; he was accompanied on this expedition by Col. Parsons ' son , Isaac Parsons , Jr . , and by W. V. Parsons . = = = Post @-@ war ownership = = = Col. Parsons died on 24 April 1862 , while the American Civil War was still in progress . On April 26 , 1862 , acting Quartermaster Lt. F. H. Morse of the Union Army completed his death certificate , in which he noted Parsons ' " very fine house near Romney . " Following his death , the plantation was inherited by Col. Parsons ' wife , Susan Blue Parsons , for the purpose of raising and educating their children . In 1884 , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 's South Branch line , connecting Green Spring and Romney , was completed . The line bisected the Wappocomo property and traversed the mansion 's front lawn . Susan Blue Parsons died on October 2 , 1889 . On December 20 , 1890 , Col. Parsons ' son , Garrett Williams Parsons ( 1852 – 1935 ) , acquired Wappocomo for $ 16 @,@ 885 @.@ 72 , which he paid to Col. Parsons 's other heirs for their shares in the property . On November 12 , 1878 , he married Mary Avery Covell ( 1852 – 1914 ) , the daughter of West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind principal John Collins Covell ( 1823 – 87 ) . After the death of Garrett Williams Parsons on September 29 , 1935 , Wappocomo was inherited by his son Charles Heber Parsons ( 1886 – 1952 ) , who resided on the farm with his wife Gertrude L. Parsons ( 1895 – 1968 ) and engaged in farming on the property . He subsequently bequeathed the mansion and farm to his only child , Charles Heber Parsons , Jr . ( 1932 – 2002 ) and his wife Kathryn Anne Cole Parsons ( 1935 – 2004 ) . In 1972 , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 's South Branch line , located on the Wappocomo property , became part of the Chessie System . In 1978 , ownership of the line was transferred to the West Virginia State Rail Authority , after which the old Baltimore and Ohio Railroad South Branch line became known as the South Branch Valley Railroad . In 1991 , the Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad began operating on the South Branch Valley Railroad in 1991 , running between Wappocomo Station and Petersburg via The Trough . Its principal depot is Wappocomo Station , located on the Wappocomo farm ; the station consists of a ticket office housed in a red 1940 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad caboose , numbered C2507 ; the caboose is owned by the Chesapeake and Ohio Historical Society and leased by the Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad . Part of Wappocomo 's original land tract , located near the city limits of Romney , was sold for residential building lots and for the Fruit Growers Storage facility , a refrigerated storage plant for fruit stands along the South Branch Valley Railroad near the mansion . The Fruit Growers Storage facility also provided refrigerated storage for fruit that was to be shipped as freight on the South Branch Valley Railroad . Charles Heber Parsons , Jr . ' s son , Charles " Chuck " Heber Parsons III ( 1955 – 2012 ) , inherited the farm at Wappocomo and carefully restored and maintained the property . Parsons was a prominent member of the Romney community and served as Assistant Chief of the Romney Volunteer Fire Department . He also served in the United States Air Force and worked as an engineer for Dyno Nobel , a manufacturer of explosives . Parsons was an avid bowler , and competed in local , state , and national bowling tournaments . In October 2013 , the first annual Chuck Parsons Memorial Bowling Tournament was held in his honor , with the proceeds benefitting the Hampshire County Parks and Recreation Department summer youth programs . Following Parsons ' passing in 2012 , Wappocomo was inherited by his children , Charles " Chip " Heber Parsons IV and Jillyn Marie Parsons . = = Architecture = = = = = Exterior = = = The original 1774 portion of the mansion is a square two @-@ story Georgian @-@ style structure with a basement and attic , an architectural style prevalent in Virginia at the time of Wappocomo 's construction . This part of the mansion is built of large weighted ballast bricks , with walls that measure 1 foot 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 46 m ) in depth , allowing for deep inset windows . It also features two inside chimneys on either side , which once stood higher above its steep roof . The mansion 's formal entrance is covered by a small portico supported with wooden columns and engaged columns at the wall . Other historic homes located along the South Branch Potomac River face the river ; the mansion at Wappocomo is unique in that its formal façade faces toward Cumberland Road ( West Virginia Route 28 ) and the western flanks of South Branch Mountain . This may be due in part to the house 's distance from the river , approximately 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) . The house 's second @-@ floor rear windows offer a scenic view of the South Branch Potomac River . = = = Interior = = = The home 's wooden sill plates and joists were sawed by hand and the " rot nails " used for their construction were manufactured in the blacksmith shop on the Wappocomo plantation . The residence at Wappocomo also features unusually high fireplace mantelpieces , wide grooved window moldings and casings with base panels , solid paneled doors , and interior woodworking throughout , all of which were handmade . Every room of the main structure originally contained a corner fireplace . Both of the mansion 's two floors consist of four large rooms with high ceilings , and each of these rooms is exactly the same size and shape . A grand stairway is located at the end of the mansion 's central hall , extending from the first floor to the attic . The stairway 's handrail is crafted of walnut , and it is connected to the stairway 's shallow steps by a balustrade consisting of three small balusters per step . The basement rooms at Wappocomo are located almost entirely aboveground . The house 's foundation is constructed of large stone blocks , into which was crafted a large open fireplace that once exhibited a swinging iron chimney crane . The space around this large open fireplace within the mansion 's basement formerly served as a kitchen , where most of the cooking and food preparation took place . Entry into the home 's basement is accessible through a wide and heavy exterior door . = = = Stone addition = = = In 1861 , a stone addition to the original 1774 Georgian structure was built . The large stone blocks used for the construction of the addition were quarried from the plantation 's Mill Creek Mountain , a ridge located across the South Branch Potomac River to the west of the mansion . The stone blocks were hewed by sawyers , then transported across the river to the mansion , and lifted upon the addition 's scaffolding with wheelbarrows . A Mr. Ferrybe supervised and managed the stone addition 's construction . The 1861 stone addition 's two floors consisted of two large rooms on each floor , with 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) ceilings . The two upstairs rooms were transformed into a large ballroom , while the two downstairs rooms were used as a dining room and kitchen . The stone addition exhibits two stories of deep verandas extending across its eastern front façade . These verandas were once supported by tall columns rising from the addition 's ground @-@ level porch , to the roof of the second @-@ story porch . An exterior stairway once connected the lower porch to the upper porch . = = Geography = = Wappocomo farm is located within the relatively flat floodplain of the South Branch Potomac River valley , to the north of Romney . The farm 's property adjoins the Valley View farm and Romney corporate limits to the southwest , the South Branch Potomac River to the west and north , and the South Branch Valley Railroad line and Cumberland Road ( West Virginia Route 28 ) to the east . Mill Creek Mountain , a narrow anticlinal mountain ridge , rises to the west of the opposite riverbank of the South Branch Potomac River , and the western foothills of South Branch Mountain rise to the east . Mill Creek and South Branch Mountains contain Appalachian @-@ Blue Ridge forests of hardwoods and pine . Hanging Rocks , cliffs of stratified Oriskany sandstone and limestone layers , are located within a gap where the South Branch Potomac River cuts through Mill Creek Mountain approximately 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) north of Wappocomo farm . The unincorporated area at Hanging Rocks is known similarly as Wapocomo ( or Wappocomo ) . Big Run , a tributary stream of the South Branch Potomac River , flows north bisecting the Wappocomo property , bordered by dense foliage . Shortly before it enters Wappocomo farm , Big Run flows alongside ledges of gray shale known to contain Chonetes and Camarotoechia fossils . A smaller unnamed stream flows through the front lawn of the house at Wappocomo before curving northwest toward its confluence with Big Run . Corn is the primary crop produced in Wappocomo 's agricultural fields along the South Branch Potomac River , which consist of rich alluvial soils . = = = Washington Place = = = On November 7 , 1874 , Col. Parsons ' widow , Susan Blue Parsons , conveyed 2 acres ( 0 @.@ 81 ha ) of Wappocomo 's land to freedman William Washington , his wife Ann , and their children . Washington had previously worked on Washington Bottom Farm , from which he took the surname of his owner , George William Washington . This deed enabled the Washington family to reside on that land lot as long as any of the individuals specified in the deed lived there . On September 17 , 1892 , Garrett Williams Parsons and his wife , Mary Avery Covell Parsons , conveyed to Washington an additional 3 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 ha ) of land . The old log house built by Washington on this former Wappocomo land lot is presently known as Washington Place , and it is thought to be one of the first residences built by freed slaves in Hampshire County . = The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria = The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria is a DVD / Blu @-@ ray featuring live concert performances by Metallica , Slayer , Megadeth , and Anthrax , collectively known as " the big four " of thrash metal . The event took place on June 22 , 2010 at the Sonisphere Festival at Vasil Levski National Stadium , Sofia , Bulgaria . Before its DVD release , it was shown at 450 movie theaters in the United States and over 350 movie theaters across Europe , Canada , and Latin America on June 22 , 2010 . Critical reviews of the DVD were mostly favorable . Websites such as AllMusic and About.com were positive , though Blogcritics gave the DVD a mixed review . The DVD peaked at number one on the United States , United Kingdom , Austrian , and Canadian charts , and also charted on three other charts . It was certified gold in Germany , and provided Slayer with its first platinum certification . = = Background and release = = On Wednesday , June 16 , 2010 at the Sonisphere Festival at Bemowo Airport in Warsaw , Poland , the " big four " — Metallica , Slayer , Megadeth , and Anthrax performed together for the first time . The members of the four bands ( except for Slayer 's Jeff Hanneman ) were first photographed together on the previous day . Their live concert , on June 22 , was for one night only . Directed by Nick Wickham , the event was filmed and transmitted via satellite to over 450 movie theaters in the United States and over 350 movie theaters across Europe , Canada , and Latin America , including London 's famed Leicester Square . Tickets were made available for around $ 20 at TheBigFourLive.com , which also listed the theaters where the concert was being screened . Delayed screenings took place in Australia , South Africa and New Zealand . The film 's contents and artwork were revealed on August 25 , 2010 . A limited @-@ edition guitar pick was unveiled a day after the artwork was revealed . The European release was initially scheduled for October 11 , but Metallica later announced on their official site that the European release would be pushed back to October 15 , with an International release on October 18 , and a North American release on October 19 , 2010 . On September 15 , it was announced that a " super deluxe " limited edition box set would be released on the same date as the regular edition , and a 36 @-@ second video preview of the box set was released on September 17 . In mid September , publication was postponed further to a European release on October 29 , an International release on November 1 , and a North American release on November 2 , 2010 . Four teaser clips from the video were released on October 12 , and nine days later , Metallica 's performance of " Sad but True " , taken from the film , was released . A three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ minute trailer was released on September 21 , 2010 . The Slayer title card before the band 's performance is the only one of the four bands that did not feature their official logo . In addition , all Slayer members ( except drummer Dave Lombardo ) did not participate in the ' Am I Evil ? ' performance due to lack of interest . = = Event dates = = = = Reception = = The album was received positively by music critics . Thom Jurek gave it four out of five stars in his review for AllMusic , and stated that " each [ song ] is incredibly energetic , clearly riding the crowd excitement of the event , and the performances are stellar without a lapse . " He pointed to Anthrax 's " Madhouse " and " Antisocial " ; Megadeth 's " Head Crusher " and the " Peace Sells / Holy Wars Reprise " ; Slayer 's " Angel of Death " , " Seasons in the Abyss " , and " Raining Blood " ; and Metallica 's " Fade to Black " , " Creeping Death " , " Master of Puppets " , and " For Whom the Bell Tolls " as musical highlights , and described the encore performance of " Am I Evil ? " , in which members of all four bands perform , as " an historic high point . " In a mixed review for Blogcritics , Chris Beaumont summed up that " Watching these promo DVDs makes me want the Blu @-@ ray that much more . The performances are great , the sets are great , and it is hard not to get excited about these guys taking the stage together . This is metal . " Chad Bowar , writing for About.com , said that the concert was " one of the defining moments and biggest events in recent metal history " and commented that the bands " can still put on a great show " despite their age . He distinguished the styles of each band , writing : " Anthrax has a more lighthearted , fun approach , while Megadeth is 100 percent business with very little banter and focus on the music . Slayer has a more ominous vibe , although their evil mystique has lessened over the years . Metallica were very inclusive , with James Hetfield acting as everybody 's favorite uncle interacting with the crowd and taking time to soak it all in . " = = Charts and certificates = = = = Contents = = The DVD 's contents can be verified by AllMusic and the DVD 's notes . = = = Anthrax = = = DVD 1 / BD 1 / CD 1 = = = Megadeth = = = DVD 1 / BD 1 / CD 2 = = = Slayer = = = DVD 1 / BD 1 / CD 3 = = = Metallica = = = DVD 2 / BD 2 / CD 4 & 5 DVD Bonus Feature : DVD 2 / BD 2 Behind the scenes documentary backstage at Sonisphere , including interviews and " Am I Evil ? " rehearsal footage . = = Personnel = = A complete list can be found at AllMusic . Production and assistance = The Rebel Flesh = " The Rebel Flesh " is the fifth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which was first broadcast on 21 May 2011 on BBC One and on BBC America in the United States . It is the first episode of a two @-@ part story written by Matthew Graham and directed by Julian Simpson , concluded in " The Almost People " . In the episode , the TARDIS is hit by a solar storm , sending the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) to a monastery on an island on Earth in the 22nd century , which has been converted into a factory to pump acid off the island . To prevent death from the acid , the workers have utilized a " programmable matter " called the Flesh , which creates a doppelgänger ( called " Ganger " ) controlled by the worker . As the solar storm hits , the Gangers become independent , and the Doctor , Amy and Rory must work to prevent the two groups from breaking into a war . Showrunner Steven Moffat specifically asked Graham to write the episodes about " avatars that rebel " , although the Flesh and the monastery were Graham 's original ideas . The episode was filmed in the late months of 2010 with some location filming at Caerphilly Castle to represent the monastery . Prosthetics were used to create the Gangers ' facial features , while doubles of the actors were used for scenes in which a character and his or her Ganger were both in a scene , but did not both show their face . The episode was seen by 7 @.@ 35 million viewers in the UK and achieved an Appreciation Index of 85 . Reviewers were generally positive about the episode ; some praised the setting and characters but others commented that the story had not developed enough even though it was only the first part . The computer @-@ generated effects used for one scene were also disapproved of by a couple of reviewers . = = Plot = = = = = Synopsis = = = The TARDIS is caught in the first waves of a " solar tsunami " and materialises on Earth in the 22nd century . The Doctor , Amy , and Rory find themselves on a remote island , where a factory housed in a former castle monastery pumps a valuable , highly corrosive acid to the mainland . The skeleton crew of the factory uses a self @-@ replicating fluid called the Flesh from which they create doppelgängers of themselves , colloquially called " Gangers " . The crew control the Gangers from special harnesses , operating in the hazardous environment of the factory via the disposable bodies . The Doctor , initially posing as a weatherman , fears the worst part of the solar tsunami will strike the solar @-@ powered factory soon , threatening those still remaining , and offers to take the crew in his TARDIS . The foreman , Miranda Cleaves ( Raquel Cassidy ) , refuses to shut down the factory until she receives orders from the mainland . As the solar storm begins , the Doctor races to disconnect the solar collector , but an electrical strike hits the castle , throwing the Doctor off the tower and knocking everyone inside unconscious . When the crew awaken , they find themselves out of the control beds with no sign of the Gangers . However , their own personal belongings have been gone through and the TARDIS has sunk into acid @-@ corroded ground . The Doctor explains that they have likely been unconscious for more than an hour and the Gangers have gained sentience . They soon discover that two of the Gangers are amongst them , posing as Cleaves and Jennifer ( Sarah Smart ) , when the two give themselves away by turning pale @-@ white . Jennifer also exhibits the ability to contort and stretch her body well beyond human limits . The Jennifer Ganger struggles with her new identity and befriends Rory who has begun to demonstrate an emotional attachment to her . The Cleaves Ganger works in secret with the other Gangers to try to kill the real humans , as the human Cleaves plans to kill the Gangers . The Doctor attempts to reunite the two sides but fails when the human Cleaves kills one of the Gangers with a high @-@ powered electrical charge . The Gangers plan an attack , and the Doctor accuses Cleaves of killing a living being which Cleaves refuses to acknowledge . The Ganger Jennifer hunts her human counterpart to kill her . The Doctor determines that in a monastery , the safest place to be is the chapel , and directs everyone there . The Gangers , in acid @-@ protection suits , bear down on the chapel . Rory responds to the sound of Jennifer screaming by deliberately separating from the group , against Amy 's wishes . In the chapel , Amy and the Doctor discover a Ganger version of the Doctor . = = = Continuity = = = " The Almost People " confirms that the Doctor came to the base to examine the Flesh in its early stage in order to humanely sever its connection to Amy , who was replaced by a Ganger avatar prior to the beginning of the series . He is once more seen performing a pregnancy scan on Amy which , as before , cannot come to a conclusion to whether she is pregnant . The " Eye Patch Lady " also makes another brief appearance to Amy , similar to those in " Day of the Moon " and " The Curse of the Black Spot " . Her identity is revealed in " The Almost People " and she plays a larger part in " A Good Man Goes to War " and " The Wedding of River Song " . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = Matthew Graham was originally to write a single episode for the previous series , but withdrew because he did not have enough time to write the script . He then received an e @-@ mail from showrunner Steven Moffat , who asked him to write for the next series ; Graham agreed . When the two met , Moffat said he would like the episodes to lead into the mid @-@ series finale and that it should deal with " avatars that rebel " . Initially worried this may seem too similar to the film Avatar , Graham went on to create the Flesh . Graham wanted the Gangers to be scary , but not monsters who wanted " to take over the world for the sake of it " . He wanted them to appear relatable to the audience as they were humans who deserved rights . Moffat suggested that the avatars work in a factory ; attempting to make it different from other factories featured in Doctor Who , Graham proposed to set the story in a monastery , an idea of which Moffat greatly approved . The monastery was inspired by the film The Name of the Rose , while the Gangers were influenced by The Thing ; Graham described it as " The Thing in the context of The Name of the Rose " . In the early drafts of the script , there were " so many copies of people running around the place " which made the story too confusing , so Graham and the production crew worked to make it more rational . The episode also contains a subplot in which Rory helps and protects Jennifer as she is scared and affected by the Gangers , which proved a twist in Amy and Rory 's relationship . Karen Gillan enjoyed the twist . Amy had previously always had Rory " in the palm of her hand " and a different side of the character was shown as she experienced the same emotions Rory felt when she seemed interested in the Doctor . Arthur Darvill also thought it gave Rory a chance to " man up " and be a hero by protecting someone . = = = Filming and effects = = = The read @-@ through for " The Rebel Flesh " and " The Almost People " took place on 12 November 2010 . It was then filmed around late November and early December . The cold temperatures at the time were a challenge and caused discomfort . The crew were concerned that the cast , particularly the three lead actors , would fall ill as their costumes were not designed for such weather conditions . Even so , the cast remained healthy . Scenes outside and inside the monastery were filmed at Caerphilly Castle , previously used in Doctor Who in The End of Time and " The Vampires of Venice " . The actors each played their respective Gangers , with prosthetics applied to their faces for when the duplicates ' faces reverted to the original material of the Flesh . Moffat wanted the Gangers to appear like " eyeball matter " : white with small capillaries running through them . For the scenes in which both the character and their respective Ganger was in the same shot , a double for each of the actors was used . Most of the shots showed either the character or their Ganger speaking over their counterpart 's shoulder , as only the backs of the doubles ' head were made to look similar to the actors . The episode also contains several tracks of contemporary music . In the beginning when Amy and Rory are playing darts inside in the TARDIS and the Doctor runs a pregnancy scan on Amy , the song " Supermassive Black Hole " by Muse is playing in the background . The Gangers also play " You Don 't Have to Say You Love Me " by Dusty Springfield . = = Broadcast and reception = = " The Rebel Flesh " was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 May 2011 and on the same date in the United States on BBC America . In the UK , the episode achieved an overnight rating of 5 @.@ 7 million with an audience share of 29 @.@ 3 % . When consolidated ratings were calculated , it was reported that 7 @.@ 35 million viewers had watched the episode , making it the sixth most @-@ watched episode on BBC One for the week . It received an Appreciation Index of 85 , considered by the BBC to be " excellent " . = = = Critical reception = = = " The Rebel Flesh " received generally positive reviews by critics . Dan Martin , writing for The Guardian , said that " The Rebel Flesh " " is particularly satisfying " though it seemed that not much had happened due to it being the first part of a two @-@ part story . He praised Graham 's " believable world " and " well @-@ drawn " characters of Cleaves , Buzzer , and Jennifer . He later rated it the seventh best episode of the series , though the finale was not included in the list . The Telegraph reviewer Gavin Fuller called it " a very traditional @-@ style Doctor Who story " . He noted that Smith gave a more restrained performance that suited the feel of the episode , and also praised the advantage taken with the location filming for the monastery . Radio Times 's critic Patrick Mulkern considered the episode to be an improvement from Graham 's only other Doctor Who episode , " Fear Her " , though it had " failed to enthral " him . In contrast to Martin , Mulkern said that Graham 's characters were not " showing many life signs yet " with the exception of Jennifer , who was " marginally sympathetic " . IGN 's Matt Risley rated the episode 8 out of 10 , saying it delivered " a solid and traditional Whovian tale , albeit one at its best " , though it was " nothing groundbreaking " yet . He went on to praise the supporting cast that " managed to sell both their flawed human originals and their progressively bonkers ganger counterparts " as well as the setting . However , he questioned Rory 's willingness to protect Jennifer , as he thought Rory would have learned from his experiences with death to be more careful . Morgan Jeffery of Digital Spy gave the episode four out of five stars , saying that " The Rebel Flesh " " strikes a satisfying balance between the humorous and the horrific " from the cold open . He commended Graham for handling the two @-@ part structure by using extra time to explore the characters and themes , and thought the highlight of the episode were Rory 's scenes with Jennifer . However , he criticised the CGI used in some scenes , although he called the prosthetics used for the Gangers " impressive " , as well as the episode for ending in " a damp squib of a cliffhanger " that was " clearly too telegraphed throughout the episode " . SFX magazine reviewer Richard Edwards gave the episode four out of five stars , saying it " looks fantastic " and praised choice of the abbey as the factory , which blew " the cliché of a futuristic industrial setting apart immediately , and [ made ] you feel like you ’ re watching something new . " Like Jeffery , he said the visual effects were " generally pretty good " but criticised the CGI used for Jennifer 's special abilities . Keith Phipps on The A.V. Club graded it as a " B " and called it " just a pretty good episode " . His complaint was that it " truly [ felt ] like half a story in the way the best Doctor Who two @-@ parters don 't " , though he said it managed to plant intriguing strands for the conclusion . = James Joyce = James Augustine Aloysius Joyce ( 2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941 ) was an Irish novelist and poet . He contributed to the modernist avant @-@ garde , and is regarded as one of the most influential and important authors of the twentieth century . Joyce is best known for Ulysses ( 1922 ) , a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer 's Odyssey are paralleled in an array of contrasting literary styles , perhaps most prominent among these the stream of consciousness technique he utilized . Other well @-@ known works are the short @-@ story collection Dubliners ( 1914 ) , and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ( 1916 ) and Finnegans Wake ( 1939 ) . His other writings include three books of poetry , a play , occasional journalism , and his published letters . Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square , Rathgar , Dublin — about half a mile from his mother 's birthplace in Terenure — into a middle @-@ class family on the way down . A brilliant student , he excelled at the Jesuit schools Clongowes and Belvedere , despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father 's alcoholism and unpredictable finances . He went on to attend University College Dublin . In 1904 , in his early twenties , Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner ( and later wife ) Nora Barnacle . They lived in Trieste , Paris , and Zurich . Though most of his adult life was spent abroad , Joyce 's fictional universe centres on Dublin , and is populated largely by characters who closely resemble family members , enemies and friends from his time there . Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city . Shortly after the publication of Ulysses , he elucidated this preoccupation somewhat , saying , " For myself , I always write about Dublin , because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world . In the particular is contained the universal . " = = Biography = = = = = 1882 – 1904 : Dublin = = = James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane " May " Murray , in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar . He was baptized according to the Rites of the Catholic Church in the nearby St Joseph 's Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev. John O 'Mulloy . His godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann . He was the eldest of ten surviving children ; two of his siblings died of typhoid . His father 's family , originally from Fermoy in Cork , had once owned a small salt and lime works . Joyce 's father and paternal grandfather both married into wealthy families , though the family 's purported ancestor , Seán Mór Seoighe ( fl . 1680 ) was a stonemason from Connemara . In 1887 , his father was appointed rate collector ( i.e. , a collector of local property taxes ) by Dublin Corporation ; the family subsequently moved to the fashionable adjacent small town of Bray 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Dublin . Around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog , which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia . He also suffered from astraphobia , as a superstitious aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of God 's wrath . In 1891 Joyce wrote a poem on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell . His father was angry at the treatment of Parnell by the Catholic church , the Irish Home Rule Party and the British Liberal Party and the resulting collaborative failure to secure Home Rule for Ireland . The Irish Party had dropped Parnell from leadership . But the Vatican 's role in allying with the British Conservative Party to prevent Home Rule left a lasting impression on the young Joyce . The elder Joyce had the poem printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library . In November of that same year , John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette ( a publisher of bankruptcies ) and suspended from work . In 1893 , John Joyce was dismissed with a pension , beginning the family 's slide into poverty caused mainly by his drinking and general financial mismanagement . Joyce had begun his education at Clongowes Wood College , a Jesuit boarding school near Clane , County Kildare , in 1888 but had to leave in 1892 when his father could no longer pay the fees . Joyce then studied at home and briefly at the Christian Brothers O 'Connell School on North Richmond Street , Dublin , before he was offered a place in the Jesuits ' Dublin school , Belvedere College , in 1893 . This came about because of a chance meeting his father had with a Jesuit priest who knew the family and Joyce was given a reduction in fees to attend Belvedere . In 1895 , Joyce , now aged 13 , was elected to join the Sodality of Our Lady by his peers at Belvedere . The philosophy of Thomas Aquinas continued to have a strong influence on him for most of his life . Joyce enrolled at the recently established University College Dublin ( UCD ) in 1898 , studying English , French and Italian . He also became active in theatrical and literary circles in the city . In 1900 his laudatory review of Henrik Ibsen 's When We Dead Awaken was published in Fortnightly Review ; it was his first publication and , after learning basic Norwegian to send a fan letter to Ibsen , he received a letter of thanks from the dramatist . Joyce wrote a number of other articles and at least two plays ( since lost ) during this period . Many of the friends he made at University College Dublin appeared as characters in Joyce 's works . His closest colleagues included leading figures of the generation , most notably , Thomas Kettle , Francis Sheehy @-@ Skeffington and Oliver St. John Gogarty . Joyce was first introduced to the Irish public by Arthur Griffith in his newspaper , The United Irishman , in November 1901 . Joyce had written an article on the Irish Literary Theatre and his college magazine refused to print it . Joyce had it printed and distributed locally . Griffith himself wrote a piece decrying the censorship of the student James Joyce . In 1901 , the National Census of Ireland lists James Joyce ( 19 ) as an English- and Irish @-@ speaking scholar living with his mother and father , six sisters and three brothers at Royal Terrace ( now Inverness Road ) , Clontarf , Dublin . After graduating from UCD in 1902 , Joyce left for Paris to study medicine , but he soon abandoned this . Richard Ellmann suggests that this may have been because he found the technical lectures in French too difficult . Joyce had already failed to pass chemistry in English in Dublin . But Joyce claimed ill health as the problem and wrote home that he was unwell and complained about the cold weather . He stayed on for a few months , appealing for finance his family could ill afford and reading late in the Bibliothèque Sainte @-@ Geneviève . When his mother was diagnosed with cancer , his father sent a telegram which read , " NOTHER [ sic ] DYING COME HOME FATHER " . Joyce returned to Ireland . Fearing for her son 's impiety , his mother tried unsuccessfully to get Joyce to make his confession and to take communion . She finally passed into a coma and died on 13 August , James and his brother Stanislaus having refused to kneel with other members of the family praying at her bedside . After her death he continued to drink heavily , and conditions at home grew quite appalling . He scraped a living reviewing books , teaching , and singing — he was an accomplished tenor , and won the bronze medal in the 1904 Feis Ceoil . On 7 January 1904 Joyce attempted to publish A Portrait of the Artist , an essay @-@ story dealing with aesthetics , only to have it rejected by the free @-@ thinking magazine Dana . He decided , on his twenty @-@ second birthday , to revise the story into a novel he called Stephen Hero . It was a fictional rendering of Joyce 's youth , but he eventually grew frustrated with its direction and abandoned this work . It was never published in this form , but years later , in Trieste , Joyce completely rewrote it as A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . The unfinished Stephen Hero was published after his death . The same year he met Nora Barnacle , a young woman from Galway City who was working as a chambermaid . On 16 June 1904 , they first stepped out together , an event which would be commemorated by providing the date for the action of Ulysses ( as " Bloomsday " ) . Joyce remained in Dublin for some time longer , drinking heavily . After one of these drinking binges , he got into a fight over a misunderstanding with a man in St Stephen 's Green ; he was picked up and dusted off by a minor acquaintance of his father , Alfred H. Hunter , who took him into his home to tend to his injuries . Hunter was rumoured to be a Jew and to have an unfaithful wife , and would serve as one of the models for Leopold Bloom , the protagonist of Ulysses . He took up with medical student Oliver St John Gogarty , who formed the basis for the character Buck Mulligan in Ulysses . After staying for six nights in the Martello Tower that Gogarty was renting in Sandycove , he left in the middle of the night following an altercation which involved another student he lived with , the unstable Dermot Chenevix Trench ( Haines in Ulysses ) , who fired a pistol at some pans hanging directly over Joyce 's bed . Joyce walked the 8 miles ( 13 km ) back to Dublin to stay with relatives for the night , and sent a friend to the tower the next day to pack his trunk . Shortly thereafter he left Ireland with Nora to live on the Continent . = = = 1904 – 20 : Trieste and Zurich = = = Joyce and Nora went into self @-@ imposed exile , moving first to Zurich in Switzerland , where he had supposedly acquired a post to teach English at the Berlitz Language School through an agent in England . It turned out that the agent had been swindled ; the director of the school sent Joyce on to Trieste , which was then part of Austria @-@ Hungary ( until World War I ) , and is today part of Italy . Once again , he found there was no position for him , but with the help of Almidano Artifoni , director of the Trieste Berlitz school , he finally secured a teaching position in Pola , then also part of Austria @-@ Hungary ( today part of Croatia ) . He stayed there , teaching English mainly to Austro @-@ Hungarian naval officers stationed at the Pola base , from October 1904 until March 1905 , when the Austrians — having discovered an espionage ring in the city — expelled all aliens . With Artifoni 's help , he moved back to Trieste and began teaching English there . He remained in Trieste for most of the next ten years . Later that year Nora gave birth to their first child , George , also known as Giorgio . Joyce then managed to talk his brother , Stanislaus , into joining him in Trieste , and secured him a position teaching at the school . Joyce 's ostensible reasons were desire for Stanislaus 's company and the hope of offering him a more interesting life than that of his simple clerking job in Dublin . Joyce also hoped to augment his family 's meagre income with his brother 's earnings . Stanislaus and Joyce had strained relations throughout the time they lived together in Trieste , with most arguments centring on Joyce 's drinking habits and frivolity with money . Joyce became frustrated with life in Trieste and moved to Rome in late 1906 , having secured employment as a letter @-@ writing clerk in a bank . He intensely disliked Rome , and moved back to Trieste in early 1907 . His daughter Lucia was born later that year . Joyce returned to Dublin in mid @-@ 1909 with George , to visit his father and work on getting Dubliners published . He visited Nora 's family in Galway and liked Nora 's mother very much . While preparing to return to Trieste he decided to take one of his sisters , Eva , back with him to help Nora run the home . He spent only a month in Trieste before returning to Dublin , this time as a representative of some cinema owners and businessmen from Trieste . With their backing he launched Ireland 's first cinema , the Volta Cinematograph , which was well @-@ received , but fell apart after Joyce left . He returned to Trieste in January 1910 with another sister , Eileen , in tow . Eva became homesick for Dublin and returned there a few years later , but Eileen spent the rest of her life on the continent , eventually marrying Czech bank cashier Frantisek Schaurek . Joyce returned to Dublin again briefly in mid @-@ 1912 during his years @-@ long fight with Dublin publisher George Roberts over the publication of Dubliners . His trip was once again fruitless , and on his return he wrote the poem " Gas from a Burner " , an invective against Roberts . After this trip , he never again came closer to Dublin than London , despite many pleas from his father and invitations from fellow Irish writer William Butler Yeats . One of his students in Trieste was Ettore Schmitz , better known by the pseudonym Italo Svevo . They met in 1907 and became lasting friends and mutual critics . Schmitz was a Catholic of Jewish origin and became a primary model for Leopold Bloom ; most of the details about the Jewish faith in Ulysses came from Schmitz 's responses to queries from Joyce . While living in Trieste , Joyce was first beset with eye problems that ultimately required over a dozen surgical operations . Joyce concocted a number of money @-@ making schemes during this period , including an attempt to become a cinema magnate in Dublin . He also frequently discussed but ultimately abandoned a plan to import Irish tweed to Trieste . Correspondence relating to that venture with the Irish Woollen Mills were for a long time displayed in the windows of their premises in Dublin . Joyce 's skill at borrowing money saved him from indigence . What income he had came partially from his position at the Berlitz school and partially from teaching private students . In 1915 , after most of his students in Trieste were conscripted to fight in World War I , Joyce moved to Zurich . Two influential private students , Baron Ambrogio Ralli and Count Francesco Sordina , petitioned officials for an exit permit for the Joyces , who in turn agreed not to take any action against the emperor of Austria @-@ Hungary during the war . In Zurich , Joyce met one of his most enduring and important friends , the English socialist painter Frank Budgen , whose opinion Joyce constantly sought through the writing of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake . It was also here that Ezra Pound brought him to the attention of English feminist and publisher Harriet Shaw Weaver , who would become Joyce 's patron , providing him with thousands of pounds over the next 25 years and relieving him of the burden of teaching to focus on his writing . While in Zurich he wrote Exiles , published A Portrait ... , and began serious work on Ulysses . Zurich during the war was home to exiles and artists from across Europe , and its bohemian , multilingual atmosphere suited him . Nevertheless , after four years he was restless , and after the war he returned to Trieste as he had originally planned . He found the city had changed , and some of his old friends noted his maturing from teacher to artist . His relations with his brother Stanislaus ( who had been interned in an Austrian prison camp for most of the war due to his pro @-@ Italian politics ) were more strained than ever . Joyce went to Paris in 1920 at an invitation from Ezra Pound , supposedly for a week , but the family ended up living there for the next twenty years . = = = 1920 – 41 : Paris and Zurich = = = Joyce set himself to finishing Ulysses in Paris , delighted to find that he was gradually gaining fame as an avant @-@ garde writer . A further grant from Miss Shaw Weaver meant he could devote himself full @-@ time to writing again , as well as consort with other literary figures in the city . During this time , Joyce 's eyes began to give him more and more problems and he often wore an eyepatch . He was treated by Dr Louis Borsch in Paris , undergoing nine operations before Borsch 's death in 1929 . Throughout the 1930s he travelled frequently to Switzerland for eye surgeries and for treatments for his daughter Lucia , who , according to the Joyces , suffered from schizophrenia . Lucia was analysed by Carl Jung at the time , who after reading Ulysses , is said to have concluded that her father had schizophrenia . Jung said she and her father were two people heading to the bottom of a river , except that Joyce was diving and Lucia was sinking . In Paris , Maria and Eugene Jolas nursed Joyce during his long years of writing Finnegans Wake . Were it not for their support ( along with Harriet Shaw Weaver 's constant financial support ) , there is a good possibility that his books might never have been finished or published . In their literary magazine " transition , " the Jolases published serially various sections of Finnegans Wake under the title Work in Progress . Joyce returned to Zurich in late 1940 , fleeing the Nazi occupation of France . = = = Death = = = On 11 January 1941 , he underwent surgery in Zurich for a perforated ulcer . While he at first improved , he relapsed the following day , and despite several transfusions , fell into a coma . He awoke at 2 a.m. on 13 January 1941 , and asked for a nurse to call his wife and son , before losing consciousness again . They were still on their way when he died 15 minutes later . Joyce 's body was interred in the Fluntern Cemetery near Zurich Zoo . Buried originally in an ordinary grave , he was moved in 1966 to a more prominent " honor grave , " with a seated statue of Joyce by American artist Milton Hebald nearby . Swiss tenor Max Meili sang Addio terra , addio cielo from Monteverdi 's L 'Orfeo at the burial service . Although two senior Irish diplomats were in Switzerland at the time , neither attended Joyce 's funeral , and the Irish government later declined Nora 's offer to permit the repatriation of Joyce 's remains . Nora , who had married Joyce in London in 1931 , survived him by 10 years . She is buried by his side , as is their son Giorgio , who died in 1976 . = = = Joyce and religion = = = The issue of Joyce 's relationship with religion is somewhat controversial . Early in life , he lapsed from Catholicism , according to first @-@ hand testimonies coming from himself , his brother Stanislaus Joyce , and his wife : My mind rejects the whole present social order and Christianity — home , the recognised virtues , classes of life , and religious doctrines . [ ... ] Six years ago I left the Catholic church , hating it most fervently . I found it impossible for me to remain in it on account of the impulses of my nature . I made secret war upon it when I was a student and declined to accept the positions it offered me . By doing this I made myself a beggar but I retained my pride . Now I make open war upon it by what I write and say and do . My brother ’ s breakaway from Catholicism was due to other motives . He felt it was imperative that he should save his real spiritual life from being overlaid and crushed by a false one that he had outgrown . He believed that poets in the measure of their gifts and personality were the repositories of the genuine spiritual life of their race and the priests were usurpers . He detested falsity and believed in individual freedom more thoroughly than any man I have ever known . [ ... ] The interest that my brother always retained in the philosophy of the Catholic Church sprang from the fact that he considered Catholic philosophy to be the most coherent attempt to establish such an intellectual and material stability . When the arrangements for Joyce 's burial were being made , a Catholic priest offered a religious service , which Joyce 's wife Nora declined , saying : " I couldn 't do that to him . " However , L. A. G. Strong , William T. Noon , Robert Boyle and others have argued that Joyce , later in life , reconciled with the faith he rejected earlier in life and that his parting with the faith was succeeded by a not so obvious reunion , and that Ulysses and Finnegans Wake are essentially Catholic expressions . Likewise , Hugh Kenner and T. S. Eliot believed they saw between the lines of Joyce 's work the outlook of a serious Christian and that beneath the veneer of the work lies a remnant of Catholic belief and attitude . Kevin Sullivan maintains that , rather than reconciling with the faith , Joyce never left it . Critics holding this view insist that Stephen , the protagonist of the semi @-@ autobiographical A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as well as Ulysses , is not Joyce . Somewhat cryptically , in an interview after completing Ulysses , in response to the question " When did you leave the Catholic Church " , Joyce answered , " That 's for the Church to say . " Eamonn Hughes maintains that Joyce takes a dialectic approach , both affirming and denying , saying that Stephen 's much noted non @-@ serviam is qualified — " I will not serve that which I no longer believe ... " , and that the non @-@ serviam will always be balanced by Stephen 's " I am a servant ... " and Molly 's " yes " . It is also known from first hand testimonies and his own writing that Joyce attended Catholic Mass and Orthodox Sacred Liturgy , especially during Holy Week , purportedly for aesthetic reasons . His sisters also noted his Holy Week attendance and that he did not seek to dissuade them . One friend witnessed him cry " secret tears " upon hearing Jesus ' words on the cross and another accused him of being a " believer at heart " because of his frequent attendance at church . Umberto Eco compares Joyce to the ancient episcopi vagantes ( wandering bishops ) in the Middle Ages . They left a discipline , not a cultural heritage or a way of thinking . Like them , the writer retains the sense of blasphemy held as a liturgical ritual . Some critics and biographers have opined along the lines of Andrew Gibson : " The modern James Joyce may have vigorously resisted the oppressive power of Catholic tradition . But there was another Joyce who asserted his allegiance to that tradition , and never left it , or wanted to leave it , behind him . " Gibson argues that Joyce " remained a Catholic intellectual if not a believer " since his thinking remained influenced by his cultural background , even though he dissented from that culture . His relationship with religion was complex and not easily understood , even perhaps by himself . He acknowledged the debt he owed to his early Jesuit training . Joyce told the sculptor August Suter , that from his Jesuit education , he had ' learnt to arrange things in such a way that they become easy to survey and to judge.' = = = Joyce and music = = = Music is central to Joyce 's biography and to the understanding of his writings . In turn , Joyce 's poetry and prose became an inspiration for composers and musicians . There are at least five aspects to consider : 1 . Joyce 's musicality : Joyce had considerable musical talent , which expressed itself in his singing , piano and guitar playing , as well as in a melody that he composed . His own musicality ( which once made him consider music as a profession ) is the root of his strong adoption of music as a major driving force in his fiction , in addition to his own experience of music in Ireland before he left in 1904 . Joyce had a light tenor voice ; he was taught by Vincent O 'Brien and Benedetto Palmieri ; in 1904 won a bronze medal at the competitive music festival Feis Ceoil . His only composition is a melody to his poem Bid adieu , to which a piano accompaniment was added in the 1920s in Paris by the American composer Edmund J. Pendleton ( 1899 – 1987 ) . 2 . The music Joyce knew : Music frequently found its way into Joyce 's poetry and prose . Often this happens in the form of allusions to ( or partial quotations from ) texts of Irish traditional songs , popular ballads , Roman Catholic chant and opera arias . His operatic references include works by Balfe , Wallace and Arthur Sullivan , in addition to Meyerbeer , Mozart , and Wagner ( among many others ) . Joyce also makes frequent use of the Irish Melodies of Thomas Moore and ballads such as George Barker 's Dublin Bay and J.L. Molloy 's Love 's Old Sweet Song . 3 . Opera as a genre : Joyce had a lifelong preoccupation with opera as a generic precedent for his own fiction . Although Joyce scholarship has long identified an explicit recourse to musical structures in Ulysses ( in particular the ' Sirens ' episode ) and Finnegans Wake , more recent criticism has established a decisive reliance on Wagner 's Ring in Finnegans Wake and an attempt to adapt the structures of opera and oratorio to the medium of fiction , notably in the ' Cyclops ' episode of Ulysses . George Antheil 's unfinished setting of ' Cyclops ' as an opera attests this attempt . 4 . Music to Joyce 's words : Music that uses Joyce 's texts most frequently appears as settings of his poems in songs , and occasionally as excerpts from prose works . Irish composers were among the first to set Joyce 's poetry , including Geoffrey Molyneux Palmer ( 1882 – 1957 ) , Herbert Hughes ( 1882 – 1937 ) and Brian Boydell ( 1917 – 2000 ) , but the musical qualities of Joyce 's verse also attracted European and North American composers , with early settings by Karol Szymanowski ( Songs to Words by James Joyce op . 54 , 1926 ) and Samuel Barber ( Three Songs op . 10 , 1936 ) in addition to settings by major exponents of the 1950s and ' 60s avant @-@ garde such as Elliott Carter ( String Quartet No. 1 , 1951 ) and Luciano Berio ( Chamber Music , 1953 ; Thema ( Ommagio a Joyce ) , 1958 ; etc . ) In 2015 Waywords and Meansigns presented an unabridged version of Finnegans Wake , collaboratively read and set to music , by contributors from around the globe . 5 . Music inspired by Joyce : Often , instrumental music was also inspired by Joyce 's writings , including works by Pierre Boulez , Klaus Huber , Rebecca Saunders , Toru Takemitsu and Gerard Victory . With Luciano Berio 's Thema ( Omaggio a Joyce ) ( 1958 ) there is also a key work in the development of electro @-@ acoustic music . In 2014 the English composer Stephen Crowe set Joyce 's explicit letters to Nora as a song @-@ cycle for tenor and ensemble . Joyce himself took a keen interest in musical settings of his work , performed some of them himself , and corresponded with many of the composers . He was particularly fond of the early settings by Palmer . = = Major works = = = = = Dubliners = = = Joyce 's Irish experiences constitute an essential element of his writings , and provide all of the settings for his fiction and much of its subject matter . His early volume of short stories , Dubliners , is a penetrating analysis of the stagnation and paralysis of Dublin society . The stories incorporate epiphanies , a word used particularly by Joyce , by which he meant a sudden consciousness of the " soul " of a thing . = = = A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man = = = A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a nearly complete rewrite of the abandoned novel Stephen Hero . Joyce attempted to burn the original manuscript in a fit of rage during an argument with Nora , though to his subsequent relief it was rescued by his sister . A Künstlerroman , Portrait is a heavily autobiographical coming @-@ of @-@ age novel depicting the childhood and adolescence of protagonist Stephen Dedalus and his gradual growth into artistic self @-@ consciousness . Some hints of the techniques Joyce frequently employed in later works , such as stream of consciousness , interior monologue , and references to a character 's psychic reality rather than to his external surroundings , are evident throughout this novel . Joseph Strick directed a film of the book in 1977 starring Luke Johnston , Bosco Hogan , T. P. McKenna and John Gielgud . = = = Exiles and poetry = = = Despite early interest in the theatre , Joyce published only one play , Exiles , begun shortly after the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and published in 1918 . A study of a husband and wife relationship , the play looks back to The Dead ( the final story in Dubliners ) and forward to Ulysses , which Joyce began around the time of the play 's composition . Joyce also published a number of books of poetry . His first mature published work was the satirical broadside " The Holy Office " ( 1904 ) , in which he proclaimed himself to be the superior of many prominent members of the Celtic Revival . His first full @-@ length poetry collection Chamber Music ( 1907 ; referring , Joyce joked , to the sound of urine hitting the side of a chamber pot ) consisted of 36 short lyrics . This publication led to his inclusion in the Imagist Anthology , edited by Ezra Pound , who was a champion of Joyce 's work . Other poetry Joyce published in his lifetime includes " Gas From A Burner " ( 1912 ) , Pomes Penyeach ( 1927 ) and " Ecce Puer " ( written in 1932 to mark the birth of his grandson and the recent death of his father ) . It was published by the Black Sun Press in Collected Poems ( 1936 ) . = = = Ulysses = = = As he was completing work on Dubliners in 1906 , Joyce considered adding another story featuring a Jewish advertising canvasser called Leopold Bloom under the title Ulysses . Although he did not pursue the idea further at the time , he eventually commenced work on a novel using both the title and basic premise in 1914 . The writing was completed in October 1921 . Three more months were devoted to working on the proofs of the book before Joyce halted work shortly before his self @-@ imposed deadline , his 40th birthday ( 2 February 1922 ) . Thanks to Ezra Pound , serial publication of the novel in the magazine The Little Review began in March 1918 . This magazine was edited by Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap , with the intermittent financial backing of John Quinn , a successful New York commercial lawyer with an interest in contemporary experimental art and literature . Unfortunately , this publication encountered problems with New York Postal Authorities ; serialisation ground to a halt in December 1920 ; the editors were convicted of publishing obscenity in February 1921 . Although the conviction was based on the " Nausicaä " episode of Ulysses , The Little Review had fuelled the fires of controversy with dada poet Elsa von Freytag @-@ Loringhoven 's defence of Ulysses in an essay " The Modest Woman . " Joyce 's novel was not published in the United States until 1933 . Partly because of this controversy , Joyce found it difficult to get a publisher to accept the book , but it was published in 1922 by Sylvia Beach from her well @-@ known Rive Gauche bookshop , Shakespeare and Company . An English edition published the same year by Joyce 's patron , Harriet Shaw Weaver , ran into further difficulties with the United States authorities , and 500 copies that were shipped to the States were seized and possibly destroyed . The following year , John Rodker produced a print run of 500 more intended to replace the missing copies , but these were burned by English customs at Folkestone . A further consequence of the novel 's ambiguous legal status as a banned book was that a number of " bootleg " versions appeared , most notably a number of pirate versions from the publisher Samuel Roth . In 1928 , a court injunction against Roth was obtained and he ceased publication . With the appearance of both Ulysses and T. S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land , 1922 was a key year in the history of English @-@ language literary modernism . In Ulysses , Joyce employs stream of consciousness , parody , jokes , and virtually every other established literary technique to present his characters . The action of the novel , which takes place in a single day , 16 June 1904 , sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and represents Odysseus ( Ulysses ) , Penelope and Telemachus in the characters of Leopold Bloom , his wife Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus , parodically contrasted with their lofty models . Both Bloom and Dedalus represent Joyce in difference ages : youth and middle age . And both relate to each other symbolically in the novel as father and son . The key to this father / son relationship is revealed by Stephen on the Sandymount strand when he contemplates the Nicene Creed and the ' consubstantial ' relationship of God the Father to Son . The book explores various areas of Dublin life , dwelling on its squalor and monotony . Nevertheless , the book is also an affectionately detailed study of the city , and Joyce claimed that if Dublin were to be destroyed in some catastrophe it could be rebuilt , brick by brick , using his work as a model . To achieve this level of accuracy , Joyce used the 1904 edition of Thom 's Directory — a work that listed the owners and / or tenants of every residential and commercial property in the city . He also bombarded friends still living there with requests for information and clarification . The book consists of 18 chapters , each covering roughly one hour of the day , beginning around 8 a.m. and ending sometime after 2 a.m. the following morning . Each chapter employs its own literary style , and parodies a specific episode in Homer 's Odyssey . Furthermore , each chapter is associated with a specific colour , art or science , and bodily organ . This combination of kaleidoscopic writing with an extreme formal schematic structure renders the book a major contribution to the development of 20th @-@ century modernist literature . The use of classical mythology as an organising framework , the near @-@ obsessive focus on external detail , and the occurrence of significant action within the minds of characters have also contributed to the development of literary modernism . Nevertheless , Joyce complained that , " I may have oversystematised Ulysses , " and played down the mythic correspondences by eliminating the chapter titles that had been taken from Homer . Joyce was reluctant to publish the chapter titles because he wanted his work to stand separately from the Greek form . It was only when Stuart Gilbert published his critical work on Ulysses in 1930 that the schema was supplied by Joyce to Gilbert . But as Terrence Killeen points out this schema was developed after the novel had been written and was not something that Joyce consulted as he wrote the novel . A first edition copy of Ulysses is on display at The Little Museum of Dublin . = = = Finnegans Wake = = = Having completed work on Ulysses , Joyce was so exhausted that he did not write a line of prose for a year . On 10 March 1923 he informed a patron , Harriet Weaver : " Yesterday I wrote two pages — the first I have since the final Yes of Ulysses . Having found a pen , with some difficulty I copied them out in a large handwriting on a double sheet of foolscap so that I could read them . Il lupo perde il pelo ma non il vizio , the Italians say . ' The wolf may lose his skin but not his vice ' or ' the leopard cannot change his spots . ' " Thus was born a text that became known , first , as Work in Progress and later Finnegans Wake . By 1926 Joyce had completed the first two parts of the book . In that year , he met Eugene and Maria Jolas who offered to serialise the book in their magazine transition . For the next few years , Joyce worked rapidly on the new book , but in the 1930s , progress slowed considerably . This was due to a number of factors , including the death of his father in 1931 , concern over the mental health of his daughter Lucia , and his own health problems , including failing eyesight . Much of the work was done with the assistance of younger admirers , including Samuel Beckett . For some years , Joyce nursed the eccentric plan of turning over the book to his friend James Stephens to complete , on the grounds that Stephens was born in the same hospital as Joyce exactly one week later , and shared the first name of both Joyce and of Joyce 's fictional alter @-@ ego , an example of Joyce 's superstitions . Reaction to the work was mixed , including negative comment from early supporters of Joyce 's work , such as Pound and the author 's brother , Stanislaus Joyce . To counteract this hostile reception , a book of essays by supporters of the new work , including Beckett , William Carlos Williams and others was organised and published in 1929 under the title Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress . At his 57th birthday party at the Jolases ' home , Joyce revealed the final title of the work and Finnegans Wake was published in book form on 4 May 1939 . Later , further negative comments surfaced from doctor and author Hervey Cleckley , who questioned the significance others had placed on the work . In his book , The Mask of Sanity , Cleckley refers to Finnegans Wake as " a 628 @-@ page collection of erudite gibberish indistinguishable to most people from the familiar word salad produced by hebephrenic patients on the back wards of any state hospital . " Joyce 's method of stream of consciousness , literary allusions and free dream associations was pushed to the limit in Finnegans Wake , which abandoned all conventions of plot and character construction and is written in a peculiar and obscure English , based mainly on complex multi @-@ level puns . This approach is similar to , but far more extensive than that used by Lewis Carroll in Jabberwocky . This has led many readers and critics to apply Joyce 's oft @-@ quoted description in the Wake of Ulysses as his " usylessly unreadable Blue Book of Eccles " to the Wake itself . However , readers have been able to reach a consensus about the central cast of characters and general plot . Much of the wordplay in the book stems from the use of multilingual puns which draw on a wide range of languages . The role played by Beckett and other assistants included collating words from these languages on cards for Joyce to use and , as Joyce 's eyesight worsened , of writing the text from the author 's dictation . The view of history propounded in this text is very strongly influenced by Giambattista Vico , and the metaphysics of Giordano Bruno of Nola are important to the interplay of the " characters . " Vico propounded a cyclical view of history , in which civilisation rose from chaos , passed through theocratic , aristocratic , and democratic phases , and then lapsed back into chaos . The most obvious example of the influence of Vico 's cyclical theory of history is to be found in the opening and closing words of the book . Finnegans Wake opens with the words " riverrun , past Eve and Adam 's , from swerve of shore to bend of bay , brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs . " ( " vicus " is a pun on Vico ) and ends " A way a lone a last a loved a long the . " In other words , the book ends with the beginning of a sentence and begins with the end of the same sentence , turning the book into one great cycle . Indeed , Joyce said that the ideal reader of the Wake would suffer from " ideal insomnia " and , on completing the book , would turn to page one and start again , and so on in an endless cycle of reading . = = Legacy = = Joyce 's work has been an important influence on writers and scholars as diverse as Samuel Beckett , Seán Ó Ríordáin , Jorge Luis Borges , Flann O 'Brien , Salman Rushdie , Robert Anton Wilson , John Updike , David Lodge and Joseph Campbell . Ulysses has been called " a demonstration and summation of the entire [ Modernist ] movement " . French literary theorist Julia Kristéva characterised Joyce 's novel writing as " polyphonic " and a hallmark of postmodernity alongside poets Mallarmé and Rimbaud . Some scholars , most notably Vladimir Nabokov , have mixed feelings on his work , often championing some of his fiction while condemning other works . In Nabokov 's opinion , Ulysses was brilliant , Finnegans Wake horrible — an attitude Jorge Luis Borges shared . Joyce 's influence is also evident in fields other than literature . The sentence " Three quarks for Muster Mark ! " in Joyce 's Finnegans Wake is the source of the word " quark " , the name of one of the elementary particles proposed by the physicist Murray Gell @-@ Mann in 1963 . The French philosopher Jacques Derrida has written a book on the use of language in Ulysses , and the American philosopher Donald Davidson has written similarly on Finnegans Wake in comparison with Lewis Carroll . Psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan used Joyce 's writings to explain his concept of the sinthome . According to Lacan , Joyce 's writing is the supplementary cord which kept Joyce from psychosis . In 1999 , Time magazine named Joyce one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century , and stated : " Joyce ... revolutionised 20th century fiction " . In 1998 , the Modern Library , US publisher of Joyce 's works , ranked Ulysses No. 1 , A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man No. 3 , and Finnegans Wake No. 77 , on its list of the 100 best English @-@ language novels of the 20th century . The work and life of Joyce is celebrated annually on 16 June , known as Bloomsday , in Dublin and in an increasing number of cities worldwide , and critical studies in scholarly publications , such as the James Joyce Quarterly , continue . Both popular and academic uses of Joyce 's work were hampered by restrictions placed by Stephen J. Joyce , Joyce 's grandson and executor of his literary estate . On 1 January 2012 , those restrictions were lessened by the expiry of copyright protection for much of the published work of James Joyce . In April 2013 the Central Bank of Ireland issued a silver € 10 commemorative coin in honour of Joyce that misquoted a famous line from his masterwork Ulysses . The Irish Naval Service named an offshore patrol vessel in Joyce 's honour . In a service attended by members of the Joyce family , the LÉ James Joyce ( P62 ) was commissioned on 1 September 2015 . = Nazi Germany = Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich ( German : Drittes Reich ) , was a period in German history from 1933 to 1945 , when the country was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) . Under Hitler 's rule , Germany was transformed into a fascist totalitarian state which controlled nearly all aspects of life . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich ( " German Reich " , " German Empire " or " German Realm " ) from 1933 to 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich ( Greater German Reich ) from 1943 to 1945 . Nazi Germany ceased to exist after the Allied Forces defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933 . The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power . Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 , and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery and Presidency . A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer ( leader ) of Germany . All power was centralised in Hitler 's person , and his word became above all laws . The government was not a coordinated , co @-@ operating body , but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler 's favour . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy . Extensive public works were undertaken , including the construction of Autobahnen ( high speed highways ) . The return to economic stability boosted the regime 's popularity . Racism , especially antisemitism , was a central feature of the regime . The Germanic peoples ( the Nordic race ) were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race , and were therefore viewed as the master race . Millions of Jews and others deemed undesirable were murdered in the Holocaust . Opposition to Hitler 's rule was ruthlessly suppressed . Members of the liberal , socialist , and communist opposition were killed , imprisoned , or exiled . The Christian churches were also oppressed , with many leaders imprisoned . Education focused on racial biology , population policy , and fitness for military service . Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed . Recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program , and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage . Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film , mass rallies , and Hitler 's hypnotising oratory to control public opinion . The government controlled artistic expression , promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others . Beginning in the late 1930s , Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands , threatening war if they were not met . It seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939 . Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939 , launching World War II in Europe . In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers , Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940 and threatened Great Britain . Reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas , and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland . Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned , murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps , or shot . The regime 's racial policies turned genocidal , culminating in the mass murder of Jews and other minorities in the Holocaust . The plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe was formalized in the 1942 Wannsee Conference , replacing the previous policy of forced emigration of Jews from the Reich . Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , the tide gradually turned against the Nazis , who suffered major military defeats in 1943 . Large @-@ scale aerial bombing of Germany escalated in 1944 , and the Axis powers were pushed back in Eastern and Southern Europe . Following the Allied invasion of France , Germany was conquered by the Soviet Union from the east and the other Allied powers from the west and capitulated within a year . Hitler 's refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war @-@ related deaths in the closing months of the war . The victorious Allies initiated a policy of denazification and put many of the surviving Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials . = = Name = = The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich ( German Reich ) from 1933 to 1943 , and Großdeutsches Reich ( Greater German Reich ) from 1943 to 1945 . The name Deutsches Reich is usually translated into English as " German Empire " or " German Reich " . Common English terms are " Nazi Germany " and " Third Reich " . The latter , adopted by Nazi propaganda , was first used in a 1923 book by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck . The book counted the Holy Roman Empire ( 962 – 1806 ) as the first Reich and the German Empire ( 1871 – 1918 ) as the second . The Nazis used it to legitimize their regime as a successor state . After they seized power , Nazi propaganda retroactively referred to the Weimar Republic as the Zwischenreich ( " Interim Reich " ) . = = History = = = = = Background = = = The German economy suffered severe setbacks after the end of World War I , partly because of reparations payments required under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . The government printed money to make the payments and to repay the country 's war debt ; the resulting hyperinflation led to inflated prices for consumer goods , economic chaos , and food riots . When the government failed to make the reparations payments in January 1923 , French troops occupied German industrial areas along the Ruhr . Widespread civil unrest followed . The National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( NSDAP ; Nazi Party ) was the renamed successor of the German Workers ' Party founded in 1919 , one of several far @-@ right political parties active in Germany at the time . The party platform included removal of the Weimar Republic , rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , radical antisemitism , and anti @-@ Bolshevism . They promised a strong central government , increased Lebensraum ( living space ) for Germanic peoples , formation of a national community based on race , and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews , who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights . The Nazis proposed national and cultural renewal based upon the Völkisch movement . When the stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 , the impact in Germany was dire . Millions were thrown out of work , and several major banks collapsed . Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party . They promised to strengthen the economy and provide jobs . Many voters decided the NSDAP was capable of restoring order , quelling civil unrest , and improving Germany 's international reputation . After the federal election of 1932 , the Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstag , holding 230 seats with 37 @.@ 4 percent of the popular vote . = = = Nazi seizure of power = = = Although the Nazis won the greatest share of the popular vote in the two Reichstag general elections of 1932 , they did not have a majority , so Hitler led a short @-@ lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and the German National People 's Party . Under pressure from politicians , industrialists , and the business community , President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 . This event is known as the Machtergreifung ( seizure of power ) . In the following months , the NSDAP used a process termed Gleichschaltung ( co @-@ ordination ) to rapidly bring all aspects of life under control of the party . All civilian organisations , including agricultural groups , volunteer organisations , and sports clubs , had their leadership replaced with Nazi sympathisers or party members . By June 1933 , virtually the only organisations not in the control of the NSDAP were the army and the churches . On the night of 27 February 1933 , the Reichstag building was set afire ; Marinus van der Lubbe , a Dutch communist , was found guilty of starting the blaze . Hitler proclaimed that the arson marked the start of a communist uprising . Violent suppression of communists by the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) was undertaken all over the country , and four thousand members of the Communist Party of Germany were arrested . The Reichstag Fire Decree , imposed on 28 February 1933 , rescinded most German civil liberties , including rights of assembly and freedom of the press . The decree also allowed the police to detain people indefinitely without charges or a court order . The legislation was accompanied by a propaganda blitz that led to public support for the measure . In March 1933 , the Enabling Act , an amendment to the Weimar Constitution , passed in the Reichstag by a vote of 444 to 94 . This amendment allowed Hitler and his cabinet to pass laws — even laws that violated the constitution — without the consent of the president or the Reichstag . As the bill required a two @-@ thirds majority to pass , the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to keep several Social Democratic deputies from attending ; the Communists had already been banned . On 10 May the government seized the assets of the Social Democrats ; they were banned in June . The remaining political parties were dissolved , and on 14 July 1933 , Germany became a de facto one @-@ party state when the founding of new parties was made illegal . Further elections in November 1933 , 1936 , and 1938 were entirely Nazi @-@ controlled and saw only the Nazis and a small number of independents elected . The regional state parliaments and the Reichsrat ( federal upper house ) were abolished in January 1934 . The Nazi regime abolished the symbols of the Weimar Republic , including the black , red , and gold tricolour flag , and adopted reworked imperial symbolism . The previous imperial black , white , and red tricolour was restored as one of Germany 's two official flags ; the second was the swastika flag of the NSDAP , which became the sole national flag in 1935 . The NSDAP anthem " Horst @-@ Wessel @-@ Lied " ( " Horst Wessel Song " ) became a second national anthem . In this period , Germany was still in a dire economic situation ; millions were unemployed and the balance of trade deficit was daunting . Hitler knew that reviving the economy was vital . In 1934 , using deficit spending , public works projects were undertaken . A total of 1 @.@ 7 million Germans were put to work on the projects in 1934 alone . Average wages both per hour and per week began to rise . The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military , industrial , and political leaders . In response , Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934 . Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who , along with a number of Hitler 's political adversaries ( such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ) , were rounded up , arrested , and shot . On 2 August 1934 , President von Hindenburg died . The previous day , the cabinet had enacted the " Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich " , which stated that upon Hindenburg 's death , the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor . Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government . He was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler ( leader and chancellor ) . Germany was now a totalitarian state with Hitler at its head . As head of state , Hitler became Supreme Commander of the armed forces . The new law altered the traditional loyalty oath of servicemen so that they affirmed loyalty to Hitler personally rather than the office of supreme commander or the state . On 19 August , the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 90 percent of the electorate in a plebiscite . Most Germans were relieved that the conflicts and street fighting of the Weimar era had ended . They were deluged with propaganda orchestrated by Joseph Goebbels , who promised peace and plenty for all in a united , Marxist @-@ free country without the constraints of the Versailles Treaty . The first Nazi concentration camp , initially for political prisoners , was opened at Dachau in 1933 . Hundreds of camps of varying size and function were created by the end of the war . Upon seizing power , the Nazis took repressive measures against their political opposition and rapidly began the comprehensive marginalisation of persons they considered socially undesirable . Under the guise of combating the Communist threat , the National Socialists secured immense power . Above all , their campaign against Jews living in Germany gained momentum . Beginning in April 1933 , scores of measures defining the status of Jews and their rights were instituted at the regional and national level . Initiatives and legal mandates against the Jews reached their culmination with the establishment of the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 , stripping them of their basic rights . The Nazis would take from the Jews their wealth , their right to intermarry with non @-@ Jews , and their right to occupy many fields of labour ( such as practising law , medicine , or working as educators ) . They eventually declared them undesirable to remain among German citizens and society , which over time dehumanised the Jews ; arguably , these actions desensitised Germans to the extent that it resulted in the Holocaust . Ethnic Germans who refused to ostracise Jews or who showed any signs of resistance to Nazi propaganda were placed under surveillance by the Gestapo , had their rights removed , or were sent to concentration camps . Everyone and everything was monitored in Nazi Germany . Inaugurating and legitimising power for the Nazis was thus accomplished by their initial revolutionary activities , then through the improvisation and manipulation of the legal mechanisms available , through the use of police powers by the Nazi Party ( which allowed them to include and exclude from society whomever they chose ) , and finally by the expansion of authority for all state and federal institutions . = = = Militaristic foreign policy = = = As early as February 1933 , Hitler announced that rearmament must be undertaken , albeit clandestinely at first , as to do so was in violation of the Versailles Treaty . A year later he told his military leaders that 1942 was the target date for going to war in the east . He pulled Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933 , claiming its disarmament clauses were unfair , as they applied only to Germany . The Saarland , which had been placed under League of Nations supervision for 15 years at the end of World War I , voted in January 1935 to become part of Germany . In March 1935 Hitler announced that the Reichswehr would be increased to 550 @,@ 000 men and that he was creating an air force . Britain agreed that the Germans would be allowed to build a naval fleet with the signing of the Anglo @-@ German Naval Agreement on 18 June 1935 . When the Italian invasion of Ethiopia led to only mild protests by the British and French governments , on 7 March 1936 Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht Heer ground forces to march 3 @,@ 000 troops into the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in violation of the Versailles Treaty ; an additional 30 @,@ 000 troops were on standby . As the territory was part of Germany , the British and French governments did not feel that attempting to enforce the treaty was worth the risk of war . In the one @-@ party election held on 29 March , the NSDAP received 98 @.@ 9 percent support . In 1936 Hitler signed an Anti @-@ Comintern Pact with Japan and a non @-@ aggression agreement with the Fascist Italy of Benito Mussolini , who was soon referring to a " Rome @-@ Berlin Axis " . Hitler sent air and armoured units to assist General Francisco Franco and his Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War , which broke out in July 1936 . The Soviet Union sent a smaller force to assist the Republican government . Franco 's Nationalists were victorious in 1939 and became an informal ally of Nazi Germany . = = = Austria and Czechoslovakia = = = In February 1938 , Hitler emphasised to Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg the need for Germany to secure its frontiers . Schuschnigg scheduled a plebiscite regarding Austrian independence for 13 March , but Hitler demanded that it be cancelled . On 11 March , Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg demanding that he hand over all power to the Austrian NSDAP or face an invasion . The Wehrmacht entered Austria the next day , to be greeted with enthusiasm by the populace . The Republic of Czechoslovakia was home to a substantial minority of Germans , who lived mostly in the Sudetenland . Under pressure from separatist groups within the Sudeten German Party , the Czechoslovak government offered economic concessions to the region . Hitler decided to incorporate not just the Sudetenland but the whole of Czechoslovakia into the Reich . The Nazis undertook a propaganda campaign to try to drum up support for an invasion . Top leaders of the armed forces were not in favour of the plan , as Germany was not yet ready for war . The crisis led to war preparations by the British , the Czechoslovaks , and France ( Czechoslovakia 's ally ) . Attempting to avoid war , British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain arranged a series of meetings , the result of which was the Munich Agreement , signed on 29 September 1938 . The Czechoslovak government was forced to accept the Sudetenland 's annexation into Germany . Chamberlain was greeted with cheers when he landed in London bringing , he said , " peace for our time . " The agreement lasted six months before Hitler seized the rest of Czech territory in March 1939 . A puppet state was created in Slovakia . Austrian and Czech foreign exchange reserves were soon seized by the Nazis , as were stockpiles of raw materials such as metals and completed goods such as weaponry and aircraft , which were shipped back to Germany . The Reichswerke Hermann Göring industrial conglomerate took control of steel and coal production facilities in both countries . = = = Poland = = = In March 1939 , Hitler demanded the return of the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor , a strip of land that separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany . The British announced they would come to the aid of Poland if it was attacked . Hitler , believing the British would not actually take action , ordered an invasion plan should be readied for a target date of September 1939 . On 23 May he described to his generals his overall plan of not only seizing the Polish Corridor but greatly expanding German territory eastward at the expense of Poland . He expected this time they would be met by force . The Germans reaffirmed their alliance with Italy and signed non @-@ aggression pacts with Denmark , Estonia , and Latvia . Trade links were formalised with Romania , Norway , and Sweden . Hitler 's foreign minister , Joachim von Ribbentrop , arranged in negotiations with the Soviet Union a non @-@ aggression pact , the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact , which was signed in August 1939 . The treaty also contained secret protocols dividing Poland and the Baltic states into German and Soviet spheres of influence . = = = World War II = = = = = = = Foreign policy = = = = Germany 's foreign policy during the war involved the creation of allied governments under direct or indirect control from Berlin . A main goal was obtaining soldiers from the senior allies , such as Italy and Hungary , and millions of workers and ample food supplies from subservient allies such as Vichy France . By the fall of 1942 , there were 24 divisions from Romania on the Eastern Front , 10 from Italy , and 10 from Hungary . When a country was no longer dependable , Germany assumed full control , as it did with France in 1942 , Italy in 1943 , and Hungary in 1944 . Although Japan was an official powerful ally , the relationship was distant and there was little co @-@ ordination or co @-@ operation . For example , Germany refused to share their formula for synthetic oil from coal until late in the war . = = = = Outbreak of war = = = = Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 . Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . World War II was under way . Poland fell quickly , as the Soviet Union attacked from the east on 17 September . Reinhard Heydrich , then head of the Gestapo , ordered on 21 September that Jews should be rounded up and concentrated into cities with good rail links . Initially the intention was to deport the Jews to points further east , or possibly to Madagascar . Using lists prepared ahead of time , some 65 @,@ 000 Polish intelligentsia , noblemen , clergy , and teachers were killed by the end of 1939 in an attempt to destroy Poland 's identity as a nation . The Soviet forces continued to attack , advancing into Finland in the Winter War , and German forces were involved in action at sea . But little other activity occurred until May , so the period became known as the " Phoney War " . From the start of the war , a British blockade on shipments to Germany had an impact on the Reich economy . The Germans were particularly dependent on foreign supplies of oil , coal , and grain . To safeguard Swedish iron ore shipments to Germany , Hitler ordered an attack on Norway , which took place on 9 April 1940 . Much of the country was occupied by German troops by the end of April . Also on 9 April , the Germans invaded and occupied Denmark . = = = = Conquest of Europe = = = = Against the judgement of many of his senior military officers , Hitler ordered an attack on France and the Low Countries , which began in May 1940 . They quickly conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium , and France surrendered on 22 June . The unexpectedly swift defeat of France resulted in an upswing in Hitler 's popularity and a strong upsurge in war fever . In spite of the provisions of the Hague Convention , industrial firms in the Netherlands , France , and Belgium were put to work producing war materiel for the occupying German military . Officials viewed this option as being preferable to their citizens being deported to the Reich as forced labour . The Nazis seized from the French thousands of locomotives and rolling stock , stockpiles of weapons , and raw materials such as copper , tin , oil , and nickel . Financial demands were levied on the governments of the occupied countries as well ; payments for occupation costs were received from France , Belgium , and Norway . Barriers to trade led to hoarding , black markets , and uncertainty about the future . Food supplies were precarious ; production dropped in most areas of Europe , but not as much as during World War I. Greece experienced famine in the first year of occupation and the Netherlands in the last year of the war . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British leader , Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations . However , the German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . By the end of October , Hitler realised the necessary air superiority for his planned invasion of Britain could not be achieved , and he ordered nightly air raids on British cities , including London , Plymouth , and Coventry . In February 1941 , the German Afrika Korps arrived in Libya to aid the Italians in the North African Campaign and attempt to contain Commonwealth forces stationed in Egypt . On 6 April , Germany launched the invasion of Yugoslavia and the battle of Greece . German efforts to secure oil included negotiating a supply from their new ally , Romania , who signed the Tripartite Pact in November 1940 . On 22 June 1941 , contravening the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact , 5 @.@ 5 million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union . In addition to Hitler 's stated purpose of acquiring Lebensraum , this large @-@ scale offensive ( codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers . The reaction among Germans was one of surprise and trepidation . Many were concerned about how much longer the war would drag on or suspected that Germany could not win a war fought on two fronts . The invasion conquered a huge area , including the Baltic republics , Belarus , and West Ukraine . After the successful Battle of Smolensk , Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to halt its advance to Moscow and temporarily divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . This pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves . The Moscow offensive , which resumed in October 1941 , ended disastrously in December . On 7 December 1941 , Japan attacked Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Four days later , Germany declared war on the United States . Food was in short supply in the conquered areas of the Soviet Union and Poland , with rations inadequate to meet nutritional needs . The retreating armies had burned the crops , and much of the remainder was sent back to the Reich . In Germany itself , food rations had to be cut in 1942 . In his role as Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan , Hermann Göring demanded increased shipments of grain from France and fish from Norway . The 1942 harvest was a good one , and food supplies remained adequate in Western Europe . Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce was an organisation set up to loot artwork and cultural material from Jewish collections , libraries , and museums throughout Europe . Some 26 @,@ 000 railroad cars full of art treasures , furniture , and other looted items were sent back to Germany from France alone . In addition , soldiers looted or purchased goods such as produce and clothing — items which were becoming harder to obtain in Germany — for shipment back home . = = = = Turning point and collapse = = = = Germany , and Europe as a whole , was almost totally dependent on foreign oil imports . In an attempt to resolve the persistent shortage , Germany launched Fall Blau ( Case Blue ) , an offensive against the Caucasian oilfields , in June 1942 . The Red Army launched a counter @-@ offensive on 19 November and encircled the Axis forces , who were trapped in Stalingrad on 23 November . Göring assured Hitler that the 6th Army could be supplied by air , but this turned out to be infeasible . Hitler 's refusal to allow a retreat led to the deaths of 200 @,@ 000 German and Romanian soldiers ; of the 91 @,@ 000 men who surrendered in the city on 31 January 1943 , only 6 @,@ 000 survivors returned to Germany after the war . Soviet forces continued to push the invaders westward after the failed German offensive at the Battle of Kursk , and by the end of 1943 , the Germans had lost most of their territorial gains in the east . In Egypt , Field Marshal Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps were defeated by British forces under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery in October 1942 . Allied forces landed in Sicily in July 1943 , and in Italy in September . Meanwhile , American and British bomber fleets , based in Britain , began operations against Germany . In an effort to destroy German morale , many sorties were intentionally given civilian targets . Soon German aircraft production could not keep pace with losses , and without air cover , the Allied bombing campaign became even more devastating . By targeting oil refineries and factories , they crippled the German war effort by late 1944 . On 6 June 1944 , American , British , and Canadian forces established a western front with the D @-@ Day landings in Normandy . On 20 July 1944 , Hitler narrowly survived a bomb attack . He ordered savage reprisals , resulting in 7 @,@ 000 arrests and the execution of more than 4 @,@ 900 people . The failed Ardennes Offensive ( 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 ) was the last major German campaign of the war . Soviet forces entered Germany on 27 January . Hitler 's refusal to admit defeat and his repeated insistence that the war be fought to the last man led to unnecessary death and destruction in the closing months of the war . Through his Justice Minister , Otto Georg Thierack , he ordered that anyone who was not prepared to fight should be summarily court @-@ martialed . Thousands of people were put to death . In many areas , people looked for ways to surrender to the approaching Allies , in spite of exhortations of local leaders to continue the struggle . Hitler also ordered the intentional destruction of transport , bridges , industries , and other infrastructure — a scorched earth decree — but Armaments Minister Albert Speer was able to keep this order from being fully carried out . During the Battle of Berlin ( 16 April 1945 – 2 May 1945 ) , Hitler and his staff lived in the underground Führerbunker , while the Red Army approached . On 30 April , when Soviet troops were one or two blocks away from the Reich Chancellery , Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide in the Führerbunker . On 2 May General Helmuth Weidling unconditionally surrendered Berlin to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov . Hitler was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Reich President and Goebbels as Reich Chancellor . Goebbels and his wife Magda committed suicide the next day , after murdering their six children . On 4 – 8 May 1945 most of the remaining German armed forces surrendered unconditionally . The German Instrument of Surrender was signed 7 May , marking the end of World War II in Europe . Suicide rates in Germany increased as the war drew to a close , particularly in areas where the Red Army was advancing . More than a thousand people ( out of a population of around 16 @,@ 000 ) committed suicide in Demmin on and around 1 May 1945 as the 65th Army of 2nd Belorussian Front first broke into a distillery and then rampaged through the town , committing mass rapes , arbitrarily executing civilians , and setting fire to buildings . High numbers of suicides took place in many other locations , including Neubrandenburg ( 600 dead ) , Stolp in Pommern ( 1 @,@ 000 dead ) , and Berlin , where at least 7 @,@ 057 people committed suicide in 1945 . = = = = German casualties = = = = Estimates of the total German war dead range from 5 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 9 million persons . A study by German historian Rüdiger Overmans puts the number of German military dead and missing at 5 @.@ 3 million , including 900 @,@ 000 men conscripted from outside of Germany 's 1937 borders , in Austria , and in east @-@ central Europe . Overy estimated in 2014 that in all about 353 @,@ 000 civilians were killed by British and American bombing of German cities . An additional 20 @,@ 000 died in the land campaign . Some 22 @,@ 000 citizens died during the Battle of Berlin . Other civilian deaths include 300 @,@ 000 Germans ( including Jews ) who were victims of Nazi political , racial , and religious persecution , and 200 @,@ 000 who were murdered in the Nazi euthanasia program . Political courts called Sondergerichte sentenced some 12 @,@ 000 members of the German resistance to death , and civil courts sentenced an additional 40 @,@ 000 Germans . Mass rapes of German women also took place . At the end of the war , Europe had more than 40 million refugees , its economy had collapsed , and 70 percent of its industrial infrastructure was destroyed . Between twelve and fourteen million ethnic Germans fled or were expelled from east @-@ central Europe to Germany . During the Cold War , the West German government estimated a death toll of 2 @.@ 2 million civilians due to the flight and expulsion of Germans and through forced labour in the Soviet Union . This figure remained unchallenged until the 1990s , when some historians put the death toll at 500 @,@ 000 – 600 @,@ 000 confirmed deaths . In 2006 the German government reaffirmed its position that 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 5 million deaths occurred . = = Geography = = = = = Territorial changes = = = As a result of their defeat in World War I and the resulting Treaty of Versailles , Germany lost Alsace @-@ Lorraine , Northern Schleswig , and Memel . The Saarland temporarily became a protectorate of France , under the condition that its residents would later decide by referendum which country to join . Poland became a separate nation and was given access to the sea by the creation of the Polish Corridor , which separated Prussia from the rest of Germany . Danzig was made a free city . Germany regained control of the Saarland via a referendum held in 1935 and annexed Austria in the Anschluss of 1938 . The Munich Agreement of 1938 gave Germany control of the Sudetenland , and they seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia six months later . Under threat of invasion by sea , Lithuania surrendered the Memel district in March 1939 . Between 1939 and 1941 , German forces invaded Poland , France , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Belgium , and the Soviet Union . Trieste , South Tyrol , and Istria were ceded to Germany by Mussolini in 1943 . Two puppet districts were set up in the area , the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral and the Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills . = = = Occupied territories = = = Some of the conquered territories were immediately incorporated into Germany as part of Hitler 's long @-@ term goal of creating a Greater Germanic Reich . Several areas , such as Alsace @-@ Lorraine , were placed under the authority of an adjacent Gau ( regional district ) . Beyond the territories incorporated into Germany were the Reichskommissariate ( Reich Commissariats ) , quasi @-@ colonial regimes established in a number of occupied countries . Areas placed under German administration included the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , Reichskommissariat Ostland ( encompassing the Baltic states and Belarus ) , and Reichskommissariat Ukraine . Conquered areas of Belgium and France were placed under control of the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France . Belgian Eupen @-@ Malmedy , which had been part of German until 1919 , was annexed directly . Part of Poland was immediately incorporated into the Reich , and the General Government was established in occupied central Poland . Hitler intended to eventually incorporate many of these areas into the Reich . The governments of Denmark , Norway ( Reichskommissariat Norwegen ) , and the Netherlands ( Reichskommissariat Niederlande ) were placed under civilian administrations staffed largely by natives . = = = Post @-@ war changes = = = With the issuance of the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 and later creation of the Allied Control Council , the four Allied powers temporarily assumed governance of Germany . At the Potsdam Conference in August 1945 , the Allies arranged for the Allied occupation and denazification of the country . Germany was split into four zones , each occupied by one of the Allied powers , who drew reparations from their zone . Since most of the industrial areas were in the western zones , the Soviet Union was transferred additional reparations . The Allied Control Council disestablished Prussia on 20 May 1947 . Aid to Germany began arriving from the United States under the Marshall Plan in 1948 . The occupation lasted until 1949 , when the countries of East Germany and West Germany were created . Germany finalised her border with Poland by signing the Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ) . Germany remained divided until 1990 , when the Allies renounced all claims to German territory with the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , under which Germany also renounced claims to territories lost during World War II . = = Politics = = = = = Ideology = = = The NSDAP was a far @-@ right political party which came into its own during the social and financial upheavals that occurred with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 . While in prison after the failed Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 , Hitler wrote Mein Kampf , which laid out his plan for transforming German society into one based on race . The ideology of Nazism brought together elements of antisemitism , racial hygiene , and eugenics , and combined them with pan @-@ Germanism and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more Lebensraum for the Germanic people . The regime attempted to obtain this new territory by attacking Poland and the Soviet Union , intending to deport or kill the Jews and Slavs living there , who were viewed as being inferior to the Aryan master race and part of a Jewish Bolshevik conspiracy . The Nazi regime believed that only Germany could defeat the forces of Bolshevism and save humanity from world domination by International Jewry . Others deemed life unworthy of life by the Nazis included the mentally and physically disabled , Romani people , homosexuals , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and social misfits . Influenced by the Völkisch movement , the regime was against cultural modernism and supported the development of an extensive military at the expense of intellectualism . Creativity and art were stifled , except where they could serve as propaganda media . The party used symbols such as the Blood Flag and rituals such as the Nazi Party rallies to foster unity and bolster the regime 's popularity . = = = Government = = = A law promulgated 30 January 1934 abolished the existing Länder ( constituent states ) of Germany and replaced them with new administrative divisions of Nazi Germany , the Gaue , headed by NSDAP leaders ( Gauleiters ) , who effectively became the governor of their region . The change was never fully implemented , as the Länder were still used as administrative divisions for some government departments such as education . This led to a bureaucratic tangle of overlapping jurisdictions and responsibilities typical of the administrative style of the Nazi regime . Jewish civil servants lost their jobs in 1933 , except for those who had seen military service in World War I. Members of the NSDAP or party supporters were appointed in their place . As part of the process of Gleichschaltung , the Reich Local Government Law of 1935 abolished local elections . From that point forward , mayors were appointed by the Ministry of the Interior . Hitler ruled Germany autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip ( leader principle ) , which called for absolute obedience of all subordinates . He viewed the government structure as a pyramid , with himself — the infallible leader — at the apex . Rank in the party was not determined by elections ; positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank . The party used propaganda to develop a cult of personality around Hitler . Historians such as Kershaw emphasise the psychological impact of Hitler 's skill as an orator . Kressel writes , " Overwhelmingly ... Germans speak with mystification of Hitler 's ' hypnotic ' appeal " . Roger Gill states , " His moving speeches captured the minds and hearts of a vast number of the German people : he virtually hypnotized his audiences . " Top officials reported to	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler from 1929 , the SS had over a quarter million members by 1938 and continued to grow . Himmler envisioned the SS as being an elite group of guards , Hitler 's last line of defence . The Waffen @-@ SS , the military branch of the SS , became a de facto fourth branch of the Wehrmacht . In 1931 Himmler organised an SS intelligence service which became known as the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ; Security Service ) under his deputy , SS @-@ Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich . This organisation was tasked with locating and arresting communists and other political opponents . Himmler hoped it would eventually totally replace the existing police system . Himmler also established the beginnings of a parallel economy under the auspices of the SS Economy and Administration Head Office . This holding company owned housing corporations , factories , and publishing houses . From 1935 forward the SS was heavily involved in the persecution of Jews , who were rounded up into ghettos and concentration camps . With the outbreak of World War II , SS units called Einsatzgruppen followed the army into Poland and the Soviet Union , where from 1941 to 1945 they killed more than two million people , including 1 @.@ 3 million Jews . The SS @-@ Totenkopfverbände ( death 's head units ) were in charge of the concentration camps and extermination camps , where millions more were killed . = = Economy = = = = = Reich economics = = = The most pressing economic matter the Nazis initially faced was the 30 percent national unemployment rate . Economist Dr. Hjalmar Schacht , President of the Reichsbank and Minister of Economics , created in May 1933 a scheme for deficit financing . Capital projects were paid for with the issuance of promissory notes called Mefo bills . When the notes were presented for payment , the Reichsbank printed money to do so . While the national debt soared , Hitler and his economic team expected that the upcoming territorial expansion would provide the means of repaying the debt . Schacht 's administration achieved a rapid decline in the unemployment rate , the largest of any country during the Great Depression . On 17 October 1933 , aviation pioneer Hugo Junkers , owner of the Junkers Aircraft Works , was arrested . Within a few days his company was expropriated by the regime . In concert with other aircraft manufacturers and under the direction of Aviation Minister Göring , production was immediately ramped up industry @-@ wide . From a workforce of 3 @,@ 200 people producing 100 units per year in 1932 , the industry grew to employ a quarter of a million workers manufacturing over 10 @,@ 000 technically advanced aircraft per year less than ten years later . An elaborate bureaucracy was created to regulate German imports of raw materials and finished goods with the intention of eliminating foreign competition in the German marketplace and improving the nation 's balance of payments . The Nazis encouraged the development of synthetic replacements for materials such as oil and textiles . As the market was experiencing a glut and prices for petroleum were low , in 1933 the Nazi government made a profit @-@ sharing agreement with IG Farben , guaranteeing them a 5 percent return on capital invested in their synthetic oil plant at Leuna . Any profits in excess of that amount would be turned over to the Reich . By 1936 , Farben regretted making the deal , as the excess profits by then being generated had to be given to the government . Major public works projects financed with deficit spending included the construction of a network of Autobahns and providing funding for programmes initiated by the previous government for housing and agricultural improvements . To stimulate the construction industry , credit was offered to private businesses and subsidies were made available for home purchases and repairs . On the condition that the wife would leave the workforce , a loan of up to 1 @,@ 000 Reichsmarks could be accessed by young couples of Aryan descent who intended to marry . The amount that had to be repaid was reduced by 25 percent for each child born . The caveat that the woman had to remain unemployed was dropped by 1937 due to a shortage of skilled labourers . Hitler envisioned widespread car ownership as part of the new Germany . He arranged for designer Ferdinand Porsche to draw up plans for the KdF @-@ wagen ( Strength Through Joy car ) , intended to be an automobile that every German citizen could afford . A prototype was displayed at the International Motor Show in Berlin on 17 February 1939 . With the outbreak of World War II , the factory was converted to produce military vehicles . No production models were sold until after the war , when the vehicle was renamed the Volkswagen ( people 's car ) . Six million people were unemployed when the Nazis took power in 1933 , and by 1937 there were fewer than a million . This was in part due to the removal of women from the workforce . Real wages dropped by 25 percent between 1933 and 1938 . Trade unions were abolished in May 1933 with the seizure of the funds and arrest of the leadership of the Social Democratic trade unions . A new organisation , the German Labour Front , was created and placed under NSDAP functionary Robert Ley . The average German worked 43 hours a week in 1933 , and by 1939 this increased to 47 hours a week . By early 1934 the focus shifted away from funding work creation schemes and toward rearmament . By 1935 , military expenditures accounted for 73 percent of the government 's purchases of goods and services . On 18 October 1936 Hitler named Göring as Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan , intended to speed up the rearmament programme . In addition to calling for the rapid construction of steel mills , synthetic rubber plants , and other factories , Göring instituted wage and price controls and restricted the issuance of stock dividends . Large expenditures were made on rearmament , in spite of growing deficits . With the introduction of compulsory military service in 1935 , the Reichswehr , which had been limited to 100 @,@ 000 by the terms of the Versailles Treaty , expanded to 750 @,@ 000 on active service at the start of World War II , with a million more in the reserve . By January 1939 , unemployment was down to 301 @,@ 800 , and it dropped to only 77 @,@ 500 by September . = = = Wartime economy and forced labour = = = The Nazi war economy was a mixed economy that combined a free market with central planning ; historian Richard Overy described it as being somewhere in between the command economy of the Soviet Union and the capitalist system of the United States . In 1942 , after the death of Armaments Minister Fritz Todt , Hitler appointed Albert Speer as his replacement . Speer improved production via streamlined organisation , the use of single @-@ purpose machines operated by unskilled workers , rationalisation of production methods , and better co @-@ ordination between the many different firms that made tens of thousands of components . Factories were relocated away from rail yards , which were bombing targets . By 1944 , the war was consuming 75 percent of Germany 's gross domestic product , compared to 60 percent in the Soviet Union and 55 percent in Britain . The wartime economy relied heavily upon the large @-@ scale employment of forced labourers . Germany imported and enslaved some 12 million people from 20 European countries to work in factories and on farms ; approximately 75 percent were Eastern European . Many were casualties of Allied bombing , as they received poor air raid protection . Poor living conditions led to high rates of sickness , injury , and death , as well as sabotage and criminal activity . Foreign workers brought into Germany were put into four different classifications ; guest workers , military internees , civilian workers , and Eastern workers . Different regulations were placed upon the worker depending on their classification . To separate Germans and foreign workers , the Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign workers . Women played an increasingly large role . By 1944 over a half million served as auxiliaries in the German armed forces , especially in anti @-@ aircraft units of the Luftwaffe ; a half million worked in civil aerial defence ; and 400 @,@ 000 were volunteer nurses . They also replaced men in the wartime economy , especially on farms and in small family @-@ owned shops . Very heavy strategic bombing by the Allies targeted refineries producing synthetic oil and gasoline as well as the German transportation system , especially rail yards and canals . The armaments industry began to break down by September 1944 . By November fuel coal was no longer reaching its destinations , and the production of new armaments was no longer possible . Overy argues that the bombing strained the German war economy and forced it to divert up to one @-@ fourth of its manpower and industry into anti @-@ aircraft resources , which very likely shortened the war . = = Racial policy = = Racism and antisemitism were basic tenets of the NSDAP and the Nazi regime . Nazi Germany 's racial policy was based on their belief in the existence of a superior master race . The Nazis postulated the existence of a racial conflict between the Aryan master race and inferior races , particularly Jews , who were viewed as a mixed race that had infiltrated society and were responsible for the exploitation and repression of the Aryan race . = = = Persecution of Jews = = = Discrimination against Jews began immediately after the seizure of power ; following a month @-@ long series of attacks by members of the SA on Jewish businesses , synagogues , and members of the legal profession , on 1 April 1933 Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses . The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service , passed on 7 April , forced all non @-@ Aryan civil servants to retire from the legal profession and civil service . Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practise . On 11 April a decree was promulgated that stated anyone who had even one Jewish parent or grandparent was considered non @-@ Aryan . As part of the drive to remove Jewish influence from cultural life , members of the National Socialist Student League removed from libraries any books considered un @-@ German , and a nationwide book burning was held on 10 May . Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country . Jewish businesses were denied access to markets , forbidden to advertise in newspapers , and deprived of access to government contracts . Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks . Many towns posted signs forbidding entry to Jews . In November 1938 , a young Jewish man requested an interview with the German ambassador in Paris . He met with a legation secretary , whom he shot and killed to protest his family 's treatment in Germany . This incident provided the pretext for a pogrom the NSDAP incited against the Jews on 9 November 1938 . Members of the SA damaged or destroyed synagogues and Jewish property throughout Germany . At least 91 German Jews were killed during this pogrom , later called Kristallnacht , the Night of Broken Glass . Further restrictions were imposed on Jews in the coming months – they were forbidden to own businesses or work in retail shops , drive cars , go to the cinema , visit the library , or own weapons . Jewish pupils were removed from schools . The Jewish community was fined one billion marks to pay for the damage caused by Kristallnacht and told that any money received via insurance claims would be confiscated . By 1939 around 250 @,@ 000 of Germany 's 437 @,@ 000 Jews emigrated to the United States , Argentina , Great Britain , Palestine , and other countries . Many chose to stay in continental Europe . Emigrants to Palestine were allowed to transfer property there under the terms of the Haavara Agreement , but those moving to other countries had to leave virtually all their property behind , and it was seized by the government . = = = Persecution of Roma and other groups = = = Like the Jews , the Romani people were subjected to persecution from the early days of the regime . As a non @-@ Aryan race , they were forbidden to marry people of German extraction . Romani were shipped to concentration camps starting in 1935 and were killed in large numbers . Action T4 was a programme of systematic murder of the physically and mentally handicapped and patients in psychiatric hospitals that mainly took place from 1939 to 1941 and continued until the end of the war . Initially the victims were shot by the Einsatzgruppen and others ; in addition gas chambers and gas vans using carbon monoxide were used by early 1940 . Under the provisions of a law promulgated 14 July 1933 , the Nazi regime carried out the compulsory sterilisation of over 400 @,@ 000 individuals labelled as having hereditary defects . More than half the people sterilised were those considered mentally deficient , which included not only people who scored poorly on intelligence tests , but those who deviated from expected standards of behaviour regarding thrift , sexual behaviour , and cleanliness . Mentally and physically ill people were also targeted . The majority of the victims came from disadvantaged groups such as prostitutes , the poor , the homeless , and criminals . Other groups persecuted and killed included Jehovah 's Witnesses , homosexuals , social misfits , and members of the political and religious opposition . = = = The Holocaust = = = Germany 's war in the East was based on Hitler 's long @-@ standing view that Jews were the great enemy of the German people and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany 's expansion . Hitler focused his attention on Eastern Europe , aiming to defeat Poland , the Soviet Union and remove or kill the resident Jews and Slavs in the process . After the occupation of Poland , all Jews living in the General Government were confined to ghettos , and those who were physically fit were required to perform compulsory labour . In 1941 Hitler decided to destroy the Polish nation completely . He planned that within 10 to 20 years the section of Poland under German occupation would be cleared of ethnic Poles and resettled by German colonists . About 3 @.@ 8 to 4 million Poles would remain as slaves , part of a slave labour force of 14 million the Nazis intended to create using citizens of conquered nations in the East . The Generalplan Ost ( General Plan for the East ) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia , for use as slave labour or to be murdered . To determine who should be killed , Himmler created the Volksliste , a system of classification of people deemed to be of German blood . He ordered that those of Germanic descent who refused to be classified as ethnic Germans should be deported to concentration camps , have their children taken away , or be assigned to forced labour . The plan also included the kidnapping of children deemed to have Aryan @-@ Nordic traits , who were presumed to be of German descent . The goal was to implement Generalplan Ost after the conquest of the Soviet Union , but when the invasion failed , Hitler had to consider other options . One suggestion was a mass forced deportation of Jews to Poland , Palestine , or Madagascar . Somewhere around the time of the failed offensive against Moscow in December 1941 , Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately . Plans for the total eradication of the Jewish population of Europe — eleven million people — were formalised at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 . Some would be worked to death and the rest would be killed in the implementation of Die Endlösung der Judenfrage ( the Final Solution of the Jewish question ) . Initially the victims were killed with gas vans or by Einsatzgruppen firing squads , but these methods proved impracticable for an operation of this scale . By 1941 , killing centres at Auschwitz concentration camp , Sobibor , Treblinka , and other Nazi extermination camps replaced Einsatzgruppen as the primary method of mass killing . The total number of Jews murdered during the war is estimated at 5 @.@ 5 to six million people , including over a million children . Twelve million people were put into forced labour . German citizens ( despite much of the later denial ) had access to information about what was happening , as soldiers returning from the occupied territories would report on what they had seen and done . Evans states that most German citizens disapproved of the genocide . Some Polish citizens tried to rescue or hide the remaining Jews , and members of the Polish underground got word to their government in exile in London as to what was happening . In addition to eliminating Jews , the Nazis also planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians . Cities would be razed and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists . Together , the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union . These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the democidal deaths of an estimated 19 @.@ 3 million civilians and prisoners of war . = = = Oppression of ethnic Poles = = = During the German occupation of Poland , 2 @.@ 7 million ethnic Poles were killed by the Axis powers . Polish civilians were subject to forced labour in German industry , internment , wholesale expulsions to make way for German colonists and mass executions . The German authorities engaged in a systematic effort to destroy Polish culture and national identity . During operation AB @-@ Aktion , many university professors and members of the Polish intelligentsia were arrested and executed , or transported to concentration camps . During the war , Poland lost an estimated 39 to 45 percent of its physicians and dentists , 26 to 57 percent of its lawyers , 15 to 30 percent of its teachers , 30 to 40 percent of its scientists and university professors , and 18 to 28 percent of its clergy . Further , 43 percent of Poland 's educational and research institutions and 14 percent of its museums had been destroyed . = = = Mistreatment of Soviet POWs = = = During the war between June 1941 and January 1942 , the Axis powers killed an estimated 2 @.@ 8 million Soviet prisoners of war . Many starved to death while being held in open @-@ air pens at Auschwitz and elsewhere . The Soviet Union lost 27 million people during the war ; less than nine million of these were combat deaths . One in four of the population were killed or wounded . = = Society = = = = = Education = = = Antisemitic legislation passed in 1933 led to the removal all of Jewish teachers , professors , and officials from the education system . Most teachers were required to belong to the Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund ( National Socialist Teachers League ; NSLB ) , and university professors were required to join the National Socialist German Lecturers . Teachers had to take an oath of loyalty and obedience to Hitler , and those who failed to show sufficient conformity to party ideals were often reported by students or fellow teachers and dismissed . Lack of funding for salaries led to many teachers leaving the profession . The average class size increased from 37 in 1927 to 43 in 1938 due to the resulting teacher shortage . Frequent and often contradictory directives were issued by Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick , Bernhard Rust of the Reichserziehungsministerium ( Ministry of Education ) , and various other agencies regarding content of lessons and acceptable textbooks for use in primary and secondary schools . Books deemed unacceptable to the regime were removed from school libraries . Indoctrination in National Socialist thought was made compulsory in January 1934 . Students selected as future members of the party elite were indoctrinated from the age of 12 at Adolf Hitler Schools for primary education and National Political Institutes of Education for secondary education . Detailed National Socialist indoctrination of future holders of elite military rank was undertaken at Order Castles . Primary and secondary education focused on racial biology , population policy , culture , geography , and especially physical fitness . The curriculum in most subjects , including biology , geography , and even arithmetic , was altered to change the focus to race . Military education became the central component of physical education , and education in physics was oriented toward subjects with military applications , such as ballistics and aerodynamics . Students were required to watch all films prepared by the school division of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda . At universities , appointments to top posts were the subject of power struggles between the education ministry , the university boards , and the National Socialist German Students ' League . In spite of pressure from the League and various government ministries , most university professors did not make changes to their lectures or syllabus during the Nazi period . This was especially true of universities located in predominately Catholic regions . Enrolment at German universities declined from 104 @,@ 000 students in 1931 to 41 @,@ 000 in 1939 . But enrolment in medical schools rose sharply ; Jewish doctors had been forced to leave the profession , so medical graduates had good job prospects . From 1934 , university students were required to attend frequent and time @-@ consuming military training sessions run by the SA . First @-@ year students also had to serve six months in a labour camp for the Reichsarbeitsdienst ( National Labour Service ) ; an additional ten weeks service were required of second @-@ year students . = = = Oppression of churches = = = About 65 percent of the population of Germany was Protestant when the Nazis seized power in 1933 . Under the Gleichschaltung process , Hitler attempted to create a unified Protestant Reich Church from Germany 's 28 existing Protestant churches , with the ultimate goal of eradication of the churches in Germany . Ludwig Müller , a pro @-@ Nazi , was installed as Reich Bishop , and the German Christians , a pro @-@ Nazi pressure group , gained control of the new church . They objected to the Old Testament because of its Jewish origins , and demanded that converted Jews be barred from their church . Pastor Martin Niemöller responded with the formation of the Confessing Church , from which some clergymen opposed the Nazi regime . When in 1935 the Confessing Church synod protested the Nazi policy on religion , 700 of their pastors were arrested . Müller resigned and Hitler appointed Hanns Kerrl as Minister for Church Affairs , to continue efforts to control Protestantism . In 1936 , a Confessing Church envoy protested to Hitler against the religious persecutions and human rights abuses . Hundreds more pastors were arrested . The church continued to resist , and by early 1937 Hitler abandoned his hope of uniting the Protestant churches . The Confessing Church was banned on 1 July 1937 . Neimoller was arrested and confined , first in Sachsenhausen concentration camp and then at Dachau . Theological universities were closed and more pastors and theologians were arrested . Persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany followed the Nazi takeover . Hitler moved quickly to eliminate political catholicism , rounding up functionaries of the Catholic @-@ aligned Bavarian People 's Party and Catholic Centre Party , which , along with all other non @-@ Nazi political parties , ceased to exist by July . The Reichskonkordat ( Reich Concordat ) treaty with the Vatican was signed in 1933 , amid continuing harassment of the church in Germany . The treaty required the regime to honour the independence of Catholic institutions and prohibited clergy from involvement in politics . Hitler routinely disregarded the Concordat , closing all Catholic institutions whose functions were not strictly religious . Clergy , nuns , and lay leaders were targeted , with thousands of arrests over the ensuing years , often on trumped @-@ up charges of currency smuggling or immorality . Several high profile Catholic lay leaders were targeted in the 1934 Night of the Long Knives assassinations . Most Catholic youth groups refused to dissolve themselves and Hitler Youth leader Baldur von Schirach encouraged members to attack Catholic boys in the streets . Propaganda campaigns claimed the church was corrupt , restrictions were placed on public meetings , and Catholic publications faced censorship . Catholic schools were required to reduce religious instruction and crucifixes were removed from state buildings . Pope Pius XI had the " Mit brennender Sorge " ( " With Burning Concern " ) Encyclical smuggled into Germany for Passion Sunday 1937 and read from every pulpit . It denounced the systematic hostility of the regime toward the church . In response , Goebbels renewed the regime 's crackdown and propaganda against Catholics . Enrolment in denominational schools dropped sharply , and by 1939 all such schools were disbanded or converted to public facilities . Later Catholic protests included the 22 March 1942 pastoral letter by the German bishops on " The Struggle against Christianity and the Church " . About 30 percent of Catholic priests were disciplined by police during the Nazi era . A vast security network spied on the activities of clergy , and priests were frequently denounced , arrested , or sent to concentration camps – many to the dedicated clergy barracks at Dachau . In the areas of Poland annexed in 1940 , the Nazis instigated a brutal suppression and systematic dismantling of the Catholic Church . = = = Health = = = Nazi Germany had a strong anti @-@ tobacco movement . Pioneering research by Franz H. Müller in 1939 demonstrated a causal link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer . The Reich Health Office took measures to try to limit smoking , including producing lectures and pamphlets . Smoking was banned in many workplaces , on trains , and among on @-@ duty members of the military . Government agencies also worked to control other carcinogenic substances such as asbestos and pesticides . As part of a general public health campaign , water supplies were cleaned up , lead and mercury were removed from consumer products , and women were urged to undergo regular screenings for breast cancer . Government @-@ run health care insurance plans were available , but Jews were denied coverage starting in 1933 . That same year , Jewish doctors were forbidden to treat government @-@ insured patients . In 1937 Jewish doctors were forbidden to treat non @-@ Jewish patients , and in 1938 their right to practice medicine was removed entirely . Medical experiments , many of them pseudoscientific , were performed on concentration camp inmates beginning in 1941 . The most notorious doctor to perform medical experiments was SS @-@ Hauptsturmführer Dr Josef Mengele , camp doctor at Auschwitz . Many of his victims died or were intentionally killed . Concentration camp inmates were made available for purchase by pharmaceutical companies for drug testing and other experiments . = = = Role of women and family = = = Women were a cornerstone of Nazi social policy . The Nazis opposed the feminist movement , claiming that it was the creation of Jewish intellectuals , and instead advocated a patriarchal society in which the German woman would recognise that her " world is her husband , her family , her children , and her home . " Soon after the seizure of power , feminist groups were shut down or incorporated into the National Socialist Women 's League . This organisation coordinated groups throughout the country to promote motherhood and household activities . Courses were offered on childrearing , sewing , and cooking . The League published the NS @-@ Frauen @-@ Warte , the only NSDAP @-@ approved women 's magazine in Nazi Germany . Despite some propaganda aspects , it was predominantly an ordinary woman 's magazine . Women were encouraged to leave the workforce , and the creation of large families by racially suitable women was promoted through a propaganda campaign . Women received a bronze award — known as the Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter ( Cross of Honour of the German Mother ) — for giving birth to four children , silver for six , and gold for eight or more . Large families received subsidies to help with their utilities , school fees , and household expenses . Though the measures led to increases in the birth rate , the number of families having four or more children declined by five percent between 1935 and 1940 . Removing women from the workforce did not have the intended effect of freeing up jobs for men . Women were for the most part employed as domestic servants , weavers , or in the food and drink industries — jobs that were not of interest to men . Nazi philosophy prevented large numbers of women from being hired to work in munitions factories in the build @-@ up to the war , so foreign labourers were brought in . After the war started , slave labourers were extensively used . In January 1943 Hitler signed a decree requiring all women under the age of fifty to report for work assignments to help the war effort . Thereafter , women were funnelled into agricultural and industrial jobs . By September 1944 , 14 @.@ 9 million women were working in munitions production . The Nazi regime discouraged women from seeking higher education . Nazi leaders held conservative views about women and endorsed the idea that rational and theoretical work was alien to a woman 's nature since they were considered inherently emotional and instinctive – as such , engaging in academics and careerism would only " divert them from motherhood . " The number of women allowed to enrol in universities dropped drastically , as a law passed in April 1933 limited the number of females admitted to university to ten percent of the number of male attendees . Female enrolment in secondary schools dropped from 437 @,@ 000 in 1926 to 205 @,@ 000 in 1937 . The number of women enrolled in post @-@ secondary schools dropped from 128 @,@ 000 in 1933 to 51 @,@ 000 in 1938 . However , with the requirement that men be enlisted into the armed forces during the war , women comprised half of the enrolment in the post @-@ secondary system by 1944 . Women were expected to be strong , healthy , and vital . The sturdy peasant woman who worked the land and bore strong children was considered ideal , and athletic women were praised for being tanned from working outdoors . Organisations were created for the indoctrination of Nazi values . From 25 March 1939 , membership in the Hitler Youth became compulsory for all children over the age of ten . The Jungmädelbund ( Young Girls League ) section of the Hitler Youth was for girls age 10 to 14 , and the Bund Deutscher Mädel ( BDM ; League of German Girls ) was for young women age 14 to 18 . The BDM 's activities focused on physical education , with activities such as running , long jumping , somersaulting , tightrope walking , marching , and swimming . The Nazi regime promoted a liberal code of conduct regarding sexual matters , and was sympathetic to women who bore children out of wedlock . Promiscuity increased as the war progressed , with unmarried soldiers often intimately involved with several women simultaneously . The same was the case for married women , who liaised with soldiers , civilians , or slave labourers . Sex was sometimes used as a commodity to obtain , for example , better work from a foreign labourer . Pamphlets enjoined German women to avoid sexual relations with foreign workers as a danger to their blood . With Hitler 's approval , Himmler intended that the new society of the Nazi regime should de @-@ stigmatise illegitimate births , particularly of children fathered by members of the SS , who were vetted for racial purity . His hope was that each SS family would have between four and six children . The Lebensborn ( Fountain of Life ) association , founded by Himmler in 1935 , created a series of maternity homes where single mothers could be accommodated during their pregnancies . Both parents were examined for racial suitability before acceptance . The resulting children were often adopted into SS families . The homes were also made available to the wives of SS and NSDAP members , who quickly filled over half the available spots . Existing laws banning abortion except for medical reasons were strictly enforced by the Nazi regime . The number of abortions declined from 35 @,@ 000 per year at the start of the 1930s to fewer than 2 @,@ 000 per year at the end of the decade . In 1935 a law was passed allowing abortions for eugenics reasons . = = = Environmentalism = = = Nazi society had elements supportive of animal rights , and many people were fond of zoos and wildlife . The government took several measures to ensure the protection of animals and the environment . In 1933 , the Nazis enacted a stringent animal @-@ protection law that had an impact on what was allowed for medical research . But the law was only loosely enforced . In spite of a ban on vivisection , the Ministry of the Interior readily handed out permits for experiments on animals . The Reich Forestry Office , under Göring , enforced regulations that required foresters to plant a wide variety of trees to ensure suitable habitat for wildlife . A new Reich Animal Protection Act became law in 1933 . The regime enacted the Reich Nature Protection Act in 1935 to protect the natural landscape from excessive economic development . The act allowed for the expropriation of privately owned land to create nature preserves and aided in long @-@ range planning . Perfunctory efforts were made to curb air pollution , but little enforcement of existing legislation was undertaken once the war began . = = Culture = = The regime promoted the concept of Volksgemeinschaft , a national German ethnic community . The goal was to build a classless society based on racial purity and the perceived need to prepare for warfare , conquest , and a struggle against Marxism . The German Labour Front founded the Kraft durch Freude ( KdF ; Strength Through Joy ) organisation in 1933 . In addition to taking control of tens of thousands of previously privately run recreational clubs , it offered highly regimented holidays and entertainment experiences such as cruises , vacation destinations , and concerts . The Reichskulturkammer ( Reich Chamber of Culture ) was organised under the control of the Propaganda Ministry in September 1933 . Sub @-@ chambers were set up to control various aspects of cultural life , such as films , radio , newspapers , fine arts , music , theatre , and literature . All members of these professions were required to join their respective organisation . Jews and people considered politically unreliable were prevented from working in the arts , and many emigrated . Books and scripts had to be approved by the Propaganda Ministry prior to publication . Standards deteriorated as the regime sought to use cultural outlets exclusively as propaganda media . Radio became very popular in Germany during the 1930s , with over 70 percent of households owning a receiver by 1939 , more than any other country . Radio station staffs were purged of leftists and others deemed undesirable by July 1933 . Propaganda and speeches were typical radio fare immediately after the seizure of power , but as time went on Goebbels insisted that more music be played so that people would not turn to foreign broadcasters for entertainment . As with other media , newspapers were controlled by the state , with the Reich Press Chamber shutting down or buying newspapers and publishing houses . By 1939 over two @-@ thirds of the newspapers and magazines were directly owned by the Propaganda Ministry . The NSDAP daily newspaper , the Völkischer Beobachter ( Ethnic Observer ) , was edited by Alfred Rosenberg , author of The Myth of the Twentieth Century , a book of racial theories espousing Nordic superiority . Goebbels controlled the wire services and insisted that all newspapers in Germany should only publish content favourable to the regime . His propaganda ministry issued two dozen directives every week on exactly what news should be published and what angles to use ; the typical newspaper followed the directives very closely . Newspaper readership plummeted , partly because of the decreased quality of the content , and partly because of the surge in popularity of radio . Authors of books left the country in droves , and some wrote material highly critical of the regime while in exile . Goebbels recommended that the remaining authors should concentrate on books themed on Germanic myths and the concept of blood and soil . By the end of 1933 over a thousand books , most of them by Jewish authors or featuring Jewish characters , had been banned by the Nazi regime . Hitler took a personal interest in architecture , and worked closely with state architects Paul Troost and Albert Speer to create public buildings in a neoclassical style based on Roman architecture . Speer constructed imposing structures such as the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg and a new Reich Chancellery building in Berlin . Hitler 's plans for rebuilding Berlin included a gigantic dome based on the Pantheon in Rome and a triumphal arch more than double the height of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . Neither of these structures were ever built . Hitler felt that abstract , Dadaist , expressionist , and modern art were decadent , an opinion that became the basis for policy . Many art museum directors lost their posts in 1933 and were replaced by party members . Some 6 @,@ 500 modern works of art were removed from museums and replaced with works chosen by a Nazi jury . Exhibitions of the rejected pieces , under titles such as " Decadence in Art " , were launched in sixteen different cities by 1935 . The Degenerate Art Exhibition , organised by Goebbels , ran in Munich from July to November 1937 . The exhibition proved wildly popular , attracting over two million visitors . Composer Richard Strauss was appointed president of the Reichsmusikkammer ( Reich Music Chamber ) on its founding in November 1933 . As was the case with other art forms , the Nazis ostracised musicians who were not deemed racially acceptable , and for the most part did not approve of music that was too modern or atonal . Jazz music was singled out as being especially inappropriate , and foreign musicians of this genre left the country or were expelled . Hitler favoured the music of Richard Wagner , especially pieces based on Germanic myths and heroic stories , and attended the Bayreuth Festival each year from 1933 . Movies were popular in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s , with admissions of over a billion people in 1942 , 1943 , and 1944 . By 1934 German regulations restricting currency exports made it impossible for American film makers to take their profits back to America , so the major film studios closed their German branches . Exports of German films plummeted , as their heavily antisemitic content made them impossible to show in other countries . The two largest film companies , Universum Film AG and Tobis , were purchased by the Propaganda Ministry , which by 1939 was producing most German films . The productions were not always overtly propagandistic , but generally had a political subtext and followed party lines regarding themes and content . Scripts were pre @-@ censored . Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will ( 1935 ) , documenting the 1934 Nuremberg Rally , and Olympia ( 1938 ) , covering the 1936 Summer Olympics , pioneered techniques of camera movement and editing that influenced later films . New techniques such as telephoto lenses and cameras mounted on tracks were employed . Both films remain controversial , as their aesthetic merit is inseparable from their propagandising of national socialist ideals . = = Legacy = = The Allied powers organised war crimes trials , beginning with the Nuremberg trials , held from November 1945 to October 1946 , of 23 top Nazi officials . They were charged with four counts — conspiracy to commit crimes , crimes against peace , war crimes , and crimes against humanity — in violation of international laws governing warfare . All but three of the defendants were found guilty ; twelve were sentenced to death . The victorious Allies outlawed the NSDAP and its subsidiary organisations . The display or use of Nazi symbolism such as flags , swastikas , or greetings , is illegal in Germany and Austria , and other restrictions , mainly on public display , apply in various countries . See Swastika § Post @-@ WWII stigmatization for details . Nazi ideology and the actions taken by the regime are almost universally regarded as gravely immoral . Hitler , Nazism , and the Holocaust have become symbols of evil in the modern world . Interest in Nazi Germany continues in the media and the academic world . Historian Sir Richard J. Evans remarks that the era " exerts an almost universal appeal because its murderous racism stands as a warning to the whole of humanity . " The Nazi era continues to inform how Germans view themselves and their country . Virtually every family suffered losses during the war or has a story to tell . For many years Germans kept quiet about their experiences and felt a sense of communal guilt , even if they were not directly involved in war crimes . Once study of Nazi Germany was introduced into the school curriculum starting in the 1970s , people began researching the experiences of their family members . Study of the era and a willingness to critically examine its mistakes has led to the development of a strong democracy in today 's Germany , but with lingering undercurrents of antisemitism and neo @-@ Nazi thought . = = = Historiography and memory = = = Art , David . The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria . New York & London : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . Bartov , Omer . The Holocaust : Origins , Implementation , Aftermath . New York : Routledge , 2000 . Egremont , Max . Forgotten Land : Journeys among the Ghosts of East Prussia . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux , 2011 . Eley , Geoff . From Unification to Nazism : Reinterpreting the German Past . London : Allen & Unwin , 1986 . Evans , Richard J. The Third Reich in History and Memory ( 2015 ) excerpt and text search Evans , Richard J. " From Hitler to Bismarck : ' Third Reich ' and Kaiserreich in Recent Historiography : Part II . " The Historical Journal ( 1983 ) 26 # 4 pp : 999 – 1020 . Evans , Richard J. Rereading German History : From Unification to Reunification 1800 – 1996 . New York : Routledge , 1997 . Fisher , Marc . After the Wall : Germany , the Germans , and the Burdens of History . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1995 . Frei , Norbert . Adenauer 's Germany and the Nazi Past : The Politics of Amnesty and Integration . New York : Columbia University Press , 2002 . Gregor , Neil . Haunted City : Nuremberg and the Nazi Past . New Haven : Yale University Press , 2008 . Heilbronner , Oded . " The Role of Nazi Antisemitism in the Nazi Party 's Activity and Propaganda : A Regional Historiographical Study . " The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook ( 1990 ) 35 # 1 pp : 397 – 439 . Herf , Jeffrey . Divided Memory : The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1999 . Hiden , John , and John E. Farquharson . Explaining Hitler 's Germany : Historians and the Third Reich ( Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd . , 1989 ) Hofer , Walther . " Fifty years on : historians and the Third Reich . " Journal of Contemporary History ( 1986 ) : 225 – 251 @.@ in JSTOR Jarausch , Konrad H. " Removing the Nazi stain ? The quarrel of the German historians . " German Studies Review ( 1988 ) : 285 – 301 @.@ in JSTOR Jarausch , Konrad H. After Hitler : Recivilizing Germans , 1945 – 1995 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2008 . Johnson , Eric and Karl @-@ Heinz Reuband . What We Knew : Terror , Mass Murder , and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany . New York : Basic Books , 2006 . Kershaw , Ian . The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation . New York & London : Bloomsbury Academic , 2000 . Klemperer , Victor . Language of the Third Reich : LTI . New York & London : Continuum , 2006 . Kohut , Thomas . A German Generation . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2012 . Lamberti , Marjorie . " The Search for the ' Other Germany ' : Refugee Historians from Nazi Germany and the Contested Historical Legacy of the Resistance to Hitler . " Central European History ( 2014 ) 47 # 2 pp : 402 – 429 . Leitz , Christian , ed . The Third Reich : The Essential Readings ( Wiley @-@ Blackwell , 1999 ) Liddell @-@ Hart , B.H. The German Generals Talk . New York : Quill , 1979 [ 1948 ] . Low , Alfred D. The Third Reich and the Holocaust in German Historiography : Toward the Historikerstreit of the Mid @-@ 1980s ( East European Monographs , 1994 ) MacDonogh , Giles . After the Reich : The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation . New York : Basic Books , 2009 . Macfarlane , Daniel . " Projecting Hitler : representations of Adolf Hitler in English @-@ language film , 1968 – 1990 . " ( thesis ) , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon ( 2004 ) . online Maier , Charles S. The Unmasterable Past : History , Holocaust , and German National Identity . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1998 . Marrus , Michael R. The Holocaust in History . New York : Meridian , 1987 . Niven , Bill . Facing the Nazi Past : United Germany and the Legacy of the Third Reich ( Routledge , 2003 ) Petropoulos , Jonathan , and John K. Roth , eds . Gray Zones : Ambiguity and Compromise in the Holocaust and its Aftermath . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books , 2005 . Potter , Pamela M. " Dismantling a dystopia : On the historiography of music in the Third Reich . " Central European History ( 2007 ) 40 # 4 pp : 623 . Schlie , Ulrich . " Today 's view of the Third Reich and the Second World War in German historiographical discourse . " The Historical Journal ( 2000 ) 43 # 2 pp : 543 – 564 . Stackelberg , Roderick . Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany ( Routledge , 2007 ) Stern , Fritz . Five Germanys I Have Known . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 2007 . Taylor , Frederick . Exorcising Hitler : The Occupation and Denazification of Germany . New York & Berlin : Bloomsbury Press , 2011 . Tormey , Simon . Making Sense of Tyranny : Interpretations of Totalitarianism ( Manchester University Press , 1995 ) = USS Delaware ( BB @-@ 28 ) = USS Delaware ( BB @-@ 28 ) was a dreadnought battleship of the United States Navy , the lead ship of her class . She was laid down at Newport News Shipbuilding in November 1907 , launched in January 1909 , and completed in April 1910 . The sixth ship to be named for the First State , Delaware was armed with a main battery of ten 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns all on the centerline , making her the most powerful battleship in the world at the time of her construction . She was also the first battleship of the US Navy to be capable of steaming at full speed for 24 continuous hours without suffering a breakdown . Delaware served in the Atlantic Fleet throughout her career . During World War I , she sailed to Great Britain to reinforce the British Grand Fleet , in the 6th Battle Squadron . She saw no action during the war , however , as both the British and Germans had abandoned direct confrontation with each other . After the end of the war , she returned to her peacetime duties of fleet maneuvers , midshipmen cruises , and good @-@ will visits to foreign ports . Under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty , Delaware was retained until the new battleship USS Colorado was completed in 1924 , at which point she was broken up for scrap in accordance with the treaty . = = Design = = Delaware was 518 ft 9 in ( 158 m ) long overall and had a beam of 85 ft 3 in ( 26 m ) and a draft of 27 ft 3 in ( 8 m ) . She displaced 20 @,@ 380 long tons ( 20 @,@ 707 t ) as designed and up to 22 @,@ 400 long tons ( 22 @,@ 759 t ) at full combat load . Her bow had an early example of bulbous forefoot . The ship was powered by two @-@ shaft vertical triple @-@ expansion engines rated at 25 @,@ 000 shp ( 18 @,@ 642 kW ) and fourteen coal @-@ fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers , generating a top speed of 21 kn ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . The ship had a cruising range of 6 @,@ 000 nmi ( 11 @,@ 000 km ; 6 @,@ 900 mi ) at a speed of 10 kn ( 12 mph ; 19 km / h ) . Also , because Delaware 's engine bearings were equipped with forced lubrication instead of a gravity @-@ fed system , she was the first American battleship capable of steaming at full speed for 24 hours without any need for engine repair . She had a crew of 933 officers and men . The ship was armed with a main battery of ten 12 @-@ inch / 45 caliber Mark 5 guns in five twin Mark 7 gun turrets on the centerline , two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward . The other three turrets were placed aft of the superstructure . The secondary battery consisted of twenty @-@ one 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 50 caliber Mark 6 guns mounted on Mark 9 and Mark 12 pedestal mounts in casemates along the side of the hull . As was standard for capital ships of the period , she carried a pair of 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes , submerged in her hull on the broadside . The main armored belt was 11 in ( 279 mm ) thick , while the armored deck was 2 in ( 51 mm ) thick . The gun turrets had 12 in ( 305 mm ) thick faces and the conning tower had 11 @.@ 5 in ( 292 mm ) thick sides . At the time of her construction , Delaware was the largest and most powerful battleship then building in the world . = = Service history = = Delaware was built by Newport News Shipbuilding ; she was laid down on 11 November 1907 , and launched on 6 January 1909 . After completion of the fitting @-@ out work , the ship was commissioned into the US Navy on 4 April 1910 . On 3 October , she steamed to Wilmington , Delaware , where she received a set of silver service from her namesake state . The battleship then returned to Hampton Roads on the 9th , and remained there until she left to join the First Division , Atlantic Fleet , on 1 November . She and the rest of the division visited England and France , and then conducted maneuvers off Cuba in January 1911 . On 17 January , a boiler explosion aboard Delaware killed eight men and badly scalded another . On 31 January , the ship carried the remains of Anibal Cruz , the Chilean ambassador to the United States , back to Chile . She steamed by way of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , around the tip of South America , to Punta Arenas , Chile . She returned to New York City on 5 May , and then left for Portsmouth on 4 June to participate in the coronation fleet review for King George V. Throughout the next five years , Delaware participated in the normal peacetime routine of fleet and squadron maneuvers , gunnery drills , and torpedo practice in the Atlantic Fleet . During the summer months , she conducted training cruises for midshipmen from the Naval Academy . She was present in the Naval Review of 14 October 1912 , attended by President William Howard Taft and the Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer . In 1913 , she conducted a good @-@ will visit to Villefranche , France , along with the battleships Wyoming and Utah . She participated in the intervention in Mexico at Veracruz during the Mexican Revolution , to protect American citizens in the area . = = = World War I = = = Following the American entrance into World War I on 6 April 1917 , Delaware had recently returned to Hampton Roads from fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea . There , she trained new armed guard crews and engine room personnel as the Atlantic Fleet prepared to go to war . On 25 November 1917 , she sailed with the rest of Battleship Division 9 , bound for Britain to reinforce the Grand Fleet in the North Sea . Once in Scapa Flow , the division joined the Grand Fleet as the 6th Battle Squadron . The 6th Battle Squadron was tasked with serving as the " fast wing " of the Grand Fleet . On 14 December , Delaware participated in joint Anglo @-@ American maneuvers to practice coordination of the Allied fleet . Starting in late 1917 , the Germans had begun to use surface raiders to attack the British convoys to Scandinavia ; this forced the British to send squadrons from the Grand Fleet to escort the convoys . On 6 February 1918 , the 6th Battle Squadron and eight British destroyers escorted a convoy of merchant ships to Norway . While steaming off Stavanger on the 8th , Delaware was attacked twice by a German U @-@ boat , though evasive maneuvers allowed Delaware to escape undamaged . The squadron was back in Scapa Flow on 10 February ; Delaware escorted two more such convoys in March and April . On 22 – 24 April , the German High Seas Fleet sortied to intercept one of the convoys in the hope of cutting off and destroying the escorting battleship squadron . Delaware and the rest of the Grand Fleet left Scapa Flow on 24 April in an attempt to intercept the Germans , but the High Seas Fleet had already broken off the operation and returned to port . Starting on 30 June , the 6th Battle Squadron and a division of British destroyers covered a group of American minelayers as they laid the North Sea mine barrage ; the work lasted until 2 July . King George V inspected the Grand Fleet , including Delaware , at Rosyth . Thereafter , Delaware was relieved by the battleship Arkansas ; Delaware then sailed across the Atlantic , arriving in Hampton Roads on 12 August . = = = Post @-@ war = = = Delaware remained at York River until 12 November 1918 , the day after the Armistice with Germany was signed , effectively ending World War I. She then sailed to Boston Navy Yard for an overhaul . Delaware rejoined the fleet on 11 March 1919 for training maneuvers off Cuba . She returned to New York with her division on 14 April , where additional divisional , squadron , and fleet exercises were conducted . She was present for another Naval Review on 28 April 1921 in Hampton Roads . From 5 June to 31 August 1922 , Delaware conducted a training cruise for midshipmen to various ports in the Caribbean along with to Halifax , Nova Scotia . She went on another cruise to Europe from 9 July to 29 August 1923 , and visited Copenhagen , Greenock , Cádiz , and Gibraltar . In the years immediately following the end of the war , the United States , Britain , and Japan all launched huge naval construction programs . All three countries decided that a new naval arms race would be ill @-@ advised , and so convened the Washington Naval Conference to discuss arms limitations , which produced the Washington Naval Treaty , signed in February 1922 . Under the terms of Article II of the treaty , Delaware and her sister North Dakota were to be scrapped as soon as the new battleships Colorado and West Virginia , then under construction , were ready to join the fleet . On 30 August 1923 , Delaware accordingly entered dry dock in the Norfolk Navy Yard ; her crew was transferred to the recently commissioned Colorado , and the process of disposal began . Delaware was transferred to the Boston Navy Yard , decommissioned on 10 November , and disarmed . She was then sold on 5 February 1924 and subsequently broken up for scrap . = What More Can I Give = " What More Can I Give " ( also " Todo Para Ti " in Spanish ) is a song written by American singer Michael Jackson and recorded by a supergroup of singers following the September 11 attacks . The inspiration for the song had initially come to Jackson after a meeting with the President of South Africa Nelson Mandela in the late 1990s . The song was to be premiered at a Jackson concert , but the singer failed to perform it . The song also failed to gain an official release , despite the pop singer having stated that it would be issued as a charity single for the refugees of the Kosovo War , which ended in 1999 . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , Jackson rewrote " What More Can I Give " at the suggestion of Marc Schaffel . Schaffel , who produced and became the executive producer on the project , convinced Jackson to also do a Spanish version of the song as well , and handled the details of the production . Jackson and other artists recorded the new version of the song shortly afterward ; the other artists included Britney Spears , Reba McEntire , Anastacia , Nick Carter , Jennifer Lopez , 3LW , Beyoncé , NSYNC , Celine Dion , Christina Aguilera , Brian McKnight , Toni Braxton , Luther Vandross , Mariah Carey , Mary J. Blige and Usher . In addition , a Spanish language version of the song was recorded . Entitled " Todo Para Ti " , his lyrics were adapted into Spanish by the Panamanian musician Rubén Blades . Schaffel brought three @-@ time Grammy winner K. C. Porter on to the project to give the Spanish version a different sound from the English recording . " What More Can I Give " was scheduled for release as a charity single in the hope that $ 50 million would be raised between downloads , sponsors , and donations to aid the survivors and the families of victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks . The plan , however , never came to fruition and the reasons why have varied between sources and the individuals involved . One newspaper stated that the release of the song was abandoned after part of a marketing ploy by Sony Music after Jackson started a public campaign against Sony and its USA music head . " What More Can I Give " was played on the radio for the first time in late 2002 . The debut airing was made without permission by radio station WKTU @-@ FM in New York . The following year , on October 27 , 2003 , " What More Can I Give " was made available to the public by way of digital download for several days . Jackson had the song taken down on the eve of the raid on his Neverland Valley Ranch property by Santa Barbara Sheriffs . Proceeds from the short sale of the song went to children 's charities . Schaffel enlisted friend and famed Brazilian artist Romero Britto to design , create , and paint an artwork to be used as the cover for the single . Britto created the " ribbon " piece in bright colors including yellow , blue and red . Britto created 250 of this piece as a special collector 's item and both Britto and Michael Jackson signed and numbered each of these pieces . Michael Jackson recorded the song in both English and Spanish , and shot the video for Marc Schaffel . Even after his death it is believed to be the " last " actual completed song and video that Michael Jackson had done , and approved for release . It was also one of the only few tracks Michael Jackson ever performed in Spanish and is considered the last . Michael Jackson had told many people he felt that " What More Can I Give " was a definite contender for song of the year for both the English and Latin Grammys , and felt it would be a more successful as " We Are the World " . No official release date for either project has been given since the death of Jackson in June 2009 , by either Schaffel or Jackson 's estate . = = Background and writing = = Michael Jackson originally started writing the song , originally titled " Heal L.A. " , with Brad Buxer after the Rodney King verdict and following riots in 1992 . The song was worked on throughout the making of the HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I album and its subsequent world tour in 1996 to 1997 . In late 1997 , when work began on the Invincible album the song was put on hold , but its completion was always a passion of Michael 's . Jackson was inspired to finish " Heal L.A. " after a meeting with anti @-@ apartheid activist and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela in 1999 . The songwriter stated that during a conversation with the then @-@ President , the concept of giving was discussed by the pair . The singer revealed that it was during this interaction that the words " what more can I give " came into his mind and he began writing . With the first version of the song completed , Jackson intended to premiere it at his MJ & Friends concerts , staged in Munich , Germany and the South Korean capital Seoul in June 1999 . Ultimately , Jackson did not perform the song at the concerts and it remained unreleased . " What More Can I Give " was also intended to be released as a charity single to aid the Kosovar refugees who had been forced out of their home during the Kosovo War ( 1998 – 1999 ) . Jackson revealed his intentions for the release in an interview with the British tabloid newspaper the Daily Mirror . The pop singer stated that television footage of the war upset him and that he wanted to go to Yugoslavia to hug every one of the suffering children . Like before , however , the song failed to gain a release as a single and was not considered good enough for inclusion on Jackson 's 2001 Invincible album . In 2001 , two separate concerts were held on September 7 and September 10 in celebration of Michael Jackson 's thirtieth year as a solo entertainer ( his first solo single , " Got to Be There " , was released in 1971 ) . Held in New York City , the shows sold out within five hours of going on sale . The concerts featured performances by artists such as Usher , Whitney Houston , Mýa , Liza Minnelli , James Ingram , Gloria Estefan and Marc Anthony . They also contained solo performances by Jackson himself , and marked the onstage reunion of the pop singer and his brothers ( The Jacksons ) . Hours following the second concert , the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City , the Pentagon outside of Washington , D.C. , and a crash near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , resulted in the loss of 2 @,@ 993 lives . Following the events of September 11 , Jackson rewrote " What More Can I Give " and expressed his views on the song , writing and music . " I 'm not one to sit back and say , ' Oh , I feel bad for what happened to them [ ... ] I want the whole world to sing [ " What More Can I Give " ] , to bring us together as a world , because a song is a mantra , something you repeat over and over . And we need peace , we need giving , we need love , we need unity . " = = Recording = = " What More Can I Give " was recorded in 2001 by a number of artists . The project had received an " overwhelming response from major artists all over the world " , with musicians such as Anastacia , Beyoncé , Nick Carter , Aaron Carter , NSYNC and Carlos Santana offering to lend their voices to the track . The recording process was held in Los Angeles , California and destinations reachable by Michael Jackson 's private plane and mobile production unit headed by Marc Schaffel , who traveled across the globe with a team to record the different artists . The all @-@ star benefit followed a similar Jackson @-@ effort , " We Are the World " , which raised millions of dollars for famine relief in Africa . The recording of " What More Can I Give " was completed in October 2001 . In addition to the English @-@ language version of " What More Can I Give " , a Spanish version of the song was recorded . Entitled " Todo Para Ti " , the track features several of the musicians on the English version , as well as Latin artists such as Alejandro Sanz and Cristian Castro , who only appear on the Spanish @-@ language version . The title for " Todo Para Ti " translates to " Everything for You " in English . Producer and songwriter K. C. Porter had directly translated the title of " What More Can I Give " initially , but it was changed after Jackson expressed that he felt it was too clumsy . = = = The All Stars = = = = = Live performance = = " What More Can I Give " was performed live at the 9 / 11 benefit concert United We Stand : What More Can I Give . Held at the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington , D.C. on October 21 , 2001 , the eight @-@ hour concert featured numerous artists performing to a sell @-@ out audience of 54 @,@ 000 people . Jackson performed his song " Man in the Mirror " , before he and other singers such as Rod Stewart , Al Green , James Brown , Sean Combs and Pink closed the show with " What More Can I Give . " Joe D 'Angelo of MTV later stated that the entire performance was held together by Jackson and Billy Gilman , who he claimed were the only two who looked like they knew the lyrics to the song . He concluded that the collective rendition of the song was altogether " choppy and disparate . " Jon Pareles also wrote negatively about the performance . He stated that it " became a shambles as [ a ] stageful of guests missed their cues or couldn 't be heard " . Jackson 's appearance during the " What More Can I Give " performance was later edited out of American Broadcasting Company 's airing of the show . The company were forced to take the action after representatives of Jackson informed them that CBS had demanded that the singer not perform on a network show before a Jackson special being broadcast on their channel the following month . CBS executives , however , denied their insistence on Jackson 's removal from the footage . They stated that if the singer had appeared in the broadcast footage , they most probably would have been forced to delay Jackson 's show , so that it would not appear too soon after the airing of United We Stand : What More Can I Give . = = Planned release as a physical single = = " What More Can I Give " had been planned for release as a charity single to aid survivors and families of victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks . At the time of the attacks , Jackson stated that he hoped to raise $ 50 million for those affected . It was also proclaimed by Jackson 's spokesman that the recording would be released as soon as possible , with further reports revealing that it could be made available in music stores within that month . After the song failed to gain an official release , differing allegations arose as to who was to blame . The Los Angeles Times reported that the " What More Can I Give " project was abandoned after it emerged that the song 's executive producer , Marc Schaffel , had directed and produced gay pornography . News of Schaffel 's background supposedly became known to an entertainment television show , whose staff threatened to expose the producer 's past in porn . Jackson 's legal and management team subsequently sought to end the musician 's business relationship with Schaffel , declaring their intentions in a letter sent to the producer 's lawyers in November 2001 . = = Airplay = = One year after the all @-@ star recording of " What More Can I Give " , it was played for the first time on radio . WKTU @-@ FM , a radio station based in New York , debuted the song without permission and played it in heavy rotation . WKTU @-@ FM 's Program Director Frankie Blue stated at the time , " This song is a gift to the world . Michael and everyone donated their time for it , and it deserves to be heard . The song is called " What More Can I Give " , and I can give the world a song they can cling onto and hopefully make them think about what they can give . " It is unknown how the station acquired a copy of the song ; both Jackson and Schaffel were uninvolved with it . Prior to the airing , at least 200 promo copies of the song were sent to the musicians who participated in the recording process , as well as to their representatives . Schaffel stated that he would hate to see the song not being used to raise money for charity , the intended purpose . WKTU @-@ FM received numerous telephone calls and emails from listeners following their unauthorized playing of the song , thanking the station and asking where they could buy a copy of " What More Can I Give " . = = Release as a digital single = = " What More Can I Give " was eventually made available as a digital download on October 27 , 2003 . The websites whatmorecanigive.com and musicforgiving.com sold the song at a price of $ 2 per download , with a portion of the proceeds from the fee going towards children 's charities such as Oneness , Mr. Holland 's Opus Foundation and the International Child Art Foundation . The charities support arts programs to eliminate racism , increase education and connect children throughout the world , respectively . The download project had been set up by Jackson with the American media company Clear Channel Communications . = Western jackdaw = The western jackdaw ( Corvus monedula ) , also known as the Eurasian jackdaw , European jackdaw , or simply jackdaw , is a passerine bird in the crow family . Found across Europe , western Asia and North Africa , it is mostly resident , although northern and eastern populations migrate south in winter . Four subspecies are recognised , which mainly differ in the colouration of the plumage on the head and nape . Linnaeus first described it formally , giving it the name Corvus monedula . Later analysis of its DNA suggests that it , along with its closest relative , the Daurian jackdaw , is an early offshoot from the genus Corvus , and possibly distinct enough to warrant reclassification in a separate genus , Coloeus . The common name derives from the word " jack " , meaning " small " , and " daw " , the native English name for the bird . Measuring 34 – 39 centimetres ( 13 – 15 in ) in length , the western jackdaw is a black @-@ plumaged bird with a grey nape and distinctive pale @-@ grey irises . It is gregarious and vocal , living in small groups with a complex social structure in farmland , open woodland , on coastal cliffs , and in urban settings . An omnivorous and opportunistic feeder , it eats a wide variety of plant material and invertebrates , as well as food waste from urban areas . Western jackdaws are monogamous and build simple nests of sticks in cavities in trees , cliffs , or buildings . About five pale blue or blue @-@ green eggs with brown speckles are laid and incubated by the female . The young fledge in four to five weeks . = = Systematics = = = = = Etymology = = = The western jackdaw was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae . Owing to its supposed fondness for picking up coins , Linnaeus gave it the binomial name Corvus monedula , choosing the specific name mǒnēdŭla , which is derived from moneta , the Latin stem of the word " money " . The genus Coloeus , from the Ancient Greek κολοιός ( koloios ) for jackdaw , was created by Peter Pallas in 1766 , though most subsequent works have retained the two jackdaw species in Corvus . The original Old English word ċēo ( pronounced with initial ch ) gave modern English " chough " ; Chaucer sometimes used this word to refer to the western jackdaw , as did Shakespeare in Hamlet although there has been debate about which species he was referring to . This onomatopoeic name , based on the western jackdaw 's call , now refers to corvids of the genus Pyrrhocorax ; the red @-@ billed chough ( Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax ) , formerly particularly common in Cornwall , became known initially as the " Cornish chough " and then just the " chough " , the name transferring from one species to the other . The common name jackdaw first appeared in the 16th century , and is thought to be a compound of the forename Jack , used in animal names to signify a small form ( e.g. jack snipe ) , and the archaic native English word daw . Formerly , western jackdaws were simply called " daws " . The metallic chyak call may be the origin of the jack part of the common name , but this is not supported by the Oxford English Dictionary . Daw , first used for the bird in the 15th century , is held by the Oxford English Dictionary to be derived from the postulated Old English dawe , citing the cognates in Old High German tāha , Middle High German tāhe or tāchele , and modern German Dahle or Dohle , and dialectal Tach , Dähi , Däche and Dacha . Names in English dialects are numerous . Scottish and north English dialects have included ka or kae since the 14th century . The Midlands form of this word was co or coo . Caddow is potentially a compound of ka and dow , a variant of daw . Other dialectal or obsolete names include caddesse , cawdaw , caddy , chauk , college @-@ bird , jackerdaw , jacko , ka @-@ wattie , chimney @-@ sweep bird ( from their nesting propensities ) , and sea @-@ crow ( from the frequency with which they are found on coasts ) . It was also frequently known quasi @-@ nominally as Jack . An archaic collective noun for a group of jackdaws is a " clattering " . Another name for a flock is a " train " . = = = Taxonomy = = = A study in 2000 found that the genetic distance between jackdaws and the other members of Corvus was greater than that within the rest of the genus . This led Pamela Rasmussen to reinstate the genus name Coloeus in her Birds of South Asia ( 2005 ) , a treatment also used in a 1982 systematic list in German by Hans Edmund Wolters . A study of corvid phylogeny undertaken in 2007 compared DNA sequences in the mitochondrial control region of several corvids . It found that the western jackdaw , and the closely related Daurian jackdaw ( C. dauuricus ) of eastern Russia and China , were basal to the core Corvus clade . The names Coloeus monedula and Coloeus dauuricus have since been adopted by the International Ornithological Congress in their official list . The two species of jackdaw have been reported to hybridise in the Altai Mountains , southern Siberia , and Mongolia . Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of specimens of the two species from their core ranges show them to be genetically distinct . = = = Subspecies = = = There are four recognised subspecies of the western jackdaw . All European subspecies intergrade where their populations meet . C. m. monedula intergrades into C. m. soemmerringii in a transition zone running from Finland south across the Baltic and eastern Poland to Romania and Croatia . C. m. monedula ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) , the nominate subspecies , is found in eastern Europe . Its range extends across Scandinavia , from southern Finland south to Esbjerg and Haderslev in Denmark , through eastern Germany and Poland , and south across eastern central Europe to the Carpathian Mountains and north @-@ western Romania , Vojvodina in northern Serbia , and Slovenia . It breeds in south @-@ eastern Norway , southern Sweden , and northern and eastern Denmark , with occasional wintering in England and France . It has been recorded as a rare vagrant to Spain . It has a pale nape and sides of the neck , a dark throat , and a light grey partial collar of variable extent . C. m. spermologus ( Vieillot , 1817 ) occurs in western and central Europe from the British Isles , Netherlands and the Rhineland in the north , through western Switzerland into Italy in the south @-@ east , and the Iberian peninsula and Morocco in the south . It winters in the canary Islands and Corsica . The name " spermologus " comes from the Greek σπερμολόγος , a picker up of seeds . It is darker in colour than the other subspecies and lacks the whitish border at the base of the grey nape . C. m. soemmerringii ( Fischer , 1811 ) is found in north @-@ eastern Europe and north and central Asia , from the former Soviet Union to Lake Baikal and north @-@ west Mongolia , and south to Turkey , Israel and the eastern Himalayas . Its south @-@ western limits are Serbia and southern Romania . It winters in Iran and northern India ( Kashmir ) . Johann Fischer von Waldheim described this taxon as Corvus soemmerringii in 1811 , noting its differences from populations in western Europe . Its species name was given in honour of the German anatomist , Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring . It is distinguished by the nape and the sides of the neck being paler , creating a contrasting black crown and lighter grey part collar . C. m. cirtensis ( Rothschild and Hartert , 1912 ) is found in Morocco and Algeria in north @-@ western Africa and was formerly found in Tunisia . The name " cirtensis " refers to the ancient city of Cirta in Numidia . The plumage is duller and more uniformly dark grey than the other subspecies , with the paler nape less distinct . = = Description = = Measuring 34 – 39 centimetres ( 13 – 15 in ) in length , the western jackdaw is the second smallest member of the genus Corvus . Most of the plumage is a shiny black , with a purple ( in subspecies monedula and spermologus ) or blue ( in subspecies cirtensis and soemmerringii ) sheen on the crown , forehead , and secondaries , and a green @-@ blue sheen on the throat , primaries , and tail . The cheeks , nape and neck are light grey to greyish @-@ silver , and the underparts are slate @-@ grey . The legs are black , as is the short stout bill , the length of which is about 75 % of the length of the rest of the head . There are rictal bristles covering around 40 % of the maxilla and 25 % of the lower mandible . The irises of adults are greyish or silvery white while those of juveniles are light blue , becoming brownish before whitening at around one year of age . The sexes look alike , though the head and neck plumage of male birds fades more with age and wear , particularly just before moulting . Western jackdaws undergo a complete moult from June to September in the western parts of their range , and a month later in the east . The purplish sheen of the cap is most prominent just after moulting . Immature birds have duller and less demarcated plumage . The head is a sooty black , sometimes with a faint greenish sheen and brown feather bases visible ; the back and side of the neck are dark grey and the underparts greyish or sooty black . The tail has narrower feathers and a greenish sheen . There is very little geographic variation in size . The main differences are the presence or absence of a whitish partial collar at the base of the nape , the variations in the shade of the nape and the tone of the underparts . Populations in central Asia have slightly larger wings and western populations have a slightly heavier bill . Body colour becomes darker further north , in mountain regions and humid climates , and paler elsewhere . However , individual variation , particularly in juveniles and also during the months before moulting , can often be greater than geographic differences . A skilled flyer , the western jackdaw can manoeuvre tightly as well as tumble and glide . It has characteristic jerky wing beats when flying , though these are not evident when birds are migrating . Wind tunnel experiments show that the preferred gliding speed is between 6 and 11 metres ( 20 and 36 ft ) per second and that the wingspan decreases as the bird flies faster . On the ground , western jackdaws have an upright posture and strut briskly , their short legs giving them a rapid gait . They feed with their heads held down or horizontally . Within its range , the western jackdaw is unmistakable ; its short bill and grey nape are distinguishing features . From a distance , it can be confused with a rook ( Corvus frugilegus ) , or when in flight , with a pigeon or chough . Flying western jackdaws are distinguishable from other corvids by their smaller size , faster and deeper wingbeats and proportionately narrower and less fingered wing tips . They also have shorter , thicker necks , much shorter bills and frequently fly in tighter flocks . They can be distinguished from choughs by their uniformly grey underwings and their black beaks and legs . The western jackdaw is very similar in morphology , behaviour , and calls to the Daurian jackdaw , with which its range overlaps in western Asia . Adults are readily distinguished , since the Daurian has a pied plumage , but immature birds are much more similar , both species having dark plumage and dark eyes . The Daurian tends to be darker , with a less contrasting nape than the Western . = = = Voice = = = Western jackdaws are voluble birds . The main call , frequently given in flight , is a metallic and squeaky chyak @-@ chyak or kak @-@ kak . This is a contact or greeting call . A feeding call made by adults to call young , or males when offering food to their mates , has been transcribed as kiaw or kyow . Females in return give a more drawn out version when begging for food from males , written as kyaay , tchaayk or giaaaa . Perched birds often chatter together , and before settling for the night , large roosting flocks make a cackling noise . Western jackdaws also have a hoarse , drawn @-@ out alarm call , arrrrr or kaaaarr , used when warning of predators or when mobbing them . Nestlings begin making a soft cheep at about a week of age . As they grow , their voice becomes louder until their call is a penetrating screech around day 18 . After this , the voice deepens and softens . From day 25 , the young cease calling and become silent if they hear an unfamiliar noise . The European jackdaw can be trained to speak , and whilst it can copy the human voice well , it is usually limited to just a few words or phrases . = = Distribution and habitat = = The western jackdaw is found from north @-@ west Africa through all of Europe , except for the extreme north , and eastwards through central Asia to the eastern Himalayas and Lake Baikal . To the east , it occurs throughout Turkey , the Caucasus , Iran , Iraq , Afghanistan , Pakistan , and north @-@ west India . However , it is regionally extinct in Malta and Tunisia . The range is vast , with an estimated global extent of between 1 million and 10 million square kilometres ( 4 hundred thousand to 4 million square miles ) . It has a large global population , with an estimated 15 @.@ 6 to 45 million individuals in Europe alone . Censuses of bird populations in marginal uplands in Britain show that western jackdaws greatly increased in numbers between the 1970s and 2010 , although this increase may be related to recovery from previous periods when they were regarded as pests . The UK population was estimated at 2 @.@ 5 million individuals in 1998 , up from 780 @,@ 000 in 1970 . Most populations are resident , but the northern and eastern populations are more migratory , relocating to wintering areas between September and November and returning between February and early May . Their range expands northwards into Russia to Siberia during summer , and retracts in winter . They are vagrants to the Faroe Islands , particularly in the winter and spring , and occasionally to Iceland . Elsewhere , western jackdaws congregate over winter in the Ural Valley in north @-@ western Kazakhstan , the north Caspian , and the Tian Shan region of western China . They are winter visitors to the Quetta Valley in western Pakistan , and are winter vagrants to Lebanon , where they were first recorded in 1962 . In Syria , they are winter vagrants and rare residents with some confirmed breeding taking place . The soemmerringii subspecies occurs in south @-@ central Siberia and extreme north @-@ west China and is accidental to Hokkaido , Japan . A small number of western jackdaws reached the north @-@ east of North America in the 1980s and have been found from Atlantic Canada to Pennsylvania . They have also occurred as vagrants in Gibraltar , Mauritania , and Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and one is reported to have been seen in Egypt . Western jackdaws inhabit wooded steppes , pastures , cultivated land , coastal cliffs , and towns . They thrive when forested areas are cleared and converted to fields and open areas . Habitats with a mix of large trees , buildings , and open ground are preferred ; open fields are left to the rook , and more wooded areas to the Eurasian jay ( Garrulus glandarius ) . Along with other corvids such as the rook , common raven ( Corvus corax ) , and hooded crow ( C. cornix ) , some western jackdaws spend the winter in urban parks ; populations measured in three urban parks in Warsaw show increases from October to December , possibly due to western jackdaws migrating there from areas further north . The same data from Warsaw , collected from 1977 to 2003 , showed that the wintering western jackdaw population had increased four @-@ fold . The cause of the increase is unknown , but a reduction in the number of rooks may have benefited the species locally , or rooks overwintering in Belarus may have caused western jackdaws to relocate to Warsaw . = = Behaviour = = Generally wary of people in the forest or countryside , western jackdaws are much tamer in urban areas . Like magpies , they are known to show interest in shiny objects such as jewellery . John Gay , in his Beggar 's Opera , notes that " A covetous fellow , like a jackdaw , steals what he was never made to enjoy , for the sake of hiding it " . In Tobias Smollett 's The Expedition of Humphry Clinker , a scathing character assassination runs , " He is ungracious as a hog , greedy as a vulture , and thievish as a jackdaw . " Highly gregarious , western jackdaws are generally seen in flocks of varying sizes , though males and females pair @-@ bond for life and pairs stay together within flocks . Flocks increase in size in autumn and birds congregate at dusk for communal roosting , with up to several thousand individuals gathering at one site . At Uppsala , Sweden , 40 @,@ 000 birds have been recorded at a single winter roost with mated pairs often settling together for the night . Western jackdaws frequently congregate with hooded crows or rooks , the latter particularly when migrating or roosting . They have been recorded foraging with the common starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) , Northern lapwing ( Vanellus vanellus ) , and common gull ( Larus canus ) in northwestern England . Flocks are targets of coordinated hunting by pairs of lanner falcons ( Falco biarmicus ) , although larger groups are more able to elude the predators . Western jackdaws sometimes mob and drive off larger birds such as European magpies , common ravens , or Egyptian vultures ( Neophron percnopterus ) ; one gives an alarm call which alerts its conspecifics to gather and attack as a group . Occasionally , a sick or injured western jackdaw is mobbed until it is killed . In his book King Solomon 's Ring , Konrad Lorenz described and analysed the complex social interactions in a western jackdaw flock that lived around his house in Altenberg , Austria . He ringed them for identification and caged them in the winter to prevent their annual migration . He found that the birds have a linear hierarchical group structure , with higher @-@ ranked individuals dominating lower @-@ ranked birds , and pair @-@ bonded birds sharing the same rank . Young males establish their individual status before pairing with females . Upon pairing , the female assumes the same social position as her partner . Unmated females are the lowest members in the pecking order , and are the last to have access to food and shelter . Lorenz noted one case in which a male , absent during the dominance struggles and pair bondings , returned to the flock , became the dominant male , and chose one of two unpaired females for a mate . This female immediately assumed a dominant position in the social hierarchy and demonstrated this by pecking others . According to Lorenz , the most significant factor in social behaviour was the immediate and intuitive grasp of the new hierarchy by each of the western jackdaws in the flock . = = = Social displays = = = Social hierarchy in western jackdaw flocks is determined by supplanting , fighting , and threat displays — several of which have been described . In the bill @-@ up posture , the western jackdaw tilts its bill and head upwards and sleeks its plumage . Indicating both appeasement and assertiveness , the posture is used by birds intending to enter feeding flocks . A bill @-@ down posture is another commonly used agonistic behaviour . In this display , a bird lowers its bill and erects its nape and head feathers , and sometimes slightly lifts its wings . Western jackdaws often face off in this posture until one backs down or a fight ensues . In the forward @-@ threat posture , a bird holds its body horizontally and thrusts its head forwards . In intense versions , the bird ruffles its feathers and spreads or raises its tail and wings . This extreme is seen when facing off over nests or females . In the defensive @-@ threat posture , the bird lowers its head and bill , spreads its tail and ruffles its feathers . Supplanting is where one bird moves in and displaces another from a perch @-@ site . The second bird usually retreats without resorting to a fight . Western jackdaws fight by launching themselves at each other feet @-@ first and then wrestling with their feet intertwined and pecking at each other . Other individuals gather and call noisily . Western jackdaws entreat their partners to preen them by showing their nape and ruffling their head feathers . Birds mainly preen each other 's head and neck . Known as allopreening , this behaviour is almost always done between birds of a mated pair . = = = Feeding = = = Foraging takes place mostly on the ground in open areas and to some extent in trees . Landfill sites , bins , streets , and gardens are also visited , more often early in the morning when there are fewer people about . Various feeding methods are employed , such as jumping , pecking , clod @-@ turning and scattering , probing the soil , and occasionally , digging . Flies around cow pats are caught by jumping from the ground or at times by dropping vertically from a few metres onto the cow pat . Earthworms are not usually extracted from the ground by western jackdaws but are eaten from freshly ploughed soil . Jackdaws will ride on the backs of sheep and other mammals , seeking ticks as well as actively gathering wool or hair for nests , and will catch flying ants in flight . Compared with other corvids , the western jackdaw spends more time exploring and turning over objects with its bill ; it also has a straighter and less downturned bill and increased binocular vision which are advantageous for this foraging strategy . The western jackdaw tends to feed on small invertebrates up to 18 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 71 in ) in length that are found above ground , including various species of beetle ( particularly cockchafers of the genus Melolontha , and weevil larvae and pupae . ) , Diptera , and Lepidoptera species , as well as snails and spiders . Also eaten are small rodents , bats , the eggs and chicks of birds , and carrion such as roadkill . Vegetable items consumed include farm grains ( barley , wheat and oats ) , weed seeds , elderberries , acorns , and various cultivated fruits . Examination of the gizzards of western jackdaws shot in Cyprus in spring and summer revealed a diet of cereals ( predominantly wheat ) and insects ( notably cicadas and beetles ) . The diet averages 84 % plant material except when breeding , when the main food source is insects . A study in southern Spain examining western jackdaw pellets found that they contained significant amounts of silicaceous and calcareous grit to aid digestion of vegetable food and supply dietary calcium . Opportunistic and highly adaptable , the western jackdaw varies its diet markedly depending on available food sources . They have been recorded taking eggs and nestlings from the nests of the skylark ( Alauda arvensis ) , Manx shearwater ( Puffinus puffinus ) , razorbill ( Alca torda ) , common murre ( Uria aalge ) , grey heron ( Ardea cinerea ) , rock pigeon ( Columba livia ) , and Eurasian collared dove ( Streptopelia decaocto ) . A field study of a large city dump on the outskirts of León in northwestern Spain showed that western jackdaws forage there in the early morning and at dusk , and engage in some degree of kleptoparasitism . The saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ) has been reported stealing food from western jackdaws on powerlines in Vojvodina in Serbia . Western jackdaws practice active food sharing – where the initiative for the transfer lies with the donor – with a number of individuals , regardless of sex or kinship . They also share more of a preferred food than a less preferred food . The active giving of food by most birds is found mainly in the context of parental care and courtship . Western jackdaws show much higher levels of active giving than has been documented for other species , including chimpanzees . The function of this behaviour is not fully understood , though it has been found to be detached from nutrition and compatible with hypotheses of mutualism , reciprocity and harassment avoidance . It has also been proposed that food sharing may be motivated by prestige enhancement . = = = Breeding = = = Western jackdaws become sexually mature in their second year . Genetic analysis of pairs and offspring shows no evidence of extra @-@ pair copulation and there is little evidence for couple separation even after multiple instances of reproductive failure . Some pairs do separate in the first few months , but almost all pairings of over six months ' duration are lifelong , ending only when a partner dies . Widowed or separated birds fare badly , often being ousted from nests or territories and unable to rear broods alone . Western jackdaws usually breed in colonies with pairs collaborating to find a nest site , which they then defend from other pairs and predators during most of the year . They nest in cavities in trees or cliffs , in ruined or occupied buildings and in chimneys , the common feature being a sheltered site for the nest . The availability of suitable sites influences their presence in a locale . They may also use church steeples for nesting , a fact reported in verse by 18th century English poet William Cowper : A great frequenter of the church , Where , bishoplike , he finds a perch , And dormitory too . A mated pair usually constructs a nest by improving a crevice by dropping sticks into it ; it is then built on top of the platform formed . This behaviour has led to the blocking of chimneys and even resulted in nests crashing down into fireplaces , sometimes with birds still on them . Nest platforms can attain a great size . John Mason Neale notes that a " Clerk was allowed by the Churchwarden to have for his own use all that the caddows had brought into the Tower : and he took home , at one time , two cart @-@ loads of good firewood , besides a great quantity of rubbish which he threw away . " In his The Natural History of Selborne , Gilbert White notes that western jackdaws used to nest in crevices beneath the lintels of Stonehenge , and describes an example of the bird using a rabbit burrow for nesting . The species has been recorded outcompeting the tawny owl ( Strix aluco ) for nest sites in the Netherlands . They can take over old nest sites of the black woodpecker ( Dryocopus martius ) and stock dove ( Columba oenas ) . Breeding colonies may also edge out those of the red @-@ billed chough , but in turn be ousted by larger corvids such as the carrion crow , rook or magpie . Nests are lined with hair , wool , dead grass and many other materials . The eggs are a lighter colour than those of other corvids , being smooth , a glossy pale blue or blue @-@ green with darker speckles ranging from dark brown to olive or grey @-@ violet . Egg size and weight varies slightly between subspecies ; those of subspecies monedula average 35 @.@ 0 by 24 @.@ 7 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 38 in × 0 @.@ 97 in ) and 11 @.@ 1 g ( 0 @.@ 39 oz ) in weight , those of subspecies soemmerringii 34 @.@ 8 by 25 @.@ 0 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 37 in × 0 @.@ 98 in ) in size and 11 @.@ 3 g ( 0 @.@ 40 oz ) in weight , and those of subspecies spermologus 35 @.@ 0 by 25 @.@ 2 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 38 in × 0 @.@ 99 in ) in size and 11 @.@ 5 g ( 0 @.@ 41 oz ) in weight . Clutches usually contain 4 or 5 eggs , although a Slovakian study found clutch sizes ranging from 2 to 9 eggs . The eggs are incubated by the female for 17 – 18 days until hatching as naked altricial chicks , which are completely dependent on the adults for food . They fledge after 28 – 35 days , and the parents continue to feed them for another four weeks or so . Western jackdaws hatch asynchronously and incubation begins before clutch completion , which often leads to the death of the last @-@ hatched young . If the supply of food is low , parental investment in the brood is kept to a minimum as little energy is wasted on feeding a chick that is unlikely to survive . Replacement clutches are very rarely laid in the event of clutch failure . The great spotted cuckoo ( Clamator glandarius ) has been recorded as a brood parasite of the western jackdaw , depositing its eggs in their nests in Spain and Israel . Nest robbers include the common raven in Spain , tawny owl , and least weasel ( Mustela nivalis ) in England , and brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) in Finland . The European pine marten ( Martes martes ) raids isolated nests in Sweden but is less successful when nests are part of a colony . = = Parasites and diseases = = Western jackdaws have learned to peck open the foil caps of milk bottles left on the doorsteps after delivery by the milkman . The bacterium Campylobacter jejuni has been isolated from their beaks and cloacae so milk can become contaminated as they drink . This activity was linked to cases of Campylobacter gastroenteritis in Gateshead in northeast England and led the Department of Health to suggest that milk from bottles which had been pecked open should be discarded . It was recommended that steps be taken to prevent birds attacking bottles in future . An outbreak of a gastrointestinal illness in Spain which was causing mortalities in humans has been linked to western jackdaws . During a post @-@ mortem on an affected bird , a polyomavirus was isolated from the spleen . The illness appeared to be a co @-@ infection of this with Salmonella and the virus has been provisionally named the crow polyomavirus ( CPyV ) . Segmented filamentous bacteria have been isolated from the small intestine of a western jackdaw , although their pathogenicity or role is unknown . = = Pest control = = The western jackdaw has been hunted as vermin , though not as heavily culled as other species of corvid . After a series of poor harvests in the early 1500s , Henry VIII introduced a Vermin Act in 1532 " ordeyned to dystroye Choughes ( i.e. jackdaws ) , Crowes and Rokes " to protect grain crops from their predations . Western jackdaws were notorious as they also favoured fruit , especially cherries . This act was taken up in a piecemeal fashion , but Elizabeth I passed the Act for the Preservation of Grayne in 1566 that was taken up with more vigour . The species was hunted for its threat to grain crops and for propensity for nesting in belfries until the mid @-@ 20th century . Particularly large numbers were culled in the county of Norfolk . Western jackdaws were also culled on game estates as they raid nests of other birds for eggs . In a 2003 dissertation on public opinion of corvids , Antonia Hereth notes that the German naturalist Alfred Brehm considered the western jackdaw to be a lovable bird , and did not describe any negative impacts of this species on agriculture . The western jackdaw is one of a very small number of birds that it is legal to use as a decoy or to trap in a cage in the United Kingdom . The other pest species that can be controlled by trapping are the crow , jay , magpie and rook . An authorised person must comply with the requirements of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and does not need to show that the birds were a nuisance before trapping them . As of 2003 the western jackdaw was listed as a potential species for targeted hunting in the European Union Birds Directive , and hunting has been encouraged by German hunting associations . Permission to shoot western jackdaws in spring and summer exists in Cyprus as they are thought ( incorrectly ) to prey on gamebirds . = = Cultural depictions and folklore = = An ancient Greek and Roman adage runs " The swans will sing when the jackdaws are silent " , meaning that educated or wise people will speak only after the foolish have become quiet . In Ancient Greek folklore , a jackdaw can be caught with a dish of oil . A narcissistic creature , it falls in while looking at its own reflection . The mythical Princess Arne Sithonis was bribed with gold by King Minos of Crete , and was punished by the gods for her greed by being transformed into an equally avaricious jackdaw , who still seeks shiny things . The Roman poet Ovid described jackdaws as harbingers of rain in his poetic work Amores . Pliny notes how the Thessalians , Illyrians , and Lemnians cherished jackdaws for destroying grasshoppers ' eggs . The Veneti are fabled to have bribed the jackdaws to spare their crops . In some cultures , a jackdaw on the roof is said to predict a new arrival ; alternatively , a jackdaw settling on the roof of a house or flying down a chimney is an omen of death , and coming across one is considered a bad omen . A jackdaw standing on the vanes of a cathedral tower is said to foretell rain . The 12th century historian William of Malmesbury records the story of a woman who , upon hearing a jackdaw chattering " more loudly than usual , " grew pale and became fearful of suffering a " dreadful calamity " , and that " while yet speaking , the messenger of her misfortunes arrived " . Czech superstition formerly held that if jackdaws are seen quarreling , war will follow , and that jackdaws will not build nests at Sázava after being banished by Saint Procopius . The jackdaw was considered sacred in Welsh folklore as it nested in church steeples – it was shunned by the Devil because of its choice of residence . Nineteenth century belief in the Fens held that seeing a jackdaw on the way to a wedding was a good omen for a bride . The jackdaw is featured on the Ukrainian town of Halych 's ancient coat of arms , the town 's name allegedly being derived from the East Slavic word for the bird . In The Book of Laughter and Forgetting ( 1979 ) , Milan Kundera notes that Franz Kafka 's father Hermann had a sign in front of his shop with a jackdaw painted next to his name , since " kavka " means jackdaw in Czech . = Claire Taylor = Samantha Claire Taylor MBE ( born 25 September 1975 ) is a former cricketer who represented England more than 150 times between 1998 and 2011 . A top order batsman , Taylor was the first woman to be named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year . Along with Charlotte Edwards , she was the mainstay of England 's batting during the first decade of the 21st century , and played a key role in the team 's two world titles in 2009 . Taylor did not play cricket until the age of 13 , but four years later made her county debut . Initially considered a wicket @-@ keeper with limited batting ability , Taylor struggled to break into the England team . She made her international debut in 1998 , and within two years was a regular in the team . After an unsuccessful World Cup in 2000 , Taylor left her job to become a full @-@ time cricketer . Over the subsequent five years , she developed into one of the leading batsmen in women 's cricket , but after another failure in the 2005 World Cup she resumed her career alongside cricket . Despite her struggles at the World Cup , Taylor continued to improve as a batsman , and in 2006 , she scored 156 not out , the highest individual total in an ODI at Lord 's Cricket Ground . Her batting successes resulted in her being short @-@ listed for the ICC Women 's Cricketer of the Year in 2007 and 2008 , and she won the award in 2009 . After being the leading run @-@ scorer in the 2009 World Cup , and player of the tournament in the World Twenty20 later that year , she was less consistent from 2010 , though she performed well in the pair of quadrangular tournaments played in England during her final summer of cricket , and completed her career with batting averages in excess of 40 in both Test and ODI cricket . = = Biography = = = = = Early life and career = = = Samantha Claire Taylor was born in Amersham , Buckinghamshire on 25 September 1975 , as part of a sporting family : her father played rugby , and her mother played hockey . She attended Dolphin School in Hurst , Berkshire , where she initially played softball , participating as the only girl in the school team . Taylor did not play cricket until a summer camp at the age of 13 , but thereafter improved to such a level that she captained the Dolphin School cricket team , playing alongside the boys . She subsequently moved to The Abbey School , Reading for a short time , and finally Kendrick School . Although she primarily played hockey as a teenager , at which she represented England at Under @-@ 17 and Under @-@ 19 as a forward , she began playing women 's county cricket for Thames Valley , making her debut for the side in May 1993 . Taylor was awarded a place at The Queen 's College , Oxford to study Mathematics in 1994 . At Oxford , Taylor earned three blues for hockey , and three half blues for cricket . She also played for the college men 's cricket team , which included Iain Sutcliffe , who later played over three hundred county cricket matches . During her time at Oxford , Taylor continued to play for Thames Valley , and scored her maiden century in the women 's County Championship , scoring 109 runs against Lancashire and Cheshire in July 1996 . Her highest score prior to that innings had been 37 . The following year , having graduated from Oxford with a second @-@ class honours degree , Taylor scored successive half @-@ centuries for Thames Valley , reaching 97 against Sussex , 77 against Lancashire and Cheshire , and an unbeaten 62 against East Midlands . She had been making intermittent appearances for England at various age group levels for the previous five years , and in September 1997 , she scored 85 for England Under @-@ 21s against the touring South African side . Even so , she was not included in the team for the 1997 Women 's Cricket World Cup , but she was named as a non @-@ travelling reserve , something that Taylor said " confirmed to me my breakthrough into the senior squad . " = = = International breakthrough = = = In April 1998 , Taylor travelled to South Africa as part of the England Under @-@ 21 squad that competed in the women 's Inter @-@ Provincial Tournament , scoring two half @-@ centuries in the competition . Her full international debut occurred later that year , during the fourth One Day International ( ODI ) between England and Australia . Playing as a specialist batsman , Taylor scored one run during a heavy defeat for England . Taylor finished the 1998 women 's County Championship with two strong batting performances : she struck her second century , scoring 103 runs against West , followed by 65 runs against Surrey . Towards the end of the English season , she kept wicket for England in a match against England Under @-@ 21s , scoring an unbeaten 45 runs . She retained her place in the England squad for the series against the touring Indian team in 1999 . England struggled in the series , and Taylor was one of a number of inexperienced players in the squad who " failed to seize their chance " , according to the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack report . Taylor 's highest score in the series was 12 runs , and she had batting averages of 11 @.@ 00 in the ODIs , and 5 @.@ 50 in the solitary Test match . During the subsequent English winter of 1999 – 2000 , Taylor was part of the touring party that travelled to Australia and New Zealand for nine ODIs . The tour was a failure for the team : they lost all nine international matches , and their only win was a warm @-@ up match against Wellington , in which Taylor scored 83 runs . She secured another half @-@ century in the second ODI against New Zealand , scoring 56 runs after opening the innings . In a series in which England 's batting was described as dismal , her half @-@ century was one of only two in ODIs during the tour , and Wisden reported that giving Taylor an " overdue opportunity " was one saving grace of the trip . She struggled for runs in the series against the touring South Africans in 2000 , aggregating 68 runs from five innings , as once again the English batting – particularly the top order – was criticised . After the conclusion of the series , Taylor struck a century in a county match , scoring 115 runs for Berkshire against Surrey . England 's " slide down the international ladder " continued during the 2000 Women 's Cricket World Cup , according to Wisden . The batting was once more culpable , but Taylor provided some relief . She scored 267 runs in the tournament at an average of 66 @.@ 75 , ranking her among the top ten batsmen . She struck her first century in international cricket ; scoring 137 not out against Sri Lanka . In doing so , she shared a partnership of 188 runs with Jane Cassar , which as of 2012 , is a record for the fifth wicket in women 's ODIs . England failed to qualify from the group stage of the competition . = = = Full @-@ time cricketer = = = After the 2000 World Cup , Taylor wanted to focus on her desire to become one of the best batsmen in the world . In order to achieve this , she decided to become a full @-@ time cricketer . After university , she had joined Procter & Gamble , and by 2001 she was earning £ 38 @,@ 000 as an IT assistant manager at the company . In contrast , her income from cricket totalled £ 7 @,@ 000 , and in order to afford to quit her IT job , she had to move back in with her parents . England 's next series was against the World Cup runners @-@ up , Australia , who toured in June and July 2001 . England 's batting remained unreliable , and Australia won all five matches between the sides : two Test matches and three ODIs . Taylor was praised as the only highlight of the English batting ; her innings of 50 not out was the highest score by her side in any of the ODIs . In the second Test , she significantly improved on her previous best Test score of 18 runs , batting for over four hours in a gritty performance to reach 137 runs . Taylor missed the tour of India in January 2002 after injuring her knee in a training session , but returned the following summer with a string of good performances in the Super Fours — a competition in which the England selectors place the 48 leading players into four teams — trailing only her England team mate Charlotte Edwards as the leading run @-@ scorer . In the four ODIs that season , against New Zealand and India , Taylor failed to make an impact , scoring just 43 runs in total . Ahead of a tour by the England women to New Zealand and Australia , Taylor competed in the State League , a one @-@ day competition in New Zealand , for the Canterbury Magicians . She finished the tournament in the top @-@ five batsmen , scoring 252 runs at an average of 42 @.@ 00 . Unfortunately for England , her good form did not continue into the international matches : in her seven ODI matches , she scored 87 runs . She continued to struggle at the start of the 2003 English domestic season , prompting Wisden to report that she " had barely scraped a run " in the County Championship matches . Despite her struggles , she survived an overhaul of the England squad , in which seven of the players who had toured Australia and New Zealand had been dropped . She repaid the faith shown in her , striking centuries in both Test matches against South Africa . The first , a score of 177 runs , was the highest total she made in Test cricket , and was scored over six and a half hours , and was just twelve runs short of the highest by any England woman . Two weeks later , she became one of only five women , as of 2012 , to have scored centuries in consecutive Test matches , when she scored 131 runs at Taunton . Her performances in the ODI series were less eye @-@ catching , but a half @-@ century in the first match helped her finish second to Laura Newton as England 's leading run @-@ scorer . Taylor competed in the State League for the second consecutive year in early 2004 , and finished with the second @-@ most runs in the competition , scoring 401 runs at an average of 44 @.@ 55 . From New Zealand , she travelled to South Africa to join up with the England team for five ODIs . After scoring 90 runs in a warm @-@ up contest against an Invitational XI , she finished as England 's second most prolific run @-@ scorer behind Edwards , though she only once reached a half @-@ century in the international matches . Back in England for the 2004 Super Fours competition , Taylor and Edwards once more headed the batting tables , Taylor narrowly trailing her international team mate in terms of runs scored , but ahead of her on batting average , having scored 351 runs at 87 @.@ 75 . In the subsequent series against New Zealand , Taylor was the top @-@ scorer in the first Twenty20 International match played by either gender . Despite the quicker @-@ scoring nature of the Twenty20 game , Taylor was praised for her measured batting and placement . In the ODIs , England possessed greater depth in their batting , making the team less reliant on Taylor and Edwards ' performances . That depth helped them to win the series 3 – 2 , despite a low @-@ scoring sequence of matches for Taylor in which she averaged below twenty . In preparation for the 2005 Women 's Cricket World Cup in South Africa , Taylor played her third and final season in the State League , though her 229 runs at an average of 38 @.@ 16 were the lowest she achieved in any year of the competition . During a short warm @-@ up series against South Africa , she enjoyed batting success , scoring 94 and 47 in the two ODIs , and then an unbeaten 166 runs against a side from Gauteng and North West . After the first round of matches were all lost to rain , Taylor struck the highest score of the tournament in England 's second match , against Sri Lanka . She scored 136 runs from 128 balls , and shared century partnerships with both Edwards and Clare Connor to help England record a large victory . She made little impact against India in the next match , but then scored 55 not out against South Africa and 46 against New Zealand to help ensure England 's qualification for the semi @-@ finals . Cricinfo reported that Australia were " undoubted favourites " for their semi @-@ final clash with England , and that Taylor would be one of her side 's key players for the contest . After the early loss of Laura Newton , Taylor was dismissed for the third duck of her ODI career , and England subsided to a five @-@ wicket loss . She finished the tournament as one of the top @-@ three batsmen by both runs @-@ scored and average , aggregating 265 runs at 53 @.@ 00 . = = = Further development = = = After the World Cup , Taylor was disheartened by both her own , and England 's , lack of success . She bemoaned that the sacrifices she had made had come to nothing , and after talking to psychologists , she realised that she needed to readdress her work – life balance . An amateur violinist , she was accepted into the Reading Orchestra , and by early 2006 was working out of the University of Reading as a performance management consultant . In the English summer of 2005 , England hosted Australia for two Test matches and six limited @-@ overs contests . The two Tests formed The Women 's Ashes , an accolade that England had not won since 1963 . In the first Test , Taylor scored a patient 35 runs in the first innings , and shared a partnership of 81 with Edwards , but the pair fell in quick succession , and England struggled thereafter . In the second innings , England required over 300 runs to win , but their top @-@ order collapsed , losing three wickets for just fourteen runs . Taylor suffered a duck in the match , and only a century by Arran Brindle rescued a draw for her side . In the second Test , which England won to secure the Ashes , Taylor scored 43 runs in the first innings to help England open up a 158 @-@ run lead . Taylor finished the five @-@ match ODI series as England 's leading run @-@ scorer , totalling 325 runs at an average of 65 @.@ 00 . After hitting half @-@ centuries in the first and the third matches , she was praised by The Daily Telegraph for the quality of her " on @-@ driving and cutting " as she scored 116 runs in the fourth match to level the series 2 – 2 . Taylor , and England , had a difficult tour of Sri Lanka and India in late 2005 ; after winning the two ODIs against Sri Lanka , England drew the only Test against India and lost the ODI series 4 – 1 . Taylor only scored 76 runs in the seven ODI matches , and made scores of five and three in the Test . She re @-@ found her batting form at the start of the 2006 English cricket season , topping the batting averages in the 2006 Super Fours competition , scoring two centuries and two half @-@ centuries in six matches for the Sapphires . Facing the touring Indians later that summer , Taylor made small totals in her first two appearances at the crease , scoring 10 in the only Twenty20 match , and 32 in the first innings of their solitary Test . She reached her fourth and final century in a Test match in the second innings , scoring 115 runs to put England into a potentially match winning position , though the match finished as a draw . The first game of the ODI series featured what the Marylebone Cricket Club describe as " Taylor 's finest hour in an England shirt " . Batting at number three , Taylor was called upon early , after opening batsman Edwards was run out in the third over . She was dropped twice in quick succession during her innings , but continued to reach her century from 110 balls . Having reached the milestone , she scored more rapidly and remained 156 not out at the end of the innings , hitting 9 fours in her 151 @-@ ball innings . The score was the highest of Taylor 's ODI career , and is the joint fourth @-@ highest total in women 's ODI cricket . It is also the highest score made in an ODI match at Lord 's by either gender , passing the 138 runs scored by Viv Richards in 1979 . In the Women 's Quadrangular Series hosted by India in early 2007 , Taylor was England 's best performer with the bat . Despite her side losing all six of their group matches , she finished the tournament with the second @-@ most runs of any player , totalling 346 . She scored half @-@ centuries against each of the other three teams competing — Australia , India and New Zealand — and also scored an unbeaten 113 in the first match against Australia . She had a relatively quiet domestic season in 2007 , ranking sixth amongst run @-@ scorers in the Super Fours , having passed 50 runs just once , and despite ranking second by both runs scored and batting average in the County Championship , Taylor only scored two half @-@ centuries in her five appearances in that competition . England started the summer with four Twenty20 matches , one against South Africa and three against New Zealand , in which Taylor made three scores of 20 or more , but did not reach a half @-@ century . In the third ODI against New Zealand , she scored her sixth century in the format , but her 110 runs came from 133 deliveries , and the Wisden series report suggests that the scoring rate was too slow : New Zealand chased down the total in fewer than 36 overs . In the next match , Taylor scored 72 as England attempted to chase down 240 runs to win , but they were eventually bowled out 43 runs short . Though she only made small totals in the other three matches of the series , Taylor finished as the leading run @-@ scorer in the series , though New Zealand 's Aimee Watkins had a superior batting average . Her performances over the year from August 2006 resulted in Taylor being shortlisted for the ICC Women 's Cricketer of the Year award , alongside Australia 's Lisa Sthalekar and the eventual winner , India 's Jhulan Goswami . During the voting period , Taylor scored three centuries and three half @-@ centuries in international cricket . = = = Leading batsman = = = England travelled to Australia and New Zealand in early 2008 attempting to improve on their previous visits . In ten ODI matches in Australia against their hosts previously , England had only managed one win , while against New Zealand they had won just three of fifteen contests . England started badly , losing two of their warm @-@ up matches by significant margins , and then falling 21 runs short in the Twenty20 match which opened the series . Taylor top @-@ scored for England in their Twenty20 defeat with 34 runs from 32 balls . She made a similar score in the first ODI match against the hosts , but in the second match both Taylor and Edwards were out for ducks in a heavy defeat for England . After the third match of the series was abandoned without any play , Taylor scored her first half @-@ century of the tour , and shared a century partnership with Edwards to help England secure a 2 – 1 lead in the series , guaranteeing that they would at least draw the five @-@ match contest . After Australia won the last ODI to tie the series , the two sides met at the Bradman Oval to play the only Test of the tour . Taylor and Edwards again enjoyed a successful partnership in England 's first innings ; Taylor scored 79 runs as the pair put on 159 together . She scored an unbeaten half @-@ century in the second innings to help England to retain the Ashes . Taylor carried her good form into the subsequent series against New Zealand , starting the second leg of their trip with a half @-@ century against New Zealand A in a warm @-@ up match in which she was acting captain . England struggled in the first ODI however : only Taylor and Edwards reached double figures for the tourists as they suffered a 123 @-@ run loss . In the following match , Taylor scored the seventh international century of her career , remaining 111 not out as England secured a nine @-@ wicket win over New Zealand . She scored a half @-@ century in the third ODI of the series , and 34 runs in the fifth to finish as England 's leading run @-@ scorer of the tour , scoring 342 runs at an average of 48 @.@ 85 from the nine ODI matches in Australia and New Zealand . Playing in the first match of Berkshire 's County Championship campaign , Taylor scored 146 runs from 148 balls against Nottinghamshire , out of a team total of 212 : no other Berkshire batsman scored more than 10 runs , and Nottinghamshire won by six wickets . In a two match ODI series against the West Indies she made minimal impact , but was described by Cricinfo as being " at her dominant best " in the first match of the subsequent series against South Africa . She struck 7 fours during her 70 @-@ ball innings and scored 83 runs . In the three remaining matches of the series , she made modest totals , before missing the Twenty20 Internationals due to illness . Taylor reached a landmark during the third series of the summer , making her 100th ODI appearance , against India . In the five @-@ match series , which England won 4 – 0 , Taylor remained not out in each of her three innings , scoring 125 runs . Following that series , the ICC introduced player rankings for women 's ODI cricket , for which Taylor was top of the batsmen . = = = Double world champions = = = In 2009 , England participated in both the Women 's Cricket World Cup , and the inaugural Women 's World Twenty20 . Taylor was identified as one of England 's key players in a preview of the tournament , and she set up victory for England in their opening match against Sri Lanka with her eighth ODI century , her third in successive World Cup matches against Sri Lanka . She asserted her dominance once more in the second match , against India , scoring quicker than a run a ball for her 69 not out , to help England chase down a modest total in under 40 overs . Not required to bat against Pakistan , and dismissed for 19 against New Zealand , Taylor helped secure England 's place in the final with a rapid 65 runs , including 2 sixes and 6 fours , against the West Indies . In England 's final match of the group stages , Taylor top @-@ scored with 49 runs in a dead rubber loss against Australia : Australia could not qualify for the final , and England were already through . In the final , having restricted New Zealand to 166 , England were ahead of the required rate early . An early loss of wicket brought Taylor to the crease , and she played an attacking innings of 21 , including 4 fours , before being bowled . England won the match by four wickets , to become ODI world champions . Taylor finished the tournament as the leading run @-@ scorer , having made 324 runs , and her batting average was the highest amongst batsmen with over 100 runs . She was one of five England players to be named in the team of the tournament . Taylor 's next international action came during the inaugural Women 's World Twenty20 tournament , held in England . Despite not being required to bat in England 's opening match against India , she was the second most prolific batsmen in the competition , finishing with 199 runs , just one less than New Zealand 's Aimee Watkins . In the group stage match against Sri Lanka , Taylor achieved her highest score in Twenty20 International cricket , making an unbeaten 75 . Just five days later , she improved on that score , reaching 76 not out against Australia in the semi @-@ finals . Batting with Beth Morgan , the pair maintained a run @-@ rate of almost 10 runs an over to secure England 's place in the final . Facing New Zealand in the final , England dismissed their opponents for 85 runs , but laboured to their total ; Taylor top @-@ scored for her side with 39 not out , and was the only England player to score a faster than a run a ball . Taylor was named as player of the tournament , and having only been dismissed once , finished with a batting average of 199 @.@ 00 . In England 's subsequent series against Australia , Taylor struggled for runs , scoring 79 runs across four ODI innings , and being dismissed for under 20 runs in each innings of the only Test match . She opted to miss the tour of the West Indies in late 2009 to focus on her work commitments . = = = Later career = = = Taylor returned to action for England in the 2010 Women 's World Twenty20 , hosted by the West Indies . England , and Taylor , struggled in the competition . Their only victory came against South Africa , after they had already been eliminated from the tournament . Taylor scored 24 runs in the tournament at an average of just 8 @.@ 00 . Later that summer , England hosted New Zealand . Taylor finished as England 's leading run @-@ scorer in the ODI series , scoring 166 runs at an average of 41 @.@ 50 , including half @-@ centuries in two of the matches . In their next series , a tour of Sri Lanka , Taylor started strongly ; scoring 73 runs in a narrow victory against their hosts , but failed to achieve double figures in an innings for the remainder of the tour . Taylor sustained a shoulder injury during the second warm @-@ up match of their subsequent tour of Australia , which ruled her out of the rest of the visit . Her injury had healed by the start of the 2011 season , but Taylor failed to make a significant impact on England 's first two matches of the Twenty20 Quadrangular series , against New Zealand and Australia . In the third match however , ESPNcricinfo 's Liam Brickhill claimed that she " roared back into form " with 66 runs from 46 balls to help England to a big win over India . England won the tournament , which was closely followed by an equivalent ODI Quadrangular . Taylor made at least 30 runs in three of her four innings of the tournament to finish among the top run @-@ scorers in the series , which was also won by England . At the conclusion of the series , Taylor announced her retirement from international cricket . She finished her career with batting averages in excess of 40 in both Test and ODI cricket , and at the time of her retirement she trailed only Charlotte Edwards in ODI runs scored . She continued to represent Berkshire until the conclusion of the 2011 season . = = Playing style = = During her teenage years , Taylor was considered a better hockey player than cricketer . When she began playing for Thames Valley , she was considered a wicket @-@ keeper with no more than average batting ability . At university , she began to develop her batting , playing alongside the men for her college side . The different pace and strength required in the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
riente . Angel " Cucco " Peña , who has worked with salsa veterans such as Gilberto Santa Rosa and Willie Colón , took up the position as producer for the album . Contra la Corriente , the third studio album by Anthony , was released in October 1997 . The album was distributed by MCA Records and was promoted at a sold @-@ out concert in Madison Square Garden days before the release of the album . = = Recording and production = = For the album , Anthony built a studio near his home . Around that time , he was involved in the production of Paul Simon 's musical play The Capeman and had to record the album in three weeks . Anthony chose nine songs out of 1 @,@ 300 samples . He sent tapes to co @-@ producer Peña at the Altamar Music Studios in San Juan , Puerto Rico to get feedback . He made routine flights between New York and Puerto Rico to record the album hours and to rehearse for the play . Panamanian composer Omar Alfanno , who wrote three songs on the last album , had composed five songs for the album . Fernando Arias composed the boleros " No Me Conoces " and " Suceden " . " Si Te Vas " is a cover of the Pedro Fernández song . Manny Benito wrote the last track , " Un Mal Sueño " . = = Commercial release = = = = = Album = = = During the Madison Square Garden concert , RMM executive producer Ralph Mercado presented an award to Anthony for selling over 350 @,@ 000 copies just before release . Contra la Corriente was the released on October 21 , 1997 in the United States . The album debuted at number @-@ one on the Top Latin Albums chart on the week of November 22 , 1997 , and stayed at number @-@ one for three consecutive weeks . The album debuted at number @-@ one on the Tropical Albums chart and remained on top for ten non @-@ consecutive weeks . Contra la Corriente was the first album Anthony to chart on the Billboard 200 , peaking at number seventy @-@ four . The album was the fourth best selling Latin album of 1998 and was the second best selling tropical album after Buena Vista Social Club . The album was certified gold in the United States for shipping of 500 @,@ 000 units . A remastered edition of the album was released on September 9 , 2003 by Universal Music Latino . Contra la Corriente has sold over 400 @,@ 000 units as of 2000 . = = = Singles = = = " Y Hubo Alguien " ( And There Was Somebody ) was the lead single from the album . Released in the same month as the album , the single reached number @-@ one on the Hot Latin Tracks . It was his first number one single on the chart and the first single by a salsa musician to reach number one . " Me Voy a Regalar " ( I Am Going to Give ) followed later in the year . " Si Te Vas " ( If You Go ) was the third single from the album , released in 1998 ; it reached number @-@ eight on Hot Latin Tracks . " Contra la Corriente " ( Against the Current ) and " No Me Conoces " ( You Do Not Know Me ) both reached number @-@ two on Hot Latin Tracks . , " No Sabes Como Duele " ( You Do Not Know How It Hurts ) was the last single to be released from the album in 1999 and reached number @-@ eighteen on the Hot Latin Tracks . Three of the six singles , " Y Hubo Alguien " , " Si Te Vas " , and " Contra la Corriente " , reached number @-@ one on the Latin Tropical Airplay charts . Two songs from the album were made into music videos . The first music video was the lead single " Y Hubo Alguien " which was filmed in New York City . The second music video was " No Me Conoces " which was directed by Bennny Coral . Filming took place in México and featured Jennifer Lopez as the supporting actress . = = Critical reception and legacy = = Contra la Corriente received mostly positive reviews from critics , who praised Marc Anthony 's singing . Terry Jenkins of Allmusic gave the album a 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 and praised Anthony 's vocals as being " sexy " and " near @-@ flawless " though he felt that it " doesn 't quite match the dizzying heights of his breakthrough Todo a Su Tiempo " . David Wilson of Wilson & Alroy 's Record Reviews called the tunes " solid " and praised Anthony 's voice but criticized Peña 's production as being " slavishly " similar to the previous album . Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune names Contra la Corriente as Anthony 's best album and felt that the influence of Cuban music was prominent " in the rhythms and harmonies " in comparison to Los Van Van . Ernesto Lechner of the Los Angeles Times , who was more critical of the album , gave it two @-@ out @-@ of @-@ four stars criticizing the arrangements as " unbearably soapy " and called the album a " flawed masterpiece in the saccharine genre of salsa romantica . " An editor for Billboard magazine felt Anthony should " build on his towering reputation with another radio @-@ appropriate package " . Contra la Corriente was named the eighth best album of 1997 by Time magazine stating that " ... whether you habla espanol or not , Anthony 's talent comes through , no translation needed " . At the 41st Grammy Awards , Contra la Corriente was given a Grammy Award for Best Tropical Latin Performance . Billboard awarded the album " Tropical Album of the Year by a Male Artist " , citing that the album became the highest selling salsa album when it charted the Billboard 200 . It also received a nomination for a 10th Lo Nuestro Awards for " Tropical Album of the Year " . The single " Y Hubo Alguien " received a Billboard Latin Music Award and a Lo Nuestro award for " Tropical Song of the Year " . This would be the last time that Anthony worked with the RMM label . After disputes with Ralph Mercado over business practices , he left the record label and later signed on with Columbia Records to record his first self titled English album . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = The following credits are from Allmusic . = = = Performance credits = = = = = = Technical credits = = = = = Chart performance = = = = = Certifications = = = = Soeprapto ( prosecutor ) = Mr. Raden Soeprapto ( 27 March 1894 – 2 December 1964 ) was the fourth Attorney General of Indonesia . Born in Trenggalek , East Java , Soeprapto studied law in Jakarta , finding work in the legal system soon after graduating in 1920 . After transferring often , in the early 1940s he had reached Pekalongan and become the head of the court for Native Indonesians . Escaping Pekalongan during Operatie Product with the help of a prisoner he had just sentenced , Soeprapto made his way to Yogyakarta and began to work as a prosecutor . When the government moved to Jakarta in 1950 , Soeprapto went with it . In January 1951 , he was selected to be Prosecutor General of Indonesia , serving until 1 April 1959 . As prosecutor general , Soeprapto was noted for trying state ministers and generals despite them outranking him , a quality which Amir Hasan Ketaren of the Prosecutors ' Commission finds lacking from subsequent officeholders . He was declared " Father of the Prosecutor 's Office " on 22 July 1967 , with a bust of him erected outside the Prosecutor General 's Office . = = Early life and career = = Soeprapto was born in Trenggalek , East Java , Dutch East Indies on 27 March 1894 to Hadiwiloyo , a tax collector , and his wife . He took his elementary studies at a Europesche Lagere School , then considered better than schools for Native Indonesians , eventually graduating in 1914 . He then moved to Batavia ( modern day Jakarta ) , where he studied at Rechtschool with future state minister Wongsonegoro . After graduating from the Rechtschool in 1920 , Soeprapto went directly to working at the Landraad ( court for Native Indonesians ) in his hometown . For fifteen years he worked at Landraad in various locations , including in Surabaya , Semarang , Bandung , and Denpasar . He eventually rose to Head of the Landraad in Cirebon and Kuningan , serving from 1937 to 1941 . From there , he transferred to the Landraad for Salatiga and Boyolali , then to Besuki , before settling as head of the landraad in Pekalongan . Although Soeprapto was able to lead the court peacefully during the Japanese occupation , after the start of the Indonesian National Revolution the situation in Pekalongan became unstable . Although the nascent army was able to hold the peace during riots at the end of 1945 , when the Dutch began a major assault on Java , Soeprapto was forced to flee south to Indonesian @-@ held areas with his family . In this , Soeprapto was assisted by Kutil , a man whom he had only recently sentenced to death , and Kutil 's other captive accomplices . Soeprapto 's wife later remembered that Kutil and his men had " carried briefcases containing paperwork related to their cases ... and even [ Soeprapto 's ] children , without showing any vengeance . " Although Kutil and his men escaped after evacuating , they were later recaptured , with Soeprapto serving as a witness against them . After his escape from Pekalongan , Soeprapto and his family first went to Cirebon . They then went to Yogyakarta , where Soeprapto became a judge at the high court . He later began work as a prosecutor , rising quickly through the ranks ; several of his coworkers attributed it to the Kutil case , where Soeprapto demonstrated that he believed in the supremacy of law . = = Prosecutor general and later career = = In 1950 , Soeprapto returned to Jakarta and continued his work as a prosecutor . In January 1951 , he was chosen to replace Tirtawinata as Prosecutor General of Indonesia . At the time , the prosecutor general 's office was a division of the Ministry of Justice , and as such Soeprapto was under the Minister of Justice . During his time as prosecutor general , Soeprapto handled several high @-@ profile cases , going after ministers and generals that outranked him politically . In 1953 , he brought Sultan Hamid II , then a minister without portfolio , to trial for his involvement in the APRA Coup d 'état ; Hamid was sentenced to 10 years in prison by Supreme Court Justice Wirjono Prodjodikoro on 8 April 1953 . Soeprapto also investigated Head of the Armed Forces Abdul Haris Nasution for his involvement in the affair . Other cases included the trials of revolutionary groups and foreigners accused of undermining the Indonesian government . He also oversaw an increasing number of prosecutors , drawn from Indonesian law schools . However , Soeprapto also came into conflict with Minister of Justice Moeljatno over the role of the prosecution . Moeljatno took the traditional view that the prosecutor general 's office , under the control of the Ministry of Justice during the Dutch colonial period , was in a similar station after independence ; on the other hand , Soeprapto believed that the function of the prosecutor general was half executive and half judicial and as such demanded to be accountable only to the cabinet . This conflict climaxed with Moeljatno drafting a bill to explicitly make the prosecutor general subservient to the Minister of Justice , which passed in October 1956 over heavy opposition from prosecutors and police officers . However , the bill fell through when the reigning cabinet collapsed in March 1957 . After eight years , Soeprapto was honourably dismissed on 1 April 1959 @.@ the dismissal has been reported in several sources to be related to the acquittal of / dropping of charges against two foreigners , Junschlager and Schmidt , who had been accused of undermining the government ; Junschlager died in prison , and Schmidt was freed on basis of time served in a high court decision which the prosecution did not appeal . As he had not been given prior warning he was unable to go to Merdeka Palace for the related formalities ; at the time he was visiting his parents in Yogyakarta . His wife later noted that this led to him becoming disillusioned in President Sukarno 's regime . Soeprapto married three times . He first married Soeratinah of Purworejo , with whom he had a son . He then married Djenab Oetari of Bogor , with whom he had a daughter . His last marriage was to Soekarti , with whom he had two sons and two daughters . He died on 2 December 1964 , and was buried at Kalibata Heroes Cemetery in Jakarta . = = Legacy = = Soeprapto was posthumously declared the " Father of the Prosecutor 's Office " on 22 July 1967 by Prosecutor General Soegiharto , which was formally recognized by Letter of Recommendation Number KEP @-@ 061 / D.A / 1967 . That same year , a bust of him was placed in front of the prosecutor general 's office in Jakarta . Several streets are named after Soeprapto , including in Gresik , Malang , and Surabaya . Amir Hasan Ketaren of the Prosecutors ' Commission stated in 2010 that Soeprapto was an example of what a prosecutor general should be : firm , knowledgeable , and unwilling to allow outside intervention in his investigations – even from the president . This quality , he said , was lacking in subsequent officeholders . The following year , Asvi Warman Adam of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences stated that there had yet to be another prosecutor general like Soeprapto , for – rather than investigating cases of corruption and keeping politics out of the position – subsequent holders of the office had often been corrupt themselves . = Midnight Sun ( horse ) = Midnight Sun ( 1940 – 65 ) was one of the leading sires of the Tennessee Walking Horse breed , and a two @-@ time World Grand Champion in 1945 and 1946 . He was trained by Fred Walker and lived almost all his life at Harlinsdale Farm in Franklin , Tennessee . Midnight Sun sired approximately 2 @,@ 600 foals in his life , one of which became the three @-@ time World Grand Champion The Talk of the Town . Of the horses that have won the annual Tennessee Walking Horse World Grand Championship since 1949 , only four were not of Midnight Sun 's bloodline . = = Life and winnings = = Midnight Sun was foaled on June 8 , 1940 , out of a mostly Standardbred mare named Ramsey 's Rena , and sired by the stallion Wilson 's Allen . He was a solid black stallion who matured to just under 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) and weighed 1 @,@ 350 pounds ( 610 kg ) , unusually stout for his breed . His original name was Joe Lewis Wilson . Through his sire Midnight Sun was a great @-@ grandson of Black Allan , also known as Allan F @-@ 1 , who was the foundation sire of the Tennessee Walking Horse breed . Midnight Sun 's half @-@ brother on his sire 's side , Strolling Jim , became the first ever National Champion in 1939 , and three of his other siblings were early champions as well . In 1944 Midnight Sun was bought by Wirt and Alex Harlin for $ 4 @,@ 400 and taken to their Harlinsdale Farm . Midnight Sun was trained by Fred Walker . He became the first Tennessee Walking Horse to win the World Grand Championship title when it was first awarded in 1945 , and he followed up that win with another World Grand Championship the next year , in 1946 , making him the second repeat winner after Haynes Peacock , his half @-@ brother . At the time , the stake carried a purse of $ 1 @,@ 000 . Midnight Sun was known for his calm disposition ; it wasn 't uncommon for stablehands at his home , Harlinsdale Farm near Franklin , Tennessee , to let visiting children ride him bareback , so they could say they rode a two @-@ time world grand champion . In 1956 he was bought by Eleanor and Geraldine Livingston at the Harlinsdale Farm dispersal sale , for $ 50 @,@ 000 . The Livingstons stipulated that Midnight Sun be kept at Harlinsdale under the same routine he had had for most of his life . He continued to stand at stud on the farm until his death , and was handled and groomed nearly all his life by Red Laws , who died within a year of the horse 's death . Midnight Sun was never turned out , and Laws once said , " Somebody had hold of him all his life . " In all , he lived at Harlinsdale Farm for 21 years . Midnight Sun died of colic on November 7 , 1965 , and was buried at Harlinsdale Farm , where his grave is still visible today . = = Legacy = = Midnight Sun has been described as the single most influential Tennessee Walking Horse sire and a sire of sires . Since 1949 , only four horses not of Midnight Sun 's line have won the Tennessee Walking Horse World Grand Championship , the breed 's highest honor . Midnight Sun sired five horses who won the World Grand Championship : Midnight Merry in 1949 ; The Talk of the Town in 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 ; Sun 's Jet Parade in 1957 ; Setting Sun in 1958 ; and Sun 's Delight D. in 1963 . One of these , The Talk of the Town , was the first three @-@ time World Grand Champion . Midnight Sun was also great @-@ grandsire of I Am Jose , the second three @-@ time winner . Most of the leading Tennessee Walker sires in recent years have themselves been descendants of Midnight Sun . Midnight Sun sired approximately 2 @,@ 600 foals in his lifetime , and during his stud career earned his owners close to $ 100 @,@ 000 a year , mostly through the then @-@ new use of artificial insemination ( AI ) . Through his offspring , he has also influenced the Racking Horse and Spotted Saddle Horse breeds . For many years , a life @-@ size statue of Midnight Sun , commissioned after his death by his former owner Geraldine Livingston , stood at the TWHBEA headquarters in Lewisburg , Tennessee . = = Pedigree = = † Denotes inbreeding = Cabbage = Cabbage or headed cabbage ( comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea ) is a leafy green or purple biennial plant , grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense @-@ leaved heads . It is descended from the wild cabbage , B. oleracea var. oleracea , and is closely related to broccoli and cauliflower ( var. botrytis ) , brussels sprouts ( var. gemmmifera ) and savoy cabbage ( var. sabauda ) . Cabbage heads generally range from 0 @.@ 5 to 4 kilograms ( 1 to 9 lb ) , and can be green , purple and white . Smooth @-@ leafed firm @-@ headed green cabbages are the most common , with smooth @-@ leafed red and crinkle @-@ leafed savoy cabbages of both colors seen more rarely . It is a multi @-@ layered vegetable . Under conditions of long sunlit days such as are found at high northern latitudes in summer , cabbages can grow much larger . Some records are discussed at the end of the history section . It is difficult to trace the exact history of cabbage , but it was most likely domesticated somewhere in Europe before 1000 BC , although savoys were not developed until the 16th century . By the Middle Ages , it had become a prominent part of European cuisine . Cabbage heads are generally picked during the first year of the plant 's life cycle , but plants intended for seed are allowed to grow a second year , and must be kept separated from other cole crops to prevent cross @-@ pollination . Cabbage is prone to several nutrient deficiencies , as well as to multiple pests , and bacterial and fungal diseases . The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) reports that world production of cabbage and other brassicas for 2011 was almost 69 million metric tons ( 68 million long tons ; 75 million short tons ) . Almost half of these crops were grown in China , where Chinese cabbage is the most popular Brassica vegetable . Cabbages are prepared in many different ways for eating . They can be pickled , fermented for dishes such as sauerkraut , steamed , stewed , sautéed , braised , or eaten raw . Cabbage is a good source of vitamin K , vitamin C and dietary fiber . Contaminated cabbage has been linked to cases of food @-@ borne illness in humans . = = Taxonomy and etymology = = Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea or B. oleracea var. capitata , var. tuba , var. sabauda or var. acephala ) is a member of the genus Brassica and the mustard family , Brassicaceae . Several other cruciferous vegetables ( sometimes known as cole crops ) are considered cultivars of B. oleracea , including broccoli , collard greens , brussels sprouts , kohlrabi and sprouting broccoli . All of these developed from the wild cabbage B. oleracea var. oleracea , also called colewort or field cabbage . This original species evolved over thousands of years into those seen today , as selection resulted in cultivars having different characteristics , such as large heads for cabbage , large leaves for kale and thick stems with flower buds for broccoli . The varietal epithet capitata is derived from the Latin word for " having a head " . B. oleracea and its derivatives have hundreds of common names throughout the world . " Cabbage " was originally used to refer to multiple forms of B. oleracea , including those with loose or non @-@ existent heads . A related species , Brassica rapa , is commonly named Chinese , napa or celery cabbage , and has many of the same uses . It is also a part of common names for several unrelated species . These include cabbage bark or cabbage tree ( a member of the genus Andira ) and cabbage palms , which include several genera of palms such as Mauritia , Roystonea oleracea , Acrocomia and Euterpe oenocarpus . The original family name of brassicas was Cruciferae , which derived from the flower petal pattern thought by medieval Europeans to resemble a crucifix . The word brassica derives from bresic , a Celtic word for cabbage . Many European and Asiatic names for cabbage are derived from the Celto @-@ Slavic root cap or kap , meaning " head " . The late Middle English word cabbage derives from the word caboche ( " head " ) , from the Picard dialect of Old French . This in turn is a variant of the Old French caboce . Through the centuries , " cabbage " and its derivatives have been used as slang for numerous items , occupations and activities . Cash and tobacco have both been described by the slang " cabbage " , while " cabbage @-@ head " means a fool or stupid person and " cabbaged " means to be exhausted or , vulgarly , in a vegetative state . = = Description = = Cabbage seedlings have a thin taproot and cordate ( heart @-@ shaped ) cotyledon . The first leaves produced are ovate ( egg @-@ shaped ) with a lobed petiole . Plants are 40 – 60 cm ( 16 – 24 in ) tall in their first year at the mature vegetative stage , and 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 0 m ( 4 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 6 ft ) tall when flowering in the second year . Heads average between 1 and 8 pounds ( 0 @.@ 5 and 4 kg ) , with fast @-@ growing , earlier @-@ maturing varieties producing smaller heads . Most cabbages have thick , alternating leaves , with margins that range from wavy or lobed to highly dissected ; some varieties have a waxy bloom on the leaves . Plants have root systems that are fibrous and shallow . About 90 percent of the root mass is in the upper 20 – 30 cm ( 8 – 12 in ) of soil ; some lateral roots can penetrate up to 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) deep . The inflorescence is an unbranched and indeterminate terminal raceme measuring 50 – 100 cm ( 20 – 40 in ) tall , with flowers that are yellow or white . Each flower has four petals set in a perpendicular pattern , as well as four sepals , six stamens , and a superior ovary that is two @-@ celled and contains a single stigma and style . Two of the six stamens have shorter filaments . The fruit is a silique that opens at maturity through dehiscence to reveal brown or black seeds that are small and round in shape . Self @-@ pollination is impossible , and plants are cross @-@ pollinated by insects . The initial leaves form a rosette shape comprising 7 to 15 leaves , each measuring 25 – 35 cm ( 10 – 14 in ) by 20 – 30 cm ( 8 – 12 in ) ; after this , leaves with shorter petioles develop and heads form through the leaves cupping inward . Many shapes , colors and leaf textures are found in various cultivated varieties of cabbage . Leaf types are generally divided between crinkled @-@ leaf , loose @-@ head savoys and smooth @-@ leaf firm @-@ head cabbages , while the color spectrum includes white and a range of greens and purples . Oblate , round and pointed shapes are found . Cabbage has been selectively bred for head weight and morphological characteristics , frost hardiness , fast growth and storage ability . The appearance of the cabbage head has been given importance in selective breeding , with varieties being chosen for shape , color , firmness and other physical characteristics . Breeding objectives are now focused on increasing resistance to various insects and diseases and improving the nutritional content of cabbage . Scientific research into the genetic modification of B. oleracea crops , including cabbage , has included European Union and United States explorations of greater insect and herbicide resistance . Genetically modified B. oleracea crops are not currently used in commercial agriculture . = = History = = Although cabbage has an extensive history , it is difficult to trace its exact origins owing to the many varieties of leafy greens classified as " brassicas " . The wild ancestor of cabbage , Brassica oleracea , originally found in Britain and continental Europe , is tolerant of salt but not encroachment by other plants and consequently inhabits rocky cliffs in cool damp coastal habitats , retaining water and nutrients in its slightly thickened , turgid leaves . According to the triangle of U theory of the evolution and relationships between Brassica species , B. oleracea and other closely related kale vegetables ( cabbages , kale , broccoli , Brussels sprouts , and cauliflower ) represent one of three ancestral lines from which all other brassicas originated . Cabbage was probably domesticated later in history than Near Eastern crops such as lentils and summer wheat . Because of the wide range of crops developed from the wild B. oleracea , multiple broadly contemporaneous domestications of cabbage may have occurred throughout Europe . Nonheading cabbages and kale were probably the first to be domesticated , before 1000 BC , by the Celts of central and western Europe . Unidentified brassicas were part of the highly conservative unchanging Mesopotamian garden repertory . It is believed that the ancient Egyptians did not cultivate cabbage , which is not native to the Nile valley , though a word shaw 't in Papyrus Harris of the time of Ramesses III , has been interpreted as " cabbage " . Ptolemaic Egyptians knew the cole crops as gramb , under the influence of Greek krambe , which had been a familiar plant to the Macedonian antecedents of the Ptolemies ; By early Roman times Egyptian artisans and children were eating cabbage and turnips among a wide variety of other pulses and vegetables . The ancient Greeks had some varieties of cabbage , as mentioned by Theophrastus , although whether they were more closely related to today 's cabbage or to one of the other Brassica crops is unknown . The headed cabbage variety was known to Greeks as krambe and to Romans as brassica or olus ; the open , leafy variety ( kale ) was known in Greek as raphanos and in Latin as caulis . Chrysippus of Cnidos wrote a treatise on cabbage , which Pliny knew , but it has not survived . The Greeks were convinced that cabbages and grapevines were inimical , and that cabbage planted too near the vine would impart its unwelcome odor to the grapes ; this Mediterranean sense of antipathy survives today . Brassica was considered by some Romans a table luxury , although Lucullus considered it unfit for the senatorial table . The more traditionalist Cato the Elder , espousing a simple , Republican life , ate his cabbage cooked or raw and dressed with vinegar ; he said it surpassed all other vegetables , and approvingly distinguished three varieties ; he also gave directions for its medicinal use , which extended to the cabbage @-@ eater 's urine , in which infants might be rinsed . Pliny the Elder listed seven varieties , including Pompeii cabbage , Cumae cabbage and Sabellian cabbage . According to Pliny , the Pompeii cabbage , which could not stand cold , is " taller , and has a thick stock near the root , but grows thicker between the leaves , these being scantier and narrower , but their tenderness is a valuable quality " . The Pompeii cabbage was also mentioned by Columella in De Re Rustica . Apicius gives several recipes for cauliculi , tender cabbage shoots . The Greeks and Romans claimed medicinal usages for their cabbage varieties that included relief from gout , headaches and the symptoms of poisonous mushroom ingestion . The antipathy towards the vine made it seem that eating cabbage would avoid drunkenness . Cabbage continued to figure in the materia medica of antiquity as well as at table : in the first century AD Dioscorides mentions two kinds of coleworts with medical uses , the cultivated and the wild , and his opinions continued to be paraphrased in herbals right through the 17th century . At the end of Antiquity cabbage is mentioned in De observatione ciborum ( " On the Observance of Foods " ) of Anthemis , a Greek doctor at the court of Theodoric the Great , and cabbage appears among vegetables directed to be cultivated in the Capitulare de villis , composed c . 771 @-@ 800 that guided the governance of the royal estates of Charlemagne . In Britain the Anglo @-@ Saxon cultivated cawel . When round @-@ headed cabbages appeared in 14th @-@ century England they were called cabaches and caboches , words drawn from Old French and applied at first to refer to the ball of unopened leaves , the contemporaneous recipe that commences " Take cabbages and quarter them , and seethe them in good broth " , also suggests the tightly headed cabbage . Manuscript illuminations show the prominence of cabbage in the cuisine of the High Middle Ages , and cabbage seeds feature among the seed list of purchases for the use of King John II of France when captive in England in 1360 , but cabbages were also a familiar staple of the poor : in the lean year of 1420 the " Bourgeois of Paris " noted that " poor people ate no bread , nothing but cabbages and turnips and such dishes , without any bread or salt " . French naturalist Jean Ruel made what is considered the first explicit mention of head cabbage in his 1536 botanical treatise De Natura Stirpium , referring to it as capucos coles ( " head @-@ coles " ) , Sir Anthony Ashley , 1st Baronet , did not disdain to have a cabbage at the foot of his monument in Wimborne St Giles . In Istanbul Sultan Selim III penned a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek ode to cabbage : without cabbage the halva feast was not complete . Cabbages spread from Europe into Mesopotamia and Egypt as a winter vegetable , and later followed trade routes throughout Asia and the Americas . The absence of Sanskrit or other ancient Eastern language names for cabbage suggests that it was introduced to South Asia relatively recently . In India , cabbage was one of several vegetable crops introduced by colonizing traders from Portugal , who established trade routes from the 14th to 17th centuries . Carl Peter Thunberg reported that cabbage was not yet known in Japan in 1775 . Many cabbage varieties — including some still commonly grown — were introduced in Germany , France , and the Low Countries . During the 16th century , German gardeners developed the savoy cabbage . During the 17th and 18th centuries , cabbage was a food staple in such countries as Germany , England , Ireland and Russia , and pickled cabbage was frequently eaten . Sauerkraut was used by Dutch , Scandinavian and German sailors to prevent scurvy during long ship voyages . Jacques Cartier first brought cabbage to the Americas in 1541 – 42 , and it was probably planted by the early English colonists , despite the lack of written evidence of its existence there until the mid @-@ 17th century . By the 18th century , it was commonly planted by both colonists and native American Indians . Cabbage seeds traveled to Australia in 1788 with the First Fleet , and were planted the same year on Norfolk Island . It became a favorite vegetable of Australians by the 1830s and was frequently seen at the Sydney Markets . There are several Guinness Book of World Records entries related to cabbage . These include the heaviest cabbage , at 57 @.@ 61 kilograms ( 127 @.@ 0 lb ) , heaviest red cabbage , at 19 @.@ 05 kilograms ( 42 @.@ 0 lb ) , longest cabbage roll , at 15 @.@ 37 meters ( 50 @.@ 4 ft ) , and the largest cabbage dish , at 925 @.@ 4 kilograms ( 2 @,@ 040 lb ) . In 2012 , Scott Robb of Palmer , Alaska , broke the world record for heaviest cabbage at 62 @.@ 71 kilograms ( 138 @.@ 25 lb ) . = = Cultivation = = Cabbage is generally grown for its densely leaved heads , produced during the first year of its biennial cycle . Plants perform best when grown in well @-@ drained soil in a location that receives full sun . Different varieties prefer different soil types , ranging from lighter sand to heavier clay , but all prefer fertile ground with a pH between 6 @.@ 0 and 6 @.@ 8 . For optimal growth , there must be adequate levels of nitrogen in the soil , especially during the early head formation stage , and sufficient phosphorus and potassium during the early stages of expansion of the outer leaves . Temperatures between 4 and 24 ° C ( 39 and 75 ° F ) prompt the best growth , and extended periods of higher or lower temperatures may result in premature bolting ( flowering ) . Flowering induced by periods of low temperatures ( a process called vernalization ) only occurs if the plant is past the juvenile period . The transition from a juvenile to adult state happens when the stem diameter is about 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 in ) . Vernalization allows the plant to grow to an adequate size before flowering . In certain climates , cabbage can be planted at the beginning of the cold period and survive until a later warm period without being induced to flower , a practice that was common in the eastern US . Plants are generally started in protected locations early in the growing season before being transplanted outside , although some are seeded directly into the ground from which they will be harvested . Seedlings typically emerge in about 4 – 6 days from seeds planted 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) deep at a soil temperature between 20 and 30 ° C ( 68 and 86 ° F ) . Growers normally place plants 30 to 61 cm ( 12 to 24 in ) apart . Closer spacing reduces the resources available to each plant ( especially the amount of light ) and increases the time taken to reach maturity . Some varieties of cabbage have been developed for ornamental use ; these are generally called " flowering cabbage " . They do not produce heads and feature purple or green outer leaves surrounding an inner grouping of smaller leaves in white , red , or pink . Early varieties of cabbage take about 70 days from planting to reach maturity , while late varieties take about 120 days . Cabbages are mature when they are firm and solid to the touch . They are harvested by cutting the stalk just below the bottom leaves with a blade . The outer leaves are trimmed , and any diseased , damaged , or necrotic leaves are removed . Delays in harvest can result in the head splitting as a result of expansion of the inner leaves and continued stem growth . Factors that contribute to reduced head weight include : growth in the compacted soils that result from no @-@ till farming practices , drought , waterlogging , insect and disease incidence , and shading and nutrient stress caused by weeds . When being grown for seed , cabbages must be isolated from other B. oleracea subspecies , including the wild varieties , by 0 @.@ 8 to 1 @.@ 6 km ( 0 @.@ 5 to 1 mi ) to prevent cross @-@ pollination . Other Brassica species , such as B. rapa , B. juncea , B. nigra , B. napus and Raphanus sativus , do not readily cross @-@ pollinate . = = = Cultivars = = = There are several cultivar groups of cabbage , each including many cultivars : Savoy – Characterized by crimped or curly leaves , mild flavor and tender texture Spring Greens – Loose @-@ headed , commonly sliced and steamed Green – Light to dark green , slightly pointed heads . This is the most commonly grown cultivar . Red – Smooth red leaves , often used for pickling or stewing White , also called Dutch – Smooth , pale green leaves Some sources only delineate three cultivars : savoy , red and white , with spring greens and green cabbage being subsumed into the latter . = = = Cultivation problems = = = Due to its high level of nutrient requirements , cabbage is prone to nutrient deficiencies , including boron , calcium , phosphorus and potassium . There are several physiological disorders that can affect the postharvest appearance of cabbage . Internal tip burn occurs when the margins of inside leaves turn brown , but the outer leaves look normal . Necrotic spot is where there are oval sunken spots a few millimeters across that are often grouped around the midrib . In pepper spot , tiny black spots occur on the areas between the veins , which can increase during storage . Fungal diseases include wirestem , which causes weak or dying transplants ; Fusarium yellows , which result in stunted and twisted plants with yellow leaves ; and blackleg ( see Leptosphaeria maculans ) , which leads to sunken areas on stems and gray @-@ brown spotted leaves . The fungi Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola cause dark leaf spots in affected plants . They are both seedborne and airborne , and typically propagate from spores in infected plant debris left on the soil surface for up to twelve weeks after harvest . Rhizoctonia solani causes the post @-@ emergence disease wirestem , resulting in killed seedlings ( " damping @-@ off " ) , root rot or stunted growth and smaller heads . One of the most common bacterial diseases to affect cabbage is black rot , caused by Xanthomonas campestris , which causes chlorotic and necrotic lesions that start at the leaf margins , and wilting of plants . Clubroot , caused by the soilborne slime mold @-@ like organism Plasmodiophora brassicae , results in swollen , club @-@ like roots . Downy mildew , a parasitic disease caused by the oomycete Peronospora parasitica , produces pale leaves with white , brownish or olive mildew on the lower leaf surfaces ; this is often confused with the fungal disease powdery mildew . Pests include root @-@ knot nematodes and cabbage maggots , which produce stunted and wilted plants with yellow leaves ; aphids , which induce stunted plants with curled and yellow leaves ; harlequin bugs , which cause white and yellow leaves ; thrips , which lead to leaves with white @-@ bronze spots ; striped flea beetles , which riddle leaves with small holes ; and caterpillars , which leave behind large , ragged holes in leaves . The caterpillar stage of the " small cabbage white butterfly " ( Pieris rapae ) , commonly known in the United States as the " imported cabbage worm " , is a major cabbage pest in most countries . The large white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) is prevalent in eastern European countries . The diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) and the cabbage moth ( Mamestra brassicae ) thrive in the higher summer temperatures of continental Europe , where they cause considerable damage to cabbage crops . In India , the diamondback moth has caused losses up to 90 percent in crops that were not treated with insecticide . Destructive soil insects include the cabbage root fly ( Delia radicum ) and the cabbage maggot ( Hylemya brassicae ) , whose larvae can burrow into the part of plant consumed by humans . Planting near other members of the cabbage family , or where these plants have been placed in previous years , can prompt the spread of pests and disease . Excessive water and excessive heat can also cause cultivation problems . = = Production = = The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) combines cabbage and other brassicas for reporting purposes . Total world production of all brassicas for calendar year 2012 was 70 @,@ 104 @,@ 972 metric tons ( 68 @,@ 997 @,@ 771 long tons ; 77 @,@ 277 @,@ 504 short tons ) . The nations with the largest production were China , which produced 47 percent of the world total , and India , which produced 12 percent . China and India used a surface area of 980 @,@ 000 hectares ( 2 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 acres ) and 375 @,@ 000 hectares ( 930 @,@ 000 acres ) , respectively , to grow these crops ; the total global surface area used for cabbage and related Brassica crops in 2012 was 2 @,@ 391 @,@ 747 hectares ( 5 @,@ 910 @,@ 140 acres ) . The largest yields were from South Korea , which harvested 71 @,@ 188 @.@ 6 kilograms per hectare , Ireland ( 68 @,@ 888 @.@ 9 kg / ha ) , and Japan ( 67 @,@ 647 @.@ 1 kg / ha ) . Cabbages sold for market are generally smaller , and different varieties are used for those sold immediately upon harvest and those stored before sale . Those used for processing , especially sauerkraut , are larger and have a lower percentage of water . Both hand and mechanical harvesting are used , with hand @-@ harvesting generally used for cabbages destined for market sales . In commercial @-@ scale operations , hand @-@ harvested cabbages are trimmed , sorted , and packed directly in the field to increase efficiency . Vacuum cooling rapidly refrigerates the vegetable , allowing for earlier shipping and a fresher product . Cabbage can be stored the longest at − 1 to 2 ° C ( 30 to 36 ° F ) with a humidity of 90 – 100 percent ; these conditions will result in up to six months of longevity . When stored under less ideal conditions , cabbage can still last up to four months . = = Culinary use = = Cabbage consumption varies widely around the world : Russia has the highest annual per capita consumption at 20 kilograms ( 44 lb ) , followed by Belgium at 4 @.@ 7 kilograms ( 10 lb ) , the Netherlands at 4 @.@ 0 kilograms ( 8 @.@ 8 lb ) , and Spain at 1 @.@ 9 kilograms ( 4 @.@ 2 lb ) . Americans consume 3 @.@ 9 kilograms ( 8 @.@ 6 lb ) annually per capita . Cabbage is prepared and consumed in many ways . The simplest options include eating the vegetable raw or steaming it , though many cuisines pickle , stew , sautée or braise cabbage . Pickling is one of the most popular ways of preserving cabbage , creating dishes such as sauerkraut and kimchi , although kimchi is more often made from Chinese cabbage ( B. rapa ) . Savoy cabbages are usually used in salads , while smooth @-@ leaf types are utilized for both market sales and processing . Bean curd and cabbage is a staple of Chinese cooking , while the British dish bubble and squeak is made primarily with leftover potato and boiled cabbage and eaten with cold meat . In Poland , cabbage is one of the main food crops , and it features prominently in Polish cuisine . It is frequently eaten , either fresh or as sauerkraut , as a side dish or as an ingredient in such dishes as gołąbki ( stuffed cabbage ) and pierogi ( filled pasta ) . Other eastern European countries , such as Hungary and Romania , also have traditional dishes that feature cabbage as a main ingredient . In India and Ethiopia , cabbage is often included in spicy salads and braises . In the United States , cabbage is used primarily for the production of coleslaw , followed by market use and sauerkraut production . The characteristic flavor of cabbage is caused by glucosinolates , a class of sulfur @-@ containing glucosides . Although found throughout the plant , these compounds are concentrated in the highest quantities in the seeds ; lesser quantities are found in young vegetative tissue , and they decrease as the tissue ages . Cooked cabbage is often criticized for its pungent , unpleasant odor and taste . These develop when cabbage is overcooked and hydrogen sulfide gas is produced . = = Nutrients and phytochemicals = = Cabbage is an excellent source of vitamin C and vitamin K , containing more than 20 % of the Daily Value ( DV ) for each of these nutrients per serving ( right table of USDA nutrient values ) . Cabbage is also a good source ( 10 – 19 % DV ) of vitamin B6 and folate , with no other nutrients having significant content per 100 gram serving ( table ) . Basic research on cabbage phytochemicals is ongoing to discern if certain cabbage compounds may affect health or have anti @-@ disease effects . Such compounds include sulforaphane and other glucosinolates which may stimulate the production of detoxifying enzymes during metabolism . Studies suggest that cruciferous vegetables , including cabbage , may have protective effects against colon cancer . Purple cabbage contains anthocyanins which are under preliminary research for potential anti @-@ carcinogenic properties . Cabbage is also a source of indole @-@ 3 @-@ carbinol , a chemical under basic research for its possible properties . = = = Herbal medicine = = = In addition to its usual purpose as an edible vegetable , cabbage has been used historically as a medicinal herb for a variety of purported health benefits . The Ancient Greeks recommended consuming the vegetable as a laxative , and used cabbage juice as an antidote for mushroom poisoning , for eye salves , and for liniments used to help bruises heal . In Cato the Elder 's work De Agri Cultura ( " On Agriculture " ) , he suggested that women could prevent diseases by bathing in urine obtained from those who had frequently eaten cabbage . The ancient Roman nobleman Pliny the Elder described both culinary and medicinal properties of the vegetable , recommending it for drunkenness — both preventatively to counter the effects of alcohol , and to cure hangovers . Similarly , the Ancient Egyptians ate cooked cabbage at the beginning of meals to reduce the intoxicating effects of wine . This traditional usage persisted in European literature until the mid @-@ 20th century . The cooling properties of the leaves were used in Britain as a treatment for trench foot in World War I , and as compresses for ulcers and breast abscesses . Accumulated scientific evidence corroborates that cabbage leaf treatment can reduce the pain and hardness of engorged breasts , and increase the duration of breast feeding . Other medicinal uses recorded in Europe folk medicine include treatments for rheumatism , sore throat , hoarseness , colic , and melancholy . In the United States , cabbage has been used as a hangover cure , to treat abscesses , to prevent sunstroke , or to cool body parts affected by fevers . The leaves have also been used to soothe sore feet and , when tied around the neck of children , to relieve croup . Both mashed cabbage and cabbage juice have been used in poultices to remove boils and treat warts , pneumonia , appendicitis , and ulcers . = = = Disadvantages = = = = = = = Bloating = = = = Excessive consumption of cabbage may lead to increased intestinal gas which causes bloating and flatulence due to the trisaccharide raffinose , which the human small intestine cannot digest . = = = = Food @-@ borne illness = = = = Cabbage has been linked to outbreaks of some food @-@ borne illnesses , including Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum . The latter toxin has been traced to pre @-@ made , packaged coleslaw mixes , while the spores were found on whole cabbages that were otherwise acceptable in appearance . Shigella species are able to survive in shredded cabbage . Two outbreaks of E. coli in the United States have been linked to cabbage consumption . Biological risk assessments have concluded that there is the potential for further outbreaks linked to uncooked cabbage , due to contamination at many stages of the growing , harvesting and packaging processes . Contaminants from water , humans , animals and soil have the potential to be transferred to cabbage , and from there to the end consumer . = = = = Goiter and iodine intake = = = = Cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables contain small amounts of thiocyanate , a compound associated with goiter formation when iodine intake is deficient . = Iron Duke @-@ class battleship = The Iron Duke class was a group of four dreadnought battleships built for the British Royal Navy before the First World War . The class comprised four ships : Iron Duke , Marlborough , Benbow , and Emperor of India . Launched from October 1912 to November 1913 , this was the third class of Royal Navy super @-@ dreadnoughts . The ships were essentially repeats of the King George V @-@ class battleships ; they retained the same ten 13 @.@ 5 inch ( 34 @.@ 3 cm ) guns in five twin gun turrets on the centreline . However , the Iron Dukes had improved armour and a more powerful secondary armament of 6 @-@ inch weapons instead of the 4 @-@ inch mounted on the earlier ships . The four ships were the most advanced battleships in the Royal Navy at the outbreak of the First World War , though they were soon surpassed by the five ships of the Queen Elizabeth class . They all saw extensive service during the war with the Grand Fleet , where Iron Duke acted as the flagship for the fleet commander , Admiral John Jellicoe . Three of the ships , Iron Duke , Benbow , and Marlborough , were present at the Battle of Jutland ; the Emperor of India missed the battle by being in dock for periodic refit . The four Iron Duke @-@ class battleships saw limited active duty following the end of the war ; they were all demilitarised under the terms of the London Naval Treaty signed in 1930 . Iron Duke was reduced to a training and depot ship and lasted in that role until 1946 when she was scrapped . Benbow was scrapped in 1931 and Marlborough followed in 1932 . Emperor of India was sunk as a gunnery target in 1931 . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics = = = The Iron Duke @-@ class ships were 622 feet 9 inches ( 189 @.@ 9 metres ) long overall , and had a beam of 90 ft ( 27 @.@ 4 m ) and a draught of 29 ft ( 8 @.@ 8 m ) . This was an increase of 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 7 m ) in length and 1 ft ( .3 m ) in width over the preceding King George V @-@ class ships . The Iron Dukes displaced 25 @,@ 000 long tons ( 25 @,@ 400 tonnes ) . This was some 2 @,@ 000 tons ( 2 @,@ 032 tonnes ) heavier than the preceding King George Vs , and was primarily due to the increase in calibre of the secondary battery . The ships were powered by four @-@ shaft Parsons turbines . Steam was provided to the turbines by 18 Babcock & Wilcox or Yarrow boilers . The engines were rated at 29 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower and delivered a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . Iron Duke and her sisters had a fuel storage capacity of 3 @,@ 200 long tons ( 3 @,@ 300 t ) of coal and 1 @,@ 030 long tons ( 1 @,@ 050 t ) of oil . This enabled a maximum range of 7 @,@ 780 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 410 km ; 8 @,@ 950 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 kn ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . = = = Armament = = = = = = = Primary battery = = = = The Iron Duke @-@ class ships mounted a main battery of ten 13 @.@ 5 inch ( 34 @.@ 3 cm ) Mk V ( H ) guns in five twin gun turrets , all mounted on the centreline . Two turrets were placed in a superfiring pair forward ( " A " and " B " turrets ) , one turret amidships — the " Q " turret — directly after the two funnels , and two in a superfiring pair aft of the rear superstructure ( " X " and " Y " turrets ) . The gun houses used were Mk II turrets that weighed 600 tons ( 610 tonnes ) and allowed for depression to − 5 ° and elevation to 20 ° . Despite this , the range dials on the gunsights at the time of construction were graduated to 15 degrees ; super @-@ elevating cams and prisms to allow the full elevation of the guns to be used were issued some time after the Battle of Jutland . The forward and aft gun turrets could train 150 ° in either direction from the centreline , while the " Q " had a much more limited range . It could engage targets on an arc from between 30 ° to 150 ° from the centerline on either beam of the ship . The guns had a rate of fire of between 1 @.@ 5 – 2 rounds per minute . The Mk V " Heavy " gun fired a variety of shells , including high explosive and armour @-@ piercing rounds ; they all weighed 1 @,@ 400 lb ( 635 kg ) . The guns were loaded with MD45 propellant charges that weighed 297 lb ( 135 kg ) ; these were stored in silk bags . This provided a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 491 fps ( 759 meters per second ) . At maximum elevation of 20 ° , the guns had a range of 23 @,@ 740 yards ( 21 @,@ 710 m ) , though at the maximum effective elevation of 15 ° , the range was somewhat shorter , at approximately 20 @,@ 000 yd ( 18 @,@ 290 m ) . At a range of 10 @,@ 000 yd ( 9 @,@ 144 m ) , the gun could penetrate up to 12 @.@ 5 in ( 318 mm ) of Krupp cemented steel armour , the type used on contemporary German dreadnoughts . = = = = Secondary battery = = = = The secondary battery consisted of twelve 6 @-@ inch ( 15 @.@ 2 cm ) Mk VII guns mounted in casemates in the hull around the forward superstructure . These guns were chosen because the 4 @-@ inch ( 10 @.@ 2 cm ) guns on earlier battleships were deemed to be too weak and have too short a range to effectively combat torpedo boats with newer , more powerful torpedoes . Admiral Jackie Fisher had opposed the idea of increasing the secondary battery , though he retired from the post of First Sea Lord in 1910 . As a result , the Iron Dukes , which were designed in 1911 , received the larger 6 inch gun . These guns fired 100 lb ( 45 @.@ 4 kg ) shells at a rate of between 5 – 7 per minute . The shells were fired with a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 775 fps ( 846 mps ) , though the guns were capable of higher velocities . It was reduced in order to standardize the performance of all the 6 inch guns in Royal Navy service , which would simplify range calculations for guns of the calibre . The guns could elevate to 20 ° , which enabled a maximum range of 15 @,@ 800 yd ( 14 @,@ 450 m ) . There were some significant problems with the casemate guns early on , however . They were equipped with hinged plates that were designed to close off the casemate opening in heavy seas . The plates were easily washed away , though , and without them , water easily entered the ship and caused significant flooding . This problem was compounded by the fact that they had been mounted too low in the hull , which subjected them to heavier pounding from rough seas . The problem was eventually corrected by the addition of dwarf bulkheads in the gun houses and rubber seals to the hinged plates . = = = = Other armament = = = = Iron Duke was the first British battleship to be mounted with anti @-@ aircraft weaponry . In 1914 , two 3 in ( 7 @.@ 62 cm ) QF guns were fitted to the aft superstructure , primarily to defend against German airships . The guns fired between 12 – 14 rounds per minute , and were expected to fire approximately 1 @,@ 250 shells before replacement or repair was necessary . The shells fired were 12 @.@ 5 lb ( 5 @.@ 67 kg ) with a high @-@ explosive warhead . They were manually operated , and had a maximum effective ceiling of 23 @,@ 500 ft ( 7 @,@ 160 m ) . As was customary for capital ships of the period , the Iron Duke @-@ class ships were equipped with submerged torpedo tubes . The ships carried four 21 in ( 53 @.@ 3 cm ) tubes , two on each beam . These launched Mk II torpedoes that carried a 515 lb ( 234 kg ) TNT warhead . They had two speed settings ; 31 kn ( 57 km / h ; 36 mph ) and 45 kn ( 83 km / h ; 52 mph ) . At 31 knots , the range was 10 @,@ 750 yd ( 9 @,@ 830 m ) , though at 45 kn the range was considerably reduced , to 4 @,@ 500 yd ( 4 @,@ 110 m ) . = = = Armour = = = The Iron Duke @-@ class battleships had an armour belt that was 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) thick in the central area of the ship , where the ammunition magazines , machinery spaces , and other vital parts of the ship were located . The belt tapered down to 102 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) towards the bow and stern . The barbettes that contained the main gun turrets were 254 mm ( 10 @.@ 0 in ) on the sides and 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) on the rear , where shells were less likely to hit . The turrets themselves were 280 mm ( 11 in ) thick on the sides . The ships ' armoured deck was between 25 – 65 mm ( 1 – 2 @.@ 5 in ) thick . After the battle of Jutland in May 1916 , some 820 tonnes of armour was added to the ships , primarily to thicken the deck around the main battery turrets , as well as to increase the bulkheads in the ammunition magazines . = = Construction = = Iron Duke was laid down on 12 January 1912 in the Portsmouth Dockyard . She was launched exactly 10 months later , on 12 October 1912 ; fitting out work commenced thereafter , and was finished by March 1914 . She was then commissioned into the British Home Fleet , as the flagship of Admiral George Callaghan . Marlborough was the second ship of the class to be built . She followed Iron Duke by nearly two weeks ; Marlborough was laid down at the Devonport Dockyard on 25 January 1912 and launched on 24 October 1912 . Fitting out work proceeded somewhat slower on the ship , which wasn 't finished until June 1914 . Benbow was laid down at Beardmore on 30 May 1912 , more than 5 months after her older sisters . She was launched on 12 November 1913 and completed by October 1914 . Emperor of India , the last of the four battleships , was originally ordered under the name Delhi . She was laid down at Vickers the day after Benbow , on 31 May 1912 . She was launched on 27 November 1913 , and completed by November 1914 . = = Ships = = = = = Iron Duke = = = Upon commissioning , Iron Duke was assigned to the Home Fleet as the fleet flagship . After the outbreak of the First World War , the Royal Navy was reorganized ; the Home Fleet and the Atlantic Fleet were combined to form the Grand Fleet ; Iron Duke retained her position as fleet flagship , under John Jellicoe . The ship took part in all of the major fleet actions , though only one of them ended in combat — the sortie on 31 May that resulted in the Battle of Jutland . At Jutland , Iron Duke was assigned to the 3rd Division of the 4th Battle Squadron , and was stationed in the centre of the British line . Following the end of the war , Iron Duke was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet . During 1919 – 20 , the ship operated in the Black Sea in support of the White Russians during the Russian Civil War . The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 mandated that Iron Duke be removed from the active roster . However , she remained with the fleet for a short time , having been transferred to the Atlantic Fleet in 1926 . This duty assignment lasted 3 years , after which she was removed from active service . She was demilitarised , to be used as a training ship . Two of her gun turrets and a good deal of her armour were removed , and her speed was reduced to 18 kn ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) through the removal of some of her boilers . She was later used as a depot ship in Scapa Flow , starting in 1939 . After the outbreak of the Second World War that year , her remaining guns were removed to be used in shore defences . Luftwaffe bombers attacked her on 17 October 1939 ; while they scored no direct hits , several near misses caused significant damage . After repairs were effected , the ship resumed her duties as a depot vessel until the end of the war . She was finally sold for scrapping in 1946 . = = = Marlborough = = = Marlborough was the most heavily engaged ship of the class during the battle of Jutland ; she fired a total of 162 heavy @-@ calibre shells , out of a total of 292 for the entire class . She was assigned to the 6th Division of the 1st Battle Squadron , towards the rear of the British line . She served as the flagship of Vice Admiral Cecil Burney . During the battle , she was hit by a torpedo amidships ; the torpedo tore a hole that was 21 m by 6 m ( 70 ft by 20 ft ) . Despite the damage , she was able to keep her position in the line , though her speed was reduced to 17 kn ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . Marlborough continued to fire her main guns until the list increased to the point that prevented her guns from being effectively employed . The ship eventually withdrew to the Humber , where she undertook 3 months of repairs . Post @-@ war , Marlborough joined Iron Duke in the Mediterranean , where she remained until 1926 . She was then transferred to the Atlantic Fleet ; her tour of duty there lasted until 1929 , at which point she was withdrawn from active duty . The ship was sold for scrapping in 1932 . = = = Benbow = = = Like her sisters , Benbow was assigned to the Grand Fleet for the duration of the First World War . She was assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron on 10 December 1914 . Benbow was the flagship of Admiral Doveton Sturdee , the commander of the 4th Division of the 4th Battle Squadron , during the battle of Jutland . The 4th Division was directly ahead of the 3rd Division , where Admiral Jellicoe commanded the fleet from Benbow 's sister Iron Duke . Throughout the battle the ship remained undamaged . Like Iron Duke and Marlborough , Benbow was transferred to the Mediterranean in 1919 , and she provided artillery support to White Russian forces in the Black Sea . She followed Marlborough to the Atlantic Fleet in 1926 ; she too was stricken in 1929 and sold for scrap . = = = Emperor of India = = = Emperor of India was also assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron , in December 1914 . She missed Jutland because she was in dock for a periodic refit . After the end of the war , she was transferred to the Mediterranean along with the other three ships of the class . Emperor of India returned to England in 1922 for a refit , after which she resumed her duties in the Mediterranean . She likewise joined the Atlantic Fleet in 1926 , alongside her sisters , and stricken in 1929 . Instead of being scrapped , however , she was used as a gunnery target , and sunk in 1931 . She was raised shortly thereafter and sold to ship breakers on 6 February 1932 . = USS New Ironsides = USS New Ironsides was a wooden @-@ hulled broadside ironclad built for the United States Navy during the American Civil War . The ship spent most of her career blockading the Confederate ports of Charleston , South Carolina , and Wilmington , North Carolina , in 1863 – 65 . New Ironsides bombarded the fortifications defending Charleston in 1863 during the First and Second Battles of Charleston Harbor . At the end of 1864 and the beginning of 1865 she bombarded the defenses of Wilmington in the First and Second Battles of Fort Fisher . Although she was struck many times by Confederate shells , gunfire never significantly damaged the ship or injured the crew . Her only casualty in combat occurred when she was struck by a spar torpedo carried by the CSS David . Eight crewmen were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in 1865 . The ship was destroyed by fire in 1865 after she was placed in reserve . = = Design and description = = After the United States received word of the construction of the Confederate casemate ironclad , CSS Virginia , Congress appropriated $ 1 @.@ 5 million on 3 August to build one or more armored steamships . It also ordered the creation of a board to inquire into armored ships . The U.S. Navy advertised for proposals for " iron @-@ clad steam vessels of war " on 7 August and Gideon Welles , the Secretary of the Navy , appointed the three members of the Ironclad Board the following day . Their task was to " examine plans for the completion of iron @-@ clad vessels " . They evaluated 17 different designs , but recommended only three on 16 September . The three ironclad ships differed substantially in design and degree of risk . The USS Monitor was the most innovative design by virtue of its low freeboard , shallow @-@ draft iron hull , and total dependence on steam power . The riskiest element of its design was its rotating gun turret , something that had not previously been tested by any navy . Its designer John Ericsson 's guarantee of delivery in 100 days proved to be decisive in choosing his design despite the risk involved . The wooden @-@ hulled USS Galena 's most novel feature was her armor of interlocking iron rails . The New Ironsides was much influenced by the French ironclad Gloire and was the most conservative design of the three , which copied many of the features of the French ship . The well @-@ known Philadelphia engine @-@ building firm of Merrick & Sons made the proposal for New Ironsides , but they did not have a slipway so they subcontracted the ship to William Cramp and Sons . William Cramp claimed credit for the detailed design of the ship 's hull , but the general design work was done by Merrick & Sons . New Ironsides was 230 feet ( 70 @.@ 1 m ) long between perpendiculars and 249 feet 6 inches ( 76 @.@ 0 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 57 feet 6 inches ( 17 @.@ 5 m ) and a draft of 15 feet 8 inches ( 4 @.@ 8 m ) . The ship displaced 4 @,@ 120 long tons ( 4 @,@ 190 t ) , 495 long tons ( 503 t ) more than her designed displacement . To minimize her draft , New Ironsides was given a wide beam and a flat bottom . She had a rectangular ram that projected 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) forward from her bow . The ship 's crew consisted of 449 officers and men . A two @-@ piece articulated rudder was fitted to New Ironsides , but it proved unsatisfactory in service as the ship became more unmanageable as her speed increased . The rudder was blamed at the time , but the very full shape of the ship 's hull aft was the most likely cause as it screened the rudder from the flow of water behind the hull . The ship 's hull was coppered to reduce fouling . = = = Propulsion = = = New Ironsides had two simple horizontal two @-@ cylinder direct @-@ acting steam engines driving a single brass 13 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) propeller . Steam was provided by four horizontal fire @-@ tube boilers at a working pressure of 20 – 25 psi ( 138 – 172 kPa ; 1 – 2 kgf / cm2 ) . The engines produced 1 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 300 kW ) which gave the ship a maximum speed around 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) . New Ironsides carried 350 long tons ( 360 t ) of coal and her propeller could be disengaged to reduce drag while under sail alone . The ship was barque @-@ rigged with three masts that were used only for long @-@ distance voyages , and were removed , with their rigging , once on station . The best speed under sail and steam together was only about 7 knots ( 13 km / h ; 8 @.@ 1 mph ) . = = = Armament = = = The ship 's main armament was originally going to consist of 16 smoothbore , muzzle @-@ loading 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) Dahlgren guns mounted on the gun deck . However , the navy was less than impressed by the performance of 9 @-@ inch Dahlgrens during the Battle of Hampton Roads and wanted more powerful 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) guns . Accordingly , the design changed while the ship was under construction to accommodate fourteen 11 @-@ inch Dahlgren guns and two muzzle @-@ loading 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) , 150 @-@ pounder Parrott rifles . Two 5 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) , 50 @-@ pound Dahlgren rifles were fitted on the upper deck as chase guns . They were replaced by 60 @-@ pound Dahlgren rifles by October 1864 . Each 11 @-@ inch gun weighed approximately 16 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 kg ) . They could fire a 136 @-@ pound ( 61 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a range of 3 @,@ 650 yards ( 3 @,@ 340 m ) at an elevation of 15 ° . The muzzle @-@ loading Parrott rifles fired a 152 @-@ pound ( 68 @.@ 9 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 200 ft / s ( 370 m / s ) . The 17 @-@ caliber guns weighed 16 @,@ 300 pounds ( 7 @,@ 400 kg ) each . The 50 @-@ pounder Dahlgren rifles weighed approximately 5 @,@ 600 pounds ( 2 @,@ 500 kg ) . The small size of the gun ports limited the guns , however , to a maximum elevation of 4 @.@ 5 ° which reduced their range to less than 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) . The existing wooden carriages for 11 @-@ inch guns were too long to fit in New Ironsides 's cramped battery . A new iron carriage was built where the gun rode in a cradle that slid on iron rails . The new carriages pivoted at the gun ports to minimize the size of the ports . Two compressors , or clamps , were fitted to squeeze the rails and increase friction between the rails and the cradle , but these were not strong enough to handle the recoil force when the gun was fired . Two more compressors were fitted as well as rope breechings to restrain the guns , but neither was entirely satisfactory . The problem was not resolved until December 1862 when strips of ash wood were placed underneath the compressors ; the friction of iron on wood was double that of iron on iron and the increased friction solved the problem . = = = Armor = = = New Ironsides had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that was 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) thick . Below the waterline it was reduced to 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . It reached 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) above the waterline and 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) below . Above the belt the 170 @-@ foot ( 51 @.@ 8 m ) battery was protected by 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch armor , but the bow and stern were left unprotected . Although not initially part of the design , transverse bulkheads were added during construction to protect the ends of the battery . They consisted of 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) of wrought iron backed by 12 inches ( 305 mm ) of white oak . The deck was three inches of yellow pine beneath 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of wrought iron . Mirroring French practice , the armor plates were secured to the ship 's hull and deck by countersunk screws . The armor plates were cut with a groove on each side and an iron bar was inserted between each plate to better distribute the shock of impact . The side armor was backed by 21 inches ( 533 mm ) of wood . A conning tower with three @-@ inch sides was also added during construction . It was placed behind the funnel and the mainmast , and had no visibility directly forward . It was small and could only fit three people . Each of the ship 's gun ports was protected by two armored shutters , each 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick . Each shutter rotated on an axle at its top operated from inside the battery . In combat these shutters frequently cracked or broke when hit ; rarely was a shutter jammed in either the open or closed position . = = Construction = = New Ironsides was named in honor of USS Constitution , which earned the nickname " Old Ironsides " during her engagement with HMS Guerrière in the War of 1812 . As Constitution herself was still in commission , the name was unavailable for a new ship . Merrick & Sons was awarded a $ 780 @,@ 000 contract for the ship on 15 October 1861 for delivery in nine months . A $ 500 penalty was imposed for each day past 15 July 1862 that the ship was delayed . Commodore Charles Stewart sponsored the ship as she was launched on 10 May 1862 . She was commissioned on 21 August , but the navy did not invoke the penalty for late delivery . On 27 September the navy paid Merrick & Sons $ 34 @,@ 322 @.@ 06 for " extras " , presumably the armored bulkheads , shutters , and conning tower not included in the original specifications . = = Service = = The day after New Ironsides was commissioned , she sailed for Hampton Roads where Rear Admiral Goldsborough had been requesting her since July . He feared a Confederate sortie down the James River to attack his ships and did not believe that his armored sloop Galena and the prototype ironclad Monitor would be enough . On 31 August , Secretary Welles ordered New Ironsides back to Philadelphia for post @-@ trial repairs . Her voyage to Hampton Roads had revealed problems with her steering , gun recoil , and lack of speed . A start was made on the gun recoil problem when she was ordered to return to Hampton Roads on 23 September , but the other two problems proved to be intractable . She was kept ready to respond to a Confederate attack with steam up while mechanics were sent to fix the recoil problems and the crew was training . New Ironsides joined the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron at Port Royal , South Carolina , on 17 January 1863 . When she first arrived , the ship exchanged her masts and rigging for poles suitable for signaling . Rear Admiral Du Pont ordered that the ship 's funnel be cut down to improve the visibility from the conning tower , but the fumes from the funnel nearly asphyxiated the men in the conning tower and on the gun deck , and the funnel had to be restored . He also attempted to move the 18 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 18 t ) conning tower to a better position , but it was too heavy for the equipment available . The day after the Confederate casemate ironclads CSS Chicora and CSS Palmetto State sortied and briefly captured two Union ships on 31 January , New Ironsides was ordered to patrol off Charleston Harbor . The ship remained at Charleston for the rest of the year except for brief intervals at Port Royal . She participated in the First Battle of Charleston Harbor on 7 April 1863 , when nine Union ironclads entered the harbor and conducted a prolonged , but inconclusive , bombardment of Fort Sumter . New Ironsides served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Du Pont during the battle . He and his staff occupied the conning tower during the engagement , which forced the ship 's captain to command the ship from the gun deck . Admiral Du Pont 's pilot was unfamiliar with New Ironsides ' quirks , and the channel used during the attack was shallower in places than her deep draft ; she maneuvered erratically and had to anchor several times to avoid going aground . The monitors Catskill and Nantucket collided with New Ironsides as they attempted to move past her , but no damage was suffered by any of the ships . As the ship was withdrawing she anchored directly over a Confederate " torpedo " ( mine ) that was filled with 3 @,@ 000 pounds ( 1 @,@ 360 kg ) of gunpowder that failed to detonate . During the bombardment New Ironsides fired only a single broadside , but she was hit over 50 times in return without significant damage or casualties . New Ironsides repeatedly bombarded Confederate positions in the successful campaign to take Fort Wagner on Morris Island beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner on 18 July through the next two months and the Second Battle of Charleston Harbor . During this time the ship was the target of a failed spar torpedo boat attack on 21 August . While resupplying ammunition on 8 September , New Ironsides was called to provide cover for the monitor Weehawken which had grounded between Fort Sumter and Cummings Point . New Ironsides anchored 1 @,@ 200 yards ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) in front of Fort Moultrie and forced the Confederate gunners to seek cover ; she fired 483 shells and was struck at least 70 times . The ship also contributed crewmen for the landing party that unsuccessfully attempted to seize Fort Sumter on the night of 8 – 9 September . Between July and October New Ironsides fired 4439 rounds and was hit by at least 150 heavy projectiles , none of which inflicted any significant damage or casualties . Another spar torpedo attack was made by the semi @-@ submersible CSS David on the night of 5 October 1863 . The attack was successful , but the damage was minor , and only one man later died of his wounds . New Ironsides remained on station until 6 June 1864 when she returned to Port Royal preparatory to a return to Philadelphia for repairs and a general overhaul . Her masts and rigging were replaced and most of the ship 's crew with time remaining on their enlistments were transferred to other ships in the squadron . The ship arrived at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 24 June and was decommissioned six days later to begin her refit . New Ironsides completed her overhaul in late August 1864 , now under the command of Commodore William Radford , but did not join the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron in Hampton Roads until October when her crew finished gunnery training . She participated in a major assault in December on Fort Fisher , North Carolina , in an effort to stop blockade running into the port of Wilmington . Though this attack was called off on Christmas Day after an extensive bombardment , the Union fleet returned to resume the operation on 13 January 1865 . New Ironsides was one of several warships that heavily shelled Fort Fisher , preparing the way for a ground assault that captured the position on 15 January . Afterward and for the next few months , New Ironsides supported Union activities on the James River . She was decommissioned on 6 April 1865 and was laid up at League Island , Philadelphia , where , on the night of 16 December 1865 , New Ironsides was destroyed by a fire . The ship was towed to shallow water where she burned and sank . Her wreck was salvaged and her boilers were offered for sale in 1869 . = = Medals of Honor = = The following crewmen of the New Ironsides were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher : James Barnum , Boatswain 's Mate , U.S. Navy John Dempster , Coxswain , U.S. Navy Thomas English , Signal Quartermaster , U.S. Navy Edmund Haffee , Quarter Gunner , U.S. Navy Nicholas Lear , Quartermaster , U.S. Navy Daniel Milliken , Quarter Gunner , U.S. Navy Joseph White , Coxswain , U.S. Navy Richard Willis , Coxswain , U.S. Navy = Mass Effect 2 : Arrival = Mass Effect 2 : Arrival is a downloadable content pack developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts for the action role @-@ playing video game Mass Effect 2 . It was released on March 29 , 2011 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . The pack introduces a new mission where the player assumes the role of Commander Shepard , an elite human soldier who must stop an imminent invasion of a highly advanced machine race of synthetic @-@ organic starships . The pack also includes three in @-@ game upgrades and three new achievements that are awarded for completing specific tasks . Mass Effect 2 : Arrival was formally confirmed to be in development on March 14 , 2011 and acts as a bridge for Mass Effect 3 . The pack received generally mixed reviews from critics , with an aggregate score of 65 % for the Xbox 360 at GameRankings . Reviewers mainly criticized its weak story and strong emphasis on linear combat sequences , though some found the atmospheric environments praiseworthy . = = Gameplay = = Mass Effect 2 is an action role @-@ playing game where the player assumes the role of Commander Shepard . Shepard 's gender , appearance , history and combat @-@ training are determined by the player before the game begins . The game features a variety of missions that the player must complete to progress . During the missions , Shepard is usually assisted by two AI squad members that the player can indirectly control through orders . Combat takes place in real @-@ time , but the player can pause the game at any time to calmly target enemies and select different powers for the squad members to use . Unlike most of the missions , Arrival introduces a new assignment that involves Shepard to fight solo almost the entire time , even though there is a short section where the player is assisted by a character . The mission also contains three in @-@ game upgrades that the player can research to enhance aspects of the game 's weapons and armor , as well as three new achievements . The first achievement requires the player to complete the first part of the mission without being detected by enemies ; the second achievement involves the player to survive all the waves in a specific battle ; and the third one is unlocked by completing Arrival . Upon completing the mission , the player is awarded with experience points . If a sufficient amount of experience is obtained , the player can upgrade powers of the entire squad . = = Plot = = Mass Effect 2 : Arrival is set within the Milky Way galaxy during the 22nd century , where interstellar travel is possible through the use of mass transit devices called Mass Relays . Commander Shepard is sent on a mission to rescue Dr. Amanda Kenson , an allied agent who claimed to have found evidence of an imminent invasion of Reapers , a highly advanced machine race of synthetic @-@ organic starships encountered in the first Mass Effect game . Shepard successfully rescues Kenson , who explains that she discovered a Reaper artifact which gave her visions of the imminent invasion . Shepard asks to see the proof and is taken to the artifact , which is located inside a complex on the surface of a large asteroid . Upon arriving at the artifact , Shepard has a vision of the Reaper fleet approaching a Relay . Just as Shepard starts to get up from the experience , Kenson detains and imprisons him / her in a medical lab . It is then revealed that despite her stated precautions , Kenson and her entire team became indoctrinated from having spent too much time studying the artifact . Shepard eventually manages to escape the medical lab and reach the control room , where he / she sets the asteroid on course to hit the Relay from where the Reapers will soon be coming . In retaliation , Kenson plans to destroy the asteroid by overloading the reactor core of the facility , but Shepard ultimately stops her . Shepard then contacts his / her starship and escapes shortly before the asteroid hits the Relay , resulting in the destruction of an entire system . Shepard is later met by Admiral Steven Hackett , their superior officer , who explains that he / she has to go to Earth and face the consequences , setting the stage for Mass Effect 3 . = = Development and release = = Mass Effect 2 : Arrival was developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts . During development of Mass Effect 2 , Bioware stated that downloadable content was becoming a fundamental part of the company 's overall philosophy . The pack was accidentally revealed on February 21 , 2011 by the addition of three new achievements in a patch for the PlayStation 3 version of Mass Effect 2 . BioWare later stated that the addition of the achievements was intentional , but assumed they would be " invisible " . On March 14 , 2011 , the pack was formally confirmed to be in development via a brand new screenshot . BioWare explained that its purpose is to act as a bridge for Mass Effect 3 . Although the base where most of the pack 's events take place is located on an asteroid , early plans suggested that it would be set on an ocean planet . The base would be underwater and Shepard would reach the main level by submarine . Each section of the base would be in different " containers " , and would have a similar sense to James Cameron 's 1989 film The Abyss . The pack was released on March 29 , 2011 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . The soundtrack was composed by Sonic Mayhem duo Sascha Dikiciyan and Cris Velasco , the same composers that penned the music from Mass Effect 2 's earlier downloadable content Kasumi - Stolen Memory . = = Reception = = Mass Effect 2 : Arrival received generally mixed reviews from critics . GameSpot Senior Editor Kevin VanOrd called Arrival " a disappointing conclusion to a beloved series ' second chapter . " He stated that the pack lacks elements of choice and character development , which are core features of the Mass Effect series . He nonetheless found the atmospheric environments still praiseworthy , especially the final battleground , which " seems to break the laws of physics but nonetheless gives the shooting excellent visual context . " Kristine Steimer of IGN enjoyed the challenge of fighting alone , as it " never bordered on frustrating " , but also admitted the pack fundamentally consisted of linear combat sequences . Game Revolution 's Eduardo Reboucas mainly criticized the story . He felt that " characters don 't offer a lot of explanation and the little that is given seems more like a hastily put @-@ together excuse to shoot up some fools and push some buttons on the way . " He also pointed out that none of the conversation paths influence the game , and " [ give ] no sense of closure or importance . " Despite the criticism , he praised BioWare 's talent for the pack 's great atmosphere , stating " you 'll never be bored by the visuals in The Arrival . " Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer highlighted positively the first part of the mission . He remarked the game " [ does ] a decent job of allowing you to feel like you 're being stealthy as you negotiate your way past guards , usually by looking around for not @-@ very @-@ hidden alternate routes . " He however criticized the final two thirds for being very linear and repetitive , and also reacted negatively to the game 's insistence on having to fight solo almost the entire time . He explained that Mass Effect 2 is a squad game , where players " [ use ] fluid team strategy to cope with different situations " , but fighting solo means that players " have to deal with every encounter in the exact same way . " Brad Gallaway , reviewer of GameCritics , concluded that the relatively short mission and included extras were not enough to justify the pack 's $ 7 USD price tag . Mass Effect 2 : Arrival was nominated for Best DLC ( downloadable content ) at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards , but lost to Portal 2 : Peer Review . = French ironclad Atalante = The French ironclad Atalante was a wooden @-@ hulled armored corvette built for the French Navy in the mid @-@ 1860s . She played a minor role in the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 , bombarded Vietnamese forts during the Battle of Thuan An in 1884 and participated in the Sino @-@ French War of 1884 – 85 . Atalante was reduced to reserve in Saigon in 1885 and sank there two years later after having been condemned . = = Design and description = = The Alma @-@ class ironclads were designed as improved versions of the armored corvette Belliqueuse suitable for foreign deployments . Unlike their predecessor the Alma @-@ class ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal @-@ reinforced ram . Atalante measured 68 @.@ 78 meters ( 225 ft 8 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 @.@ 2 meters ( 46 ft 7 in ) . She had a mean draft of 6 @.@ 56 meters ( 21 ft 6 in ) and displaced 3 @,@ 825 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 765 long tons ) . Her crew numbered 316 officers and men . = = = Propulsion = = = The ship had a single horizontal return connecting @-@ rod steam engine driving a single propeller . Her engine was powered by four oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 1 @,@ 640 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 220 kW ) and the ship reached 11 @.@ 56 knots ( 21 @.@ 41 km / h ; 13 @.@ 30 mph ) . Atalante carried 250 metric tons ( 250 long tons ) of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1 @,@ 460 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 700 km ; 1 @,@ 680 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She was barque @-@ rigged and had a sail area of 1 @,@ 338 square meters ( 14 @,@ 400 sq ft ) . = = = Armament = = = Atalante mounted her four 194 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) Modèle 1864 breech @-@ loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck . The other two 194 @-@ millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship . The four 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns were also mounted on the upper deck . She may have exchanged her Mle 1864 guns for Mle 1870 guns . The armor @-@ piercing shell of the 20 @-@ caliber Mle 1870 gun weighed 165 @.@ 3 pounds ( 75 @.@ 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 7 @.@ 83 long tons ( 7 @.@ 96 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 739 ft / s ( 530 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12 @.@ 5 inches ( 320 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . = = = Armor = = = Atalante had a complete 150 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) wrought iron waterline belt , approximately 2 @.@ 4 meters ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) high . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness . The barbette armor was 100 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick , backed by 240 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of wood . The unarmored portions of her sides were protected by 15 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) iron plates . = = Service = = Atalante was laid down at Cherbourg in June 1865 and launched on 12 April 1867 . Her sea trials began on 1 April 1869 and she joined the reserve at Brest on 11 July 1869 . Atalante was commissioned on 23 February 1870 and was initially assigned to the Evolutionary Squadron before transferring to the Northern Squadron in July 1870 at the outbreak of the Franco @-@ Prussian War . The squadron was ordered to lift its blockade of the Prussian North Sea ports on 16 September and return to Cherbourg . Atalante went back into reserve in November 1870 , but she was recommissioned the following year . She was named as the flagship of the Pacific Squadron on 1 July 1872 under command of Rear Admiral Baron Roussin . On 14 August Atalante sailed from Lorient for the Pacific and did not return until 27 February 1874 . She was placed into reserve upon her arrival , but was recommissioned on 28 December 1875 as the flagship of the China Squadron under Rear Admiral Veron . She departed Lorient on 10 January 1876 , but returned on 16 May 1878 . The ship spent the next four years in reserve before being recommissioned on 3 July 1882 for service with the Cochinchina Division ( French : division navale de Cochinchine ) . Atalante was transferred to the new Tonkin Coast Division ( French : division navale des côtes du Tonkin ) when it was formed in 1883 . During 18 – 21 August 1883 she participated in the Battle of Thuan An . This was an attack by the French on the forts defending the mouth of the Perfume River , leading to the Vietnamese capital of Huế in an attempt to intimidate the Vietnamese government . Atalante was assigned to bombard the North Fort by the French commander , Vice Admiral Amédée Courbet . After two days of bombardment a landing party from the ship captured the fort . Ensign ( French : Enseigne de vaisseau ) Louis @-@ Marie @-@ Julien Viaud , who was aboard the Atalante during the battle and participated in the landing , wrote several articles graphically describing his experiences that were published in the newspaper Le Figaro under the pen @-@ name of Pierre Loti . The ship was assigned to the Far East Squadron ( French : escadre de l 'Extrême @-@ Orient ) under Admiral Courbet when it was formed by the amalgamation of the Tonkin Coast and Far Eastern Divisions in June 1884 in preparation for the Sino @-@ French War of 1884 – 85 . In early September 1884 Atalante was in Huế , but she carried Admiral Courbet to Keelung on 23 September . The ship was paid off into reserve in Saigon in 1885 and condemned two years later . She fell into such a state of disrepair that " she foundered one night and gradually sank into the mud . " = Santa Santita = Santa Santita , or Magdalena , The Unholy Saint , is a 2004 Filipino film starring Angelica Panganiban and Jericho Rosales , directed by Laurice Guillen . The film follows Malen , the daughter of an intercessor , her love affair with a hustler and gigolo , and her confrontation of the evil within her life . Based on a script by Jerry Gracio , the film was picked up by Guillen in 2000 but did not start production because an appropriate actress for Malen could not be found . After picking Panganiban , Guillen began work , and the eventual film was released on November 17 , 2004 , in the Philippines and March 11 , 2005 , internationally . Receiving good reviews from Variety and the Philippine Daily Inquirer , Santa Santita was one of only two films to be rated as Grade A by the Cinema Evaluation Board of the Philippines , and represented the Philippines at the Asiaticafilmediale festival in Italy and the Bangkok International Film Festival . = = Plot = = Malen ( Angelica Panganiban ) is the daughter of Chayong ( Hilda Koronel ) , a widowed intercessor at Quiapo Church in Manila . Selling religious charms as a way of meeting men , Malen falls for Mike ( Jericho Rosales ) , a gigolo and hustler . Mike hustles both for his own survival and that of his son , but also because " he knows essentially he 's just strong enough and unscrupulous enough " to do so . After her mother takes umbrage at Malen 's assumed promiscuity , she moves out of Chayong 's house and stays with Mike . When her mother then dies of a heart attack , Malen feels guilt and becomes an intercessor despite having previously sworn the profession off . Initially met with mistrust by her colleagues , one of whom exclaims that " She is defiling prayer " , Malen heals a child with a hole in its heart through her prayers , despite not even praying seriously . This meets with additional hostility , both from the other intercessors and the clergy , and when Malen dreams of having stigmata , she is forced to confront the problems with her own life , something which comes to a climax when she is asked to bring Mike 's dead son back to life . A side plot involves Father Tony ( Johnny Delgado ) , an alcoholic priest who lives with Mike . Initially his drinking partner , Mike begins to taunt the priest about his failures as the film goes on . At the end of the film , Mike is sent to prison for killing a man after a traffic accident , while Tony 's interactions with Malen convince him that he is addicted to alcohol , prompting him to return to his parish and continue serving as a priest . = = Cast = = = = Production = = The script was written by Jerry Gracio , influenced by the poem The Hound of Heaven , and won first prize at the scriptwriting competition hosted by the Film Development Council of the Philippines in 2000 . This attracted the attention of Laurice Guillen , who bought the script ( the first time in her career that she had done so ) and signed on to direct the eventual film . The script was brought to Star Cinema , who became interested in producing it , but production stalled due to difficulties finding an appropriate actress to play Malen . Guillen stated that " Since she was a Magdalene , she had to be sexy but she also had to be much more than that .... I was shown many sexy actresses , some of them name stars , but I couldn 't find my Santa @-@ Santita . I felt that the role should go to someone relatively new , who had no fixed image , so that there would be no expectations " . An additional problem was over the religious content of the film , which met with controversy . Guillen eventually found Angelica Panganiban to play Malen , and after five years without production , work on the film began for Unitel Pictures International , whose CEO stated that " the majority of Filipinos , the so @-@ called masses , are not the targets of this movie . Those who frequent the cineplexes and look for fresh material in the movies are " . The title , Santa Santita , translates as " saint who is not really a saint " . The scenes were primarily shot in Quiapo , Manila , church scenes were recorded in Iguig and dream sequences in Currimao , Ilocos Norte . Guillen noted the stress of recording in Quiapo , due to the large number of extras , the already crowded nature of the area and the small size of the time periods during which they were allowed to film in the church itself . = = Release = = The film was previewed to good reviews , and after an initial release in the Philippines on November 17 , 2004 , opened in cinemas in Manhattan , San Diego and Honolulu on March 11 , 2005 , as Magdalena , The Unholy Saint . It was given good reviews by both Filipino and American magazines and newspapers ; Variety magazine 's reviewer noted that " Performances are solid , and former child actress Panganiban is impressive as a young woman who finds herself with a vocation she never asked for .... Guillen 's helming is slick and confident , and the HD @-@ sourced photography and other technical credits are of good quality " , and the Philippine Daily Inquirer reported that " Gorgeously crafted , ' Santa Santita 's ' strength lies in its illuminating take on man 's neverending search for meaning , and in the thoughtful , truthful characterization of its leads " . Other reviewers were more cautionary ; the New York Times wrote that " the aim of the filmmaker seems unclear , with Magdalena at first celebrated for her humanness and then exalted for her sudden saintliness " and describing the story as " wearyingly eventful " . The Manila Bulletin noted that while the film is about belief ( or lack thereof ) in miracles , " the effort to explore this issue is not brought into fulfilling fruition . We keep on hoping something else more significant would happen later in the film to invoke the viewers own feelings about faith and an all @-@ seeing , all @-@ merciful God , but this never comes " . Although Rosales and Panganiban were praised for their acting , the reviewer felt that there was " just no combustible chemistry between the two of them " . The Cinema Evaluation Board of the Philippines gave the film a Grade A rating , making it one of only two films to qualify into that category at that point , and the only film to qualify in 2004 . This rating gave Santa Santita a 100 percent rebate on amusement taxes , and is only awarded to films that the Board feels can " revitalize the moribund industry " . The movie represented the Philippines at the Asiaticafilmediale festival in Italy , and was also shown at the Sine ! Sine ! Film Fest in San Francisco . It was a finalist in the Catholic Mass Media Awards , and represented the Philippines at the Bangkok International Film Festival . = Ismet Popovac = Dr. Ismet Popovac ( died 21 August 1943 ) was a Bosnian Muslim ( Bosniak ) military commander who led a Muslim Chetnik militia known as the Muslim People 's Military Organization ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Muslimanska nacionalna vojna organizacija , MNVO ) in Bosnia and Herzegovina during World War II . A physician and lawyer by profession , he was a member of a cultural society known as Gajret prior to the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941 . He was also the mayor of the town of Konjic prior to the invasion and was allegedly a candidate for Vladko Maček 's electoral list , but was left without a job in the Yugoslav state government after the creation of the Banovina of Croatia in 1939 . In 1941 , Popovac joined the Chetnik movement of Draža Mihailović . As a proponent of Bosnian Muslim collaboration with the Chetniks , he suggested that the Chetniks recruit Muslims into their ranks . In October 1942 , he enlisted Italian aid in fighting the Yugoslav Partisans , and later visited Prozor to discourage further bloodshed after a Chetnik massacre took the lives of 543 – 2 @,@ 500 Muslim and Croat civilians . In early 1943 he led an attack against a Muslim village , before being killed by either the Partisans , Chetniks , or an assassin in the vicinity of the town of Trebinje later that year . = = Early life = = From the Herzegovinian town of Nevesinje , Ismet Popovac was a physician and lawyer by profession . He finished medical school in Belgrade and was a vocal supporter of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during this time . Prior to the outbreak of World War II he was a member of the pro @-@ Serb and pro @-@ monarchy cultural society known as Gajret , whose members were often persecuted by non @-@ Serbs because of their political inclinations . Popovac was also the mayor of the Bosnian town of Konjic , and allegedly a candidate for Vladko Maček 's electoral list , but was left without a job in the state government after the creation of the Banovina of Croatia in 1939 . = = Joining the Chetniks = = On 6 April 1941 , Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia . Poorly equipped and poorly trained , the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated . Afterwards , Yugoslavia was dismembered , with Serbia being reduced to its pre @-@ 1912 borders and placed under a government of German military occupation . Milan Nedić , a pre @-@ war politician who was known to have pro @-@ Axis leanings , was then selected by the Germans to lead the collaborationist Government of National Salvation in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia . Meanwhile , the extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić , who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini 's Italy , was appointed Poglavnik ( leader ) of an Ustaše @-@ led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia ( often called the NDH , from the Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska ) . The NDH combined almost all of modern @-@ day Croatia , all of modern @-@ day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern @-@ day Serbia into an " Italian @-@ German quasi @-@ protectorate . " NDH authorities , led by the Ustaše militia , subsequently implemented genocidal policies against the Serb , Jewish and Romani population living within the borders of the new state . As a result , two resistance movements emerged – the royalist and Serb Chetniks , led by Colonel Draža Mihailović , and the multi @-@ ethnic , Communist Yugoslav Partisans , led by Josip Broz Tito . That year , Popovac and fellow Muslim leader Mustafa Pašić joined the Chetniks . Popovac hoped to achieve independence for Bosnia and Herzegovina through his cooperation and , according to one Serb Chetnik , his " main goal was to protect the Muslims , rather than to struggle for the Serb nation and Serb affairs . " He later wrote to Mihailović , suggesting that Bosnian Muslims be recruited into the Chetnik ranks . This proposal was met with support from pro @-@ Serb , anti @-@ Communist Muslim leaders in several Bosnian towns . However , as more Muslims began joining the Partisans , the Chetniks increasingly began considering Muslims to be their enemies . Chetnik atrocities against Muslim civilians subsequently increased in the late spring of 1941 . Due to these actions , and due to Muslims , especially those in eastern Bosnia , being branded by the Chetniks as " Turks " and " Ustaše cronies , " the Chetniks found few Muslim recruits . = = Muslim People 's Military Organization = = In late 1942 , a Muslim Chetnik militia known as the Muslim People 's Military Organization ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Muslimanska nacionalna vojna organizacija , MNVO ) was formed in Herzegovina following a meeting between Popovac and Bosnian Serb Chetnik leaders Dobroslav Jevđević and Petar Baćović . The militia was placed under the control of Popovac , Fehim Musakadić and Mustafa Pašić . It was part of a greater Muslim autonomist circle and in September 1942 an assembly of Herzegovinian Muslim notables in Mostar declared : " We Herzegovinians and Bosnians are nobody 's property and we recognize the right of nobody to persecute us ; so , insofar as our brothers in Zagreb do not wish to accede to our demands , we shall seek protection of our interests from other big powers from the ranks of our allies . " In October of that year , Popovac enlisted Italian aid in fighting the Yugoslav Partisans . This resulted in the establishment of a Bosnian Muslim quisling force that operated as part of the Anti @-@ Communist Volunteer Militia . It was reported that Popovac had " won the majority of the Muslims to his purpose " in the Mostar , Konjic , Nevesinje and Gacko districts . Eventually , he came to be seen as one of " the principal representatives of the pro @-@ Chetnik Muslim current " in Bosnia . That October , during Operation Alfa , a joint Chetnik – Italian attack against the Partisans , the Chetniks massacred 543 – 2 @,@ 500 Muslim and Croat civilians in Prozor . Several days later , Popovac arrived in the town to console the Bosnian Muslim population and to advise the Chetniks there against committing further atrocities . While there , he also attempted to convince local Muslims to join the Chetnik ranks , but was unsuccessful due to the extent of Chetnik atrocities against the Muslim population . On 31 December , in face of widespread Muslim opposition to the Chetniks ' genocidal nature , Popovac and his MNVO declared a resolution in Kalinovik , vowing allegiance to King Petar II and Mihailović , and claiming Bosnian Muslims as " an integral part of Serbdom " and the MNVO as " part of the Chetnik movement led by Draža Mihailović , Minister of the Army , Navy and Air Forces . " In January 1943 , Popovac led an attack which resulted in the capture of a Muslim village that was guarded by a large force of Muslim volunteers . That same month more Chetnik massacres against Bosnian Muslims were carried out , especially in east Bosnia in the areas of Koraj , Bijeljina , Srebrenica , Višegrad , Foča , Goražde , Vlasenica , and around the Drina river . His militia cooperated with Chetnik units in fighting the Partisans during the Axis @-@ led Case White operation in January to March 1943 , but did not distinguish itself . During the operation itself Chetniks continued their efforts to exterminate the Muslims . Nonetheless , Popovac and Pašić continued seeking Muslim recruits . They declared in their " Address to the Brethren Muslims of Čajniče and Other Nearby Districts " that the main goal of the Chetniks was " the intelligent and honest protection of Muslim interests " and " securing a safe future for our people with the highest principles of Islam : freedom of religion , holiness of the family , respect for private property , social justice , and democratic political freedom . " Furthermore , they dismissed the claim that Muslims were collectively responsible for Ustaše crimes and said " Muslims are bound to the brethren of the Orthodox religion by blood and land . " = = Death and legacy = = Popovac was killed on 21 August 1943 . Sources vary on the circumstances of his death . Historian Marko Attila Hoare states that he was killed by members of the Partisan 10th Herzegovinian Brigade , Professor Jozo Tomasevich writes that he was killed by an assassin and Zdravko Dizdar and Mihael Sobolevski claim that he was killed by the Chetniks in the vicinity of Trebinje after objecting to the killing of Muslims . By December 1943 , it is estimated that 4 @,@ 000 of Mihailović 's Chetniks were Bosnian Muslims . This number accounted for eight percent of all of Mihailović 's soldiers . In 1944 , Mihailović appealed to the Muslims to fight against the Communists , citing the example of Popovac and other Muslim Chetniks . = Paavo Nurmi = Paavo Johannes Nurmi ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈpɑːʋo ˈnurmi ] ; 13 June 1897 – 2 October 1973 ) was a Finnish middle- and long @-@ distance runner . He was nicknamed the " Flying Finn " as he dominated distance running in the early 20th century . Nurmi set 22 official world records at distances between 1500 metres and 20 kilometres , and won nine gold and three silver medals in his twelve events in the Olympic Games . At his peak , Nurmi was undefeated at distances from 800 m upwards for 121 races . Throughout his 14 @-@ year career , he remained unbeaten in cross country events and the 10 @,@ 000 m . Born into a working @-@ class family , Nurmi left school at 12 to provide for his family . In 1912 , he was inspired by the Olympic feats of Hannes Kolehmainen and began developing a strict training program . Nurmi started to flourish during his military service , setting national records en route to his international debut at the 1920 Summer Olympics . After a silver medal in the 5000 m , he took gold in the 10 @,@ 000 m and the cross country events . In 1923 , Nurmi became the first , and so far only , runner to hold the world record in the mile , the 5000 m and the 10 @,@ 000 m races at the same time . He went on to set new world records for the 1500 m and the 5000 m with just an hour between the races , and take gold medals in the distances in less than two hours at the 1924 Olympics . Seemingly untouched by the Paris heat wave , Nurmi won all his races and returned home with five gold medals , but embittered , as Finnish officials had refused to enter him for the 10 @,@ 000 m . Struggling with injuries and motivation issues after his exhaustive U.S. tour in 1925 , Nurmi found his long @-@ time rivals Ville Ritola and Edvin Wide ever more serious challengers . At the 1928 Summer Olympics , Nurmi recaptured the 10 @,@ 000 m title but was beaten for the gold in the 5000 m and the 3000 m steeplechase . He then turned his attention to longer distances , breaking the world records for events such as the one hour run and the 25 @-@ mile marathon . Nurmi intended to end his career with a marathon gold medal , as his idol Kolehmainen had done . In a controversial case that strained Finland – Sweden relations and sparked an inter @-@ IAAF battle , Nurmi was suspended before the 1932 Games by an IAAF council that questioned his amateur status . Two days before the opening ceremonies , the council rejected his entries . Although he was never declared a professional , Nurmi 's suspension became definite in 1934 and he retired from running . Nurmi later coached Finnish runners , raised funds for Finland during the Winter War , and worked as a haberdasher , building contractor , and share trader , eventually becoming one of Finland 's richest people . In 1952 , he was the lighter of the Olympic Flame at the Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Nurmi 's speed and elusive personality spawned nicknames such as the " Phantom Finn " , while his achievements , training methods and running style influenced future generations of middle and long distance runners . Nurmi , who rarely ran without a stopwatch in his hand , has been credited for introducing the " even pace " strategy and analytic approach to running , and for making running a major international sport . = = Early life = = Nurmi was born in Turku , Finland , to carpenter Johan Fredrik Nurmi and his wife Matilda Wilhelmiina Laine . Nurmi 's siblings , Siiri , Saara , Martti and Lahja , were born in 1898 , 1902 , 1905 and 1908 , respectively . In 1903 , the Nurmi family moved from Raunistula into a 40 @-@ square @-@ meter apartment in central Turku , where Paavo Nurmi would live until 1932 . The young Nurmi and his friends were inspired by the English long @-@ distance runner Alfred Shrubb . They regularly ran or walked six kilometres ( four miles ) to swim in Ruissalo , and back , sometimes twice a day . By the age of eleven , Nurmi ran the 1500 metres in 5 : 02 . Nurmi 's father Johan died in 1910 and his sister Lahja a year later . The family struggled financially , renting out their kitchen to another family and living in a single room . Nurmi , a talented student , left school to work as an errand boy for a bakery . Although he stopped running actively , he got plenty of exercise pushing heavy carts up the steep slopes in Turku . He later credited these climbs for strengthening his back and leg muscles . At 15 , Nurmi rekindled his interest in athletics after being inspired by the performances of Hannes Kolehmainen , who was said to " have run Finland onto the map of the world " at the 1912 Summer Olympics . He bought his first pair of sneakers a few days later . Nurmi trained primarily by doing cross country running in the summers and cross country skiing in the winters . In 1914 , Nurmi joined the sports club Turun Urheiluliitto and won his first race on the 3000 metres . Two years later , he revised his training program to include walking , sprints and calisthenics . He continued to provide for his family through his new job at the Ab . H. Ahlberg & Co workshop in Turku , where he worked until he started his military service at a machine gun company in the Pori Brigade in April 1919 . During the Finnish Civil War in 1918 , Nurmi remained politically passive and concentrated on his work and his Olympic ambitions . After the war , he decided not to join the newly founded Finnish Workers ' Sports Federation , but wrote articles for the federation 's chief organ and criticized the discrimination against many of his fellow workers and athletes . In the army , Nurmi quickly impressed in the athletic competitions : While others marched , Nurmi ran the whole distances with a rifle on his shoulder and a backpack full of sand . Nurmi 's stubbornness caused him difficulties with his non @-@ commissioned officers , but he was favoured by the superior officers , despite his refusal to take the soldier 's oath . As the unit commander Hugo Österman was a known sports aficionado , Nurmi and few other athletes were given free time to practice . Nurmi improvised new training methods in the army barracks ; he ran behind trains , holding on to the rear bumper , to stretch his stride , and used heavy iron @-@ clad army boots to strengthen his legs . Nurmi soon began setting personal bests and got close for the Olympic selection . In March 1920 , he was promoted to corporal ( alikersantti ) . On 29 May 1920 , he set his first national record on the 3000 m and went on to win the 1500 m and the 5000 m at the Olympic trials in July . = = Olympic career = = = = = 1920 – 1924 Olympics = = = Nurmi made his international debut in August at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp , Belgium . He took his first medal by finishing second to Frenchman Joseph Guillemot in the 5000 m . This would remain the only time that Nurmi lost to a non @-@ Finnish runner in the Olympics . He went on to win gold medals in his other three events : the 10 @,@ 000 m , sprinting past Guillemot on the final curve and improving his personal best by over a minute , the cross country race , beating Sweden 's Eric Backman , and the cross country team event where he helped Heikki Liimatainen and Teodor Koskenniemi defeat the British and Swedish teams . Nurmi 's success brought electric lighting and running water for his family in Turku . Nurmi , however , was given a scholarship to study at the Teollisuuskoulu industrial school in Helsinki . Buoyed by his defeat to Guillemot , Nurmi 's races became a series of experiments which he analyzed meticulously . Previously known for his blistering pace on the first few laps , Nurmi started to carry a stopwatch and spread his efforts more uniformly over the distance . He aimed to perfect his technique and tactics to a point where the performances of his rivals would be rendered meaningless . Nurmi set his first world record on the 10 @,@ 000 m in Stockholm in 1921 . In 1922 , he broke the world records for the 2000 m , the 3000 m and the 5000 m . A year later , Nurmi added the records for the 1500 m and the mile . His feat of holding the world records for the mile , the 5000 m and the 10 @,@ 000 m at the same time has not been matched by any other athlete before or since . Nurmi also tested his speed in the 800 m , winning the 1923 Finnish Championships with a new national record . After excelling in mathematics , Nurmi graduated as an engineer in 1923 and returned home to prepare for the upcoming Olympic Games . Nurmi 's trip to the 1924 Summer Olympics was endangered by a knee injury in the spring of 1924 , but he recovered and resumed training twice a day . On 19 June , Nurmi tried out the 1924 Olympic schedule at the Eläintarha Stadium in Helsinki by running the 1500 m and the 5000 m inside an hour , setting new world records for both distances . In the 1500 m final at the Olympics in Paris , Nurmi ran the first 800 m almost three seconds faster . His only challenger , Ray Watson of the United States , gave up before the last lap and Nurmi was able to slow down and coast to victory ahead of Willy Schärer , Henry Stallard and Douglas Lowe , still breaking the Olympic record by three seconds . The 5000 m final started in less than two hours , and Nurmi faced a tough challenge from countryman Ville Ritola , who had already won the 3000 m steeplechase and the 10 @,@ 000 m . Ritola and Edvin Wide figured that Nurmi must be tired and tried to burn him off by running at world @-@ record pace . Realizing that he was now racing the two men and not the clock , Nurmi tossed his stopwatch onto the grass . The Finns later passed the Swede as his pace faded and continued their duel . On the home straight , Ritola sprinted from the outside but Nurmi increased his pace to keep his rival a metre behind . In the cross country events , the heat of 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) , caused all but 15 of the 38 competitors to abandon the race . Eight finishers were taken away on stretchers . One athlete began to run in tiny circles after reaching the stadium , until setting off into the stands and knocking himself unconscious . Early leader Wide was among those who blacked out along the course , and was incorrectly reported to have died at the hospital . Nurmi exhibited only slight signs of exhaustion after beating Ritola to the win by nearly a minute and a half . As Finland looked to have lost the team medal , the disoriented Liimatainen staggered into the stadium , but was barely moving forward . An athlete ahead of him fainted 50 metres from the finish , and Liimatainen stopped and tried to find his way off the track , thinking he had reached the finish line . After having ignored shouts and kept the spectators in suspense for a while , he turned into the right direction , realised his situation and reached the finish in 12th place and secured team gold . Those present at the stadium were shocked by what they had witnessed , and Olympic officials decided to ban cross country running from future Games . In the 3000 m team race on the next day , Nurmi and Ritola again finished first and second , and Elias Katz secured the gold medal for the Finnish team by finishing fifth . Nurmi had won five gold medals in five events , but he left the Games embittered as the Finnish officials had allocated races between their star runners and prevented him from defending his title in the 10 @,@ 000 m , the distance that was dearest to him . After returning to Finland , Nurmi set a 10 @,@ 000 m world record that would last for almost 13 years . He now held the 1500 m , the mile , the 3000 m , the 5000 m and the 10 @,@ 000 m world records simultaneously . = = = U.S. tour and 1928 Olympics = = = In early 1925 , Nurmi embarked on a widely publicised tour of the United States . He competed in 55 events ( 45 indoors ) during a five @-@ month period , starting at a sold @-@ out Madison Square Garden on 6 January . His debut was a copy of his feats in Helsinki and Paris . Nurmi defeated Joie Ray and Lloyd Hahn to win the mile and Ritola to win the 5000 m , again setting new world records for both distances . Nurmi broke ten more indoor world records in regular events and set several new best times for rarer distances . He won 51 of the events , abandoned one race and lost two handicap races along with his final event ; a half @-@ mile race at the Yankee Stadium , where he finished second to American track star Alan Helffrich . Helffrich 's victory ended Nurmi 's 121 @-@ race , four @-@ year win streak in individual scratch races at distances from 800 m upwards . Although he hated losing more than anything , Nurmi was the first to congratulate Helffrich . The tour made Nurmi extremely popular in the United States , and the Finn agreed to meet President Calvin Coolidge at the White House . Nurmi left America fearing that he had competed too often and burned himself out . Nurmi struggled to maintain motivation for running , heightened by his rheumatism and Achilles tendon problems . He quit his job as a machinery draughtsman in 1926 and began studying business intensively . As Nurmi started a new career as a share dealer , his financial advisors included Risto Ryti , director of the Bank of Finland . In 1926 , Nurmi broke Wide 's world record for the 3000 m in Berlin and then improved the record in Stockholm , despite Nils Eklöf repeatedly trying to slow his pace down in an effort to aid Wide . Nurmi was furious at the Swedes and vowed never to race Eklöf again . In October 1926 , he lost a 1500 m race along with his world record to Germany 's Otto Peltzer . This marked the first time in over five years and 133 races that Nurmi had been defeated at a distance over 1000 m . In 1927 , Finnish officials barred him from international competition for refusing to run against Eklöf at the Finland @-@ Sweden international , cancelling the Peltzer rematch scheduled for Vienna . Nurmi ended his season and threatened , until late November , to withdraw from the 1928 Summer Olympics . At the 1928 Olympic trials , Nurmi was left third in the 1500 m by eventual gold and bronze medalists Harri Larva and Eino Purje , and he decided to concentrate on the longer distances . He added steeplechase to his program , although he had only tried the event twice before , the latest being a two @-@ mile steeplechase victory at the 1922 British Championships . At the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam , Nurmi competed in three events . He won the 10 @,@ 000 m by staying right behind Ritola until sprinting past him on the home straight . Before the 5000 m final , Nurmi injured himself in his qualifying heat for the 3000 m steeplechase . He fell on his back at the water jump , spraining his hip and foot . Lucien Duquesne stopped to help him up , and Nurmi thanked the Frenchman by pacing him past the field and offered him the heat win , which Duquesne gracefully refused . In the 5000 m , Nurmi tried to repeat his move on Ritola but had to watch his teammate pull away instead . Nurmi , looking more exhausted than ever before , only barely managed to keep Wide behind and take silver . Nurmi had little time to rest or nurse his injuries as the 3000 m steeplechase started the next day . Struggling with the hurdles , Nurmi let Finland 's steeplechase specialist Toivo Loukola escape into the distance . On the final lap , he sprinted clear of the others and finished nine seconds behind the world @-@ record setting Loukola ; Nurmi 's time also bettered the previous record . Although Ritola did not finish , Ove Andersen completed a Finnish sweep of the medals . = = = Move to longer distances = = = Nurmi stated to a Swedish newspaper that " this is absolutely my last season on the track . I am beginning to get old . I have raced for fifteen years and have had enough of it . " However , Nurmi continued running , turning his attention to longer distances . In October , he broke the world records for the 15 km , the 10 miles and the one hour run in Berlin . Nurmi 's one @-@ hour record stood for 17 years , until Viljo Heino ran 129 metres further in 1945 . In January 1929 , Nurmi started his second U.S. tour from Brooklyn . He suffered his first @-@ ever defeat in the mile to Ray Conger at the indoor Wanamaker Mile . Nurmi was seven seconds slower than in his world record run in 1925 , and it was immediately speculated if the mile had become too short a distance for him . In 1930 , he set a new world record for the 20 km . In July 1931 , Nurmi showed he still had pace for the shorter distances by beating Lauri Lehtinen , Lauri Virtanen and Volmari Iso @-@ Hollo , and breaking the world record on the now @-@ rare two miles . He was the first runner to complete the distance in less than nine minutes . Nurmi planned to compete only in the 10 @,@ 000 m and the marathon in the 1932 Summer	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
sufficiently successful that two horses were retired , and the company soon realised that the cost of owning locomotives was much less than the cost of owning horses , since they did not need to be fed and watered when not actually working . The company ordered two new locomotives from the Lincoln @-@ based firm of Ruston and Hornsby in 1959 . They were described as class LBT locomotives by the manufacturer , and were fitted with 31 @.@ 5 hp ( 23 @.@ 5 kW ) two @-@ cylinder engines . One went to Swinefleet , after which the Howard machine was scrapped , and the other went to Medge Hall . A third locomotive of the same type was then ordered for Hatfield Works , allowing the horses there to be retired . The Medge Hall engine was transferred to Swinefleet when the works closed in 1966 . The next acquisition of locomotives took place after the British Moss Peat Company was acquired by Fisons in 1963 . They ordered three 8 @.@ 5 hp ( 6 @.@ 3 kW ) machines from R A Lister and Company , who were based in Dursley , Gloucestershire . They consisted of little more than an engine and driver 's seat mounted on a chassis , and were used on the moors where the peat was loaded into wagons , only returning to the works for maintenance . Two were delivered to Swinefleet in 1964 , and one went to Hatfield . A second machine for the Hatfield operation was ordered in 1967 . Wooden peat trucks were gradually phased out following the purchase of 100 steel wagons in 1963 and 1964 . They were manufactured in Leeds by Robert Hudson ( Raletrux ) Ltd , and were subsequently fitted with a fine inner mesh , to enable them to carry fragmented peat rather than turves . The new wagons had a side @-@ opening door , and a tippler was installed to allow them to be emptied automatically . = = = Mechanisation = = = On the moors , when dried turves were ready to be collected , temporary track sections were laid at right angles to the main line , and a portable turntable was installed . A rake of twelve wagons could then be moved onto the temporary track , one at a time , to be filled by a ' filling gang ' . Each wagon held about a ton , and once all twelve had been manoeuvred over the turntable back onto the main line , they would be pulled to the works by horses . With the advent of the small Lister engines , a new system was used , where three curved sections of track were used , the end one being clipped onto the top of the main line track . The engines could then push a line of forty or fifty wagons onto the temporary track . Cutting of the peat was mechanised from 1963 , with the introduction of German peat @-@ cutting machines , and by 1970 , all hand cutting had ceased . Loading of the turves into wagons was also initially by hand , but gradually ' sod collectors ' were introduced , which at Swinefleet had a 25 @-@ yard ( 23 m ) conveyor and at Hatfield a 44 @-@ yard ( 40 m ) one . These enabled a single side track to serve a much wider section of moor , without having to move the track . Loading turves onto the start of the conveyor was still done manually , but it became difficult to find people who wanted to do the work , and so Hymac loaders were used to load peat directly into the wagons . The success of this process at Hatfield in 1981 lead to it being used at Swinefleet as well . The next development was the introduction of surface milling , which began at Hatfield in 1986 and at Swinefleet in the following year . Once an area had been drained , all vegetation was removed from the surface , and a thin layer of peat was removed by a mechanical harvester . It was stockpiled on the moors , and later loaded into wagons by a Hymec loader , to be bagged at the works . Most peat by this time was used for compost or in growbags . The milled peat was much finer than the previous peat sods , and the mesh @-@ sided wagons were unsuitable for transporting it . A programme of fitting wooden boards to the insides of the wagons was begun , but by 1989 , solid steel wagons were being fabricated , reusing the frames from the original wagons . All the wagons at Hatfield had been upgraded by May 1990 , with those at Swinefleet completed afterwards . Trains of the new wagons were much heavier , particularly when loaded with milled peat , and the existing locomotives were inadequate . Tenders were invited for some more powerful locomotives , and three machines were ordered from Schöma of Germany . Two were delivered to Hatfield in 1990 , and the third went to Swinefleet in 1991 . Each consisted of a CHL @-@ 60G master unit , rated at 65 kilowatts ( 87 hp ) with a bonnet and cab , and a CHL @-@ 60T slave unit , looking more like a flat @-@ bed truck , with a second hydraulic motor . They were much more powerful than the engines they replaced , with the four @-@ axle arrangement ensuring that the axle loading was low enough for the existing track , and they were very popular with their operators . By the late 1990s , they were wearing out , and enquiries were made , with a view to purchasing replacements . Alan Keef designed a Bo @-@ Bo locomotive for use of the moors , but the cost was too great , and the company rebuilt two of the Schoma locomotive and slave units . The work included replacing the original 5 @-@ cylinder engines with 6 @-@ cylinder models , improving the sanding gear and driver 's seating arrangements , and fitting a more reliable air @-@ conditioning system for the cab . Lack of funds prevented the third Schoma being upgraded . They worked on Thorne Moors removing stockpiled peat until 21 October 2005 , and on Hatfield Moors until 2006 . They were stored at Hatfield once rail operation had ceased , and were still there in 2008 . In 1935 , there were 20 miles ( 32 km ) of tracks on Thorne Moors , with 150 peat wagons and 18 flat wagons . There was an additional 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) of temporary track . 50 peat wagons and six flat wagons ran on 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of permanent track on Hatfield Moors , where there were 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) of temporary track . By 1989 , there were about 8 miles ( 13 km ) of permanent track on Hatfield Moors , and double that on Thorne Moors . Following the arrival of the Dutch workers in the 1890s , the community continued to expand with the arrival of workers from the Netherlands until about 1912 , but most had returned to their country of origin by 1914 . In the 1930s , the British Moss Litter Company employed around 160 people , and haulage was achieved by twelve horses . During the Second World War , the Ministry of Supply ran the works , and the workforce dropped to 138 , although there were still twelve horses . After the war , several of the men were assisted by their wives , who helped with the stacking of the peat , but did not get paid for their labour . Numbers had dropped to 118 by the 1960s , although a number of unpaid wives were still working on the moors . With the increasing sales of peat for gardeners , the workforce increased to 185 by the mid @-@ 1970s , swelled by up to 90 contract workers during busy periods . The total annual output of dried peat at this time was around 45 @,@ 000 tonnes , produced from 400 @,@ 000 tonnes of wet peat , all of it going to the horticultural industry . Swinefleet Works stopped production in July 2000 , and was fully decommissioned by September . Subsequently , peat from Thorne Moors was transferred to Hatfield for processing . = = = Locomotive details = = = Several redundant locomotives were bought for preservation by Cliff Lawson of Tring . The group included three machines made by Ruston and Hornsby , two made by Hunslet , and two made by Lister . The eighth engine bought was the Diema , which was a hybrid made from the frames of two machines . Restoration involved splitting the components apart , and using them to rebuild both of the original locomotives , resulting in nine locomotives being preserved . Lawson re @-@ gauged all of them to 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) , and they have all been restored to working order . Lister 53977 was loaned to the Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery in 2007 . The Crowle Peatland Railway is hoping to relay a stretch of track near Crowle , and run some of the original locomotives on it . The Society has obtained one of the original Simplex locomotives and two of the Schomas , including all three slave units . = OS MX3000 = MX3000 is an electric train used on Oslo Metro in Oslo , Norway . The multiple units are produced by Siemens , who started serial delivery in 2007 . Seventy @-@ eight three @-@ car units have been ordered by Kollektivtransportproduksjon , and five by Akershus County Municipality . They replaced the older T1000 and T1300 stock that was used on the Oslo Metro since 1966 . By 2010 , the last T1000 and T1300 trains have been retired and replaced by 83 three @-@ car units . 32 additional sets were ordered , and the final train set was delivered in 2014 , increasing the fleet to 115 units . The trains are built as units of three cars , though they are often operated as double units . Empty 12 wagons ( four unit ) trains are seen every night , going from the main service area at Ryen to Stortinget metro station , where they are ready to be decoupled into shorter trains for the next day . The units are 54 @.@ 14 meters ( 177 ft 7 in ) long , and weigh 98 tonnes ( 96 long tons ; 108 short tons ) empty . They have a power output of 1 @,@ 680 kilowatts ( 2 @,@ 250 hp ) , allowing speeds of 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) . Seated capacity is 138 seats , and total capacity is 493 passengers . New features for the Oslo Metro introduced with the MX3000 include air conditioning ( only in the driver 's cab ) , air suspension , regenerative brakes and batteries for operating at the depot . The first series of 33 units were ordered in 2003 , followed by an additional order for 30 in 2005 , 15 in 2008 , and 32 in December 2010 . The trains have been financed by Oslo Package 2 , and each unit costs about NOK 45 million . = = History = = In 1966 , the Oslo Metro opened as an upgrade of two existing suburban tramways , the Østensjø- and Lambertseter Lines . By 1970 , the system was supplemented by the Grorud- and Furuset Lines . They only operated to the eastern suburbs . In 1987 , the system was expanded to connect to the western network , that remained a suburban tramway with overhead wires , two @-@ car platforms and an inferior signaling system . In 1993 , the Sognsvann Line was converted to metro standard , with the Røa Line following two years later . When the order for the MX3000 trains was placed , the Kolsås- and Holmenkoll Lines still used overhead wires , and would not be able to use the new stock . Both systems were at the time being considered for conversion to light rail systems , that would connect to the Lilleaker- and Ullevål Hageby Line , respectively . The old fleet of T1000 and T1300 consisted of 195 cars in eight series . The T1000 was the original series delivered between 1966 and 1978 , while the T1300 was a later adoption built until 1987 . The T1000 series has only a third rail shoe , while the T1300 also has a pantograph , and could be used on the Kolsås- and Holmenkoll Lines . In 1995 , six two @-@ car T2000 units were delivered for the Holmenkoll Line . They were , at the time , proposed as a possible replacement for all the T1000 and T1300 stock , but were prone to technical problems . They featured both third rail shoes and pantographs . In 1996 , the work to establish a financing package for new investments in public transport in Akershus and Oslo started . It was passed , in 2001 , by the city and county councils , as well as the Norwegian Parliament . Oslo Package 2 allowed municipal and state grants to be supplemented by increased fare and toll road revenue to finance , among other things , new trains for the metro . The initial order by Oslo Sporveier was for 33 units ( or 99 cars ) , and was approved by the board on 28 June 2003 . The initial order cost NOK 1 @.@ 6 billion , and included options for further orders . Five other manufactures had been rejected during the procurement process . Combined with other investments in the network , the new trains will allow faster travel times on the metro . In 2005 , the city council voted to replace all existing T1000 and T1300 stock with the MX3000 , increasing the quantity by another 30 units . With the second order , the price had increased to NOK 2 @.@ 5 billion . Two test units were delivered in October 2005 , and the serial production started in April 2006 , with the first deliveries in April 2007 . With the delivery of the new trains , Oslo Sporveier received criticism that they had been disloyal to the old red color of the metro , and that they did not follow up on their former design concept from the 1960s through the 80s . During the first 30 days , there occurred two errors : one in the closing mechanism of the doors , and one with a switch in the cab that was not water tight . However , it turned out that Oslo Sporveier had not been accurate enough in specifying the energy consumption of the trains , and the rectifiers on parts of the line needed to be upgraded to supply sufficient power to the trains . During 2007 , there were four incidents where the trains were not able to brake at stations . The worst incident occurred when a train slid the 1 @.@ 3 kilometers ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ) from Blindern to Majorstuen . Following the 2006 decision to convert the Kolsås Line to metro standard , Akershus County Council announced they would order five units . In November 2006 , the city government proposed that the maintenance of the new trains be privatized . This resulted in protests from the employees , who campaigned by refusing to work overtime . As a result , after a few weeks , the company lacked 57 trains to provide adequate service . The issue was solved when the socialist opposition parties along with the Liberal Party agreed to postpone the matter until after all the new trains were delivered in 2009 . As part of the agreement , a new limited company , Oslo Vognselskap , wholly owned by Kollektivtransportproduksjon , would take ownership of all metro trains and trams used by the operating companies Oslo T @-@ banedrift and Oslo Sporvognsdrift , the latter being the operator of the tramway . Responsibility for the debt accumulated for buying the trains is to be managed by Oslo Vognselskap , while operation and management of the maintenance contracts was transferred to Oslo T @-@ banedrift . In January 2008 , an addition 15 units were ordered by Oslo , with an option for further orders later . This will allow all the eastern lines to have a 7 @.@ 5 @-@ minute headway on their services into the city center , instead of the current 15 @-@ minute headway . Trains would start using the balloon loop located at Stortinget , and the western lines will continue to have a 15 @-@ minute headway . At the same time , the trains serving the Ring Line will be extended to six cars . The order cost NOK 675 million . In addition , Akershus finalized their order for five units , costing NOK 240 million . Unlike the Oslo @-@ owned units , Akershus ' five units will be owned by the transit authority Ruter . The same year , the city council in Oslo decided to upgrade the Holmenkoll Line to metro standard , to allow six @-@ car MX3000 trains to be the main mode of transport to Holmenkollen during the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 . This allowed 9 @,@ 000 people per hour to be transported to the sports venue . In 2009 , the T2000 units were taken out of service , and on 22 April 2010 the last T1300 was taken out of service , making the MX3000 the only units to be used on the Oslo Metro . The city council was considering ordering 15 additional MX3000 to replace the T2000 , as an alternative for a NOK 50 @-@ million renovation . In November 2010 , the Accident Investigation Board Norway criticized the braking system of the trains . During 2009 , there were 83 incidents where trains with locked wheels slid down steep sections of track . The Accident Investigation Board found that the metro had conducted insufficient testing of the braking system on steep slippery lines , had not adjusted the brakes satisfactorily , and had not maintained the trains and tracks sufficiently . In December 2010 , Oslo Vognselskap ordered another 32 three @-@ car units , bringing the total order up to 115 three @-@ car units . The last trains will be delivered in 2012 . There was political disagreement regarding the final purchase , with the Liberal Party and socialist opposition securing a majority for the purchase , while the right @-@ winged parties voted to order 19 units . The extra trains will make it possible to run all lines except the Holmenkollen Line ( Line 1 ) with six @-@ car lines , compared to a situation with only three @-@ car trains on the Lambertseter Line , the Ring Line and the Kolsås Line ( lines 4 and 6 ) would only use three @-@ car trains . = = Specifications = = The MX3000 is a three @-@ car electric multiple unit built exclusively for the Oslo Metro by Siemens in Vienna , Austria . It is a modification of trains used on the Vienna U @-@ Bahn . The units are designed by Porsche Design Studio . Unlike the red predecessors , the trains are painted white with black and grey detailing . The chassis is in aluminum . A three @-@ car train is 54 @.@ 14 meters ( 177 @.@ 6 ft ) long ; the end cars are 18 @.@ 11 meters ( 59 @.@ 4 ft ) long each , while the center car is 17 @.@ 92 meters ( 58 @.@ 8 ft ) long . The cars are 3 @.@ 16 meters ( 10 @.@ 4 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 68 meters ( 12 @.@ 1 ft ) tall . An empty three @-@ car unit weighs 98 tonnes ( 96 long tons ; 108 short tons ) , while it with full payload weighs 147 tonnes ( 145 long tons ; 162 short tons ) . This gives a maximum axle load of 12 @.@ 5 tonnes ( 12 @.@ 3 long tons ; 13 @.@ 8 short tons ) . Each three @-@ car unit has 138 seats , and a total capacity of 493 passengers . The height of the floor is 1 @.@ 12 meters ( 3 ft 8 in ) above the track , allowing step @-@ free access to the platforms . There are three doors on each side of each car , measuring 1 @,@ 300 millimeters ( 51 in ) wide and 1 @,@ 900 millimeters ( 75 in ) high . Unlike the older T1000 trains , the triple @-@ car configuration allows passengers to walk between the cars . Combined with a better spatial design , it reduces the feeling of crowding . The MX3000 also introduced air conditioning in the driver 's cab . The units run either in single configuration ( with three cars ) or in multiple ( with six cars ) . Each car is equipped with four three @-@ phase asynchronous 140 @-@ kilowatt ( 190 hp ) motors , giving each three @-@ car unit a power output of 1 @,@ 680 kilowatts ( 2 @,@ 250 hp ) . In each car , the four motors are fed by the car 's own insulated @-@ gate bipolar transistor . They transform the 750 volt direct current collected from the third rail shoe to the three @-@ phase alternating current used in the motors . The frequency and amplitude of the current fed to the engines varies depending on the train 's speed . The MX3000 introduced regenerative brakes , that allow the electromagnetic brakes to feed power back to the power supply when braking . In addition , there is a back @-@ up disc brake on each axle . Acceleration in the range 0 to 40 kilometers per hour ( 0 to 25 mph ) is limited to 1 @.@ 3 meters per second squared ( 4 @.@ 3 ft / s2 ) . In this phase , the fully loaded train uses 5 @.@ 0 kiloampere . For use in areas without a third rail , such as at depots , the trains are equipped with a 110 V battery . This removes the need for shunting at the depots , and makes maintenance more cost efficient . Energy usage is reduced by 30 % , estimated to save the operating company NOK 13 million per year , compared to using the old stocks . There are two bogies per car , each with two axles . The wheel diameter is 850 millimeters ( 33 in ) for new wheels , and 770 millimeters ( 30 in ) when fully worn @-@ down . The center distance between the bogies is 11 @.@ 00 meters ( 36 @.@ 09 ft ) . The primary suspension is steel coil spring between the axles and the bogies , with a secondary air suspension between the frame and the bogies . The latter , which the MX3000 was the first to use on the metro , gives reduced noise , better comfort and makes it possible to adjust the height with changed passenger weight . The units are controlled by a distributed system connected by a double multifunction vehicle bus . It has two vehicle control units , that monitor and control all main functions of the train ; in addition , there are systems for controlling the brakes , traction , doors , ventilation , passenger information system and compressor . Like the older stock , the train 's speed is controlled by an automatic train protection ( ATP ) system . The speed codes are transferred from the ATP points in the infrastructure , using 75 hertz pulses in the tracks . The trains pick up the signals via antennas . The speed codes are 15 km / h ( 9 @.@ 3 mph ) , 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) , 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) and 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) . They are informed to the engineer via signals in the driver 's cab ; in addition , the system will automatically reduce the speed , should the limit be exceeded . The driver can put the trains in an automatic mode , where the train itself adjusts the trains speed to the speed limit . The driver is always responsible for starting and halting the train at stations . The driver 's cabs are more ergonomic than in the T1000 , and the mirrors to monitor the platforms have been replaced with cameras and screens . = = Numbering = = The first 99 train sets were numbered 3001 to 3099 . When the 100th set was delivered the numbering continued with 30100 and will continue with 30101 and so on . Many of the train sets have also been given a girls ' name . The three individual cars that make up a train set are distinguished by the second digit . For example , train set 3001 consists of the cars 3101 , 3201 , and 3301 . = SMS Kaiser Karl VI = SMS Kaiser Karl VI ( " His Majesty 's Ship Kaiser Karl VI " ) was the second of three armored cruisers built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . She was built by the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino in Trieste between June 1896 and May 1900 , when she was commissioned into the fleet . Kaiser Karl VI represented a significant improvement over the preceding design — Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia — being faster and more heavily armed and armored . She provided the basis for the third design , Sankt Georg , which featured further incremental improvements . Having no overseas colonies to patrol , Austria @-@ Hungary built the ship solely to reinforce its battle fleet . Kaiser Karl VI spent the first decade in service rotating between the training and reserve squadrons , alternating with Sankt Georg . In 1910 , Kaiser Karl VI went on a major overseas cruise to South America , visiting Brazil , Uruguay , and Argentina ; this was the last trans @-@ Atlantic voyage of an Austro @-@ Hungarian warship . After the outbreak of war , she was mobilized into the Cruiser Flotilla , which spent the majority of the war moored at Cattaro . The lengthy inactivity eventually led to the Cattaro Mutiny in February 1918 , which the crew of Kaiser Karl VI joined . After the mutiny collapsed , Kaiser Karl VI and several other warships were decommissioned to reduce the number of idle sailors . After the war , she was allocated as a war prize to Britain and was sold to ship @-@ breakers in Italy , where she was scrapped in 1920 . = = Design = = In the 1890s , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy began to build armored cruisers to support the battle fleet and to perform some of the roles then reserved only for battleships . The first vessel , Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia , was built as an enlarged version of the protected cruiser Kaiserin Elisabeth , with a more powerful armament and heavier armor . Maria Theresia was followed by an improved cruiser , Kaiser Karl VI , which was about 800 metric tons ( 790 long tons ; 880 short tons ) heavier , about 1 @.@ 5 knots ( 2 @.@ 8 km / h ; 1 @.@ 7 mph ) faster , with much heavier armor . Kaiser Karl VI in turn provided the basis for an even larger ship , which was named Sankt Georg . = = = General characteristics and machinery = = = Kaiser Karl VI was 117 @.@ 9 meters ( 387 ft ) long at the waterline and was 118 @.@ 96 m ( 390 @.@ 3 ft ) long overall . She had a beam of 17 @.@ 27 m ( 56 @.@ 7 ft ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 75 m ( 22 @.@ 1 ft ) . She displaced 6 @,@ 166 metric tons ( 6 @,@ 069 long tons ; 6 @,@ 797 short tons ) as designed and up to 6 @,@ 864 t ( 6 @,@ 756 long tons ; 7 @,@ 566 short tons ) at full load . Her crew numbered 535 officers and men . Kaiser Karl VI was fitted with two pole masts for observation . The ship 's propulsion system consisted of two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion engines that drove a pair of screw propellers . The engines were built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino ( STT ) shipyard in Trieste that built the ship . Steam was provided by water @-@ tube boilers manufactured by Maudslay , Sons and Field of Britain . The engines were rated at 12 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 8 @,@ 900 kW ) and produced a top speed of 20 @.@ 83 knots ( 38 @.@ 58 km / h ; 23 @.@ 97 mph ) . = = = Armament and armor = = = Kaiser Karl VI was armed with a main battery of two large @-@ caliber guns and several medium @-@ caliber pieces . She carried two 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) L / 40 C / 94 guns manufactured by Krupp in single gun turrets on the centerline , one forward and one aft . Eight 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) L / 40 guns mounted individually in casemates rounded out her offensive armament . She was armed with sixteen 4 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) L / 44 guns built by Škoda and two 4 @.@ 7 cm L / 33 Hotchkiss guns for close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . She carried several smaller weapons , including a pair of 8 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine guns and two 7 cm landing guns . Kaiser Karl VI was also equipped with a pair of 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , one on each broadside . The ship was protected by a main armored belt that was 220 mm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) thick in the central portion that protected the ammunition magazines and machinery spaces , and reduced to 170 mm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) on either end . She had an armored deck that was 40 to 60 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) thick . Her two gun turrets had 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) thick faces , and the 15 cm guns had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick casemates . The conning tower had 200 mm thick sides and a 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick roof . = = Service history = = Named for the 18th @-@ century Holy Roman Emperor , Karl VI , Kaiser Karl VI was built at the STT shipyard in Trieste . Her keel was laid on 1 June 1896 and her completed hull was launched on 4 October 1898 . Fitting @-@ out work then commenced , which lasted until 23 May 1900 when the ship was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet . Starting from her commissioning , Kaiser Karl VI frequently served in the training squadron , along with the three Habsburg @-@ class battleships , though she alternated in the squadron with the armored cruiser Sankt Georg . Once the summer training schedule was completed each year , the ships of the training squadron were demobilized in the reserve squadron , which was held in a state of partial readiness . In 1900 , she served as the flagship of then @-@ Rear Admiral Rudolf Montecuccoli in the training squadron , along with Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia . During the summer maneuvers of June 1901 , she served as the flagship of Rear Admiral G. Ritter von Brosch , commander of the reserve squadron . The other major ships in the squadron included the old ironclad Tegetthoff and the cruiser SMS Kaiser Franz Joseph I. In mid @-@ 1910 , Kaiser Karl VI conducted the last trans @-@ Atlantic cruise of an Austrian vessel , when she visited Brazil , Uruguay and Argentina . On 25 May , she represented Austria @-@ Hungary at the centennial of Argentina 's May Revolution , which won the country 's independence from Spain . = = = World War I = = = On 28 June 1914 , Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir to the Austro @-@ Hungarian throne , was assassinated in Sarajevo ; the assassination sparked the July Crisis and ultimately the First World War , which broke out a month later on 28 July . The German battlecruiser SMS Goeben , which had been assigned to the Mediterranean Division , sought the protection of the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , and so Admiral Anton Haus sent the fleet , including Kaiser Karl VI , south on 7 August to assist his German ally . Goeben 's commander , Admiral Wilhelm Souchon , intended to use the Austro @-@ Hungarian move as a feint to distract the British Mediterranean Fleet which was pursuing Goeben ; Souchon instead took his ship to Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire . Their decoy mission complete , Kaiser Karl VI and the rest of the fleet returned to port without engaging any British forces . On 8 August , Montenegrin gun batteries on Mount Lovćen began shelling the Austro @-@ Hungarian at Cattaro . At the time , Kaiser Karl VI was the only large warship in the harbor , and so she assisted the local army artillery in attempting to suppress the hostile guns . The Austro @-@ Hungarian gunners were aided by navy seaplanes that could spot the fall of their shots . On 13 September , the three Monarch @-@ class coastal defense ships arrived to strengthen the Austro @-@ Hungarian force . Five days later , a French artillery battery was landed in Montenegro to reinforce the guns on Lovćen with the aim of eventually capturing the port , which prompted the Austro @-@ Hungarians to send the pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Radetzky with its 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns . By 27 October , the French and Montenegrin gun batteries had been silenced , and the French abandoned its attempt to seize Cattaro . By the end of August , the mobilization of the fleet was complete ; Kaiser Karl VI was assigned to the Cruiser Flotilla , which was commanded by Vice Admiral Paul Fiedler . For most of the war , the Cruiser Flotilla and based at Cattaro , though the armored cruisers were too slow to operate with the newer Novara @-@ class cruisers that carried out the bulk of offensive operations . In May 1915 , Italy declared war on the Central Powers . The Austro @-@ Hungarians continued their strategy of serving as a fleet in being , which would tie down the now further numerically superior Allied naval forces . Haus hoped that torpedo boats and mines could be used to reduce the numerical superiority of the Italian fleet before a decisive battle could be fought . By early 1918 , the long periods of inactivity had begun to wear on the crews of several warships at Cattaro , including Kaiser Karl VI . On 1 February , the Cattaro Mutiny broke out , starting aboard Sankt Georg and quickly spreading to Kaiser Karl VI . Officers were confined to their quarters while a committee of sailors met to formulate a list of demands , which ranged from longer periods of leave and better rations to an end to the war , based on the United States President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points . The following day , shore batteries loyal to the government fired on the old ironclad Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , which prompted many of the mutinous ships to abandon the effort . Late in the day on 2 February , the red flags were struck from Kaiser Karl VI and she rejoined the loyalist ships in the harbor . The next morning , the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships of the III Division arrived in Cattaro , which convinced the last holdouts to surrender . Trials on the ringleaders commenced quickly and four men were executed . = = = Fate = = = In the aftermath of the Cattaro Mutiny , most of the obsolete warships of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , including Kaiser Karl VI , were decommissioned to reduce the number of idle warships . On 3 November 1918 , the Austro @-@ Hungarian government signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti with Italy , ending their participation in the conflict . After the end of the war , Kaiser Karl VI was ceded as a war prize to Great Britain , under the terms of the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye . She was then sold to ship breakers in Italy and broken up for scrap after 1920 . = Myrrha = Myrrha ( Greek : Μύρρα ) , also known as Smyrna ( Greek : Σμύρνα ) , is the mother of Adonis in Greek mythology . She was transformed into a myrrh tree after having had intercourse with her father and gave birth to Adonis as a tree . Although the tale of Adonis has Semitic roots , it is uncertain from where the myth of Myrrha emerged , though it was likely from Cyprus . The myth details the incestuous relationship between Myrrha and her father , Cinyras . Myrrha falls in love with her father and tricks him into sexual intercourse . After discovering her identity , Cinyras draws his sword and pursues Myrrha . She flees across Arabia and , after nine months , turns to the gods for help . They take pity on her and transform her into a myrrh @-@ tree . While in plant form , Myrrha gives birth to Adonis . According to legend , the aromatic exudings of the myrrh @-@ tree are Myrrha 's tears . The most familiar form of the myth was recounted in the Metamorphoses of Ovid , and the story was the subject of the most famous work ( now lost ) of the poet Helvius Cinna . Several alternate versions appeared in the Bibliotheca , the Fabulae of Hyginus , and the Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis , with major variations depicting Myrrha 's father as the Assyrian king Theias or depicting Aphrodite as having engineered the tragic liaison . Critical interpretation of the myth has considered Myrrha 's refusal of conventional sexual relations to have provoked her incest , with the ensuing transformation to tree as a silencing punishment . It has been suggested that the taboo of incest marks the difference between culture and nature and that Ovid 's version of Myrrha showed this . A translation of Ovid 's Myrrha , done by English poet John Dryden in 1700 , has been interpreted as a critique of the society of that day linking Myrrha to Mary II and Cinyras to James II . In post @-@ classical times , Myrrha has had widespread influence in Western culture . She was mentioned in the Divine Comedy by Dante , was an inspiration for Mirra by Vittorio Alfieri , and was alluded to in Mathilda by Mary Shelley . In the play Sardanapalus by Byron , a character named Myrrha appeared , whom critics interpreted as a symbol of Byron 's dream of romantic love . The myth of Myrrha was one of 24 tales retold in Tales from Ovid by English poet Ted Hughes . In art , Myrrha 's seduction of her father has been illustrated by German engraver Virgil Solis , her tree @-@ metamorphosis by French engraver Bernard Picart and Italian painter Marcantonio Franceschini , while French engraver Gustave Doré chose to depict Myrrha in Hell as a part of his series of engravings for Dante 's Divine Comedy . In music , she has appeared in pieces by Sousa and Ravel . She was also the inspiration for several species ' scientific names and an asteroid . = = Origin and etymology = = The myth of Myrrha is closely linked to that of her son , Adonis , which has been easier to trace . Adonis is the Hellenized form of the Phoenician word " adoni " , meaning " my lord " . It is believed that the cult of Adonis was known to the Greeks from around the sixth century B.C. , but it is unquestionable that they came to know it through contact with Cyprus . Around this time , the cult of Adonis is noted in the Book of Ezekiel in Jerusalem , though under the Babylonian name Tammuz . Adonis originally was a Phoenician god of fertility representing the spirit of vegetation . It is further speculated that he was an avatar of the version of Ba 'al , worshipped in Ugarit . It is likely that lack of clarity concerning whether Myrrha was called Smyrna , and who her father was , originated in Cyprus before the Greeks first encountered the myth . However , it is clear that the Greeks added much to the Adonis @-@ Myrrha story , before it was first recorded by classical scholars . Over the centuries Myrrha , the girl , and myrrh , the fragrance , have been linked etymologically . Myrrh was precious in the ancient world , and was used for embalming , medicine , perfume , and incense . The Modern English word myrrh ( Old English : myrra ) derives from the Latin Myrrha ( or murrha or murra , all are synonymous Latin words for the tree substance ) . The Latin Myrrha originated from the Ancient Greek múrrā , but , ultimately , the word is of Semitic origin , with roots in the Arabic murr , the Hebrew mōr , and the Aramaic mūrā , all meaning " bitter " as well as referring to the plant . Regarding smyrna , the word is a Greek dialectic form of myrrha . Myrrh in the Bible is referenced as one of the most desirable fragrances , and though mentioned alongside frankincense it is usually more expensive . Several Old Testament passages refer to myrrh . In the Song of Solomon , which according to scholars dates to either the tenth century B.C. as a Hebrew oral tradition or to the Babylonian captivity in the 6th century B.C. , myrrh is referenced seven times making the Song of Solomon the passage in the Old Testament referring to myrrh the most , often with erotic overtones . In the New Testament the substance is famously associated with the birth of Christ when the magi presented their gifts of " gold , frankincense , and myrrh " . = = Myth = = = = = Ovid 's version = = = Published in 8 A.D. the Metamorphoses of Ovid has become one of the most influential poems by the Latin writers . The Metamorphoses showed that Ovid was more interested in questioning how the laws interfered with people 's lives than in writing epic tales like Virgil 's Aeneid and Homer 's Odyssey . The Metamorphoses is not narrated by Ovid , but rather by the characters inside the stories . The myth of Myrrha and Cinyras is sung by Orpheus in the tenth book of Metamorphoses after he has told the myth of Pygmalion and before he turns to the tale of Venus and Adonis . As the myth of Myrrha is also the longest tale sung by Orpheus ( 205 lines ) and the only story that corresponds to his announced theme of girls punished for forbidden desire , it is considered the centerpiece of the song . Ovid opens the myth with a warning to the audience that this is a myth of great horror , especially to fathers and daughters : The story I am going to tell is a horrible one : I beg that daughters and fathers should hold themselves aloof , while I sing , or if they find my songs enchanting , let them refuse to believe this part of my tale , and suppose that it never happened : or else , if they believe that it did happen , they must believe also in the punishment that followed . According to Ovid , Myrrha was the daughter of King Cinyras and Queen Cenchreis of Cyprus . It is stated that Cupid was not to blame for Myrrha 's incestuous love for her father , Cinyras . Ovid further comments that hating one 's father is a crime , but Myrrha 's love was a greater crime . Ovid therefore blamed it on the Furies . Over several verses , Ovid depicts the psychic struggle Myrrha faces between her sexual desire for her father and the social shame she would face for acting thereon . Sleepless , and losing all hope , she attempted suicide ; but was discovered by her nurse , in whom she confided . The nurse tried to make Myrrha suppress the infatuation , but later agreed to help Myrrha into her father 's bed if she promised that she would not again try to kill herself . During the Ceres ' festival , the worshiping women ( including Cenchreis , Myrrha 's mother ) were not to be touched by men for nine nights ; wherefore the nurse told Cinyras of a girl deeply in love with him , giving a false name . The affair lasted several nights in complete darkness to conceal Myrrha 's identity , until Cinyras wanted to know the identity of his paramour . Upon bringing in a lamp , and seeing his daughter , the king attempted to kill her on the spot , but Myrrha escaped . Thereafter Myrrha walked in exile for nine months , past the palms of Arabia and the fields of Panchaea , until she reached Sabaea . Afraid of death and tired of life , and pregnant as well , she begged the gods for a solution , and was transformed into the myrrh tree , with the sap thereof representing her tears . Later , Lucina freed the newborn Adonis from the tree . = = = Other versions = = = The myth of Myrrha has been chronicled in several other works than Ovid 's Metamorphoses . Among the scholars who recounted it are Apollodorus , Hyginus , and Antoninus Liberalis . All three versions differ . In his Bibliotheca , written around the 1st century B.C. Apollodorus tells of three possible parentages for Adonis . In the first he states that Cinyras arrived in Cyprus with a few followers and founded Paphos , and that he married Metharme , eventually becoming king of Cyprus through her family . Cinyras had five children by Metharme : the two boys , Oxyporos and Adonis , and three daughters , Orsedice , Laogore , and Braisia . The daughters at some point became victims of Aphrodite 's wrath and had intercourse with foreigners , ultimately dying in Egypt . For the second possible parentage of Adonis , Apollodorus quotes Hesiod , who postulates that Adonis could be the child of Phoenix and Alphesiboia . He elaborates no further on this statement . For the third option , he quotes Panyasis , who states that King Theias of Assyria had a daughter called Smyrna . Smyrna failed to honor Aphrodite , incurring the wrath of the goddess , by whom was made to fall in love with her father ; and with the aid of her nurse she deceived him for twelve nights until her identity was discovered . Smyrna fled , but her father later caught up with her . Smyrna then prayed that the gods would make her invisible , prompting them to turn her into a tree , which was named the Smyrna . Ten months later the tree cracked and Adonis was born from it . In his Fabulae , written around 1 A.D. Hyginus states that King Cinyras of Assyria had a daughter by his wife , Cenchreis . The daughter was named Smyrna and the mother boasted that her child excelled even Venus in beauty . Angered , Venus punished the mother by cursing Smyrna to fall in love with her father . After the nurse had prevented Smyrna from committing suicide , she helped her engage her father in sexual intercourse . When Smyrna became pregnant , she hid in the woods from shame . Venus pitied the girl 's fate , changing her into a myrrh tree , from which was born Adonis . In the Metamorphoses by Antoninus Liberalis , written somewhere in the 2nd or 3rd century A.D. , the myth is set in Phoenicia , near Mount Lebanon . Here King Thias , son of Belus and Orithyia , had a daughter named Smyrna . Being of great beauty , she was sought by men from far and wide . She had devised many tricks in order to delay her parents and defer the day they would choose a husband for her . Smyrna had been driven mad by desire for her father and did not want anybody else . At first she hid her desires , eventually telling her nurse , Hippolyte , the secret of her true feelings . Hippolyte told the king that a girl of exalted parentage wanted to lie with him , but in secret . The affair lasted for an extended period of time , and Smyrna became pregnant . At this point , Thias desired to know who she was so he hid a light , illuminating the room and discovering Smyrna 's identity when she entered . In shock , Smyrna gave birth prematurely to her child . She then raised her hands and said a prayer , which was heard by Zeus who took pity on her and turned her into a tree . Thias killed himself , and it was on the wish of Zeus that the child was brought up and named Adonis . = = Interpretation = = The myth of Myrrha has been interpreted in various ways . The transformation of Myrrha in Ovid 's version has been interpreted as a punishment for her breaking the social rules through her incestuous relationship with her father . Like Byblis who fell in love with her brother , Myrrha is transformed and rendered voiceless making her unable to break the taboo of incest . Myrrha has also been thematically linked to the story of Lot 's daughters . They live with their father in an isolated cave and because their mother is dead they decide to befuddle Lot 's mind with wine and seduce him in order to keep the family alive through him . Nancy Miller comments on the two myths : [ Lot 's daughters ' ] incest is sanctioned by reproductive necessity ; because it lacks consequences , this story is not a socially recognized narrative paradigm for incest . [ ... ] In the cases of both Lot 's daughters and Myrrha , the daughter 's seduction of the father has to be covert . While other incest configurations - mother @-@ son , sibling - permit consensual agency , father @-@ daughter incest does not ; when the daughter displays transgressive sexual desire , the prohibitive father appears . Myrrha has been interpreted as developing from a girl into a woman in the course of the story : in the beginning she is a virgin refusing her suitors , in that way denying the part of herself that is normally dedicated to Aphrodite . The goddess then strikes her with desire to make love with her father and Myrrha is then made into a woman in the grip of an uncontrollable lust . The marriage between her father and mother is then set as an obstacle for her love along with incest being forbidden by the laws , profane as well as divine . The way the daughter seduces her father illustrates the most extreme version a seduction can take : the union between two persons who by social norms and laws are strictly held apart . James Richard Ellis has argued that the incest taboo is fundamental to a civilized society . Building on Sigmund Freud 's theories and psychoanalysis this is shown in Ovid 's version of the myth of Myrrha . When the girl has been gripped by desire , she laments her humanity , for if she and her father were animals , there would be no bar to their union . That Myrrha is transformed into a myrrh tree has also been interpreted to have influenced the character of Adonis . Being the child of both a woman and a tree he is a split person . In Ancient Greece the word Adonis could mean both " perfume " and " lover " and likewise Adonis is both the perfume made from the aromatic drops of myrrh as well as the human lover who seduces two goddesses . In her essay " What Nature Allows the Jealous Laws Forbid " literary critic Mary Aswell Doll compares the love between the two male protagonists of Annie Proulx ' book Brokeback Mountain ( 1997 ) with the love Myrrha has for her father in Ovid 's Metamorphoses . Doll suggests that both Ovid 's and Proulx ' main concerns are civilization and its discontents and that their use of images of nature uncovers similar understandings of what is " natural " when it comes to who and how one should love . On the subject of Ovid ’ s writing about love Doll states : In Ovid ’ s work no love is " taboo " unless it arises out of a need for power and control . A widespread instance for the latter during the Roman Empire was the practice by the elite to take nubile young girls as lovers or mistresses , girls who could be as young as daughters . Such a practice was considered normal , natural . Cinyras ' relationship with a girl on his daughter 's age was therefore not unnatural , but Myrrha 's being in love with her own father was . Doll elaborates further on this stating that Myrrha 's lamenting that animals can mate father and daughter without problems is a way for Ovid to express a paradox : in nature a father @-@ daughter relationship is not unnatural , but it is in human society . On this Doll concludes that " Nature follows no laws . There is no such thing as " natural law " " . Still , Ovid distances himself in three steps from the horrifying story : First he does not tell the story himself , but has one of his in @-@ story characters , Orpheus , sing it ; second , Ovid tells his audience not even to believe the story ( cf. quote in " Ovid 's version " ) ; third , he has Orpheus congratulate Rome , Ovid 's home town , for its being far away from the land where this story took place ( Cyprus ) . By distancing himself , Doll writes , Ovid lures his audience to keep listening . First then does Ovid begin telling the story describing Myrrha , her father and their relationship , which Doll compares to the mating of Cupid and Psyche : here the lovemaking occurs in complete darkness and only the initiator ( Cupid ) knows the identity of the other as well . Myrrha 's metamorphosing into a tree is read by Doll as a metaphor where the tree incarnates the secret . As a side effect , Doll notes , the metamorphosis also alters the idea of incest into something natural for the imagination to think about . Commenting on a Freudian analysis of the myth stating that Ovid " disconcertingly suggests that [ father @-@ lust ] might be an unspoken universal of human experience " Doll notes that Ovid 's stories work like metaphors : they are meant to give insight into the human psyche . Doll states that the moments when people experience moments like those of father @-@ lust are repressed and unconscious , which means that they are a natural part of growing and that most grow out of it sometime . She concludes about Ovid and his version of Myrrha that : " What is perverted , for Ovid , is the use of sex as a power tool and the blind acceptance of sexual male power as a cultural norm . " In 2008 the newspaper The Guardian named Myrrha 's relationship with her father as depicted in Metamorphoses by Ovid as one of the top ten stories of incestuous love ever . It complimented the myth for being more disturbing than any of the other incestuous relationships depicted in the Metamorphoses . = = Cultural impact = = = = = Literature = = = One of the earliest recordings of a play inspired by the myth of Myrrha is in the Antiquities of the Jews , written in 93 A.D. by the Roman @-@ Jewish historian Flavius Josephus . A tragedy entitled Cinyras is mentioned , wherein the main character , Cinyras , is to be slain along with his daughter Myrrha , and " a great deal of fictitious blood was shed " . No further details are given about the plot of this play . Myrrha appears in the Divine Comedy poem Inferno by Dante Alighieri , where Dante sees her soul being punished in the eighth circle of Hell , in the tenth bolgia ( ditch ) . Here she and other falsifiers such as the alchemists and the counterfeiters suffer dreadful diseases , Myrrha 's being madness . Myrrha 's suffering in the tenth bolgia indicates her most serious sin was not incest but deceit . Diana Glenn interprets the symbolism in Myrrha 's contrapasso as being that her sin is so unnatural and unlawful that she is forced to abandon human society and simultaneously she loses her identity . Her madness in Hell prevents even basic communication which attests to her being contemptuous of the social order in life . Dante had already shown his familiarity with the myth of Myrrha in a prior letter to Emperor Henry VII , which he wrote on 17 April 1311 . Here he compares Florence with " Myrrha , wicked and ungodly , yearning for the embrace of her father , Cinyras " ; a metaphor , Claire Honess interprets as referring to the way Florence tries to " seduce " Pope Clement V away from Henry VII . It is incestuous because the Pope is the father of all and it is also implied that the city in that way rejects her true husband , the Emperor . In the poem Venus and Adonis , written by William Shakespeare in 1593 Venus refers to Adonis ' mother . In the 34th stanza Venus is lamenting because Adonis is ignoring her approaches and in her heart @-@ ache she says " O , had thy mother borne so hard a mind , She had not brought forth thee , but died unkind . " Shakespeare makes a subtle reference to Myrrha later when Venus picks a flower : " She crops the stalk , and in the breach appears , Green dropping sap , which she compares to tears . " It has been suggested that these plant juices being compared to tears are a parallel to Myrrha 's tears being the drops of myrrh exuding from the myrrh @-@ tree . In another work of Shakespeare , Othello ( 1603 ) , it has been suggested that he has made another reference . In act 5 , scene 2 the main character Othello compares himself to a myrrh tree with its constant stream of tears ( Myrrha 's tears ) . The reference is justified in the way that it draws inspiration from Book X of Ovid 's Metamorphoses , just like his previously written poem , Venus and Adonis , did . The tragedy Mirra by Vittorio Alfieri ( written in 1786 ) is inspired by the story of Myrrha . In the play , Mirra falls in love with her father , Cinyras . Mirra is to be married to Prince Pyrrhus , but decides against it , and leaves him at the altar . In the ending , Mirra has a mental breakdown in front of her father who is infuriated because the prince has killed himself . Owning that she loves Cinyras , Mirra grabs his sword , while he recoils in horror , and kills herself . The novella Mathilda , written by Mary Shelley in 1820 , contains similarities to the myth and mentions Myrrha . Mathilda is left by her father as a baby after her birth causes the death of her mother , and she does not meet her father until he returns sixteen years later . Then he tells her that he is in love with her , and , when she refuses him , he commits suicide . In chapter 4 , Mathilda makes a direct allusion : " I chanced to say that I thought Myrrha the best of Alfieri 's tragedies . " Audra Dibert Himes , in an essay entitled " Knew shame , and knew desire " , notes a more subtle reference to Myrrha : Mathilda spends the last night before her father ’ s arrival in the woods , but as she returns home the next morning the trees seemingly attempt to encompass her . Himes suggests that the trees can be seen as a parallel to Ovid ’ s metamorphosed Myrrha . The tragedy Sardanapalus by George Gordon Byron published in 1821 and produced in 1834 is set in Assyria , 640 B.C. , under King Sardanapalus . The play deals with the revolt against the extravagant king and his relationship to his favourite slave Myrrha . Myrrha made Sardanapalus appear at the head of his armies , but after winning three successive battles in this way he was eventually defeated . A beaten man , Myrrha persuaded Sardanapalus to place himself on a funeral pyre which she would ignite and subsequently leap onto - burning them both alive . The play has been interpreted as an autobiography , with Sardanapalus as Byron 's alter ego , Zarina as Byron 's wife Anne Isabella , and Myrrha as his mistress Teresa . At a more abstract level Myrrha is the desire for freedom driving those who feel trapped or bound , as well as being the incarnation of Byron 's dream of romantic love . Byron knew the story of the mythical Myrrha , if not directly through Ovid 's Metamorphoses , then at least through Alfieri 's Mirra , which he was familiar with . In her essay " A Problem Few Dare Imitate " , Susan J. Wolfson phrases and interprets the relation of the play Sardanapalus and the myth of Myrrha : Although [ Byron 's ] own play evades the full import of this complicated association , Myrrha 's name means that it [ the name 's referring to incest , red . ] cannot be escaped entirely - especially since Ovid 's story of Myrrha 's incest poses a potential reciprocal to the nightmare Byron invents for Sardanapalus , of sympathy with the son who is the object of his mother 's ' incest ' . In 1997 the myth of Myrrha and Cinyras was one of 24 tales from Ovid 's Metamorphoses that were retold by English poet Ted Hughes in his poetical work Tales from Ovid . The work was praised for not directly translating , but instead retelling the story in a language which was as fresh and new for the audience today as Ovid 's texts were to his contemporary audience . Hughes was also complimented on his achievements in using humour or horror when describing Myrrha or a flood , respectively . The work received critical acclaim winning the Whitbread Book Of The Year Award 1997 and being adapted to the stage in 1999 , starring Sirine Saba as Myrrha . In 1997 American poet Frank Bidart wrote Desire , which was another retelling of the myth of Myrrha as it was presented in the Metamorphoses by Ovid . The case of Myrrha , critic Langdon Hammer notes , is the worst possible made against desire , because the story of Myrrha shows how sex can lead people to destroy others as well as themselves . He comments that " the " precious bitter resin " into which Myrrha 's tears are changed tastes bitter and sweet , like Desire as a whole " . He further writes : " The inescapability of desire makes Bidart 's long story of submission to it a kind of affirmation . Rather than aberrant , the Ovidian characters come to feel exemplary " . = = = = John Dryden 's translation = = = = In 1700 English poet John Dryden published his translations of myths by Ovid , Homer , and Boccaccio in the volume Fables , Ancient and Modern . Literary critic Anthony W. Lee notes in his essay " Dryden 's Cinyras and Myrrha " that this translation , along with several others , can be interpreted as a subtle comment on the political scene of the late seventeenth @-@ century England . The translation of the myth of Myrrha as it appeared in Ovid 's Metamorphoses is suggested as being a critique of the political settlement that followed the Glorious Revolution . The wife of the leader of this revolution , William of Orange , was Mary , daughter of James II . Mary and William were crowned king and queen of England in 1689 , and because Dryden was deeply sympathetic to James he lost his public offices and fell into political disfavor under the new reign . Dryden turned to translation and infused these translations with political satire in response - the myth of Myrrha being one of these translations . In the opening lines of the poem Dryden describes King Cinyras just as Ovid did as a man who had been happier if he had not become a father . Lee suggests that this is a direct parallel to James who could have been counted as happier if he had not had his daughter , Mary , who betrayed him and usurped his monarchical position . When describing the act of incest Dryden uses a monster metaphor . Those lines are suggested as aimed at William III who invaded England from the Netherlands and whose presence Dryden describes as a curse or a punishment , according to Lee . A little further on the Convention Parliament is indicted . Lee suggests that Dryden critiques the intrusiveness of the Convention Parliament , because it acted without constituted legal authority . Finally the daughter , Mary as Myrrha , is described as an impious outcast from civilization , whose greatest sin was her disrupting the natural line of succession thereby breaking both natural as well as divine statutes which resulted in fundamental social confusion . When Myrrha craves and achieves her father 's ( Cinyras ' ) bed , Lee sees a parallel to Mary 's ascending James ' throne : both daughters incestuously occupied the place which belonged to their fathers . Reading the translation of the myth of Myrrha by Dryden as a comment on the political scene , states Lee , is partly justified by the characterization done by the historian Julian Hoppit on the events of the revolution of 1688 : To most a monarch was God 's earthly representative , chosen by Him for the benefit of His people . For men to meddle in that choice was to tamper with the divine order , the inevitable price of which was chaos . = = = Music = = = In music , Myrrha was the subject of an 1876 band piece by John Philip Sousa , Myrrha Gavotte and in 1901 , Maurice Ravel and Andre Caplet each wrote cantatas titled Myrrha . Caplet finished first over Ravel who was third in the Prix de Rome competition . The competition required that the candidates jumped through a series of academic hoops before entering the final where they were to compose a cantata on a prescribed text . Though it was not the best musical piece , the jury praised Ravel 's work for its " melodic charm " and " sincerity of dramatic sentiment " . Musical critic Andrew Clements writing for The Guardian commented on Ravel 's failures at winning the competition : " Ravel 's repeated failure to win the Prix de Rome , the most coveted prize for young composers in France at the turn of the 20th century , has become part of musical folklore . " Italian composer Domenico Alaleona 's only opera , premiering in 1920 , was entitled Mirra . The libretto drew on the legend of Myrrha while the music was inspired by Claude Debussy 's Pelléas et Mélisande ( 1902 ) as well as Richard Strauss ' Elektra ( 1909 ) . Suffering from being monotonic , the final showdown between father and daughter , the critics commented , was the only part really making an impact . Mirra remains Alaleona 's most ambitious composition and though the music tended to be " eclectic and uneven " , it showed " technical enterprise " . More recently , Kristen Kuster created a choral orchestration , Myrrha , written in 2004 and first performed at Carnegie Hall in 2006 . Kuster stated that the idea for Myrrha came when she was asked by the American Composers Orchestra to write a love @-@ and @-@ erotica themed concert . The concert was inspired by the myth of Myrrha in Ovid 's Metamorphoses and includes excerpts from the volume that " move in and out of the music as though in a dream , or perhaps Myrrha ’ s memory of the events that shaped her fate , " as described by Kuster . = = = Art = = = The Metamorphoses of Ovid has been illustrated by several artists through time . In 1563 in Frankfurt , a German bilingual translation by Johann Posthius was published , featuring the woodcuts of renowned German engraver Virgil Solis . The illustration of Myrrha depicts Myrrha 's deceiving her father as well as her fleeing from him . In 1717 in London , a Latin @-@ English edition of Metamorphoses was published , translated by Samuel Garth and with plates of French engraver Bernard Picart . The illustration of Myrrha was entitled The Birth of Adonis and featured Myrrha as a tree delivering Adonis while surrounded by women . In 1857 French engraver Gustave Doré made a series of illustrations to Dante 's Divine Comedy , the depiction of Myrrha showing her in the eighth circle of Hell . In 1690 , Italian Baroque painter Marcantonio Franceschini depicted Myrrha as a tree while delivering Adonis in The Birth of Adonis . The painting was included in the art exhibition " Captured Emotions : Baroque Painting in Bologna , 1575 @-@ 1725 " at the J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center in Los Angeles , California which lasted from December 16 , 2008 through May 3 , 2009 . Normally the painting is exhibited in the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden ( English : Dresden State Art Collections ) in Germany as a part of the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister ( English : Old Masters Picture Gallery ) . In 1984 , artist Mel Chin created a sculpture based on Doré 's illustration of Myrrha for the Divine Comedy . The sculpture was titled " Myrrha of the Post Industrial World " and depicted a nude woman sitting on a rectangular pedestal . It was an outdoor project in Bryant Park , and the skin of the sculpture was made of perforated steel . Inside was a visible skeleton of polystyrene . When finished , the sculpture was 29 feet tall . = = = Science = = = Several metamorphosing insects ' scientific names reference the myth . Myrrha is a genus of ladybug beetles , such as the 18 @-@ spot ladybird ( Myrrha octodecimguttata ) Libythea myrrha , the club beak , is a butterfly native to India . Cupido myrrha is a rare species of butterfly named by Herrich @-@ Schäffer found on Mount Erciyes in south @-@ eastern Turkey . Catocala myrrha is a synonym for a species of moth known as married underwing . In total the United Kingdom 's Natural History Museum lists eight Lepidoptera ( moths and butterflies ) with the myrrha name . Myrrh is a bitter @-@ tasting , aromatic , yellow to reddish brown gum . It is obtained from small thorny flowering trees of the Commiphora genus , which is a part of the incense @-@ tree family ( Latin : Burseraceae ) . There are two main varieties of myrrh : bisabol and herabol . Bisabol is produced by C. erythraea , an Arabian species similar to the C. myrrha , which produces the herabol myrrh . C. myrrha grows in Ethiopia , Arabia , and Somalia . A large asteroid , measuring 124 kilometres ( 77 mi ) is named 381 Myrrha . It was discovered and named at January 10 , 1894 by A. Charlois at Nice . The mythical Myrrha inspired the name and her son , Adonis , is the name given to another asteroid , 2101 Adonis . Using classical names like Myrrha , Juno , and Vesta when naming minor planets was standard custom at the time when Myrrha was discovered . It was the general opinion that using numbers instead might lead to unnecessary confusion . = Atlanta Flames = The Atlanta Flames were a professional ice hockey team based in Atlanta , Georgia from 1972 until 1980 . They played out of the Omni Coliseum and were members of the West and later Patrick divisions of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Along with the New York Islanders , the Flames were created in 1971 as part of the NHL 's conflict with the rival World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . The team enjoyed modest success on the ice , qualifying for the post @-@ season in six of its eight seasons , but failed to win a playoff series and won only two post @-@ season games total . The franchise struggled to draw fans , and after averaging only 10 @,@ 000 per game in 1979 – 80 , was sold and relocated to Alberta to become the Calgary Flames . Eric Vail was the Flames ' top goal scorer with 174 while Tom Lysiak led with 431 points . Guy Chouinard was the lone player to score 50 goals in one season . Goaltender Dan Bouchard led the team in wins ( 166 ) and shutouts ( 20 ) . Two Flames players won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's top rookie : Vail in 1974 – 75 and Willi Plett in 1975 – 76 . Bob MacMillan won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy as the most gentlemanly player in 1978 – 79 . General Manager Cliff Fletcher is the lone member of the Atlanta team to be named to the Hockey Hall of Fame . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = The National Hockey League ( NHL ) , which had grown from six teams in 1966 to fourteen in 1970 , had not planned further expansion until at least 1973 . The formation of a rival major league ( the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) in 1971 ) altered the NHL 's plans and resulted in the two leagues battling for players and markets . The NHL sought to keep the WHA out of the newly constructed Nassau Coliseum in Long Island , New York . The league also opted to place a team in the American south . The NHL announced on November 9 , 1971 , that it was expanding to Long Island and Atlanta . The Atlanta franchise was awarded to Tom Cousins , who also owned the Atlanta Hawks basketball team , and would play out of the Omni Coliseum . The team cost $ 6 million . Cousins named the franchise the Flames in homage to the burning of Atlanta by U.S. Army general William Sherman during the American Civil War . The Flames hired Cliff Fletcher , formerly of the St. Louis Blues , to serve as the team 's general manager . Former Montreal Canadiens player Bernie Geoffrion was hired as the team 's head coach . The team stocked its roster via an expansion draft held on June 6 , 1972 . Fletcher focused on goaltending , choosing Phil Myre with his first selection and rookie Dan Bouchard with his second . Fletcher drafted a competent roster , but one that was young and inexperienced . Two days later , the Flames selected Jacques Richard as the second overall pick in the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft . = = = 1972 – 1975 = = = The Flames made their NHL debut in Long Island against their expansion cousins , the New York Islanders , on October 7 , 1972 . They won the game 3 – 2 ; Morris Stefaniw scored the first goal in franchise history and the first NHL goal in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum . The team made its home debut one week later on October 14 . Hosting the first event in Omni Coliseum history , the Flames tied the Buffalo Sabres , 1 – 1 , before a sellout crowd of 14 @,@ 568 . The team was respectable through much of the season on the strength of Bouchard and Myre 's goaltending performances , and by mid @-@ January , had a 20 – 19 – 8 win @-@ loss @-@ tie record . The Flames won only five more games through the rest of the season , finishing at 25 – 38 – 15 . Atlanta finished in seventh place in the West Division and missed the playoffs . The team was reasonably successful at the gate : it sold nearly 7 @,@ 000 season tickets by the start of the season , and averaged 12 @,@ 516 fans per game . Tom Lysiak , selected second overall at the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft , joined the Flames for the 1973 – 74 season and made an immediate impact . Lysiak led the Flames in scoring with 64 points and finished second to the Islanders ' Denis Potvin in voting for the Calder Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's top rookie . Improving to 30 – 34 – 14 , the Flames finished fourth in the West and qualified for the 1974 Stanley Cup playoffs . They made their post @-@ season debut against the division @-@ winning Philadelphia Flyers . The first game , played April 9 , 1974 , was a 4 – 1 victory for the Flyers . Philadelphia went on to defeat the Flames in their best @-@ of @-@ seven series with four consecutive wins . Geoffrion was praised for his coaching of the club and finished second in voting for the Jack Adams Award as top coach . The NHL 's expansion to 18 teams in 1974 – 75 resulted in realignment . The league moved to a four division format , placing the Flames in the Patrick Division . Lysiak repeated as the Flames ' top scorer with 77 points while Eric Vail , playing his first full season , led with 39 goals . Vail 's total led all rookies and earned him the Calder Trophy . The team overcame an eight @-@ game losing streak in December and injuries to several key players to post their first winning season with a 34 – 31 – 15 record . However , they finished fourth in the Patrick Division and failed to qualify for the post @-@ season . Citing personal reasons , Geoffrion resigned as head coach late in the season . He was replaced with Fred Creighton , who had been coaching the Flames ' minor league affiliate , the Omaha Knights . Fletcher later credited Geoffrion 's outgoing personality as being the primary reason why people in Atlanta followed the Flames in the franchise 's first seasons while the team 's players later stated an appreciation for Creighton 's more technical coaching and teaching style . = = = 1975 – 1980 = = = Creighton produced a consistent , but not outstanding team , as the Flames finished third in the Patrick for the following three seasons and typically won a few games more than they lost each year . The team qualified for the playoffs all three years , but lost in the preliminary round each time . In 1975 – 76 , they were defeated by the Los Angeles Kings in a best of three series 2 games to 0 . The Kings again eliminated the Flames in 1976 – 77 , but Atlanta earned its first playoff victory in franchise history in the second game of the series . Vail scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 3 – 2 victory over the Kings on April 7 , 1977 , but the Flames were eliminated in the third game . 1975 draft pick Willi Plett emerged as a young star for the Flames . He scored 33 goals in his rookie season of 1976 – 77 and won the Calder Trophy . Seeking to improve his team 's fortunes , Fletcher made several moves over the following seasons to rework the Flames roster . His goaltending tandem of Bouchard and Myre had begun to feud with each other by the 1977 – 78 season as both sought more playing time . Fletcher responded by naming Bouchard his number one goaltender and trading Myre to the St. Louis Blues for three players . They made it into the playoffs again but were the only team to fall to a team with fewer points than them , the Detroit Red Wings , in a best @-@ of @-@ three series , 2 games to 0 . In March 1979 , Fletcher completed an eight player trade that sent franchise @-@ leading scorer Tom Lysiak and four players to the Chicago Black Hawks for three players , led by defenseman Phil Russell . Fletcher hoped that the addition of Russell would help his team achieve playoff success . Buoyed by a franchise record ten @-@ game winning streak in October 1978 , the 1978 – 79 Flames posted the best record in their Atlanta years at 41 – 31 – 8 . Bob MacMillan , acquired in the Myre deal , became the first Flame other than Lysiak to lead the team in scoring in six years and , along with Guy Chouinard , was one of the first two Flames ' players to score 100 points in one season . Chouinard also became the team 's first 50 @-@ goal scorer . MacMillan won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy that season as the NHL 's most gentlemanly player . In the playoffs against the Toronto Maple Leafs , Atlanta again failed to win a game as they lost a best of three series 2 games to 0 . Fletcher continued to alter his team 's make @-@ up throughout the 1979 – 80 . Al MacNeil replaced Creighton as head coach prior to the season , and the team acquired Swedish star Kent Nilsson following the demise of the WHA . Nilsson led Atlanta in scoring with 40 goals and 53 assists . At the 1979 NHL Entry Draft , Fletcher selected four players – Paul Reinhart , Jim Peplinski , Pat Riggin and Tim Hunter – who would ultimately become regulars in the Flames line up . However , while the Flames again qualified for the playoffs in 1980 , they again lost in the first round , losing a best @-@ of @-@ five series to the New York Rangers three games to one . = = = Relocation = = = As the team stagnated on the ice , the Flames struggled at the gate . They peaked at an average of 14 @,@ 161 fans per game in their second season , 1973 – 74 , but fell to 12 @,@ 258 three years later and then 10 @,@ 500 in 1977 – 78 . Concerns that low attendance could result in the relocation of the team surfaced by 1976 , prompting politicians and the players themselves to purchase tickets in a bid to stabilize the franchise . The Flames attempted to boost attendance in 1980 by signing Jim Craig , goaltender of the American Olympic team that had won the Olympic gold medal following its " Miracle on Ice " victory over the Soviet Union . It was not successful as attendance fell to an average of 10 @,@ 024 . Adding to the Flames ' financial woes was the fact that the Omni Coliseum was built without revenue @-@ generating luxury suites , among the last major arenas in North America to be built without them , which led Fletcher to describe the facility as being " out @-@ of @-@ date when it opened " . Cousins announced that he was seeking to sell the club following the Flames ' exit from the playoffs ; Their final game , a 5 – 2 loss , was played in Atlanta on April 12 , 1980 . He claimed to have suffered significant financial losses on the team while low viewership hampered his ability to sign a television contract for the team . The team , estimated to have lost $ 12 million in its eight years , had been rumored for months to be moving to Calgary , though Dallas and Houston were also mentioned as possible destinations . The Seaman brothers , Daryl and Byron , had made an offer of $ 14 million while the City of Calgary prepared to build a new arena for the team . However , Canadian businessman Nelson Skalbania emerged as a rival bidder for the team before joining the Calgary consortium . The group agreed to purchase the Flames for $ 16 million , at the time the highest price ever paid for a National Hockey League team . The sale was announced on May 21 , 1980 , and the franchise relocated to Canada where it became the Calgary Flames . The Flames have since used the Atlanta logo for both its alternate captains , and the team 's former affiliate that played in the American Hockey League , the Adirondack Flames . The last active Atlanta Flames player in the NHL was Kent Nilsson , who played his final game in 1995 . Several former players of the team returned to Atlanta once their careers ended . Among them , Tom Lysiak operated a horse farm outside the city , Eric Vail returned to operate a nightclub , and Willi Plett operated a sporting theme park and golf course . = = Season @-@ by @-@ season record = = Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against , PIM = Penalties in minutes = = Notable personnel = = = = = Team captains = = = Keith McCreary 1972 – 75 Pat Quinn 1975 – 77 Tom Lysiak 1977 – 79 Jean Pronovost 1979 – 80 = = = Award winners = = = Three members of the Flames were named recipients of NHL awards during the team 's tenure in Atlanta . Eric Vail was the first , as he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the top rookie in 1974 – 75 after scoring 39 goals and finishing with 60 points . Paraguayan @-@ born Willi Plett won the award two years later after scoring 33 goals and 23 assists in his first full NHL season . Bob MacMillan was named the league 's most gentlemanly player in 1978 – 79 , which earned him the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy . He finished fifth overall in league scoring with 104 points while accruing only 14 penalty minutes throughout the season . Seven players represented the Flames at the NHL All @-@ Star Game . Randy Manery became the team 's first all @-@ star when he played in the 1973 contest . He was subsequently joined by Al McDonough ( 1974 ) , Tom Lysiak ( 1975 , 1976 and 1977 ) , Curt Bennett ( 1975 and 1976 ) , Eric Vail ( 1977 ) , Bill Clement ( 1978 ) and Kent Nilsson ( 1980 ) . = = = Hockey Hall of Fame = = = There are three members of the Atlanta Flames organization to be enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame . Cliff Fletcher . A native of Montreal , Fletcher began his career in hockey management as a scout for the Montreal Canadiens in 1956 and rose to the position of assistant general manager with the St. Louis Blues before being hired in 1972 as the inaugural and lone general manager of the Atlanta Flames . Fletcher remained with the organization for another 11 years following its transition to Calgary and was the architect of the franchise 's lone Stanley Cup championship , in 1989 . He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2004 as a builder . Patt Quinn played with the Atlanta Flames from 1972 to 1977 was inducted as a builder for coaching various teams around the league . The Flames first coach Bernie Geoffrion was also inducted into the player category in 1972 , the same year he joined the Flames organization . = = Scoring leaders = = These are the top ten scorers for the franchise during its time in Atlanta . Note : GP = Games played , G = Goals , A = Assists , Pts = Points , PIM = Penalties in minutes = = Individual records = = = = = Single @-@ season = = = Most goals : Guy Chouinard , 50 ( 1978 – 79 ) Most assists : Bob MacMillan , 71 ( 1978 – 79 ) Most points : Bob MacMillan , 108 ( 1978 – 79 ) Most penalty minutes : Willi Plett , 231 ( 1979 – 80 ) Most points , defenseman : Paul Reinhart , 47 ( 1979 – 80 ) Most points , rookie : Tom Lysiak , 64 ( 1973 – 74 ) Most wins : Dan Bouchard , 32 ( 1978 – 79 ) = = = Career = = = Games : Eric Vail , 469 Goals : Eric Vail , 174 Assists : Tom Lysiak , 276 Points : Tom Lysiak , 431 Penalty minutes : Willi Plett , 738 Goaltender games : Dan Bouchard , 384 Goaltender wins : Dan Bouchard , 164 Shutouts : Dan Bouchard , 20 = Sour Milk Sea = " Sour Milk Sea " is a song by the English rock singer Jackie Lomax that was released as his debut single on the Beatles ' Apple record label in August 1968 . It was written by George Harrison during the Beatles ' stay in Rishikesh , India , and given to Lomax to help launch Apple Records . The song 's recording was the first of many extracurricular musical projects undertaken by Harrison , who produced the track , and a rarity among non @-@ Beatles songs since it features contributions from three members of the band . Along with Harrison , Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney , the musicians on the track were Eric Clapton and session pianist Nicky Hopkins . Harrison wrote " Sour Milk Sea " to promote Transcendental Meditation , which the Beatles had been studying in Rishikesh with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . The group recorded a demo of the song while considering material for their 1968 double album , The Beatles . On release , Lomax 's single was overshadowed in Apple 's " Our First Four " promotional campaign by the Beatles ' " Hey Jude " and Mary Hopkin 's " Those Were the Days " ; it enjoyed only minor success internationally , becoming a top 30 hit in Canada . Together with its B @-@ side , the Lomax @-@ written " The Eagle Laughs at You " , the song was included on the singer 's only Apple album , Is This What You Want ? , released in March 1969 . " Sour Milk Sea " has received praise from many music critics . Writing for Mojo shortly after Lomax 's death in 2013 , Danny Eccleston described it as " a brilliantly excitable recording " , although he attributed the single 's lack of commercial success to an " accusatory tone " in Harrison 's lyrics . The track also appears on the 2010 multi @-@ artist compilation Come and Get It : The Best of Apple Records . = = Background and inspiration = = " Sour Milk Sea " was one of several songs that George Harrison wrote while staying at Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 's ashram in Rishikesh , India , from February to April 1968 . Having first visited India in September 1966 , following the Beatles ' final concert tour , Harrison became enamoured with the teachings of the Maharishi and led his Beatles bandmates to Rishikesh to study Transcendental Meditation two years later . With Life magazine labelling 1968 " the Year of the Guru " , the Beatles ' visit generated wide interest in Transcendental Meditation , and Eastern spirituality generally , among Western youth . Author Simon Leng writes that with " Sour Milk Sea " , Harrison adopted " the role of advertising executive " to further promote meditation . Leng views it as a follow @-@ up to " Within You Without You " , in which Harrison had first channelled the teachings of the Hindu Vedas into a song . In his autobiography , I , Me , Mine , Harrison says that " Sour Milk Sea " espouses meditation as a means to improve the quality of one 's life , as well as advocating a proactive approach when faced with difficulty . He says he named the composition after a picture titled Kalladadi Samudra , which reflects the theme of Vishvasara Tantra in sacred Hindu texts , particularly regarding " the geological theory of the evolution of organic life on earth " . Singer Jackie Lomax , whose debut solo album Harrison had agreed to produce before the Beatles departed for India , said that the Sour Milk Sea symbolises " a fallow period " during each of the Earth 's 26 @,@ 000 @-@ year evolutionary cycles , before the planet begins its process of regeneration . = = Composition = = As with the other songs he wrote in Rishikesh , " Sour Milk Sea " marked the start of Harrison 's return to the guitar as his main instrument , coinciding with a gradual relinquishing of his attempts to master the Indian sitar . Referring to the compositional draft for " Sour Milk Sea " , musicologist Walter Everett states that together the various chords suggest " a pentatonic minor scale on A , allowing B ♭ as a tritone @-@ related ornament to E7 " . The song makes limited use of the expected A major chord , however , instead centring on E over the verses and D in the choruses , with the latter representing what Everett terms " the Mixolydian ♭ VII area " . Described by author and critic Richie Unterberger as a melody filled with " tense chord ascensions " , the composition shares its melodic characteristics with " Savoy Truffle " , another Harrison song from 1968 . In the lyrics to the verses , Harrison focuses on the benefits of Transcendental Meditation rather than detailing the way to achieve these results . While Leng likens Harrison 's approach to that of an advertiser selling anti @-@ dandruff shampoo , author Joshua Greene describes the lyrical thrust of the song as : " Is life getting you down ? Not getting the breaks you want ? Try illumination . " Harrison proffers greater awareness and a release from earthly limitations as the other benefits brought about by the meditation experience . According to theologian Dale Allison , through its promise of a quick solution , the song pre @-@ empts the concept espoused by John Lennon two years later in " Instant Karma ! " Harrison urges the listener to follow a " very simple process " and to " do it soon " , in order to leave the Sour Milk Sea state of mind and " Get back to where you should be " . Author Ian Inglis views the chorus lyrics as particularly forthright ; he paraphrases the message as " admit your shortcomings , pull yourself together , look for a solution " . Although it originated as an acoustic guitar song , the official recording of " Sour Milk Sea " is in the heavy rock style typical of the late 1960s . Greene comments on the appropriateness of this " hard @-@ driving , blues guitar medium " as a way for Harrison to directly convey " a simple rule of thumb " regarding the human condition . = = The Beatles ' demo = = The Beatles recorded a demo of " Sour Milk Sea " at Harrison 's Esher home , Kinfauns , in May 1968 , while preparing material for their self @-@ titled double album , also known as " the White Album " . The demo was taped on Harrison 's Ampex four @-@ track recorder . The performance features Harrison singing falsetto throughout , and a musical backing that includes guitars and percussion . Although the subsequent album sessions were marked by disharmony and a lack of cooperation among the band members , author and critic Kenneth Womack notes that the Kinfauns demos " witness the Beatles working in unison and exalting in the pure joy of their music " . Leng similarly describes the group 's performance of " Sour Milk Sea " as an " exciting " version " [ p ] layed with real enthusiasm " . The recording has appeared on bootleg albums , including Acoustic Masterpieces ( The Esher Demos ) . As with several of the songs previewed at Kinfauns , the Beatles did not revisit " Sour Milk Sea " during the White Album sessions . Harrison decided to give the song to former Undertakers singer Jackie Lomax – a fellow Liverpudlian and one of the first artists signed to the Beatles ' record label , Apple Records , in early 1968 . In a 2004 interview , Lomax said that he was fortunate to have Harrison 's help , adding : " even on a big project like The White Album he only had four songs . I think he was feeling held back [ in the Beatles ] . " = = Recording = = WIth Harrison as his producer , Lomax recorded " Sour Milk Sea " for release as a single . The sessions for the song began at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London on 24 June 1968 , before moving to Trident Studios , to use that facility 's superior , eight @-@ track recording equipment . Speaking to Melody Maker in September that year , Harrison described the recording as a " glorified jam session " . The line @-@ up consisted of Lomax on vocals , Harrison and Eric Clapton on guitars , Nicky Hopkins on piano , Paul McCartney on bass , and Ringo Starr on drums . McCartney was absent from the initial session , however , only returning on 25 June from an Apple @-@ related business trip to California . While Apple projects typically featured one member of the Beatles , " Sour Milk Sea " is the only track where more than two members of the band appeared on another artist 's recording . Clapton 's electric guitar playing gave the song a riff @-@ based quality that was absent from the Beatles ' version . Lomax later said that he thought the track " worked as an instrumental " , and he recalled his nervousness when it came to overdubbing the vocal part , with " three Beatles in the control room watching me " . In addition to supplying acoustic rhythm guitar on the song , Harrison played an electric guitar solo , which appears shortly after the two @-@ minute mark on the recording , following Clapton 's lead guitar break . Hammond organ was also added over this instrumental passage , although the part is uncredited . Recording was completed on 26 June . Like Clapton and Hopkins , Lomax went on to contribute to the sessions for The Beatles , singing backing vocals on " Dear Prudence " . Leng identifies " Sour Milk Sea " as marking three important " firsts " in Harrison 's career . It was the first song Harrison " gave away " to another artist , a sign that his output as a songwriter had outgrown the quota of tracks typically allocated to him on Beatles releases . The Lomax album project also marked the first time that Harrison served as producer for another artist , after he had produced sessions in London and Bombay for his own debut solo album , Wonderwall Music . In addition , although Clapton had contributed to Wonderwall Music earlier in the year , " Sour Milk Sea " is the first example of him and Harrison sharing the lead guitarist 's role on a recording . Later in 1968 , the pair co @-@ wrote Cream 's final hit single , " Badge " , while their guitar combination would be a feature through much of Harrison 's solo career , as well as on Derek and the Dominos ' first single , " Tell the Truth " . = = = " The Eagle Laughs at You " = = = For the single 's B @-@ side , Lomax recorded his composition " The Eagle Laughs at You " . Produced by Harrison , the song was also recorded between 24 and 26 June . According to Apple Records historian Andy Davis , the musicians on the track comprised an " ad hoc power trio " of Lomax on bass and rhythm guitar , Harrison on lead guitar and " a couple of overdubs " , and drummer Tony Newman from Sounds Incorporated . Lomax recalled that he and Harrison overdubbed a cornet part ( played by a studio cleaner ) and then manipulated the recording to make it sound like the call of an elephant . = = Release = = The " Sour Milk Sea " single was issued on 26 August 1968 in America ( as Apple 1802 ) and 6 September in Britain ( as Apple 3 ) . Along with " Hey Jude " by the Beatles , Mary Hopkin 's " Those Were the Days " and the Black Dyke Mills Band 's " Thingumybob " , it was one of Apple 's " Our First Four " singles , marking the official launch of the label . The four releases took place on the same day in the United States but were spread out over two weeks in the UK . Apple staged a lavish promotional campaign for the launch , led by Derek Taylor , whom Harrison had invited to help run the Beatles ' new enterprise . In advance of the release date , the company declared 11 – 18 August to be " National Apple Week " and sent gift @-@ wrapped boxes of the four records to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family , and to the British prime minister . Although Lomax 's single received considerable promotion , it was a surprising commercial failure . " Sour Milk Sea " did not chart in Britain . In America , the song reached number 117 during a two @-@ week run on the Bubbling Under listings of Billboard 's Hot 100 chart , and " The Eagle Laughs at You " placed at number 125 . " Sour Milk Sea " was a hit in Canada , however , peaking at number 29 on the RPM 100 in November 1968 . In a 1974 feature on his career in ZigZag magazine , Lomax said that the song 's release in tandem with " obvious " hits like " Hey Jude " and " Those Were the Days " jinxed its commercial performance , since radio stations were reluctant to risk alienating other record labels by featuring all four Apple singles too heavily on their playlists . Lomax added : " So they kind of lost me in the shuffle . " Both sides of the single were included on Lomax 's only album for Apple , Is This What You Want ? , released in March 1969 . The album similarly failed to achieve commercial success , a result that perplexed the Beatles , who continued to believe in Lomax 's talents . Due to the song 's strong association with the Beatles and Eric Clapton , " Sour Milk Sea " retained a degree of renown among rock music fans ; Danny Eccleston of Mojo magazine later described it as a " cult rendering " . In 1970 , Sour Milk Sea , one of singer Freddie Mercury 's pre @-@ Queen bands , was named after the track . In June the following year , Apple re @-@ released " Sour Milk Sea " with " Fall Inside Your Eyes " on the B @-@ side , but this single also failed to chart . In 2010 , Apple reissued Is This What You Want ? as both an individual release and as part of the seventeen @-@ disc box set titled The Apple Box . " Sour Milk Sea " also appeared on the accompanying two @-@ CD compilation , Come and Get It : The Best of Apple Records . In conjunction with these releases , a mono mix of the song was made available for digital download . = = Critical reception and legacy = = On release in 1968 , the single received favourable reviews from music critics . Writing for Rolling Stone in 1971 , Ben Edmonds described " Sour Milk Sea " as " excellent " but suggested that Lomax " seemed to get lost among the superstars " accompanying him . Three years later , Andy Childs of ZigZag admired it as " a classic single – a really dynamic rock song with Lomax in great voice " . Among Beatles biographers , Bruce Spizer attributes the commercial failure of Lomax 's " great rock single " to the simultaneous release of " Hey Jude " and " Those Were the Days " , while John Winn describes it as an " excellent debut " and " an inexplicable flop " . Simon Leng opines that the song " just wasn 't catchy enough " in Lomax 's reading and views the Beatles ' " garage rendition " as superior . Although he finds the musical arrangement and Lomax 's singing slightly incongruous beside Harrison 's philosophical lyrics , Ian Inglis recognises the track as " an early prototype of heavy metal , particularly in the interplay between drums and lead guitar and its relentless sequence of musical climaxes " . Writing in Goldmine magazine in 2002 , Dave Thompson included " Sour Milk Sea " and " Badge " in his list of the Harrison @-@ written songs that " rank among the finest Beatles compositions of the group 's final years " , and he concluded : " the only regret is that neither of the latter two ever made it into a Beatles recording session . " In his book on the making of the White Album , Uncut critic David Quantick describes the song as " excellent " and rues how , together with Harrison 's " Not Guilty " , it was passed over in favour of " old toot such as ' Rocky Raccoon ' and ' Bungalow Bill ' " . Less impressed with the track , Richie Unterberger finds the lyrics " a blend of encouragement and mild scolding " , while rating it " a serviceable hard @-@ rock number with a bluesy boogie feel " next to the " considerably superior " " Savoy Truffle " . In his online article for Mojo published shortly after Lomax 's death in September 2013 , Danny Eccleston described " Sour Milk Sea " as " a brilliantly excitable recording " , although he attributed the song 's lack of success to an " accusatory tone " in Harrison 's lyrics . In his preview of Apple 's 2010 reissues , for Rolling Stone , David Fricke listed Is This What You Want ? third among the label 's top five non @-@ Beatle album releases and praised " Sour Milk Sea " as , variously , a " get @-@ off @-@ your @-@ ass rocker " and " dynamite " . Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot considered it to be " a knockout version " . Among reviews of the Come and Get It compilation , Douglas Wolk of Pitchfork Media opined that " Sour Milk Sea " " would 've been one of the best songs on [ the White Album ] if George had kept it for himself " , while Uncut 's David Cavanagh described the track as " sensational " . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine calls the song " a dense , brilliant , and soulful psychedelic rocker " . In his liner notes to the compilation , Andy Davis , formerly the editor of Record Collector magazine , highlights " Sour Milk Sea " as " the greatest record The Beatles never made " . = = Personnel = = According to John Winn : Jackie Lomax – vocals George Harrison – acoustic guitar , lead guitar ( solo ) Eric Clapton – lead guitar Nicky Hopkins – piano Paul McCartney – bass Ringo Starr – drums uncredited – Hammond organ = Chlamys hastata = Chlamys hastata , the spear scallop , spiny scallop or swimming scallop , is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pectinidae found on the west coast of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to San Diego , California . A limited number of these scallops are harvested by divers or by narrow trawls off the west coast of Canada . The spiny scallop lives on the seabed in the sublittoral zone between low tide mark and a depth of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) , on soft sediment or on rock , particularly in areas with a strong current . It is a filter feeder , sieving microscopic algae from water that passes though its gills . It is preyed on by starfish , octopuses and sea otters . It can detect predators by smell and by sight and can swim away from them by opening and closing its valves . Other organisms often grow on the exterior of its shell and it often forms a symbiotic relationship with an encrusting sponge which grows on the upper valve and helps protect it from predators . = = Etymology = = The scientific name is derived from chlamys , the Latin word for a Greek cloak or short cape made of wool and worn by a soldier , and hastata meaning " spear @-@ like " from the Latin hasta , a spear or javelin . = = Description = = The shell of the spiny scallop is slightly shaped like a fan and is able to grow to a height of about 9 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) though a more normal adult size is 6 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) . The shell is composed of two valves , each of which is convex and has a small number of broad ribs covered with blunt spines . These radiate from the umbone , the rounded protuberance near the hinge , and between them are fine etched striations . The background colour is white with radial bands of pale purple and the right valve , which is usually underneath , is paler than the left . The annual growth rings are visible , often as concentric bands of a different hue . Beside the hinge are two irregular shell flaps or auricles with the anterior one normally being much larger than the other . This provides an attachment for the single strong adductor muscle that closes the shell . On either side of the long hinge there are some little ridges and grooves known as teeth . Their function is to prevent the valves moving sideways with regard to each other . Some bivalve shells have large " cardinal " teeth on the hinge immediately below the umbone , but the spiny scallop does not . Instead it has 5 or 6 lateral teeth lying on either side of the hinge . Lining the inside of the valves is the mantle , a membrane that covers the gut and other internal organs . It can be seen round the margins of the valves as a thick layer like a sandwich filling . It is fringed with numerous short tentacles and there is a row of tiny simple eyes close to each of the valves . The animal usually lies on its right valve and its exposed , left valve often has a colonial sponge growing on it . The spiny scallop can be distinguished from its close relative the Pacific pink scallop ( Chlamys rubida ) by the valves being less rounded and by the small curved spines on the ribs which give it a rough texture whereas the Pacific pink feels smooth . The glossy white interior of the spiny scallop 's shell often has a purplish blotch near the umbone , not present in the Pacific pink . = = Distribution and habitat = = The spiny scallop occurs naturally on the west coast of North America . Its range extends from the Gulf of Alaska to San Diego in southern California . It is found on the seabed in areas of sand , gravel or crushed shell and among boulders to a depth of about 150 metres ( 490 ft ) . It is also known from seagrass meadows and rocky shores and favours locations with high currents . = = Biology = = The spiny scallop anchors itself to the substrate with a few byssus threads . It is unclear what the purpose of these is but they may serve to help orient the scallop with regard to the current for optimal feeding . Another possibility is that they may angle the scallop ready for a quick getaway . They are easily broken when the scallop starts to swim . It is a filter feeder . It exposes its mantle by separating its valves and passes water through its gills by ciliary action . A large scallop can process about 4 litres of water an hour per gram of its weight . Phytoplankton are sieved from the water by the gills and moved to the mouth in ciliated grooves . Here they are sorted by a pair of labial palps ( mouth appendages ) , before being ingested . Rejected particles are formed into mucous @-@ wrapped blobs . These are ejected from the mantle cavity at intervals along with the faeces by a rapid clapping of the valves . When the gonads are ripening , a raised level of microalgae in the diet has been found to increase gonadal development . At this time , glycogen storage in the main adductor muscle is depleted as energy is transferred from there to the gonads . When the spiny scallop 's valves are parted for feeding and respiration , many tentacles protrude from each edge of the mantle . The longer ones have sensitive chemoreceptor cells at their tip which can taste the water and allow the mollusc to react appropriately to , for example , the " smell " of a starfish , by taking evasive action . The shorter ones , forming a ring all the way round the edge of the mantle , have simple eyes at their tips . Each eye contains a lens , two retinas and a concave spherical mirror . The eyes cannot see objects but can detect the difference between light and darkness , enabling the valves to be snapped shut if some large , threatening object looms nearby . They also seem to be able to detect the size and speed of particles moving past the bivalve in the current , enabling it to open its valves wide to feed when conditions are suitable . Spiny scallops are dioecious , individuals being either male or female . They become mature at about 2 years old and usually live for about 4 years . Breeding takes place in the summer . Gametes are released into the water column and fertilisation is external . Veliger larvae begin to develop from the eggs in about 2 days and drift with the plankton for 40 days , growing to a maximum valve length of 240μ ( 0 @.@ 01 inch ) . The larvae have a tuft of broad , compound cilia near the mouth . The velum , the locomotory and feeding organ , has bands of cilia running down it . The simple eyes and rudimentary gills start developing on about the 25th day . The foot becomes visible on the 15th day and the propodium ( the projecting front end of the foot ) develops on about the 28th . By the 34rd day , the larva is crawling about using its foot and its cilia . Metamorphosis takes place on about the 40th day . Over the course of 48 hours , the internal organs undergo a 90 ° rotation , the valves , hinge and ligament appear and the gills lengthen . A swimming veliger larva has become a benthic juvenile scallop . = = Ecology = = Animals that feed on the spiny scallop include starfish , particularly the ochre star ( Pisaster ochraceus ) and the sunflower star ( Pycnopodia helianthoides ) , octopuses and sea otters . The scallop can swim and does so to escape from predators , repeatedly opening and shutting its valves in a clapping action . Each time the valves close , water is expelled through a gap in the mantle on the dorsal side of the hinge and the animal moves margin first , a form of jet propulsion . It has chemoreceptors on the mantle margins which detect the approach of a starfish and enable it to take evasive action . It also responds in this way to predators that feed on sponges , such as nudibranchs of the genus Archidoris spp .. The spiny scallop usually has a symbiotic relationship with an encrusting sponge which grows on its left valve . This is most often the orange Myxilla incrustans but is sometimes the purple or brown Mycale adherens . The sponge provides camouflage for the scallop and may deter predators from attacking it as sponges often produce a repulsive odour and tend to be distasteful . It also makes it more difficult for a starfish to get the strong grip with its tube feet that it needs to force the two valves of the scallop apart . The sponge benefits from the fact that living on the scallop prevents it from being buried in sediment . In the wild it has been found that the scallops and their encrusting sponges both grow to a larger size in areas of high turbidity . A laboratory study showed that , in conditions where the sediment was frequently stirred up , sponges on empty scallop shells all died while those on living shells flourished . However , another study showed that growth rates in scallops heavily encrusted by sponges were significantly lower than in unencumbered ones . Other organisms also grow on the scallop 's shell . The boring sponge Cliona celata is a parasitic species which makes holes up to 1 @.@ 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 059 in ) diameter in the valve . Other common epibionts living on the surface of the valve include tube worms , barnacles and bryozoans . In a survey undertaken off San Juan Islands , Washington , 144 scallops , C. hastata and C. rubida were dredged up , mostly from a depth of 90 metres ( 300 ft ) . The right valve was much more heavily colonised than the left with 76 % clad with epibionts as against 17 % of the left valves . The encrusting sponges ( mostly Mycale adhaerens ) were common as were the barnacle ( Balanus rostratus ) and the tube worms Neosabellaria cementarium , Serpula vermicularis and Spirorbis sp . Also encountered were other bivalves , bryozoans , brachiopods and tunicates . Many of the tubes made by the worms were unoccupied and other organisms overgrew living and dead calcareous tubes . On the lower , left valve , cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans predominated . Starfish seem equally able to force open the valves of a scallop with barnacles on it as one with none . Barnacles are normally sessile animals unable to evade predators . When they are attached to a scallop they benefit from the defence response of the mollusc to threats which enables it to avoid predation . The scallop is disadvantaged because the presence of barnacles may reduce its ability to swim . It has been found that encrusting sponges emit chemicals that discourage barnacle larvae from settling nearby . The larvae preferentially settle on shells that are not encrusted with sponges . This is another way in which encrusting sponges are of advantage to the scallops which are less impeded in their ability to swim by sponges than they are by barnacles . = = Fishery = = Some harvesting of scallops under exploratory fishing licences is done off the west coast of Canada , though a previous commercial scallop fishery has been discontinued . Methods used are diving and small trawls with a maximum width of 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) . Minimum size limits are set for the height of the shells , 80 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) for the spiny scallop and 71 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) for the pink scallop . A framework research document was published by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in 2000 which made recommendations on the development of the dive and trawl fisheries . = Cynicism ( philosophy ) = Cynicism ( Greek : κυνισμός ) is a school of Ancient Greek philosophy as practiced by the Cynics ( Greek : Κυνικοί , Latin : Cynici ) . For the Cynics , the purpose of life was to live in virtue , in agreement with nature . As reasoning creatures , people could gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which was natural for themselves , rejecting all conventional desires for wealth , power , sex and fame . Instead , they were to lead a simple life free from all possessions . The first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes , who had been a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BC . He was followed by Diogenes of Sinope , who lived in a tub on the streets of Athens . Diogenes took Cynicism to its logical extremes , and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher . He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens . Cynicism spread with the rise of Imperial Rome in the 1st century , and Cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the empire . It finally disappeared in the late 5th century , although similar ascetic and rhetorical ideas appear in early Christianity . By the 19th century , emphasis on the negative aspects of Cynic philosophy led to the modern understanding of cynicism to mean a disposition of disbelief in the sincerity or goodness of human motives and actions . = = Origin of the Cynic name = = The name Cynic derives from Ancient Greek κυνικός ( kynikos ) , meaning " dog @-@ like " , and κύων ( kyôn ) , meaning " dog " ( genitive : kynos ) . One explanation offered in ancient times for why the Cynics were called " dogs " was because the first Cynic , Antisthenes , taught in the Cynosarges gymnasium at Athens . The word cynosarges means the " place of the white dog " . It seems certain , however , that the word dog was also thrown at the first Cynics as an insult for their shameless rejection of conventional manners , and their decision to live on the streets . Diogenes , in particular , was referred to as the " Dog " , a distinction he seems to have revelled in , stating that " other dogs bite their enemies , I bite my friends to save them . " Later Cynics also sought to turn the word to their advantage , as a later commentator explained : There are four reasons why the Cynics are so named . First because of the indifference of their way of life , for they make a cult of indifference and , like dogs , eat and make love in public , go barefoot , and sleep in tubs and at crossroads . The second reason is that the dog is a shameless animal , and they make a cult of shamelessness , not as being beneath modesty , but as superior to it . The third reason is that the dog is a good guard , and they guard the tenets of their philosophy . The fourth reason is that the dog is a discriminating animal which can distinguish between its friends and enemies . So do they recognize as friends those who are suited to philosophy , and receive them kindly , while those unfitted they drive away , like dogs , by barking at them . = = Philosophy = = Cynicism is one of the most striking of all the Hellenistic philosophies . It offered people the possibility of happiness and freedom from suffering in an age of uncertainty . Although there was never an official Cynic doctrine , the fundamental principles of Cynicism can be summarised as follows : The goal of life is eudaimonia and mental clarity or lucidity ( ἁτυφια ) - freedom from smoke ( τύφος ) which signified ignorance , mindlessness , folly , and conceit . Eudaimonia is achieved by living in accord with Nature as understood by human reason . Arrogance ( τύφος ) is caused by false judgments of value , which cause negative emotions , unnatural desires , and a vicious character . Eudaimonia , or human flourishing , depends on self @-@ sufficiency ( αὐτάρκεια ) , equanimity , arete , love of humanity , parrhesia and indifference to the vicissitudes of life ( ἁδιαφορία ) . One progresses towards flourishing and clarity through ascetic practices ( ἄσκησις ) which help one become free from influences – such as wealth , fame , and power – that have no value in Nature . Examples include Diogenes ' practice of living in a tub and walking barefoot in winter . A Cynic practices shamelessness or impudence ( Αναιδεια ) and defaces the nomos of society ; the laws , customs , and social conventions which people take for granted . Thus a Cynic has no property and rejects all conventional values of money , fame , power and reputation . A life lived according to nature requires only the bare necessities required for existence , and one can become free by unshackling oneself from any needs which are the result of convention . The Cynics adopted Heracles as their hero , as epitomizing the ideal Cynic . Heracles " was he who brought Cerberus , the hound of Hades , from the underworld , a point of special appeal to the dog @-@ man , Diogenes . " According to Lucian , " Cerberus and Cynic are surely related through the dog . " The Cynic way of life required continuous training , not just in exercising judgments and mental impressions , but a physical training as well : [ Diogenes ] used to say , that there were two kinds of exercise : that , namely , of the mind and that of the body ; and that the latter of these created in the mind such quick and agile impressions at the time of its performance , as very much facilitated the practice of virtue ; but that one was imperfect without the other , since the health and vigour necessary for the practice of what is good , depend equally on both mind and body . None of this meant that a Cynic would retreat from society . Cynics were in fact to live in the full glare of the public 's gaze and be quite indifferent in the face of any insults which might result from their unconventional behaviour . The Cynics are said to have invented the idea of cosmopolitanism : when he was asked where he came from , Diogenes replied that he was " a citizen of the world , ( kosmopolitês ) . " The ideal Cynic would evangelise ; as the watchdog of humanity , they thought it their duty to hound people about the error of their ways . The example of the Cynic 's life ( and the use of the Cynic 's biting satire ) would dig up and expose the pretensions which lay at the root of everyday conventions . Although Cynicism concentrated solely on ethics , Cynic philosophy had a major impact on the Hellenistic world , ultimately becoming an important influence for Stoicism . The Stoic Apollodorus writing in the 2nd century BC stated that " Cynicism is the short path to virtue . " = = History of Cynicism = = The classical Greek and Roman Cynics regarded virtue as the only necessity for happiness , and saw virtue as entirely sufficient for attaining it . Classical Cynics followed this philosophy to the extent of neglecting everything not furthering their perfection of virtue and attainment of happiness , thus , the title of Cynic , derived from the Greek word κύων ( meaning " dog " ) because they allegedly neglected society , hygiene , family , money , etc . , in a manner reminiscent of dogs . They sought to free themselves from conventions ; become self @-@ sufficient ; and live only in accordance with nature . They rejected any conventional notions of happiness involving money , power , and fame , to lead entirely virtuous , and thus happy , lives . The ancient Cynics rejected conventional social values , and would criticise the types of behaviours , such as greed , which they viewed as causing suffering . Emphasis on this aspect of their teachings led , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , to the modern understanding of cynicism as " an attitude of scornful or jaded negativity , especially a general distrust of the integrity or professed motives of others . " This modern definition of cynicism is in marked contrast to the ancient philosophy , which emphasized " virtue and moral freedom in liberation from desire . " = = = Influences = = = Various philosophers , such as the Pythagoreans , had advocated simple living in the centuries preceding the Cynics . In the early 6th century BC , Anacharsis , a Scythian sage , had combined plain living together with criticisms of Greek customs in a manner which would become standard among the Cynics . Perhaps of importance were tales of Indian philosophers , known to later Greeks as the gymnosophists , who had adopted a strict asceticism together with a disrespect for established laws and customs . By the 5th century BC , the sophists had begun a process of questioning many aspects of Greek society such as religion , law and ethics . However , the most immediate influence for the Cynic school was Socrates . Although he was not an ascetic , he did profess a love of virtue and an indifference to wealth , together with a disdain for general opinion . These aspects of Socrates ' thought , which formed only a minor part of Plato 's philosophy , became the central inspiration for another of Socrates ' pupils , Antisthenes . = = = Symbolisms = = = Cynics were often recognized in the ancient world by their apparel - an old cloak and a staff . The cloak came as an allusion to Socrates and his manner of dress , while the staff was to the club of Heracles . These items became so symbolic of the Cynic vocation that ancient writers accosted those who thought that donning the Cynic garb would make them suited to the philosophy . In the social evolution from the archaic age to the classical , the public ceased carrying weapons into the poleis . Originally it was expected that one carried a sword while in the city ; However , a transition to spears , and then to staffs occurred until wearing any weapon in the city became a foolish old custom . Thus , the very act of carrying a staff was slightly taboo itself . According to modern theorists , the symbol of the staff was one which both functions as a tool to signal the user ’ s dissociation from physical labour , that is , as a display of conspicuous leisure , and at the same time it also has an association with sport and typically plays a part in hunting and sports clothing . Thus , it displays active and warlike qualities , rather than being a symbol of a weak man ’ s need to support himself . The staff itself became a message of how the Cynic was free through its possible interpretation as an item of leisure , but , just as equivalent , was its message of strength - a virtue held in abundance by the Cynic philosopher . = = = Antisthenes = = = The story of Cynicism traditionally begins with Antisthenes ( c . 445 – 365 BC ) , who was an older contemporary of Plato and a pupil of Socrates . At about 25 years his junior , Antisthenes was one of the most important of Socrates ' disciples . Although later classical authors had little doubt about labelling him as the founder of Cynicism , his philosophical views seem to be more complex than the later simplicities of pure Cynicism . In the list of works ascribed to Antisthenes by Diogenes Laërtius , writings on language , dialogue and literature far outnumber those on ethics or politics , although they may reflect how his philosophical interests changed with time . It is certainly true that Antisthenes preached a life of poverty : I have enough to eat till my hunger is stayed , to drink till my thirst is sated ; to clothe myself as well ; and out of doors not [ even ] Callias there , with all his riches , is more safe than I from shivering ; and when I find myself indoors , what warmer shirting do I need than my bare walls ? = = = Diogenes of Sinope = = = Diogenes of Sinope ( c . 412 – 323 BC ) dominates the story of Cynicism like no other figure . He originally went to Athens , fleeing his home city , after he and his father , who was in charge of the mint at Sinope , got into trouble for falsifying the coinage . ( The phrase " defacing the currency " later became proverbial in describing Diogenes ' rejection of conventional values . ) Later tradition claimed that Diogenes became the disciple of Antisthenes , but it is by no means certain that they ever met . Diogenes did however adopt Antisthenes ' teachings and the ascetic way of life , pursuing a life of self @-@ sufficiency ( autarkeia ) , austerity ( askēsis ) , and shamelessness ( anaideia ) . There are many anecdotes about his extreme asceticism ( sleeping in a tub ) , his shameless behaviour ( eating raw meat ) , and his criticism of conventional society ( " bad people obey their lusts as servants obey their masters " ) , and although it is impossible to tell which of these stories are true , they do illustrate the broad character of the man , including an ethical seriousness . = = = Crates of Thebes = = = Crates of Thebes ( c . 365 – c . 285 BC ) is the third figure who dominates Cynic history . He is notable because he renounced a large fortune to live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens . He is said to have been a pupil of Diogenes , but again this is uncertain . Crates married Hipparchia of Maroneia after she had fallen in love with him and together they lived like beggars on the streets of Athens , where Crates was treated with respect . Crates ' later fame ( apart from his unconventional lifestyle ) lies in the fact that he became the teacher of Zeno of Citium , the founder of Stoicism . The Cynic strain to be found in early Stoicism ( such as Zeno 's own radical views on sexual equality spelled out	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the architect called it a " Holy Barn " . The church 's distinctive feature was a mural that is no longer visible . It was painted between 1939 and 1941 by Sister Margaret . The church was an icon of the liberation struggle in South Africa . In 1940 Trevor Huddleston was appointed Rector . He was an outspoken opponent of apartheid . In 1955 during the forced removals , Huddleston was recalled to England . His ashes reside next to his former church . On the north @-@ eastern side of the church there is a mural depicting Huddleston walking the dusty streets of Sophiatown . This mural was painted by 12 apprentice students under patronage of the Gerard Sekoto Foundation . It shows two children tugging at his cassock as well as Sekoto 's famous yellow houses . The entire Sophiatown community was removed by the end of 1963 ; the church was deconsecrated in 1964 and sold to the Department of Community Development in 1967 . In the 1970s it was bought by the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk , which used it for Sunday School . The church changed hands again and the Pinkster Protestantse Kerk bought the building and altered it significantly . The nave was enclosed , a large font was built and wooden panelling and false organ pipes changed the look of the interior . In 1997 the Anglicans bought the church back and it was reconsecrated ; the changes were reversed and the building was largely restored to its former self . However , the hall and gallery the Pinkster Protestantse Kerk had built were retained . = = = Dr A.B. Xuma 's house = = = Dr A.B. Xuma was a medical doctor who had trained in the United States and the United Kingdom . He was a local celebrity , President of the African National Congress and Chairperson of the Western Areas Anti @-@ Expropriation and Proper Housing Committee . His house was a landmark in Sophiatown ( 73 Toby Street ) and was declared a National Heritage Monument on 11 February 2006 . Currently the house is the location of the Sophiatown Heritage and Cultural Centre . This is one of two houses to escape the destruction of Sophiatown by the government in the late 1950s . It was built in 1935 and named Empilweni . Xuma and his second wife Madie Hall Xuma lived there until 1959 . The writer , actor and journalist Bloke Modisane , reminisces that among all those modest rundown buildings , could stand the palatial home of Dr A.B. Xuma with its two garages . Modisane remembers how he and his widowed mother , who ran a shebeen , had looked to Xuma and his house for a model of the good life , i.e. separate bedrooms , a room for sitting , another for eating , and a room to be alone , for reading or thinking , to shut out South Africa and not be black . = = = Good Street = = = Good Street was significant in the life of Sophiatown . It was described as a " Street of Shebeens " . The writer Can Themba 's house , called the House of Truth , was on Good Street , as well as Fatty Phyllis Peterson 's 39 Steps . To get to the 39 Steps , one had to walk up a flight of steps , which looked by all accounts very dingy . One was then met by Fatty who sold about every type of drink : whisky , brandy , gin , beer , wine , etc . Sometimes she even supplied cigars . Good Street was also renowned for its Indian , Chinese and Jewish shops , and for being a street of criminals and gangsters . = = = St Joseph 's Home for Children = = = The Home opened its doors in 1923 . It was built as a diocesan memorial to the Coloured men who paid the ultimate sacrifice for their country . It was run by the Anglican Nuns , the Order of St Margaret , East Grinstead who remained in charge until 1978 when they left South Africa in protest against apartheid . The Main Block , Boys ' House and Priests ' House were designed by the diocesan architect F.L.H. Flemming . The Church successfully opposed removal of the Home because the property was on farm land and not part of a proclaimed township . = = = The Odin Cinema = = = There were two cinemas in Sophiatown . The larger was the Odin which at the time was also the largest in Africa and could seat 1 200 people . The other cinema , Balansky 's , was the lower class , rougher movie @-@ house while the Odin Cinema was more up @-@ market . The Odin was the pride of Sophiatown . It was owned by a white couple , the Egnoses , who were known as Mr and Mrs Odin . Not only did they provide much loved entertainment , but also made the Odin available for political meetings , parties and stage performances . Some international acts played to multi @-@ racial audiences at the Odin . It was also the site of a series of " Jazz at the Odin " jam sessions featuring white and black musicians . Also at a meeting at the Odin , the ultimately unsuccessful resistance to the destruction of Sophiatown began to coalesce . = = = Freedom Square = = = Freedom Square was located on the corner of Victoria and Morris Streets . It was famous in the 1950s for the political meetings held there . It was utilised by the African National Congress ( ANC ) and the Transvaal Congress Party . Many of the meetings were chaired by Trevor Huddleston . Freedom Square facilitated the cooperation between the aforementioned political parties . Here parties worked together against the apartheid regime . Freedom Square in Sophiatown should not be confused with Freedom Square in Kliptown , Soweto , where the Freedom Charter was adopted by the ANC in 1955 . It was in this Freedom Square in Sophiatown that Nelson Mandela made his first public allusion to violence and armed resistance as a legitimate tool for change . This earned him a reprimand from Albert Luthuli who by then replaced Dr A.B. Xuma as president of the ANC . Current remnants of Freedom Square may be found beneath a school playing field alongside the Christ the King Church . = = = St Cyprian 's Missions School = = = This primary school was the site of religious and educational significance in Sophiatown . It was an Anglican Mission school located in Meyer Street and was established in 1928 . St Cyprian 's was the largest primary school in Sophiatown . Oliver Tambo and Trevor Huddleston taught here , as both were passionate about education . It was also the St Cyprian 's School boys who a dug out the pool behind the house of the Community of the Resurrection in order to have a swimming pool . The school boys of St Cyprian 's later went to Father Ross or Father Raynes or Father Huddleston who tried to get them bursaries to go to St Peter 's School , then Fort Hare University and later even the University of the Witwatersrand . The idea was that they should come back as doctors . = = = Oak tree in Bertha Street = = = The tree gained a sinister reputation as the " Hanging Tree " when two people hanged themselves from its branches , both due to being subjected to the forced removals . The tree was designated as of the first Champion Tree of South Africa . Champion trees are trees in South Africa that are of exceptional importance , and deserve national protection . = = Notable residents = = = Show Me the Monkey = " Show Me the Monkey " is the tenth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the fifty @-@ fourth episode overall . Written by John Enbom and Robert Hull and directed by Nick Marck , the episode premiered on The CW on January 23 , 2007 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica is hired by researchers in the disappearance of a Capuchin monkey being used for animal testing on non @-@ human primates . However , she has a change of heart after infiltrating an animal rights group as part of the case . Meanwhile , Piz ( Chris Lowell ) becomes increasingly friendly and gives her advice , but after a heartfelt talk about love , Veronica decides to start dating Logan again . In addition , Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) starts investigating Dean O 'Dell 's ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) mysterious death . " Show Me the Monkey " was initially scheduled to have a cameo appearance by Ted Nugent , but when they writers could not schedule him , they changed the name of the character to Ed Argent . The eponymous monkey is played by live animal actor Katie , known for her role on Friends . In its original airing , the episode received 3 @.@ 23 million viewers and positive reviews from television critics . Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club called " Show Me the Monkey " one of the best of the season , while Eric Goldman of IGN lauded Mac 's new love interest . However , Keith McDuffee of AOL TV did not like the development of the love triangle between Logan , Piz , and Veronica . = = Plot synopsis = = Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) is visited by Mindy O ’ Dell ( Jamie Ray Newman ) , who tells him to investigate Dean O ’ Dell ’ s ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) death . Mac ( Tina Majorino ) is called in for tech support when an animal research lab is raided and a valuable monkey is stolen , and Mac asks Veronica for help . The researchers believe that a PETA @-@ like organization , named PHAT , is responsible . At the PHAT meeting , Mac flirts with the group leader , Bronson , but there is no reason to think that they ’ re guilty . Weevil invites Keith to investigate Dean O ’ Dell ’ s office , and he finds a 40 @-@ year @-@ old bottle of scotch unopened . At the next PHAT meeting , Veronica is asked to take action for animal rights in any way she sees fit . Keith presents the bottle of scotch as evidence of a murder of Dean O ’ Dell . Back at the lab , Veronica notices a coworker being mean to the monkey researchers . After a slight hazing ritual , Veronica and Mac are accepted into the group . In order to impress the leader of the group , Veronica , Mac , and Parker ( Julie Gonzalo ) participate in a party . Mac leaves the party early , but the leader of the group appears at her room . When he tries to kiss her , she pulls away . Logan ( Jason Dohring ) and Dick ( Ryan Hansen ) go surfing . When Mac , Parker , and Veronica go to the leader ’ s house , they find a woman , but he invites them in anyway . Veronica finds cages of rats in Bronson ’ s house , but he says that they showed up on his doorstep one day . Logan has sex with a surfer woman , and when the police show up at Bronson ’ s house to inquire after the stolen rats , they were gone . While investigating the hard drive of the lab ’ s computer , Mac finds leaves , which Veronica discovers are green tea . She shows them to the coworker , Emi , and discovers that Emi stole one of the monkey ’ s toys . After doing some more searching , Veronica discovers that one of the lab members actually stole the monkey after developing a special bond with it . The lab member knew he could blame it on PHAT . Veronica decides to tell the other lab members that she was unable to find the monkey , although she is surprised to learn that they will quickly get another monkey . Veronica has a heartfelt conversation with Piz , although soon afterward , she goes back to Logan . Keith decides to take the case of Dean O ’ Dell ’ s death . The next morning , Piz walks up to Veronica excitedly , but Logan appears , making things awkward and causing Piz to leave sadly . = = Production = = " Show Me the Monkey " was co @-@ written by John Enbom and Robert Hull and directed by Nick Marck , marking Enbom 's thirteenth writing credit and Hull 's first writing credit for the show . As a joke in the episode 's script , Enbom and Hull added the name of the lab worker who stole the monkey as " Gil Thomas Pardy " , although his name is not mentioned directly in the episode . A condensed version of this name , Gil T. Pardy , is an intentional pun on " guilty party " . The character of rock star Ed Argent was initially supposed to be a cameo appearance from musician Ted Nugent , but when he did not appear on the show due to scheduling conflicts , the writers changed the character 's name in order to make it a reference to the band Argent , best known for their song " Hold Your Head Up " . The stolen capuchin monkey named Oscar is played by live animal actor Katie , best known for playing Marcel , Ross Geller 's pet monkey , on the sitcom Friends . Near the time of the episode 's airing , she had also appeared in Bruce Almighty and an episode of 30 Rock . When the episode 's editor first received one take of the scene in which Veronica and Mac sarcastically dance in response to accusations of doing a poor job on a school project , the editor called the writing staff into the editing room ; they proceeded to view the scene fifteen times because of its humorous nature . They immediately included the take in the final cut of the episode . = = Reception = = In its original United States broadcast , " Show Me the Monkey " received 3 @.@ 23 million viewers , marking a decrease in viewers from " Spit & Eggs " and ranking 92nd of 103 in the weekly rankings . The episode received positive reviews from television critics . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 2 out of 10 , indicating that it was " great " . Writing that it was entertaining and developed the plot well , he also lauded Mac 's reappearance and her new love interest , opining that it created some interesting character moments for Mac . He was also pleased that the episode " ultimately ended on an optimistic note for Mac and her potential new guy . " However , he thought that the episode , as well as the show in general , could not handle controversial issues such as animal testing delicately . Keith McDuffee of AOL TV gave mixed opinions on the development of the show 's romantic relationships in the episode ; he commented , " And as for Piz trying to woo Veronica a bit , I actually found myself saying " thank God " when [ Veronica ] was at Logan 's door later in the episode . " He compared Piz negatively to Logan at the beginning of the first season , and stated that " alas , Piz will have his chance again soon . " Television Without Pity graded the episode an " A " . Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club , praised the episode , arguing that " this is one of the few episodes so far that is both satisfying on its own and uses the higher education setting as a strength , instead of fighting it as a weakness . " He praised the episode 's treatment of the animal rights group as well as Mac 's prominent role . He also lauded Keith 's investigation into the dean 's death , particularly the scene in which he encounters Veronica 's criminology professor in a bar , which Kaiser described as " Keith discovering someone who may well be a match for him intellectually . " Reviewer Alan Sepinwall , on his blog What 's Alan Watching ? , enjoyed the episode , calling the main plot the " Best Mystery of the Week in quite some time . " In addition , he enjoyed the contrast between Veronica and Keith 's methods of undercover work , writing that Veronica is less subtle in this area . In addition , he praised the more humorous aspects of the episode , particularly the performances in this regard by Bell and Majorino . = Duets ( Glee ) = " Duets " is the fourth episode of the second season of the American television series Glee , and the twenty @-@ sixth episode overall . It was written by series creator Ian Brennan , directed by Eric Stoltz , and premiered on Fox on October 12 , 2010 . The episode featured seven cover versions , including a mash @-@ up of " Happy Days Are Here Again " and " Get Happy " by Barbra Streisand and Judy Garland , respectively . In the episode , transfer student Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) joins the glee club . Director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) assigns the members to perform a duet with another classmate , and offers a prize for the best performance . The students form their duos and begin practicing , testing several relationships and initiating others ; after first being recruited by Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , Sam ultimately finds himself partnered with Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) . " Duets " received generally positive reviews from critics , and many praised the show for its character development and varied song choices . The episode also featured a neck @-@ nuzzle between Santana ( Naya Rivera ) and Brittany ( Heather Morris ) , which was a subject of interest to many critics and led Christie Keith of AfterEllen.com to refer to the episode as " queerest episode of any series that 's ever been on television " . In its original broadcast , " Duets " was watched by 11 @.@ 36 million American viewers . It was the top @-@ rated program of the night in the 18 – 49 demographic , attaining a 4 @.@ 7 / 13 Nielsen rating / share . Both viewership and ratings rose from the previous episode , " Grilled Cheesus " . = = Plot = = Glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) announces a duets assignment and competition ; the prize for the winning duo is dinner at Breadstix . He tells them that club member Puck ( Mark Salling ) has been sent to juvenile detention for stealing an ATM , and introduces a new member , Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) . Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) suspects that Sam is gay and asks him to be his duet partner ; Sam agrees . Club co @-@ captain Finn Hudson ( Cory Monteith ) separately attempts to convince them not to be partners , as he fears that Sam will be bullied to the point of quitting if he sings a duet with another guy , but Sam insists on honoring his given word to Kurt , and Kurt is still angry at Finn for some homophobic comments he made when they were roommates . After his father Burt ( Mike O 'Malley ) points out that just as Kurt had a crush on Finn the year before , he may now be taking advantage of Sam , Kurt releases Sam from their partnership , and as his competition entry sings " Le Jazz Hot ! " from Victor Victoria in a " duet " with himself . Kurt comes away from this feeling lonelier than ever and wonders if he will ever truly be accepted for who he is by his peers and family . Cheerleaders Santana ( Naya Rivera ) and Brittany ( Heather Morris ) make out , but when Brittany suggests they sing Melissa Etheridge 's " Come to My Window " together , Santana refuses and trivializes their relationship . Santana believes her best chance of winning is by partnering with Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) , and together they sing " River Deep – Mountain High " . Brittany pairs up with Artie ( Kevin McHale ) , and they start dating . Artie loses his virginity to Brittany , but before they compete Santana tells him that Brittany only wanted him for his voice so she could win the competition . He is deeply upset that his first sexual experience was the consequence of such petty motivations , so he breaks up with Brittany and dissolves their partnership . Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) and her boyfriend Mike ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) argue about whether they should duet at all , but he ultimately agrees to join her on " Sing ! " from A Chorus Line , his first solo performance for glee club ; their duet draws praise from Will . Finn and his girlfriend Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) initially practice singing " Don 't Go Breaking My Heart " , but Rachel suggests they should throw the competition so Sam can win , to make him more likely to stay in the glee club . When Sam has a slushee thrown in his face by bullies , Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) helps him to clean up . They subsequently become duet partners , and during a rehearsal he attempts to kiss her . Quinn is upset and tells him they cannot sing together , but she is later convinced to reconsider by Rachel . Rachel and Finn , dressed as a schoolgirl and a priest in an intentionally offensive move to damage their chances of victory , perform " With You I 'm Born Again " by Billy Preston and Syreeta Wright . Sam and Quinn sing " Lucky " by Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat . The club members all vote for themselves except Finn and Rachel , who vote for the winners , Sam and Quinn . Over the victory dinner at Breadstix they form a bond , and Quinn tells Sam that she considers the meal their first date . Noticing that Kurt is lonely , Rachel tells him how much the club members value him and asks him to duet with her for fun now that the competition is over in an act of solidarity . The episode ends with them singing the Judy Garland / Barbra Streisand mash @-@ up of " Happy Days Are Here Again " and " Get Happy " for the glee club . = = Production = = In " Duets " , Brittany and Santana are shown together in bed . A physical relationship between the two was first alluded to in the season one episode " Sectionals " . Rivera sought clarification on the nature of their relationship from " Sectionals " director Brad Falchuk , who informed her that the two characters had been intimate in the past . Series creator Ryan Murphy told Morris that as Glee is a primetime series , he did not want to show them making out . Interviewed by Brett Berk of Vanity Fair in May 2010 , Morris stated that Brittany and Santana were simply best friends , and the show would not be taking them in a " friends with benefits " direction . However , at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in August 2010 , Murphy stated that the characters would in fact kiss on screen in an upcoming episode . Falchuk later explained that the Brittany / Santana storyline had begun " almost as a goof at first " , however " then we realised this show is so inclusive , and then there were people we weren 't representative of . This whole lesbian @-@ bisexual female community . We 're fortunate the network wasn 't resistant of it and let us try it out , then it became something much deeper . " In " Duets " , Brittany also had a brief relationship with Artie . Morris told Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post that she is a fan of McHale 's , and had been pressing Murphy to give their characters a storyline together since the beginning of the season . Series regular Mark Salling did not appear in " Duets " , which prompted media speculation that he would not return to the show due to a breach of contract . However , his absence was for creative reasons , as it allowed Sam to establish himself within the glee club and begin a relationship with Puck 's ex @-@ girlfriend Quinn . Overstreet stated that Sam was initially created as a romantic interest for Kurt , but his storyline was adjusted to pair him with Quinn as a result of the chemistry the producers detected between himself and Agron . The episode featured cover versions of seven songs : Ike & Tina Turner 's " River Deep – Mountain High " , Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat 's " Lucky " , Elton John and Kiki Dee 's " Don 't Go Breaking My Heart " , " Le Jazz Hot ! " from Victor Victoria , " Sing ! " from A Chorus Line — which was Shum , Jr . ' s first lead vocal performance on the series , Billy Preston and Syreeta Wright 's " With You I 'm Born Again " , and a mash @-@ up of " Happy Days Are Here Again " and " Get Happy " as performed by Judy Garland and Barbra Streisand . Colfer and Michele 's costumes and positions in the latter number matched those in the Garland and Streisand original . Although it was not performed , Melissa Etheridge 's " Come to My Window " was suggested as a performance piece by Brittany ; five months prior to the episode 's broadcast , Etheridge had jested that her songs were not " gay enough " for use on Glee . All of the songs except " With You I 'm Born Again " were released as singles , available for download . " River Deep – Mountain High " and " Lucky " were also featured on the fifth soundtrack album of the series , Glee : The Music , Volume 4 , while " Don 't Go Breaking My Heart " was included on the fourth extended play , Glee : The Music , Love Songs . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original broadcast , " Duets " was watched by 11 @.@ 36 million American viewers . It was the top @-@ rated program of the night in the 18 – 49 demographic , as it attained a 4 @.@ 7 / 13 Nielsen rating / share . Both viewership and ratings rose from the previous episode , " Grilled Cheesus " , which was watched by 11 @.@ 20 million viewers and attained a 4 @.@ 6 / 13 rating / share among adults 18 – 49 . In the weekly program rankings , Glee was the fourth most @-@ viewed show among adults 18 – 49 , and the second scripted show behind only Modern Family . In overall viewers , it placed nineteenth for the week . In Canada , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 25 million viewers , which placed it at seventh for the week . Viewership again rose from the previous episode , which was watched by 1 @.@ 99 million viewers and ranked eleventh . In Australia , " Duets " drew 1 @.@ 04 million viewers , making Glee the ninth most @-@ viewed show of the night and twenty @-@ eighth of the week . It was also up from " Grilled Cheesus " , which attracted 1 @.@ 02 million viewers and ranked eleventh on the night , and thirty @-@ second for the week . In the UK , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 51 million viewers ( 2 @.@ 11 million on E4 , and 397 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 ) , which made it the most @-@ watched show on E4 and E4 + 1 for the week , and the second most @-@ watched show on cable for the week . = = = Critical response = = = " Duets " was generally well received by critics , many of whom contrasted it favorably with the preceding season two episodes . The New York Times 's Rebecca Milzoff called it the best of the season to that point " in terms of old @-@ school Glee " , and indeed , both Lisa Respers France of CNN and Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post found it a reminder of why they originally loved the show . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal summarized : " This was a return to that honeymoon feeling , when Glee first surprised , scandalized and satisfied you . " TV Guide 's Damian Holbrook and the Houston Chronicle 's Bobby Hankinson appreciated the lack of gimmicks ; the former explained " No Britney numbers . No forced guest stars . No reasons to check out . It 's amazing how satisfying a show can be when the characters we invested in a year ago get to do something more than set @-@ dress a stunt . " James Poniewozik of Time labelled it " easily the strongest character episode so far this season " . While The Atlantic 's Kevin Fallon opined that the series finally achieved the correct " tonal balance of comedy and drama " , his colleague Meghan Brown provided one of few dissenting reviews ; she called it a lazy , nonsensical episode which contributed to a building " sophomore slump " . MTV 's Aly Semigran found it lackluster after " Grilled Cheesus " , and although Anthony Benigno of the Daily News deemed it an improvement on the previous episode , he concluded that it was not one of the season 's best . Several themes ran through the reviews , one of which was the lack of focus on adult characters . IGN 's Robert Canning — who rated " Duets " 8 @.@ 5 / 10 , signifying a great episode — felt that this contributed to its success , as it " allowed for small but interesting character development to take place , even with some of the minor characters . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club was surprised that he did not miss the presence of cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester , but Hankinson , Semigran and Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman all lamented her absence . The gay @-@ centered storylines also attracted much commentary . Christie Keith of lesbian and bisexual media website AfterEllen.com suggested that " Duets " was " the queerest episode of any series that 's ever been on television " . Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack wrote that Kurt " stole the show in terms of pure emotional power " and called him " the most important character on television right now " . USA Today 's Ann Oldenburg questioned whether Glee had gone " too far " by depicting a physical relationship between Santana and Brittany . Several reviewers appreciated the resultant development of Brittany 's character : Poniewozik enjoyed the exploration of her " basic loneliness " , E ! Online 's Jenna Mullins was pleased to see more than her usual " deadpanning and one @-@ liners " , and Wieselman called it a " wonderful moment " when she and Artie broke up , which led to the depiction of " real feelings " in Brittany for the first time . Canning found Brittany and Artie 's coupling " uneven " and preferred her with Santana , as their development made them " uniquely interesting and a blast to watch . " VanDerWerff conversely deemed Brittany 's pairing with Artie " one of the most resonant things the show 's ever done " . The storylines that involved Rachel received mixed commentary . Both Poniewozik and Stack appreciated the pairing of Rachel and Kurt : the former called them " probably the strongest pairing " of the episode due to similarities in their characterization , and the latter lauded Rachel 's line " I know you 're lonely ... but you 're not alone " as " an incredibly powerful statement coming in the midst of all these gay youth suicides [ , which ] further illuminates the relevance and importance of a show like Glee . " Fallon said that the episode " added some flavor " to the relationship between Rachel and Finn , which was " in danger of going stale " , and Berk noted that " Duets " was the first time he had ever been " marginally compelled " by a storyline which involved the pair . Benigno was far less favorable : he called Rachel a lunatic , and a " self @-@ absorbed crazy woman who will do anything short of black @-@ ops assassination to secure the [ Nationals ] trophy . " Sam and Quinn 's burgeoning relationship met with a fairly positive response . Canning would have preferred for them to become friends first , and Benigno deemed their sexual tension unrealistic , based on Sam 's success at charming Quinn in Na 'vi , the fictional language of Avatar . However , while Berk declared himself " fully exhausted with the flimsy cheerleader / quarterback paradigm " , Sam 's Na 'vi and Matthew McConaughey impression led him to concede that they are " cute together " . Stack and Mullins shared this sentiment , and VanDerWerff called their flirtation " exceptionally well @-@ handled " . = = = Music and performances = = = The episode 's musical performances — deemed " among the most varied and terrific in the show 's history " by VanDerWerff — were also generally well received . Futterman found it refreshing for the main characters to receive equal performance time . Although Poniewozik opined that some numbers were included based on iTunes sales potential rather than how well they served the plot , Holbrook was pleased that the songs " drove the story instead of drowning out the characters " , and both Hankinson and Dave Itzkoff of the New York Times welcomed the contextually appropriate song selection . Opinions were divided over the best performance . Both Futterman and VanDerWerff felt that Mercedes and Santana should have won the duet competition with their performance of " River Deep – Mountain High " . The former called it " one of the series ' best " duets , and the latter further praised it as potentially " the best musical number the show 's ever done from a pure performance standpoint . " Wieselman wrote that it was the best song of the episode , and that he " didn 't want it to ever end " . However , Hankinson highlighted its lack of " emotional punch " , and Semigran deemed it her least favorite performance . She and Benigno named " Sing ! " as their favorite routine , though Benigno gave it only a " B " grade , as its appeal hinged on Mike 's dancing , rather than his vocal performance . Berk gave it four stars out of five , his highest rating of the episode , tied with " River Deep – Mountain High " . Though Flandez and Hankinson also commented positively on the song , the former thought that Tina 's sung interjections became annoying and the latter called it " far from the best of the evening " . Burns chose " Lucky " as " the most impressive number of the evening " , and Respers France called it the most adorable . Semigran and the Los Angeles Times 's Amy Reiter agreed that it was cute , and Flandez praised its " charm and simplicity " . Stack and Benigno gave it an " A " ; Stack eagerly anticipated more duets between Quinn and Sam , and Benigno called it " absolutely fantastic " , with particular praise for Agron , who he opined is often overlooked . Though Futterman also noted its charm , she did not think it was a worthy winner of the duets competition . Berk gave it just two stars out of five , as he found it " kind of boring " . The mash @-@ up of " Happy Days Are Here Again " and " Get Happy " was widely acclaimed . Respers France , Reiter and Hankinson named it the musical highlight of the episode ; Fallon and Stack went further and hailed it as a highlight of the entire series . Poniewozik commented that the number was " so appropriate that , had it not existed , Glee probably would have had to invent it " . Wieselman suggested that Colfer and Michele " redefined show @-@ stopper " with their performance , and Itzkoff lauded it as " a powerful reminder of why it 's worth sticking with Glee through what has quickly proved a polarizing season . " Of the remaining songs , Rachel and Finn 's performance of " Don 't Go Breaking My Heart " attracted praise for Monteith 's vocals , which Stack and Yahr commented " sounded better than ever " . " Le Jazz Hot ! " received a split response . Burns wrote that Kurt " pulled it off flawlessly " , and Fallon called the performance " far more moving and rousing " than any of the songs in " Grilled Cheesus " . Stack and Benigno both graded it " B + " ; the latter deemed it " very good " but " not transcendent " . Reiter felt that the costumes and choreography overpowered the emotion of the piece , and Futterman found the number " too self @-@ indulgent and reminiscent of previous performances like ' Rose 's Turn ' . " Berk rated it two stars out of five , and commented , " I get the idea , and the execution is commendable , but it still kind of sucked . " Rachel and Finn 's deliberately offensive version of " With You I 'm Born Again " received a " C " and " C + " from Benigno and Stack respectively . Both conceded that it was acceptable vocally , but as Stack acknowledged , " the point of this song was to hate it , and I gotta say , Glee : you played me like a fiddle . " In December 2012 , TV Guide named their rendition one of Glee 's worst performances . Regardless of being a send @-@ up , Respers France found the number " oddly endearing " . = = = Chart history = = = All six of the cover versions released as singles debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 , and appeared on other musical charts . On the Hot 100 , the show 's rendition of " Lucky " debuted at number twenty @-@ seven ; it was at number seventeen on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 . The other five songs on the Hot 100 were " River Deep – Mountain High " at number forty @-@ one , which also made number thirty @-@ six on the Canadian Hot 100 ; " Happy Days Are Here Again / Get Happy " at number forty @-@ eight , which also made number fifty @-@ five on the Canadian Hot 100 ; " Don 't Go Breaking My Heart " at number fifty , which also made number thirty @-@ one on the Canadian Hot 100 ; " Sing ! " at number eighty @-@ seven , which also made number sixty @-@ seven on the Canadian Hot 100 ; and " Le Jazz Hot ! " at number ninety @-@ four , which also made number eighty @-@ eight on the Canadian Hot 100 . = = Cultural references = = " Viewing Party " , a November 2010 episode of The Office , centers around the entire Dunder @-@ Mifflin staff gathering at a co @-@ worker 's apartment to watch this episode . = Ancient Egypt = Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa , concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt . It is one of six civilizations to arise independently . Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC ( according to conventional Egyptian chronology ) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer ( commonly referred to as Menes ) . The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms , separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods : the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age , the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age . Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom , during the Ramesside period , where it rivalled the Hittite Empire , Assyrian Empire and Mitanni Empire , after which it entered a period of slow decline . Egypt was invaded or conquered by a succession of foreign powers , such as the Canaanites / Hyksos , Libyans , the Nubians , the Assyrians , Babylonians , the Achaemenid Persians , and the Macedonians in the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period of Egypt . In the aftermath of Alexander the Great 's death , one of his generals , Ptolemy Soter , established himself as the new ruler of Egypt . This Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Egypt until 30 BC , when , under Cleopatra , it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province . The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture . The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops , which supported a more dense population , and social development and culture . With resources to spare , the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions , the early development of an independent writing system , the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects , trade with surrounding regions , and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance . Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes , religious leaders , and administrators under the control of a pharaoh , who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs . The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying , surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids , temples , and obelisks ; a system of mathematics , a practical and effective system of medicine , irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques , the first known planked boats , Egyptian faience and glass technology , new forms of literature , and the earliest known peace treaty , made with the Hittites . Egypt left a lasting legacy . Its art and architecture were widely copied , and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world . Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries . A new @-@ found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy . = = History = = The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history . The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated , centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization . Nomadic modern human hunter @-@ gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120 @,@ 000 years ago . By the late Paleolithic period , the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry , forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region . = = = Predynastic period = = = In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times , the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today . Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates . Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl . Hunting would have been common for Egyptians , and this is also the period when many animals were first domesticated . By about 5500 BC , small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry , and identifiable by their pottery and personal items , such as combs , bracelets , and beads . The largest of these early cultures in upper ( Southern ) Egypt was the Badari , which probably originated in the Western Desert ; it was known for its high quality ceramics , stone tools , and its use of copper . The Badari was followed by the Amratian ( Naqada I ) and Gerzeh ( Naqada II ) cultures , which brought a number of technological improvements . As early as the Naqada I Period , predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia , used to shape blades and other objects from flakes . In Naqada II times , early evidence exists of contact with the Near East , particularly Canaan and the Byblos coast . Over a period of about 1 @,@ 000 years , the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley . Establishing a power center at Hierakonpolis , and later at Abydos , Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile . They also traded with Nubia to the south , the oases of the western desert to the west , and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean and Near East to the east . Royal Nubian burials at Qustul produced artifacts bearing the oldest @-@ known examples of Egyptian dynastic symbols , such as the white crown of Egypt and falcon . The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods , reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite , as well as societal personal @-@ use items , which included combs , small statuary , painted pottery , high quality decorative stone vases , cosmetic palettes , and jewelry made of gold , lapis , and ivory . They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience , which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups , amulets , and figurines . During the last predynastic phase , the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language . = = = Early Dynastic Period ( c . 3050 – 2686 BC ) = = = The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian @-@ Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam . The third @-@ century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of pharaohs from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties , a system still used today . He chose to begin his official history with the king named " Meni " ( or Menes in Greek ) who was believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt ( around 3100 BC ) . The transition to a unified state happened more gradually than ancient Egyptian writers represented , and there is no contemporary record of Menes . Some scholars now believe , however , that the mythical Menes may have been the pharaoh Narmer , who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial Narmer Palette , in a symbolic act of unification . In the Early Dynastic Period about 3150 BC , the first of the Dynastic pharaohs solidified control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis , from which he could control the labour force and agriculture of the fertile delta region , as well as the lucrative and critical trade routes to the Levant . The increasing power and wealth of the pharaohs during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos , which were used to celebrate the deified pharaoh after his death . The strong institution of kingship developed by the pharaohs served to legitimize state control over the land , labour , and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization . = = = Old Kingdom ( 2686 – 2181 BC ) = = = Major advances in architecture , art , and technology were made during the Old Kingdom , fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population , made possible by a well @-@ developed central administration . Some of ancient Egypt 's crowning achievements , the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx , were constructed during the Old Kingdom . Under the direction of the vizier , state officials collected taxes , coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield , drafted peasants to work on construction projects , and established a justice system to maintain peace and order . Along with the rising importance of a central administration arose a new class of educated scribes and officials who were granted estates by the pharaoh in payment for their services . Pharaohs also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples , to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the pharaoh after his death . Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic power of the pharaoh , and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration . As the power of the pharaoh diminished , regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the pharaoh . This , coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC , is assumed to have caused the country to enter the 140 @-@ year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period . = = = First Intermediate Period ( 2181 – 1991 BC ) = = = After Egypt 's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom , the administration could no longer support or stabilize the country 's economy . Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis , and the ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines and small @-@ scale civil wars . Yet despite difficult problems , local leaders , owing no tribute to the pharaoh , used their new @-@ found independence to establish a thriving culture in the provinces . Once in control of their own resources , the provinces became economically richer — which was demonstrated by larger and better burials among all social classes . In bursts of creativity , provincial artisans adopted and adapted cultural motifs formerly restricted to the royalty of the Old Kingdom , and scribes developed literary styles that expressed the optimism and originality of the period . Free from their loyalties to the pharaoh , local rulers began competing with each other for territorial control and political power . By 2160 BC , rulers in Herakleopolis controlled Lower Egypt in the north , while a rival clan based in Thebes , the Intef family , took control of Upper Egypt in the south . As the Intefs grew in power and expanded their control northward , a clash between the two rival dynasties became inevitable . Around 2055 BC the northern Theban forces under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II finally defeated the Herakleopolitan rulers , reuniting the Two Lands . They inaugurated a period of economic and cultural renaissance known as the Middle Kingdom . = = = Middle Kingdom ( 2134 – 1690 BC ) = = = The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom restored the country 's prosperity and stability , thereby stimulating a resurgence of art , literature , and monumental building projects . Mentuhotep II and his Eleventh Dynasty successors ruled from Thebes , but the vizier Amenemhat I , upon assuming kingship at the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty around 1985 BC , shifted the nation 's capital to the city of Itjtawy , located in Faiyum . From Itjtawy , the pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty undertook a far @-@ sighted land reclamation and irrigation scheme to increase agricultural output in the region . Moreover , the military reconquered territory in Nubia that was rich in quarries and gold mines , while laborers built a defensive structure in the Eastern Delta , called the " Walls @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Ruler " , to defend against foreign attack . With the pharaohs ' having secured military and political security and vast agricultural and mineral wealth , the nation 's population , arts , and religion flourished . In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods , the Middle Kingdom experienced an increase in expressions of personal piety and what could be called a democratization of the afterlife , in which all people possessed a soul and could be welcomed into the company of the gods after death . Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters written in a confident , eloquent style . The relief and portrait sculpture of the period captured subtle , individual details that reached new heights of technical perfection . The last great ruler of the Middle Kingdom , Amenemhat III , allowed Semitic @-@ speaking Canaanite settlers from the Near East into the delta region to provide a sufficient labour force for his especially active mining and building campaigns . These ambitious building and mining activities , however , combined with severe Nile floods later in his reign , strained the economy and precipitated the slow decline into the Second Intermediate Period during the later Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties . During this decline , the Canaanite settlers began to seize control of the delta region , eventually coming to power in Egypt as the Hyksos . = = = Second Intermediate Period ( 1674 – 1549 BC ) and the Hyksos = = = Around 1785 BC , as the power of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs weakened , a Western Asian people called the Hyksos had already settled in the Eastern Delta town of Avaris , seized control of Egypt , and forced the central government to retreat to Thebes . The pharaoh was treated as a vassal and expected to pay tribute . The Hyksos ( " foreign rulers " ) retained Egyptian models of government and identified as pharaohs , thus integrating Egyptian elements into their culture . They and other invaders introduced new tools of warfare into Egypt , most notably the composite bow and the horse @-@ drawn chariot . After their retreat , the native Theban kings found themselves trapped between the Canaanite Hyksos ruling the north and the Hyksos ' Nubian allies , the Kushites , to the south of Egypt . After years of vassalage , Thebes gathered enough strength to challenge the Hyksos in a conflict that lasted more than 30 years , until 1555 BC . The pharaohs Seqenenre Tao II and Kamose were ultimately able to defeat the Nubians to the south of Egypt , but failed to defeat the Hyksos . That task fell to Kamose 's successor , Ahmose I , who successfully waged a series of campaigns that permanently eradicated the Hyksos ' presence in Egypt . He established a new dynasty . In the New Kingdom that followed , the military became a central priority for the pharaohs seeking to expand Egypt 's borders and attempting to gain mastery of the Near East . = = = New Kingdom ( 1549 – 1069 BC ) = = = The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbours , including the Mitanni Empire , Assyria , and Canaan . Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis I and his grandson Tuthmosis III extended the influence of the pharaohs to the largest empire Egypt had ever seen . Between their reigns , Hatshepsut generally promoted peace and restored trade routes lost during the Hyksos occupation , as well as expanding to new regions . When Tuthmosis III died in 1425 BC , Egypt had an empire extending from Niya in north west Syria to the fourth waterfall of the Nile in Nubia , cementing loyalties and opening access to critical imports such as bronze and wood . The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large @-@ scale building campaign to promote the god Amun , whose growing cult was based in Karnak . They also constructed monuments to glorify their own achievements , both real and imagined . The Karnak temple is the largest Egyptian temple ever built . The pharaoh Hatshepsut used such hyperbole and grandeur during her reign of almost twenty @-@ two years . Her reign was very successful , marked by an extended period of peace and wealth @-@ building , trading expeditions to Punt , restoration of foreign trade networks , and great building projects , including an elegant mortuary temple that rivaled the Greek architecture of a thousand years later , a colossal pair of obelisks , and a chapel at Karnak . Despite her achievements , Amenhotep II , the heir to Hatshepsut 's nephew @-@ stepson Tuthmosis III , sought to erase her legacy near the end of his father 's reign and throughout his , touting many of her accomplishments as his . He also tried to change many established traditions that had developed over the centuries , which some suggest was a futile attempt to prevent other women from becoming pharaoh and to curb their influence in the kingdom . Around 1350 BC , the stability of the New Kingdom seemed threatened further when Amenhotep IV ascended the throne and instituted a series of radical and chaotic reforms . Changing his name to Akhenaten , he touted the previously obscure sun deity Aten as the supreme deity , suppressed the worship of most other deities , and attacked the power of the temple that had become dominated by the priests of Amun in Thebes , whom he saw as corrupt . Moving the capital to the new city of Akhetaten ( modern @-@ day Amarna ) , Akhenaten turned a deaf ear to events in the Near East ( where the Hittites , Mitanni , and Assyrians were vying for control ) . He was devoted to his new religion and artistic style . After his death , the cult of the Aten was quickly abandoned , the priests of Amun soon regained power and returned the capital to Thebes . Under their influence the subsequent pharaohs Tutankhamun , Ay , and Horemheb worked to erase all mention of Akhenaten 's heresy , now known as the Amarna Period . Around 1279 BC , Ramesses II , also known as Ramesses the Great , ascended the throne , and went on to build more temples , erect more statues and obelisks , and sire more children than any other pharaoh in history . A bold military leader , Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh ( in modern Syria ) and , after fighting to a stalemate , finally agreed to the first recorded peace treaty , around 1258 BC . With both the Egyptians and Hittite Empire proving unable to gain the upper hand over one another , and both powers also fearful of the expanding Middle Assyrian Empire , Egypt withdrew from much of the Near East . The Hittites were thus left to compete unsuccessfully with the powerful Assyrians and the newly arrived Phrygians . Egypt 's wealth , however , made it a tempting target for invasion , particularly by the Libyan Berbers to the west , and the Sea Peoples , a conjectured confederation of seafarers from the Aegean Sea . Initially , the military was able to repel these invasions , but Egypt eventually lost control of its remaining territories in southern Caanan , much of it falling to the Assyrians . The effects of external threats were exacerbated by internal problems such as corruption , tomb robbery , and civil unrest . After regaining their power , the high priests at the temple of Amun in Thebes accumulated vast tracts of land and wealth , and their expanded power splintered the country during the Third Intermediate Period . = = = Third Intermediate Period ( 1069 – 653 BC ) = = = Following the death of Ramesses XI in 1078 BC , Smendes assumed authority over the northern part of Egypt , ruling from the city of Tanis . The south was effectively controlled by the High Priests of Amun at Thebes , who recognized Smendes in name only . During this time , Berber tribes from what was later to be called Libya had been settling in the western delta , and the chieftains of these settlers began increasing their autonomy . Libyan princes took control of the delta under Shoshenq I in 945 BC , founding the Libyan Berber , or Bubastite , dynasty that ruled for some 200 years . Shoshenq also gained control of southern Egypt by placing his family members in important priestly positions . In the mid @-@ ninth century BC , Egypt made a failed attempt to once more gain a foothold in Western Asia . Osorkon II of Egypt , along with a large alliance of nations and peoples , including Persia , Israel , Hamath , Phoenicia / Caanan , the Arabs , Arameans , and neo Hittites among others , engaged in the Battle of Karkar against the powerful Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in 853 BC . However , this coalition of powers failed and the Neo Assyrian Empire continued to dominate Western Asia . Libyan Berber control began to erode as a rival native dynasty in the delta arose under Leontopolis . Also , the Nubians of the Kushites threatened Egypt from the lands to the south . Drawing on millennia of interaction ( trade , acculturation , occupation , assimilation , and war ) with Egypt , the Kushite king Piye left his Nubian capital of Napata and invaded Egypt around 727 BC . Piye easily seized control of Thebes and eventually the Nile Delta . He recorded the episode on his stela of victory . Piye set the stage for subsequent Twenty @-@ fifth dynasty pharaohs , such as Taharqa , to reunite the " Two lands " of Northern and Southern Egypt . The Nile valley empire was as large as it had been since the New Kingdom . The Twenty @-@ fifth dynasty ushered in a renaissance period for ancient Egypt . Religion , the arts , and architecture were restored to their glorious Old , Middle , and New Kingdom forms . Pharaohs , such as Taharqa , built or restored temples and monuments throughout the Nile valley , including at Memphis , Karnak , Kawa , Jebel Barkal , etc . It was during the Twenty @-@ fifth dynasty that there was the first widespread construction of pyramids ( many in modern Sudan ) in the Nile Valley since the Middle Kingdom . Piye made various unsuccessful attempts to extend Egyptian influence in the Near East , then controlled by Assyria . In 720 BC , he sent an army in support of a rebellion against Assyria , which was taking place in Philistia and Gaza . However , Piye was defeated by Sargon II and the rebellion failed . In 711 BC , Piye again supported a revolt against Assyria by the Israelites of Ashdod and was once again defeated by the Assyrian king Sargon II . Subsequently , Piye was forced from the Near East . From the 10th century BC onwards , Assyria fought for control of the southern Levant . Frequently , cities and kingdoms of the southern Levant appealed to Egypt for aid in their struggles against the powerful Assyrian army . Taharqa enjoyed some initial success in his attempts to regain a foothold in the Near East . Taharqa aided the Judean King Hezekiah when Hezekiah and Jerusalem was besieged by the Assyrian king , Sennacherib . Scholars disagree on the primary reason for Assyria 's abandonment of their siege on Jerusalem . Reasons for the Assyrian withdrawal range from conflict with the Egyptian / Kushite army to divine intervention to surrender to disease . Henry Aubin argues that the Kushite / Egyptian army saved Jerusalem from the Assyrians and prevented the Assyrians from returning to capture Jerusalem for the remainder of Sennacherib 's life ( 20 years ) . Some argue that disease was the primary reason for failing to actually take the city ; however , Senacherib 's annals claim Judah was forced into tribute regardless . Sennacherib had been murdered by his own sons for destroying the rebellious city of Babylon , a city sacred to all Mesopotamians , the Assyrians included . In 674 BC Esarhaddon launched a preliminary incursion into Egypt ; however , this attempt was repelled by Taharqa . However , in 671 BC , Esarhaddon launched a full @-@ scale invasion . Part of his army stayed behind to deal with rebellions in Phoenicia , and Israel . The remainder went south to Rapihu , then crossed the Sinai , and entered Egypt . Esarhaddon decisively defeated Taharqa , took Memphis , Thebes and all the major cities of Egypt , and Taharqa was chased back to his Nubian homeland . Esarhaddon now called himself " king of Egypt , Patros , and Kush " , and returned with rich booty from the cities of the delta ; he erected a victory stele at this time , and paraded the captive Prince Ushankhuru , the son of Taharqa in Nineveh . Esarhaddon stationed a small army in northern Egypt and describes how " All Ethiopians ( read Nubians / Kushites ) I deported from Egypt , leaving not one left to do homage to me " . He installed native Egyptian princes throughout the land to rule on his behalf . The conquest by Esarhaddon effectively marked the end of the short lived Kushite Empire . However , the native Egyptian rulers installed by Esarhaddon were unable to retain full control of the whole country for long . Two years later , Taharqa returned from Nubia and seized control of a section of southern Egypt as far north as Memphis . Esarhaddon prepared to return to Egypt and once more eject Taharqa ; however , he fell ill and died in his capital , Nineveh , before he left Assyria . His successor , Ashurbanipal , sent an Assyrian general named Sha @-@ Nabu @-@ shu with a small , but well trained army , which conclusively defeated Taharqa at Memphis and once more drove him from Egypt . Taharqa died in Nubia two years later . His successor , Tanutamun , also made a failed attempt to regain Egypt for Nubia . He successfully defeated Necho , the native Egyptian puppet ruler installed by Ashurbanipal , taking Thebes in the process . The Assyrians then sent a large army southwards . Tantamani ( Tanutamun ) was heavily routed and fled back to Nubia . The Assyrian army sacked Thebes to such an extent it never truly recovered . A native ruler , Psammetichus I was placed on the throne , as a vassal of Ashurbanipal , and the Nubians were never again to pose a threat to either Assyria or Egypt . = = = Late Period ( 672 – 332 BC ) = = = With no permanent plans for conquest , the Assyrians left control of Egypt to a series of vassals who became known as the Saite kings of the Twenty @-@ sixth Dynasty . By 653 BC , the Saite king Psamtik I ( taking advantage of the fact that Assyria was involved in a fierce war conquering Elam and that few Assyrian troops were stationed in Egypt ) was able to free Egypt relatively peacefully from Assyrian vassalage with the help of Lydian and Greek mercenaries , the latter of whom were recruited to form Egypt 's first navy . Psamtik and his successors however were careful to maintain peaceful relations with Assyria . Greek influence expanded greatly as the city of Naukratis became the home of Greeks in the delta . In 609 BC Necho II went to war with Babylonia , the Chaldeans , the Medians and the Scythians in an attempt to save Assyria , which after a brutal civil war was being overrun by this coalition of powers . However , the attempt to save Egypt 's former masters failed . The Egyptians delayed intervening too long , and Nineveh had already fallen and King Sin @-@ shar @-@ ishkun was dead by the time Necho II sent his armies northwards . However , Necho easily brushed aside the Israelite army under King Josiah but he and the Assyrians then lost a battle at Harran to the Babylonians , Medes and Scythians . Necho II and Ashur @-@ uballit II of Assyria were finally defeated at Carchemish in Aramea ( modern Syria ) in 605 BC . The Egyptians remained in the area for some decades , struggling with the Babylonian kings Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II for control of portions of the former Assyrian Empire in The Levant . However , they were eventually driven back into Egypt , and Nebuchadnezzar II even briefly invaded Egypt itself in 567 BC . The Saite kings based in the new capital of Sais witnessed a brief but spirited resurgence in the economy and culture , but in 525 BC , the powerful Persians , led by Cambyses II , began their conquest of Egypt , eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium . Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh , but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia ( modern Iran ) , leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy . A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC , but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians . Following its annexation by Persia , Egypt was joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia ( modern Lebanon ) in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian Empire . This first period of Persian rule over Egypt , also known as the Twenty @-@ seventh dynasty , ended after more than one @-@ hundred years in 402 BC , and from 380 – 343 BC the Thirtieth Dynasty ruled as the last native royal house of dynastic Egypt , which ended with the kingship of Nectanebo II . A brief restoration of Persian rule , sometimes known as the Thirty @-@ first Dynasty , began in 343 BC , but shortly after , in 332 BC , the Persian ruler Mazaces handed Egypt over to the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great without a fight . = = = Ptolemaic Period = = = In 332 BC , Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer . The administration established by Alexander 's successors , the Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom , was based on an Egyptian model and based in the new capital city of Alexandria . The city showcased the power and prestige of Hellenistic rule , and became a seat of learning and culture , centered at the famous Library of Alexandria . The Lighthouse of Alexandria lit the way for the many ships that kept trade flowing through the city — as the Ptolemies made commerce and revenue @-@ generating enterprises , such as papyrus manufacturing , their top priority . Hellenistic culture did not supplant native Egyptian culture , as the Ptolemies supported time @-@ honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty of the populace . They built new temples in Egyptian style , supported traditional cults , and portrayed themselves as pharaohs . Some traditions merged , as Greek and Egyptian gods were syncretized into composite deities , such as Serapis , and classical Greek forms of sculpture influenced traditional Egyptian motifs . Despite their efforts to appease the Egyptians , the Ptolemies were challenged by native rebellion , bitter family rivalries , and the powerful mob of Alexandria that formed after the death of Ptolemy IV . In addition , as Rome relied more heavily on imports of grain from Egypt , the Romans took great interest in the political situation in the country . Continued Egyptian revolts , ambitious politicians , and powerful Syriac opponents from the Near East made this situation unstable , leading Rome to send forces to secure the country as a province of its empire . = = = Roman Period = = = Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC , following the defeat of Marc Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian ( later Emperor Augustus ) in the Battle of Actium . The Romans relied heavily on grain shipments from Egypt , and the Roman army , under the control of a prefect appointed by the Emperor , quelled rebellions , strictly enforced the collection of heavy taxes , and prevented attacks by bandits , which had become a notorious problem during the period . Alexandria became an increasingly important center on the trade route with the orient , as exotic luxuries were in high demand in Rome . Although the Romans had a more hostile attitude than the Greeks towards the Egyptians , some traditions such as mummification and worship of the traditional gods continued . The art of mummy portraiture flourished , and some Roman emperors had themselves depicted as pharaohs , though not to the extent that the Ptolemies had . The former lived outside Egypt and did not perform the ceremonial functions of Egyptian kingship . Local administration became Roman in style and closed to native Egyptians . From the mid @-@ first century AD , Christianity took root in Egypt and it was originally seen as another cult that could be accepted . However , it was an uncompromising religion that sought to win converts from Egyptian Religion and Greco @-@ Roman religion and threatened popular religious traditions . This led to the persecution of converts to Christianity , culminating in the great purges of Diocletian starting in 303 , but eventually Christianity won out . In 391 the Christian Emperor Theodosius introduced legislation that banned pagan rites and closed temples . Alexandria became the scene of great anti @-@ pagan riots with public and private religious imagery destroyed . As a consequence , Egypt 's native religious culture was continually in decline . While the native population certainly continued to speak their language , the ability to read hieroglyphic writing slowly disappeared as the role of the Egyptian temple priests and priestesses diminished . The temples themselves were sometimes converted to churches or abandoned to the desert . = = Government and economy = = = = = Administration and commerce = = = The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country and , at least in theory , wielded complete control of the land and its resources . The king was the supreme military commander and head of the government , who relied on a bureaucracy of officials to manage his affairs . In charge of the administration was his second in command , the vizier , who acted as the king 's representative and coordinated land surveys , the treasury , building projects , the legal system , and the archives . At a regional level , the country was divided into as many as 42 administrative regions called nomes each governed by a nomarch , who was accountable to the vizier for his jurisdiction . The temples formed the backbone of the economy . Not only were they houses of worship , but were also responsible for collecting and storing the nation 's wealth in a system of granaries and treasuries administered by overseers , who redistributed grain and goods . Much of the economy was centrally organized and strictly controlled . Although the ancient Egyptians did not use coinage until the Late period , they did use a type of money @-@ barter system , with standard sacks of grain and the deben , a weight of roughly 91 grams ( 3 oz ) of copper or silver , forming a common denominator . Workers were paid in grain ; a simple laborer might earn 5 ½ sacks ( 200 kg or 400 lb ) of grain per month , while a foreman might earn 7 ½ sacks ( 250 kg or 550 lb ) . Prices were fixed across the country and recorded in lists to facilitate trading ; for example a shirt cost five copper deben , while a cow cost 140 deben . Grain could be traded for other goods , according to the fixed price list . During the fifth century BC coined money was introduced into Egypt from abroad . At first the coins were used as standardized pieces of precious metal rather than true money , but in the following centuries international traders came to rely on coinage . = = = Social status = = = Egyptian society was highly stratified , and social status was expressly displayed . Farmers made up the bulk of the population , but agricultural produce was owned directly by the state , temple , or noble family that owned the land . Farmers were also subject to a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or construction projects in a corvée system . Artists and craftsmen were of higher status than farmers , but they were also under state control , working in the shops attached to the temples and paid directly from the state treasury . Scribes and officials formed the upper class in ancient Egypt , known as the " white kilt class " in reference to the bleached linen garments that served as a mark of their rank . The upper class prominently displayed their social status in art and literature . Below the nobility were the priests , physicians , and engineers with specialized training in their field . Slavery was known in ancient Egypt , but the extent and prevalence of its practice are unclear . The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women , including people from all social classes except slaves , as essentially equal under the law , and even the lowliest peasant was entitled to petition the vizier and his court for redress . Although , slaves were mostly used as indentured servants . They were able to buy and sell , or work their way to freedom or nobility , and usually were treated by doctors in the workplace . Both men and women had the right to own and sell property , make contracts , marry and divorce , receive inheritance , and pursue legal disputes in court . Married couples could own property jointly and protect themselves from divorce by agreeing to marriage contracts , which stipulated the financial obligations of the husband to his wife and children should the marriage end . Compared with their counterparts in ancient Greece , Rome , and even more modern places around the world , ancient Egyptian women had a greater range of personal choices and opportunities for achievement . Women such as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra VI even became pharaohs , while others wielded power as Divine Wives of Amun . Despite these freedoms , ancient Egyptian women did not often take part in official roles in the administration , served only secondary roles in the temples , and were not as likely to be as educated as men . = = = Legal system = = = The head of the legal system was officially the pharaoh , who was responsible for enacting laws , delivering justice , and maintaining law and order , a concept the ancient Egyptians referred to as Ma 'at . Although no legal codes from ancient Egypt survive , court documents show that Egyptian law was based on a common @-@ sense view of right and wrong that emphasized reaching agreements and resolving conflicts rather than strictly adhering to a complicated set of statutes . Local councils of elders , known as Kenbet in the New Kingdom , were responsible for ruling in court cases involving small claims and minor disputes . More serious cases involving murder , major land transactions , and tomb robbery were referred to the Great Kenbet , over which the vizier or pharaoh presided . Plaintiffs and defendants were expected to represent themselves and were required to swear an oath that they had told the truth . In some cases , the state took on both the role of prosecutor and judge , and it could torture the accused with beatings to obtain a confession and the names of any co @-@ conspirators . Whether the charges were trivial or serious , court scribes documented the complaint , testimony , and verdict of the case for future reference . Punishment for minor crimes involved either imposition of fines , beatings , facial mutilation , or exile , depending on the severity of the offense . Serious crimes such as murder and tomb robbery were punished by execution , carried out by decapitation , drowning , or impaling the criminal on a stake . Punishment could also be extended to the criminal 's family . Beginning in the New Kingdom , oracles played a major role in the legal system , dispensing justice in both civil and criminal cases . The procedure was to ask the god a " yes " or " no " question concerning the right or wrong of an issue . The god , carried by a number of priests , rendered judgment by choosing one or the other , moving forward or backward , or pointing to one of the answers written on a piece of papyrus or an ostracon . = = = Agriculture = = = A combination of favorable geographical features contributed to the success of ancient Egyptian culture , the most important of which was the rich fertile soil resulting from annual inundations of the Nile River . The ancient Egyptians were thus able to produce an abundance of food , allowing the population to devote more time and resources to cultural , technological , and artistic pursuits . Land management was crucial in ancient Egypt because taxes were assessed based on the amount of land a person owned . Farming in Egypt was dependent on the cycle of the Nile River . The Egyptians recognized three seasons : Akhet ( flooding ) , Peret ( planting ) , and Shemu ( harvesting ) . The flooding season lasted from June to September , depositing on the river 's banks a layer of mineral @-@ rich silt ideal for growing crops . After the floodwaters had receded , the growing season lasted from October to February . Farmers plowed and planted seeds in the fields , which were irrigated with ditches and canals . Egypt received little rainfall , so farmers relied on the Nile to water their crops . From March to May , farmers used sickles to harvest their crops , which were then threshed with a flail to separate the straw from the grain . Winnowing removed the chaff from the grain , and the grain was then ground into flour , brewed to make beer , or stored for later use . The ancient Egyptians cultivated emmer and barley , and several other cereal grains , all of which were used to make the two main food staples of bread and beer . Flax plants , uprooted before they started flowering , were grown for the fibers of their stems . These fibers were split along their length and spun into thread , which was used to weave sheets of linen and to make clothing . Papyrus growing on the banks of the Nile River was used to make paper . Vegetables and fruits were grown in garden plots , close to habitations and on higher ground , and had to be watered by hand . Vegetables included leeks , garlic , melons , squashes , pulses , lettuce , and other crops , in addition to grapes that were made into wine . = = = = Animals = = = = The Egyptians believed that a balanced relationship between people and animals was an essential element of the cosmic order ; thus humans , animals and plants were believed to be members of a single whole . Animals , both domesticated and wild , were therefore a critical source of spirituality , companionship , and sustenance to the ancient Egyptians . Cattle were the most important livestock ; the administration collected taxes on livestock in regular censuses , and the size of a herd reflected the prestige and importance of the estate or temple that owned them . In addition to cattle , the ancient Egyptians kept sheep , goats , and pigs . Poultry such as ducks , geese , and pigeons were captured in nets and bred on farms , where they were force @-@ fed with dough to fatten them . The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish . Bees were also domesticated from at least the Old Kingdom , and they provided both honey and wax . The ancient Egyptians used donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden , and they were responsible for plowing the fields and trampling seed into the soil . The slaughter of a fattened ox was also a central part of an offering ritual . Horses were introduced by the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period , and the camel , although known from the New Kingdom , was not used as a beast of burden until the Late Period . There is also evidence to suggest that elephants were briefly utilized in the Late Period , but largely abandoned due to lack of grazing land . Dogs , cats and monkeys were common family pets , while more exotic pets imported from the heart of Africa , such as lions , were reserved for royalty . Herodotus observed that the Egyptians were the only people to keep their animals with them in their houses . During the Predynastic and Late periods , the worship of the gods in their animal form was extremely popular , such as the cat goddess Bastet and the ibis god Thoth , and these animals were bred in large numbers on farms for the purpose of ritual sacrifice . = = = Natural resources = = = Egypt is rich in building and decorative stone , copper and lead ores , gold , and semiprecious stones . These natural resources allowed the ancient Egyptians to build monuments , sculpt statues , make tools , and fashion jewelry . Embalmers used salts from the Wadi Natrun for mummification , which also provided the gypsum needed to make plaster . Ore @-@ bearing rock formations were found in distant , inhospitable wadis in the eastern desert and the Sinai , requiring large , state @-@ controlled expeditions to obtain natural resources found there . There were extensive gold mines in Nubia , and one of the first maps known is of a gold mine in this region . The Wadi Hammamat was a notable source of granite , greywacke , and gold . Flint was the first mineral collected and used to make tools , and flint handaxes are the earliest pieces of evidence of habitation in the Nile valley . Nodules of the mineral were carefully flaked to make blades and arrowheads of moderate hardness and durability even after copper was adopted for this purpose . Ancient Egyptians were among the first to use minerals such as sulfur as cosmetic substances . The Egyptians worked deposits of the lead ore galena at Gebel Rosas to make net sinkers , plumb bobs , and small figurines . Copper was the most important metal for toolmaking in ancient Egypt and was smelted in furnaces from malachite ore mined in the Sinai . Workers collected gold by washing the nuggets out of sediment in alluvial deposits , or by the more labor @-@ intensive process of grinding and washing gold @-@ bearing quartzite . Iron deposits found in upper Egypt were utilized in the Late Period . High @-@ quality building stones were abundant in Egypt ; the ancient Egyptians quarried limestone all along the Nile valley , granite from Aswan , and basalt and sandstone from the wadis of the eastern desert . Deposits of decorative stones such as porphyry , greywacke , alabaster , and carnelian dotted the eastern desert and were collected even before the First Dynasty . In the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods , miners worked deposits of emeralds in Wadi Sikait and amethyst in Wadi el @-@ Hudi . = = = Trade = = = The ancient Egyptians engaged in trade with their foreign neighbors to obtain rare , exotic goods not found in Egypt . In the Predynastic Period , they established trade with Nubia to obtain gold and incense . They also established trade with Palestine , as evidenced by Palestinian @-@ style oil jugs found in the burials of the First Dynasty pharaohs . An Egyptian colony stationed in southern Canaan dates to slightly before the First Dynasty . Narmer had Egyptian pottery produced in Canaan and exported back to Egypt . By the Second Dynasty at latest , ancient Egyptian trade with Byblos yielded a critical source of quality timber not found in Egypt . By the Fifth Dynasty , trade with Punt provided gold , aromatic resins , ebony , ivory , and wild animals such as monkeys and baboons . Egypt relied on trade with Anatolia for essential quantities of tin as well as supplementary supplies of copper , both metals being necessary for the manufacture of bronze . The ancient Egyptians prized the blue stone lapis lazuli , which had to be imported from far @-@ away Afghanistan . Egypt 's Mediterranean trade partners also included Greece and Crete , which provided , among other goods , supplies of olive oil . In exchange for its luxury imports	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
@ year @-@ old Voigt . Under his command , UB @-@ 6 sank her next vessel in January 1916 . The 57 @-@ ton smack Crystal was boarded and sunk by explosives 25 nautical miles ( 46 km ; 29 mi ) southeast of Southwold on the 27th . = = Victims Gallery = = = = Second submarine offensive = = By early 1916 , the British blockade of Germany was beginning to have an effect on Germany and her imports . The Royal Navy had stopped and seized more cargo destined for Germany than the quantity of cargo sunk by German U @-@ boats in the first submarine offensive . As a result , the German Imperial Navy began a second offensive against merchant shipping on 29 February . The final ground rules agreed upon by the German Admiralstab were that all enemy vessels in Germany 's self @-@ proclaimed war zone would be destroyed without warning , that enemy vessels outside the war zone would be destroyed only if armed , and — to avoid antagonizing the United States — that enemy passenger steamers were not to be attacked , regardless of whether in the war zone or not . UB @-@ 6 's first attack in the new offensive came on 17 March , when the U @-@ boat torpedoed the Swedish ship Ask near the North Hinder lightship . The 1 @,@ 041 @-@ ton ship was en route to London from Westervik with a load of timber , but did not sink ; there were no reports of casualties on the damaged ship . The attack on Ask was followed up two weeks later by the sinking of another Swedish ship . The 1 @,@ 115 @-@ ton Hollandia was at anchor 0 @.@ 25 nautical miles ( 460 m ) from the Galloper lightship when UB @-@ 4 torpedoed her on the last day of March . Hollandia was in ballast and in the process of sailing from Rouen to Rotterdam when sent under without loss of life . In March , UB @-@ 6 's commander , Voigt , was assigned to the newly commissioned UB @-@ 23 , and replaced on UB @-@ 6 by Kapitänleutnant Karl Neumann , the former commander of two of the submarine 's sister ships , UB @-@ 2 and UB @-@ 13 . In his U @-@ boat career , Neumann sank over 100 @,@ 000 tons of shipping , but none at the helm of UB @-@ 6 . In July , Neumann was succeeded by Oberleutnant zur See Karsten von Heydebreck , a 26 @-@ year @-@ old , first @-@ time U @-@ boat captain , who was Voigt 's classmate in April 1908 cadet class . Near the end of April 1916 , Admiral Reinhardt Scheer , the newest commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the German High Seas Fleet , called off the merchant shipping offensive and ordered all boats at sea to return , and all boats in port to remain there . As with the end of the first offensive in August 1915 , UB @-@ 6 would not sink any more ships for the next five months . = = Grand Fleet ambush attempts = = In mid @-@ May , Scheer completed plans to draw out part of the British Grand Fleet . The German High Seas Fleet would sortie for a raid on Sunderland , luring the British fleet across " ' nests ' of submarines and mine @-@ fields " . In support of the operation , UB @-@ 6 and five other Flanders boats set out at midnight 30 / 31 May to form a line 18 nautical miles ( 33 km ; 21 mi ) east of Lowestoft . This group was to intercept and attack the British light forces from Harwich , should they sortie north to join the battle . Unfortunately for the Germans , the British Admiralty had intelligence reports of the departure of the submarines which , coupled with an absence of attacks on shipping , aroused British suspicions . A delayed departure of the German fleet for its sortie ( which had been redirected to the Skagerrak ) and the failure of several of the U @-@ boats stationed to the north to receive the coded message warning of the British advance caused Scheer 's anticipated ambush to be a " complete and disappointing failure " . In UB @-@ 6 's group , only UB @-@ 10 sighted the Harwich forces , and they were too far away to mount an attack . The failure of the submarine ambush to sink any British capital ships allowed the full Grand Fleet to engage the numerically inferior High Seas Fleet in the Battle of Jutland , which took place 31 May – 1 June . Later in August , the Germans set up another ambush for the British fleet , when they drew up plans for another High Seas Fleet raid on Sunderland ( as had been the original intention in May ) . The German fleet planned to depart late in the day on 18 August and shell military targets the next morning . As in May , UB @-@ 6 was part of a group intended to attack the Harwich forces . As one of five boats forming the second line of boats from the Flanders Flotilla , UB @-@ 6 was stationed off Texel by the morning of 20 August . Once again , British intelligence had given warning of the impending attack and ambush , causing the Grand Fleet to sortie at 16 : 00 on 18 August , five hours before the German fleet sailed . Faulty intelligence caused Scheer initially to divert from Sunderland , and then to eventually call off the whole operation . Although U @-@ boats to the north sank two British light cruisers , UB @-@ 6 and her group played no part in the action . On 10 September , UB @-@ 6 was patrolling off the Maas lightship and torpedoed the 400 @-@ ton Norwegian steamer Lindborg , with a general cargo for London ; there were no casualties . While patrolling in the same area on the 23rd , UB @-@ 6 sank four Belgian lighters . The following day , the Dutch ship Batavier II was seized as a prize and sailed into Zeebrugge by a prize crew from UB @-@ 6 . Batavier II was the last success for Heydebreck in command of UB @-@ 6 ; he was assigned to command the newly commissioned minelaying submarine UC @-@ 63 in January 1917 . Oberleutnant zur See Oskar Steckelberg , another member of the April 1908 cadet class , replaced Heydebreck on UB @-@ 6 . = = Unrestricted submarine warfare = = The British blockade of Germany , which prevented neutral shipping from reaching German ports , had severely limited imports of food and fuel into Germany . Among the results were an increase in infant mortality and as many as 700 @,@ 000 deaths attributed to starvation or hypothermia during the war . With the blockade having such dire consequences , Kaiser Wilhelm II personally approved a resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare to begin on 1 February 1917 to help force the British to make peace . The new rules of engagement specified that no ship was to be left afloat . On 10 March , UB @-@ 6 departed Zeebrugge to patrol off the Mass lightship . Two days later , UB @-@ 6 entered Dutch territorial waters after Steckelberg made a navigational error , and ran aground at the mouth of the Maas River . Because the Netherlands was neutral during the war , and UB @-@ 6 did not leave Dutch territorial waters within 24 hours as required by international law , the submarine and her crew were interned by the Dutch . The Germans protested , but because UB @-@ 6 's grounding was merely the result of an error and not because of distress , the Dutch could not release the submarine . UB @-@ 6 was taken to the port of Hellevoetsluis for internment , where , on 18 March , UB @-@ 6 's crew scuttled her . The crew of UB @-@ 6 was interned for the duration of the war . After the end of the war , UB @-@ 6 's wreck was surrendered to France , taken to Brest , and broken up in July 1921 . = = Summary of raiding history = = = 55 Cancri f = 55 Cancri f ( abbreviated 55 Cnc f ) , also designated Rho1 Cancri f and named Harriot , is an extrasolar planet approximately 41 light @-@ years away from Earth in the constellation of Cancer ( the Crab ) . 55 Cancri f is the fourth known planet ( in order of distance ) from the star 55 Cancri and the first planet to have been given the designation of " f " . In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Harriot for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands . It honors the astronomer Thomas Harriot . = = Discovery = = The initial presentation of this planet occurred at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in April 2005 , however it was another two and a half years before the planet was to be published in a peer @-@ reviewed journal . It is the first known planet outside our solar system to spend its entire orbit within what astronomers call the " habitable zone " . Furthermore , its discovery made 55 Cancri the first star other than the Sun known to have at least five planets . = = Orbit and mass = = 55 Cancri f is located about 0 @.@ 781 AU away from the star and takes 260 days to complete a full orbit . A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect 55 Cancri f is that only a minimum mass can be obtained , in this case around 0 @.@ 144 times that of Jupiter , or half the mass of Saturn . A Keplerian fit to the radial velocity data of 55 Cancri A indicates that the orbit is consistent with being circular , however changing the value in a range between 0 and 0 @.@ 4 does not significantly alter the chi @-@ squared statistic of the fit , thus a representative eccentricity of 0 @.@ 2 ± 0 @.@ 2 was assumed . In a Newtonian model which takes interactions between the planets into account , the eccentricity comes out as 0 @.@ 0002 , almost perfectly circular . Astrometric observations made with the Hubble Space Telescope suggest that the outer planet 55 Cancri d is inclined at 53 ° with respect to the plane of the sky . The inner planets b and e are inclined at 85 ° . The inclination of f is unknown . = = Characteristics = = Since the planet was detected indirectly through observations of its star , properties such as its radius , composition and temperature are unknown . With a mass half that of Saturn , 55 Cancri f is likely to be a gas giant with no solid surface . It orbits in the so @-@ called " habitable zone , " which means that liquid water could exist on the surface of a possible moon . It is not known if the composition and appearance is more like Saturn or Neptune . Based on its temperature , it should be a Sudarsky Class II planet , covered in water clouds . = Acting white = In the United States , acting white is a pejorative term , usually applied to African Americans , which refers to a person 's perceived betrayal of their culture by assuming the social expectations of white society . Success in education in particular ( depending on one 's cultural background ) can be seen as a form of " selling out " by being disloyal to one 's culture . The term is controversial , and its precise meaning is hard to define . Some minority students are discouraged from achieving in school by the negative prejudices of ethnic peers ; such a view has been expressed in articles in The New York Times , Time magazine , and The Wall Street Journal — and by public figures and academics across the political spectrum . = = History of usage = = The question of whether or not " acting white " attitudes are prevalent has been debated in academic literature . The African @-@ American comedian and media figure , Bill Cosby , used the term in what became a noted May 2004 speech when he challenged the black community against the idea that gaining education was " acting white " . Black people accused of " acting white " are sometimes referred to as Black Anglo @-@ Saxons , a term coined by comedian Paul Mooney . The 2008 election of Barack Obama as President of the United States resulted in a public discussion that the acting white attitude may be waning , as he represented a model of African @-@ American achievement . = = Case studies and research = = Not all scholars define acting white in the same way . Most definitions include a reference to situations where some minority adolescents ridicule their peers for engaging in behaviors perceived to be characteristic of whites . In this scenario , they equate " white behavior " with high grades in school , a result researchers can quantify , but the term is not limited to this . In 1986 , Signithia Fordham co @-@ authored with Nigerian sociologist John Ogbu a study that concluded that high @-@ performing African @-@ American students in a Washington , D.C. , high school borrowed from hegemonic white culture as part of a strategy for achievement , while struggling to maintain a black identity . Ogbu made a related claim in his 2003 book , Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb : A Study of Academic Disengagement , concluding that black students ' own cultural attitudes sometimes hindered academic achievement and that these attitudes are too often neglected . Ogbu had earlier written in his seminal work Minority Education and Caste ( 1978 ) , that school disengagement among caste @-@ like minorities occurs because white society limits the job @-@ success of their parents and others in their communities by a glass ceiling . In his new book , he said that non @-@ whites " failed to observe the link between educational achievement and access to jobs . " In 1997 the scholars Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig published a report finding that blacks do not face any stronger social pressures than whites to succeed in school , nor do they have greater feelings of alienation towards education in general . They noted anecdotal and ethnographic research confirming that minority students hold these views , but they concluded that these are not inherently generalizable and do not substantially affect student behavior in the classroom . They labeled the issue " something of a distraction " from what they saw as more important educational reforms . Though Ogbu 's 1978 study 's conclusion was widely discussed , a 2003 work also challenged its validity . In 2003 , Karolyn Tyson , a sociologist , and William Darity , Jr . , an economist , of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , conducted an 18 @-@ month study at 11 North Carolina schools . The study concluded that white and black students have essentially the same attitudes about scholastic achievement ; students in both groups want to succeed in school and show higher levels of self @-@ esteem when they do better in school . They compared attitudes identified as acting white to the normal adolescent pains experienced in John Hughes ' movies . A 2006 study titled An Empirical Analysis of " Acting White " by Roland G. Fryer , Jr . , at Harvard University and Paul Torelli suggested that the phenomenon probably had little to no effect on students achieving at average levels , but might explain a significant role in the disparities between black and white students at high achievement levels . Fryer has also written that , in contrast to Fordham and Ogbu 's theory , " acting white " prejudices are actually more common the more integrated the school , with historically black schools free of any effects . He found that groups such as Italian immigrants in Boston ’ s West End and the Maori of New Zealand display similar behaviors . He concluded that there is necessarily a trade @-@ off between doing well and rejection by your peers when you come from a traditionally low @-@ achieving group , especially when that group comes into contact with more outsiders . A fundamental drawback of much of the research so far is that the people studied have been asked to rate their own popularity in the eyes of others , which naturally brings those scores into question . Roland G. Fryer , Jr. has remarked , " Asking teenagers whether they ’ re popular is like asking them if they ’ re having sex . " Stuart Buck , a lawyer , also explored this issue in Acting White : The Ironic Legacy of Desegregation ( 2010 ) . He said that segregated black schools had featured teachers , counselors , and others of the same race as the student population , and the adults often acted as mentors to the students . Integration of many public schools since the mid- to late @-@ 20th century may have resulted in schools in which black students perceived they were controlled or dominated by whites . A black student trying to achieve high educational success may then be considered as trying to leave the minority group . Margaret Beale Spencer and Vinay Harpalani ( 2008 ) argue that usage of the term " acting white " by black teenagers does not reflect their cultural values ; rather , it is a manifestation of their racial identity development , experienced in conjunction with normal adolescent hassles and peer pressure . Spencer and Harpalani employ William E. Cross 's ( 1991 ) Nigrescence framework and contend that black teenagers ' use of " acting white " in relation to academic achievement is similar to white teenagers ' use of the term " nerd " : the only difference is that black teenagers express it in racialized terms , as in addition to normal teenage peer pressure , they are grappling with racial identity and what it means to be " black " . Expressions such as " acting white " may or may not reflect black teenagers ' cultural values , and their usage is sometimes counterintuitive : for example , Ogbu ( 2003 ) himself documented one instance where a black teenage girl with natural hair was accused of " acting white " by her black peers because " like white people , she did not have to process her hair . " These kind of examples show that accusations of " acting white " are not fundamentally about black cultural attributes ( although such accusations may reflect these attributes ) . Rather , " acting white " is just a manifestation of racial identity development for black children and teenagers , who are learning and defining for themselves what it means to be " black " — in conjunction with normal adolescent peer pressure and hassles . That is also why such accusations are less common among black adults , who have come to greater resolution regarding racial identity issues . = = Commentary = = Political observer John McWhorter has commented , " [ t ] eenagers have a variety of identities open to them for trying on anti @-@ Establishment postures . White kids can be stoners or goths . Black kids can be ' nonwhite ' . " He interpreted those kids as black " nerds " . He stated that the acting white attitude developed as the creation of an " other " among newly integrated African @-@ American kids . In their 2003 study , Tyson and Darity said that school staff and faculty who hold racist attitudes about the ability of black students use the acting white disparagement as a cover for disparities in student performance . Shelby Steele wrote in The Content of Our Character that what he identified as middle @-@ class black values are falsely viewed by the majority of blacks as " white , " while they are colorblind . He argued that this attitude is distinct from other issues of young blacks in poverty . Kenji Yoshino , a New York University School of Law professor , in his Covering : The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights ( 2006 ) , criticizes social pressures to conform to mainstream white culture . He said this violated African Americans ' civil rights , and they can uphold their own social distinctions . He said they should be able to freely choose to identify with white culture if they wish . Anne Arnett Ferguson , a professor at Smith College , wrote in 2001 that white culture " ruthlessly excludes African American cultural modes as relevant and meaningful " . She highlighted the insistence in schools of standard English over Black Vernacular English as an example . Clarence Page remarked on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer in 2004 : In African American folklore , the sea crab ranks among the dumbest of creatures who also offers a valuable lesson . When you catch a bucket or a basketful , you never have to put a lid on because when one of the creatures tries to get out , the others will just pull it back in . Some of our fellow human beings aren 't much smarter than that . When they see you working hard to achieve your dreams , they 'll make fun of you just for trying . = = Accusations of " acting white " = = = = = Barack Obama = = = Public figures arouse controversy . Before he was elected as President , Senator Barack Obama , was criticized in 2007 as " acting white " by Jesse Jackson in relation to a specific case involving blacks . Also before Obama 's election , Ralph Nader , a longtime activist , in 2008 characterized the senator as " talking white " . However , one must note that Obama is also a Mixed @-@ race American , with a White / European mother and Kenyan father ; he also has Cherokee descent . Kenyans are a different ethnic group than the various groups modern day African Americans are descended from . Also , note that " talking white " is a form of a dialect . Who President Obama is speaking with may determine the dialect he chooses to use . Obama 's presidential victory in the 2008 election and public image prompted a public discussion about whether he would shift the ground of critics of ' acting white . ' Commentators John McWhorter and Stephen J. Dubner have said that it might . Yahanna of the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge , described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a black supremacist sect , did not consider Obama to be black but " African of white descent " and advised African Americans not to vote for him . Obama strongly criticized the idea that achievement was limited to " acting white " in his keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention . He said that " children can ’ t achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white . ” = = = Russell Wilson = = = Seattle Seahawks football player Russell Wilson came under fire in 2014 when anonymous sources alleged that the feeling in the Seahawks locker room was that Wilson lacked " blackness . " CBS Sports cited this conflict as a possible reason for the trading of star player Percy Harvin from the Seahawks to the New York Jets . = = = Matthew Clark III = = = Socially conscious Texas Hip @-@ Hop artist , Matthew Clark III addressed the diminutive effects African @-@ American adolescents face when being accused of " Acting White " in his autobiographic song " Acting White " " " ( 2015 ) . In his song he depicts the average struggles of young black children that don 't fit the stereotypical mold society wishes to place them in . He describes the struggles of dealing with police harassment , being made fun of for dressing differently , enunciating his words , being accused of stealing in stores , and his aspirations to be like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . = Battle of Kapyong = The Battle of Kapyong ( Korean : 가평전투 , 22 – 25 April 1951 ) , also known as the Battle of Jiaping ( Chinese : 加平战斗 ; pinyin : Jiā Píng Zhàn Dòu ) , was fought during the Korean War between United Nations ( UN ) forces — primarily Australian and Canadian — and the Chinese communist People 's Volunteer Army . The fighting occurred during the Chinese Spring Offensive and saw the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade establish blocking positions in the Kapyong Valley , on a key route south to the capital , Seoul . The two forward battalions — 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) and 2nd Battalion , Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry ( 2 PPCLI ) — occupied positions astride the valley and hastily developed defences . As thousands of South Korean soldiers began to withdraw through the valley , the Chinese infiltrated the brigade position under the cover of darkness , and assaulted the Australians on Hill 504 during the evening and into the following day . Although heavily outnumbered , the 27th Brigade held their positions into the afternoon before the Australians were finally withdrawn to positions in the rear of the brigade , with both sides having suffered heavy casualties . The Chinese then turned their attention to the Canadians on Hill 677 , but during a fierce night battle they were unable to dislodge them . The fighting helped blunt the Chinese offensive and the actions of the Australians and Canadians at Kapyong were important in assisting to prevent a breakthrough on the United Nations Command central front , and ultimately the capture of Seoul . The two battalions bore the brunt of the assault and stopped an entire Chinese division during the hard fought defensive battle . The next day the Chinese withdrew back up the valley , in order to regroup . Today , the battle is regarded as one of the most famous actions fought by the Australian and Canadian armies in Korea . = = Background = = = = = Military situation = = = The United Nations counter offensive between February and April 1951 had been largely successful , with the US Eighth Army pushing the Chinese north of the Han River during Operation Killer , while Seoul was recaptured in mid @-@ March during Operation Ripper and UN forces once again approached the 38th parallel . Regardless , the strained relationship between General Douglas MacArthur and US President Harry S. Truman led to MacArthur 's dismissal as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , and his replacement by General Matthew B. Ridgway . Consequently , on 14 April 1951 , General James Van Fleet replaced Ridgway as commander of the US Eighth Army and the United Nations forces in Korea . Ridgway flew to Tokyo the same day to replace MacArthur . Meanwhile , the offensive continued with a series of short thrusts . Operation Courageous , in late March , pushed forward to the Benton Line , 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) south of the 38th parallel , while Operation Rugged in early @-@ April pushed just north of the 38th parallel to the Kansas Line . Finally , in mid @-@ April a further advance moved the US Eighth Army to the Utah Line . Following the Battle of Maehwa @-@ San the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade had enjoyed a period in corps reserve as the UN forces had continued to push steadily northwards . By April 1951 , the brigade consisted of four infantry battalions , one Australian , one Canadian and two British , including : the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ; the 2nd Battalion , Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry ; the 1st Battalion , Middlesex Regiment and the 1st Battalion , Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders . Brigadier Basil Coad had departed for Hong Kong on compassionate leave on 23 March and the brigade was now under the command of Brigadier Brian Arthur Burke . In direct support was the 16th Field Regiment , Royal New Zealand Artillery ( 16 RNZA ) with its 3 @.@ 45 @-@ inch ( 88 mm ) 25 pounder field guns . 3 RAR was now under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Bruce Ferguson , who had replaced Lieutenant Colonel Floyd Walsh following his dismissal in the wake of the Battle of Pakchon on 5 November 1950 . 2 PPCLI was commanded at this time by Lieutenant Colonel James Riley Stone . Deployed in the central sector , the brigade was part of the US IX Corps which also included the US 24th Division , South Korean 2nd Division , US 7th Division and the South Korean 6th Division , under the overall command of Major General William M. Hoge . During this time 27th Brigade was attached to the US 24th Division , advancing north through the Chojong valley in late @-@ March , reaching the Benton Line on 31 March . The brigade was then released , advancing with IX Corps up the deep and narrow valley of the Kapyong River , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the east . From 3 April , the 27th Brigade moved further up the river , advancing 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) over the next twelve days as part of Operation Rugged . Although the valley was not held in strength by the Chinese , it was skilfully defended by small groups of infantry dug @-@ in on the hilltops that overlooked it . Advancing along the flanking hills and ridges the brigade captured successive positions , while encountering heavy resistance before reaching the Kansas Line on 8 April . Following a brief operational pause , the advance 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) to the Utah Line began on 11 April , the day after MacArthur 's dismissal . Chinese resistance strengthened noticeably and the brigade 's initial objectives were not captured by the Middlesex until 13 April . The approach to the Utah Line was dominated by two 900 metres ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) hills — the ' Sardine ' feature 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) north , and ' Salmon ' a further 800 metres ( 870 yd ) north . The Middlesex were repulsed during repeated attempts to capture Sardine on 14 April , before the task was allocated to 3 RAR . A Company , 3 RAR subsequently captured the crest , killing 10 Chinese and wounding another 20 for the loss of eight Australians wounded . The following morning , Salmon was captured by C Company without firing a shot , amidst light resistance . Chinese shelling after its capture resulted in two men wounded , while airstrikes then broke up an attempted Chinese counter @-@ attack . Meanwhile , 2 PPCLI continued their advance on the right flank , capturing the ' Turbot ' feature ( Hill 795 ) on 15 April . Facing a spirited Chinese delaying action on successive positions , the Canadians did not capture their final objective — the ' Trout ' feature ( Hill 826 ) — until the following morning . = = Prelude = = = = = Opposing forces = = = After reaching the Utah Line , 27th Brigade was withdrawn from the front on 17 April , handing over its positions to the South Korean 6th Division . Burke subsequently ordered his battalions into reserve positions north of the previously destroyed village of Kapyong , on the main road from Seoul to the east coast . Intelligence indicated that a new Chinese offensive was imminent , and while the brigade settled in to rest it remained on three hours notice to move to support IX Corps . Having been on operations continuously for the past seven months , the British intended to relieve the bulk of the brigade during its period in reserve . The two British battalions — the Argylls and the Middlesex — would be replaced by two fresh battalions from Hong Kong , while Burke and the headquarters of 27th Brigade would be replaced by Brigadier George Taylor and the headquarters of 28th Brigade in late @-@ April . The Canadians were scheduled to transfer to the newly raised 25th Canadian Brigade in May as part of Canada 's increased commitment to the war . Advance parties from Brigade Headquarters and the Argylls departed for Seoul en route for Hong Kong on 19 April , while the remaining British battalions were scheduled to depart two weeks later . 3 RAR would not be rotated and remained a part of the brigade for the entire war , operating on an individual reinforcement system instead . Meanwhile , planning began for Operation Dauntless , a drive 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) into the Iron Triangle — a key communist concentration area and communications junction in the central sector between Chorwon and Kumwha in the south and Pyonggang in the north . Contingency planning also included precautions against a further Chinese offensive , in which the US Eighth Army would conduct a delaying defence on successive positions . Further indications of an imminent communist offensive — including the visible strengthening of Chinese and North Korean artillery and logistic systems — led Ridgway to order Van Fleet not to exploit any opportunities beyond the Wyoming Line . Confident nonetheless , Ridgway widened the scope of the offensive , designating a secondary objective line in the eastern sector known as the Alabama Line . Fate would intervene however , and Van Fleet launched his offensive on 21 April only to be met by a much stronger Chinese and North Korean offensive the following night . The First Chinese Spring Offensive — also known as the Chinese Fifth Phase Campaign , First Impulse — envisioned the total destruction of the US I and IX Corps above the Han River , involving three Chinese Army Groups — the 3rd , 9th , and 19th Army Groups — and three North Korean corps — the I , III and V Corps — under the overall command of Peng Dehuai , the commander of the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army in Korea . With the immediate objective of capturing Seoul , the offensive commenced on 22 April on two broad fronts : the main thrust across the Imjin River in the western sector held by the US I Corps involving 337 @,@ 000 troops driving towards Seoul , and the secondary effort involving 149 @,@ 000 troops attacking further east across the Soyang River in the central and eastern sectors , falling primarily on the US IX Corps , and to a lesser extent on the US X Corps sector . A further 214 @,@ 000 Chinese troops supported the offensive ; in total more than 700 @,@ 000 men . As part of the preparation , the battle hardened 39th and 40th Armies of the 13th Army Group were transferred to the 9th Army Group under the overall command of Song Shi @-@ Lun , and Commander Wen Yuchen of the 40th Army was given the mission of destroying the South Korean 6th Division while blocking any UN reinforcements towards the Imjin River at Kapyong . Facing the Chinese offensive were 418 @,@ 000 UN troops , including 152 @,@ 000 South Koreans , 245 @,@ 000 Americans , 11 @,@ 500 British Commonwealth and 10 @,@ 000 troops from other UN countries . However , with the US Eighth Army not strong enough to prevent large penetrations along its line , masses of Chinese infantry soon swept around its flanks , surrounding entire formations in an attempt to cut off their withdrawal . Standing directly in the path of the main Chinese attack towards Seoul in the I Corps sector was the 29th British Brigade . The brigade 's stand on the Imjin River held off two Chinese divisions for two days and ultimately helped prevent the capture of Seoul , but resulted in heavy casualties in one of the bloodiest British engagements of the war . During the fighting , most of the 1st Battalion , Gloucestershire Regiment were killed or captured during a stubborn resistance at the Battle of the Imjin River that saw the commanding officer — Lieutenant Colonel James Carne — awarded the Victoria Cross after his battalion was surrounded . Ultimately the 29th Brigade suffered 1 @,@ 091 casualties in their defence of the Kansas Line , and although they destroyed a large portion of the Chinese 63rd Army and inflicted nearly 10 @,@ 000 casualties , the loss of the Glosters caused a controversy in Britain and within the United Nations Command . Meanwhile , further east , in the IX Corps sector , the Chinese 118th Division , 40th Army and the 60th Division , 20th Army prepared to attack the South Korean 6th Division on the night of 22 April . = = Battle = = = = = South Korean collapse , 22 – 23 April 1951 = = = The South Koreans were holding positions at the northern end of the Kapyong Valley , having advanced 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) since relieving the 27th Brigade . However , anticipating a Chinese attack , the divisional commander — General Chang Do Yong — had halted his advance at 16 : 00 and ordered his two forward regiments — the 19th and the 2nd Infantry Regiments — to tie @-@ in and develop defensive positions . Meanwhile , the 7th Infantry Regiment occupied reserve positions immediately behind the forward regiments . Suffering a reputation for unreliability in defence the South Koreans had been bolstered by the attachment of the New Zealand guns and a battery of 105 @-@ millimetre ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) M101 howitzers from the US 213th Field Artillery Battalion . Regardless , left with only one hour to halt its advance and step up defences , the forward South Korean units were only able to occupy a series of hill @-@ top positions while leaving the valleys and flanks exposed . Two Chinese divisions — the 118th and the 60th Division — struck at 17 : 00 , easily infiltrating through numerous gaps between the badly organised defensive positions . Under pressure all along the front , the defenders gave ground almost immediately and soon broke . Abandoning their weapons , equipment and vehicles , they disintegrated and began to stream south out of the mountains and through the valley , and by 23 : 00 Chang was forced to admit that he had lost all communication with his units . At 04 : 00 the decision was made to withdraw the New Zealanders to prevent their loss , however following reports that the South Koreans were making a stand they were ordered back up the valley the next morning with the Middlesex accompanying them as protection . By dusk it was clear that the South Koreans had in fact collapsed , and the guns were withdrawn again . Meanwhile , the US 1st Marine Division was holding firm against the Chinese 39th Army to the east , and the withdrawal of the South Koreans had left their flank exposed . However , with the Chinese 39th and 40th Armies only tasked with protecting the eastern flank of the 9th Army Group against possible counterattacks from the 1st Marine Division , the Chinese did not exploit this opportunity and the Americans remained relatively unmolested . Yet with the forward UN positions in both the US I Corps and US IX Corps sectors increasingly untenable as the Chinese exploited gaps between formations , Van Fleet ordered a withdrawal to the Kansas Line in the mid @-@ morning . Hoge subsequently ordered the US Marines to form a new defensive position beyond the Pukhan River , between the Hwachon Reservoir and the new position to be occupied by the South Korean 6th Division . Hoge 's plan relied on the South Koreans reforming and offering some resistance , and although a rearguard of 2 @,@ 500 men was belatedly established it was in no condition to fight . Fearing a breakthrough , Hoge warned out the 27th Brigade , as the corps reserve , to establish defensive positions north of Kapyong on the afternoon of 23 April as a precaution in the event the South Koreans were unable to hold , tasking them with blocking the two approaches to the village and to prevent the Chinese from cutting Route 17 , a key route south to Seoul and an important main supply route . The brigade was by now reduced to three battalions , as the Argylls had been withdrawn to Pusan just prior to the battle , in preparation for their embarkation . The Middlesex were also on stand @-@ by for embarkation , and were kept in reserve . As such , with the width of the valley precluding the establishment of continuous linear defensive , Burke was forced to place his two available battalions on the high points on either side of it , with 3 RAR occupying Hill 504 to the east of the river and 2 PPCLI occupying Hill 677 to the west . Meanwhile , Sudok San ( Hill 794 ) to the north @-@ west — a massive hill nearly 800 metres ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) high — was left undefended by necessity . Together these three hills formed a naturally strong defensive position , well suited to blocking a major advance . Regardless , the brigade position suffered from a number of deficiencies , being exposed without flank protection , while the central sector was not occupied because the Middlesex were away to the north with the guns . Likewise , until the return of the New Zealanders the brigade would have little artillery support ; as such if large Chinese forces arrived before these two units returned the forward companies would be without support and would have to accept the probability that they would be cut @-@ off . 3 RAR — whose line of communications ran 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) through the exposed central sector of the valley — would be particularly exposed . Each of the battalions were deployed across the summits and slopes in separate company @-@ sized defensive positions , creating a series of strong @-@ points across a 7 @-@ kilometre ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) front . Due to the large amount of ground to be defended each of the companies were spread widely , and were unable to offer mutual support . Instead each platoon would support each other , with each company adopting all @-@ round defence . Brigade Headquarters remained in the valley , 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) to the south . With the New Zealand gunners still forward supporting the South Koreans , US IX Corps placed a battery of 105 @-@ millimetre ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) howitzers from the US 213th Field Artillery Battalion and the twelve 4 @.@ 2 @-@ inch ( 110 mm ) M2 mortars of B Company , 2nd Chemical Mortar Battalion , under the command of 27th Brigade . Fifteen Sherman tanks from A Company , US 72nd Heavy Tank Battalion , were also in support . The Canadians subsequently occupied Hill 677 and began digging @-@ in , deploying their six Vickers medium machine @-@ guns in sections to add depth , and using defensive fire tasks to cover the gaps in their positions . Meanwhile , the Australians occupied Hill 504 , with D Company holding the summit itself , A Company the spur @-@ line which ran down to the north @-@ west , and B Company the small hill by the river , while C Company was in reserve on the rear spur . In response to US IX Corps requirements Burke directed Ferguson to site his headquarters in the low ground of the valley in the vicinity of the hamlet of Chuktun @-@ ni , so as to control the withdrawing South Koreans . However , this would limit Ferguson 's situational awareness and his ability to control the battle , while also leaving them exposed to infiltration . The afternoon was spent on the lightly scrub @-@ covered slopes digging @-@ in and building sangers where the rocky ground proved too hard . In only a few hours the Australians managed to prepare hasty defensive positions , although defensive fire tasks were unable to be registered as the artillery Forward Observers were unable to reach the company positions until after dark . The American tank company commander — Lieutenant Kenneth W. Koch — deployed his platoons in support of the Australians . The road skirted the eastern flank of Hill 504 , and it offered the best area for the employment of armour . One platoon of five tanks occupied a northern outpost position forward of B Company to prevent the Chinese using the road ; another platoon occupied the high ground to the west , with B Company ; while the final platoon and Koch 's command tank was deployed near Battalion Headquarters , covering a ford by which the road crossed the Kapyong River , approximately 800 metres ( 870 yd ) south of B Company . Perhaps unwisely the tanks were deployed without infantry support . The command relationship between the Australians and their armoured support was also complicated , as the Americans were not under command as they might normally have been , rather Koch was free to conduct his own battle . Regardless , armed with a 76 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) cannon and one .50 calibre and two .30 calibre machine @-@ guns , the Sherman tanks were formidable assets and bolstered the defence considerably . In contrast , the Chinese had no tanks at Kapyong , while their infantry had only a few 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 89 mm ) anti @-@ tank rockets with which to counter them . By 20 : 00 that evening a large number of South Koreans were retreating in disarray through a gap in the line held by the brigade , the majority of them moving through the Australians . The South Korean 6th Division later regrouped in positions behind 27th Brigade , but was now reduced to less than half its original strength . Meanwhile , as the 20th Army veered to the west as part of the Chinese main effort against Seoul , the Chinese 118th Division continued its secondary advance down the Kapyong Valley , closely pursuing the retreating South Koreans . Racing down the northeast running valley , the 354th Regiment reached the Australian positions by about 22 : 00 . Intent on capturing the important crossroads of Route 17 south of Kapyong , and most likely unaware of the location of the Australian blocking position , the Chinese vanguard remained in the low ground , splitting as they approached a long , low north @-@ south running ridge that rose like an island in the mouth of the valley . = = = Night battle , 23 / 24 April 1951 = = = Having successfully prevented the US 1st Marine Division from reinforcing the Imjin River front , the Chinese 40th Army turned its attention towards the 27th Brigade on 23 April . The battle started during the night of 23 / 24 April , and continued until late the following day as an entire Chinese division — the 118th Division , totalling perhaps 10 @,@ 000 men under the command of Deng Yue — engaged the two forward battalions of 27th Brigade . The initial Chinese attack at Kapyong engaged 3 RAR on Hill 504 , while in the early part of the battle the Middlesex and New Zealand gunners were all but cut off . However , the resistance of the Australians ultimately allowed them to safely withdraw and the Middlesex then moved into a reserve position astride the western bank of the river in order to provide depth to the brigade defence . The two battalions of the Chinese 354th Regiment launched repeated attacks on the two forward Australian companies on the northwest spur of Hill 504 . Assault after assault of massed Chinese troops kept up the attack throughout the night , but the strong defence of the Australians on the brigade 's right flank held them back , before they turned their attention to the Canadians the following day . Using the retreating South Korean troops to cover their movements , the Chinese had infiltrated the brigade position in the initial stages of the battle , penetrating between A and B Companies , 3 RAR astride the road , and largely surrounding the latter before moving into the rear positions . The Australians struggled to distinguish the Chinese from the South Koreans in the dark , although the Korean Service Corps porters attached to the battalion were able to provide valuable assistance to the defenders distinguishing the Chinese by the sounds of their voices . At 21 : 30 the Chinese launched their first attack on the forward platoon of American tanks , which had been posted on the road without infantry support . The initial moves were easily repelled , however a stronger attack an hour later forced the tanks to withdraw after two of the tank commanders were killed , including the platoon commander . The Chinese then proceeded to assault the Australians on two different axes : one against the two forward companies in front of Hill 504 , and the other through the valley astride the road around Battalion Headquarters . Finally , by 23 : 00 the New Zealand artillery had returned to the brigade , although they provided only limited support throughout the rest of the night . Probes began on the A and B Company positions , and a number of assaults occurred during the night . Utilising indirect fires , the Chinese charged forward in waves , only to be beaten back by the Australians ' Bren light machine @-@ guns , Owen submachine @-@ guns , rifle fire and grenades , before again regrouping and attacking again . B Company — under the command of Captain Darcy Laughlin — supported by tanks , drove off each assault , inflicting heavy casualties while emerging almost unscathed . Laughlin 's command post was fired upon by a number of Chinese that had infiltrated the company position , but they were swiftly driven out . An outpost on the northern knoll reported Chinese massing on their flanks at 23 : 00 , and although heavy artillery was directed against the attackers , the section was forced to break contact and withdraw to the main defensive position . The main Chinese assault began at 00 : 50 , falling on 4 Platoon but was broken up after an hour of heavy fighting . A second assault was mounted on 6 Platoon at 03 : 30 , following a feint against 5 Platoon . With determination the Chinese swept forward , penetrating the Australian perimeter before being ejected by an equally determined counter @-@ attack by 6 Platoon with Sherman tanks in support . At 04 : 00 a small outpost to the rear of the company position was attacked by more than 50 Chinese . Held by just four men under the command of Lance Corporal Ray Parry , the Australians fought off four separate attacks , killing more the 25 and wounding many more over the space of twenty minutes . Parry was later awarded the Military Medal for his actions . A final assault on B Company was made just on dawn at 04 : 45 by about 70 Chinese , and was again repulsed . Further up the ridge , A Company — under Major Ben O 'Dowd — faced a tougher task , and came under heavy attack . The first probes began at 21 : 30 , targeting 1 Platoon which was the lowest of the three platoons on the west flank . The initial moves were then followed up by major Chinese assaults from three sides over the next three hours . Despite suffering many casualties the Chinese continued their attack , closing in and attacking the Australians with hand grenades . The Australians also suffered numerous casualties , with more than half the platoon killed or wounded , including all three Bren gunners . Fighting back with small arms fire , they held against repeated assaults , which increased in frequency and strength as the Chinese assaulted over heaps of their own dead and wounded . By 01 : 00 O 'Dowd ordered the survivors of 1 Platoon to withdraw through Company Headquarters into a new position in between 2 and 3 Platoons . For his leadership Lieutenant Frederick Gardner was later Mentioned in Despatches . The Chinese attacks then continued against 3 Platoon , lasting until 04 : 30 , although they were not made with the same weight as the previous assaults . By dawn it was clear that they had succeeded in penetrating the perimeter through a gap between the Australian platoons , and they began to engage them with machine @-@ guns from a defilade position covered from fire by a steep dip in the ridgeline , and concealed by thick scrub . In the growing light , 1 and 3 Platoon were soon pinned down and suffered a number of casualties as they attempted to gain better fire positions with which to engage their attackers . At 06 : 00 a fighting patrol was dispatched to make contact with Company Headquarters , and as the section passed over a false crest on their way down the spur line they encountered the Chinese positions by chance . Attacking immediately , six Chinese were killed for the loss of one Australian , and the threat to A Company was eliminated . O 'Dowd then launched a counter @-@ attack with 3 Platoon assaulting the Chinese occupying the original 1 Platoon position . By 07 : 00 they had regained the feature and the Chinese were forced to withdraw under heavy fire from the Australians on the high ground , who again exacted a heavy toll . The night 's fighting had cost A Company dearly however , and among the dead were the two New Zealand forward observers . In total they suffered more than 50 casualties — half their original strength . Meanwhile , on the right flank , D Company — under Captain Norm Gravener — held the summit of Hill 504 and was not heavily engaged during the night , while C Company — commanded by Captain Reg Saunders — was attacked only once . Located 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 yd ) to the rear , Battalion Headquarters found itself heavily pressed however . Protected only by a section of Vickers medium machine @-@ guns , two 17 pounder anti @-@ tank guns , the Assault Pioneer Platoon and the Regimental Police under the Headquarters Company commander — Captain Jack Gerke — the fighting flared around 22 : 00 as the Chinese infiltrated the position among the retreating South Koreans . They bypassed the headquarters and the American tanks nearby , surrounding the defenders and establishing blocking positions on the road to the south . During the night the Chinese attempted to mount the tanks and destroy them with grenades and satchel charges , but were driven off by fire . Later , one of the tanks received a direct hit from a 3 @.@ 5 inch rocket , while the forward perimeter was struck heavily by attacking waves of Chinese , and was forced back with heavy casualties . Receiving fire from Chinese soldiers occupying several houses in the village of Chuktun @-@ ni , the Shermans engaged the road block and several houses , killing more than 40 Chinese in one house alone . However , at 04 : 00 a company from the Middlesex battalion had to be dispatched to help restore the situation . At dawn the Chinese intensified their attack on the headquarters ' perimeter , killing and wounding the bulk of the Medium Machine Gun section and the Assault Pioneer Platoon and driving them off the high ground they had been occupying . By 05 : 00 the Chinese on the heights were able to fire directly into Battalion Headquarters below , and Ferguson made the decision to withdraw 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) to a new position inside the Middlesex perimeter . Gerke ordered his men to withdraw gradually , moving one vehicle at a time back along the road , as those that remained provided covering fire . The withdrawal was successfully completed , and with Headquarters Company finally assembled inside the Middlesex perimeter , Gerke was then ordered to secure a key ford across the Kapyong River , 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) east , as a possible withdrawal route for the battalion should it later have to retire from Hill 504 . However , during the withdrawal two Australians were left behind and were subsequently captured by the Chinese : Private Robert Parker , the battalion despatch rider , and Private Horace Madden , one of the signallers . For his conduct while in captivity Madden was posthumously awarded the George Cross , following his death from malnutrition and ill @-@ treatment . Ferguson 's caravan , a converted two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half tonne trunk , became bogged during the withdrawal and had to be destroyed . Meanwhile , the New Zealand gunline had also been probed during the early morning and was forced to redeploy at 03 : 00 , while the American mortar company had simply fled , abandoning most of their weapons and vehicles . Communications between 3 RAR and Brigade Headquarters had failed early , while those with the forward companies were also poor . This was mostly due to the large number of South Koreans retreating through their position tearing out the line from the Command Post , as well the effect of heavy vehicle traffic and gunfire on the exposed line . Likewise , direct radio communication with the forward companies on the battalion command net with the new Type 31 VHF radios was obstructed by the rugged terrain due to the sitting of Battalion Headquarters in low ground relative to the forward companies and the requirement for line @-@ of @-@ sight . The forward companies were able to maintain communications with each other , but not with Battalion Headquarters , while the company level nets also functioned well . Ultimately contact was maintained between Ferguson and Burke through a radio set in the Middlesex Battalion Headquarters , while messages to the forward companies relied on line and a slow relay through C Company . These issues had only further complicated the conduct of the defence on the first night , with the co @-@ ordination of the forward battle falling to O 'Dowd . The next morning , O 'Dowd finally managed to get through on a radio phone to a general in the US 1st Marine Division . The officer was incredulous , thinking it was a Chinese agent speaking . He told O 'Dowd that the unit no longer existed and that it had been wiped out the night before . O 'Dowd replied " I 've got news for you . We 're still here and we 're staying here . " The Chinese attacks had been launched quickly and aggressively , placing their light machine @-@ guns on the flank in support and attempting to close to attack the Australian perimeter with grenades . Contrary to some contemporary western accounts , the Chinese did not use human wave tactics , rather , using a tactic known as ' one @-@ point @-@ two sides ' , they used massed forces and infiltration to achieve local numerical superiority and to penetrate the gaps between the forward companies , before attempting to envelop the Australians while drawing their fire to the front , away from their threatened flanks . They would normally attempt to close with UN defensive positions using darkness or poor visibility to cover their movement and to counter American air superiority , before attacking using massed force , co @-@ ordinated with close fire support . However , although normally well @-@ planned and closely supported by machine @-@ gun , mortar and artillery fire , Chinese attacks in Korea were often inflexible in execution once launched . This was mostly due to the lack of radio communications below battalion @-@ level , with the Chinese instead relying on with whistle blasts , bugle calls and runners for command and control , and although their 60 @-@ millimetre ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) and 81 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 2 in ) mortars had provided particularly effective indirect fire support , these problems were again evident during the fighting at Kapyong . Later , it was estimated that more than 500 Chinese were killed by the Australians and the American tanks that supported them . Meanwhile , on Hill 677 the Canadians had spent the night of 23 / 24 April in their pits listening to the sounds of the fighting on the Australian front . However , by early morning Chinese activity increased and with the situation deteriorating on the Patricia 's right flank , Stone withdrew B Company from their position forward of the feature 's summit in order strengthen this flank in the event the Australians were forced to withdraw . Under the command of Major Vince Lilley , the company subsequently moved to occupy positions east of Battalion Headquarters , on the high ground overlooking the valley road . = = = Day battle , 24 April 1951 = = = As daylight broke , the Chinese now found themselves highly exposed in the open ground in front of the Australians . A and B Company supported by artillery , mortars and tanks poured heavy fire onto the hapless Chinese , forcing them to withdraw leaving hundreds of casualties behind on the slopes . With the Australians remaining in possession of their original defensive locations the immediate situation had stabilised , although they were now effectively cut @-@ off 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) behind the front . Ammunition , food and medical supplies were now extremely low throughout the forward area , and with casualty evacuation increasingly difficult , the battalion was at risk of being overrun unless it could be concentrated , resupplied and supported . As such in order to avoid each company being isolated and overwhelmed in a series of Chinese attacks , at 07 : 15 B Company was ordered to leave its position and join the other companies on the high ground to form a defendable battalion position . The Australians subsequently withdrew as instructed , taking several dozen Chinese prisoners with them that had been captured earlier by a standing patrol . The New Zealand gunners covered their movement across the open valley , laying a smoke screen to conceal the withdrawal , while the American tanks also provided support . As they moved across the valley the Australians exchanged a number of shots with a small groups of Chinese who were still hiding in dead ground and in the riverbed , as well as numerous dead from the fighting the previous night . 173 Chinese dead were counted on the B Company perimeter by the Australians before they departed . With B Company successfully occupying its new positions , Ferguson moved forward to the hillside below his forward companies aboard a Sherman tank . Just after 09 : 00 , a group of Chinese launched an attack at the top of the spur held by C Company . The attack was repulsed , and no further assaults were made against C Company during the day , although they endured sniper fire and mortar bombardment for several hours . Realising the importance of B Company 's previous position to a planned counter @-@ offensive , two hours after their withdrawal , Ferguson order Laughlin to re @-@ occupy the position which they had just vacated . 27th Brigade would now be reinforced by American troops and their move forward would be facilitated if the Chinese were cleared from the small hill that commanded the road through the valley . Likewise , the defence of this position the previous evening had prevented a Chinese assault on the western flank of Hill 504 . As such at 09 : 30 the order to withdraw was rescinded and B Company were tasked to re @-@ occupy the position . In preparation for the company assault on the summit , Laughlin tasked 5 Platoon to assault a small knoll halfway between C Company and the old B Company position . A frontal assault was launched at 10 : 30 , with two sections attacking and one in fire support . Strongly held by a Chinese platoon well dug @-@ in in bunkers , the defenders allowed the Australians to approach to within 15 metres ( 16 yd ) before opening fire with machine @-@ guns , rifles and grenades . 5 Platoon suffered seven casualties , including the platoon commander , and they were forced to withdraw under the cover of machine @-@ gun and mortar fire . 4 Platoon — under Lieutenant Leonard Montgomerie — took over the attack , while a number of American tanks moved in to provide further support . Conducting a right flanking attack , the Australians suffered a number of casualties as they moved across the open ground . Advancing to within 30 metres ( 33 yd ) of the forward trenches , the Chinese fire increased . Montgomerie launched a desperate bayonet charge , while a section under Corporal Donald Davie broke in on the right . Amid fierce hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting the Australians cleared the Chinese from the trenches , losing three men . Davie 's section was then heavily engaged by machine @-@ guns from the rear trenches , and he moved quickly to assault these with his remaining men . Montgomerie reorganised the platoon , and they fought from trench to trench using bayonets and grenades . The Australians then began taking fire from another knoll to their front and leaving his rear sections to clear the first position , Montgomerie led Davie 's section onto the second knoll . Against such aggression the Chinese were unable to hold , and although the majority bravely fought to the death , others fled across the open ground . By 12 : 30 the knoll had been captured by the Australians , with 57 Chinese dead counted on the first position and another 24 on the second . A large Chinese force was now detected occupying the old B Company position and the Australians were effectively halted halfway to their objective . Before Laughlin could prepare his next move he was ordered to withdraw by Ferguson , and the attempt to dislodge the Chinese was subsequently abandoned . During the fighting the tanks had provided invaluable support , moving ammunition forward to B Company , and helping to evacuate the wounded . The entire operation had cost the Australians three killed and nine wounded . For his actions Montgomerie was awarded the Military Cross , while Davie received the Military Medal . Meanwhile , the Chinese shifted their attention to D Company , launching a series of relentless assaults against the summit . D Company 's position was vital to the defence of Hill 504 , commanding the high ground and protecting the Australian 's right flank . Commencing at 07 : 00 the Chinese assaulted the forward platoon — 12 Platoon — launching attacks at thirty @-@ minute intervals until 10 : 30 . Using mortars to cover their movement they attacked on a narrow front up the steep slope using grenades , however the Australians beat the Chinese back , killing more than 30 for the loss of seven wounded during six attacks . The New Zealand artillery again played a key role in defeating the Chinese attempts , bring down accurate fire within 50 metres ( 55 yd ) of the Australian positions . However , throughout the fighting the supply of ammunition for the guns had caused severe problems , as the Chinese offensive had depleted the stock of 25 pounder rounds available forward of the airhead in Seoul . Despite improvements , problems with the logistic system remained and each round had to be used effectively in response to the directions of the artillery Forward Observers which controlled their fire . Although badly wounded Corporal William Rowlinson was later awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his leadership , while Private Ronald Smith was awarded the Military Medal . Lance Corporal Henry Richey was posthumously Mentioned in Despatches after being fatally wounded attempting to evacuate the last of the Australian casualties . Despite their previous failures , the Chinese launched another series of attacks from 11 : 30 and these attacks continued for the next two hours , again targeting 12 Platoon under the command of Lieutenant John Ward . Failing to break through again , the Chinese suffered heavy casualties before the assault ended . From 13 : 30 there was another lull in the fighting for an hour and a half , although D Company continued to endure Chinese mortar , machine @-@ gun and rifle fire . Believing that the battle may continue into the night , Gravener made the decision to pull 12 Platoon back in order to adopt a tighter company perimeter , lest his forward platoon be overrun and destroyed . The movement was completed without incident , and shortly after the newly vacated position was assaulted by a large Chinese force which had failed to detect the withdrawal . The Chinese moved quickly as they attempted to establish their position on the northern end of the ridge , only to be heavily engaged by Australian machine @-@ gun and rifle fire , and artillery . On the Canadian front , B Company , 2 PPCLI completed its redeployment by 11 : 00 hours . The battalion now occupied a northward facing arc curving from the summit of Hill 677 in the west to the high ground closest to the river . D Company held the summit on the battalion 's left , C Company the central forward slope , while A and B Company held the right flank . The high grass and severe terrain of Hill 677 limited the ability of each company to provide mutual support however , while at the same time it afforded any attacking force limited avenues of approach , and even less cover or concealment for an assault . 24 April passed with little activity , with the Chinese continuing to focus on the Australians across the river . Meanwhile , the Canadians continued to strengthen their defences as reports of growing Chinese concentrations came in from the forward companies . Each company was allocated a section of Vickers medium machine @-@ guns , as well as three 60 @-@ millimetre ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) mortars . Defensive fire tasks were registered , while additional ammunition was pushed out to the forward companies in the afternoon . = = = 3 RAR withdraws , evening 24 April 1951 = = = Although originally intending on holding until the Australians could be relieved by the US 5th Cavalry Regiment , Burke had decided during the morning to withdraw 3 RAR , and this had prompted the cancellation of B Company 's assault . With the Australians facing encirclement , and mindful of the fate that had befallen the Glosters , Burke had ordered a fighting withdrawal back to the Middlesex area to new defensive positions in rear of the brigade . Indeed , despite holding Chinese at bay throughout the morning and afternoon , the increasing difficulty of resupply and casualty evacuation made it clear that the Australians would be unable to hold Hill 504 for another night in its exposed and isolated positions . Planning for the withdrawal had begun as the Chinese renewed their assault on D Company around 11 : 30 , while Ferguson and O 'Dowd discussed the withdrawal by radio at 12 : 30 . With the Chinese dominating the road south Ferguson ordered his companies to withdraw along a ridge running 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) south @-@ west from Hill 504 , just east of the Kapyong River . The Middlesex position lay a further 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) south @-@ west of the foot of the ridge and could be reached by the ford secured earlier by Gerke , which would act as the battalion check point for the withdrawal . O 'Dowd , as the senior company commander , was subsequently appointed to plan and command the withdrawal . Ferguson saw his role as ensuring that O 'Dowd received the support he needed to achieve a clean break , and had as such decided not to move forward to lead the withdrawal himself . Command of A Company was temporarily handed over to the second @-@ in @-@ command , Captain Bob Murdoch . Present at Pakchon in November 1950 , O 'Dowd understood first @-@ hand the dangers of withdrawing while in contact . The challenge was to protect the forward platoons as they withdrew from being followed up by the Chinese occupying the old B Company positions and from D Company 's position after they broke contact . The Australians would also have to clear the withdrawal route of any blocking forces , while at the same time the evacuation of a large number of wounded and Chinese prisoners would hamper their movement . As such the timing of the withdrawal would be critical to its success . Consequently , the lead company would not move until mid @-@ afternoon so that the rearguard would be able to use the protection of darkness to break contact , while at the same time offering good observation and fields of fire during the daylight to support the initial moves . Orders were delivered at 14 : 30 . B Company would lead the withdrawal down the ridge line , carrying any wounded that still required evacuation , as well as clearing the route and securing the ford near the Middlesex position . C Company would wait for the artillery to neutralise the Chinese on the old B Company position , before moving to establish a blocking position behind D Company . A Company would then withdraw to a blocking position behind C Company , in order to allow Gravener and Saunders to establish a clean break . Finally , D Company would withdraw through both C and A Company and set up a blocking position to delay any follow up and allow those companies to withdraw . After 15 : 00 an airstrike was called in to dislodge the surviving Chinese in front of D Company . However , the attack by two US Marine Corps F4U Corsairs was mistakenly directed at the Australians themselves after their positions were wrongly marked by the spotter plane . Two men were killed and several badly burnt by napalm before the attack was broken off after the company second @-@ in @-@ command — Captain Michael Ryan — ran out under Chinese fire waving a marker panel . The company medical orderly — Private Ronald Dunque — was subsequently awarded the Military Medal for his efforts assisting the wounded despite his own injuries . The Chinese quickly attempted to exploit the chaos , moving against D Company 's long exposed eastern flank . 11 Platoon on the main ridge forward of the summit was subjected to a frontal assault ; however , unaffected by the napalm they broke up the Chinese attack and inflicted heavy casualties on them . Regardless , further Chinese attempts to infiltrate the Australian positions continued into the afternoon . The withdrawal was scheduled to begin shortly following the misdirected airstrike , and was to be preceded by an artillery bombardment with high explosive and smoke at 16 : 00 . The American tanks were subsequently moved forward to provide cover , and when the New Zealand artillery failed to fire at the appointed hour , they provided the direct fire support . Still in contact , the Australians began to pull back , fighting a number of well @-@ disciplined , rearguard actions as the companies leapfrogged each other . Meanwhile , the New Zealand artillery kept the Chinese at bay , after it finally commenced firing . B Company had taken 39 Chinese prisoners during the earlier fighting , and unable to leave these behind they were used to carry many of the Australian wounded , and much of their equipment as well . O 'Dowd 's fear that the Chinese might have blocked the withdrawal route were not realised , and B Company moved back along the ridge and down to the ford without incident , reaching the Middlesex area after dark . C Company was the next to withdraw , departing at 16 : 30 , just after suffering another casualty from sniper fire . Saunders led his company up the spur and then south down the main ridge without incident , followed by A Company during the next hour with the Chinese in close pursuit . Murdoch had been concerned lest he and his men should be engaged when they reached the Kapyong River in an exhausted condition and with little ammunition . Luck was with the Australians , and due to difficulties of communication and navigation along the ridge line in the dark , elements of A Company had become separated and the last two platoons descended to the river too early to strike the ford . However , reaching a deserted part of the bank they realised their mistake and immediately turned west again , following the river @-@ bank to the ford . The Chinese did not follow this sudden final turn and plunged on into the river , giving A Company an unexpected opportunity to break free . The Chinese were subsequently detected by the Canadians on Hill 677 and were fired on , although fortunately for them the Canadian fire did not hit the Australians . This possibility had been foreseen earlier ; however , problems with the radio relay between the Canadians and Australians meant that there had been no guarantee that the withdrawing force would not be mistaken for Chinese as they crossed the river . Only D Company — which had been holding the summit and had withdrawn last — was heavily engaged and was unable to move at the scheduled time . The Chinese launched a determined assault , preceding it with heavy machine @-@ gun and mortar fire , before attempting to overrun the forward pits . Once again the Australians repelled the Chinese assault and Gravener decided to begin to thin out his position before the situation deteriorated further . With one platoon covering their movement , D Company subsequently withdrew , closely pursued by the Chinese . During the rapid withdrawal after the final Chinese attack , Private Keith Gwyther was accidentally left behind after being knocked unconscious and buried in a forward pit by a mortar round . He regained consciousness some hours later and was subsequently captured by the Chinese who had by then occupied Hill 504 and were digging @-@ in . Finally , the Australians succeeded in achieving a clean break after dark , and D Company was able to safely withdraw . By 23 : 30 the battalion was clear , completing its withdrawal in good order and intact , and suffering only minimal casualties . Regardless , the previous 24 hours of fighting had been costly for the Australians , resulting in 32 killed , 59 wounded and three captured ; the bulk of them in A Company and Battalion Headquarters . Yet their stout defence had halted the assault on the brigade 's right flank , and had inflicted far heavier casualties on the Chinese before being withdrawn . Significantly for the Australians 25 April was Anzac Day ; however , following their successful withdrawal the Chinese turned their attention to the Canadians on the left flank . = = = Defence of Hill 677 , 24 – 25 April 1951 = = = Despite the withdrawal from Hill 504 that evening , 27th Brigade had been reinforced on the afternoon of 24 April by the arrival of the 5th US Cavalry Regiment . The Americans had been dispatched earlier in the day to ensure that Kapyong remained in UN hands , and one of the battalions was subsequently deployed to the southwest of the D Company , 2 PPCLI on the summit of Hill 677 in order to cover the left flank . A second American battalion occupied a position across the river , southeast of the Middlesex . Likewise , despite heavy casualties in one of the Australian companies and battalion headquarters 3 RAR had emerged from the intense battle largely intact and had successfully withdrawn in an orderly fashion . Meanwhile , one of the replacement British battalions , the 1st Battalion , King 's Own Scottish Borderers , had also arrived during the 24th and it took up positions with the Australians around Brigade Headquarters . With six UN battalions now holding the valley the Chinese faced a difficult task continuing the advance . Having dislodged the defenders from Hill 504 , the 354th Regiment of the Chinese 118th Division would attempt to capture the dominating heights of Hill 677 held by the Canadians . Although unaware of the arrival of American reinforcements , the Chinese had detected the redeployment of B Company , 2 PPCLI however , and at 22 : 00 that evening they commenced an assault on the Canadian right flank . Although the initial moves were easily beaten back by automatic fire and mortars , a second Chinese assault an hour later succeeded in overrunning the right forward platoon . The Canadians successfully withdrew in small groups back to the company main defensive position , where they eventually halted the Chinese advance . During the fighting the Canadians ' 60 @-@ millimetre ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) mortars had proven vital , their stability allowing for rapid fire out to 1 @,@ 800 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 yd ) and an ability to accurately hit narrow ridgelines at maximum range . The next morning 51 Chinese dead were counted around the B Company perimeter . Shortly following the second assault on B Company was repelled , another large Chinese assault force was detected fording the river in the bright moonlight . Laying down heavy and accurate artillery fire , the New Zealand gunners forced the Chinese to withdraw , killing more than 70 . Meanwhile , a large Chinese force of perhaps company strength was detected in the re @-@ entrant south of B Company , moving toward Battalion Headquarters , and Lilley warned Stone of the impending assault . Six M3 Half @-@ tracks from Mortar Platoon had been positioned there before the battle , each armed with a .50 calibre and a .30 calibre machine @-@ gun . Stone held fire until the Chinese broke through the tree @-@ line just 180 metres ( 200 yd ) from their front . Opening fire with machine @-@ guns and mortar fire at their minimum engagement distance , the Chinese suffered severe casualties and the assault was easily beaten off . The Chinese had telegraphed their intentions prior to the assault by using tracer fire for direction , and had used bugles to co @-@ ordinate troops in their forming up positions . Such inflexibility had allowed the Canadians to co @-@ ordinate indirect fires and took heavy toll on the attackers in the forming up positions . The Chinese had been unable to successfully pin @-@ point the Canadian defensive positions , having failed to carry out a thorough reconnaissance prior to the attack . The severe terrain had also prevented the assaulting troops from adopting a low profile during their final assault , however in the darkness the Canadian rifle fire was ineffective , forcing them to resort to using grenades and rocket launchers . The Chinese mortars and artillery was particularly ineffective however , and very few rounds fell on the Canadian positions during the evening . Indeed , in their haste to follow up the collapse of the South Korean 6th Division , the Chinese 118th Division had left the bulk of its artillery and supplies well north of scene of the fighting . Meanwhile , what mortar ammunition they did have had been largely used up on the Australians during the previous evening . In contrast , the New Zealand gunners provided effective fire support and had been able to break up a number of Chinese assaults before they had even reached the Patricias . The Chinese now turned their attention to D Company holding the summit of Hill 677 , on the battalion 's left flank . At 01 : 10 a large Chinese force was detected forming up on a spur to the west towards Hill 865 and they were engaged by Bren light machines guns and defensive fires . Assaulting 10 Platoon under the cover of machine @-@ gun and mortar fire , the Chinese were soon effectively engaged by Vickers machine @-@ guns from 12 Platoon firing in mutual support . Switching their axis of assault to 12 Platoon , the Chinese succeeded in overrunning one of the Canadian sections and a medium machine @-@ gun , killing two of its crew who had remained at their post firing until the last moment . The Canadians fought back , engaging the Chinese as they attempted to turn the Vickers on them , rendering it inoperable before calling in pre @-@ arranged defensive fires on to the newly lost position . With the supporting artillery firing at the ' very slow ' rate to conserve ammunition , the weight of the Chinese assaults soon prompted the Canadians to request it be increased to the ' slow ' rate of two rounds per gun per minute , so that 24 rounds fell every 30 seconds within a target area of 180 metres ( 200 yd ) . With the Chinese infiltrating the Canadian perimeter through the gaps between platoons , D Company was close to being surrounded . The company commander — Captain J.G.W. Mills — was subsequently forced to call down artillery fire onto his own position on several occasions during the early morning of 25 April to avoid being overrun . The tactic succeeded and the exposed Chinese were soon swept off the position , while the dug @-@ in Canadians escaped unharmed . The Chinese persisted however , launching a number of smaller attacks during the rest of the night , but these were again repulsed by artillery and small arms fire . By dawn the attacks on the Canadian positions had abated , and with D Company remaining in control of the summit they were able to recover the previously abandoned machine @-@ gun at first light . Meanwhile , on the right flank B Company was also able to re @-@ occupy the platoon position it had been forced to relinquish earlier the previous evening . The Chinese had suffered heavily during the night , with perhaps as many as 300 killed by the Patricias . = = = Fighting concludes , 25 April 1951 = = = Although the Chinese had continued to mount small attacks , UN forces were now in control of the battle . Regardless , the Chinese had succeeded in establishing blocking positions on the roads south of the Canadians , temporarily cutting them off from resupply . Anticipating that the battle would continue into the evening , Stone requested that food , ammunition and water be airdropped directly onto Hill 677 and by 10 : 30 the required supplies — including 81 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 2 in ) mortar ammunition — were dropped by four American C @-@ 119 Flying Boxcars flying from an airbase in Japan . Anticipating a renewed Chinese effort , the Canadians continued to improve their defensive position . Meanwhile , the Middlesex sent out patrols during the morning in order to clear the Chinese that had infiltrated behind Hill 677 during the evening , and although the Chinese blocking positions were relatively weak it was not until 14 : 00 that patrols from B Company , 2 PPCLI reported the road clear . Stone subsequently requested that further supplies and reinforcements be sent forward by vehicle as rapidly as feasible . The remainder of the day was relatively quiet for the Canadians , although they were subjected to periodic harassing fire from the Chinese . D Company received heavy machine @-@ gun fire from Hill 865 to the west , in particular . Regardless , the Chinese made no further attempt to attack , and confined themselves to limited patrolling activities across the front . Later the Patricias , with American tanks in support , cleared the remaining Chinese from the northern slopes of Hill 677 , while several concentrations of Chinese were again broken up by heavy artillery fire and airstrikes . The American battalion on the south @-@ west flank of the Canadians was subsequently relieved by the Middlesex , following which the 5th US Cavalry Regiment launched an assault to recover Hill 504 . The Chinese resisted until 16 : 00 , before the 118th Division suddenly withdrew . American patrols north of the feature met no resistance , while the Americans were also able to patrol east along Route 17 to Chunchon without contact . By last light the situation had stabilised on the Kapyong Valley front . Having left their supplies of food and ammunition far behind during the advance two days earlier , the Chinese had been forced to withdraw back up the Kapyong Valley in the late afternoon of 25 April in order to regroup and replenish following the heavy casualties incurred during the fighting . = = Aftermath = = = = = Casualties = = = With vastly superior numbers the Chinese had attacked on a broad front , and had initially overrun a number of the forward UN positions . Regardless , the 27th Brigade had ultimately prevailed despite being outnumbered by a factor of five to one . Indeed , despite their numerical advantage the Chinese had been badly outgunned and they could not overcome the well @-@ trained and well @-@ armed Australians and Canadians . The battlefield was littered with the corpses of Chinese soldiers , a testament to the discipline and firepower of the defenders . And yet , despite their ultimate defeat the battle once again demonstrated that the Chinese were tough and skillful soldiers capable of inflicting heavy casualties on the Australians and forcing their eventual withdrawal , albeit both intact and orderly . As a result of the fighting Australian losses were 32 killed , 59 wounded and three captured , while Canadian casualties included 10 killed and 23 wounded . American casualties included three men killed , 12 wounded and two tanks destroyed , all from A Company , 72nd Heavy Tank Battalion . The New Zealanders lost two killed and five wounded . In contrast , Chinese losses were far heavier , and may have included 1 @,@ 000 killed and many more wounded . The Canadians were finally relieved on Hill 677 by a battalion of the 5th US Cavalry Regiment on the evening 26 April . 2 PPCLI , 3 RAR and A Company , 72nd Heavy Tank Battalion were all subsequently awarded the US Presidential Unit Citation for their actions during the Battle of Kapyong . The New Zealand gunners — without whom the Australians and Canadians may have suffered a similar fate to that of Glosters at the Imjin — were awarded the South Korean Presidential Unit Citation . Although the Canadians and Australians had borne the brunt of the fighting , the Middlesex — despite the imminence of their replacement — had shown no evidence of hesitancy or lack of aggression when recalled into the fighting early in the battle . For their leadership , Ferguson and Stone were both awarded the Distinguished Service Order , while Koch was awarded both the American Distinguished Service Cross and the British Military Cross for the vital part his tanks had played in the fighting . The Royal Australian Regiment , Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry and the Middlesex Regiment were subsequently granted the battle honour " Kapyong " . Today , the battle is regarded one as the most famous actions fought by the Australian and Canadian armies in Korea . = = = Subsequent operations = = = By 29 April , the First Chinese Spring Offensive was halted by UN forces at a defensive line north of Seoul , known as the " No @-@ Name Line " ; in total a withdrawal of 56 kilometres ( 35 mi ) in the US I and IX Corps sectors , and 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) in the US X Corps and South Korean III Corps sectors . Although the main Chinese blow had fallen on US I Corps , the resistance by British Commonwealth forces in the battles at the Imjin River and at Kapyong had helped to blunt its impetus , with the defence mounted by the 27th Brigade stopping the Chinese from isolating the US I Corps from the US IX Corps , thereby helping to halt the Chinese advance on Seoul and preventing its capture . The Chinese had now nearly exhausted their resources of men and material , and were approaching the limit of their supply lines . Many Chinese soldiers were now tired , hungry and short of equipment and during the fighting at Kapyong they had demonstrated a greater willingness to surrender than in previous encounters , with 3 RAR alone taking 39 prisoners , only eight of them wounded . Contingent on the rapid attainment of its objectives , the attempted Chinese coup de main ultimately failed amid heavy casualties and they had little recourse but to abandon their attacks against the US I and IX Corps . The Chinese had suffered at least 30 @,@ 000 casualties during the period 22 – 29 April . In contrast , US casualties during the same period numbered just 314 killed and 1 @,@ 600 wounded , while Commonwealth , South Korean and other UN contingents brought the total to 547 killed , 2 @,@ 024 wounded and 2 @,@ 170 captured ; the disparity highlighting the devastating effect of enormous UN firepower against massed infantry . Undeterred by these setbacks , the Second Chinese Spring Offensive began on 16 May to the east of Kapyong , only to suffer their worst defeat at the Battle of the Soyang River . 27th Brigade was replaced by the 28th British Commonwealth Brigade and Brigadier George Taylor took over command of the new formation on 26 April . With the Chinese offensive losing momentum , the new Commonwealth formation was subsequently pulled back into IX Corps reserve to the southwest of Kapyong , near the junction of the Pukhan and Chojon rivers . 3 RAR was transferred to 28th Brigade , while the 1st Battalion , The King 's Own Scottish Borderers and the 1st Battalion , The King 's Shropshire Light Infantry replaced the Argylls and Middlesex regiments . Later , the Patricias were transferred to the newly arrived 25th Canadian Brigade on 27 May . After protracted negotiations between the governments of Australia , Britain , Canada , India , New Zealand and South Africa , agreement had been reached to establish an integrated formation with the aim of increasing the political significance of their contribution , as well as facilitating the solution of the logistic and operational problems faced by the various Commonwealth contingents . The 1st Commonwealth Division was formed on 28 July 1951 , with the division including the 25th Canadian , 28th British Commonwealth and 29th British Infantry Brigades under the command of Major General James Cassels , and was part of US I Corps . For many of the Australians Kapyong was to be their last major battle before completing their period of duty and being replaced , having endured much hard fighting , appalling weather and the chaos and confusion of a campaign that had ranged up and down the length of the Korean Peninsula . Most had served in the Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) during the Second World War and this combat experience had proven vital . Regardless , casualties had been heavy , and since the battalion 's arrival from Japan in September 1950 the Australians had lost 87 killed , 291 wounded and five captured . = Final Fantasy VIII = Final Fantasy VIII ( ファイナルファンタジーVIII , Fainaru Fantajī Eito ) is a 1999 role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square ( now Square Enix ) . It is the eighth major installment in the Final Fantasy series . The game was the series ' second 3D installment and the first to consistently use realistically proportioned characters , and introduced a new magic system to the Final Fantasy franchise which removed magic point @-@ based spell @-@ casting . Set on an unnamed fantasy world with science fiction elements , the game follows the story of a group of young mercenaries , led by Squall Leonhart , who are part of an organization named SeeD . Initially traveling to different countries to stop the sorceress Edea , their goal changes to stop a sorceress from the future named Ultimecia from compressing time . The development of Final Fantasy VIII began in 1997 , during the English localization process of Final Fantasy VII . It was produced by Shinji Hashimoto , and directed by Yoshinori Kitase . The music was scored by regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu , and in a series first a vocal piece was written as the game 's theme , " Eyes on Me " , performed by Faye Wong . The game was positively received by critics , who praised the originality and scope of the game . It was voted the 22nd @-@ best game of all time in 2006 by readers of the Japanese magazine Famitsu . The game was a commercial success ; 13 weeks after its release , Final Fantasy VIII had earned more than US $ 50 million in sales , making it the fastest @-@ selling Final Fantasy title of all time until Final Fantasy XIII , a multi @-@ platform release . The game shipped 8 @.@ 15 million copies worldwide by March 31 , 2003 . Originally for the PlayStation , it was later ported to Windows @-@ based personal computers and became available on PlayStation Network as a PSone Classics title in 2009 . As of December 2013 , it has sold over 8 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide . = = Gameplay = = Like previous games in the Final Fantasy series , Final Fantasy VIII consists of three main modes of play : the world map , field map , and battle screen . Like previous titles , players navigate a single character across a small scale rendering of the game world between various towns and dungeons , which is rendered in 3D like Final Fantasy VII . Along with getting around traditionally by foot , by Chocobo , and by airship , Final Fantasy VIII also allows players to travel by car , by train , and via a Mobile Garden . Players must make progress in the game 's story to obtain the airship and Mobile Garden , while chocobos can be acquired from special forests on the world map . Cars , which are similar to chocobos in that they can avoid fights , must be rented from cities that offer them and characters must carry reserve fuel with them to prevent them running out , while trains can be only be used by boarding at stations in settlements or on the world map , and paying a fee for the ride . On the field map , players navigate controllable 3D characters around one or more 2D pre @-@ rendered backgrounds , which represent environmental locations such as towns or forests . The battle screen is a 3D model of a location such as a street or room , where turn @-@ based fights between playable characters and CPU @-@ controlled enemies take place when triggered on either the world map or field map . While common features from previous titles remain , such as the menu @-@ driven interfaces , other elements received extensive changes or were removed , with Final Fantasy VIII including brand new features that are exclusive to it . One such new feature is the Junction system , which relinquishes the need for the typical weapon and armor systems used in previous titles in place of a system that allows for extensive optimization of a character 's stats and abilities . Another new feature is the inclusion of a collectible card @-@ based minigame called " Triple Triad " . = = = Junction System & Magic = = = Final Fantasy VIII uses a unique battle system known as the " Junction System " , which acts as a substitute for armour and accessories used in previous titles , allowing a player to enhance the characters ' statistics and determine what Commands a character will use in battles . The system is based upon the game 's version of the classic summon @-@ able monsters of the Final Fantasy series , referred to in @-@ game as " Guardian Forces " ( or " GFs " ) , wherein assigning at least one GF onto a character via " junctioning " allows for enhancements of stats through magic spells , the allocation of different Character / Party abilities , and the ability to use Battle Commands beyond the default of " Attack " ; all GFs can allow a character to use various different Commands , with the most common being " Magic " , " GF " ( to summon the junctioned GF in battle ) , " Item " and " Draw " ( to draw magic spells from a draw point or an enemy ) . While whatever GF ( s ) are junctioned to a character , determines what stats can be enhanced and what commands and abilities can be set , what kind of enhancement is made to each stat available depends on what magic spells are junctioned to it , that the character has acquired . Whereas in previous titles , characters bought or acquired spells on their journeys and used magic points to cast them , characters in Final Fantasy VIII acquire spells by drawing and stocking them from either Draw Points in the game 's environments or from enemies , or refining them from items ; spells drawn from enemies can be cast , rather than stocked . Each character can stock magic into a quantified inventory , but are limited to carrying around 32 distinct spells , and 100 of each spell . Junctioning magic to a stat to enhance it , improves a character and makes them more effective in battles ; improving Strength , for example , increases the amount of damage done to an enemy , while improving speed , charges a character 's ATB gauge more quickly . How much of an enhancement is made depends on the spell junctioned to a stat , for example , junctioning Fire to Strength garners a better improvement than Cure . Players can also perform Elemental Junctions , which can enhance a character 's physical attack with an element type while improving their defences to element types , even nullifying or absorbing elemental damage , as well as performing Status Junctions , which can allow a character to inflict a status ailment on enemies or defend against such ailments being inflicted on them . Such junctions rely on a % value , to determine how effective it is ; players can only junction one elemental and status ailment spell to attack , but up to four for defence . Players can either manually assign spells , or have them automatically assigned depending on the type of allocation - Attack will ensure a character makes strong physical attacks , Magic will ensure they inflict stronger magical damage , and Defence ensures they boost the Hit Points more . = = = Guardian Forces = = = The most common use of summoned creatures was always to summon one to perform a single devastating attack during battle and / or action , so expanding their use by providing them additional roles in Final Fantasy VIII was a significant departure for the Final Fantasy series . In the game , a GF serves as not only a powerful ally for the character / party in battles , but also as a potent support asset in and out of battles ; in addition to their role in the Junction System , GFs can also earn EXP to increase their levels to improve them when summoned in battles , and can acquire AP to help them learn additional abilities to those they know ; by default , a GF acquired either from the field or drawn from certain fights , will usually already have a number of abilities learned and be set at a level close to the active party 's average level . Abilities that a GF can use to further assist the player during the game , are divided into five categories - Junction Abilities , Commands Abilities , Character / Party Abilities , GF Abilities & Menu Abilities . Learning new Junctions provides more stats that can be enhanced by magic spells , learning new Commands provide additional battle commands for a character to use , while learning Character / Party abilities provide additional abilities for use during battles and the game 's environments . Learning GF abilities provide enhancements to their HP and to their attack power if they do damaging attacks . Learning Menu abilities provides the means for players to refine items and card into new items or magic spells , along with other useful benefits . A GF can learn a new ability by acquiring AP from battles , though the amount needed varies depending on the ability itself , or can be taught one through an item acquired by players during the game , even if they cannot learn it themselves with AP . All GFs have a limit on the amount of abilities they can learn - upon reaching this limit , they cannot learn a new one without forgetting one they currently know . GFs work differently to summon @-@ able monsters when used in battles ; not only must a character have a GF junctioned to them to use it , but they must also have the " GF " command assigned as well in order to summon them . In battle , when a GF is summoned by a character , the character 's name , HP , and ATB gauge is replaced by the GF 's name , HP and Summon Gauge , until it is summoned and performs its attack / action . Until the Summon Gauge is emptied completely , the GF takes the place of the character and receives any damage directed to them ; if the GF loses all their HP before the gauge is empty , it is KO 'ed and cannot be summoned until revived . = = = Weapons & Limit breaks = = = Whereas players had to often buy new weapons to replace existing ones for better damage and other improvements in previous titles , each major character in Final Fantasy VIII carries a unique weapon which cannot be replaced , but can be upgraded to a stronger version , affecting its appearance , power , and the % value of landing a hit . In order to upgrade a weapon , players must visit a " Junk Shop " ( the game 's equivalent of the traditional weapon shop ) in any of the world 's towns and cities , and not only pay a small fee , but also provide the necessary materials for it which are detailed within a series of in @-@ game weapon magazines . These materials are acquired from either enemies in battle or refining items . In addition to a unique weapon , each character also has a unique special attack , or " Limit Break " , which operate in a similar manner to the Desperation Attacks of Final Fantasy VI . Unlike in Final Fantasy VII , where a character had to receive sufficient damage to trigger a limit , Limit Breaks are triggered when a character 's health is low or the character is under the influence of the spell Aura , can be prevented from triggering if the player is under certain status afflictions , and is merely an option besides attack when available . For one character , Rinoa , most of her Limit Breaks activate randomly under certain conditions and are not triggered by low health or Aura . Final Fantasy VIII is the first game in the series to introduce interactive elements to complement some characters Limit Break animations . These interactive elements range from selecting a target and making simple button presses , to well @-@ timed button inputs or performing button combos , with successful application resulting in more damage being done . For other characters , even temporary additions , their Limit Breaks either require simple activation or making choice of what to use . For the main characters , their Limit Breaks are influenced or improved in certain ways - Squall learns a new finishing move by upgrading his weapon ; Quistis learns new abilities by using certain items acquired ; Irvine needs ammo to use his , but can use different types ; Zell and Rinoa learn new moves from certain in @-@ game magazines , though the latter must have her dog learn it while being part of the active party . = = = Experience Points System & Level @-@ Scaling = = = Final Fantasy VIII uses a levelling @-@ up system quite that is quite different from the traditional one used in previous games in the series . While the system has similarities to those in previous games , in which characters are awarded EXP after battling and defeating enemies , who are predominantly encountered randomly , and which contribute to the continued strengthening and level @-@ gaining of the characters , the system used in the games has major differences . Whereas gaining new levels required ever @-@ increasing amounts of EXP to achieve ( e.g. , getting to level 2 might require 200 experience points , level 3 might require 400 , etc . ) , in Final Fantasy VIII a level is earned after accumulating 1000 EXP , while improvements to stats through level @-@ gain is minimal at best , emphasizing the need to rely on the game 's Junction System instead for better stats . The amount of EXP earned in a battle is the same for each character , except the one who inflicts the final blow that wins it ; that character receives a small bonus to the EXP that they earned . Furthermore , Bosses do not give any EXP , but do give significant amounts of AP . Just as the characters level up and become stronger , so too do the enemies around the game world . Most enemies are scaled up in level to the average level of the active party , making them tougher in battles , which is in direct contrast to previous titles in the Final Fantasy series , in fact most RPGs , where enemies from previously visited locations in the game are often weak and easily defeated . However , some enemies do not receive level @-@ scaling , and as such remain at static levels ; some can be at weaker levels , others at higher , stronger levels . Enemies at higher levels become capable of inflicting and withstanding significantly more damage , may have additional special attacks , and will often carry either additional or new levels of magic spells on them . = = Story = = = = = Setting and characters = = = Most of Final Fantasy VIII is set on an unnamed fantasy world with one moon . The game primarily consists of modern elements , but does contain some futuristic elements . The planet contains five major landmasses , with Esthar , the largest , covering most of the eastern portion of the map . Galbadia , the second @-@ largest continent , lies to the west , and contains many of the game 's locations . The northernmost landmass is Trabia , an Arctic region . Positioned roughly in the middle of the world map lies Balamb , the smallest continent , the island on which the game begins . The remaining landmass is small and mostly desolate , riddled with rough , rocky terrain caused by the impact of a " Lunar Cry " , an event where monsters from the moon fall to the planet . The southernmost landmass includes an archipelago of broken sections of land that have drifted apart . Islands and marine structures flesh out the rest of the game world , and a handful of off @-@ world locations round out the game 's playable areas . The six primary protagonists of Final Fantasy VIII are : Squall Leonhart , a loner who keeps his focus on his duty to avoid vulnerability ; Rinoa Heartilly , an outspoken and passionate young woman who follows her heart in all situations ; Quistis Trepe , an instructor with a serious , patient attitude ; Zell Dincht , a martial artist with a passion for hot dogs ; Selphie Tilmitt , a cheerful girl who loves trains and pilots the airship Ragnarok ; and Irvine Kinneas , a marksman and consummate ladies ' man . Temporarily playable characters include Laguna Loire , Kiros Seagill , and Ward Zabac , who appear in " flashback " sequences , and antagonists Seifer Almasy and Edea Kramer . = = = Plot = = = When the game begins , Squall and Seifer duel in a training session outside the Balamb Garden military academy , scarring each other in the process . Meanwhile , Galbadia invades the Dollet Dukedom , forcing Dollet to hire assistance from the Balamb Garden branch of " SeeD " , Garden 's elite mercenary force . SeeD uses the mission as a final exam for its cadets ; with the help of his instructor , Quistis , Squall passes the mission 's prerequisite and is grouped with Seifer and Zell . Seifer disobeys orders and abandons his team , forcing Selphie to accompany Squall and Zell for the duration of the mission . After the mission , SeeD halts the Galbadian advance ; Squall , Zell , and Selphie graduate to SeeD status , while Seifer is disciplined for his disobedience . During the graduation party , Squall meets Rinoa , whose personality is apparently the opposite of his . When assigned with Zell and Selphie to help Rinoa 's resistance faction in Galbadian @-@ occupied Timber , Squall learns that a sorceress named Edea is behind Galbadia 's recent hostilities . Under orders from Balamb and Galbadia Gardens , Squall and his comrades — joined by Rinoa , Quistis , and Irvine — attempt to assassinate Edea . However , the sorceress thwarts the attempt , stabbing Squall in the shoulder with an ice shard , and the party is detained . During the attempt , Squall 's party also learns that Seifer has left Garden to become Edea 's second @-@ in @-@ command . After the team escapes along with a conscious Squall , Edea launches a missile attack on Trabia Garden . Fearing that Balamb Garden is the next target of Edea 's plan , the team splits into two units . Squall 's group returns to Balamb to warn of the attack , but must first stop an internal Garden conflict incited by NORG , SeeD 's financier . Selphie 's team travels to the Missile Base to stop the launch , but fails . Squall inadvertently activates Balamb Garden 's " mobile fortress " form , allowing the facility to evade the missiles ; however , unable to control the Garden , it collides with the docks at Fishermans ' Horizon . While local technicians repair the Garden , the Galbadian Army invade in search of a girl named Ellone , who had been staying at Balamb Garden until recently . Ellone eventually escapes to Esthar , the world 's technological superpower . During Squall 's meeting with Ellone , he learns that she had been " sending " him and his allies into flashbacks set 17 years in the past in a vain effort to alter the present . The scenes center on Laguna and his two friends , Kiros and Ward . During the flashbacks , Laguna changes from a Galbadian soldier to the defender of a country village , then moves from being the leader of a resistance movement against Sorceress Adel to the President of Esthar . Meanwhile , Squall confronts his personal anxieties fueled by ongoing developments , such as Headmaster Cid appointing him as SeeD 's new leader , and his increasing attraction to Rinoa . While investigating Trabia Garden 's wreckage , Squall and his comrades learn that they , along with Seifer and Ellone , were all raised ( except for Rinoa ) in an orphanage run by Edea ; after eventual separation , they later developed amnesia due to their use of Guardian Forces . It is also revealed that Cid and Edea had established Garden and SeeD primarily to defeat corrupt sorceresses . After these revelations , the forces of Balamb Garden and the Galbadian Army , led by Squall and Seifer respectively , engage in battle above the orphanage . After Balamb defeats Galbadia , the player learns that Edea is merely an unwilling tool for " Ultimecia " , a powerful sorceress from the future who wishes to compress time into a single moment ; it is for this reason she has sought Ellone . Edea loses a decisive battle against the SeeD , forcing Ultimecia to transfer her powers to Rinoa ; Edea survives , but Rinoa enters a coma . Squall becomes obsessed with waking her and goes to Esthar to find Ellone , as he believes that she can help save Rinoa . While Rinoa is being treated on Esthar 's space station , Ultimecia uses her to free Sorceress Adel from her orbital prison . Ultimecia then orders Seifer to activate the Lunatic Pandora facility , inciting a rain of creatures from the moon that sends Adel 's containment device to the planet . Having selected Adel as her next host , Ultimecia abandons Rinoa in outer space . Squall rescues her , and they return to the planet on a derelict starship . Upon their landing , delegates from Esthar isolate Rinoa for fear of her sorceress abilities , forcing Squall to rescue her . They are met by the President of Esthar who reveals himself to be Laguna and apologizes for the incident and announces Dr. Odine 's plan to let Ultimecia possess Rinoa , have Ellone send Rinoa ( and thus Ultimecia as well ) to the past and then retrieve only Rinoa back to the present , enabling Ultimecia to achieve Time Compression , as it would allow Squall 's group to confront Ultimecia in her time . To do this , Squall 's team infiltrates Lunatic Pandora , defeats Seifer and Adel , and has Rinoa inherit Adel 's sorceress powers . Time Compression is thus initiated ; Squall and his allies travel to Ultimecia 's era and defeat her . With Ultimecia defeated , the universe begins returning to normal ; however , Squall is nearly lost in the flow of time as he witnesses the origins of the game 's story , ghostly , sporadic apparitions of Rinoa , and a faceless portrait of himself . When a dying Ultimecia travels back in time to pass her powers to Edea , Squall informs Edea of the concepts of Garden and SeeD that she will create . Afterward , he is able to properly recollect his memories and thus return to the present with Rinoa 's help . The end cinematic depicts the events after Squall 's return to the present . Seifer , no longer a Garden member , is once again reunited with Raijin and Fujin ; Laguna visits Raine 's grave ( and remembers his proposal to her ) along with Ellone , Ward , and Kiros ; and a celebration takes place in the Garden , with Squall and Rinoa sharing a kiss under the moonlight . = = Development = = Development of Final Fantasy VIII began in 1997 , during the English @-@ language translation of Final Fantasy VII . As with much of the production of Final Fantasy VII , series creator and veteran Hironobu Sakaguchi served as the executive producer , working primarily on the development of Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within and leaving direction of Final Fantasy VIII to Yoshinori Kitase . Shinji Hashimoto was assigned to be the producer in Sakaguchi 's place , while the game and battle system were designed by Kitase and Hiroyuki Ito , respectively . The card game Triple Triad was conceived and implemented by programmer Kentarow Yasui . The concept was derived from trading cards which is a popular hobby in some parts of Japan . Triple Triad was meant to keep the player 's interest during long stretches without cutscenes . Originally , it was simply about collecting cards but Yasui considered this too disconnected from the main game and " begged " for the inclusion of an ability to transform cards into items . The game 's total development costs approximately ¥ 3 billion , with a crew of about 180 people , many of whom had previously worked on VII . = = = Visual design = = = From the beginning , Kitase knew he wanted a thematic combination of fantasy and realism . To this end , he aimed to include a cast of characters who appeared to be ordinary people . Character designer and battle visual director Tetsuya Nomura and art director Yusuke Naora strove to achieve this impression through the inclusion of realistically proportioned characters — a departure from the super deformed designs used in the previous title . Additionally , Naora attempted to enhance the realism of the world through predominantly bright lighting effects with shadows distributed as appropriate . Other measures taken included implementing rental cars for travel in @-@ game , and the use of motion capture technology to give the game 's characters lifelike movements in the game 's full motion video sequences . The FMV sequences were created by a team of roughly 35 people , with the total cinematic run @-@ time being estimated at over an hour , approximately 20 minutes longer than the FMV sequences in VII . In an interview with Famitsu , Naora described that the game was generally designed to be a " bright , fresh Final Fantasy . " The designers felt a need to invert the atmosphere of previous games in the series , which had feelings of " light emerging from darkness " . This decision was easy for the developers to make , because most of them had worked on Final Fantasy VII and felt that a new direction was acceptable . The world designs were also developed with the knowledge that most of the staff were now used to computer graphics , which was not the case with Final Fantasy VII . The developers also noted that with Final Fantasy VIII , they attempted to " mix future , real life and fantasy . " As part of a theme desired by Kitase to give the game a foreign atmosphere , various designs were given to its locations using the style of internationally familiar places , while also maintaining a fantasy atmosphere . Inspiration ranged from ancient Egyptian and Greek architecture , to the city of Paris , France , to an idealized futuristic European society . Flags were also given to some factions , their designs based on the group 's history and culture . To maintain a foreign atmosphere , the characters of the game were designed to have predominantly European appearances . The first Final Fantasy VIII character created was Squall . Desiring to add a unique angle to Squall 's appearance and emphasize his role as the central character , Nomura gave him a scar across his brow and the bridge of his nose . As there was not yet a detailed history conceived for the character , Nomura left the explanation for Squall 's scar to scenario writer Kazushige Nojima . Squall was given a gunblade , a fictional revolver – sword hybrid that functions primarily as a sword , with an added damaging vibration feature activated by use of its gun mechanism , similar to a vibroblade . His character design was complemented by a fur lining along the collar of his jacket , incorporated by Nomura as a challenge for the game 's full motion video designers . Additionally , some designs Nomura had previously drawn , but had not yet used in a Final Fantasy game , were incorporated into Final Fantasy VIII . These were the designs of Edea , Fujin and Raijin . The latter two had originally been designed for use in Final Fantasy VII , but with the inclusion of the Turks characters in that game , it was felt that Fujin and Raijin were unnecessary . Nomura had designed Edea before the development of Final Fantasy VII , based on the style of Yoshitaka Amano . For the Guardian Forces , Nomura felt they should be unique beings , without clothes or other human @-@ like concepts . This was problematic , as he did not want them to " become the actual monsters " , so he took great care in their design . Leviathan was the first GF , created as a test and included in a game demo . After it received a positive reaction from players , Nomura decided to create the remaining sequences in a similar fashion . = = = Story development = = = The plot of Final Fantasy VIII was conceived by Kitase , with the stories for the characters provided by Nomura and the actual scenario written by Nojima . During the game 's pre @-@ production , Nomura suggested the game be given a " school days " feel . Nojima already had a story in mind in which the main characters were the same age ; their ideas meshed , taking form as the " Garden " military academies . Nojima planned that the two playable parties featured in the game ( Squall 's present day group and Laguna 's group from the past ) would be highly contrasted with one another . This idea was conveyed through the age and experience of Laguna 's group , versus the youth and naïveté of Squall 's group . Nojima has expressed that the dynamic of players ' relationships with the protagonist is important to him . Both Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII feature reserved , quiet protagonists in the form of Cloud Strife and Squall . With Final Fantasy VIII , however , Nojima worked to give players actual insight into what the character was thinking ; a direct contrast with his handling of Final Fantasy VII , which encouraged the player to speculate . = = = Other media = = = In March 1999 , one month after the game 's release , Final Fantasy VIII Ultimania was published , a book that features an in @-@ depth guide to Final Fantasy VIII and interviews with the developers . An origami book was released in November 1999 . On September 22 , 1999 , a CD @-@ ROM titled Final Fantasy VIII Desktop Accessories was released . It contains desktop icons , computer wallpapers , screensavers , and an e @-@ mail application . It additionally features a stand @-@ alone edition of the Triple Triad minigame , which allowed players to compete against one another via a local area network . Also in 1999 , the ballroom dance scene of Final Fantasy VIII was featured as a technical demo for the PlayStation 2 . In 2000 , a PC version was released for Windows . This port featured smoother graphics , enhanced audio , and the inclusion of Chocobo World , a minigame starring Boko , a Chocobo featured in one of the side @-@ quests in Final Fantasy VIII . For most North American and European players , the PC version of the game was the only means of playing Chocobo World , as the game was originally designed to be played via the PocketStation , a handheld console never released outside Japan . In 2009 , Final Fantasy VIII was added to the PlayStation Store on the PlayStation Network . On December 18 , 2012 , the game was re @-@ released as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box Japanese package . A remastered PC version was announced May 17 , 2013 , and was released on Steam December 5 , 2013 . = = = Music = = = Regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu wrote the soundtrack for Final Fantasy VIII . He tried to base the songs off of the emotional content of when they would be played , asserting that expressing the emotions he desires is more important than improving skills : " I think it will be a shame if we won 't be able to cry as we play our own game " . He could not determine a character 's emotions solely based on the plot , instead using images of appearance and attire — " It 's important to know when their emotions are at their height , but it usually takes until a month before release for them to finish the ending dialog ... ! " In response to a question by IGN music stating that the music of Final Fantasy VIII was very dark and perhaps influenced by the plot of the game , Uematsu stated " the atmosphere of music varies depending on story line , of course , but it 's also my intention to put various types of music into one game " . The absence of character themes found in the previous two games was due to Uematsu finding those of Final Fantasy VI and Final Fantasy VII ineffective . Uematsu considers it reasonable to have character themes if each character has a " highlight " in the game , but he found Final Fantasy VIII only focused on Squall Leonhart and Rinoa Heartilly as a couple , resulting in the " Eyes on Me " theme . The original soundtrack was released on four compact discs by DigiCube in Japan on March 10 , 1999 , and by Square EA in North America as Final Fantasy VIII Music Collection in January 2000 . It was republished worldwide by Square Enix on May 10 , 2004 . An album of orchestral arrangements of selected tracks from the game was released under the title Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII on November 19 , 1999 , by DigiCube , and subsequently published on July 22 , 2004 , by Square Enix . The pieces were arranged and conducted by Shirō Hamaguchi for a live orchestra . A collection of piano arrangements performed by Shinko Ogata was released under the title Piano Collections : Final Fantasy VIII by DigiCube on January 21 , 2000 , and subsequently re @-@ published by Square Enix on July 22 , 2004 . The score is best known for two songs : " Liberi Fatali " , a Latin choral piece that is played during the introduction to the game , and " Eyes On Me " , a pop song serving as the game 's theme , performed by Chinese singer Faye Wong . Near the end of the production of Final Fantasy VII , the developers suggested to use a singer , but abandoned the idea due to a lack of reasoning based on the game 's theme and storyline . However , Nobuo Uematsu thought a ballad would closely relate to the theme and characters of Final Fantasy VIII . This resulted in the game 's developers sharing " countless " artists , eventually deciding on Wong . Uematsu claims " her voice and mood seem to match my image of the song exactly " , and that her ethnicity " fits the international image of Final Fantasy " . After negotiations were made , " Eyes on Me " was recorded in Hong Kong with an orchestra . The song was released as a CD single in Japan and sold over 400 @,@ 000 copies , setting the record for highest @-@ selling video game music disc ever released in that country at the time . " Liberi Fatali " was played during the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens during the women 's synchronized swimming event . The music of Final Fantasy VIII has appeared in various official Final Fantasy concerts . These include 2002 's 20020220 Music from FINAL FANTASY , in which the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra played " Liberi Fatali " , " Don 't Be Afraid " , " Love Grows " , and " The Man with the Machine Gun " , the 2004 Tour de Japon series , which featured " The Oath " , the Dear Friends series that began that same year and included " Liberi Fatali " and " Love Grows " , and the 2005 More Friends concert , which included " Maybe I 'm a Lion " . More recent concerts include the Voices – Music from Final Fantasy 2006 concert showcasing " Liberi Fatali " , " Fisherman 's Horizon " , and " Eyes on Me " and the international Distant Worlds concert tour that continues to date , which includes " Liberi Fatali " , " Fisherman 's Horizon " , " Man with the Machine Gun " , and " Love Grows " . Several of these concerts have produced live albums as well . Music from the game has also been played in non Final Fantasy @-@ specific concerts such as the Play ! A Video Game Symphony world tour from 2006 onwards , for which Nobuo Uematsu composed the opening fanfare that accompanies each performance . = = Other appearances and cameos = = Final Fantasy VIII has made a cameo appearance in real @-@ life media . In the 2000 film version of Charlie 's Angels , two young boys are seen playing the game at night , with Squall and Quistis fighting a battle in Balamb Garden 's Training Center , and one of them about to summon the Guardian Force Quezacoatl . At this time , the character Dylan ( played by Drew Barrymore ) appears at the patio door to ask for help and clothing after having just escaped an attempt on her life . = = Reception = = Final Fantasy VIII received critical acclaim . Within two days of its North American release on September 9 , 1999 , Final Fantasy VIII became the top @-@ selling video game in the United States , a position it held for more than three weeks . It was also a bestseller in Japan and the UK . It grossed a total of more than $ 50 million in the 13 weeks to follow , making it the fastest @-@ selling Final Fantasy title . In Japan , it sold roughly 2 @.@ 5 million units within the first four days of release . More than 6 million units were sold in total by the end of 1999 . As of March 31 , 2003 , the game had shipped 8 @.@ 15 million copies worldwide : 3 @.@ 7 million in Japan and 4 @.@ 45 million abroad . The opening cut scene in Final Fantasy VIII was ranked second on Game Informer 's list of " Top 10 Video Game Openings " , and first by IGN . GameSpy listed it as the 15th best cinematic moment in video games . IGN additionally named the game 's ending the third best of any game for the PlayStation , while UGO.com named it one of the series ' best and most memorable moments . Final Fantasy VIII was voted by readers of Japanese magazine Famitsu as the 22nd best game of all time in 2006 , and named one of the 20 essential Japanese role @-@ playing games by Gamasutra , stating " [ t ] here 's a lot that Final Fantasy VIII does wrong , but there 's even more that it does right " . Reviews of the gameplay have been mixed . IGN felt that it was the weakest aspect of the game , citing its Guardian Force attack sequences as " incredibly cinematic " but tedious , sentiments echoed by Electronic Gaming Monthly . They also regarded the battle system as intensely complicated , yet refreshingly innovative and something that " RPG fanatics love to obsess over " . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine claims that the game 's Junction system is a major flaw due to repetitive stocking of spells , while the video game magazine Edge commented that the battle system consists of a " bewildering " number of intricate options and techniques that " most gamers will [ ... ] relish " . GameSpot praised the game 's battle system , commenting that the " possibilities for customization [ with the Junction system ] are immense " . In general , Final Fantasy VIII has been compared favorably to its predecessors . Though questioning the game 's lack of voice overs for its characters , Game Revolution praised its storyline and ending . For their part , Edge labeled Final Fantasy VIII " a far more accomplished game than FFVII " . On the other hand , the magazine also felt that the game 's length left its story unable to " offer consistently strong dialogue and sub @-@ plots " . Additionally , it found some of the story 's plot twists " not ... suitably manipulated and prepared " , leaving it " hard not to greet such ... moments with anything but indifference " . Overall , Edge considered Final Fantasy VIII to be " yet another outstanding edition of SquareSoft 's far @-@ from @-@ final fantasies " , summarizing it as " aesthetically astonishing , rarely less than compelling , and near peerless in scope and execution " . Electronic Gaming Monthly offered similar comments , stating that the game 's character development " is the best of any RPG 's " and that " Final Fantasy VIII is the pinnacle of its genre . " UGO.com stated that while no other game in the series had stirred the controversy that Final Fantasy VIII had and that it was flawed , Final Fantasy VIII was a " daring , groundbreaking game [ ... ] decidedly the most original console @-@ style RPG ever created " . In 2002 , IGN named the game the seventh best title for the PlayStation of all time , placing higher on the list than Final Fantasy VII and described as " [ taking ] all of its strong points , and [ making ] them better " . The PC port received mixed reception . Maximum PC praised the full motion video sequences as " phenomenal " , adding that while the gameplay took getting used to , they enjoyed the teamwork emphasized by it , and that the game 's visual presentation added to its appeal . GameSpy stated that while the game was not a " huge leap forward " from the previous title , its gameplay and visual appeal worked for its benefit , though that on a computer the pre @-@ rendered backgrounds appeared blurry and the controls at time difficult with a keyboard . GameSpot criticized the game for not taking advantage of the capabilities afforded to computers at the time , describing the PlayStation version as both looking and sounding superior , and recommending that the title was " not worth buying period " for the PC . UGO.com also described the port as inferior to its original counterpart , adding that its presentation was in turn detrimental to the reception the game received as a whole . Computer Gaming World praised some of the changes made to the game in light of previous titles and the inclusion of the Triple Triad sub @-@ game , though heavily criticized the port as " lazy " and " disappointing " , stating that it only served to emphasize the original game 's flaws . Despite their complaints however , they named it the twentieth best game of 2000 . = Secrets and Lies ( 30 Rock ) = " Secrets and Lies " is the eighth episode of the second season of 30 Rock , and the twenty @-@ ninth overall . It was written by Ron Weiner and directed by Michael Engler . The episode first aired on December 6 , 2007 on the NBC network in the United States . Guest stars in this episode include Reathel Bean , James Carville , Paul Eichel , Edie Falco , Melissa Gallagher , Jabari Gray , Blaine Horton , John Lutz , Erich McCall , Andrew Polk , Reshma Shetty , Tom Treadwell and Darlene Violette . In this episode , Celeste " C.C. " Cunningham ( played by Edie Falco ) wishes to go public with her relationship with Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) . Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) gets angry when she thinks Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) lets Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) do anything he likes . Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) and James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) feud over Toofer 's status as a Harvard University alumnus . = = Plot = = Jack is worried when his girlfriend C.C. , the Democratic congresswoman for the state of Vermont , tells him that she wants to go public with their relationship . The pair had been avoiding this because C.C. is suing the Sheinhardt Wig Company , the fictional parent company of NBC . During their secret relationship , Jack and C.C. had been sneaking to each other 's house in disguises , including C.C. as a plumber named Mr. Spoonatelli . C.C. confides in Liz ( after she finds out about their relationship ) , and Jack confides in political consultant James Carville , who gives Jack advice on how two important people from opposite political positions can make their relationship work " Cajun style , " without regard for how others perceive them . Eventually , Jack takes C.C. to dinner in the GE executive dining room where he reveals his relationship to the other executives , leading to the other executives making some bizarre revelations of their own . When Jenna wins an award for her work on Mystic Pizza : The Musical : The Movie , in the category of " Best Actress in a Movie Based on a Musical Based on a Movie " , Tracy is annoyed that he never wins any awards of his own and storms off the set . To get him back to work , Liz tells him that he has won a Pacific Rim Emmy Award for his work on TGS . Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) helps Liz stage a fake acceptance speech for Tracy , which is also attended by Tracy 's co @-@ stars , Jenna and Josh Girard ( Lonny Ross ) , despite it taking place in the middle of the night . During his acceptance speech Tracy thanks everybody who works on the show , except for Jenna , and then pulls Jenna 's dress down in a Japanese practice he claims is called " Sharking . " An enraged Jenna claims Liz is willing to jump through hoops for Tracy , but not her . As a result , she becomes disobedient and uncooperative and starts her own entourage , much like Tracy . Liz becomes fed @-@ up with Jenna 's new behavior , reveals to her that she in fact " coddle [ s ] the crap " out of her as well as Tracy . Liz then reveals that Jenna did not win an award for Mystic Pizza : The Musical : The Movie and that the " award " statue was actually a cookie . This is enough for Jenna to happily return to work . After a night of performing stand up at Harvard University , Frank comes into work wearing a Harvard sweatshirt , even though he did not attend the university . Outraged by this , Harvard alumnus Toofer tells him to take it off . When Frank refuses , and then comes into work the next day in full Harvard regalia , Toofer retaliates by dressing up as Frank . Unable to back down for fear of their coworkers mocking them , their argument is eventually mediated " Cajun style " by James Carville , who then proceeds to also demonstrate how to steal candy from a vending machine ... " Cajun style . " = = Production = = This episode was performed live on stage at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre . The performance , which was titled 30 Rock — On Strike ! , was to display support for the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , which began on November 5 , 2007 . The performance took place on November 19 , 2007 . All the main cast members of the series were in attendance , although due to other commitments , guest star Edie Falco was unable to appear in her role as Celeste " C.C. " Cunningham . In her place was the Saturday Night Live head writer , Paula Pell . As guest star James Carville was also unable to attend , an unnamed 30 Rock writer filled in for him . Other 30 Rock writers , including Donald Glover , also played the smaller , " bit " parts . During the " commercial breaks " , cast member Jack McBrayer and recurring cast member John Lutz improvised fake comedic advertisements for various products . Sheinhardt Wig Company t @-@ shirts , which were signed by the cast of 30 Rock , were also raffled off during the performance . = = Reception = = " Secrets and Lies " brought in an average of 5 @.@ 8 million viewers . The episode also achieved a 2 @.@ 7 / 7 in the key 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . The 2 @.@ 7 refers to 2 @.@ 7 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the U.S. , and the 7 refers to 7 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast in the U.S .. This episode ranked first in the male 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic , growing 4 % from its lead @-@ in of the My Name Is Earl episode " Early Release . " Robert Canning of IGN wrote that the episode " came close to fulfilling [ its ] potential , but was unable to keep the rapid @-@ fire comedic pace going for the entire episode . " He added that the second half of the show was not " a complete loss , but , man , that first act just steamrolled viewers with hilarious bit after hilarious bit . " Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide thought that the " unexpected treat this week was guest star James Carville , who 's [ sic ] presence as confidant to Jack not only made sense , but Carville also had a lot of fun lampooning himself ' Cajun style ' and all . And look at how well his advice for Frank and Twofer [ sic ] worked ! " = Cigarette Smoking Man = Cigarette Smoking Man ( abbreviated CSM or C @-@ Man ; sometimes referred to as Cancer Man or the Smoking Man ) is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the Fox science fiction @-@ supernatural television series The X @-@ Files , at least from the second to seventh series , and again in the tenth . He serves as the arch @-@ nemesis of FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder . In the show 's sixth season , his name is said to be C.G.B. Spender , but Dana Scully suggests this is one of " hundreds of aliases " ; the show 's characters and fans continue to refer to him by variations of " the Smoking Man " because he is almost always seen chain @-@ smoking Morley cigarettes . Although he utters only four audible words in the entire first season of the show , the Smoking Man eventually develops into the series ' primary antagonist . In his early appearances , he is seen in the offices of Section Chief Scott Blevins and Assistant Director Walter Skinner , Mulder and his partner Dana Scully 's supervisors . An influential man working for the powers that be , he is a key member in a government conspiracy known only as the Syndicate , who are hiding the truth of alien existence and their plan to colonize Earth . His power and influence remained strong , even after most of the Syndicate was destroyed . The Smoking Man is portrayed by Canadian actor William B. Davis . When Davis first received the role , the character was written as an extra for the pilot episode . He returned for small cameo appearances during the first season , making increasingly more appearances in the seasons that followed . Davis never received an award for his portrayal alone , but he was nominated for ensemble awards . TV Guide included him in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time . = = Character arc = = The birth date , birthplace , and most of the history of the Smoking Man is never categorically confirmed . One possible version of his past is provided during the fourth season episode " Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man " , where the conspiracy theorists known as The Lone Gunmen claim Smoking Man was born in Baton Rouge ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Louisiana , on August 20 , 1940 . In the same episode , he is claimed to have a long history in black ops and American intelligence , was involved in the training of Cuban rebels in the Bay of Pigs , and was the assassin of both John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King , Jr . However , X @-@ Files writer , Frank Spotnitz , has stated that this version of events is only one possibility and is not accepted canon . In his first appearance in the series , he oversees FBI agent Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) briefing and debriefing , and later disposes of evidence Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Scully had brought back from their investigation of an alien abduction . With the Smoking Man hiding truth from the public , Mulder seeks to reveal it to the public and the truth about the disappearance of his sister , Samantha . This leads to a rivalry that lasts until the end of the series . In later seasons , it is revealed that he is a member of a group known as the Syndicate , a shadowy organization within the United States government . The episode " Two Fathers " reveals his birthname or alias as C.G.B. Spender , and that he was formerly married to Cassandra Spender , with whom he had a son , Jeffrey Spender . He recruits FBI Special Agent Diana Fowley to be a subordinate of his because she has a close relationship with Mulder . In " One Son " , Jeffrey finds out that his father , the Smoking Man , forced his mother Cassandra to undergo medical treatments that led to several nervous breakdowns during his childhood years . When the Smoking Man finds out , he seemingly kills Jeffrey . Knowing of the colonization plan , the Alien rebels return to Earth to try to persuade the Syndicate to join their side against their war with the Colonists . Not believing in the strength of the Alien rebels , the Syndicate members meet at El Rico Air Base to be transported to a spaceship to survive the colonization . However , the rebels appear instead of the Colonists and kill all remaining chief members of the Syndicate . Together with Fowley , the Smoking Man escapes the destruction of the Syndicate . Later in the sixth season , there is more evidence that suggested that the Smoking Man is Mulder 's biological father . Eventually in " The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati " , Fowley comes in disagreement with him . Because of his plans to kill Mulder , Fowley helps Scully in her investigation to locate Mulder , which leads to her death . After the destruction of the Syndicate , the Smoking Man starts to operate as he wishes . However , his cancer resurfaces , and he begins using a wheelchair . In the end , Alex Krycek and Marita Covarrubias betray him in the episode " Requiem " , throwing him down a flight of stairs , where they presume him to be dead . Until the ninth season episode " William " , the Smoking Man is presumed dead . It is learned that his attempted murder of his son failed , which led him to subject his son to terrible experiments . In the series finale , " The Truth " , Mulder and Scully travel through remote New Mexico and reach a pueblo where a " wise man " reputedly lives : he is , in fact , the Smoking Man . His condition has worsened since his disappearance , and he lives a primitive life in hiding from the " New " Syndicate . After taunting Mulder and Scully , he reveals to Scully what Mulder already knew , that the alien re @-@ colonization of Earth is set for December 22 , 2012 . Shortly after , Smoking Man is again apparently killed by a rocket shot from a helicopter ordered by Knowle Rohrer . For the next 14 years , he is presumed dead . However , he appears again at the end of " My Struggle " ( 2016 ) , the first episode of The X @-@ Files miniseries , stating that the X @-@ Files have been reopened . He is still smoking , even though he has had a tracheotomy . In the season finale , " My Struggle II " , the Smoking Man puts into motion the conspiracy he had been working on all these years , releasing chemtrails into the atmosphere which trigger immune system breakdowns throughout the American population , which had been infected by the Spartan virus through mandatory flu vaccinations . Out of fondness for Mulder , he offers him the cure to the disease , but is rebuffed . The United States is thrown into chaos as the Syndicate plan for depopulation gets underway . The series ends on a cliffhanger . = = Spin @-@ off media = = Prior to the tenth televised series of The X @-@ Files in 2016 , Chris Carter worked with IDW Publishing in 2013 to produce a comic book continuation of the show . It hints that The Smoking Man is alive and indirectly feeding information to both Mulder and The Lone Gunmen . Carter later said that the story from these comics would be disregarded in future television productions . = = Characterization = = Kim Manners , a director of several X @-@ Files episodes , said that the Smoking Man was the show 's version of Darth Vader . Some X @-@ Files fans have categorized the Smoking Man as evil , making him out to be the villain . Series creator Chris Carter , on the other hand , once called him " the devil " , producing a mixed reaction among fans . Some fans , along with the portraying actor , see him as a hero , as he is forced to make choices others are not . On the surface , it may seem that the Smoking Man merely tries to hide information from Mulder and Scully , but there is much more to him . He is involved in the Syndicate , a shadow organization which includes members of the United States government that exists to hide from the public the fact that aliens are planning to colonize Earth . The Smoking Man often ruthlessly protects the secrets of the conspiracy , and serves as the main antagonist to Mulder , who has an equally consuming devotion to reveal the truth in the first seven seasons . His stated justification is a desire to prevent the alien colonization for as long as possible ; in the episode " One Breath " , he tells Mulder that he is in the conspiracy ( which he calls " the game " ) because he believes that the secrets he keeps could , if publicly revealed , threaten the social order that preserves society : " If people were to know of the things that I know ... it would all fall apart " . He is at times shown working towards that goal , particularly in connection with developing a vaccine to protect people from the " black oil " , a parasitic agent which the alien Colonists use to propagate themselves . = = Development = = When first cast for the role , portraying actor William B. Davis thought a show about the paranormal would not last for long . Before joining The X @-@ Files cast , Davis had not smoked a cigarette in twenty years . For the first two episodes he appeared in , he smoked " real " cigarettes , but later changed to herbal cigarettes , giving the reason that it was " dangerous " for his health . In at least one early script draft from the " Pilot " , a Special Agent named Lake Drazen is present at the meeting near the start of the episode , having chosen Scully for an assignment to evaluate the validity of Mulder 's work on the X @-@ Files . The scene was eventually deleted and replaced , and several crew members have hinted that Agent Drazen became the Smoking Man . Kim Manners said that it seemed all the prominent pieces created for The X @-@ Files were created by " accident " . According to Manners , Davis was nothing more than an extra leaning on a shelf . At the start , the producers of the show were not sure about making the Smoking Man the main antagonist . Paul Rabwin commented once that he did not know if Davis could handle the role , because he was not sure if he was a " good enough " actor for the role . Manners later commented that Davis knew that the Smoking Man had two different characters , the first being the one played by Davis and the second was the cigarettes . He further stated that the cigarette smoke could tell a " whole story " by itself , thanks to Davis ' talent . Fans of the series were active in debating if the Smoking Man was actually dead after the events of the season five premiere " Redux " . In his first response , Chris Carter said he had left clues in the episode , and he later officially announced that the character would appear in The X @-@ Files movie . In one of his last comments on the matter , he said , " Not that we haven 't brought deceased characters back before , in flashbacks or more paranormal ways . The great thing about The X @-@ Files is that anything can happen . " The Smoking Man is the only character in the series , in addition to Mulder and Scully , to appear in both the first episode , " pilot " and the last , " The Truth " of the series . Portraying actor William B. Davis was listed as CIA Agent in the first season episode " Young at Heart " , instead of his usual character , the Smoking Man . Actor Chris Owens for a time portrayed the Smoking Man as a young man in flashbacks . He later plays his son , Jeffrey Spender . Young Cigarette Smoking Man was first played by Craig Warkentin , with Davis 's voice dubbed over in " Apocrypha " . = = Reception = = While not being nominated for any of his work alone on The X @-@ Files , William B. Davis and several other cast members were nominated in the category " Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series " by the Screen Actors Guild Awards in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 but did not win . The character was regularly voted " The Nastiest Villain " on television polls during the 90s . TV Guide listed Cigarette Smoking Man 20th in their " 25 Greatest TV Villains " list . According to the portraying actor , the character had garnered protest from " pro @-@ smokers " . Entertainment Weekly writer Jennifer Armstrong cited the character as an example of the old tradition of having only " bad guys " smoking on television . Davis was included in Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Biggest Emmy Snubs , the list 's author saying that the presence of the " Cigarette Smoking Man " was as important as " black oil , alien implants , and Scully 's skepticism " . The Malaysian newspaper the New Straits Times called the Smoking Man one of the most " intriguing " characters of the show . However , Christianity Today said that the mystery behind the Smoking Man had evaporated by the late season episodes . Likewise , Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly felt that " the monotonous evil of Cancer Man " had " become actively annoying " in later seasons of the show , being that his lurking presence did not seem as mysterious anymore . Salon reviewer Jeff Stark felt the show was at its best when you " didn 't exactly know the motivations of the Smoking Man " . = Polish – Prussian alliance = The Polish – Lithuanian and Prussian alliance was a mutual defense alliance signed on 29 March 1790 in Warsaw between representatives of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia . It was signed in the brief period when Prussia was seeking an ally against either Austria or Russia , and the Commonwealth was seeking guarantees that it would be able to carry out significant governmental reforms without foreign intervention . From the beginning , the alliance was much more valuable to the Commonwealth than to Prussia . Soon after the treaty was signed , the international situation , and changes within the Commonwealth , made the treaty much less valuable to the Prussian side . Meanwhile , the Commonwealth embarked on a series of major internal reforms , seeing the alliance as a guarantee that it had the backing of a powerful neighbor in this process – where in fact Prussia felt those reforms were not in its best interest , and felt threatened by them . When Russia invaded the Commonwealth in May 1792 , Prussia refused a request to honor the alliance and intervene , arguing that it was not consulted with regard to the 3rd May Constitution , which invalidated the alliance . A few months later , in 1793 , Prussia aided Russia in the suppression of the Kościuszko Uprising . = = Background = = The Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( also known as the Republic of Poland ) had been a major European power since its formation in the late 16th century and was still one of the largest states on the European continent in the latter part of the 18th century . Over time , its state machinery had become increasingly dysfunctional . By the early 17th century , the magnates of Poland and Lithuania controlled the state — or rather , they managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status ( the so @-@ called " Golden Freedoms " ) . Tentative reforms began in the late 18th century ; however , any idea of reforming the Commonwealth was viewed with suspicion not only by its magnates but also by neighboring countries , which were content with the state of the Commonwealth 's affairs and abhorred the thought of a resurgent and democratic power on their borders . With the Commonwealth Army only numbering around 16 @,@ 000 , it was easy for its neighbors to intervene directly : the Imperial Russian Army numbered 300 @,@ 000 ; the Prussian Army and Imperial Austrian Army , 200 @,@ 000 . All of those powers had already annexed about a third of the Commonwealth territory and population ( 211 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 81 @,@ 000 sq mi ) and four to five million people ) in the First Partition of Poland in 1772 – 1773 . However , events in the world appeared to play into the reformers ' hands . Poland 's neighbors were too occupied with wars to intervene forcibly in Poland , with Russia and Austria engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire ( the Russo @-@ Turkish War ( 1787 – 92 ) and the Austro @-@ Turkish War ( 1787 – 91 ) ) ; the Russians also found themselves fighting Sweden ( the Russo @-@ Swedish War ( 1788 – 90 ) ) . In the context of the Austrian Empire 's war with the Ottoman Empire , and similar Russian Empire 's war , Polish king Stanisław August Poniatowski , attempted to draw Poland into the Austro @-@ Russian alliance , seeing a war with the Ottomans as an opportunity to strengthen the Commonwealth . Due to internal Russian politics , this plan was not implemented . Spurned by Russia , Poland turned to another potential ally , the Triple Alliance , represented on the Polish diplomatic scene primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia . This line of reasoning gained support from Polish politicians such as Ignacy Potocki and Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski . Within the Triple Alliance , Prussia was hoping for some territorial gains in the Baltic region , through war ( with Russia ) or diplomacy ( from the Commonwealth ) , or a combination of the above . With regard to the Balkans , the Triple Alliance aimed at restraining the Russian Empire , as well as the its ally , the Austrian Empire , and there were expectations of a war between the Alliance and Russia ( and possibly Austria ) around 1791 . = = Negotiations = = Prussia tried to take opportunity of the Russian Empire 's wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden and move the weak Commonwealth into its sphere of influence . Some factions in the Commonwealth deemed this as an opportunity to shake free from decades of Russian control . That said , Prussia did not expect much from the alliance , not even that it would pass . When the treaty was first proposed to the Great Sejm by Prussian ambassador Ludwig Heinrich Buchholtz on 13 October 1788 , Prussians expected that it would cause long and fruitless debate which only outcome would be to ensure the weakening of Russian ( and to a lesser degree , Austrian ) position in Poland . Overall , for Prussia , the alliance with Poland was only one of several potential options ; but for some Polish politicians it became a new , and increasingly , only available strategy . The reception of Prussian proposal by the Sejm exceeded their expectations , and it has significantly strengthened the Patriotic Party . For the next year or so , Prussians decided to delay taking any clear action , keeping their options open . Buchholtz was also reprimanded for allowing things to go too far , and another Prussian diplomat , Girolamo Lucchesini , was sent to Warsaw to aid him . One of the Prussian playing @-@ for @-@ time requests to the Patriotic Party was that before the treaty is signed , they need to see more reforms within the Commonwealth government . In October 1789 , the changing international situation ( primarily the military defeats of the Ottoman Empire ) suddenly and temporarily increased the value of an alliance with Poland for Prussia . In the meantime , the previously anti @-@ royalist Patriotic Party has begun drifting closer to the king . In February and March 1790 , concrete proposals were exchanged between Warsaw and Berlin . Some difficulties were centered around Prussian demands for the cession of Gdańsk and Toruń , and tariffs , but a threat of a Polish @-@ Austrian alliance , recently brought forward by Austria , caused Prussia to withdraw most of the demands the Polish side was finding difficult to accept . = = Treaty and its unraveling = = The treaty was finally signed on 29 March 1790 , and ratified on 23 April . It was a defensive treaty , as each country promised to aid the other in case of being invaded . Several factors , however , soon reduced the value of the treaty for Prussia . Treaty of Reichenbach of July 27 , 1790 , meant that Prussia was no longer considering a war with Austria ; the Polish – Prussian alliance now had only an anti @-@ Russian angle . Then , on September 9 , the Great Sejm , despite some opposition , declared that Commonwealth territories could not be divided . As Prussia was expecting to receive Gdańsk and Toruń from the Commonwealth as a compensation in a subsequent treaty ( with Commonwealth being compensated through territorial gains from another neighbor ) , the Sejm declaration that meant that no territory could be traded to another state made the Commonwealth a much less valuable party for Prussian long @-@ term goals . Already in fall and winter of 1790 , Prussian diplomacy begun negotiations with Russians , and hinting at its abandoning of Poland . Potocki attempted to offer another deal to Prussia , namely , to support Prince Louis Charles of Prussia candidature for the Polish throne , but Frederick William II of Prussia , advised by Ewald Friedrich von Hertzbergm refused this offer , as it did not seem profitable enough to Prussia , which was interested more in territorial gains than in a potentially strengthened Commonwealth , which could ask for the return of the territories lost in the First Partition . The passing of the Constitution of 3 May , 1791 , although officially applauded by Frederick Wilhem II , who sent a congratulatory note to Warsaw , caused further worry in Prussia . Prussian statesman Ewald von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives : " The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution " , elaborating that strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition . Finally , the Prussian @-@ Russian relations stabilized with the end of the Triple Alliance , which was cemented by the British @-@ Netherlands @-@ Prussian @-@ Russian treaty of 26 July 1791 , in which the Triple Alliance de facto capitulated to all Russian demands . In the meantime , similar negotiations of a Polish – Swedish alliance , never realized , fell through as well . = = Aftermath = = The Treaty of Jassy in January 1792 ended the Russian war with the Ottomans , and in April of that year the First Coalition wars began , forcing Prussia to move the bulk of its forces west to deal with revolutionary France . Russia , angered by Poland 's attempt to move out of its influence , invaded Poland in May . Around that time , Prussian policy was already set against Poland ; rather than discussing how to aid it , Frederic Wilhelm and his ministers were discussing how to convince Austria and Prussia to a new partition . Lucchesini has already made several declarations that Prussia cannot aid the Commonwealth , and in June that year , Potocki 's mission to Berlin received a confirmation of that , motivated on the grounds that the Constitution of 3 May changed Polish state so much that Prussia does not consider its obligations binding . Prussian Foreign Minister , Friedrich Wilhelm von Schulenburg @-@ Kehnert , has clearly and with rare candor told Potocki that Prussia did not support the constitution , but could not say so initially , as to not allow any Polish @-@ Russian reconciliation , and now will not even help as a mediator , as it is not in Prussian 's interest of the state to see Commonwealth strengthened so that it could threaten Prussia in some future . When in January 1793 a Prussian corps entered Greater Poland , it was not as a Commonwealth ally , but instead to guarantee Prussia 's share of spoils in the Second Partition of Poland . Prussian forces were acting in support of the Prussian @-@ Russian treaty on the partition has been that month . Subsequently , Prussian forces assisted Russians in several key battles of the Kościuszko Uprising , such as in the defeat of Tadeusz Kościuszko 's forces at the battle of Szczekociny . By 1795 , Commonwealth would cease to exist , with Prussia acquiring Gdańsk , Toruń and other territories it desired ( see Prussian partition ) . = = Historiography = = The issue of the Polish – Prussian alliance was subject to a comprehensive study as early as the 1890s , when Polish historian Szymon Askenazy published his work on the subject ( Przymierze polsko @-@ pruskie , 1900 ) focusing on the diplomatic and international aspects . Askenazy argued that the alliance fell more due to inept Polish diplomacy than to the Prussian realpolitik agenda ; this view is not supported by majority of historians , and noted by Jerzy Łojek ( who admits that himself , at the same time declaring himself , in his Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja ( 1986 ) as sharing Askenazy 's minority viewpoint ) . The question of to what degree the alliance was realistic , and to what degree it represented a Prussian diplomatic feint which mislead Commonwealth politicians is still debated by modern historians . Similarly , as Piotr Wandycz has noted , the advantages and disadvantages of this alliance have been debated by the historians for over a century . = Valley Parade = Valley Parade , also known as the Coral Windows Stadium through sponsorship rights , is an all @-@ seater football stadium in Bradford , West Yorkshire , England . It was built in 1886 , and was the home of Manningham Rugby Football Club until 1903 , when they changed code from rugby football to association football and became Bradford City . It has been Bradford City 's home since , although it is now owned by former chairman Gordon Gibb 's pension fund . It has also been home to Bradford ( Park Avenue ) for one season , and Bradford Bulls rugby league side for two seasons , as well as host to a number of England youth team fixtures . Football architect Archibald Leitch was commissioned to redevelop the ground when Bradford City were promoted to the First Division in 1908 . From then , the stadium underwent few changes until 1985 , when it was the scene of a fatal fire on 11 May 1985 , when 56 supporters were killed and at least 265 were injured . It underwent a £ 2 @.@ 6 million redevelopment and was re @-@ opened in December 1986 . The ground underwent significant changes in the 1990s and early 2000s and now has a capacity of 25 @,@ 136 . The record attendance of 39 @,@ 146 was set in 1911 for an FA Cup tie against Burnley , making it the oldest surviving attendance record at a Football League ground in the country . = = History = = Manningham Rugby Football Club , formed in 1876 , originally played games at Cardigan Fields , in the Carlisle Road area of Bradford . When their ground was sold to facilitate the construction of Drummond School , the club required a new home . Consequently , they bought one @-@ third of the Valley Parade site in Manningham , taking a short @-@ term lease out on the rest of the land in time to play there for the 1886 – 87 season . The new ground and the road it was built upon both adopted the name of the local area , Valley Parade , a name deriving from the steep hillside below Manningham . The land was previously a quarry , and formed part of a greater site owned by Midland Railway Company . The club spent £ 1 @,@ 400 appointing designers to oversee the excavation and levelling of the land , and moved a one @-@ year @-@ old stand from Carlisle Road to the highest part of the new ground . The original ground comprised the relocated stand , a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity stepped enclosure with the players ' changing rooms beneath the stand , the playing area , a cinder athletics track and fencing to limit the total capacity to 18 @,@ 000 . The playing field was made of ballast , ashes , soil and sods . The ground was officially opened on 27 September 1886 for a game against Wakefield Trinity which was watched by a capacity crowd , but construction work meant most of Manningham 's early games were away fixtures . Manningham RFC continued playing until 1903 , when financial difficulties , caused by relegation at the turn of the century , prompted club officials to change codes from rugby football to association football . The first association football game to be played at Valley Parade was a promotional fixture on 6 April 1903 between a side of West Yorkshire footballers and Sheffield United 's 1903 FA Cup winning side . The game had been organised to stimulate interest in the sport in Bradford and attracted 8 @,@ 000 fans . The new football club , Bradford City , were elected to The Football League 's Division Two the following month . Bradford City 's first game at Valley Parade came on 5 September 1903 against Gainsborough Trinity , drawing a crowd of 11 @,@ 000 . As a result of alterations first implemented in 1897 , City players originally changed in a shed behind one end of the ground , and visiting teams used the old rugby club dressing rooms at the back of the nearby Belle Vue Hotel . However , after City 's 5 – 1 defeat by Manchester United on 10 February 1906 , United player Bob Bonthron was attacked as he left the ground . As a result , The Football Association closed the ground for 14 days , ordering City to switch its changing rooms to the nearby Artillery Barracks for the 1906 – 07 season . Several supporters faced criminal proceedings for the incident . After Bradford City won the Division Two championship in 1907 – 08 , the club hurried through a reconstruction programme of the ground to prepare for the club 's first season in Division One . Football architect Archibald Leitch was commissioned to design new terracing in the paddock — a standing area in front of the 5 @,@ 300 @-@ seater main stand which was built in 1908 — and build a Spion Kop at the north side of the ground and an 8 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity stand at the Midland Road end opposite the main stand . Further work was performed to lower the railings , erect barriers , move the pitch and add extra turnstiles . The changing rooms were also moved , with a tunnel leading from the rooms underneath the Kop along the main stand side of the ground . The total project cost £ 9 @,@ 958 , and raised the capacity to 40 @,@ 000 . The work was not completed until midway through the 1908 – 09 season . The first match after work was finished took place on Christmas Day 1908 , when 36 @,@ 000 fans saw City host Bristol City . The improvements allowed Bradford City to set their record attendance of 39 @,@ 146 on 11 March 1911 against Burnley during the club 's FA Cup winning run . It is the longest surviving attendance record at any league ground in the country . On 17 March 1932 , Bradford City paid Midland Railway Company £ 3 @,@ 750 for the remaining two @-@ thirds of the site to become outright owners of the ground , which was now 45 years old . The stadium had remained virtually unchanged since 1908 , and did so until 1952 , when the capacity of the ground was reduced after examinations of the foundations were ordered following the 1946 Burnden Park disaster . The investigation resulted in the closure of half the Midland Road stand . The stand 's steel frame was then sold to Berwick Rangers for £ 450 and a smaller replacement stand was built at Valley Parade in 1954 . Six years later , the stand had to be demolished for a second time because of continuing foundation problems . It was another six years before all four stands at Valley Parade were able to be opened for the first time . To enable construction of a new stand on the Midland Road side of the ground , the club directors moved the pitch 3 yards ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) closer to the main stand . The new stand was then the narrowest stand in the league . Further improvements were made to the stand in 1969 , ready for the club 's FA Cup tie with Division One side Tottenham Hotspur on 3 January 1970 , which ended in a 2 – 2 draw in front of 23 @,@ 000 fans . The cost of the work forced the club to sell Valley Parade to Bradford Corporation for £ 35 @,@ 000 , but it was bought back by 1979 for the same price . During the period from 1908 to 1985 , the club carried out a number of other lesser work to the rest of the ground . It also included the introduction of floodlights in English football . Valley Parade 's first floodlights cost £ 3 @,@ 000 and were lamps mounted on telegraph poles running along each side of the ground . They were originally used against Hull City on 20 December 1954 . The floodlights were replaced in 1960 and again used for the first time against Hull City , but when one fell over in 1962 , an FA Cup game with Gateshead had to go ahead with only three pylons , prompting an FA inquiry . In 1985 , football ground writer Simon Inglis described the view from the main stand , which was still the same as when it was developed in 1908 , as " like watching football from the cockpit of a Sopwith Camel " because of its antiquated supports and struts . On 11 May 1985 , one of the worst sporting disasters occurred at Valley Parade . Fifty @-@ six people died and at least 265 were injured when the main stand was engulfed by fire . The fire started 40 minutes into the club 's final game of the 1984 – 85 season against Lincoln City and destroyed the main stand in just nine minutes . For the next season and the first five months of the 1986 – 87 season , Bradford City played home games at Leeds United 's Elland Road , Huddersfield Town 's Leeds Road and Bradford Northern 's Odsal Stadium , while Valley Parade was rebuilt . Huddersfield @-@ based firm J Wimpenny carried out the £ 2 @.@ 6 million work , which included funding from insurance pay @-@ outs , Football League stadium grants , club funds and a £ 1 @.@ 46 million Government loan obtained by two Bradford MPs , Geoffrey Lawler and Max Madden . A new 5 @,@ 000 all @-@ seater main stand was built , longer than the structure which had burned down . The Kop was also covered for the first time and increased to a 7 @,@ 000 capacity . Other minor work was carried out to the ground 's other two stands . On 14 December 1986 , 582 days after the fire , The Hon Sir Oliver Popplewell , who had conducted the inquiry into the fire , opened the new stadium before an exhibition match against an England international XI . It was first used for a league game on Boxing Day when City lost 1 – 0 to Derby County . The two stands which were not altered after the fire were both improved during the 1990s . The Bradford end of the ground was made a double @-@ decker , all @-@ seater stand , with a new scoreboard , in 1991 . City 's promotion to Division One in 1996 meant that chairman Geoffrey Richmond announced the construction of a 4 @,@ 500 seater stand on the Midland Road side . It was first used for a Yorkshire derby against Sheffield United on Boxing Day 1996 , before being officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 27 March 1997 . Richmond continued his plans to redevelop the ground as City continued to rise through the league . The roof of the Kop , which was the largest safe @-@ standing terrace in the country at the time , was removed and the capacity reduced during City 's 1998 – 99 promotion season , to prepare for a summer £ 6 @.@ 5 million rebuilding programme . The Kop was converted into a two @-@ tier 7 @,@ 500 @-@ seat capacity stand . An additional 2 @,@ 300 @-@ seat capacity corner section was built , which filled in the corner between the main stand and Kop . When opened in December 2000 it took the capacity of Valley Parade to more than 20 @,@ 000 for the first time since 1970 . A suite of offices and a shop were added at the same time . Once the work was completed , a second tier was added to the main stand at the cost of £ 6 @.@ 5 million . It was opened in 2001 , increasing the main stand 's capacity to 11 @,@ 000 , and the ground 's capacity to 25 @,@ 000 . Richmond also planned to increase the main stand 's capacity by a further 1 @,@ 800 seats by building new changing rooms and office blocks , and add a second tier to the Midland Road stand , to increase the ground capacity to more than 35 @,@ 000 . However , the club went into administration in May 2002 , and Richmond was replaced by new co @-@ owners Julian Rhodes and Gordon Gibb . The following year , Valley Parade was sold to Gibb 's pension fund for £ 5 million , with the club 's offices , shop and car park sold to London @-@ based Development Securities for an additional £ 2 @.@ 5 million . Bradford City 's annual rent bill in 2011 to Gibb 's pension fund is £ 370 @,@ 000 . The total budget for the year , including other rent payments , rates , maintenance and utility bills is £ 1 @.@ 25 million . The ground has been renamed a number of times for sponsorship reasons . Sponsors have included The Pulse radio station , Bradford & Bingley and Intersonic . The ground has been named the Coral Windows Stadium since July 2007 in a three @-@ year deal , but is still commonly known throughout football as Valley Parade . = = Structure and facilities = = The stadium is divided into five all @-@ seater stands , the JCT600 Stand , the Kop , the Midland Road Stand , the North West Corner and the TL Dallas Stand . All five stands are covered except for a small part of the main stand , and all but the Midland Road Stand being two @-@ tiered . Most of the stands are cantilever structures , and because of the ground 's location on the hillside , the Midland Road Stand overhangs the road . Many of the stands have more traditional names , but have since been renamed because of sponsorship deals . The JCT600 Stand is the ground 's main stand , and is often called the latter by fans , but is also known as the Sunwin stand owing to the former sponsor . The Kop , was the former standing area , and its name was derived , like at many stadia across the country , from the Battle of Spion Kop . The East Stand , sponsored by Northern Commercials , is also named the Midland Road stand , because of the road on that side of the ground . The TL Dallas Stand is also known as the Bradford end , because it is nearest to the city centre . The total capacity of Valley Parade is 25 @,@ 136 . The largest stand is the JCT600 Stand , which holds 9 @,@ 004 supporters , followed by the Kop , which has a capacity of 7 @,@ 492 . The Midland Road Stand holds 4 @,@ 500 , and the North West Corner 2 @,@ 300 . The TL Dallas Stand is the smallest of the five stands with a capacity of 1 @,@ 840 . The stadium includes 134 seats for media representatives . The Sunwin Stand has further room for expansion , and is unusual because it only runs three @-@ quarters of the length of the pitch . The rest of this side is taken up by a brick building , situated in the south west corner of the stadium , which houses the club changing rooms and the security offices . The Sunwin Stand also includes the ground 's 17 executive boxes and conference facilities , which have capacity for up to 700 people . A second function room , called the Bantams Bar , in the Kop , has room for another 300 people . There is also more office space , a club store , ticket office and museum in the car park behind the Kop . From early 2010 , the area near the store will also include a dental surgery , which will be run by NHS Bradford and Airedale in partnership with the football club . Visiting team fans sat in the TL Dallas Stand from 1995 to 2008 , but have also been given other parts of the ground for larger matches . In March 2008 , the club announced that the TL Dallas Stand would be made available for home fans for the 2008 – 09 season . The decision came after an overwhelmingly positive text message poll from the club 's supporters to use the Bradford End of the ground . Visiting team fans have been accommodated in the end blocks of the East Stand since the start of the 2008 – 09 season . Since the 2013 @-@ 14 Season away fans have moved back to the TL Dallas stand . = = Fire disaster = = On 11 May 1985 , a crowd of 11 @,@ 076 attended Bradford City 's final Division Three game of the 1984 – 85 season against Lincoln City . The Bradford side had secured the Division Three title the week before when they defeated Bolton Wanderers 2 – 0 . The league trophy was presented to City 's skipper Peter Jackson before the Lincoln game . The score was still 0 – 0 after 40 minutes of the game , when a small fire was noticed three rows from the back of the ground 's main stand . The flames became more visible within minutes , and police started to evacuate people in the stand less than six minutes later . Club chairman Stafford Heginbotham , who was in the main stand , described the effect and his reaction to the disaster : " The fire just spread along the length of the stand in seconds . The smoke was choking . We couldn 't breathe . It was to be our day . " The game was stopped , and the wooden roof caught fire . The fire spread the length of the stand , and timber and the roof began to fall onto the crowds . Black smoke enveloped the rear passageways , where fans were trying to escape . Ultimately , the fire killed 56 spectators , ranging from 11 @-@ year @-@ old children to the 86 @-@ year @-@ old former chairman of the club , Sam Firth . At least 265 further supporters were injured . The few existing narrow escape routes led to locked doors in some cases , and the only escape for most spectators was directly onto the field . The match was abandoned and never replayed , with The Football League ordering the scoreline at the time of abandonment to stand . Sir Oliver Popplewell published his inquiry into the fire in 1986 , which introduced new safety legislation for sports grounds across the country . Forensic scientist David Woolley believed the cause of the fire was from a discarded cigarette or match , which had dropped through gaps between the seating to a void below the stand where rubbish had built up . A number of police officers and 22 spectators were later awarded bravery awards for their deeds on the day . The old wooden roof of the stand was due to be replaced the day after the Lincoln match , because it did not meet the safety regulations required for Division Two , where the team would be playing in the following season . Instead , it took until July 1986 for rebuilding work to begin . The ground was used for reserve team fixtures from September 1985 , but only journalists and club officials were present to watch . Bradford City 's senior team played home games at other grounds in West Yorkshire for 19 months while Valley Parade was rebuilt . The new ground cost £ 2 @.@ 6 million to rebuild , and was reopened in December 1986 . More than £ 3 @.@ 5 million was raised for victims of the fire and their families through the Bradford Disaster Appeal Fund . Memorials have been erected at the ground and at Bradford City Hall , the latter of which was provided by Bradford 's twin town of Hamm , in Germany . The disaster is also marked by an annual remembrance ceremony on 11 May at Bradford City Hall , and an annual Easter @-@ weekend youth tournament , contested between Bradford , Lincoln and other teams from across Europe . = = Other uses = = Valley Parade hosted its first international football game just two months after its first Football League match . The game 's governing bodies wanted to promote the sport in the West Riding of Yorkshire , so chose Valley Parade to host a game between an English League side and an Irish League side , despite the ground not being up to standard . An estimated 20 @,@ 000 spectators attended the match on 10 October 1903 , which the English League won 2 – 1 . Over the next 20 years the ground hosted a number of other representative games , including an England international trial , the 1904 FA Amateur Cup Final and an under @-@ 15s schoolboy international between England and Scotland . But it was not until 6 April 1987 that the ground hosted another international when England under @-@ 18s drew 1 – 1 with Switzerland . Other under @-@ 18 fixtures have been played since , the last of which was between England and Belgium in November 2000 . It hosted two England under @-@ 21 international friendlies . The first was against Denmark ’ s under @-@ 21 ’ s on 8 October 1999.The hosts thrashed the visitors 4 - 1 . The other was against Italy ’ s under @-@ 21 ’ s 26 March 2002 @.@ it ended in a 1 - 1 draw with 21 @,@ 642 in attendance . Valley Parade 's next international came seven years later when Bradford City hosted an under @-@ 19s European Championship qualifying game , in which England defeated Slovakia 4 – 1 . The England women 's team have also played at Valley Parade , including their first home match under the auspices of The Football Association in 1994 against Spain . Bradford ( Park Avenue ) have played 29 games at Valley Parade , including a 2 – 0 friendly victory over Swiss side AC Lugano in 1962 , and all their home fixtures in 1973 – 74 , their last season before extinction . Bradford 's rugby league side Bradford Northern played a number of fixtures at Valley Parade between 1920 and 1937 , as well as three games in the 1980s and 1990s . Northern became Bradford Bulls with the advent of the Super League , and played two seasons at Valley Parade in 2001 and 2002 during redevelopment of their home ground at Odsal . During , before and after the years of the First World War the 1 / 2nd and 2 / 2nd West Riding Brigade Royal Field Artillery ( Territorial Force ) had its headquarters at Valley Parade . = = Records = = The record attendance at Valley Parade is 39 @,@ 146 , for Bradford City 's FA Cup fourth round tie against Burnley on 11 March 1911 . The highest league attendance of 37 @,@ 059 , was for a Bradford derby match between Bradford City and Bradford ( Park Avenue ) on 17 September 1927 in Division Three ( North ) . The record all @-@ seated attendance record at Valley Parade is 24 @,@ 321 , set on 7 March 2015 in the FA Cup Sixth Round draw with Reading , surpassing the previous record of 23 @,@ 971 , set on 10 December 2012 in the Football League Cup victory over Arsenal . The lowest attendance for a league home match at Valley Parade is 1 @,@ 249 , on 15 May 1981 , for a Division Four fixture with Hereford United . The record gate receipts that Bradford City have received are £ 181 @,@ 990 for the Premier League game with Manchester United on 13 January 2001 . Official attendance figures for league games were not kept by The Football League until 1925 . City 's official highest average attendance at Valley Parade since then is 18 @,@ 551 for the 1928 – 29 promotion season from Division Three ( North ) , although the club reported an average of 22 @,@ 585 in 1920 – 21 . It was not until City were promoted to the Premier League in 1999 that the club again recorded average attendances of higher than 18 @,@ 000 . City recorded an average of 18 @,@ 030 in 1999 – 2000 , and 18 @,@ 511 the following season . During their two years at Valley Parade , the Bradford Bulls recorded their highest attendance on 4 March 2001 against St Helens with a crowd of 16 @,@ 572 . The Bulls averaged 11 @,@ 488 in 2002 for Super League VII . The highest crowd for a Bradford Northern fixture at Valley Parade was 20 @,@ 973 on 13 February 1926 for a Challenge Cup game against Keighley , which finished 2 – 2 . = = Transport = = Bradford is served by two railway stations . They are Bradford Interchange , which is also the city 's main bus terminus , and 1 mile ( 2 km ) away from the ground , and Bradford Forster Square , which is 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 1 km ) away from the ground . Bradford Interchange connects to Leeds railway station for Virgin Trains East Coast and CrossCountry train services , Grand Central provide a direct service to London , and provides First Bradford and Transdev in Keighley buses to the ground . Forster Square , which provides train services operated by Northern Rail , also connects to Leeds . The stadium has no parking facilities available to supporters on matchdays . In 2000 , as part of the expansion of Valley Parade , the club drew up a green transport plan in a bid to ease traffic congestion around the ground . Proposals included a new railway station on the line between Leeds and Bradford Forster Square , and a discounted bus service . No station has ever been built , and a discounted bus route was withdrawn because of low patronage . = Pilot ( The Office ) = " Pilot " is the first episode of the first season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's first episode overall . The episode premiered in the United States on NBC on March 24 , 2005 . The episode 's teleplay was adapted by Greg Daniels from the original script of the first episode of the British version written by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant . The episode was directed by Ken Kwapis . In this episode , a documentary crew arrives at the Scranton , Pennsylvania offices of Dunder Mifflin to observe the employees and learn about modern management . Manager Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) tries to paint a happy picture in the face of potential downsizing from corporate . The office also gets new employee Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) as a temporary worker , while Jim Halpert 's ( John Krasinski ) pranks antagonist Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) . " Pilot " debuted The Office as a midseason replacement for the 2004 – 05 season . The episode was primarily adapted from the first episode of the British series , although it was partially re @-@ scripted in an attempt to " Americanize " the new show . Although the episode was a ratings success , receiving a 5 @.@ 0 / 13 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18 – 49 , and garnering 11 @.@ 2 million viewers overall , the episode received mixed reviews , with many critics criticizing it as a complete copy of the original . = = Plot = = We are introduced to Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , the regional manager of Dunder Mifflin , a paper @-@ production company that is currently under threat of facing downsizing . The news is delivered to him by the Vice President of Northeast Sales , Jan Levinson @-@ Gould , who , along with the other employees , can barely tolerate Michael ’ s foolish antics . We are also introduced to a few of the other workers in the office , such as Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) , a socially awkward salesman and part @-@ time , volunteer sheriff ’ s deputy , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , another salesman who enjoys playing pranks on Dwight , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , the receptionist on whom Jim harbors an obvious crush , and Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , a temporary worker . = = Production = = The episode debuted the series as a midseason replacement for the 2004 – 05 season . The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the British version . Daniels had decided to go through this route because " completely starting from scratch would be a very risky thing to do " due to the show being an adaptation . Although the episode was primarily adapted from the first episode of the British series , it was partially re @-@ scripted in an attempt to " Americanize " it . Jokes such as Dwight 's stapler being put in Jell @-@ O by Jim were transferred verbatim from the original series , while others were only slightly changed . Although later reshot , a scene in which Jim tapes pencils to his desk was originally filmed as a parallel to a scene in the British version , in which Tim Canterbury stacks up cardboard boxes in front of Gareth Keenan to restrict Keenan 's view of Canterbury . The table reading for the pilot episode of The Office was held on February 10 , 2005 . " Pilot " was filmed almost six months prior to beginning of filming on the second episode of the season , " Diversity Day " . The Office used no laugh tracks in the " Pilot " , wanting its " deadpan " and " absurd " humor to fully come across . = = = Casting = = = NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott , but the actor declined . Martin Short , Hank Azaria and Bob Odenkirk were also reported to be interested . In January 2004 , Variety reported Steve Carell , of the popular Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , was in talks to play the role . At the time , he was already committed to another NBC mid @-@ season replacement comedy , Come to Papa , but the series was quickly canceled , leaving him fully committed to The Office . Carell later stated he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned . He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais ' characterizations . Rainn Wilson , who was cast as the power @-@ hungry sycophant Dwight Schrute , watched every episode of the series before he auditioned . Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael , a performance he described as a " terrible Ricky Gervais impersonation " ; however , the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more and hired him for the role . John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer were virtual unknowns before being cast in their respective roles as Jim and Pam , the central love interests . Krasinski had attended school with , and was a friend of B. J. Novak . Krasinski recalled accidentally insulting Greg Daniels while waiting to audition for the series , telling him , " I hope [ the show 's developers ] don 't screw this up . " Daniels then introduced himself and told Krasinski who he was . Fischer prepared for her audition by looking as boring as possible , creating the original Pam hairstyle . In an interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Fischer recalled the last stages of the audition process for Pam and Jim , with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims ( four of each ) together to gauge their chemistry . When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski , he told her that she was his favorite Pam , to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim . Many actors originally filmed as extras in this episode would later go on to become supporting cast members in later episodes , and the two women wearing blue sweaters towards the back of the room at the staff meeting scene were actual accountants that worked on the production staff . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Pilot " premiered on NBC on March 24 , 2005 . The episode received a 5 @.@ 0 / 13 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18 – 49 , meaning that 5 @.@ 0 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds viewed the episode . The episode garnered 11 @.@ 2 million viewers overall . " Pilot " ranked as the number one show in the key 18 – 49 demographic , outperforming all five of its network competitors . In addition , the episode ranked as the third most @-@ watched show for that evening . With over 11 million views , it is the second most watched episode of the series , after the fifth season episode " Stress Relief , " which attracted 22 @.@ 9 million viewers . = = = Reviews = = = " Pilot " received mixed reviews after its premiere . Many sources deemed it another failed American reincarnation of a British show . A reviewer form the Deseret Morning News said , " Maybe , after The Office dies a quick death on NBC , the network will decide that trying to Americanize British TV comedies isn 't such a great idea . " The New York Daily News said the show was " neither daring nor funny " , adding that " NBC 's version is so diluted there 's little left but muddy water " . The Los Angeles Times complained that Steve Carell , who portrays Scott and also appeared in the movie Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy , was " too cartoon " and said : " Lost in translation is the sadness behind the characters . " Erik Adams of The A.V. Club gave the episode a C + and felt that it was a lackluster copy of the original . He noted that " the fatal flaw of this episode — though it could ’ ve been a proviso in the licensing agreement signed by Gervais and Merchant — involves dropping reminders of the U.K. Office ’ s pilot left and right " , and that " this episode pales in comparison " to the original British version . However , Adams complimented the character of Pam , noting that " she ’ s also the embodiment of a certain grounded , de @-@ glamorized look and tone these early episodes sold well — before subsequent seasons dropped them along with the most obvious concessions to the ' workplace documentary ' conceit . " Although many perceived the first episode to have been a failure , some outlets praised the new show . While berating the show for coming across " slowly and painfully " , the Boston Globe said that " it is funny " . In relation to past failed shows adapted from British shows , the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette stated " Despite botching the American remake of the Britcom Coupling , NBC makes a pretty good effort in its version of The Office in duplicating the original 's ethos while injecting it with an American sensibility . " = Pail closet = A pail closet or pail privy was a room used for the disposal of human excreta , under the pail system ( or Rochdale system ) of waste removal . The closet was a small outhouse ( privy ) which contained a seat , underneath which a portable receptacle was placed . This bucket ( pail ) , into which the user would defecate , was removed and emptied by the local authority on a regular basis . The contents would either be incinerated or composted into fertiliser . Although the more advanced water closet ( flush toilet ) was popular in wealthy homes , the lack of an adequate water supply and poor sewerage meant that in 19th @-@ century England , in working @-@ class neighbourhoods , towns and cities often chose dry conservancy methods of waste disposal . The pail closet was an evolution of the midden closet ( privy midden or midden closet ) , an impractical and unsanitary amenity considered a nuisance to public health . The pail system was popular in France and England , particularly in the historic Lancashire town of Rochdale , from which the system commonly took its name . The pail closet was not without its own problems ; if the pail was not emptied on a regular basis , it overflowed and became unhygienic . Some manufacturers lined the pail with absorbent materials , and other designs used mixtures of dry earth or ash to disguise the smell . Improved water supplies and sewerage systems in England led directly to the replacement of the pail closet during the early 20th century . Municipal collection of pail toilets ( dunnies ) continued in Australia into the second half of the twentieth century . In the western world , it has now been almost completely replaced by the flush toilet . = = Before the pail closet = = Pail closets were used to dispose of human excreta , dirty water , and general household waste such as kitchen refuse and sweepings . The pail closet system was one of several methods of waste disposal in common use in the 19th century , others of which were the privy midden system , the pail system , and the dry @-@ earth system . = = = Middens = = = By 1869 , Manchester had a population of about 354 @,@ 000 people who were served by about 10 @,@ 000 water closets ( flush toilets ) and 38 @,@ 000 middensteads . An investigation of the condition of the city 's sewer network revealed that it was " choked up with an accumulation of solid filth , caused by overflow from the middens . " ( Middens and middensteads both refer to dunghills , ash pits , or refuse heaps . ) Such problems forced the city authorities to consider other methods of dealing with human excretion . Although the water closet was used in wealthy homes , concerns over river pollution , costs and available water supplies meant that most towns and cities chose more labour @-@ intensive dry conservancy systems . Manchester was one such city and by 1877 its authorities had replaced about 40 @,@ 000 middens with pail and midden closets , rising to 60 @,@ 000 by 1881 . The soil surrounding the old middens was cleared out , connections with drains and sewers removed and dry closets erected over each site . A contemporary estimate stated that the installation of about 25 @,@ 000 pail closets removed as much as 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 14 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 L ) of urine and accompanying faeces from the city 's drains , sewers and rivers . The midden closet was a development of the privy , which had evolved from the primitive " fosse " ditch . Midden closets were still used in the latter part of the 19th century but were rapidly falling out of favour . A Mr Redgrave , in a speech to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1876 , said that the midden closet represented " ... the standard of all that is utterly wrong , constructed as it is of porous materials , and permitting free soakage of filth into the surrounding soil , capable of containing the entire dejections from a house , or from a block of houses , for months and even years " . The 1868 Rivers Pollution Commission reported two years later : " privies and ashpits are continually to be seen full to overflowing and as filthy as can be ... These middens are cleaned out whenever notice is given that they need it , probably once half @-@ yearly on an average , by a staff of night @-@ men with their attendant carts . " Midden closets were , therefore , generally insanitary and were also difficult to empty and clean . Later improvements , such as a midden closet built in Nottingham , used a brick @-@ raised seat above a concave receptacle to direct excreta toward the centre of the pit — which was lined with cement to prevent leakage into the surrounding soil . This closet was also designed with a special opening through which deodorising material could be scattered over the top of the pit . A special ventilation shaft was also installed . The design offered a significant improvement over the less advanced midden privy , but the problems of emptying and cleaning such pits remained and thus the pail system , with its easily removable container , became more popular . = = The pail system = = = = = Geographic spread = = = The pail system was used throughout Europe , in French cities such as Marseille and Le Havre , and English towns and cities such as Leeds , Birmingham , and Manchester , but it was popular in the town of Rochdale , from which the Rochdale system of pail collection took its name . It was widespread in Australia too . = = = The Rochdale system = = = The Rochdale system was first used in 1869 . It used a wooden tub , or pail ( sometimes half of a petroleum barrel ) , which was placed under the closet seat . The pails were often circular ( to aid cleaning ) , and were designed to be easily handled and of a size that encouraged regular collections . The top of the pail carried a cast iron rim about 3 inches deep to receive a tight @-@ fitting inner lid . The pails were collected on a weekly basis during the day . Each pail was secured by its lid and loaded onto a sealed 24 @-@ bay wagon to be taken to a depot where they were emptied , cleaned and returned . While the pail was removed from the closet , a replacement was installed in its place . In 1874 , Rochdale Corporation employed five such wagons in full @-@ time service , collecting from 3 @,@ 354 privies spread across the town . By contrast , with a much larger population , Manchester Corporation employed 73 wagons . By 1875 , 4 @,@ 741 pails were in use , and in 1876 the number was 5 @,@ 566 . A separate cart accompanied the wagon to collect other household refuse which was collected from a separate chamber in the pail closet . About 9 @,@ 000 long tons ( 9 @,@ 100 t ) of night soil were collected in Rochdale each year , from a population of about 64 @,@ 000 — roughly 313 lb ( 142 kg ) per person . At the depot , the night soil was emptied into a storage tank . The pails were washed in a large trough using a mixture of chloride of lime and water . The night soil was then dried in revolving cylinders , using furnace heat from other borough refuse , before being transferred to so @-@ called drying plates . Gases were burnt in a furnace , the fumes escaping up a 250 @-@ foot ( 76 m ) chimney . Clinker from the remains of burnt refuse was used to make mortar . The manure works was a filthy environment , filled with dust . Enginemen were paid 7 ¼ d , firemen 6 ½ d , and general labourers 4 ½ d . The fertiliser was transported from the works via railway to local filtration plots for disposal . Some pails were supplied with deodorants such as iron sulphate . Manchester Corporation attempted to remove the smell of putrefaction by attaching cinder @-@ sifters to their closets so that fine ash could be poured on top of the excrement . The Goux system , invented in the 1860s by Pierre Nicholas Goux , a landowner near Paris , and widely used in France , overcame some of the more common problems associated with pail closets by lining the pail with an absorbent material . The Rochdale Corporation experimented with Goux 's design for several months but settled instead on a system which used smaller pails . Goux 's system did , however , find a home in Halifax , where it was used in more than 3 @,@ 000 closets after 1870 . The wooden pails used in Halifax were oval in cross @-@ section ( about 24 by 19 inches ) and 16 inches deep . Each was lined at the sides and bottom with a mixture of refuse , such as straw , grass , street sweepings , wool , hair , and even seaweed . This lining , which was formed by a special mould and to which sulphate of lime was added , was designed to help remove the smell of urine , slow putrefaction and keep the excreta dry . Pails were collected between 7 am and 5 : 30 pm . Members of the public occasionally complained about the smell , which usually occurred when a pail was left to overflow , such as in winter 1875 when severe weather conditions prevented the horse @-@ pulled collection wagons from reaching the closets . = = = Other systems = = = In some areas , an earth closet was used . Invented by Henry Moule , this system used a metal container as with the pail system , but small amounts of a mixture of peat , dry earth and ashes were used to cover the excreta , removing any smells almost immediately . These deodorisers were often applied with a small scoop or shovel , but more elaborate systems existed where the powder was kept in a box near the seat , with a small handle to control the amount deposited on the excrement . Charcoal — which could be obtained cheaply from street @-@ sweepings — and sawdust were also used to good effect . The process was more expensive than the simpler pail system . The mixture of earth and excreta could often be dried and re @-@ used , but the fear of infections spread by bacteria meant that it was sometimes used instead as a garden fertiliser . Earth closets were usually housed in a separate building from the main structure and were well ventilated . As with the pail system , earth closet containers were designed to be emptied frequently . The earth closet was popular and was used in private houses , military camps , hospitals and extensively in India . It remained in use well into the 1930s . = = Disadvantages = = From a sanitary perspective , the pail system of waste removal was imperfect . Excreta and other general waste were often left above ground for hours , sometimes even days at a time . In his report on the Goux system used in Salford , the epidemiologist John Netten Radcliffe commented : " In every instance where a pail had been in use over two or three days , the capacity of absorption of the liquid dejections , claimed by the patentee for the absorbent material , had been exceeded ; and whenever a pail had been four or five days a week in use , it was filled to the extent of two thirds or more of its cavity , with liquid dejections , in which the solid excrement was floating . " The pail closet contained several important design considerations . In his 1915 essay to the American Public Health Association , author Richard Messer described some of the more commonly encountered problems : Any of these [ pails ] should be provided with handles and be held in place by guide pieces nailed to the floor . Too often no mention is made of the latter in the specifications . Wooden boxes are unsatisfactory for they soon become leaky due to warping , are too heavy to handle and hold excreta long enough to permit the breeding of flies . To keep flies away from the receptacle is a difficult matter . The hinged door at the rear , being exposed to weather , soon warps , leaving openings around the edges , the self @-@ closing seat cover fails to operate properly due to rusty hinges and the front door is seldom kept closed ... The lack of proper attention in regard to cleaning is perhaps the principal drawback to this style of privy and one which makes it practically a failure for general use . In towns it is becoming more and more difficult to find anyone willing to do this kind of work and in rural districts the privy is usually neglected . = = Popularity = = Following the successes seen in various northern towns , about 7 @,@ 000 pail closets were introduced in 1871 in Leicester , where the implementation of water closets had been hindered by the refusal of the water company to provide adequate supplies . The use of pail closets reduced the demand placed upon the area 's inadequate sewerage system , but the town suffered with difficulties in the collection and treatment of the night soil . Initially , night soil was collected by contractors , but after 1873 the local authority became responsible . The authority found dealing with the night soil an expensive and difficult business and , following legal proceedings against the corporation in 1878 , transport of night soil was transferred from the railway system to canal barges . This , however , led to complaints that the canal was being polluted . In 1886 , the authority found that the River Soar was badly polluted by sewage and so they built a sewage farm at Beaumont Leys . By the end of the 19th century , this and the construction of a new sewer system enabled all pail closets to be phased out and replaced by water closets . In Manchester , faced with phenomenal population growth , the council attempted to retain the pail closet system , but following the exposure of the dumping of 30 – 60 long tons ( 30 – 61 t ) of human faeces into the Medlock and Irwell rivers at their Holt Town sewage works , the council was forced to change their plans . Originally they had intended to build incinerators , but public objections to the dumping of waste into rivers forced the council instead to purchase Carrington Moss in 1886 , and Chat Moss in 1895 , which were both developed as refuse disposal sites . But by the 1930s neither site was still receiving night soil , the water closet having replaced dry conservancy in Manchester . = = = Decline and end = = = In Coventry , the number of pail closets in use declined from about 712 in 1907 , to 92 in 1912 , and only 16 by 1926 . Pail toilets with municipal collection persisted in Australia well into the second half of the twentieth century . Brisbane , its third most populous city , relied on " dunny carts " until the 1950s ( one source says until the 1970s ) ; because the population was so dispersed , it was difficult to install sewerage . Tar , creosote , and disinfectant kept the smell down . Academic George Seddon claimed that " the typical Australian back yard in the cities and country towns " had , throughout the first half of the twentieth century , " a dunny against the back fence , so that the pan could be collected from the dunny lane through a trap @-@ door " = Yu Narukami = Yu Narukami ( 鳴上悠 , Narukami Yū ) is a fictional character introduced in Atlus 's role @-@ playing game Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 . As the protagonist of the game , Yu is a silent character whose thoughts and actions are decided by the player . He appears as a high school student who moves to Inaba to live with his uncle and cousin while his parents are busy working . Shortly after arriving to Inaba , Yu starts investigating a murder case alongside his school mates and explores an alternate dimension where he obtains a power known as " Persona " to confront the " Shadows " , the creatures who have murdered the first victims . Yu has also appeared in other works related to Persona 4 , including an anime adaptation called Persona 4 : The Animation , a manga version , and several sequels and spin @-@ offs to the game . For these works , Yu received his own characterization and development in the stories . He has been voiced by Daisuke Namikawa in Japanese and Johnny Yong Bosch in English . The protagonist of Persona 4 was designed by Shigenori Soejima who aimed to create an ambiguous character who could appeal to most players by way of reflecting several feelings towards them and through his mannerisms . For the anime , director Seiji Kishi expressed difficulties in giving the character emotions without damaging what the original staff created . Nevertheless , Yu 's characterization in the anime has been a subject of praise due to his portrayal as a mostly silent teenager whose few lines are related to the plot and in some cases , a source of comedy . = = Character creation and traits = = Character designer Shigenori Soejima made Yu with the idea that his entire personality be decided and portrayed by the player 's in @-@ game actions and decisions . As a result , he wanted Yu to look more ambiguous than Makoto Yuki , the protagonist of Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 . Soejima compared Yu to the Blue Ranger from the Power Rangers franchise as such character tends to stand silent to follow the orders from his leader . His character design stayed relatively similar to its initial conception , with his tone and facial expressions changing the most . The feature Soejima focused on most was his eyes : he thought that having his eyes under the fringe of his hair would make him " look cool . " The collar of his school uniform was made to stand a bit taller than other characters ' . In order to emphasize his being from a city , Yu was given a distinct , stylish haircut to contrast with other citizens of Inaba , a small town Yu moves to in the game . While designing the character , Soejima noted " the main character needs to be well @-@ rounded enough to be likeable , but also needs that extra little something to make him stand out from the rest of the cast . " He made a " baby face " sketch of the character so that he and the staff could discover Yu 's " special something " and discuss what would make him stand out as the protagonist . Yu 's voice acting has been handled by Daisuke Namikawa in Japanese and Johnny Yong Bosch in English . Bosch felt uneasy about voicing Yu due to the fact he also voiced another character from the game , Tohru Adachi . However , when he initially learned that the protagonist would have very few lines , his worry evaporated . It was first planned that Yu 's voice actor for the anime would be recast , because he and Adachi would begin to interact several more times . However , in the end Bosch remained as the voice of Yu to avoid disappointing the game players . In order to solve the problem of having both of his characters sound too similar , he decided to speak in a lower register for Yu . = = = Differences in adaptations = = = In the initial Persona 4 game , the main player @-@ controlled character is known simply as the " Protagonist " or " Hero " , whose name is decided by the player . The name " Yu Narukami " was first given to the character in the 2011 anime adaptation , Persona 4 : The Animation , and has since been used in official games where the character is unable to be named by the player , beginning with Persona 4 Arena . Prior to this , he was given the name of Sōji Seta in the game 's manga adaptation . In an interview , game director Katsura Hashino drew attention to the way in which the Protagonist remains silent and emotionless throughout the game . This leaves the player to interpret the Protagonist 's emotional reactions subjectively at any particular point . Hashino elaborated on this particular character trait becoming an obstacle for Persona 4 : The Animation 's director Seiji Kishi , since the character would undoubtedly have to speak and show some level of emotion . In the same interview , Kishi admitted the difficulty of transitioning the silent Protagonist into the anime without destroying what Hashino had already established . A unique gesture of Yu 's in the anime occurs when he unbuttons his school jacket when summoning a Persona for the first time . Kishi noted this as being a " key " moment of " opening something that was closed . " However , he refrained from explaining its deeper meaning , leaving it instead as something for the viewers to ponder and hence helping them enjoy the adaptation much more . Another aspect made possible in the anime was Yu 's cool and composed nature during battle scenes . Hashino elaborated that it was possible to create such an attitude by having the fighting solely done by the Personas , thus establishing Yu as an emotionally strong character — something which " would have lost its significance if he was given a weapon . " = = Appearances = = = = = In Persona 4 = = = In Persona 4 , Yu Narukami is a high school student who moves to the countryside of Inaba to live with his uncle Ryotaro Dojima and cousin Nanako Dojima for a year as a result of his parents working abroad , and attends Yasogami High School where he meets most of the game 's cast . Upon learning of the Midnight Channel 's connection with the murders in Inaba , Yu gains access to the TV world , where he investigates the case alongside his friends and is appointed as their leader as a result of his experience . There he awakens his initial Persona , Izanagi ( イザナギ ) , a swordsman wearing a black coat , which he uses to fight embodiements of humans ' negative feelings , the Shadows . Yu also has the unique " Wild Card " ( ワイルド , Wairudo ) ability , which allows him to swap Personas for use in battle . This is tied with the Social Links ( Community ( コミュニティ , Komyuniti ) in Japan ) mechanic : each bond Yu makes with other characters grants him access to more and much stronger Personas , each named after one of the Major Arcana of the Tarot deck . Yu 's own Arcana is The Fool , representing the group as a whole and personified by Izanagi , which later becomes the Judgement , when the Investigation Team realizes that Taro Namatame is not responsible for his actions and begin to seek out the real culprit behind the Inaba events ( This bond is represented by the Persona Lucifer ( ルシファー , Rushifā ) in the anime ) . After closing the serial murder case , Yu learns he gained his powers from the goddess Izanami who had been posing as the Moel gas station attendant and aims to transform people into Shadows . Yu defeats Izanami by transforming Izanagi into Izanagi @-@ no @-@ Okami ( 伊邪那岐大神 , Izanagi @-@ no @-@ Ōkami ) , representing The World , thanks to the power he gained from his many friends through Social Links . He then returns to his hometown , saying farewell to his friends . = = = In Persona 4 : Arena = = = In the fighting game Persona 4 Arena , Yu returns to Inaba and goes to the TV World alongside his friends to investigate a fighting tournament promoted in the Midnight Channel . As the group is unable to find the mastermind behind the competition , the Investigation Team decides to search for him . He fights using Izanagi , though during its strongest attack it transforms in Izanagi @-@ no @-@ Okami . His moveset was balanced for the sequel to make him more versatile as a result of comments regarding his character being too strong in the first game . The author behind Arena 's manga , Aiyakyuu , said that Yu was his favorite character and that whenever he draws him he thinks " Yu is so cool ! " Aiyakyuu also mentioned having trouble making the fight scene between Yu and Akihiko Sanada from Persona 3 as " Both characters wouldn 't easily lose to anyone . " = = = Persona 4 adaptations = = = In the Persona 4 manga , he is named Sōji Seta ( 瀬多総司 , Seta Sōji ) and is depicted as a distant but otherwise friendly teenager due having to move frequently as a result of his parents ' changing careers . He is also a supporting character in the manga Persona 4 : The Magician with the name of Yu Narukami . In the events of The Animation , Yu faces his own Shadow that reveals his repressed fear of moving away from Inaba and losing his friends , a fact that Yu accepts and acknowledges as the truth , enabling him to best Margaret in combat so he can face Izanami 's true form . He later appears in Persona 4 : The Golden Animation , which focuses on new events not featured in the previous series , showcasing some slight differences in personality from that of the previous series . In the live stage production , he was portrayed by Toru Baba and his name was chosen by the audience . = = = Other games = = = Yu appears alongside Persona 3 's protagonist in the 2014 game , Persona Q : Shadow of the Labyrinth , in which he joins forces with the Persona 3 cast to escape the mysterious labyrinth that they have been trapped inside of , while at the same time working to restore the memories of the mysterious Zen and Rei . Yu will also appear in the upcoming rhythm game , Persona 4 : Dancing All Night , where his friend Rise Kujikawa asks for his help . Yu also appears in Square Enix 's arcade card game Lord of Vermilion Re : 2 as a summon spell . = = Reception = = Yu Narukami 's character has generally been well received . His role has been noted for allowing the player to build a unique " self " during the game while questioning their real @-@ life identity . Additionally , the protagonist 's relationships with his relatives with whom he starts living were praised for adding more variants to the relationships with these ones focusing on family relationships . Kotaku 's Jason Schreier got to call him " suave , handsome , and charming . He 's friends with everyone , all the girls want to be with him , and in general he 's just an all @-@ around badass . " The character 's role in the anime adaptation of Persona 4 earned similar response . A reviewer from T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews commented that Yu " seems to be the aggregate of all the quirkiest possible choices you could make in the game , " making him likable character for his diverse scenes . When first watching the Persona 4 anime , Elliot Page from UK Anime Network noted that although Yu was not a silent character as in the video game , he had little dialogue and the pacing managed to make up for it . In a later review , Andy Hanley from the same site said he liked how the protagonist was handled , as the staff used his " blank state " to create comedic interactions . Briana Lawrence from the Fandom Post shared similar feelings , stating that the staff " somehow managed to give a silent protagonist a personality that 's not only believable , but likable . " Lawrence appreciated how the character was developed across the series thanks to all the bonds he forms into a " snarky , lovable main character who can keep a straight face while being kicked off a cliff . " While also commenting how Yu manages to reinforce both the comical and " spooky " elements of the plot , Blu @-@ ray 's Jeffrey Kauffman noted he " remains something of a cipher throughout the series " with the possibility of having the viewer relate with him . In contrast to most reviewers , Richard Eisenbeis from Kotaku had mixed opinions about the character . Calling him " one of the oddest characters in any work of fiction ever " , Eisenbeis found that his lack of backstory made it difficult for the viewer to predict his actions . However , he noted that , as well as being entertaining to watch , by the series ' end , Yu had " become a character in his own right . " However , he criticised Yu 's characterization in Persona 4 Arena and its sequel for being a stereotypical lawful @-@ good hero and less than a bland compared to the new character Sho Minazuki and Rise 's development . Additionally , he was rated sixth in the category " Best Male Character " from the Newtype anime awards from 2012 . = William Charles Osman Hill = William Charles Osman Hill ( 13 July 1901 – 25 January 1975 ) was a British anatomist , primatologist , and a leading authority on primate anatomy during the 20th century . He is best known for his nearly completed eight @-@ volume series , Primates : Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy , which covered all living and extinct primates known at the time in full detail and contained illustrations created by his wife , Yvonne . Schooled at King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys in Birmingham and University of Birmingham , he went on to publish 248 works and accumulated a vast collection of primate specimens that are now stored at the Royal College of Surgeons of England . = = Early life and education = = William Charles Osman Hill was born on 13 July 1901 . He was educated first at King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys in Birmingham , and later obtained his degrees from the University of Birmingham . During medical school , also at the University of Birmingham , he won three junior student prizes and the Ingleby Scholarship in Midwifery . He obtained his primary medical degrees in 1924 , and the same year took on the role of lecturer in zoology . Osman Hill earned his MD with honours in 1925 . He also earned his Ch . B while in medical school . = = Career = = Upon graduation , Osman Hill continued his role as a lecturer at the University of Birmingham under an apprenticeship until 1930 , but teaching anatomy instead of zoology . In 1930 , his career took shape when he moved to Sri Lanka , then known as Ceylon , to become both Chair of Anatomy and Professor of Anatomy at the Ceylon Medical College ( more recently named Faculty of Medicine of the University of Colombo or Colombo Medical School ) . His position allowed him to pursue anthropological studies of the indigenous Veddah people and comparative anatomy of primates . During this time , he began developing a private menagerie of exotic and native species . Consisting mostly of a variety of primates and parrots , the collection reported included several types of cockatoo ( family Cacatuidae ) , red @-@ fan parrots ( Deroptyus accipitrinus ) , eclectus parrots ( Eclectus roratus ) , star tortoises ( genus Geochelone ) , leopard tortoises ( Stigmochelys pardalis ) , Galápagos tortoises ( Chelonoidis nigra ) , and ruddy mongooses ( Herpestes smithii ) . Osman Hill held this position in Ceylon for 14 years , returning to the UK after being appointed as Reader in Anthropology at the University of Edinburgh in 1945 . Upon his departure from Ceylon , his menagerie was divided between the London Zoo and the National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka . Five years later in 1950 , he became prosector for the Zoological Society of London and remained there for twelve years . When he left the London Zoo in 1962 , the old prosectorium that has been his office was closed , many preserved biological specimens were discarded , and the era of anatomists working at the London Zoo — starting from the time of Richard Owen — came to a close . Between 1957 and 1958 , Osman Hill also acted as a visiting scholar at Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia . Later in 1958 , primatologist Jane Goodall studied primate behaviour under him in preparation for her studies of wild chimpanzees . In 1962 , he was hired as the assistant director of the Yerkes National Primate Research Center ( YNPRC ) in Atlanta after being turned down for the position of director . The Royal Society of Edinburgh honoured him as a fellow in 1955 and for his contributions to science awarded him both its Gold Medal and the Macdougal @-@ Brisbane Prize . Upon his retiring from YNPRC in 1969 , the Royal College of Surgeons of England made him a Hunterian Trustee . Following retirement , Osman Hill divided his time between his home at Folkestone and his continued work at the University of Turin . His relentless work in anatomy ended only during the final stages of his terminal illness , after he had suffered three years of increased illness as well as diabetes . = = Publications = = During his career , Osman Hill wrote 248 publications , all academic journal articles or chapters in books based primarily upon his own observations . His first paper , which discussed the comparative anatomy of the pancreas , was published in 1926 . In all , his works , which continued being published until the year of his death , focused on the anatomy and behaviour of humans , primates , and other mammals . Osman Hill is best known for writing Primates : Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy , an eight @-@ volume series that aimed to include all living and extinct primates . Published by Edinburgh University between 1953 and 1974 , the series was the culmination of 50 years of his scientific research and thought . Each volume , starting with the strepsirrhines , covered its subjects exhaustively , including native and scientific nomenclature , anatomical structure , genetics , behaviour and palaeontology . The books were illustrated with both photographs and drawings , most of which were made by his wife , Yvonne . The series was known for its breadth and depth , however it was never completed . Projected as a nine @-@ volume set , Osman Hill died in 1975 , leaving his magnum opus unfinished . With five sections of the final volume written , including material on the taxonomy and most of the anatomy of langurs , it was hoped that his widow would be able to follow through with plans to prepare and publish them . However , she died one year later . This monographic series often received praise for its encyclopaedic content , but was also criticised for occasional omissions , errors , and lack of specificity . = = = Selected publications = = = The eight volumes for which Osman Hill is best remembered were Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy ( 1953 – 1974 ) Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1953 ) . Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I — Strepsirhini . Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths , No 3 . Edinburgh University Press . OCLC 500576914 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1955 ) . Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy II — Haplorhini : Tarsioidea . Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths , No 3b . Edinburgh University Press . OCLC 500576923 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1957 ) . Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy III — Pithecoidea Platyrrhini . Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths , No 3c . OCLC 500576928 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1960 ) . Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy IV — Cebidae , Part A. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths , No 3d . OCLC 500576933 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1962 ) . Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy IV — Cebidae , Part B. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths , No 3e . OCLC 500576939 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1966 ) . Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy VI — Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea : Cercopithecinae . Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths , No 3f . OCLC 500576943 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1974 ) . Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy VII — Cynopithecinae ( Cercocebus , Macaca , Cynopithecus ) . Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths , No 3g . OCLC 613648477 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1970 ) . Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy VIII — Cynopithecinae ( Papio , Mandrillus , Theropithecus ) . Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths , No 3h . OCLC 500576950 . The following is a list of other selected publications written by Osman Hill between 1926 and 1974 . Osman Hill , W. C. ; Phillips , W. W. A. ( 1932 ) . " A new race of slender loris from the highlands of Ceylon " . Ceylon Journal of Science ( B ) 17 : 109 – 122 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1933 ) . " A monograph of the genus Loris , with an account of the external , cranial and dental characters of the genus : A revision of the known forms ; And the description of a new form from Northern Ceylon " . Ceylon Journal of Science ( B ) 18 : 89 – 132 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1934 ) . " A monograph on the purple @-@ faced leaf @-@ monkeys ( Pithecus vetulus ) " . Ceylon Journal of Science ( B ) 19 : 23 – 88 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1942 ) . " The slender loris of the Horton Plains , Ceylon . Loris tardigradus nycticeboides subsp , nov " . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 43 : 73 – 78 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1942 ) . " The highland macaque of Ceylon " . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 43 : 402 – 406 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1945 ) . " Notes on the Dissection of Two Dugongs " . Journal of Mammalogy 26 ( 2 ) : 153 – 175 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 1375092 . JSTOR 1375092 . Osman Hill , W. C. ; Rewell , R. E. ( 1948 ) . " The caecum of primates . — Its appendages , mesenteries and blood supply " . The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 26 : 199 – 256 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1111 / j.1096 @-@ 3642.1948.tb00223.x. Hill , W. C. O. ( 1952 ) . " The external and visceral anatomy of the Olive Colobus Monkey ( Procolobus verus ) " . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 122 : 127 – 186 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1111 / j.1469 @-@ 7998.1952.tb06315.x. Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1953 ) . " Note on the taxonomy of the genus Tarsius " . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 123 : 13 – 16 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1111 / j.1096 @-@ 3642.1953.tb00149.x. Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1953 ) . " Caudal cutaneous specializations in Tarsius " . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 123 : 17 – 26 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1111 / j.1096 @-@ 3642.1953.tb00150.x. Osman Hill , W. C. ; Davies , D. V. ( 1954 ) . " The reproductive organs in Hapalemur and Lepilemur " . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ( B ) 65 : 251 – 270 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1017 / s0080455x00014600 . Osman Hill , W. C. ; Davies , D. V. ( 1956 ) . " The heart and great vessels in the Strepsirhini " . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 63 ( 1 ) : 115 – 127 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1017 / s0080456800003033 . Osman Hill , W. C. ; Booth , A. H. ( 1957 ) . " Voice and larynx in African and Asiatic Colobidae " . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 54 : 309 – 321 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1958 ) . " Pharynx , oesophagus , stomach , small and large intestine . Form and position " . In Hofer , H. ; Schultz , A. H. ; Starck , D. Primatologia 3 . Basel : Karger. pp. 139 – 207 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1958 ) . " External genitalia " . In Hofer , H. ; Schultz , A. H. ; Starck , D. Primatologia 3 . Basel : Karger. pp. 630 – 704 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1959 ) . " The Anatomy of Callimico goeldii ( Thomas ) : A Primitive American Primate " . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . New Series 49 ( 5 ) : 1 – 116 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 1005807 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1972 ) . Evolutionary Biology of Primates . Academic Press. p . 233 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 12 @-@ 528750 @-@ 0 . Osman Hill , W. C. ( 1972 ) . " Taxonomic status of the Macaques Macaca mulatta Zimm. and Macaca irus Cuvier ( = M. fascicularis Raffles ) " . Journal of Human Evolution 1 ( 1 ) : 49 – 72 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / 0047 @-@ 2484 ( 72 ) 90041 @-@ 3 . = = Cryptozoology studies = = In 1945 , Osman Hill published an article entitled " Nittaewo — An unsolved problem of Ceylon " , in which he speculated that a traditional Vedda story on Sri Lanka about savage dwarf @-@ like humanoids , called Nittaewo , might have referred to an isolated species of Homo erectus , then referred to as Java Man or Pithecanthropus . He went further to suggest that Homo erectus may also fit the description of the elusive and more well @-@ known cryptid called Orang Pendek from Sumatra . He supported his now @-@ defunct hypothesis by pointing out several shared similarities between the two islands , including comparable wildlife . In the 1950s , he studied photographs of a relic from the Pangboche monastery in Nepal called the Pangboche Hand , which was claimed to be the hand of a Yeti , and decided that it belonged to an unknown anthropoid . However , after the a few bones from the relic were smuggled out of Nepal and brought to him for examination , he concluded that the bones had belonged to a human . He reportedly changed his mind later and declared the bones belonged to a Neanderthal . In 1961 , Osman Hill published an article entitled " Abominable snowmen : The present position " . After examining the evidence available at the time , he and other researchers decided that although the Yeti might still exist , the evidence was not conclusive . In time , he lost interest in the matter due to a lack of new evidence	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
year jumped up to 32 in 1876 and remained at 43 in 1877 . One of the highest casualty Indian battles that took place in American history was at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 . Indian war casualties in Montana went from 5 in 1875 , to 613 in 1876 and 436 in 1877 . = = = = Modoc War = = = = In January 1873 , Grant 's Native American peace policy was challenged . Two weeks after Grant was elected for a second term , fighting broke out between the Modocs and settlers near the California @-@ Oregon border . The Modocs , led by Captain Jack , killed 18 white settlers and then found a strong defensive position . Grant ordered General Sherman not to attack the Indians but settle matters peacefully with a commission . Sherman then sent Major General Edward Canby , but Captain Jack killed him . Reverend Eleazar Thomas , a Methodist minister , was also killed . Alfred B. Meacham , an Indian Agent , was severely wounded . The murders shocked the nation , and Sherman wired to have the Modocs exterminated . Grant overruled Sherman ; Captain Jack was executed , and the remaining 155 Modocs were relocated to the Quapaw Agency in the Indian Territory . This episode and the Great Sioux War undermined public confidence in Grant 's peace policy , according to historian Robert M. Utley . = = = = Red River War = = = = In 1874 , war erupted on the southern Plains when Quanah Parker , leader of the Comanche , led 700 tribal warriors and attacked the buffalo hunter supply base on the Canadian River , at Adobe Walls , Texas . The Army under General Phil Sheridan launched a military campaign , and , with few casualties on either side , forced the Indians back to their reservations by destroying their horses and winter food supplies . Grant , who agreed to the Army plan advocated by Generals William T. Sherman and Phil Sheridan , imprisoned 74 insurgents in Florida . = = = = Bureau of Indian Affairs corruption = = = = In 1874 , massive fraud prevailed in the Bureau of Indian Affairs under Secretary of the Interior Columbus Delano . This proved to be the most serious detriment to Grant 's Indian peace policy . Many agents that worked for the department made unscrupulous fortunes and retired with more money than their pay would allow . Secretary Delano had allowed " Indian Attorneys " who were paid by Native American tribes $ 8 @.@ 00 a day plus food and traveling expenses for sham representation in Washington . Other corruption charges were brought up against Secretary Delano and he was forced to resign . In 1875 , Grant appointed Zachariah Chandler as Secretary of the Interior . Chandler vigorously uncovered and cleaned up the fraud in the department by firing all the clerks and banned the phony " Indian Attorneys " access to Washington . Grant 's " Quaker " or church appointments partially made up the lack of food staples and housing from the government . = = = = Great Sioux War = = = = In 1874 gold had been discovered in the Black Hills in the Dakota Territory . White speculators and settlers rushed in droves seeking riches mining gold on land reserved for the Sioux tribe by the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 . In 1875 , to avoid conflict President Grant met with Red Cloud , chief of the Sioux , at Washington , D.C. , and offered $ 25 @,@ 000 from the government to purchase the land . The offer was declined . On November 3 , 1875 at a White House meeting , Phil Sheridan claimed to the President that the Army was overstretched and could not defend the Sioux tribe from the settlers ; Grant capitulated ; ordered Sheridan to round up the Sioux and put them on the reservation . Sheridan used a strategy of convergence , using Army columns to force the Sioux onto the reservation . On June 25 , 1876 , one of these columns , led by Colonel George A. Custer met the Sioux at the Battle of Little Big Horn and was slaughtered . Approximately 253 federal soldiers and civilians were killed compared to 40 American Indians . Custer 's death and the Battle of Little Big Horn shocked the nation . Sheridan avenged Custer , pacified the northern Plains , and put the defeated Sioux on the reservation . On August 15 , 1876 President Grant signed a proviso giving the Sioux nation $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in rations , while the Sioux relinquished all rights to the Black Hills , except for a 40 @-@ mile land tract west of the 103 meridian . On August 28 , a seven @-@ man committee , appointed by Grant , gave additional harsh stipulations for the Sioux in order to receive government assistance . Halfbreeds and " squaw men " were banished from the Sioux reservation . To receive the government rations , the Indians had to work the land . Reluctantly , on September 20 , the Indian leaders , whose people were starving , agreed to the committee 's demands and signed the agreement . During the Great Sioux War , Grant came into conflict with Col. George Armstrong Custer after he testified in 1876 about corruption in the War Department under Secretary William W. Belknap ( see below ) . Grant had Custer arrested for breach of military protocol in Chicago and barred him from leading an upcoming campaign against the Sioux . Grant finally relented and let Custer fight under Brig. Gen. Alfred Terry . Custer was killed at the subsequent Battle of the Little Big Horn , a defeat for the federal army . Two months later , Grant castigated Custer in the press , saying " I regard Custer 's massacre as a sacrifice of troops , brought on by Custer himself , that was wholly unnecessary -- wholly unnecessary . " As the nation was shocked by the death of Custer , Grant 's Peace policy became militaristic ; Congress appropriated funds for 2 @,@ 500 more troops , two more forts were constructed , the army took over the Indian agencies , while Indians were barred from purchasing rifles and ammunition . = = = Visited Colorado Territory = = = Grant was the first President to visit the Colorado Territory in late April 1873 , having traveled by the Union Pacific Railroad , who had made a special presidential car . President Grant stayed at the residence of Governor Samuel H. Elbert , whom Grant had appointed earlier in April . Grant 's presidential party included his wife , daughter Nellie , and his private secretary Orville E. Babcock . At a reception held by Governor Elbert at Guard Hall , Grant was met by many white people who aggressively sought his handshake . Grant met with 30 to 40 Ute Indians , who had desired to see the " Great Father " , and shook their hands . Former Colorado Territory Governors John Evans and Edward M. McCook also met with Grant while he visited the Colorado Territory . President Grant was impressed by Colorado 's " magnifigant scenery " and expressed his desire to revisit the territory . = = = Civil rights = = = = = = = Civil Rights Act of 1875 = = = = Throughout his presidency , Grant was continually concerned with the civil rights of all Americans , " irrespective of nationality , color , or religion . " Grant signed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 that allowed citizens access to public eating establishments , hotels , and places of entertainment . This was done particularly to protect African Americans who were discriminated across United States . The bill was also passed in honor of Senator Charles Sumner who had previously attempted to pass a civil rights bill in 1872 . = = = = Polygamy and Chinese prostitution = = = = In October 1875 , Grant traveled to Utah and was surprised that the Mormons treated him kindly . He told Utah territorial governor , George W. Emery , that he had been deceived concerning the Mormons . However , on December 7 , 1875 after his return to Washington , Grant wrote to Congress in his seventh annual state of the Union address that as " an institution polygamy should be banished from the land … " Grant believed that polygamy negatively affected children and women . Grant advocated that a second law , stronger than the Morrill Act , be passed to " punish so flagrant a crime against decency and morality . " Grant also denounced the immigration of Chinese women into the United States for the purposes of prostitution , saying that it was " no less an evil " than polygamy . = = = Secular education = = = Grant believed strongly in the separation of church and state and championed complete secularization in public schools . In a September 1875 speech , Grant advocated " security of free thought , free speech , and free press , pure morals , unfettered religious sentiments , and of equal rights and privileges to all men , irrespective of nationality , color , or religion . " In regard to public education , Grant endorsed that every child should receive " the opportunity of a good common school education , unmixed with sectarian , pagan , or atheist tenets . Leave the matter of religion to the family altar , the church , and the private schools ... Keep the church and the state forever separate . " = = = Support for Jews = = = Grant very much regretted his wartime order expelling Jewish traders . The Jewish community was angry with Grant , and feared for their status in America even though President Lincoln forced Grant to rescind the order immediately . Grant publicly apologized for it in 1868 . When he became president in 1869 , he set out to make amends . Historian Jonathan Sarna argues : Eager to prove that he was above prejudice , Grant appointed more Jews to public office than had any of his predecessors and , in the name of human rights , he extended unprecedented support to persecuted Jews in Russia and Romania . Time and again , partly as a result of this enlarged vision of what it meant to be an American and partly in order to live down General Orders No. 11 , Grant consciously worked to assist Jews and secure them equality .... Through his appointments and policies , Grant rejected calls for a ' Christian nation ' and embraced Jews as insiders in America , part of " we the people . " During his administration , Jews achieved heightened status on the national scene , anti @-@ Jewish prejudice declined , and Jews look forward optimistically to a liberal epoch characterized by sensitivity to human rights and interreligious cooperation . ” = = = Panic of 1873 = = = The Panic of 1873 was a worldwide depression that started when the stock market in Vienna , Austria crashed in June that year . Unsettling markets soon spread to Berlin and throughout Europe . The panic eventually reached New York when two banks went broke – the New York Warehouse & Security Company on September 18 and the major railroad financier Jay Cooke & Company on September 19 . The ensuing depression lasted 5 years , ruined thousands of businesses , depressed daily wages by 25 % from 1873 to 1876 , and brought the unemployment rate up to 14 % . The causes of the panic in the United States included the destruction of credit from over @-@ speculation in the stock markets and railroad industry . Eight years of unprecedented growth after the Civil War had brought thousands of miles of railroad construction , thousands of industrial factories , and a strong stock market ; the South experienced a boom in agriculture . However , all this growth was done on borrowed money by many banks in the United States that have over @-@ speculated in the Railroad industry by as much as $ 20 million . A stringent monetary policy under Secretary of Treasury George S. Boutwell , during the height of the railroad speculations , contributed to unsettled markets . Boutwell created monetary stringency by selling more gold then he bought bonds . The Coinage Act of 1873 made gold the de facto currency metal over silver . On September 20 , 1873 the Grant Administration finally responded . Grant 's Secretary of Treasury William Adams Richardson , Boutwell 's replacement , bought $ 2 @.@ 5 million of five @-@ twenty bonds with gold . On Monday , September 22 , Richardson bought $ 3 million of bonds with legal tender notes or greenbacks and purchased $ 5 @.@ 5 million in legal tender certificates . From September 24 to September 25 the Treasury department bought $ 24 million in bonds and certificates with greenbacks . On September 29 the Secretary prepaid the interest on $ 12 million bonds bought from security banks . From October , 1873 to January 4 , 1874 Richardson kept liquidating bonds until $ 26 million greenback reserves were issued to make up for lost revenue in the Treasury . These actions did help curb the effects of the general panic by allowing more currency into the commercial banks and hence allowing more money to be lent and spent . Historians have blamed the Grant administration for not responding to the crisis promptly and for not taking adequate measures to reduce the negative effects of the general panic . The monetary policies of both Secretary Boutwell and Richardson were inconsistent from 1872 to 1873 . The government 's ultimate failure was in not reestablishing confidence in the businesses that had been the source of distrust . The Panic of 1873 eventually ran its course despite all the limited efforts from the government . Grant 's " cronyism " , as Smith ( 2001 ) calls it , was apparent when he overruled Army experts to help a wartime friend , engineer , James B. Eads . Eads was building a major railroad bridge across the Mississippi at St. Louis that had been authorized by Congress in 1866 , and was nearing completion in 1873 . However , the Army Corps of Engineers chief of engineers , agreeing with steam boat interests , ordered Eads to build a canal around the bridge because the bridge would be " a serious obstacle to navigation . " After talking with Eads at the White House , Grant reversed the order and the 6 @,@ 442 feet ( 1 @,@ 964 m ) long steel arched bridge went on to completion in 1874 without a canal . = = = Economy = = = = = = = Vetoes inflation bill = = = = The rapidly accelerated industrial growth in post @-@ Civil War America and throughout the world crashed with the Panic of 1873 . Many banks overextended their loans and went bankrupt as a result , causing a general panic throughout the nation . In an attempt to put capital into a stringent monetary economy , Secretary of Treasury William A. Richardson released $ 26 million in greenbacks . Many argued that Richardson 's monetary policies were not enough and some argued were illegal . In 1874 , Congress debated the inflationary policy to stimulate the economy and passed the Inflation Bill of 1874 that would release an additional $ 18 million in greenbacks up to the original $ 400 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 amount . Eastern bankers vigorously lobbied Grant to veto the bill because of their reliance on bonds and foreign investors who did business in gold . Grant 's cabinet was bitterly divided over this issue while conservative Secretary of State Hamilton Fish threatened to resign if Grant signed the bill . On April 22 , 1874 , after evaluating his own reasons for wanting to sign the bill , Grant unexpectedly vetoed the bill against the popular election strategy of the Republican Party because he believed it would destroy the nation 's credit . = = = = Resumption of Specie Act = = = = On January 14 , 1875 , Grant signed the Resumption of Specie Act , and he could not have been happier ; he wrote a note to Congress congratulating members on the passage of the act . The legislation was drafted by Ohio Republican Senator John Sherman . This act provided that paper money in circulation would be exchanged for gold specie and silver coins and would be effective January 1 , 1879 . The act also implemented that gradual steps would be taken to reduce the amount of greenbacks in circulation . At that time there were " paper coin " currency worth less than $ 1 @.@ 00 , and these would be exchanged for silver coins . Its effect was to stabilize the currency and make the consumers money as " good as gold " . In an age without a Federal Reserve system to control inflation , this act stabilized the economy . Grant considered it the hallmark of his administration . = = = Foreign Policy = = = = = = = Virginus affair = = = = On October 31 , 1873 , a steamer Virginius , flying the American flag carrying war materials and men to aid the Cuban insurrection ( in violation of American and Spanish law ) was intercepted and taken to Cuba . After a hasty trial , the local Spanish officials executed 53 would @-@ be insurgents , eight of whom were United States citizens ; orders from Madrid to delay the executions arrived too late . War scares erupted in both the U.S. and Spain , heightened by the bellicose dispatches from the American minister in Madrid , retired general Daniel Sickles . Secretary of State Fish kept a cool demeanor in the crisis , and through investigation discovered there was a question over whether the Virginius ship had the right to bear the United States flag . The Spanish Republic 's President Emilio Castelar expressed profound regret for the tragedy and was willing to make reparations through arbitration . Fish negotiated reparations with the Spanish minister Senor Poly y Bernabe . With Grant 's approval , Spain was to surrender Virginius , pay an indemnity to the surviving families of the Americans executed , and salute the American flag ; the episode ended quietly . = = = = Hawaiian free trade treaty = = = = In December 1874 , Grant held a state dinner at the White House for the King of Hawaii , David Kalakaua , who was seeking the importation of Hawaiian sugar duty @-@ free to the United States . Grant and Fish were able to produce a successful free trade treaty in 1875 with the Kingdom of Hawaii , incorporating the Pacific islands ' sugar industry into the United States ' economy sphere . = = = = Liberian @-@ Grebo war = = = = The U.S. settled the war between Liberia and the native Grebo people in 1876 by dispatching the USS Alaska to Liberia . James Milton Turner , the first African American ambassador from the United States , requested that a warship be sent to protect American property in Liberia , a former American colony . After Alaska arrived , Turner negotiated the incorporation of Grebo people into Liberian society and the ousting of foreign traders from Liberia . = = Corruption and reform ( 1873 @-@ 1877 ) = = Scandals and frauds continued to be exposed during President Grant 's second term in office . The Democrats along with the Liberal Republicans had gained control of the House of Representatives and held many Committee meetings to stop political graft . The main scandal was the Whiskey Ring where the investigation went up to Grant himself . The Emma Silver mine was a minor embarrassment associated with American Ambassador to Britain , Robert C. Schenck , using his name to promote a worked out silver mine . The Crédit Mobilier scandal 's origins were during the presidential Administrations of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , however , political congressional infighting during the Grant Administration exposed the scandal . = = = Scandal cabinet and appointees = = = The most infamous of Grant 's cabinet or other presidential appointees who were involved in scandals or criminal activity : Daniel Butterfield , Assistant Secretary of Treasury – ( Black Friday- 1869 ) ( Forced to resign by Grant . ) William A. Richardson , Secretary of Treasury – ( Sanborn Contracts- 1874 ) ( Resigned and appointed Federal Judge by Grant . ) George H. Williams , Attorney General – ( Pratt & Boyd- 1875 ) ( Resigned ) Columbus Delano , Secretary of Interior – ( Bogus Agents – 1875 ) ( Resigned ) Orville E. Babcock , Private Secretary – ( Black Friday – 1869 ) ( Whiskey Ring – 1875 ) ( Safe Burglary Conspiracy – 1876 ) ( Acquitted in Saint Louis Whiskey Ring trials by jury due to Grant 's defense testimony in his favor . ) John McDonald , Internal Revenue Supervisor , St. Louis – ( Whiskey Ring – 1875 ) ( Indicted and convicted ; served prison time ; claimed Grant was involved in the Whiskey Ring but did not supply any evidence . ) Horace Porter , Private Secretary – ( Whiskey Ring – 1875 ) William W. Belknap , Secretary of War – ( Trading Post Ring- 1876 ) ( Resigned ; Convicted by House ; acquitted by Senate ; indictments against Belknap in Washington D.C. court were dropped by judge at request of Grant and Attorney General Alphonso Taft . ) George M. Robeson , Secretary of Navy – ( Naval Department Ring- 1876 ) ( Grant defended Robeson in State of the Union address . Grant believed Robeson had kept U.S. Navy as modern as possible during his lengthy tenure . ) = = = Sanborn contracts = = = In June 1874 , Treasury Secretary William A. Richardson gave private contracts to one John D. Sanborn who in turn collected illegally withheld taxes for fees at inflated commissions . The profits from the commissions were allegedly split with Richardson and Senator Benjamin Butler , while Sanborn claimed these payments were " expenses " . Senator Butler had written a loophole in the law that allowed Sanborn to collect the commissions , but Sanborn would not reveal whom he split the profits with . = = = Pratt & Boyd = = = In April 1875 , it was discovered that Attorney General George H. Williams allegedly received a bribe through a $ 30 @,@ 000 gift to his wife from a Merchant house company , Pratt & Boyd , to drop the case for fraudulent customhouse entries . Williams was forced to resign by Grant in 1875 . = = = Delano affair = = = In 1875 , the U.S. Department of the Interior was in serious disrepair with corruption and incompetence . The Secretary of Interior Columbus Delano , discovered to have taken bribes to secure fraudulent land grants , resigned from office on October 15 , 1875 . Delano had also given bogus lucrative cartographical contracts to his son John Delano and Ulysses S. Grant 's own brother , Orvil Grant . Neither John Delano nor Orvil Grant performed any work or were skillfully qualified to hold such surveying positions . The Department of Indian Affairs was being controlled by corrupt clerks and bogus agents who made enormous profits from the exploitation of Native American tribes . Massive fraud was also found in the Patent Office with corrupt clerks who embezzled from the government payroll . Delano who refused to make any reforms resigned under public pressure rather than Grant asking for a resignation . It was another missed opportunity for Grant to support ethics in government . However , on October 19 , 1875 , Grant made another reforming cabinet choice when he appointed Zachariah Chandler as Secretary of the Interior . Chandler cleaned up the Patent Office and the Department of Indian Affairs by firing all the corrupt clerks and banned bogus agents . = = = Whiskey Ring prosecuted = = = In May 1875 , Secretary of Treasury Benjamin H. Bristow discovered that millions of dollars of taxes were being funneled into an illegal ring from whiskey manufacturers . Prosecutions ensued , and many were put in prison . Grant 's private Secretary Orville E. Babcock was indicted and later acquitted in trial . The Whiskey Ring was organized throughout the United States , and by 1875 it was a fully operating criminal association . The investigation and closure of the Whiskey Ring resulted in 230 indictments , 110 convictions , and $ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in tax revenues that were returned to the Treasury Department . During the prosecution of the Whiskey Ring leaders , Grant testified on behalf of his friend Babcock . As a result , Babcock was acquitted , however , the deposition by Grant was a great embarrassment to his reputation . The Babcock trial turned into an impeachment trial against the President by Grant 's political opponents . = = = Trading post ring = = = In March 1876 it was discovered under House investigations that Secretary of War William W. Belknap was taking extortion money in exchange for allowing an Indian trading post agent to remain in position at Fort Sill . Belknap was allowed to resign by President Grant and as a result was acquitted in a Senate impeachment trial . Profits were made at the expense of Native Americans who were supposed to receive food and clothing from the government . In late April 1876 , Grant lashed out at Lieut . Col. George A. Custer , after Custer had testified at a Congressional committee one month before against Grant 's brother Orville and Sec . Belknap . There had been rumors Custer had talked with the press concerning the Indian post profiteering . Custer personally went to the White House to clear matters up with the President , however , Grant refused to see him three times . When Custer left Washington on May 3 to return to Fort Lincoln , he had been removed from overall command by Grant and denied any participation of the Sioux Campaign ; having been replaced by Brig. Gen. Alfred Terry . However , at Terry 's insistence , Grant relented and allowed Custer to participate in the campaign against the Sioux on the condition he did not take any pressmen . = = = Cattellism = = = In March 1876 , Secretary of Navy George M. Robeson was charged by a Democratic @-@ controlled House investigation committee with giving lucrative contracts to Alexander Cattell & Company , a grain supplier , in return for real estate , loans , and payment of debts . The House investigating committee also discovered that Secretary Robeson had allegedly embezzled $ 15 million in naval construction appropriations . Since there were no financial paper trails or enough evidence for impeachment and conviction , the House Investigation committee admonished Robeson and claimed he had set up a corrupt contracting system known as " Cattellism " . = = = Safe burglary conspiracy = = = In September 1876 , Orville E. Babcock , Superintendent of Public Works and Buildings , was indicted in a safe burglary conspiracy case and trial . In April , corrupt building contractors in Washington , D.C. were on trial for graft when a safe robbery occurred . Bogus secret service agents broke into a safe and attempted to frame Columbus Alexander , who had exposed the corrupt contracting ring . Babcock was named as part of the conspiracy , but later acquitted in the trial against the burglars . Evidence suggests that Backcock was involved with the swindles by the corrupt Washington Contractors Ring and he wanted revenge on Columbus Alexander , an avid reformer and critic of the Grant Administration . There was also evidence that safe burglary jury had been tampered with . = = Reforming cabinet members = = Grant 's cabinet fluctuated between talented individuals or reformers and those involved with political patronage or party corruption . Some notable reforming cabinet members were persons who had outstanding abilities and made many positive contributions to the administration . These reformers resisted the GOP demands for patronage to select efficient civil servants . Grant 's most successful appointment , Hamilton Fish , after the confirmation on March 17 , 1869 , went immediately to work and collected , classified , indexed , and bound seven hundred volumes of correspondence . He established a new indexing system that simplified retrieving information by clerks . Fish also created a rule that applicants for consulate had to take an official written examination to receive an appointment ; previously , applicants were given positions on a patronage system solely on the recommendations of Congressmen and Senators . This raised the tone and efficiency of the consular service , and if a Congressman or Senator objected , Fish could show them that the applicant did not pass the written test . According to Fish 's biographer and historian Amos Elwood Corning in 1919 , Fish was known as " a gentleman of wide experience , in whom the capacities of the organizer were happily united with a well balanced judgment and broad culture " . Another reforming cabinet member was United States Secretary of Treasury George S. Boutwell who was confirmed by the Senate on March 12 , 1869 . His first actions were to dismiss S.M. Clark , the chief of U.S. Bureau and Engraving , and to set up a system of securing the plates that the paper money was printed on to prevent counterfeiting . Boutwell set up a system to monitor the manufacturing of money to ensure nothing would be stolen . Boutwell prevented collusion in the printing of money by preparing sets of plates for a single printing , with the red seal being imprinted in the Treasury Bureau . Boutwell persuaded Grant to have the Commissioner of Internal Revenue Alfred Pleasanton removed for misconduct over approving a $ 60 @,@ 000 tax refund . In addition to these measures , Boutwell established a uniform mode of accounting at custom houses and ports . Boutwell along with Attorney General , Amos T. Akerman , were two of Grant 's strongest cabinet members who advocated racial justice for African Americans . During Amos T. Akerman 's tenure as Attorney General of the United States from 1870 to 1871 , thousands of indictments were brought against Klansmen to enforce the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 . Born in the North , Akerman moved to Georgia after college and owned slaves ; he fought for the Confederacy and became a Scalawag during Reconstruction , speaking out for blacks ' civil rights . As U.S. Attorney General , he became the first ex @-@ Confederate to reach the cabinet . Akerman was unafraid of the Klan and committed to protecting the lives and civil rights of blacks . To bolster Akerman 's investigation , Grant sent in Secret Service agents from the Justice Department to infiltrate the Klan and to gather evidence for prosecution . The investigations revealed that many whites participated in Klan activities . With this evidence , Grant issued a Presidential proclamation to disarm and remove the Klan 's notorious white robe and hood disguises . When the Klan ignored the proclamation , Grant sent Federal troops to nine South Carolina counties to put down the violent activities of the Klan . Grant teamed Akerman up with another reformer in 1870 – the first Solicitor General and native Kentuckian Benjamin Bristow – and the duo went on to prosecute thousands of Klan members and brought a brief quiet period of two years in the turbulent Reconstruction era . As perhaps Grant 's most popular cabinet reformer , Benjamin H. Bristow was appointed Secretary of Treasury in June 1874 . Bristow had served ably as Solicitor General of the United States from 1870 to 1872 , prosecuting many Ku Klux Klan 's men who violated African American voting rights . When Bristow assumed office he immediately made an aggressive attack on corruption in the department . Bristow discovered that the Treasury was not receiving the full amount of tax revenue from whiskey distillers and manufacturers from several Western cities , primarily St. Louis , Missouri . Bristow discovered in 1874 that the Government alone was being defrauded by $ 1 @.@ 2 million . On May 13 , 1875 , armed with enough information , Bristow struck hard at the ring , seized the distilleries , and made hundreds of arrests ; the Whiskey Ring ceased to exist . Although President Grant and Bristow were not on friendly terms , Bristow sincerely desired to save Grant 's reputation from scandal . At the end of the Whiskey Ring prosecutions in 1876 , there were 230 indictments , 110 convictions , and $ 3 million in tax revenues returned to the Treasury Department . In 1875 , Grant paired up Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow with U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont , a Yale graduate . The appointment was popularly accepted by the public as Bristow and Pierrepont successfully prosecuted members of the Whiskey Ring . Before becoming U.S. Attorney General , Pierrepont was part of a reforming group known as the " Committee of Seventy " and was successful at shutting down William M. Tweed 's corrupt contracting Ring while he was a New York U.S. Attorney in 1870 . Although Grant 's reputation was vastly improved , Pierrepont had shown indifference in 1875 to the plight of freedmen by circumventing Federal intervention when White racists terrorized Mississippi 's African American citizens over a fraudulent Democratic election . Every cabinet appointment made by Grant came with a political cost . When President Grant was in a bind to find a replacement for Secretary of War William W. Belknap , who abruptly resigned in 1876 amidst scandal , he turned to his good friend Alphonso Taft from Cincinnati . Taft , who accepted , served ably as Secretary of War until being transferred to the Attorney General position . As Secretary of War , Taft reduced military expenditures and made it so that no post @-@ traderships would be given to any person except on the recommendation of the officers at the post . Grant then appointed Taft as U.S. Attorney General . Taft was a wise scholar and jurist educated at Yale University , and the Attorney General position suited him the best . During the controversial Presidential Election of 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden , Attorney General Taft and House Representative J. Proctor Knott had many meetings to decide the outcome of the controversial election . The result of the Taft @-@ Knott negotiations , the Electoral Commission Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by Grant on January 29 , 1877 ; it created a 15 panel bipartisan committee to elect the next President . Hayes won the Presidency by one electoral vote two days before the March 4 , 1877 Inauguration . Alphonso Taft was the father of future president William H. Taft . In 1875 , the U.S. Department of the Interior was in serious disrepair with corruption and incompetence . The result was that United States Secretary of Interior Columbus Delano , reportedly having taken bribes to secure fraudulent land grants , was forced to resign from office on October 15 , 1875 . On October 19 , 1875 , in a personal effort of reform , Grant appointed Zachariah Chandler to the position and was confirmed by the Senate in December 1875 . Chandler immediately went to work on reforming the Interior Department by dismissing all the important clerks in the Patent Office . Chandler had discovered that fictitious clerks were earning money and that other clerks were earning money without performing services . Chandler simplified the patent application procedure and as a result reduced costs . Chandler , under President Grant 's orders , fired all corrupt clerks at the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Chandler also banned the practice of Native American agents , known as " Indian Attorneys " who were being paid $ 8 @.@ 00 a day plus expenses for supposedly representing their tribes in Washington . Postmaster General John A. J. Creswell proved to be one of the ablest organizers ever to head the Post Office . He cut costs while greatly expanding the number of mail routes , postal clerks and letter carriers . He introduced the penny post card and worked with Fish to revise postal treaties . A Radical , he used the vast patronage of the post office to support Grant 's coalition . He asked for the total abolition of the franking privilege since it reduced the revenue receipts by five percent . The franking privilege allowed members of Congress to send mail at the government 's expense . = = Election of 1876 = = During the presidential election of 1876 , the Republicans nominated the fiscally conservative Rutherford B. Hayes and the Democrats nominated reformer Samuel Tilden . Results were split . Tilden received 51 % of the popular vote ; Hayes 48 % ; while 20 key electoral votes remained undecided and in dispute . Both Republicans and Democrats claimed victory and the threat of a second civil war was eminent . Grant was watchful ; encouraged Congress to settle the election by commission ; and determined to keep a peaceful transfer of power . On January 29 , 1877 Grant signed the Electoral Commission Act that gave a 15 panel bipartisan commission power to determine electoral votes . The commission gave Hayes 185 electoral votes ; Tilden received 184 . Hayes became the 19th President of the United States after being awarded 3 electoral votes from the state of Colorado . Grant 's personal honesty , firmness , and even handedness reassured the nation and a second civil war was averted . = = Judicial appointments = = Grant appointed four Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States . The first two vacancies occurred in 1869 with the retirement of Robert C. Grier and Congress 's restoration of a ninth seat on the Court . Grant appointed former Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and Attorney General Ebenezer R. Hoar . Neither man would take his seat : Stanton was confirmed , but died before he took office ; Hoar was widely disliked in the Senate , which defeated his nomination 24 @-@ 33 . Following a cabinet discussion , Grant submitted two more names to the Senate : William Strong and Joseph P. Bradley . Strong was a former justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania who retired to take up a private practice in Philadelphia . Bradley , a New Jersey lawyer , also had a successful private practice . Both men were railroad lawyers , and their appointment led to accusations that Grant intended them to overturn the case of Hepburn v. Griswold , which had been decided the same day they were nominated . That case , which was unpopular with business interests , held that the federal debt incurred before 1862 must be paid in gold , not greenbanks . Nonetheless , both Strong and Bradley were confirmed and the following year Hepburn was indeed reversed . After Grant 's reelection , another Supreme Court seat opened up with the retirement of Justice Samuel Nelson . Grant nominated Ward Hunt , a New York state judge and friend of Senator Roscoe Conkling , to replace him . Hunt was confirmed in 1873 and , like Nelson , upheld Reconstruction legislation . He served on the court until 1882 . In May 1873 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase died suddenly . Grant waited several months before offering the seat to Conkling in November . Conkling declined , as did Senator Timothy Howe of Wisconsin . Grant unsuccessfully tried to enlist Hamilton Fish for the job and considered nominating Caleb Cushing , as well , before submitting the name of his attorney general , George Henry Williams . The Senate had a dim view of Williams 's performance at the Justice Department and refused to act on the nomination . Grant stuck to his choice , but after no action Williams asked that his name be withdrawn in January 1874 . Fish suggested nominating Hoar again , but Grant instead chose Cushing . Cushing was an eminent lawyer and respected in his field , but the emergence of his wartime correspondence with Jefferson Davis doomed his nomination . Grant finally turned to Morrison Waite , a respectable ( if little @-@ known ) Ohio lawyer who had worked on the Alabama claims arbitration . Waite was unanimously approved two days later , on January 21 , 1874 . Waite was an uncontroversial nominee , but in his time on the Court he authored two of the decisions ( United States v. Reese and United States v. Cruikshank ) that did the most to undermine Reconstruction @-@ era laws for the protection of black Americans . = = Administration and Cabinet = = = = = Supreme Court appointments = = = Grant appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States : Edwin M. Stanton – 1869 ( died before taking seat ) William Strong – 1870 Joseph P. Bradley – 1870 Ward Hunt – 1873 Morrison Remick Waite ( Chief Justice ) – 1874 = = = States admitted to the Union = = = Colorado – August 1 , 1876 Colorado came into the Union just in time to give enough electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes to win the Presidential Election of 1876 . = = = Vetoes = = = Grant vetoed more bills then any of his predecessors with 93 vetoes during the 41st through 44th Congresses . 45 were regular vetoes , and 48 of them were pocket vetoes . Grant had 4 vetoes overridden by Congress . = = = Government agencies instituted = = = Department of Justice ( 1870 ) Office of the Solicitor General ( 1870 ) United States Civil Service Commission ( 1871 ) ; Congressional appropriations expired in 1873 , however , the commission continued to function . The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883 renewed appropriations and enhanced the federal power and scope of the commission . Grant 's U.S. Attorney General Amos T. Akerman ruled that the Civil Service Commission was Constitutional as long as the purpose was to increase government 's power to higher qualified workers and improve the efficiency of running the government . Akerman stated that the Civil Service Commission did not have the Constitutional power to stop or prevent appointments . Office of the Surgeon General ( 1871 ) Army Weather Bureau ( currently known as the National Weather Service ) ( 1870 ) = = = Presidential succession 1875 @-@ 1877 = = = When Grant 's second term Vice President and Cabinet member Henry Wilson died in office on November 22 , 1875 , by 1792 Statue , President pro tempore of the Senate , then Michigan Republican Senator Thomas W. Ferry , was next in line of succession to the president . On March 2 , 1877 Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes was declared by Congress to be elected President having received a majority of electoral votes . President Grant believed an insurrection by the Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden 's supporters over the controversial Election of 1876 could take place and wanted to make sure that any Democratic attempt to seize by force Hayes ' public inauguration ceremony would fail . Since March 4 , 1877 was a Sunday , President Grant secretly had Hayes take the oath of office in the Red Room of the White House on March 3 , becoming the first president to take the oath of office in the White House . No disturbance took place and Hayes formally took the oath of president on Monday , March 5 , 1877 . = = Presidential reputation = = Grant was the first President since Andrew Jackson to serve two full terms in office . The 40 years that separated their administrations marks the longest time span between presidents without one serving two terms . The legacy of President Grant is one of American civil rights , international diplomacy , scandals , and a boom @-@ and @-@ bust national economy . In terms of civil rights , Grant had urged the passing of the 15th Amendment and signed into law the Civil Rights Bill of 1875 that gave all citizens access to places of public enterprise . Grant defeated the Klan by sending in the Justice Department , backed by the Army . Grant 's 1868 Presidential campaign slogan " Let us have peace " rang true when his State Department resolved crises with Britain and Spain , implementing the new concept of International Arbitration . The scandals revealed that Grant reacted too readily to protect his team , to cover up misdeeds , and to get rid of whistle blowers and reformers . It was impossible for Grant to morally check all of the corruption generated from the socioeconomic forces of a costly American Civil War , rapid industrialization , and Westward expansionism . His acceptance of gifts from wealthy associates showed poor judgment . He distrusted reformers as busybodies who were interfering with party patronage . He was reluctant to prosecute cabinet members and appointees viewed as " honest " friends , and those who were convicted were set free with presidential pardons after serving a brief time in prison . His associations with these scandals have tarnished his personal reputation while President and afterward . Despite the scandals , by the end of Grant 's second term the corruption in the Departments of Interior ( 1875 ) , Treasury ( 1874 ) , and Justice ( 1875 ) were cleaned up by his new cabinet members . The State Departement under Secretary Hamilton Fish was run efficiently and virtually free from scandal for Grant 's two terms in office . The Postal Service was cleaned up by reformer Post Master Marshall Jewell ( 1875 ) , who aided Benjamin Bristow shut down the Whiskey Ring . The Department of War was cleaned up by Secretary Alphonso Taft , after the resignation of Secretary William Belknap in 1876 . Grant 's personal Secretary Orville Babcock was out of the White House by 1876 . The Department of Navy , under Secretary George Robeson , remained unreformed , however , Robeson did implement U.S. Naval resurgence after the Virginius Incident in 1873 . Grant 's generous treatment of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox helped give him popularity in the South . Although he kept civil rights on the political agenda , the Republican party at the end of Grant 's second term shifted to pursuing conservative fiscal policies . His weak response to the Panic of 1873 hurt the economy and seriously damaged his party , which lost heavily in 1874 . His personal will often strayed from normal Presidential orthodoxy , and his administration defied the American tradition of a government run without political corruption and favoritism . Grant 's financial policies favored Wall Street , but his term ended with the nation mired in a deep economic depression that Grant could not comprehend or deal with . Revisionist historians during the first half of the Twentieth Century have tended to prop up a romantic view of the Confederacy and the Lost Cause at the expense of downgrading the Union cause and Grant 's Presidency as a corrupt despot . However , the tide is beginning to turn concerning Grant 's presidential legacy . Frank Scaturro , who is credited with spearheading the movement to restore Grant 's Tomb while only a college student , has since written the first book of the modern era which portrays Grant 's presidency in a positive light . President Grant Reconsidered has altered the perception of how history and historians view Grant 's presidency . At the time of its publication the Weekly Standard said that Scaturro 's work was a " convincing case that Grant was a strong and , in many important respects , successful president . It is an argument full of significance for how we see the course of American political history . ... Scaturro 's work ... should prompt a reassessment of the entire progressive @-@ New Deal Tradition . And Presidential Studies Quarterly stated " It would appear that historians and the press have been unkind in their evaluation of Grant 's two term presidency . Scaturro does well in his reconsideration . Now modern scholars are individually evaluating Grant 's Presidency rather than relying on traditional Presidential polls that have given Grant low rankings . Since Scaturro 's publication in 1998 , extensive biographies of President Grant have been written by such notable historians as 2002 finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography Jean Edward Smith , Grant , Josiah H Bunting III , Ulysses S. Grant : The American Presidents Series : The 18th President and most recently H.W. Brands , The Man Who Saved the Union : Ulysses Grant in War and Peace . These venerable historians have indeed reconsidered Grant 's presidency and like Scaturro have reached a much more favorable opinion than early twentieth century works . = = Civil rights record = = Grant proactively used military and Justice Department enforcement of civil rights laws and the protection of African Americans more than any other President . He used his full powers to weaken the Ku Klux Klan , reducing violence and intimidation in the South . He appointed James Milton Turner as the first African American minister to a foreign nation . Grant 's relationship with Charles Sumner , the leader in promoting civil rights , was shattered by the Senator 's opposition to Grant 's plan to acquire Santo Domingo by treaty . Grant retaliated , firing men Sumner had recommended and having allies strip Sumner of his chairmanship of the Foreign Relations Committee . Sumner joined the Liberal Republican movement in 1872 to fight Grant 's reelection . Grant 's presidency was committed to treat Native Americans as individual wards of the state under a " peace " policy and encouraged their citizenship . Native Americans were eventually given full U.S. citizenship in 1924 under the Indian Citizenship Act signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge . Grant signed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 . In his sixth message to Congress , he summed up his own views , " While I remain Executive all the laws of Congress and the provisions of the Constitution ... will be enforced with rigor ... Treat the Negro as a citizen and a voter , as he is and must remain ... Then we shall have no complaint of sectional interference . " In the pursued equal justice for all category from the 2009 CSPAN Presidential rating survey Grant scored a 9 getting into the top ten . = = = By author = = = Brands , H. W. ( 2012 ) . The Man Who Saved The Union Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace . New York : Doubleday . Brands , H. W. ( December 2012 ) . " Presidents in Crisis Grant : Takes on the Klan " . American History : 42 – 47 . Bolger , Eilleen ( June 18 , 2003 ) . " Background History of the United States Naturalization Process " . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 09 @-@ 10 . Boutwell , George S. ( 2008 ) [ First published 1902 ] . Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs . New York City : Greenwood Press. pp. 131 – 133 . OCLC 1857 . Bradford , Richard H. ( 1980 ) . The Virginius Affair . Boulder , Colorado : Colorado Associated University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 87081 @-@ 080 @-@ 0 . OCLC 6675742 . Brown , Dee ( 1970 ) . " The War to Save the Buffalo " . Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee . New York City : Henry Holt and Company. pp. 264 – 271 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 1045 @-@ 9 . Brister , Dan ( November – December 2000 ) . " Between the Bison and the Bullet " . Earth First ! . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Bunting III , Josiah ( 2004 ) . " The Original Inhabitants " . Ulysses S. Grant . New York City : Times Books. pp. 117 – 118 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 6949 @-@ 5 . OCLC 54803737 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Lay summary – WorldCat ( April 12 , 2010 ) . Carpenter , Daniel P. ( 2001 ) . " Chapter Three " . The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy : Reputations , Networks , and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies , 1862 – 1928 . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press. pp. 84 – 85 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 07009 @-@ 4 . OCLC 47120319 . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Chamberlain , Daniel Henry ( 1902 ) . " Charles Sumner and the Treaty of Washington " . Massachusetts Historical Society ( Worcester , Massachusetts : Press of G.G. Davis ) . Chamberlain reviewed speech by Charles Francis Adams to New York Historical Society on November 19 , 1901 . Corning , Amos Elwood ( 1918 ) . Hamilton Fish . New York City : Lamere Publishing Company. pp. 49 – 54 . OCLC 2959737 . DeLony , Eric . " Context for World Heritage Bridges " . International Council on Monuments and Sites . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 04 @-@ 26 . Doenecke , Justis D. ( 1981 ) . The Presidencies of James A. Garfield & Chester A. Arthur . Lawrence , Kansas : The Regents Press of Kanas . ISBN 0 @-@ 7006 @-@ 0208 @-@ 9 . Donald , David ( 1970 ) . Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man . New York City : Knopf . ISBN 0 @-@ 394 @-@ 41899 @-@ 9 . Duncan , Russell ( 1986 ) . " Introduction " . Freedom 's shore : Tunis Campbell and the Georgia freedmen . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press. pp. 9 – 10 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8203 @-@ 0876 @-@ 0 . OCLC 13334307 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Etcheson , Nicole ( June 2009 ) . " Reconstruction and the Making of a Free @-@ Labor South " ( PDF ) . Reviews in American History 37 ( 2 ) : 236 – 242 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1353 / rah.0.0101. ISSN 0048 @-@ 7511 . OCLC 1783629 . Lay summary – Project MUSE ( April 12 , 2010 ) . ( subscription required ) Garland , Hamlin ( 1898 ) . Ulysses S. Grant : His Life and Character . New York City : Doubleday and McClure Company. p . 438 . ISBN 0 @-@ 548 @-@ 13253 @-@ 4 . OCLC 11394591 . Gray , John S. ( 1976 ) . Centennial Campaign The Sioux War of 1876 . University of Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8061 @-@ 2152 @-@ 1 . Gross , Linda P. ; Theresa R. Snyder ( 2005 ) . Philadelphia 's 1876 Centennial Exhibition . Arcadia Publishing. pp. 15 – 16 . ISBN 0 @-@ 7385 @-@ 3888 @-@ 4 . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 04 @-@ 23 . Grossman , Mark ( 2003 ) . Political Corruption in America : An Encyclopedia of Scandals , Power , and Greed . Santa Barbara , California : ABC @-@ CLIO. pp. 308 – 309 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 57607 @-@ 060 @-@ 4 . OCLC 52418234 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Hesseltine , William Best ( 1935 ) [ First published 1935 ] . " Chapter XI : The End of Reconstruction " . Ulysses S. Grant , Politician . New York City : Dodd , Mead . ISBN 1 @-@ 931313 @-@ 85 @-@ 7 . OCLC 312581 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Hinsdale , Mary Louise ( 1911 ) . A History of the President 's Cabinet ( Ph.D. thesis for the faculty of the Department of Literature , Science , and the Arts of the University of Michigan ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : George Wehr . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4366 @-@ 5553 @-@ 8 . ISSN 0002 @-@ 8762 . OCLC 484433457 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Howe , George Frederick ( 1935 ) . Chester A. Arthur A Quarter @-@ Century of Machine Politics . New York , New York : Frederick Unger Publishing Co . Hutton , Paul Andrew , Ph.D. ( 2009 ) [ First published 1985 ] . " Chapter 12 : Reconstructing Louisiana : ' To Charge upon the Liberties of His Fellow @-@ Citizens ' " . Phil Sheridan and his Army . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 262 – 266 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 2329 @-@ 5 . OCLC 10694656 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Johnson , Benjamin S. ( 1908 ) . John Hugh Reynolds , ed . " The Brooks @-@ Baxter War " . Publications of the Arkansas Historical Association ( Little Rock , Arkansas : Arkansas Historical Association ) 2 : 122 – 168 . OCLC 13681571 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Keith , LeeAnna ( 2007 ) . " Chapter 7 : Battle of the Colfax Courthouse " . The Colfax Massacre : The Untold Story of Black Power , White Terror , & The Death of Reconstruction . New York City : Oxford University Press. p . 100 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 531026 @-@ 9 . OCLC 145145411 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Kennedy , Robert C. ( 2001 ) . " George M. Robeson " . Dvrbs.com. Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Kinley , David ( 1910 ) . " Chapter VIII – Treasury Relief in Crises , 1873 to 1890 " . The Independent Treasury of the United States and its Relations to the Banks of its Country . Washington , D.C. : U.S. National Monetary Commission , United States Senate. pp. 225 – 235 . OCLC 474950853 . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Kremer , Gary R. ( 1991 ) . " Chapter V : The Preservation of a Noble Experiment " . James Milton Turner and the Promise of America – The Public Life of a Post @-@ Civil War Black Leader . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press. p . 81 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8262 @-@ 0780 @-@ 7 . OCLC 23144878 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Lane , Charles ( 2008 ) . " Chapter Six : Black @-@ Letter Law " . The Day Freedom Died : The Colfax Massacre , the Supreme Court , and the Betrayal of Reconstruction . New York City : Henry Holt and Company. p . 124 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 8922 @-@ 6 . OCLC 172984718 . Leonard , Lewis Alexander ( 1920 ) . Life of Alphonso Taft . New York City : Hawke Publishing Company . OCLC 60738535 . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . McFeely , William S. ( 2002 ) [ First published 1981 ] . Grant : A Biography . New York City : W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 01372 @-@ 6 . OCLC 6889578 . , Pulitzer prize , but hostile to Grant Michno , Gregory F. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Indian Wars . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 @-@ 87842 @-@ 468 @-@ 7 . Miller , Nathan ( 1997 ) [ First published 1977 ] . " Chapter 6 : The Naval Renaissance " . The U.S. Navy : A History ( 3rd ed . ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press. pp. 146 – 147 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 55750 @-@ 595 @-@ 8 . OCLC 37211290 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Morris , Charles R. ( 2005 ) . " Chapter 5 : Mega @-@ Machine " . The Tycoons : How Andrew Carnegie , John D. Rockefeller , Jay Gould , and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Super Economy . New York City : Times Books. pp. 137 – 138 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 7599 @-@ 1 . OCLC 58431867 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Muench , James F. ( 2006 ) . Five Stars : Missouri 's Most Famous Generals . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press. p . 74 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8262 @-@ 1656 @-@ 4 . OCLC 191943891 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Nevins , Allan ( 1937 ) . Hamilton Fish : The Inner History of the Grant Administration . New York City : Macmillan . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8044 @-@ 1676 @-@ 4 . OCLC 478495 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson ( 1922 ) . " Chapter XI : The Campaign of 1868 " . A history of the United States since the Civil War 2 . New York City : Macmillan . ISBN 0 @-@ 8371 @-@ 2642 @-@ 8 . OCLC 1535877 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . A History of the United States Since the Civil War ( NY : Macmillan , 1926 ) vol 3 : 1872 – 1878 Olson , James C. ( 1965 ) . " Chapter 7 : Red Cloud Visits the Great White Father " . Red Cloud and the Sioux problem . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press. p . 103 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 5817 @-@ 4 . OCLC 728240 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Pierson , Arthur Tappen ( 1880 ) . " Zachariah Chandler : An Outline Sketch of his Life and Public Services " . Detroit Post and Tribune. pp. 343 – 345 . OCLC 300744189 . Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1984 ) . " Chapter 20 : Structures of the Peace Policy " . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press. pp. 501 – 503 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 3668 @-@ 4 . OCLC 9918967 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Rhodes , James Ford ( 1906 ) . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule at the South in 1877 : v. 7 , 1872 – 1877 . New York : Macmillan . OCLC 3214496 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Rhodes , James G. ( 1906 ) . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley @-@ Bryan Campaign of 1896 : vol . 6 : 1866 – 1872 . OCLC 765948 . Rives , Timothy ( Fall 2000 ) . " Grant , Babcock , and the Whiskey Ring " . Prologue 32 ( 3 ) . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Salinger , Lawrence M. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of White @-@ collar & Corporate Crime , Volume 2 . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications. pp. 374 – 375 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7619 @-@ 3004 @-@ 4 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Scaturro , Frank ( October 26 , 2006 ) . " The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant , 1869 – 1877 " . College of St. Scholastica . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Sim , David ( September 2008 ) . " The Peace Policy of Ulysses S. Grant " . American Nineteenth Century History 9 ( 3 ) : 241 – 268 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1080 / 14664650802408476 . ISSN 1466 @-@ 4658 . OCLC 262551023 . Simon , John Y. ( 2002 ) . " Ulysses S. Grant " . In Graff , Henry . The Presidents : A Reference History ( 7th ed . ) . pp. 245 – 260 . Simon , John Y. ( 1997 ) . Ulysses S. Grant. pp. 258 – 259 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8093 @-@ 0637 @-@ 9 . Shearer , Benjamin F. ( 2004 ) . The Uniting States : Alabama to Kentucky . Greenwood Publishing Group. p . 186 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 313 @-@ 33105 @-@ 3 . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 04 @-@ 21 . Shotwell , Walter G. ( 1910 ) . Life of Charles Sumner . New York City : Thomas Y. Crowell & Company . Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 684 @-@ 84926 @-@ 3 . OCLC 45387618 . Lay summary – WorldCat ( April 12 , 2010 ) . Trelease , Allen W. ( April 1995 ) [ First published 1971 ] . White Terror : The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 06 @-@ 131731 @-@ 6 . OCLC 4194613 . Unger , Irwin ( June 1964 ) . The Greenback Era : A Social and Political History of American Finance , 1865 – 1879 . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 04517 @-@ 7 . OCLC 710949 . Utley , Robert M. ( 1984 ) [ First published 1973 ] . Frontier Regulars : the United States Army and the Indian , 1866 – 1891 . New York City : Macmillan. p . 206 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 9551 @-@ 3 . OCLC 867414 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Utley , Robert M. ( 1984 ) . " Chapter 5 : Grant 's Peace Policy : 1869 – 1876 " . The Indian frontier of the American West , 1846 – 1890 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press. pp. 127 – 133 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8263 @-@ 0715 @-@ 6 . OCLC 9685353 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Utley , Robert M. ; Mackintosh , Barry ( 1989 ) . Early Problems and Personalities . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of the Interior . OCLC 18206270 . Retrieved April 19 , 2010 . Wainwright , Nicholas ; Russell Weigley and Edwin Wolf ( 1982 ) . Philadelphia : A 300 @-@ Year History . W.W. Norton & Company. p . 466 . ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 01610 @-@ 2 . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 04 @-@ 23 . Weisberger , Bernard A. ( November 1995 ) . " The Item And " fight ' em " Veto " . American Heritage 46 ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2012 @-@ 07 @-@ 07 . Woodward , C. Vann ( April 1957 ) . " The Lowest Ebb " . American Heritage 8 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2012 @-@ 07 @-@ 07 . Woodward , Earl F. ( Winter 1971 ) . " The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas , 1872 – 1874 " . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly ( Little Rock , Arkansas : Arkansas Historical Association ) 30 ( 4 ) : 315 – 336 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 40038083 . ISSN 0004 @-@ 1823 . JSTOR 40038083 . OCLC 483181342 . Wooster , Robert ( 1988 ) . The Military and United States Indian Policy , 1865 – 1903 . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 9767 @-@ X. Zuczek , Richard ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era : A – L. Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press. p . 413 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 313 @-@ 33074 @-@ 2 . OCLC 255417560 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Zuczek , Richard ( 1996 ) . State of Rebellion : Reconstruction in South Carolina . Columbia , South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press. pp. 159 – 165 , 170 – 172 , 174 , 176 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 57003 @-@ 105 @-@ 2 . OCLC 33971572 . = = = By title ( anonymous ) = = = " C @-@ SPAN 2009 Historians Presidential Leadership Survey " . C @-@ SPAN.org. 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . " Crédit Mobilier – Credit Mobilier of America " . Encyclopedia Americana 8 . Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1918 @.@ p . 173 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . " Henry Wilson , 18th Vice President ( 1873 – 1875 ) " . United States Senate . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . " Presidential Vetoes ( 1789 to present ) " . Washington , D.C. : Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . " South Carolina Governor Robert Kingston Scott " . National Governors Association . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Illinois Historic Preservation Agency ( March 11 , 2009 ) . " Ulysses S. Grant is Remembered as a Champion of Civil Rights " . Moline ( Illinois ) Dispatch / Rock Island Argus . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . " The USConstitution.net Timeline " . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . " The Whiskey Ring " . PoliticalCorruption.net. February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . " The American Presidency Project Election of 1876 " . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 04 @-@ 21 . Ulysses S. Grant Memoirs and Selected Letters . The Library of America . 1990 . ISBN 0 @-@ 940450 @-@ 58 @-@ 5 . The source information was taken from the Chronology section in the book . = = = Newspaper articles = = = " Amnesty and Civil Rights " ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 23 , 1872 . " The Civil Rights Bill " ( PDF ) . The New York Times . March 2 , 1875 @.@ pp. 1 – 2 . " The Conduct of the Finances " . The New York Times . July 17 , 1872 . " The Emma Mine Scandal " ( PDF ) . The New York Times . March 4 , 1876 . " The Safe Burglary Case : Columbus Alexander and Major Richards of the Washington Police Examined " . The New York Times . September 23 , 1876 . " The Safe Burglary Case : Preparing for the trial – Witnesses for the defense summoned " . The New York Times . September 8 , 1876 . E.G.D. ( October 9 , 1893	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
) . " The Pantaloon of the Senate : A Reminiscence of the Emma Mine Scandal " . The New York Times . = = = Yearbooks = = = American Annual Cyclopedia ... 1868 ( 1869 ) , online , highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1869 ( 1870 ) , large compendium of facts , thorough national coverage ; includes also many primary documents online edition Appleton 's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1870 ( 1871 ) American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1872 ( 1873 ) Appleton 's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1873 ( 1879 ) online edition Appleton 's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1875 ( 1877 ) Appleton 's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1876 ( 1885 ) online edition Appleton 's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1877 ( 1878 ) = Hell Money = " Hell Money " is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files and 68th episode overall . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on March 29 , 1996 . It was written by Jeffrey Vlaming and directed by Tucker Gates . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Hell Money " earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 9 , being watched by 14 @.@ 86 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly mixed to positive reviews from television critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a murder in San Francisco 's Chinatown involving masked intruders , strange Chinese symbols , a lottery , and the clandestine selling of body parts . The premise of the episode was based on three major ideas : a pyramid scheme involving body parts , a lottery in a small town , and the corporate beings assembling the destitute in Chinatown . The episode 's writer , Vlaming , developed the latter two ideas and series creator Chris Carter merged all three ideas in the finalized script . The episode contained several elaborate special effects shots , most notably the scene wherein a frog bursts out of a victim 's chest , which was created by using molds to create a fake human torso that was then placed over an actor . = = Plot = = In San Francisco 's Chinatown , a Chinese immigrant , Johnny Lo , makes his way to his apartment . There , he is confronted by someone telling him to " pay the price " , and is overtaken by three figures wearing shigong masks . A security guard later finds the three figures near a crematory oven , where Lo is being burned alive . Fox Mulder and Dana Scully investigate Lo 's death , the latest in a series of fatal incinerations in Chinatown ; Mulder believes that ghost activity is behind the deaths , while Scully suspects a cult . The agents collaborate with Glen Chao , a Chinese @-@ American detective with the San Francisco Police Department . When they find a Chinese character written inside the oven , Chao translates it as meaning " ghost . " Mulder also finds a scrap of burned paper in the ashes , which Chao identifies as " hell money " , a symbolic offering to deceased spirits . The agents locate Lo 's apartment , where they find his collection of charms , as well as bloodstains underneath the recently installed carpet . Meanwhile , another immigrant , Hsin , tends to his leukemia @-@ stricken daughter , Kim . To pay for her treatments , Hsin attends an underground lottery in which participants either win money or lose an organ , depending on tiles chosen from a pair of vases . One man wins the lottery but selects a bad tile , and his body is found later that day . Scully performs an autopsy and finds that he had been selling body parts , noticing his numerous surgical scars . The agents question Chao , who claims that the local community maintains a code of silence and does not reveal anything to even him . Chao finds information that leads them to Hsin , who installed the carpet in Lo 's apartment . Hsin has a bandage over his eye , having lost it to the lottery earlier . Returning to his home , Chao is confronted by the three masked figures . The agents visit him at the hospital . Meanwhile , Hsin visits the Hard Faced Man , one of the proprietors of the lottery , wanting to end his participation . The man warns him that ghostly fire will consume him if he leaves the lottery . The agents return to the hospital , finding Chao gone . They trace his blood to that on the carpet in Lo 's apartment , finding a match . This causes the agents to visit Hsin , but find only his daughter at his apartment . The agents find Chao outside a nearby Chinese restaurant and follow him inside . Hsin wins the lottery , but selects the tile representing his heart . Chao comes in and knocks over the table with the vases , revealing the lottery to be fixed . Mulder and Scully stop the Hard Faced Man seconds before he is about to operate on Hsin . They interrogate him , but because no one who participated will testify against him , it is unlikely he will be prosecuted . Hsin is brought to the hospital and his daughter is placed on an organ donor list . Chao disappears , awakening in a crematorium oven before he is burned alive . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = " Hell Money " was written by Jeff Vlaming , making it his second and last script for the show after the earlier third season episode " 2Shy " . The episode was directed by Tucker Gates , making it the first of only two episodes of The X @-@ Files — the other being the show 's fourth season entry " El Mundo Gira " — to be directed by him . The episode features pre @-@ fame Lucy Liu in a guest star role . Liu would later gain prominence as a cast member of the show Ally McBeal in 1998 . The premise of the episode originated from an idea that executive producer and series creator Chris Carter had about a pyramid scheme involving body parts . Writer Jeff Vlaming combined two additional concepts that he had developed ; the first involved a lottery in a small town and the other concerned corporate beings assembling the destitute in Chinatown . When the initial script for " Hell Money " was submitted , Carter merged the three stories into one . Entertainment Weekly later noted that " the twisted grotesquery of this story makes you think it must be based on a true story " , but , according to Carter , the story was completely original . Vlaming had originally hoped that the episode would be one of the rare entries where Scully 's version of the events would be vindicated , but in the end Mulder , once again , put everything together . = = = Filming = = = The episode 's exterior scenes were shot in Vancouver , Canada 's Chinatown while the crematorium scenes were shot on a soundstage . Interior shots of the gambling parlor were shot at the Welsh Irish Scottish English ( W.I.S.E. ) Hall , a community building in Vancouver . The production staff created a second balcony in the hall exclusively for the episode , with an agreement to tear it down once the episode was filmed . However , after the filming ended , the W.I.S.E. Hall 's owners requested that the balcony be left in place " for aesthetic reasons " . The vase and tiles used in the episode were created entirely by the show 's production department . The scene where a frog pops out of a victim 's chest was created by using molds to create a fake human torso , which was then placed over the actor . For a close @-@ up shot , the torso was placed on a table with a hole on it , allowing the show 's animal wrangler to push a live frog through the opening in the torso . Actors Michael Yama and Lucy Liu had to redo all of their dialogue in a Cantonese accent in post production . Their re @-@ recorded lines were dubbed over the original soundtrack . = = Reception = = " Hell Money " premiered on the Fox network in the United States on March 29 , 1996 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 9 , with a 17 share , meaning that roughly 9 @.@ 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 17 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . This totaled 14 @.@ 86 million viewers . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics , ranging from largely positive to negative . Entertainment Weekly gave the episode an A – , calling it " gorgeously shot " , citing the " lush , smoky gaming sequences " in particular . Television Without Pity ranked " Hell Money " the eleventh most nightmare @-@ inducing episode of the show noting , " If there ’ s one thing you don ’ t want to mess with , it ’ s the Chinese mafia . Especially the branch that dresses up like Slipknot and either a ) burns you alive , if you ’ re lucky , or b ) forces you to participate in a haunted organ @-@ harvesting raffle only to slowly carve you up and sell your vital organs on the black market , whether you like it or not . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four stars out of five , and called it a " hard episode to love [ but ] sincere and purposeful " . The two praised the conceit of the episode , arguing that by presenting the situation from the Chinese immigrants — members of an alien culture — and Chao 's point of view , " Mulder and Scully seem clumsy and arrogant . And by implication , the audience are made to feel just as arrogant . " Other reviews were more mixed . John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode 5 / 10 , noting " Overall , this episode attempted to make a mundane murder case interesting by forcing the agents to interact with an ' alien ' culture . Unfortunately , the structure of the episode gave the audience answers long before the agents discovered them , making the bulk of the episode an exercise . By not taking the theme far enough or deepening the mystery , the writers ultimately fail to reach their goals . " Reviewer Todd VanDerWerff from The A.V. Club gave the entry a C + and wrote that the episode " was also fairly bold for its time , providing a whole subplot that 's mostly told through subtitles [ but ] it feels like a series of shocks that are strung together along a pretty standard story setup . " Ultimately , VanDerWerff concluded that , " the major problem with ' Hell Money ' is that it feels , at times , like a backdoor pilot for a new series starring B.D. Wong as corrupt detective Glen Chao . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four . She critiqued the fact that the episode lacked a paranormal mystery , noting that the theme of the episode " would fit nicely into any other police drama " . Vitaris described the " three actors in the black suits and ghost masks " as " not very convincing . " Co @-@ producer Paul Rabwin was not a fan of " Hell Money " : he believed that the premise was not really an X @-@ File due to the fact that nothing paranormal happened during the episode . He claimed that if Mulder and Scully were removed from the story , it would not have changed anything and that the two were not affected personally by the case . = 2013 – 14 Norwich City F.C. season = The 2013 – 14 season was the 112th season of football for Norwich City . It was Norwich City 's third campaign in the Premier League since achieving promotion during the 2010 – 11 season and was their 24th season in the top flight of English football . Norwich spent most of the season in the bottom half of the Premier League table , but only in two short periods , in September and October , were they actually in the relegation zone and this is where they slipped back to in the final few matches of the season . They finished the season in eighteenth place in the Premier League and were subsequently relegated to the Championship . Norwich lost in a replay to Fulham in the third round of the FA Cup and to Manchester United in the fourth round of the League Cup . It was a season that saw the sacking of manager Chris Hughton and the appointment of former Norwich player Neil Adams as his replacement with five games left to play . = = Build up to the season = = Expectations were high for Norwich after they finished the previous season eleventh position in the league which was their highest finish in the league since the 1992 – 93 season . The £ 13.5M profit made during the 2011 – 12 season and the prospect of becoming debt free also raised the expectations of the fans with the prospect of significant spending on players over the summer 2013 transfer window . = = = Players and club staff = = = = = = Summer transfer window = = = = = = = Transfers out = = = = Following their 11th @-@ place finish in the 2012 – 13 Premier League Norwich started their preparations for their third consecutive season in the top flight by releasing ten players in May 2013 including first team players Chris Martin , Simeon Jackson , Elliot Ward and Marc Tierney . Over the course of the summer James Vaughan , Grant Holt , Leon Barnett and Jacob Butterfield were all sold for undisclosed fees . Former Norwich City manager Paul Lambert returned to his former club to sign goalkeeper Jed Steer for his current club Aston Villa but the decision on a fee went to tribunal . During the summer Declan Rudd and Andrew Surman were both loaned out to lower league clubs for the season . During the lower league loan window David Fox and Daniel Ayala were loaned for half of the season . Grant Holt 's exit followed a very successful period at the club including two promotions , being named Norwich City F.C. Player of the Season three times and being top scorer at the club four seasons in a row . Holt blamed the tactics of Chris Hughton as a contributory factor in his exit , along with the prospect of playing Europa League football for the first time . = = = = Transfers in = = = = The summer transfer window was a record breaking one for Norwich with both a record amount spent in total and a record amount spent on a single player . The task of building on the successes of the previous season for the 2013 – 14 season started while the 2012 – 13 season was still in progress when during March 2013 it was announced that Ricky van Wolfswinkel had signed for a reported club record fee of £ 8 @.@ 5 million . Javier Garrido who had been with Norwich the previous season signed a two @-@ year permanent deal during May 2013 . During the summer Gary Hooper , Leroy Fer , Carlo Nash , Martin Olsson and Nathan Redmond all also signed permanent deals . Norwich first attempted to sign Hooper during the January 2013 transfer window with a number of bids reported to have been rejected but he eventually signed during July 2013 for £ 5 million . In August 2013 Johan Elmander signed on a season long loan deal . † effective July 2013 = = = January transfer window = = = = = = = Transfers in = = = = On 13 January Jonás Gutiérrez signed on loan from Newcastle United . On 30 January Joseph Yobo signed from Fenerbahçe on loan . = = = = Transfers out = = = = After his original three @-@ month loan deal at Middlesbrough expired Daniel Ayala made his move permanent on 24 January for an undisclosed fee . On 7 February it was announced Jacob Murphy would be joining Swindon Town for a month when the loan window opens ( 8 February ) . = = = Pre @-@ season matches = = = Norwich started their build up to the season with a pre @-@ season tour of the United States . It continued with away games against Brighton and Braga and concluded with two home games against Panathinaikos and Real Sociedad . Note : first @-@ team friendlies only = = Premier League season = = = = = August = = = Norwich started their league season with a home draw with Everton with record signing Ricky van Wolfswinkel scoring a 71st @-@ minute equaliser on his debut . This was followed up with a 1 – 0 away defeat by Hull City . Hull spent an hour with ten men following Yannick Sagbo 's red card for an apparent head butt motion towards Russell Martin . Norwich earned their first win of the season with a 1 – 0 home win over Southampton in which Nathan Redmond scored his first goal for the club . = = = September = = = Norwich 's poor away form continued with a 2 – 0 away defeat by Tottenham Hotspur . The run of defeats continued when Aston Villa 's visit to Carrow Road ended in a 1 – 0 defeat . Norwich scored their first away goal of the season in their first ever win at the Britannia Stadium when they beat Stoke City 1 – 0 . = = = October = = = Norwich got back into the game against Chelsea with a goal from Anthony Pilkington but conceded two late goals to finish 1 – 3 to the visitors . This was followed up with a 4 – 1 away defeat by Arsenal . The home fixture against Cardiff City finished in controversy during when Leroy Fer put the ball in the back of the net when passing the ball back to goalkeeper David Marshall . This resulted in a melee in which both Norwich and Cardiff were fined £ 20 @,@ 000 by the FA for failing to control their players . The game was also notable with Norwich having 31 shots at goal despite the game finishing as a draw . = = = November = = = November started badly with a 7 – 0 defeat at Manchester City following a 4 – 0 defeat against Manchester United in the League Cup earlier in the week . This heavy defeat following on from a run of bad form resulted in calls from fans for Chris Hughton to be replaced as manager . Norwich responded to the defeat the following week with a 3 – 1 comeback win over West Ham United . Gary Hooper 's first Premier League goal from the penalty spot marked the start of the comeback and it was completed with goals from Robert Snodgrass and Leroy Fer . Norwich 's poor away form continued after the international break with a 2 – 1 defeat at Newcastle United which stretched their away record to five defeats out of six matches . The run of injuries continued when Anthony Pilkington was stretchered off with a suspected hamstring injury . The 1 – 0 home win over Crystal Palace was watched by a record all @-@ seater home attendance at Carrow Road in a match which was Tony Pulis ' first game in charge of the visitors . = = = December = = = Norwich 's poor away form continued at Anfield with Liverpool winning 5 – 1 . Luis Suarez scored four of the goals which was Suárez 's third hat @-@ trick against Norwich in three seasons and extended his run to eleven goals in five games against Norwich . Three days after their mauling at Liverpool , Norwich were again on the road travelling to West Bromwich Albion where goals from Gary Hooper and Leroy Fer saw them climb up to 14th in the table . The return to Carrow Road for the match against Swansea City saw Hooper score his fourth goal in six games to equalise following Nathan Dyer 's opener . The final game before Christmas saw Norwich travel to the Stadium of Light where the goalless draw saw reach Norwich 19 points , six points clear of the relegation zone , and ensure that Sunderland went into Christmas three points adrift of the bottom of the table . Hooper scored his fifth goal in eight games in a Boxing Day defeat by Fulham . The year finished poorly with a 0 – 1 home defeat by defending champions Manchester United seeing the Canaries pick up only two points from a possible twelve . = = = January = = = The new year started with a 1 – 1 draw in the return fixture against Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park . This was a poor game for Leroy Fer who gave away a penalty for the equaliser and was also sent off for a second yellow card in the 82nd minute . The run of games without a win continued when Norwich visited Liverpool to play Everton where goals from Gareth Barry and Kevin Mirallas saw Norwich come away with nothing . The following game saw loan signing Jonas Gutiérrez make his debut for Norwich and the 1 – 0 win saw Norwich move up to twelfth in the table level on points with visitors Hull . The midweek match which followed a weekend off at home to Newcastle ended in a goalless draw . Both teams finished with ten men after an altercation between Loïc Rémy and Bradley Johnson . Norwich appealed against the decision to send Johnson off . An Independent Regulatory Commission upheld the appeal and the red card was rescinded . = = = February = = = Robert Snodgrass scored early on to give Norwich the lead at half time during the Cardiff City away fixture . The second half of the game started with two quick goals from Craig Bellamy and Kenwyne Jones to see Cardiff come back to win the game . The next game was a visit from title challenging Manchester City which Norwich were expected to lose . Norwich defended well to earn a point and could have won the game when they had a goal disallowed for offside . The following Tuesday Norwich visited West Ham where two late goals from the home side saw them slip to one point above the relegation zone . The defeat saw pressure build once more on Chris Hughton following an interview with Norwich chief executive David McNally . The next match saw champions league chasing Tottenham Hotspur visit Carrow Road where a single Robert Snodgrass goal proving to be enough to take the lead and a number of fine saves saw John Ruddy ensure Norwich kept their fourth home clean sheet in a row . = = = March = = = Norwich started their match against Aston Villa with a goal after 3 minutes by Wes Hoolahan who nearly joined them in the January transfer window . Hoolahan 's goal was a high point of the match after four goals were scored by the home side in sixteen minutes to consign Norwich to another away defeat . Norwich took the lead in the second half of their next match at home to Stoke City thanks to a goal from Bradley Johnson . Jonathan Walters equalised for Stoke City but shortly afterwards was sent off for a foul on Alex Tettey . Norwich failed to make use of the extra man and the game finished as a draw . The following week saw Norwich travel to Southampton where they conceded after five minutes . By eighty minutes Norwich looked out of the game when the score had increased to 3 – 0 to the home side . Two quick goals from Norwich raised hopes of an unlikely point but the result was put beyond doubt when Southampton scored in time added on to make the final score 4 – 2 . The following game , at home to Sunderland , was another game that was billed as " must win " in the media . Goals from Robert Snodgrass and Alex Tettey saw Norwich cruise past Sunderland in the end and lifted them to thirteenth in the table and seven points clear of the bottom three . The trip to Swansea saw Norwich concede three goals and meant that Norwich had lost six away games in a row . = = = April = = = Their next match against West Brom was a crucial one , but a poor performance saw them lose by a single goal dragging them closer to the relegation zone . The defeat saw angry scenes after the game with fans chanting for Chris Hughton to be sacked and also saw John Ruddy climb over the barrier to remonstrate with one of the home fans in the Barclay Stand . This result was the final straw for the club board who sacked Chris Hughton along with Colin Calderwood and Paul Trollope and named Neil Adams as his replacement . Adams ' first game in charge was against Fulham , a team that they had not beaten at Craven Cottage since 1986 . The game was settled by a single first half Hugo Rodallega goal . Norwich entertained league leaders Liverpool for the Easter Sunday match . The game looked like turning into a rout when Liverpool scored two early goals but a strong second half saw Norwich fight back before eventually losing 2 – 3 . Norwich 's next game , at Manchester United , came at the end of a week which saw the hosts sack manager David Moyes and appoint Ryan Giggs as interim player @-@ manager . Two goals apiece from Wayne Rooney and Juan Mata saw Norwich slump to their fifth defeat in a row overall and seventh away defeat in a row . = = = May = = = Norwich went into the final away match against Chelsea knowing that defeat would mean relegation to the Championship after Sunderland beat Manchester United the day before . Norwich ended a run of eight successive away defeats and five defeats overall by holding Chelsea to a goalless draw . This was their first away point since New Years Day . Norwich manager Neil Adams believed that his team should have got more from the game after they were denied a penalty . The result left Norwich favourites for relegation and two points behind fourth bottom Sunderland with one game left to play . Relegation was effectively sealed by a victory for Sunderland against West Brom which left Norwich three points behind West Brom with their vastly inferior goal difference . Relegation was confirmed on the final day of the season when they lost at home to Arsenal . = = = League table = = = = = = Results summary = = = Last updated : 11 May 2014 . Source : Statto.com = = = Results by matchday = = = Last updated : 11 May 2014 . Source : Statto.comGround : A = Away ; H = Home . Result : D = Draw ; L = Loss ; W = Win ; P = Postponed . = = FA Cup = = The third round of the FA Cup drew Norwich against Fulham , a team they had also played at home a week before in the league . Chris Hughton made eight changes to the team that played against Crystal Palace on New Year 's Day . These included naming Josh Murphy in his starting line @-@ up for the match , his first start for the club . During the game Josh Murphy was substituted for his twin brother Jacob Murphy who was making his professional début . The match finished 1 – 1 following a Robert Snodgrass equaliser on 45 minutes . Chris Hughton made six changes for the replay which finished 3 – 0 to the home side after goals from Darren Bent , Ashkan Dejagah and Steve Sidwell . = = League Cup = = Despite making eight changes to the starting eleven Norwich started their League Cup campaign brightly with an entertaining 6 – 3 win at home to Bury with Johan Elmander scoring two of the six goals . The third round of the cup saw Norwich win away at Watford 3 – 2 . Norwich were two goals down on 55 minutes but a goal from Josh Murphy , who was making his professional début , on 77 minutes inspired an extra time comeback . Chris Hughton again made eight changes for the fifth round of the cup which saw Norwich travel to Manchester United where two late goals resulted in a one @-@ sided looking 4 – 0 defeat . = = Aftermath of the season = = Finishing eighteenth in the Premier League resulted in relegation to the Championship for the following season . The Norwich City board announced shortly after relegation was confirmed on 11 May 2014 that a new manager would be announced within the week . On 22 May 2014 Neil Adams was named as the permanent manager despite the relegation from this season and four defeats in five matches as caretaker manager . The upheaval at the club was not limited to change in the management team with a number of first team players being linked to moves away from Carrow Road including Robert Snodgrass , Gary Hooper and John Ruddy . Chairman Alan Bowkett responded to the reports by stating that the club would be under no pressure to sell players during the transfer window . The 2014 summer transfer window started for Norwich with attacking signings of Lewis Grabban from AFC Bournemouth and Kyle Lafferty from 2013 – 14 Serie B champions Palermo on 27 June . This was followed by the sale of Scotland international Robert Snodgrass to Hull City for a fee reported to be in the region of £ 7 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 on 30 June 2014 . On 5 August Norwich announced the signing of former QPR midfielder Gary O 'Neil following his release at the end of the previous season . Anthony Pilkington was the next to leave , joining promotion rivals Cardiff City for a reported fee of £ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 on 15 August . Newly promoted Queens Park Rangers completed the transfer of Leroy Fer for a reported fee of £ 8 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 on 20 August . Also on 20 August it was announced that Carlos Cuellar had signed a one @-@ year deal following his release from Sunderland at the end of the previous season and that Cameron Jerome had signed from Stoke City on a three @-@ year deal for an undisclosed fee . On 2 June 2014 Norwich named under @-@ 21 coach Mark Robson and former player Gary Holt first team coaches . They also named former player and Ipswich Town manager Joe Royle as football consultant . There was criticism of the summer 2013 transfer activity including specific criticism of record signing Ricky Van Wolfswinkel who was rated as one of the worst signings of the season by various critics Norwich City chief executive David McNally admitted that the club had got the summer transfer window " horribly wrong " . Norwich City announced on 25 October 2014 that they made a profit of £ 6 @.@ 7 million from the 2013 – 14 season , with their revenue rising to £ 95 @.@ 5 million from £ 78 @.@ 7 million the previous season . They also made £ 64 @.@ 5 million from Premier League broadcast payments during the season , which was more than the £ 60 @.@ 8 million that Manchester United received for winning the Premier League title the previous season . = = Statistics = = Last updated : 11 May 2014Sources : = = = Overall competition record = = = = = = Appearances , goals and cards = = = Status ( Premier League eligibility ) : HG = Home grown player named in 25 @-@ man squad PL = Non home grown player named in 25 @-@ man squad U21 = Under 21 players Source : Premier League Squad list : = = = Goalscorers = = = = = = Other statistics = = = Norwich 's total of 28 league goals in total were the fewest in the 2013 – 14 Premier League season . Only two teams , Fulham and Cardiff , conceded more goals than Norwich during the League Season . Norwich 's 14 away defeats was the most in the league . Norwich 's 9 away points was the worst in the league . Norwich 's 8 away defeats in a row was the joint worst in the league . = Avro Canada CF @-@ 103 = The Avro Canada CF @-@ 103 was a proposed Canadian interceptor , designed by Avro Canada in the early 1950s as a development , and possible replacement of the company 's CF @-@ 100 Canuck , that was entering service at the time with the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) . Although intended to be capable of flying at transonic speeds , the CF @-@ 103 only proffered a moderate increase in performance and capability over the CF @-@ 100 ; subsequently , the aircraft never progressed beyond the mock @-@ up stage . = = Design and development = = Even before the prototype of the CF @-@ 100 had flown , Avro Canada was conducting studies of potential advanced variations of the aircraft , as the RCAF was seeking an interceptor with greater high @-@ speed performance . Due to the perceived limitations of the CF @-@ 100 's original " thick " , straight wing , Chief Designer John Frost proposed a series of refinements that included a thinner swept wing . In December 1950 , the Avro Aircraft Design Office decided to proceed with a redesign , primarily incorporating the early series CF @-@ 100 fuselage structure with a new swept wing and tail surfaces as part of the C @-@ 100S design study . Frost considered the new design as an interim aircraft between the CF @-@ 100 and the more advanced C @-@ 104 project . The salient changes to the basic wing planform were in decreasing its chord and thickness , and adding a 42 ° sweep to the leading edge , creating a near @-@ delta wing configuration . The tail surfaces were also swept back . One version that was considered featured two streamlined fuel tanks blended into the leading edge of the wings near the three / quarter position . Despite the use of more powerful engines , the redesign had very modest performance specifications , with a planned maximum diving speed of Mach 0 @.@ 95 , scarcely better than the placarded Mach 0 @.@ 85 speed limit of the production CF @-@ 100 Mk 2 and Mk 3 . Avro executives , recognizing that the company had already suffered due to the protracted development of the CF @-@ 100 , determined that Frost 's revised design would provide a " hedge " against the CF @-@ 100 's failure to secure long @-@ term contracts . In 1951 , the Canadian Department of Trade and Commerce issued an order for two prototypes and a static test airframe , under the CF @-@ 103 project designation . Jigs , tools and detailed engineering drawings were in place by June 1951 , with wind tunnel testing , conducted at Cornell University , completed by November 1951 . Although a wooden mock @-@ up of the CF @-@ 103 was built , along with a separate cockpit area and engine section that was partially framed in , the mock @-@ up did not feature an undercarriage unit nor any interior fittings . Two different tail designs were fitted with the initial effort only having a swept leading edge of the tail , while the definitive version had a much more raked appearance . The engineering and installation requirements for the CF @-@ 103 's proposed Orenda 17 jet engines were not finalized , as the experimental " hybrid " using an Orenda 8 compressor unit and Orenda 11 two @-@ stage turbine , matched to a " reheat " unit , had not been fully developed . = = Cancellation = = During 1951 , flight tests carried out by Chief Development Test Pilot S / L Janusz Żurakowski and other members of the Flight Test unit , revealed the development potential of the CF @-@ 100 had outstripped the intended performance envelope of the CF @-@ 103 , while Frost and the Design Office became preoccupied with more sophisticated designs as potential replacements for the CF @-@ 100 . Work on the CF @-@ 103 stalled , with the maiden flight originally scheduled for the summer of 1952 , postponed to mid @-@ 1953 . With Cold War pressures mounting , the Canadian government demanded that production of the latest CF @-@ 100 fighter , as well as developing more advanced variants of the Canuck should predominate , leading the Avro company to curtail the moribund CF @-@ 103 project in December 1951 . Although the mock @-@ up languished in the experimental bay at the factory , a dramatic event served to preclude any attempt to restart the project . On 18 December 1952 , from a height of 33 @,@ 000 ft ( 10 @,@ 000 m ) , Żurakowski dived the CF @-@ 100 Mk 4 prototype ( RCAF Serial No. 18112 ) to Mach 1 @.@ 06 . His " unauthorized " test flight resulted in the final scrapping of the mock @-@ up . = = Specifications = = Data from Avro Arrow : The Story of the Avro Arrow from its Evolution to its Extinction General characteristics Crew : 2 Length : 59 ft 9 in ( 18 @.@ 2 m ) Wingspan : 43 ft ( 13 @.@ 1 m ) Height : 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 87 m ) Powerplant : 2 × Orenda 17 turbojets Dry thrust : 7 @,@ 275 lbf ( 34 @.@ 36 kN ) each Thrust with afterburner : 8 @,@ 490 lbf ( 37 @.@ 8 kN ) each Performance Maximum speed : Mach 0 @.@ 85 or 647 mph ( 1 @,@ 039 km / h ) ( Mach 0 @.@ 95 in dive ) Armament Proposed Forward @-@ firing ventral gun pack containing eight .5 @-@ inch Browning M3 machine guns ( 200 rounds per machine gun ) = Music of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 = Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 is a role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square Enix in 2011 as the sequel to Final Fantasy XIII . The music of the game was composed by Masashi Hamauzu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Mitsuto Suzuki . It was intended to sound different from the music of previous Final Fantasy titles , featuring more musical styles and vocal pieces . Since the release of the game , Square Enix has published the 2011 four @-@ disc soundtrack album , Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 Original Soundtrack , as well as an album of arrangements and alternate versions of tracks from the game , Final Fantasy XIII Original Soundtrack PLUS , in 2012 . The theme song for the game , " Yakusoku no Basho " ( 約束の場所 , The Promised Place ) , was released by singer Mai Fukui as a single in 2011 , and the English version of the song , sung by Charice Pempengco and included in the non @-@ Japanese versions of the game , was included on her 2012 album Infinity . Reviews of the soundtrack album were positive , with critics praising both the variety of styles and quality of the pieces . Several critics noted Mizuta 's work as possibly his finest to date . Reviewers of the game were more mixed , with some feeling that some of the styles of music did not match where they were played in the game . Critics were also mixed in their opinions of the arranged album , feeling that several of the pieces were simply inferior versions of the original tracks . Both of the albums and the single sold well enough to place on the Japanese Oricon charts , with the original soundtrack album reaching a peak of # 13 and remaining on the charts for eight weeks . = = Creation and influence = = The music of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 was composed by Masashi Hamauzu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Mitsuto Suzuki . The three composers were coordinated by Keiji Kawamori to ensure the composers ' three styles meshed well together . Hamauzu , who was the sole composer for the music of Final Fantasy XIII , composed roughly a quarter of the game 's tracks , as did Suzuki , while Mizuta wrote nearly half . Prior to this game , Mizuta has worked on the music of Final Fantasy XI , while Suzuki had been a sound director for several Square Enix games and served as an arranger for XIII . The game 's director , Motomu Toriyama , wanted the game 's soundtrack to have more variety than that of the music in Final Fantasy XIII , as well as feature more styles . As a result , the game had three composers rather than just Hamauzu . Toriyama also wished for the music to have " a more edgy sound " and more vocal pieces , so that it would sound " unlike the typical Final Fantasy title " . The music incorporates a wide variety of styles , from orchestral and electronic to rap , hip @-@ hop , jazz funk , and metal . Prior to the game Hamauzu was known for working on orchestral pieces , Mizuta for instrumental pieces , and Suzuki for electronic pieces , and as a result all three composers attempted to write music that did not fit their general style to avoid only writing music similar to what they had produced before . They also worked with each other to blend their styles together , so that shifts between composers in the soundtrack would not be jarring . While the music is not intended to be reminiscent of Final Fantasy XIII 's music , pieces set in scenes involving places or characters from the prequel use motifs and pieces of music used in that game for those places or characters . Mizuta 's favorite song from the soundtrack that he wrote is " Caius 's Theme " , which he rewrote four times over the course of a month . Suzuki 's favorite is " Historia Crux " , which he wrote as several tunes mixing into one as a metaphor for time travel in the game , and Hamauzu 's is " Knight of the Goddess " , the battle theme for the game , which he attempted to make the equal of " Blinded by Light " , the battle theme of the prequel , which he felt was very well received . = = Soundtrack = = The first album of music from the game which Square Enix released is Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 Original Soundtrack . The album contains all of the musical tracks from the game , and was composed and produced by Masashi Hamauzu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Mitsuto Suzuki . Some of the tracks were arranged by Ryo Yamazaki , Yoshitaka Suzuki , Kengo Tokusashi , Shootie HG , and Sachiko Miyano , and a few songs were arrangements of previous Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu 's chocobo theme . The soundtrack spans four discs and 79 tracks , covering a duration of 5 : 01 : 22 . It was released by Square Enix on December 14 , 2011 in Japan and on February 2 , 2012 in North America as a part of the limited edition of the game , bearing the catalog numbers SQEX @-@ 10296 ~ 9 . The Japanese limited edition of the soundtrack included a bonus disc containing two versions of the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo trailer for the game . The album reached # 13 on the Japanese Oricon charts , and remained on the charts for eight weeks . The album received positive reviews from critics . Patrick Gann of the role @-@ playing video game news website RPGFan called it " a no @-@ questions @-@ asked kind of purchase " , praising in particular the variety of the pieces and the contrasts between the different styles . Jayson Napolitano of the video game music news website Original Sound Version concurred , calling it " a fantastic soundtrack " with eclectic styles , and noting Mizuta 's contributions as his best work to date . Original Sound Version later named the album as the best soundtrack of 2011 . Don Kotowski of Square Enix Music Online , another video game music news website , was not as enthusiastic about the album as other reviewers , as he felt that some of the more experimental tracks missed the mark , but was still positive about the album as a whole . He considered the soundtrack " a fresh sound for the series " , and agreed with Napolitano that Mizuta 's contributions were noteworthy for the composer . Reviewers of the soundtrack in the context of the game were more mixed . Simon Parkin in his review of the game for Eurogamer said that the music " suffers from a lack of coherent direction " and often did not match up with the scenes it was played in . Dale North of Destructoid , however , felt that the soundtrack was " wonderfully varied and lots of fun " , and predicted that " traditionalist " fans of Final Fantasy music would not like it as much . Tracklist = = Soundtrack Plus = = On May 30 , 2012 Square Enix published in Japan a second album of music from the game titled Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 Original Soundtrack PLUS . Similar to the Final Fantasy XIII Original Soundtrack PLUS album released for the previous game , the album contains early versions of songs used in Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 , alternate takes contained in the downloadable content for the game , arrangements made for promotions of the game , and new remixes . The tracks on the album were arranged by Ryo Yamazaki , Kengo Tokusashi , Yoshitaka Suzuki , Goh Hotoda , Shootie HG , and Hiroyuki Togo . The single @-@ disc soundtrack contains 16 tracks , covering a duration of 1 : 07 : 02 , and bears the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10311 . The album 's music covers a variety of styles , often different ones than those of the original pieces , including electronic , instrumental , and piano covers . The album reached # 93 on the Oricon charts , and remained on the charts for one week . Unlike the original soundtrack , the arranged album received mixed reviews from critics . Patrick Gann of RPGFan felt that the album was a good addition to the musical outputs of the Final Fantasy XIII world , and superior to the PLUS soundtrack for the first game in that it relied less on early , unpolished versions of songs . Don Kotowski of Square Enix Music Online , however , felt that the album contained mainly " inferior " versions of works from the original soundtrack , and was not worth acquiring . Both reviewers , however , praised " Clash on the Big Bridge - Oriental Mix - " , an arrangement of a tune by Nobuo Uematsu from Final Fantasy V included in the game 's downloadable content , as a welcome addition to the soundtrack , with Kotowski calling it " amazing " and the main reason to get the album , and Gann terming it " the most interesting version " of the song released to date . = = Theme song = = " Yakusoku no Basho " ( 約束の場所 , The Promised Place ) is the theme song of the Japanese version of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 . Sung by Mai Fukui , it was composed by Koichi Tabo . Non @-@ Japanese versions of the game instead included an alternate English version of the song , " New World " , from Charice Pempengco 's album Infinity ( 2012 ) . " New World " was also composed by Koichi Tabo . " Yakusoku no Basho " was released as a single on November 23 , 2011 by J @-@ more , and included three other tracks in addition to the piece . These tracks are " Tatta Hitori no Mikata " ( たったひとりの味方 , Only One Side ) and instrumental version of both songs . Simon Isogai composed and wrote the lyrics for " Tatta Hitori no Mikata " . The limited edition of the single included a DVD with a music video for the song . The song was also released on Fukui 's six @-@ track mini @-@ album Beautiful Days on December 14 , 2011 , along with a Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 trailer and a code for downloadable content for the game . The single has a length of 21 : 22 , and has the catalog number of YICD @-@ 70093 . The single reached # 24 on the Oricon charts , and stayed on the charts for 8 weeks . = Education in early modern Scotland = Education in early modern Scotland includes all forms of education within the modern borders of Scotland , between the end of the Middle Ages in the late fifteenth century and the beginnings of the Enlightenment in the mid @-@ eighteenth century . By the sixteenth century such formal educational institutions as grammar schools , petty schools and sewing schools for girls were established in Scotland , while children of the nobility often studied under private tutors . Scotland had three universities , but the curriculum was limited and Scottish scholars had to go abroad to gain second degrees . These contacts were one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of Humanism were brought into Scottish intellectual life . Humanist concern with education and Latin culminated in the Education Act 1496 . After the Reformation the Humanist concern with education became part of a programme of godly education , with an attempt to establish a system of parish schools administered by the Church of Scotland ( the " Kirk " ) . A new university was established in Edinburgh and the existing universities underwent a series of reforms associated with Andrew Melville that revitalised them and brought them up to the standards of Humanist scholarship and methods of teaching of institutions elsewhere . In the seventeenth century there were attempts to organise and finance the system of parish schools and a successful expansion of the university system . By the early eighteenth century the network of parish schools was reasonably complete in the Lowlands , but limited in the Highlands where it was supplemented by Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . Scotland began to reap the benefits of its university system , with major early figures of the Enlightenment including Francis Hutcheson , Colin Maclaurin and David Hume . = = Background = = = = = Schooling = = = Surviving sources for education in Medieval Scotland are extremely limited . Outside of occasional references in documents concerned with other matters , they amount to a handful of burgh records and monastic and episcopal registers . In the Highlands there are indications of a system of Gaelic education associated with the professions of poetry and medicine , with ferleyn , who may have taught theology and arts , and rex scholarum of lesser status , but evidence of formal schooling is largely only preserved in place names . By the end of the Middle Ages most large churches probably had song schools , open to all boys . Grammar schools , which were based on the teaching of Latin grammar for boys , could be found in all the main Scottish burghs and some small towns . Educational provision was probably better in towns ; in rural areas , petty schools provided an elementary education . They were almost exclusively aimed at boys , but by the end of the fifteenth century Edinburgh also had schools for girls . These were sometimes described as " sewing schools " , whose name probably indicates one of their major functions , although reading may also have been taught , and were generally run by lay women or nuns . There was also the development of private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers . Sometimes these developed into " household schools " that may also have catered to farming neighbours and kin , as well as the sons of the laird 's household . There is documentary evidence for about 100 schools of these different kinds before the Reformation . The growing Humanist @-@ inspired emphasis on education in the late Middle Ages culminated in the passing of the Education Act 1496 , which decreed that all sons of barons and freeholders of substance should attend grammar schools and endorsed the Humanist concern to learn " perfyct Latyne " . All this resulted in an increase in literacy , although it was largely concentrated among a male and wealthy elite , with perhaps 60 per cent of the nobility being literate by the beginning of the sixteenth century . = = = Universities = = = From the end of the eleventh century universities had been founded across Europe , developing as semi @-@ autonomous centres of learning , often teaching theology , mathematics , law and medicine . By the fifteenth century , beginning in northern Italy , universities had become strongly influenced by Humanist thinking . This put an emphasis on classical authors , questioned some of the accepted certainties of established thinking and manifested itself in the teaching of new subjects , particularly through the medium of the Greek language . In the fifteenth century university colleges had been founded at St John 's College , St Andrews ( 1418 ) and St Salvator 's College was added in 1450 . Glasgow was founded in 1451 and King 's College , Aberdeen in 1495 . St Leonard 's College was added at St. Andrews in 1511 . Initially , they were designed for the training of clerics , but they would increasingly be used by laymen who began to challenge the clerical monopoly of administrative posts in government and law . In this period Scottish universities largely had a Latin curriculum , designed for the clergy and civil and canon lawyers . They did not teach the Greek that was fundamental to the new Humanist scholarship , focusing on metaphysics , and putting a largely unquestioning faith in the works of Aristotle , whose authority would be challenged in the Renaissance . They provided only basic degrees . Those wanting to study for the more advanced degrees that were common amongst European scholars needed to go to universities in other countries . As a result , large numbers of Scots continued their studies on the Continent and at English universities . These international contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of Humanism were brought into Scottish intellectual life . By 1497 the Humanist and historian Hector Boece , born in Dundee and who had studied at Paris , returned to become the first principal at the new university of Aberdeen . Another major figure was Archibald Whitelaw , a teacher at St. Andrews and Cologne who later became a tutor to the young James III and served as royal secretary from 1462 to 1493 . = = Sixteenth century = = = = = Humanism and Protestantism = = = The civic values of humanism , which stressed the importance of order and morality , began to have a major impact on education and would become dominant in universities and schools by the end of the sixteenth century . King 's College Aberdeen was refounded in 1515 . In addition to the basic arts curriculum it offered theology , civil and canon law and medicine . St Leonard 's College was founded in Aberdeen in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart . John Douglas led the refoundation of St John 's College as St Mary 's College , St Andrews in 1538 , as a Humanist academy for the training of clerics , with a stress on biblical study . Robert Reid , Abbot of Kinloss and later Bishop of Orkney , was responsible in the 1520s and 1530s for bringing the Italian humanist Giovanni Ferrario to teach at Kinloss Abbey , where he established an impressive library and wrote works of Scottish history and biography . Reid was also instrumental in organising the public lectures that were established in Edinburgh in the 1540s on law , Greek , Latin and philosophy , under the patronage of the queen consort Mary of Guise . These developed into the " Tounis College " of the city , which would eventually become the University of Edinburgh . In the mid @-@ sixteenth century , Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that rejected Papal authority and many aspects of Catholic theology and practice . It created a predominately Calvinist national church , known as the kirk , which was strongly Presbyterian in outlook , severely reducing the powers of bishops , although not initially abolishing them . This gave considerable power within the new kirk to local lairds , who often had control over the appointment of the clergy and would be important in establishing and funding schools . There was also a shift from emphasis on ritual to one on the word , making the Bible , and the ability to read the Bible , fundamental to Scottish religion . = = = Reformation of schools = = = The Humanist concern with increasing public access to education was shared by the Protestant reformers , who saw schools as vehicles for the provision of moral and religious education for a more godly society . After the Protestant party became dominant in 1560 , the First Book of Discipline set out a plan for a school in every parish , but this proved financially impossible . In the burghs the existing schools were largely maintained , with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools . Schools were supported by a combination of kirk funds , contributions from local heritors or burgh councils and parents that could pay . They were inspected by kirk sessions of local elders , which checked for the quality of teaching and doctrinal purity . There were also large number of unregulated private " adventure schools " . These were often informally created by parents in agreement with unlicensed schoolmasters , using available buildings and are chiefly evident in the historical record through complaints and attempts to suppress them by kirk sessions because they took pupils away from the official parish schools . However , such private schools were often necessary given the large populations and scale of some parishes . They were often tacitly accepted by the church and local authorities and may have been particularly important to girls and the children of the poor . Outside of the established burgh schools , which were generally better funded and more able to pay schoolmasters , masters often combined their position with other employment , particularly minor posts within the kirk , such as clerk . Immediately after the Reformation they were in short supply , but there is evidence that the expansion of the university system provided large numbers of graduates by the seventeenth century . There is evidence of about 800 schools for the period between 1560 and 1633 . The parish schools were " Inglis " schools , teaching in the vernacular and taking children to the age of about 7 , while the grammar schools took boys to about 12 . At their best in the grammar schools , the curriculum included the catechism , Latin , French , Classical literature and sports . The widespread belief in the limited intellectual and moral capacity of women came into conflict with a desire , intensified after the Reformation , for women to take greater personal moral responsibility , particularly as wives and mothers . In Protestantism this necessitated an ability to learn and understand the catechism and even to be able to independently read the Bible , but most commentators of the period , even those that tended to encourage the education of girls , thought they should not receive the same academic education as boys . Girls were only admitted to parish schools when there were insufficient numbers of boys to pay an adequate living for schoolmasters . In the lower ranks of society , girls benefited from the expansion of the parish schools system that took place after the Reformation , but were usually outnumbered by boys and often taught separately , for a shorter time and to a lower level . Girls were frequently taught reading , sewing and knitting , but not writing . Among the nobility there were many educated and cultured women , such as Mary , Queen of Scots . = = = Reformation of universities = = = After the Reformation , Scotland 's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with Andrew Melville , who returned from Geneva to become principal of the University of Glasgow in 1574 . A distinguished linguist , philosopher and poet , he had trained in Paris and studied law at Poitiers , before moving to Geneva and developing an interest in Protestant theology . Influenced by the anti @-@ Aristotelian Pierre Ramus , he placed an emphasis on simplified logic and elevated languages and sciences to the same status as philosophy , allowing accepted ideas in all areas to be challenged . He introduced new specialist teaching staff , replacing the system of " regenting " , where one tutor took the students through the entire arts curriculum . Metaphysics were abandoned and Greek became compulsory in the first year followed by Aramaic , Syriac and Hebrew , launching a new fashion for ancient and biblical languages . Enrollment rates at the University of Glasgow had been declining before his arrival , but students now began to arrive in large numbers . He assisted in the reconstruction of Marischal College , Aberdeen founded as a second university college in the city in 1593 by George Keith , 5th Earl Marischal , and , in order to do for St Andrews what he had done for Glasgow , he was appointed Principal of St Mary 's College , St Andrews in 1580 . The " Tounis College " established in the mid @-@ sixteenth century became the University of Edinburgh in 1582 . Melville 's reforms produced a revitalisation of all Scottish universities , which were now providing a quality of education equal to the most esteemed higher education institutions anywhere in Europe . = = Seventeenth century = = = = = Parish schools = = = In 1616 an act in Privy council commanded every parish to establish a school " where convenient means may be had " . After the Parliament of Scotland ratified this law and the Education Act of 1633 , a tax on local landowners was introduced to provide the necessary endowment . From 1638 Scotland underwent a " second Reformation " , with widespread support for a National Covenant , objecting to the Charles I 's liturgical innovations and reaffirming the Calvinism and Presbyterianism of the kirk . After the Bishop 's Wars ( 1639 – 40 ) , Scotland had virtual independence from the government in Westminster . Education remained fundamental to the ideas of the Covenanters . A loophole which allowed evasion of the education tax was closed in the Education Act of 1646 , which established a solid institutional foundation for schools on Covenanter principles , emphasising the role of presbyteries in supervision . Although the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 brought a reversal to the 1633 position , in 1696 new legislation restored the provisions of 1646 together with means of enforcement " more suitable to the age " and underlined the aim of having a school in every parish . In rural communities these acts obliged local landowners ( heritors ) to provide a schoolhouse and pay a schoolmaster , known in Scotland as a dominie , while ministers and local presbyteries oversaw the quality of the education . In many Scottish towns , burgh schools were operated by local councils . By the late seventeenth century there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the Lowlands , but in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas . = = = Growth of the universities = = = Under the Commonwealth ( 1652 – 60 ) , the universities saw an improvement in their funding , as they were given income from deaneries , defunct bishoprics and the excise , allowing the completion of buildings including the college in the High Street in Glasgow . They were still largely seen as training schools for clergy , and came under the control of the hard line Protesters , who were generally favoured by the regime because of their greater antipathy to royalism , with leading protester Patrick Gillespie being made Principal at Glasgow in 1652 . After the Restoration there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities , but most of the intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved . The five Scottish universities recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a lecture @-@ based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science , offering a high @-@ quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry . All saw the establishment or re @-@ establishment of chairs of mathematics . Astronomy was facilitated by the building of observatories at St. Andrews and at King 's and Marischal colleges in Aberdeen . Robert Sibbald was appointed as the first Professor of Medicine at Edinburgh and he co @-@ founded the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1681 . These developments helped the universities to become major centres of medical education and would put Scotland at the forefront of Enlightenment thinking . = = Early eighteenth century = = = = = Limitations of the school system = = = One of the effects of the extensive network of parish schools was the growth of the " democratic myth " , which in the nineteenth century created the widespread belief that many a " lad of pairts " had been able to rise up through the system to take high office and that literacy was much more widespread in Scotland than in neighbouring states , particularly England . Historians now accept that very few boys were able to pursue this route to social advancement and that literacy was not noticeably higher than in comparable nations , as the education in the parish schools was basic and short and attendance was not compulsory . By the eighteenth century many poorer girls were being taught in dame schools , informally set up by a widow or spinster to teach reading , sewing and cooking . Among members of the aristocracy by the early eighteenth century a girl 's education was expected to include basic literacy and numeracy , needlework , cookery and household management , while polite accomplishments and piety were also emphasised . Female illiteracy rates based on signatures among female servants were around 90 percent from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth centuries , and perhaps 85 percent for women of all ranks by 1750 , compared with 35 per cent for men . Overall literacy rates were slightly higher than in England as a whole , but female rates were much lower than for their English counterparts . In the Scottish Highlands , popular education was challenged by problems of distance and physical isolation , as well as teachers ' and ministers ' limited knowledge of Scottish Gaelic , the primary local language . Here the Kirk 's parish schools were supplemented by those established from 1709 by the Scottish Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . Its aim in the Highlands was to teach English language and end the attachment to Roman Catholicism associated with rebellious Jacobitism . Though the SSPCK schools eventually taught in Gaelic , the overall effect contributed to the erosion of Highland culture . Literacy rates were lower in the Highlands than in comparable Lowland rural society , and despite these efforts illiteracy remained prevalent into the nineteenth century . = = = Beginnings of the Enlightenment = = = Access to Scottish universities was probably more open than in contemporary England , Germany or France . Attendance was less expensive and the student body more representative of society as a whole . In the eighteenth century Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution the European Enlightenment . Key figures in the Scottish Enlightenment who had made their mark before the mid @-@ eighteenth century included Francis Hutcheson ( 1694 – 1746 ) , who was professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow from 1729 to 1746 . He was an important link between the ideas of Shaftesbury and the later school of Scottish Common Sense Realism , developing Utilitarianism and Consequentialist thinking . Colin Maclaurin ( 1698 – 1746 ) , appointed to a chair of mathematics by the age of 19 at Marischal College , was the leading British mathematician of his era . Perhaps the most significant intellectual figure of early modern Scotland was David Hume ( 1711 – 76 ) whose Treatise on Human Nature ( 1738 ) and Essays , Moral and Political ( 1741 ) helped outline the parameters of philosophical Empiricism and Scepticism . He would be a major influence of later Enlightenment figures including Adam Smith , Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham . = Pilot ( Cold Feet ) = Cold Feet is a British television pilot directed by Declan Lowney . It stars James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale as Adam and Rachel , a couple who meet and fall in love , only for the relationship to break down when he gets cold feet . John Thomson , Fay Ripley , Hermione Norris and Robert Bathurst appear in supporting roles . The programme was written by Mike Bullen , a BBC radio producer with little screenwriting experience , who was tasked with creating a one @-@ off television production that would appeal to middle @-@ class television audiences , who the executive producer Andy Harries believed were underepresented on British television . After filming was completed in 1996 the commissioning network ITV shelved it for a year . It was eventually scheduled for broadcast on the evening of 30 March 1997 , as part of the network 's Comedy Premieres strand , but overrunning sports coverage delayed it for an hour . Ratings were low and critical reviews were minimal , but positive ; critics enjoyed the comedy drama format and praised the writing and performances of the leads . Harries entered Cold Feet in the Montreux Television Festival , where it was awarded the Rose d 'Or , the festival 's top prize , resulting in ITV quickly scheduling a repeat broadcast . At the end of the year it won the award for Best Comedy Drama ( ITV ) at the British Comedy Awards and the incoming director of channels ordered a full series , which ran for five successful years from 1998 to 2003 . = = Plot = = Adam Williams ( James Nesbitt ) breaks up with another in a long line of girlfriends and spends the evening at the pub with his friend Pete Gifford ( John Thomson ) . Pete arrives home late , which annoys his wife Jenny ( Fay Ripley ) , who calculated that night to be the best time for them to conceive a child . She becomes even more frustrated when she sees Pete has brought Adam back ; he missed his last bus home . Rachel Bradley 's ( Helen Baxendale ) boyfriend Simon Atkinson ( Stephen Mapes ) breaks up with her over dinner after taking a job in Hong Kong . Rachel angrily leaves the restaurant and telephones her friend Karen Marsden ( Hermione Norris ) , who has just asked her husband David ( Robert Bathurst ) if they can get a nanny to take care of their son Josh . Rachel crashes her car into Adam 's on a supermarket car park . After a brief argument Adam suggests they exchange phone numbers , under the pretence that it is for insurance purposes . She writes hers on his rear windscreen but rain washes it off . Prompted by Pete , Adam spends a day on the supermarket car park , in the hope that he and Rachel will cross paths , but they do not meet . At a dinner party held by Karen and David , Karen suggests Rachel get out more and advises her to call Adam . They go on a date but Adam is disappointed that Rachel does not want sex . Eventually , he suggests they see a play , which happens to be on at a theatre near his house . The play is dismal but Rachel decides it is time they slept together . Jenny takes another pregnancy test , but it is negative . Adam arrives and recounts his dates with Rachel to her and Pete , telling them he loves Rachel . Following a discussion with Pete about women and commitment , Adam argues with Rachel and angrily leaves her flat . Seconds later Simon returns , telling Rachel he has turned down the Hong Kong job . After getting locked out the house , Karen interrupts a seminar David is holding , demanding they get a nanny . He relents , embarrassed after being shown up in front of his colleagues . Determined to get Rachel back , Adam goes to Simon 's flat , where he serenades her wearing nothing but a rose between his buttocks . Jenny and Pete arrive to find Simon chasing a naked Adam down the street . The fight is interrupted by a passing policeman , who lists multiple felonies Adam has committed , until Rachel steps forward and takes the blame for what has happened . She declares her love to Adam and the two leave . Pete and Jenny watch and she tells him her last pregnancy test was positive . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Writer Mike Bullen 's first script , an hour @-@ long comedy entitled The Perfect Match , was produced by Granada Television in 1995 . Granada 's controller of comedy Andy Harries was pleased with the balance Bullen 's script struck between comedy and drama . Eager to develop a television series for middle @-@ class thirty @-@ somethings , Harries had Bullen pitch ideas to The Perfect Match assistant producer Christine Langan , with a view to making a pilot . Bullen 's initial idea was a typical " boy meets girl , boy loses girl , boy wins girl back " story , but told from both sides of the relationship . Langan accepted Bullen 's pitch and he began writing a first draft . Bullen and Langan were influenced by the American television series Thirtysomething and the film When Harry Met Sally ; the stories were funny and dramatic but neither aspect was " ghettoised " . Believing that there was little television aimed at people like them , Bullen and Langan discussed their own lives and friends , using personal experiences to create the characters : Adam was based on Bullen before he met his wife and Rachel was based on a combination of his ex @-@ girlfriends and " the fantasy girlfriend " . When writing his first draft , Bullen realised that telling the same story from both sides of the relationship would mean repeating something that the audience had already seen . To rectify this he introduced the fantasy scenes and the idea of the characters reporting events in a slightly different way to what really happened . Adam and Rachel were originally Londoners living in Chelsea . Langan proposed moving the setting to Manchester to keep production costs down by using Granada 's existing studios based in the city . Harries , who wanted a series to be commissioned by ITV , agreed , believing it would make the show more accessible to viewers . Another requirement for a series was the number of potential storylines ; Adam and Rachel 's plot was self @-@ contained . Harries told Bullen to expand the four supporting characters ' roles , so Bullen " tacked on " their storylines . The script went through up to seven drafts before being filmed . Langan interviewed several directors before hiring Father Ted director Declan Lowney . Lowney initially rejected the script , believing the characters to be very smug . After re @-@ reading it , he met Langan backstage after a Father Ted taping , where he compared the story to The Big Chill . Both producer and director " clicked " and Lowney joined the production team . = = = Casting = = = After commissioning the pilot , ITV Network Centre did not dictate to the producers who should be cast . John Thomson , a comedian known for his work with Steve Coogan , was the first to be cast . He had played Rick , a minor character in The Perfect Match , a role Bullen describes as " proto @-@ Pete " . Bullen was impressed by Thomson 's natural comedy and Langan asked him to write a role for him to play in Cold Feet . Thomson accepted the role because he did not want to be known forever for playing " Fat Bob " , the sidekick of Coogan 's Paul Calf in a series of sketches . Lowney had been introduced to James Nesbitt through a mutual friend . He brought him in to audition for the part of Adam after seeing his " wonderfully expressive face " in a Persil advertisement . At the audition , Nesbitt asked to do the reading with his own accent , believing that Northern Irish characters rarely appeared in contemporary British drama without " political baggage " . Langan found Nesbitt 's approach to be refreshing and he was cast as Adam . Halfway through the casting process , Cardiac Arrest actress Helen Baxendale became available . BAFTA Scotland award @-@ nominated Baxendale was seen as a coup , though she was hesitant to audition as she believed that she could not do comedy . Harries persuaded her that she was more than qualified , citing her comedic performance in Cardiac Arrest . She was cast as Rachel on the basis of her chemistry at the audition with Nesbitt . Fay Ripley assumed that she would be reading for the role of Rachel , and was surprised to be auditioning for Jenny . Many of the actresses seen for the part were " finger @-@ wagging " and " predictable " , an approach Ripley did not take . Raised in Surrey , Ripley had to adopt a Manchester accent for the part . She " managed to bodge together a sort of Manchester accent " for the audition , assuming that she would not get the part . When she was cast , she worked on improving the accent by spending time talking to local people . Robert Bathurst was appearing in The Rover during casting and arrived at his audition " bearded and shaggy " . He did not expect to win the part of David , the " smooth " management consultant , assuming someone " a lot shinier and flashier " than him would be cast . Langan had seen him in Joking Apart and some other sitcom pilots and was attracted to his " disciplined comic energy " . Hermione Norris first read for Rachel but Lowney asked her to read for Karen because her social class matched that of the character , and she had a good rapport with Bathurst . Other actors appearing are Mark Andrews as Howard , Mark Crowshaw as the waiter , John Griffin as Andrew , David Harewood as the Police Sergeant , Kathryn Hunt as Pru , Pauline Jefferson as the Old Lady , Jeremy Turner @-@ Welch as the Neighbour , and Lewis Hancock as the Evangelist . Mike Bullen makes a cameo appearance as the actor . Bullen insisted on having a line as when he visited the set of The Perfect Match he " felt like a spare part " . = = = Filming and music = = = Filming was scheduled over a 12 @-@ day period on Granada 's sets and on location around Manchester , following a week of rehearsals . It was shot entirely on film stock . For the climax involving the rose , Nesbitt was required to be nearly naked on an open set , save for a small pouch that was not visible on screen . There was a risk that production could be shut down if residents of the street they were filming on complained to the police , so the production manager ensured that Nesbitt was covered up when he was not being filmed . Filming the five @-@ minute scene took about two hours . The song " Female of the Species " by Space was used throughout the programme ; the instrumental version plays over the opening credits and the full lyrical version is heard during a first @-@ act montage . The track was chosen by Langan after she heard it on The Chart Show . The rest of the incidental music and the main end credits theme was composed by The Other Two . Adam 's song was originally scripted to be Nilsson 's " Without You " but the rights to the song were too expensive . The song was substituted with " I 've Got You Under My Skin " . = = Reception = = Following post @-@ production , the programme was shelved by ITV Network Centre until 1997 , when it was placed on the Easter weekend schedule as part of the network 's " Comedy Premieres " programming strand . The broadcast , scheduled for a 9 pm start on 30 March , went head @-@ to @-@ head with launch night of Channel 5 , Britain 's last terrestrial television channel , and the second part of the BBC1 drama The Missing Postman . Also broadcast on 30 March was ITV 's coverage of the Brazilian Grand Prix . The race was restarted due to an accident and threw ITV 's evening schedules into disarray . Broadcast of Cold Feet eventually began 40 minutes later than originally advertised and the overnight ratings reflected this ; it recorded viewing figures of just 3 @.@ 5 million . Harries wrote it off as a failure , telling Langan that they would never get a series . Some critical success came though ; writing in The Times the day after it aired , Matthew Bond called it " an enjoyable one @-@ off comedy aimed at anybody who 's ever been single , married , or had children . With such catholic appeal further heightened by Helen Baxendale heading a talented cast , it showed just what ITV can do when it is trying to win awards , such as the Golden Rose of Montreux . " The Sun 's Tim Ewbank echoed Bond 's reaction , expressing surprise that a " fast , funny , convincing " comedy had appeared on ITV , calling it " a treat " and " sharply observed " , and Baxendale and Nesbitt " terrific " . An ITV committee selected Cold Feet to represent the network in the comedy @-@ drama category at the Montreux Television Festival at the end of April . Bullen was unable to attend the Rose d 'Or ceremony as he was sick with flu , so Harries took his place . The programme won the Silver Rose in the Humour category and the Golden Rose of Montreux , the festival 's highest honour . The Montreux jury was headed by David Liddiment , who became ITV 's director of channels in the latter half of 1997 and was influential in ordering a full series from Harries . Peter Salmon , Granada 's director of programmes , called the win " a reflection of the brilliant production and acting talents of the team " . Paul Spencer , the ITV network controller of comedy , called it " exactly the kind of comedy at which ITV excels . Bullen met with ITV executives to outline a series , and storylines were established by the end of May . After the success at Montreux , ITV scheduled a repeat of Cold Feet for 25 May , this time at 9 pm The repeat brought in 5 @.@ 60 million viewers , making it the 66th most @-@ watched programme on British television that week . A. A. Gill , who had not seen the original broadcast , wrote that " it was lifted from being merely whimsical by some bow @-@ tight comic acting and a great script " , though he did not see the Golden Rose win as a particularly glorious achievement , citing the saturation of the Montreux Festival by British programmes in the 1990s . Further recognition came at the end of the year at the British Comedy Awards when Cold Feet won the Best Comedy Drama ( ITV ) award and at the Royal Television Society Programme Awards , where it was nominated for Best Situation Comedy & Comedy Drama . Helen Baxendale was nominated for the British Comedy Award for Top Television Comedy Actress but lost to Dawn French . At the RTS North West Awards , Cold Feet won the award for Best Network Entertainment Programme . The programme has retained the interest of reviewers several years after its original broadcast ; writing for The Jerusalem Post , Aryeh Dean Cohen said , " The cast sparkles all around , as does the script , and the characters are endearing and believable . " Granada 's sale of the series package to American cable network Bravo in 2000 included this pilot . Bravo hired agency G WhiZ to design a series of print and media advertisements for the series to run in such publications as The New York Times . G WhiZ based their campaign on the shot of Adam 's buttocks , which led to many publications either asking for an alternative or refusing to carry the promotion outright . = = Home media = = Cold Feet 's first home video publication came in 1999 when it was released on VHS by Video Collection International , with the subtitle " A comedy about life , love & everything else ! " A short behind @-@ the @-@ scenes feature on the filming of the second series was included . It was also released together with the double @-@ video set and DVD of the first series . In July 2007 , it was made available as streaming media on ITV 's revamped itv.com website and in April 2008 was made available for purchase on ITV 's iTunes Store shop . = Third Epistle of John = The Third Epistle of John , often referred to as Third John and written 3 John , is the antepenultimate book of the New Testament and attributed to John the Evangelist , traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two epistles of John . The Third Epistle of John is a private letter composed to a man named Gaius , recommending to him a group of Christians led by Demetrius , which had come to preach the gospel in the area where Gaius lived . The purpose of the letter is to encourage and strengthen Gaius , and to warn him against Diotrephes , who refuses to cooperate with the author of the letter . Early church literature contains no mention of the epistle , with the first reference to it appearing in the middle of the third century . This lack of documentation , though likely due to the extreme brevity of the epistle , caused early church writers to doubt its authenticity until the early 5th century , when it was accepted into the canon along with the other two epistles of John . The language of 3 John echoes that of the Gospel of John , which is conventionally dated to around AD 90 , so the epistle was likely written near the end of the first century . Others contest this view such as the scholar John A. T. Robinson who dates 3 John to c . AD 60 – 65 . The location of writing is unknown , but tradition places it in Ephesus . The epistle is found in many of the oldest New Testament manuscripts , and its text is free of major discrepancies or textual variants . = = Content = = There is no doctrine laid out in 3 John , which is strictly a personal letter , but the overall theme is the importance of hospitality , especially when it comes to men who were working to spread the gospel . Third John is the shortest book of the Bible by word count , though 2 John has fewer verses . It is the only New Testament book which does not contain the names " Jesus " or " Christ " . = = = Greeting and introduction = = = The letter is written to a man named Gaius . Gaius seems to have been a wealthy man , since the epistle 's author , who identifies himself only as " the Elder " , did not think it would impose unduly on him to host some traveling preachers for a short time . The Elder may have converted Gaius , since he calls Gaius his " child " in the faith . The Apostolic Constitutions VII.46.9 records that Gaius was made bishop of Pergamon , though there is no early support for this statement . The name Gaius occurs three other times in the New Testament . First , a Christian Gaius is mentioned in Macedonia as a traveling companion of Paul , along with Aristarchus ( Acts 19 : 29 ) . One chapter later , a Gaius from Derbe is named as one of Paul 's seven traveling companions who waited for him at Troas ( Acts 20 : 4 ) . Next , a Gaius is mentioned residing in Corinth as being one of only a few people there ( the others being Crispus and the household of Stephanas ) who were baptised by Paul , who founded the Church in that city ( 1 Corinthians 1 : 14 ) . Lastly , a Gaius is referred to in a final greeting portion of the Epistle to the Romans ( Romans 16 : 23 ) as Paul 's " host " and also host of the whole church , in whatever city Paul is writing from at the time ( probably Corinth ) . However , there is no reason to suppose that any of these men were the Gaius of 3 John . Verse 2 , where the author wishes material prosperity upon Gaius similar to the prosperity of his soul , is a commonly used proof text within prosperity gospel teachings ; opponents of the prosperity gospel consider the verse to be little more than well @-@ wishing . = = = Missionaries = = = The Elder continues the letter by commending Gaius for his loyalty and his hospitality towards a group of traveling " brothers " . The " brothers " are brothers in the faith or missionaries , who in accordance with Jesus ' command in Mark 6 : 8 – 9 have set out on a journey without any money . The Elder then goes on to request that Gaius provide for the brothers to continue their journey . = = = Opposition of Diotrephes = = = The Elder next describes his conflict with Diotrephes , who does not acknowledge the Elder 's authority and is excommunicating those , like Gaius , who welcome missionaries sent by the Elder . The Elder mentions a previous letter which he has written to the church which was suppressed by Diotrephes , and says that he intends to visit the church and to confront Diotrephes . " The church " is apparently known to Gaius , but he is likely not a member of it , since otherwise the Elder would not need to provide him with information about Diotrephes ' activities . The dispute between Diotrephes and the Elder seems to be based on church leadership and authority rather than doctrine , since the Elder does not accuse Diotrephes of teaching heresy . Most scholars do not connect the letter the Elder mentions with 2 John , since 3 John does not contain any reference to the doctrinal controversy described in 2 John , and argue that the Elder is here referring to a previous letter of recommendation . John Painter , however , argues the Elder is in fact referring to 2 John , since there is overlap between 2 John 9 and the theme of hospitality in 3 John . The Elder closes this section with an entreaty to Gaius : " Beloved , do not imitate evil but imitate good . Whoever does good is from God ; whoever does evil has not seen God . " This injunction is reminiscent of several passages in 1 John ( 2 : 3 – 5 , 3 : 4 – 10 , 4 : 7 ) . = = = Final greetings and conclusion = = = Verse 12 introduces another man named Demetrius , who according to the Apostolic Constitutions VII.46.9 was ordained by John as bishop of Philadelphia ( now Amman , Jordan ) . Demetrius was probably a member of the group of missionaries discussed earlier in the letter , and 3 John likely serves as a recommendation letter to Gaius about Demetrius . Recommendation letters were quite common in the early church , as evidenced by 2 Corinthians 3 : 1 , Romans 16 : 1 – 2 , and Colossians 4 : 7 – 8 . The Elder , before ending the letter , says that he has many other things to tell to Gaius , and plans to make a journey to see him in the near future , using almost the exact language of 2 John 12 . The closing verse , " Peace be to you . The friends greet you . Greet the friends , one by one " , is typical of contemporary correspondence , with " Peace be to you " a greeting adopted by Christians from the Jews . = = Authorship = = 3 John was almost certainly written by the same author who wrote 2 John , and likely 1 John as well . This individual may have been John the Evangelist himself or someone else , perhaps John the Presbyter , though according to scholar C. H. Dodd , " If we attempt to ... identify the anonymous author of these epistles with some known individual , we have little but surmise to go on . " There are many similarities between 2 and 3 John . Both follow the format of other personal letters of the era ; in both the author self @-@ identifies as " the Presbyter " , a term which literally means " the elder " ; and both deal with themes of hospitality and conflict within the church . They are also extremely similar in length , probably because they were both written to fit on one papyrus sheet . 3 John is also linguistically similar to both 2 John and other Johannine works . Of 99 different words used , 21 are unimportant words like " and " or " the " , leaving 78 significant words . 23 of these do not appear in 1 John or the Gospel of John , of which four are unique to 3 John , one is common to 2 and 3 John , and two are found in both 2 and 3 John as well as in other New Testament writings . Approximately 30 % of the significant words in 3 John do not appear in 1 John or the Gospel , compared to 20 % for 2 John . These considerations indicate a close affinity between 2 and 3 John , while 2 John is more strongly connected to 1 John that is 3 John . A minority of scholars , however , argue against common authorship of 2 and 3 John , and Rudolf Bultmann held that 2 John was a forgery based on 3 John . If 3 John was written by John the Apostle , however , it is strange that Diotrephes would oppose him since the apostles were highly respected in the early church . One possible alternative view of the epistle 's authorship arises from a fragment written by Papias of Hierapolis and quoted by Eusebius which mentions a man named " the Presbyter John " . However , since nothing else is known of this individual it is not possible to positively identify him as the author of 3 John . = = = Date and location of writing = = = All three letters of John were likely written within a few years of each other , and internal evidence indicates that they were written after the Gospel of John , placing them in the second half of the first century . This dating makes sense given their allusions and opposition to Gnostic and docetic teaching , which denied the full humanity of Jesus , and which was gaining ascendancy at the end of the first century . Dodd argues for a date between 96 – 110 A.D. , concluding from the absence of references to persecution in the letters that they were probably written after the harsh reign of the Roman emperor Domitian , whose persecution of Christians seems to have prompted the writing of the Book of Revelation . Dodd notes , however , that they could have been written in the pre @-@ Domitian era , which is likely if the author was a personal disciple of Jesus . Marshall suggests a date of between the 60s and 90s . Rensberger suggests a dating of around 100 , assuming that the Gospel of John was written in the 90s and the letters must have followed after . Brown argues for a date of between 100 and 110 , with all three letters composed in close time proximity . A date past 110 – 115 is unlikely , as parts of 1 John and 2 John are quoted by Polycarp and Papias . The letters do not indicate the location of authorship , but since the earliest quotations of them ( in the writings of Polycarp , Papias , and Irenaeus ) come from the province of Asia Minor , it is likely that the epistles were also written in Asia . Church tradition typically places them in the city of Ephesus . = = = Manuscripts = = = 3 John is preserved in many of the old manuscripts of the New Testament . Of the Greek great uncial codices , codices Sinaiticus , Alexandrinus , and Vaticanus contain all three Johannine epistles , while Codex Ephraemi contains 3 John 3 – 15 along with 1 John 1 : 1 – 4 . Codex Bezae , while missing most of the Catholic epistles , contains 3 John 11 – 15 in Latin translation . In languages other than Greek , the Vulgate and the Sahidic , Armenian , Philoxenian Syriac , and Aethiopic versions contain all three epistles . Between the different copies there are no major difficulties or differences , meaning that there is very little doubt over determining the original text . = = Canonical history = = There are some doubtful similarities between passages in the Johannine epistles and the writings of Polycarp and Papias , but the earliest definitive references to the epistles come from the late second century . Irenaeus in Adversus Haereses 3 @.@ 16 @.@ 8 ( written c . 180 ) , quotes 2 John 7 and 8 , and in the next sentence 1 John 4 : 1 , 2 , but does not distinguish between 1 and 2 John ; he does not quote from 3 John . The Muratorian Canon seems to refer to two letters of John only , though it is possible to interpret it as referring to three . 1 John is extensively cited by Tertullian , who died in 215 , and Clement of Alexandria , in addition to quoting 1 John , wrote a commentary on 2 John in his Adumbrationes . All three Johannine epistles were recognized by the 39th festal letter of Athanasius , the Synod of Hippo and the Council of Carthage . Additionally Didymus the blind wrote a commentary on all three epistles , showing that by the early 5th century they were being considered as a single unit . The first reference to 3 John is in the middle of the third century ; Eusebius says that Origen knew of both 2 and 3 John , however Origen is reported as saying " all do not consider them genuine " . Similarly , Dionysius of Alexandria , Origen 's pupil , was aware of a " reputed Second or Third Epistle of John " . Also around this time 3 John is thought to have been known in North Africa as it was referred to in the Sententiae Episcoporum produced by the Seventh Council of Carthage . There was doubt about the authority of 3 John , however , with Eusebius listing it and 2 John as " disputed books " despite describing them as " well @-@ known and acknowledged by most " . Although Eusebius believed the Apostle wrote the Gospel and the epistles , it is likely that doubt about the fidelity of the author of 2 and 3 John was a factor in causing them to be disputed . By the end of the fourth century the Presbyter ( author of 2 and 3 John ) was thought to be a different person than the Apostle John . This opinion , although reported by Jerome , was not held by all , as Jerome himself attributed the epistles to John the Apostle . One factor which helps explain the late attestation of 3 John and the doubts about its authority is the very short nature of the letter ; early writers may simply not have had occasion to quote from it . = Eric Cartman = Eric Theodore Cartman is one of the main characters in the animated television series South Park , created by Matt Stone and Trey Parker , and voiced by Trey Parker . Cartman , generally referred to by his surname , is one of four central characters in South Park , along with his friends Stan Marsh , Kyle Broflovski , and Kenny McCormick . Cartman first appeared , originally named Kenny , in prototypical form in a 1992 animated short Jesus vs. Frosty , and a 1995 animated short Jesus vs. Santa , and first appeared on television in the pilot episode of South Park , " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " , on August 13 , 1997 . Cartman is an elementary school student who lives with his mother in the fictional town of South Park , Colorado , where he routinely has extraordinary experiences atypical of a small town . Cartman has been portrayed as aggressive , prejudiced , arrogant , and narcissistic since his character 's inception ; Stone and Parker describe the character as " a little Archie Bunker " . These traits are significantly augmented in later seasons as his character evolves , and he begins to exhibit extremely psychopathic , sociopathic and manipulative behavior , and also be depicted as highly intelligent , able to execute morally appalling plans and business ideas with success . Cartman is considered to be the most popular character on South Park . Parker and Stone state that he is their favorite character , and the one with whom they most identify . South Park has received both praise and criticism for Cartman 's politically incorrect behavior . Prominent publications and television channels have included Cartman on their lists as one of the most iconic television and cartoon characters of all time . = = Role in South Park = = Eric Cartman attends South Park Elementary as part of Mr. Garrison 's class . During the show 's first 58 episodes , Cartman and the other main characters are in the third grade , after which they move on to the fourth grade . He is an only child being raised by Liane Cartman , a promiscuous single mother . In " Cartman 's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut " ( 1998 ) , Liane Cartman claims to be a hermaphrodite when she also claims to be the father of Cartman and that she did not know the woman who gave birth to Cartman . However , the season 14 ( 2010 ) episode " 201 " later reveals that Liane actually is his mother , and that his true biological father is Jack Tenorman , a fictional former player for the Denver Broncos whom Cartman arranged to be killed in the season five ( 2001 ) episode " Scott Tenorman Must Die " , making Cartman and Scott Tenorman half @-@ brothers and putting Liane 's intersexual identity in question . Among the show 's main child characters , Cartman is distinguished as " the fat kid " , and his obesity is a continuing subject of insults and ridicule from other characters throughout the show 's run . Cartman is frequently portrayed as an antagonist or villain whose actions set in motion the events serving as the main plot of an episode . Other children and classmates are alienated by Cartman 's insensitive , racist , xenophobic , anti @-@ semitic , lazy , self @-@ righteous behavior , but are occasionally influenced by his obtrusive , manipulative , and propagandist antics . Kyle , who is Jewish , is often the target of Cartman 's slander and anti @-@ Semitic insults . The two have shared an enmity since the show 's beginnings , and their rivalry has become significantly more pronounced as the series has progressed , with Cartman even routinely exposing Kyle to physical endangerment . Kyle has intentionally endangered Cartman as well by convincing him in " Fatbeard " to go to Somalia in hopes that he will be killed . However , at other times , Kyle is an enthusiastic participant in Cartman 's schemes and Cartman is sometimes seen actually being nice to Kyle in some instances . Parker and Stone have compared the relationship to the one shared by Archie Bunker and Michael " Meathead " Stivic on the 1970s sitcom All in the Family . Kyle has a tendency to make what he thinks are safe bets with Cartman , and often loses these bets when the improbable actions promised by Cartman are accomplished . Cartman 's motivation in this regard is not merely monetary gain , but an obsession with scoring a victory over Kyle , a fixation that ultimately plays a major part in a subplot to the three @-@ part episode " Imaginationland " ( season 11 , 2007 ) . This obsession has also proven itself to actually trump other goals Cartman wishes to achieve , for instance , in " Christian Rock Hard " Cartman makes a bet with Kyle that he can make a platinum album before Kyle can . After recruiting Butters and Token , Cartman creates a Christian rock band called " Faith + 1 " and " writes " Christian songs by merely taking love songs and replacing words such as " baby " with " Jesus " ( which humorously implicates sexual relations with Jesus ) . Against all odds , the band becomes largely successful , managing to sell over a million copies ( and potentially gain millions of dollars ) . However , since Christian rock bands cannot truly get a platinum album ( which is not true in real life ) , Cartman loses the bet . Despite having amassed a large fan base as well as a large , steady income , Cartman only becomes enraged since he was unable to win a bet with Kyle . Careless in his anger accepting the " Myrrh " album in front of a large Christian crowd , Cartman goes into an Anti @-@ Christian rant which drives away all of the fans as well as profits . In " You 're Getting Old " , the final episode of the first half of South Park 's 15th season , it is suggested that Kyle and Cartman may be developing a genuine friendship , possibly due to the void left by Stan 's apparent departure . Cartman 's resentment of Stan is usually reserved for when Cartman proudly proclaims his hatred for both Stan and Kyle as a duo , and his contempt for Stan as an individual is usually limited to his annoyance with Stan 's sensitivity , affection for animals , and the relationship Stan shares with Wendy . Despite being intolerant of other cultures , Cartman displays an aptitude for learning foreign languages . In the episode " My Future Self n ' Me " when he starts " Parental Revenge Corp " , he speaks Spanish to his Latino workers , though he may have learned the language merely from a practical standpoint in order to better exploit a labor pool . He also knows German , and once spoke a few phrases while dressed up as Adolf Hitler while promoting the extermination of Jews to an oblivious audience that did not speak German . Cartman can also be seen speaking broken German with an American accent in Season 15 Episode 2 " Funnybot " . Conversely in one episode ( " Major Boobage " ) Cartman acts as an Oskar Schindler character for the town 's cats , a rare case of a subplot based on Cartman 's altruism . Cartman frequently teases Kenny for being poor , and derides Kenny 's family for being on welfare . He will also use an awkward pause during a conversation as an opportunity to casually remind Kenny that he hates him . Cartman 's mischievous treatment of Butters Stotch , and the relationship the duo shares has received significant focus in the more recent seasons of the series . This reflects Parker 's interest ; the scenes between the two are the ones he most enjoys writing . Several episodes center around Cartman 's greed and his get @-@ rich @-@ quick schemes , although his numerous attempts to attain wealth generally fail . His extreme disdain for hippies serves to satirize the counterculture of the 1960s and its influence in contemporary society , reflecting Parker 's real @-@ life antipathy towards hippies . Though the role is customarily taken by Stan or Kyle , Cartman will occasionally be the one to reflect on the lessons learned during the course of an episode with a speech that often begins with " You know , I 've learned something today ... " . = = Character = = = = = Creation and design = = = A precursor to Cartman first appeared in the first The Spirit of Christmas short , dubbed Jesus vs. Frosty , created by Parker and Stone in 1992 while they were students at the University of Colorado . In the short , Cartman was actually named " Kenny " , and the catchphrase " Oh my God , they killed Kenny ! " was exclaimed when the character representing Cartman was killed by an evil snowman . The character was composed of construction paper cutouts and animated through the use of stop motion . When commissioned three years later by friend Brian Graden to create another short as a video Christmas card that he could send to friends , Parker and Stone created another similarly @-@ animated The Spirit of Christmas short , dubbed Jesus vs. Santa . In this short , his character first appears as he does in the series , and is given the name " Cartman " , while the character of Kenny appears as the character is depicted today and given Cartman 's moniker from the previous short . Cartman next appeared on August 13 , 1997 , when South Park debuted on Comedy Central with the episode " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " . In keeping with the show 's animation style , Cartman is composed of simple geometrical shapes and primary colors . He is not offered the same free range of motion associated with hand @-@ drawn characters ; his character is mostly shown from one direction , and his movements intentionally jerky . Ever since the show 's second episode , " Weight Gain 4000 " ( season one , 1997 ) , Cartman , like all other characters on the show , has been animated with computer software , though he is portrayed to give the impression that the show still utilizes its original technique . Cartman is usually depicted wearing winter attire which consists of a red coat , brown pants , yellow gloves / mittens , and a yellow @-@ brimmed turquoise knit cap tapered with a yellow pom @-@ pom . He has parted brown hair , and he is seen without his hat more often than the other characters with distinctive headwear . As he is overweight , his body is wider , his hands noticeably larger and his head is a more elliptical shape in contrast to the circular heads of the other children . An additional curved line on his lower face represents a double chin . Although he had originally voiced Cartman without any computer manipulation , Parker now does so by speaking within his normal vocal range with a childlike inflection . The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools , and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound like that of a fourth grader . Parker says to achieve the effect of Cartman 's voice , he simply uses the same technique when voicing Stan while " adding a lot of fat to it " . = = = Development = = = Cartman is partially named after and based on Matt Karpman , a high school classmate of Parker who remains a friend of both Parker and Stone . Cartman is also inspired by All in the Family patriarch Archie Bunker , who is himself inspired by Alf Garnett from Till Death Us Do Part , the original British version of All in the Family . Parker and Stone are big fans of All in the Family . They state that creating Cartman as a " little eight @-@ year @-@ old fat kid " made it easier for the two to portray a Bunker @-@ like character after the introduction of political correctness to late @-@ 20th century television . While developing the character , Parker noted that everyone either remembers " an annoying fat kid in their pasts " , or " they were the annoying fat kid " . Stone has observed that " kids are not nice , innocent , flower @-@ loving little rainbow children [ ... ] they don 't have any kind of social tact or etiquette , they 're just complete little raging bastards " . In the season five ( 2001 ) episode " Scott Tenorman Must Die " , Cartman is tricked into buying the pubic hair of local eighth @-@ grader named Scott Tenorman for $ 16 @.@ 12 . He then successfully executes an elaborate scheme to publicly humiliate Scott in front of his favorite band Radiohead , by getting Scott 's parents killed and then tricking Scott into eating them . The show 's writers debated during production of the episode whether or not the incident would be " a step too far , even for Cartman " . Parker felt that the act could sufficiently be the culmination of Cartman 's sociopathic behavior , and would " [ set ] a new bar " by portraying Cartman as being capable of performing anything short of murder . Fans reacted by ranking it as Cartman 's " greatest moment " in a 2005 poll on Comedy Central 's website . It is later revealed in the season fourteen episode " 201 " that Jack Tenorman , Scott 's father , was a football player for the Denver Broncos and Cartman 's father . Dr. Alphonse Mephesto also admits that he lied about Cartman 's mother being a hermaphrodite . Parker and Stone , despite being the basis for Stan and Kyle , insist that Cartman is their favorite character , and the one with whom they identify the most . = = = Personality and traits = = = Cartman is foul @-@ mouthed ( as are his friends ) as a means for Parker and Stone to portray how they believe young boys really talk when they are alone . According to Parker , Cartman does not possess the " underlying sweetness " of the show 's other child characters . Cartman is shown at times to be completely amoral and remorseless . Cartman is amused by bodily functions and toilet humor , and his favorite television personalities are Terrance and Phillip , a Canadian duo whose comedy routines on their show @-@ within @-@ the @-@ show revolve substantially around fart jokes . Cartman is sensitive and in denial about his obesity . Often reasserting Liane 's notion by exclaiming " I 'm not fat , I 'm big @-@ boned ! " and will just as often either threaten to bring harm to anyone who mocks his weight or curse them out in aggravation . He has also had people killed , such as when he drove his psychiatrist 's wife to suicide after enduring a long tirade about his weight . He views himself as more mature than his fellow friends and classmates , and often grows impatient with their company ; despite claiming to be more mature , he will often break down crying childishly and pathetically whenever he feels defeated . This often leads to loud arguments , which in earlier seasons typically end with Cartman peevishly saying " Screw you guys ... I 'm going home ! " and then leaving . In an action King 's College philosophy professor David Kyle Johnson describes as " directed either toward accomplishing his own happiness or the unhappiness of others " , Cartman often feigns actual friendship with his classmates when needing a favor . The lack of a true father figure in his life , and Liane 's promiscuity and drug use have caused repressed psychological hardship in Cartman 's life . As a parent , Liane often spoils Cartman , and is largely ineffectual as a disciplinarian . Cartman sometimes commands his mom to do tasks for him , but more often resorts to pleading with her in an ingratiating tone . When neither method works , he resorts to excessive and indecipherable whining , to which Liane usually succumbs . Parker has noted that this is the primary cause for Cartman 's behavior , stating that Cartman is " just a product of his environment " . We always had this thing where Cartman 's mother was so sweet — she was always so sweet to him and giving him whatever he wanted . And I don 't know if it 's worse in L.A. than most places in the country — I hope so — but [ we 've met ] so many parents who were just so desperately trying to be friends to their kids . And it was the thing we really picked up on . And it was just like , ' These [ people ] are making these really evil kids ' . – Trey Parker , discussing Liane 's role in shaping Cartman 's personality in an interview with NPR Cartman thrives on achieving ascendancy over others , and exerts his will by demagogy and by demanding that others " Respect my authoritah ! " Cartman has several times declared that his dream is getting " Ten million dollars " . He has shown initiative in taking a businesslike approach to earning money , starting his own " hippie control " and " parental revenge " operations , as well as a Christian Rock and a boy band , a basketball team of crack babies ( parody of the NCAA ) and his own church . Cartman 's anti @-@ Semitism , while mostly limited to mocking Kyle , culminates in the season eight ( 2004 ) episode " The Passion of the Jew " . In the episode , Cartman , after watching The Passion of the Christ numerous times , deifies the film 's director , Mel Gibson , and starts an official Gibson fan club , praising Gibson for " trying to express — through cinema — the horror and filthiness of the common Jew " . Cartman 's interpretation of the film influences him to dress up as Adolf Hitler and lead other fan club members ( who are oblivious of Cartman 's actual intentions ) in a failed effort to engage in a systematic genocide of the Jews similar to that of the Final Solution . In the season 10 ( 2006 ) episode " Smug Alert ! " , Cartman anonymously saves Kyle 's life in an effort to get him and his family to return to South Park from San Francisco , revealing that he craves the animosity shared between the two . And in " Coon vs. Coon and Friends " ( season 14 , 2010 ) , Cartman directs the " evil god " Cthulhu to destroy " most of the synagogues " . However , in the 16th season episode " Jewpacabra " Cartman revealed he had converted to Judaism after a hallucinogenic dream . As of season 19 , it is unsure whether he has retained this trait or whether it was simply a plot point in that one episode . Upon hearing his classmates tell him that they hold him in the lowest regard possible and that they could not possibly think any worse of him , a stubborn Cartman misinterprets this act as their attempt to make him feel better , and convinces himself that everyone thinks he is the " coolest kid in school " . In the season 13 ( 2009 ) episode " Fishsticks " , Cartman subconsciously believes that he helped in creating a joke that quickly becomes a nationwide sensation , despite the fact that the character Jimmy Valmer writes the joke without any assistance . Carlos Delgado of If Magazine noted this as " Cartman being so egotistical that he manipulates the past to serve his own purposes " . Little is shown concerning Cartman 's romantic interests , as for the most part , his attitude towards females is sexist . However , at least in one episode ( " Chef Goes Nanners " ) , Cartman develops an attraction to Wendy , which is apparent from the end of episode when Wendy describes her temporary infatuation towards Cartman as ' sexual tension ' and even though Cartman agrees in front of Wendy , he sighs with sorrow at being alone again . During a period when he was physically unable to control his speech and he repeatedly blurted hidden feelings , he expressed a romantic interest in classmate Patty Nelson , a side character who has not been seen before or since . Though he is commonly portrayed as ignorant , Cartman is shown at least twice ( " My Future Self n ' Me " and " Pandemic " ) to be able to speak fluent Spanish ( and German ) . In certain episodes , Cartman is shown to think of himself as a skilled fighter , only to be beat up by Wendy , Token , Stan , and Kyle at different times . However , when Cartman thinks he has some sort of authority , such as being the Coon or the hallway monitor , he displays various martial arts knowledge and proves to be able to beat up various other characters such as Clyde and Bradley . = = Cultural impact = = Cartman is a South Park fan favorite , and is often described as the most famous character from the series . With a headline to their online written version of a radio report , NPR declared Cartman as " America 's Favorite Little $ @ # & * % " . " Respect my authoritah ! " and " Screw you guys ... I 'm going home ! " became catchphrases and , during the show 's earlier seasons , were highly popular in the lexicon of viewers . His eccentric enunciation of " Hey ! " was included in the 2002 edition of The Oxford Dictionary of Catchphrases . Stone has said that when fans recognize him or Parker , the fans will usually do their imitation of Cartman , or , in Parker 's case , request that he do Cartman 's voice . In 2005 , Comedy Central ran a three @-@ night marathon of episodes showcasing what voters had deemed to be his " 25 greatest moments " . A two @-@ disc DVD collection entitled " The Cult of Cartman " , which Comedy Central described as " 12 classic episodes with Cartman at his very worst ! " , was released in 2008 . In a 1999 poll conducted by NatWest Bank , eight and nine @-@ year @-@ old children in the United Kingdom voted Cartman as their favorite personality . This drew the concern of several parent councils who were expecting a character from a television show aimed at children to top the list , to which Stone responded by claiming the results of the poll were " upsetting to people who have an idyllic vision of what kids are like " . Parker and Stone have always asserted that due to Cartman 's actions and dialogue , his appearances in South Park are not meant to be viewed by younger children , and they note that the show is certified with TV ratings that indicate its intention for mature audiences . While some in the Jewish community have praised the show 's depiction of Cartman holding an anti @-@ Semitic attitude towards Kyle as a means of accurately portraying what it is like for a young Jew to have to endure prejudice , other Jews have blamed South Park and Cartman for having found themselves surrounded by " acceptable racism " . On November 20 , 2008 , a Facebook group titled " National Kick a Ginger Day , are you going to do it ? " surfaced , suggesting abuse towards redheads . Thousands of internet users signed up as a member of the group , and reports of a feared increase of bullying of red @-@ headed students across Canada soon followed . The group 's administrator , a 14 @-@ year @-@ old from Vancouver Island , said the group was only intended as a joke , and apologized for the offense it caused . The group was inspired by the season nine ( 2005 ) episode " Ginger Kids " , in which Cartman incites prejudice towards those with red hair , pale skin , and freckles , a group he calls " Gingers " and claims are inherently evil and without souls . Other characters commonly express lessons learned from the antagonistic actions Cartman commonly provokes ; this has resulted in these characters giving their opinions on issues such as hate crime legislation , civil liberties , excessive religious devotion , the stem cell controversy , anabolic steroid use , the " right to die " debate , and prejudice . In the season 10 ( 2006 ) episode " Cartoon Wars Part II " , Cartman , planning to exploit the public 's fear of terrorism , seeks to get the Fox television series Family Guy , a program he despises , permanently removed from the airwaves when Fox plans to air an episode despite its inclusion of a cartoon likeness of Muhammad . This leads Kyle to give a short speech about the ethics of censorship , which reiterates Parker and Stone 's sentiments of " Either it 's all okay , or none of it is " in regards to whether or not any subject should remain off @-@ limits to satire . Both Cartman 's commentary and the commentary resulting in response to his actions have been interpreted as statements Parker and Stone are attempting to make to the viewing public , and these opinions have been subject to much critical analysis in the media and literary world . The book South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today includes an essay in which Johnson uses Cartman 's actions and behavior as examples when discussing the logical problem of moral evil , and another essay by College of Staten Island professor Mark D. White cited the season two ( 1998 ) episode " Chickenlover " , in which Cartman is temporarily granted law enforcement powers , in its discussion regarding the command theory of law and what obligates a citizen to obey the law . Essays in the books South Park and Philosophy : Bigger , Longer , and More Penetrating , Blame Canada ! South Park and Contemporary Culture , and Taking South Park Seriously have also analyzed Cartman 's perspectives within the framework of popular philosophical , theological , political , and social concepts . Parker and Stone downplay the show 's alignment with any particular political affiliation , and deny having a political agenda when creating an episode . In response to the focus on elements of satire in South Park , Parker has said that the main goal of the show is to portray Cartman and his friends as " kids just being kids " as a means of accurately showcasing " what it 's like to be in [ elementary school ] in America " . = = = Recognitions = = = TV Guide ranked Cartman at number 10 on their 2002 list of the " Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters " , 24th on TV Guide 's " 25 Greatest TV Villains " , 198th on VH1 's " 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons " , and 19th on Bravo 's " 100 Greatest TV Characters " television special in 2004 . When declaring him the second @-@ scariest character on television ( behind only Mr. Burns of The Simpsons ) in 2005 , MSNBC 's Brian Bellmont described Cartman as a " bundle of pure , unadulterated evil all wrapped up in a fat — er , big @-@ boned — cartoony package " who " takes a feral delight in his evildoing " . In 2014 , IGN ranked Cartman first place on their list of " The Top 25 South Park Characters " , commenting that he was " the obvious choice " of number one and that " sometimes the obvious choice is also the right one . " The website stated that despite Cartman being " one of the worst human beings in the history of fiction [ ... ] he 's the most loathsome character we 've ever loved . " IGN concluded by calling him " the biggest contribution to the world of animated characters that South Park has made – and that 's saying something . " = = In other media = = Cartman has a major role in South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut , the full @-@ length film based on the series , and appeared on the film 's soundtrack singing the same musical numbers performed in the movie . As a tribute to the Dead Parrot sketch , a short that features Cartman attempting to return a dead Kenny to a shop run by Kyle aired during a 1999 BBC television special commemorating the 30th anniversary of Monty Python 's Flying Circus . Cartman is also featured in the documentary film The Aristocrats , telling his version of the film 's titular joke to Stan , Kyle , and Kenny , and in " The Gauntlet " , a short spoofing both Gladiator and Battlefield Earth that aired during the 2000 MTV Movie Awards . For their 2007 Snakes & Arrows tour , the rock band Rush commissioned a short , video introduction for the song " Tom Sawyer " . Cartman , dressed in a long wig to look like singer Geddy Lee , sings his own , personal , version of the song 's lyrics prompting the usual outrage from Kyle . The video can be seen on the band 's Snakes & Arrows concert video . In 2002 , Cartman became the main protagonist of a series of promotional videos for the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL , which are played on the big @-@ screen TVs inside of Staples Center where the character ridicules the mascots of rival teams and reacts to various aspects of the game . Short clips of Cartman introducing the starting lineup for the University of Colorado football team were featured during ABC 's coverage of the 2007 match @-@ up between the University of Colorado and the University of Nebraska . In Plants vs. Zombies 2 : It 's About Time , the plant Winter Melon , has a costume of a hat resembling Eric Cartman 's . In 2008 , Parker , as Cartman , gave answers to a Proust Questionnaire conducted by Julie Rovner of NPR . Parker performs as Cartman on tracks for Chef Aid : The South Park Album and Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics . Cartman also appears in five South Park @-@ related video games : In South Park , Cartman is controlled by the player through the first person shooter mode who attempts to ward off enemies from terrorizing the town of South Park . In South Park : Chef 's Luv Shack , a user has the option of playing as Cartman when participating in the game 's several " minigames " based on other popular arcade games . In the racing game South Park Rally , a user can race as Cartman against other users playing as other characters , while choosing to place him in any of a variety of vehicles . In South Park Let 's Go Tower Defense Play ! , Cartman can be selected as a playable character used to establish a tower defense against the game 's antagonists . In South Park : The Stick of Truth , Cartman is the leader of one of two tribes in South Park , at war over the Stick of Truth . Cartman is later a selectable companion character in this JRPG @-@ style game . A cover of " Poker Face " was released as DLC for the Rock Band video game series in 2010 based on the version heard in the episode , " Whale Whores " , released the same day as the original , featuring Cartman on lead vocals . = Scotland in the modern era = Scotland in the modern era , from the end of the Jacobite risings and beginnings of industrialisation in the 18th century to the present day , has played a major part in the economic , military and political history of the United Kingdom , British Empire and Europe , while recurring issues over the status of Scotland , its status and identity have dominated political debate . Scotland made a major contribution to the intellectual life of Europe , particularly in the Enlightenment , producing major figures including the economist Adam Smith , philosophers Francis Hutcheson and David Hume , and scientists William Cullen , Joseph Black and James Hutton . In the 19th century major figures included James Watt , James Clerk Maxwell , Lord Kelvin and Sir Walter Scott . Scotland 's economic contribution to the Empire and the industrial revolution included its banking system and the development of cotton , coal mining , shipbuilding and an extensive railway network . Industrialisation and changes to agriculture and society led to depopulation and clearances of the largely rural highlands , migration to the towns and mass immigration , where Scots made a major contribution to the development of countries including the US , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . In the 20th century , Scotland played a major role in the British and allied effort in the two world wars and began to suffer a sharp industrial decline , going through periods of considerable political instability . The decline was particularly acute in the second half of the 20th century , but was compensated for to a degree by the development of an extensive oil industry , technological manufacturing and a growing service sector . This period also increasing debates about the place of Scotland within the United Kingdom , the rise of the Scottish National Party and after a referendum in 1999 the establishment of a devolved Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh . = = Late 18th century and 19th century = = With the advent of the Union with England and the demise of Jacobitism , thousands of Scots , mainly Lowlanders , took up positions of power in politics , civil service , the army and navy , trade , economics , colonial enterprises and other areas across the nascent British Empire . Historian Neil Davidson notes that " after 1746 there was an entirely new level of participation by Scots in political life , particularly outside Scotland " . Davidson also states that " far from being ' peripheral ' to the British economy , Scotland – or more precisely , the Lowlands – lay at its core " . = = = Politics = = = Scottish politics in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century was dominated by the Whigs and ( after 1859 ) their successors the Liberal Party . From the Scottish Reform Act 1832 ( which increased the number of Scottish MPs and significantly widened the franchise to include more of the middle classes ) , until the end of the century they managed to gain a majority of the Westminster Parliamentary seats for Scotland , although these were often outnumbered by the much larger number of English and Welsh Conservatives . English @-@ educated Scottish peer Lord Aberdeen ( 1784 – 1860 ) led a coalition government from 1852 to 1855 , but in general very few Scots held office in the government . From the mid @-@ century there were increasing calls for Home Rule for Scotland and when the Conservative Lord Salisbury became prime minister in 1885 he responded to pressure for more attention to be paid to Scottish issues by reviving the post of Secretary of State for Scotland , which had been in abeyance since 1746 . He appointed the Duke of Richmond , a wealthy landowner who was both Chancellor of Aberdeen University and Lord Lieutenant of Banff . Towards the end of the century the first Scottish Liberal to become prime minister was the Earl of Rosebery ( 1847 – 1929 ) , like Aberdeen before him a product of the English education system . In the later 19th century the issue of Irish Home Rule led to a split among the Liberals , with a minority breaking away to form the Liberal Unionists in 1886 . The growing importance of the working classes was marked by Keir Hardie 's success in the Mid Lanarkshire by @-@ election , 1888 , leading to the foundation of the Scottish Labour Party , which was absorbed into the Independent Labour Party in 1895 , with Hardie as its first leader . The main unit of local government was the parish , and since it was also part of the church , the elders imposed public humiliation for what the locals considered immoral behaviour , including fornication , drunkenness , wife beating , cursing and Sabbath breaking . The main focus was on the poor and the landlords ( " lairds " ) and gentry , and their servants , were not subject to the parish 's discipline . The policing system weakened after 1800 and disappeared in most places by the 1850s . = = = Enlightenment = = = In the 18th century , the Scottish Enlightenment brought the country to the front of intellectual achievement in Europe . Perhaps the poorest country in Western Europe in 1707 , Scotland reaped the economic benefits of free trade within the British Empire together with the intellectual benefits of a highly developed university system . Under these twin stimuli , Scottish thinkers began questioning assumptions previously taken for granted ; and with Scotland 's traditional connections to France , then in the throes of the Enlightenment , the Scots began developing a uniquely practical branch of humanism to the extent that Voltaire said " we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization " . The first major philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment was Francis Hutcheson , who held the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Glasgow from 1729 to 1746 . A moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes , one of his major contributions to world thought was the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides , in his words , " the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers " . Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method ( the nature of knowledge , evidence , experience , and causation ) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his proteges David Hume and Adam Smith . Hume became a major figure in the sceptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy . He and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed what he called	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
's Tamil version reached the number one position in the Top 10 World Albums chart on iTunes , making it the first Tamil album to do so . Reviewing the album 's Tamil version , Divya Kumar of The Hindu commented that " with its blend of melody , trance and rhythm , Enthiran – The Robot sounds like a winner " . Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff.com rated the Tamil version of the album three out of five and commented that , " Endhiran [ sic ] is , in fact , a perfect superstar album . Where the collection does manage to veer from the usual , Rahman has managed to add his own quirky , creative notes to the songs . " However , IANS gave the Hindi version two out of five stars , concluding that " On the whole , the music of Robot does not appeal . They may suit the script of the sci @-@ film , but the audio is not impressive . " = = Release = = Enthiran was released on 1 October 2010 in three languages – in Tamil as Enthiran , in Hindi as Robot and in Telugu as Robo . The original version was in Tamil , while the Hindi and Telugu versions were dubbed . The film was released in 2 @,@ 250 theatres worldwide , including 500 theatres in Tamil Nadu , 350 theatres in Andhra Pradesh , 128 theatres in Kerala , 23 theatres in Karnataka , and 750 theatres in North India . With an estimated budget of ₹ 1 @.@ 32 billion , Enthiran was India 's most expensive film up to that point , surpassing the Hindi film Blue ( 2009 ) , which was filmed on a budget of ₹ 750 million . Enthiran became the first Tamil film to be released at the Colosseum Kino , a Norwegian theatre complex in Oslo , and it was screened at the 21st Bath Film Festival , held in the United Kingdom in 2011 . Additionally , a version of the film , edited to a running length of two hours , was released in Japan in May 2012 , and later screened at the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival , where it won a special award under the section " Winds of Asia – Middle East " . By public demand , the original , unedited version was later released in that country . = = = Marketing and distribution = = = The first poster for Enthiran was released on 8 September 2008 . The film 's trailer was released on 11 September 2010 , at the Sathyam Cinemas theatre complex in Chennai . To promote it , AGS Entertainment organised a festival from 25 September 2010 until the film 's release date , in which they screened the popular films of Rajinikanth at the company 's theatre in Villivakkam . In Coimbatore , the Department of Posts printed 100 @,@ 000 post cards advertising the film . Sun Pictures invested a total of ₹ 500 million on promotional activities . Advance bookings for the film began two weeks before the release date in the United States . In the Jackson Heights neighbourhood in New York , tickets were sold out within ten minutes of going on sale . In Kerala the distribution rights were sold for ₹ 50 million , while in Karnataka they were sold for ₹ 100 million . The distribution rights in Mumbai were sold to Shringar Films . In the United Kingdom , Enthiran was released by Ayngaran International , while Robot was released by B4U Network . The satellite rights were purchased by Sun TV . DVD marketing in India was handled by Moser Baer ; Ayngaran International released the two @-@ DVD set of the film in early 2011 . = = = Plagiarism allegations = = = The novelist Aarur Thamizhnadan made a complaint with the Chennai Metropolitan Police against the filmmakers in November 2010 , stating that the producers plagiarised his 1996 novel Jugiba . Thamizhnadan demanded ₹ 10 million from the director and producers for damages and filed a case against Kalanithi Maran . In June 2011 , the Madras High Court dismissed the case after a petition filed by Maran denying the allegation was approved . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = Business Line reported that Enthiran grossed ₹ 580 million from all versions in the opening weekend , and The Economic Times stated it earned ₹ 1 @.@ 17 billion by the end of its opening week . The Sun TV Network 's quarterly earnings press release report revealed that the box office collections accounted for approximately 30 per cent of the total revenue for the company 's fourth @-@ quarter in 2010 , while also stating that Enthiran yielded a global revenue of ₹ 1 @.@ 79 billion . Enthiran became the top @-@ earning Indian film of 2010 ahead of My Name Is Khan and Dabangg and became the highest grossing Tamil film of all time at that point . In 2015 , S. S. Rajamouli 's Baahubali : The Beginning surpassed it to become the highest grossing South Indian film of all time . = = = Critical reception = = = = = = = India = = = = Enthiran received positive reviews from critics in India , with praise particularly directed at Rathnavelu 's cinematography , Cyril 's art direction , Srinivas Mohan 's visual effects and Rajinikanth 's performance as Chitti . Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis gave the film a rating of four out of five stars and believed it had the " best special effects ever seen in a Tamil film " and that it was " one of the most entertaining Tamil films – across all languages – ever made . " Both Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India and Kaveree Bamzai of India Today rated the film four out of five stars . Kazmi called it " the perfect getaway film " . Bamzai praised Rajinikanth 's acting in the film and said , " Rajni tells us why robot sapiens are superior to homo sapiens " . Both Anupama Chopra of NDTV and Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff.com gave Enthiran a rating of three and a half out of five stars . Chopra criticised the film 's portions in the second half , describing them as " needlessly stretched and cacophonous " , but concluded her review by saying , " Robot rides on Rajinikanth ’ s shoulders and he never stoops under the burden . Aided by snazzy clothes , make @-@ up and special effects , he makes Chitti endearing . " Srinivasan , however , said that Shankar " strikes the balance between science fiction and masala quotient . " She concluded that , " Whichever way you look at it , Endhiran [ sic ] is one of those rare films that give you just enough material to pull you in , and enjoy yourself . " Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ News18 gave a rating of three out of five stars and said , " In the end , it 's the fantastic special effects and an inspired performance from Rajnikant [ sic ] that keeps the film fresh . " Mayank Shekhar , writing for Hindustan Times , rated it three stars and said , " Leave aside jokes running on the Internet . This film , just a few feet too long , is fine entertainment by itself . " Malini Mannath of The New Indian Express noted Enthiran for having " An engaging script , brilliant special effects , and a debonair hero who still carries his charisma effortlessly . " Karthik Subramanian of The Hindu observed that actors " tend to get lost in special effects movies . " Subramanian believed it was not the case in Enthiran : " Rajinikanth and [ Aishwarya Rai ] carry the movie on their shoulders , and considering the fact that much of the acting must have been in front of green screens , one has to say that nothing looks artificial right through . " In contrast , Gautaman Bhaskaran of Hindustan Times rated it two out of five stars , writing that " Shankar 's work slips into a loud , overdramatic and exaggerated mess " . = = = = Overseas = = = = Enthiran has received a rating of 56 % on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on nine reviews , with an average rating of 4 @.@ 8 / 10 . Lisa Tsering from The Hollywood Reporter said , " Rajinikanth is such a badass that Chuck Norris is afraid of him . " She praised the filming locations , especially the " Kilimanjaro " song sequence , but criticised the length of the film 's climax portions . Genevieve Koski from The A. V. Club believed that Enthiran was " pretty good " and concluded that " if you prefer elaborate costumes and dance music mixed in with your killer @-@ robot action , expect to enjoy up to an hour of Enthiran . " Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle called Enthiran " the best apocalyptic sci @-@ fi @-@ romcom @-@ melodrama @-@ dance @-@ off date movie of the year . " Roger Moore , writing for the Orlando Sentinel , gave a mixed review , evaluating it as a " melodramatic kitschy Indian musical about a robot built for national defense but who discovers his human side . " Following the film 's screening at the Mumbai International Film Festival , the American film director Oliver Stone praised Enthiran 's originality . Conversely , Joe Leydon of Variety believed that Shankar " riffs on everything " from Frankenstein to The Terminator , but suggested that the film was an " overwhelming mash @-@ up of American @-@ style , f / x @-@ driven sci @-@ fi spectacle and a Bollywood musical . " Akifumi Sugihara , director of the Film Business division of Nikkatsu , stated that the film was " rather unique , interesting , funny and marketable . " Miwako Fujioka , a member of the Japan @-@ based Happinet Corporation , called Enthiran " a Bollywood Transformers type of film with a lot of Indian flavours in it . " = = Awards and nominations = = At the 58th National Film Awards , Enthiran won for Best Special Effects and Best Production Design . It won in three categories at the 58th Filmfare Awards South for Best Cinematographer , Best Art Director and Best Costume Design . At the 5th Vijay Awards , it was nominated in fourteen categories and won in seven , including Best Villain and Favourite Hero for Rajinikanth , Favourite Film and Favourite Director . At the 17th Screen Awards , the film won awards under the Best Special Effects and Spectacular Cutting Edge Technology categories . = = Legacy = = In a personal appreciation letter to Shankar following the film 's release , the director K. Balachander described Shankar as India 's James Cameron , Enthiran as India 's Avatar ( 2009 ) and Sun Pictures as India 's Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer . S. Shiva Kumar of The Hindu said that Rajinikanth 's style and mannerisms are similar to his performances in the films Moondru Mudichu ( 1976 ) , Avargal ( 1977 ) and Moondru Mugam ( 1982 ) . Enthiran was the only Tamil film featured on the Internet Movie Database ( IMDb ) list of the 50 best films of 2010 . The film was also included as a case study in a postgraduate elective course of the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad , " Contemporary Film Industry : A Business Perspective " . Scenes from Enthiran , particularly one known as the " Black Sheep " scene , have been parodied in subsequent films , including Mankatha ( 2011 ) , Osthe ( 2011 ) , Singam II ( 2013 ) , as well as in the Telugu films Dookudu ( 2011 ) and Nuvva Nena ( 2011 ) . In the film , Chitti often introduces himself by stating the clock rate of his central processing unit , which is 1 terahertz ( 1012 hertz ) , and his random @-@ access memory limit , which is 1 zettabyte ( 1021 bytes ) . This introduction dialogue , which is spoken by Chitti as " Hi , I 'm Chitti , speed 1 terahertz , memory 1 zettabyte " became popular . Rajinikanth featured in a cameo role as Chitti in the science @-@ fiction film Ra.One ( 2011 ) . On Rajinikanth 's 64th birthday , an agency named Minimal Kollywood Posters designed posters of Rajinikanth 's films , in which the Minion characters from the Despicable Me franchise are dressed as Rajinikanth . The digital art was hand drawn on a digital pad by Gautham Raj . One of the posters depicted a mutated Minion , reminiscent of Chitti 's " villain robot " look in Enthiran . In March 2015 , Kamath , in his review of the science fiction film Chappie , compared its eponymous lead character to Chitti in terms of learning human emotions . = = Spiritual successor = = In September 2015 , writer Jeyamohan announced that the pre @-@ production stage of a sequel to Enthiran was " going on in full swing " and that principal photography would commence once Rajinikanth finished filming for Kabali , by the end of the year . Nirav Shah will be the cinematographer and A. R. Rahman will return as music director , while Muthuraj will handle the art direction . The sequel will be shot in 3D , unlike its predecessor which was shot in 2D and converted to 3D in post @-@ production . Titled 2 @.@ 0 , the film entered production in December 2015 , for a scheduled 2017 release . The film stars Rajinikanth , reprising his role as Dr. Vaseegaran and Chitti with the additional cast played by Akshay Kumar and Amy Jackson . Resul Pookutty , the sound designer for 2 @.@ 0 revealed in June 2016 that the film will not serve as a sequel , but a spiritual successor . = Trinity ( nuclear test ) = Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon , conducted by the United States Army on July 16 , 1945 , as part of the Manhattan Project . The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles ( 56 km ) southeast of Socorro , New Mexico , on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range ( now part of White Sands Missile Range ) . The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings , which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components . A base camp was constructed , and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test . The code name " Trinity " was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer , the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory , inspired by the poetry of John Donne . The test was of an implosion @-@ design plutonium device , informally nicknamed " The Gadget " , of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki , Japan , on August 9 , 1945 . The complexity of the design required a major effort from the Los Alamos Laboratory , and concerns about whether it would work led to a decision to conduct the first nuclear test . The test was planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge . Fears of a fizzle led to the construction of a steel containment vessel called Jumbo that could contain the plutonium , allowing it to be recovered , but Jumbo was not used . A rehearsal was held on May 7 , 1945 , in which 108 long tons ( 110 t ) of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes were detonated . The Gadget 's detonation released the explosive energy of about 22 kilotons of TNT ( 92 TJ ) . Observers included Vannevar Bush , James Chadwick , James Conant , Thomas Farrell , Enrico Fermi , Richard Feynman , Leslie Groves , Robert Oppenheimer , Geoffrey Taylor , and Richard Tolman . The test site was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1965 , and listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year . = = Background = = The creation of nuclear weapons arose from scientific and political developments of the 1930s . The decade saw many new discoveries about the nature of atoms , including the existence of nuclear fission . The concurrent rise of fascist governments in Europe led to a fear of a German nuclear weapon project , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries . When their calculations showed that nuclear weapons were theoretically feasible , the British and United States governments supported an all @-@ out effort to build them . These efforts were transferred to the authority of the U.S. Army in June 1942 , and became the Manhattan Project . Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , was appointed its director in September 1942 . The weapons development portion of this project was located at the Los Alamos Laboratory in northern New Mexico , under the directorship of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer . The University of Chicago , Columbia University and the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California , Berkeley conducted other development work . Production of the fissile isotopes uranium @-@ 235 and plutonium @-@ 239 were enormous undertakings given the technology of the 1940s , and accounted for 80 % of the total costs of the project . Uranium enrichment was carried out at the Clinton Engineer Works near Oak Ridge , Tennessee . Theoretically , enriching uranium was feasible through pre @-@ existing techniques , but it proved difficult to scale to industrial levels and was extremely costly . Only 0 @.@ 71 percent of natural uranium was uranium @-@ 235 , and it was estimated that it would take 27 @,@ 000 years to produce a gram of uranium with mass spectrometers , but kilogram amounts were required . Plutonium is a synthetic element with complicated physical , chemical and metallurgical properties . It is not found in nature in appreciable quantities . Until mid @-@ 1944 , the only plutonium that had been isolated had been produced in cyclotrons in microgram amounts , whereas weapons required kilograms . In April 1944 , physicist Emilio Segrè , the head of the Los Alamos Laboratory 's P @-@ 5 ( Radioactivity ) Group , received the first sample of reactor @-@ bred plutonium from the X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge . He discovered that , in addition to the plutonium @-@ 239 isotope , it also contained significant amounts of plutonium @-@ 240 . The Manhattan Project produced plutonium in nuclear reactors at the Hanford Engineer Works near Hanford , Washington . The longer the plutonium remained irradiated inside a reactor — necessary for high yields of the metal — the greater the content of the plutonium @-@ 240 isotope , which undergoes spontaneous fission at thousands of times the rate of plutonium @-@ 239 . The extra neutrons it released meant that there was an unacceptably high probability that plutonium in a gun @-@ type fission weapon would detonate too soon after a critical mass was formed , producing a " fizzle " — a nuclear explosion many times smaller than a full explosion . This meant that the Thin Man bomb design that the laboratory had developed would not work properly . The Laboratory turned to an alternative , albeit more technically difficult , design , an implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon . In September 1943 , mathematician John von Neumann had proposed a design in which a fissile core would be surrounded by two different high explosives that produced shock waves of different speeds . Alternating the faster- and slower @-@ burning explosives in a carefully calculated configuration would produce a compressive wave upon their simultaneous detonation . This so @-@ called " explosive lens " focused the shock waves inward with enough force to rapidly compress the plutonium core to several times its original density . This reduced the size of a critical mass , making it supercritical . It also activated a small neutron source at the center of the core , which assured that the chain reaction began in earnest at the right moment . Such a complicated process required research and experimentation in engineering and hydrodynamics before a practical design could be developed . The entire Los Alamos Laboratory was reorganized in August 1944 to focus on design of a workable implosion bomb . = = Preparation = = = = = Decision = = = The idea of testing the implosion device was brought up in discussions at Los Alamos in January 1944 , and attracted enough support for Oppenheimer to approach Groves . Groves gave approval , but he had concerns . The Manhattan Project had spent a great deal of money and effort to produce the plutonium and he wanted to know if there would be a way to recover it . The Laboratory 's Governing Board then directed Norman Ramsey to investigate how this could be done . Ramsey reported back in February 1944 , proposing a small @-@ scale test in which the explosion was limited in size by reducing the number of generations of chain reactions , and that it take place inside a sealed containment vessel from which the plutonium could be recovered . The means of generating such a controlled reaction were uncertain , and the data obtained would not be as useful as that from a full @-@ scale explosion . Oppenheimer argued that the " implosion gadget must be tested in a range where the energy release is comparable with that contemplated for final use . " In March 1944 , he obtained Groves 's tentative approval for testing a full @-@ scale explosion inside a containment vessel , although Groves was still worried about how he would explain the loss of a billion dollars worth of plutonium to a Senate Committee in the event of a failure . = = = Code name = = = The exact origin of the code name " Trinity " for the test is unknown , but it is often attributed to Oppenheimer as a reference to the poetry of John Donne , which in turn references the Christian notion of the Trinity ( three @-@ fold nature of God ) . In 1962 , Groves wrote to Oppenheimer about the origin of the name , asking if he had chosen it because it was a name common to rivers and peaks in the West and would not attract attention , and elicited this reply : I did suggest it , but not on that ground ... Why I chose the name is not clear , but I know what thoughts were in my mind . There is a poem of John Donne , written just before his death , which I know and love . From it a quotation : As West and East In all flatt Maps — and I am one — are one , So death doth touch the Resurrection . That still does not make a Trinity , but in another , better known devotional poem Donne opens , Batter my heart , three person 'd God . = = = Organization = = = In March 1944 , planning for the test was assigned to Kenneth Bainbridge , a professor of physics at Harvard University , working under explosives expert George Kistiakowsky . Bainbridge 's group was known as the E @-@ 9 ( Explosives Development ) Group . Stanley Kershaw , formerly from the National Safety Council , was made responsible for safety . Captain Samuel P. Davalos , the assistant post engineer at Los Alamos , was placed in charge of construction . First Lieutenant Harold C. Bush became commander of the Base Camp at Trinity . Scientists William Penney , Victor Weisskopf and Philip Moon were consultants . Eventually seven subgroups were formed : TR @-@ 1 ( Services ) under John H. Williams TR @-@ 2 ( Shock and Blast ) under John H. Manley TR @-@ 3 ( Measurements ) under Robert R. Wilson TR @-@ 4 ( Meteorology ) under J. M. Hubbard TR @-@ 5 ( Spectrographic and Photographic ) under Julian E. Mack TR @-@ 6 ( Airborne Measurements ) under Bernard Waldman TR @-@ 7 ( Medical ) under Louis H. Hempelmann The E @-@ 9 group was renamed the X @-@ 2 ( Development , Engineering and Tests ) Group in the August 1944 reorganization . = = = Test site = = = Safety and security required a remote , isolated and unpopulated area . The scientists also wanted a flat area to minimize secondary effects of the blast , and with little wind to spread radioactive fallout . Eight candidate sites were considered : the Tularosa Valley ; the Jornada del Muerto Valley ; the area southwest of Cuba , New Mexico , and north of Thoreau ; and the lava flats of the El Malpais National Monument , all in New Mexico ; the San Luis Valley near the Great Sand Dunes National Monument in Colorado ; the Desert Training Area and San Nicolas Island in Southern California ; and the sand bars of Padre Island , Texas . The sites were surveyed by car and by air by Bainbridge , R. W. Henderson , Major W. A. Stevens and Major Peer de Silva . The site finally chosen , after consulting with Major General Uzal Ent , the commander of the Second Air Force on September 7 , 1944 , lay at the northern end of the Alamogordo Bombing Range , in Socorro County between the towns of Carrizozo and San Antonio , in the Jornada del Muerto ( 33 @.@ 6773 ° N 106 @.@ 4754 ° W / 33 @.@ 6773 ; -106.4754 ) . The only structures in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings , about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the southeast . Like the rest of the Alamogordo Bombing Range , it had been acquired by the government in 1942 . The patented land had been condemned and grazing rights suspended . Scientists used this as a laboratory for testing bomb components . Bainbridge and Davalos drew up plans for a base camp with accommodation and facilities for 160 personnel , along with the technical infrastructure to support the test . A construction firm from Lubbock , Texas built the barracks , officers ' quarters , mess hall and other basic facilities . The requirements expanded and , by July 1945 , 250 people worked at the Trinity test site . On the weekend of the test , there were 425 present . Lieutenant Bush 's twelve @-@ man military police unit arrived at the site from Los Alamos on December 30 , 1944 . This unit established initial security checkpoints and horse patrols . The distances around the site proved too great for the horses , so they resorted to using jeeps and trucks for transportation . The horses were used for playing polo . Maintenance of morale among men working long hours under harsh conditions along with dangerous reptiles and insects was a challenge . Bush strove to improve the food and accommodation , and to provide organized games and nightly movies . Throughout 1945 , other personnel arrived at the Trinity Site to help prepare for the bomb test . They tried to use water out of the ranch wells , but found the water so alkaline they could not drink it . They were forced to use U.S. Navy saltwater soap and hauled drinking water in from the firehouse in Socorro . Gasoline and diesel were purchased from the Standard Oil plant there . Military and civilian construction personnel built warehouses , workshops , a magazine and commissary . The railroad siding at Pope , New Mexico , was upgraded by adding an unloading platform . Roads were built , and 200 miles ( 320 km ) of telephone wire was strung . Electricity was supplied by portable generators . Due to its proximity to the bombing range , the base camp was accidentally bombed twice in May . When the lead plane on a practice night raid accidentally knocked out the generator or otherwise doused the lights illuminating their target , they went in search of the lights , and since they had not been informed of the presence of the Trinity base camp , and it was lit , bombed it instead . The accidental bombing damaged the stables and the carpentry shop , and a small fire resulted . = = = Jumbo = = = Responsibility for the design of a containment vessel for an unsuccessful explosion , known as " Jumbo " , was assigned to Robert W. Henderson and Roy W. Carlson of the Los Alamos Laboratory 's X @-@ 2A Section . The bomb would be placed into the heart of Jumbo , and if the bomb 's detonation was unsuccessful , the outer walls of Jumbo would not be breached , making it possible to recover the bomb 's plutonium . Hans Bethe , Victor Weisskopf , and Joseph O. Hirschfelder , made the initial calculations , followed by a more detailed analysis by Henderson and Carlson . They drew up specifications for a steel sphere 13 to 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 to 4 @.@ 6 m ) in diameter , weighing 150 long tons ( 150 t ) and capable of handling a pressure of 50 @,@ 000 pounds per square inch ( 340 @,@ 000 kPa ) . After consulting with the steel companies and the railroads , Carlson produced a scaled @-@ back cylindrical design that would be much easier to manufacture , but still difficult to transport . Carlson identified a company that normally made boilers for the Navy , Babcock & Wilcox , had made something similar and were willing to attempt its manufacture . As delivered in May 1945 , Jumbo was 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) in diameter and 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) long with walls 14 inches ( 360 mm ) thick , and weighed 214 long tons ( 217 t ) . A special train brought it from Barberton , Ohio , to the siding at Pope , where it was loaded on a large trailer and towed 25 miles ( 40 km ) across the desert by tractors . At the time , it was the heaviest item ever shipped by rail . For many of the Los Alamos scientists , Jumbo was " the physical manifestation of the lowest point in the Laboratory 's hopes for the success of an implosion bomb . " By the time it arrived , the reactors at Hanford produced plutonium in quantity , and Oppenheimer was confident that there would be enough for a second test . The use of Jumbo would interfere with the gathering of data on the explosion , the primary objective of the test . An explosion of more than 500 tons of TNT ( 2 @,@ 100 GJ ) would vaporize the steel and make it hard to measure the thermal effects . Even 100 tons of TNT ( 420 GJ ) would send fragments flying , presenting a hazard to personnel and measuring equipment . It was therefore decided not to use it . Instead , it was hoisted up a steel tower 800 yards ( 730 m ) from the explosion , where it could be used for a subsequent test . In the end , Jumbo survived the explosion , although its tower did not . The development team also considered other methods of recovering active material in the event of a dud explosion . One idea was to cover it with a cone of sand . Another was to suspend the bomb in a tank of water . As with Jumbo , it was decided not to proceed with these means of containment either . The CM @-@ 10 ( Chemistry and Metallurgy ) group at Los Alamos also studied how the active material could be chemically recovered after a contained or failed explosion . = = = 100 @-@ ton test = = = Because there would be only one chance to carry out the test correctly , Bainbridge decided that a rehearsal be carried out to allow the plans and procedures to be verified , and the instrumentation to be tested and calibrated . Oppenheimer was initially skeptical , but gave permission , and later agreed that it contributed to the success of the Trinity test . A 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high wooden platform was constructed 800 yards ( 730 m ) to the south @-@ east of Trinity ground zero ( 33 @.@ 67123 ° N 106 @.@ 47229 ° W / 33 @.@ 67123 ; -106.47229 ) and 108 long tons ( 110 t ) of TNT were stacked on top of it . Kistiakowsky assured Bainbridge that the explosives used were not susceptible to shock . This was proven correct when some boxes fell off the elevator lifting them up to the platform . Flexible tubing was threaded through the pile of boxes of explosives . A radioactive slug from Hanford with 1 @,@ 000 curies ( 37 TBq ) of beta ray activity and 400 curies ( 15 TBq ) of gamma ray activity was dissolved , and Hempelmann poured it into the tubing . The test was scheduled for May 5 , but was postponed for two days to allow for more equipment to be installed . Requests for further postponements had to be refused because they would have impacted the schedule for the main test . The detonation time was set for 04 : 00 Mountain Daylight Time , also known as Mountain War time , on May 7 , but there was a 37 @-@ minute delay to allow the observation plane , a Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress from the 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit flown by Major Clyde " Stan " Shields , to get into position . The fireball of the conventional explosion was visible from Alamogordo Army Air Field 60 miles ( 97 km ) away , but there was little shock at the base camp 10 miles ( 16 km ) away . Shields thought that the explosion looked " beautiful " , but it was hardly felt at 15 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . Herbert L. Anderson practiced using a converted M4 Sherman tank lined with lead to approach the 5 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) deep and 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) wide blast crater and take a sample of dirt , although the radioactivity was low enough to allow several hours of unprotected exposure . An electrical signal of unknown origin caused the explosion to go off 0 @.@ 25 seconds early , ruining experiments that required split @-@ second timing . The piezoelectric gauges developed by Anderson 's team correctly indicated an explosion of 108 tons of TNT ( 450 GJ ) , but Luis Alvarez and Waldman 's airborne condenser gauges were far less accurate . In addition to uncovering scientific and technological issues , the rehearsal test revealed practical concerns as well . Over 100 vehicles were used for the rehearsal test but it was realized more would be required for the main test , and they would need better roads and repair facilities . More radios were required , and more telephone lines , as the telephone system had become overloaded . Lines needed to be buried to prevent damage by vehicles . A teletype was installed to allow better communication with Los Alamos . A town hall was built to allow for large conferences and briefings , and the mess hall had to be upgraded . Because dust thrown up by vehicles interfered with some of the instrumentation , some 20 miles ( 32 km ) of road was sealed at a cost of $ 5 @,@ 000 a mile . = = = The Gadget = = = The term " Gadget " was a laboratory euphemism for a bomb , from which the laboratory 's weapon physics division , " G Division " , took its name in August 1944 . At that time it did not refer specifically to the Trinity Test device as it had yet to be developed , but once it was , it became the laboratory code name . The Trinity Gadget was officially a Y @-@ 1561 device , as was the Fat Man used a few weeks later in the bombing of Nagasaki . The two were very similar , with only minor differences , the most obvious being the absence of fuzing and the external ballistic casing . The bombs were still under development , and small changes continued to be made to the Fat Man design . To keep the design as simple as possible , a near solid spherical core was chosen rather than a hollow one , although calculations showed that a hollow core would be more efficient in its use of plutonium . The hollow core design was initially pursued , but it was found difficult to produce the more stringent hollow pit implosion requirements that would be necessary . The core 's sub @-@ critical mass was instead manufactured into a geometry that closely resembled a near perfect solid sphere , which could then be compressed to prompt super @-@ criticality by a less technically demanding implosion , generated by the high explosive lens . This design became known as a " Christy Core " or " Christy pit " after physicist Robert F. Christy , who made the solid pit design a reality after it was initially proposed by Edward Teller . Along with the pit , the whole physics package was also informally nicknamed " Christy [ ' s ] Gadget " . Of the several allotropes of plutonium , the metallurgists preferred the malleable δ phase . This was stabilized at room temperature by alloying it with gallium . Two equal hemispheres of plutonium @-@ gallium alloy were plated with silver , and designated by serial numbers HS @-@ 1 and HS @-@ 2 . The 6 @.@ 19 @-@ kilogram ( 13 @.@ 6 lb ) radioactive core generated 15 W of heat , which warmed it up to about 100 to 110 ° F ( 38 to 43 ° C ) , and the silver plating developed blisters that had to be filed down and covered with gold foil ; later cores were plated with nickel instead . The Trinity core consisted of just these two hemispheres . Later cores also included a ring with a triangular cross @-@ section to prevent jets forming in the gap between them . A trial assembly of the Gadget without the active components or explosive lenses was carried out by the bomb assembly team headed by Norris Bradbury at Los Alamos on July 3 . It was driven to Trinity and back . A set of explosive lenses arrived on July 7 , followed by a second set on July 10 . Each was examined by Bradbury and Kistiakowsky , and the best ones were selected for use . The remainder were handed over to Edward Creutz , who conducted a test detonation at Pajarito Canyon near Los Alamos without nuclear material . This test brought bad news : magnetic measurements of the simultaneity of the implosion seemed to indicate that the Trinity test would fail . Bethe worked through the night to assess the results , and reported that they were consistent with a perfect explosion . Assembly of the nuclear capsule began on July 13 at the McDonald Ranch House , where the master bedroom had been turned into a clean room . The polonium @-@ beryllium " Urchin " initiator was assembled , and Louis Slotin placed it inside the two hemispheres of the plutonium core . Cyril Smith then placed the core in the uranium tamper plug , or " slug . " Air gaps were filled with 0 @.@ 5 @-@ mil ( 0 @.@ 013 mm ) gold foil , and the two halves of the plug were held together with uranium washers and screws which fit smoothly into the domed ends of the plug . The completed capsule was then driven to the base of the tower . At the tower a temporary eyebolt was screwed into the 105 @-@ pound ( 48 kg ) capsule , and a chain hoist was used to lower the capsule into the gadget . As the capsule entered the hole in the uranium tamper , it stuck . Robert Bacher realized that the heat from the plutonium core had caused the capsule to expand , while the explosives assembly with the tamper had cooled during the night in the desert . By leaving the capsule in contact with the tamper , the temperatures equalized and in a few minutes the capsule had slipped completely into the tamper . The eyebolt was then removed from the capsule and replaced with a threaded uranium plug , a boron disk was placed on top of the capsule , an aluminum plug was screwed into the hole in the pusher , and the two remaining high explosive lenses were installed . Finally , the upper Dural polar cap was bolted into place . Assembly was completed at about 16 : 45 on July 13 . The Gadget was hoisted to the top of a 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) steel tower . The height would give a better indication of how the weapon would behave when dropped from a bomber , as detonation in the air would maximize the amount of energy applied directly to the target ( as the explosion expanded in a spherical shape ) and would generate less nuclear fallout . The tower stood on four legs that went 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) into the ground , with concrete footings . Atop it was an oak platform , and a shack made of corrugated iron that was open on the western side . The Gadget was hauled up with an electric winch . A truckload of mattresses was placed underneath in case the cable broke and the Gadget fell . The seven man arming party , consisting of Bainbridge , Kistiakowsky , Joseph McKibben and four soldiers including Lieutenant Bush , drove out to the tower to perform the final arming shortly after 22 : 00 on July 15 . = = = Personnel = = = In the final two weeks before the test , some 250 personnel from Los Alamos were at work at the Trinity site , and Lieutenant Bush 's command had ballooned to 125 men guarding and maintaining the base camp . Another 160 men under Major T.O. Palmer were stationed outside the area with vehicles to evacuate the civilian population in the surrounding region should that prove necessary . They had enough vehicles to move 450 people to safety , and had food and supplies to last them for two days . Arrangements were made for Alamogordo Army Air Field to provide accommodation . Groves had warned the Governor of New Mexico , John J. Dempsey , that martial law might have to be declared in the southwestern part of the state . Shelters were established 10 @,@ 000 yards ( 9 @,@ 100 m ) due north , west and south of the tower , known as N @-@ 10 @,@ 000 , W @-@ 10 @,@ 000 and S @-@ 10 @,@ 000 . Each had its own shelter chief : Robert Wilson at N @-@ 10 @,@ 000 , John Manley at W @-@ 10 @,@ 000 and Frank Oppenheimer at S @-@ 10 @,@ 000 . Many other observers were around 20 miles ( 32 km ) away , and some others were scattered at different distances , some in more informal situations . Richard Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the goggles provided , relying on a truck windshield to screen out harmful ultraviolet wavelengths . Bainbridge asked Groves to keep his VIP list down to just ten . He chose himself , Oppenheimer , Richard Tolman , Vannevar Bush , James Conant , Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell , Charles Lauritsen , Isidor Isaac Rabi , Sir Geoffrey Taylor and Sir James Chadwick . The VIPs viewed the test from Compania Hill , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of the tower . The observers set up a betting pool on the results of the test . Edward Teller was the most optimistic , predicting 45 kilotons of TNT ( 190 TJ ) . He wore gloves to protect his hands , and sunglasses underneath the welding goggles that the government had supplied everyone with . Teller was also one of the few scientists to actually watch the test ( with eye protection ) , instead of following orders to lie on the ground with his back turned . He also brought suntan lotion , which he shared with the others . Others were less optimistic . Ramsey chose zero ( a complete dud ) , Robert Oppenheimer chose 300 tons of TNT ( 1 @,@ 300 GJ ) ) , Kistiakowsky 1 @,@ 400 tons of TNT ( 5 @,@ 900 GJ ) , and Bethe chose 8 @,@ 000 tons of TNT ( 33 @,@ 000 GJ ) . Rabi , the last to arrive , won the pool with a prediction of 18 @,@ 000 tons of TNT ( 75 @,@ 000 GJ ) . Bethe 's choice of 8 kt was exactly the value calculated by Segrè , with Bethe stating that he was swayed by Segrè 's authority over that of a more junior member of Segrè 's group who had calculated 20 kt . Enrico Fermi offered to take wagers among the top physicists and military present on whether the atmosphere would ignite , and if so whether it would destroy just the state , or incinerate the entire planet . This last result had been previously calculated by Bethe to be almost impossible , although for a while it had caused some of the scientists some anxiety . Bainbridge was furious with Fermi for scaring the guards who , unlike the physicists , did not have the advantage of their knowledge about the scientific possibilities . His own biggest fear was that nothing would happen , in which case he would have to head back to the tower to investigate . Julian Mack and Berlyn Brixner were responsible for photography . The photography group employed some fifty different cameras , taking motion and still photographs . Special Fastax cameras taking 10 @,@ 000 frames per second would record the minute details of the explosion . Spectrograph cameras would record the wavelengths of light emitted by the explosion , and pinhole cameras would record gamma rays . A rotating drum spectrograph at the 10 @,@ 000 @-@ yard ( 9 @,@ 100 m ) station would obtain the spectrum over the first hundredth of a second . Another , slow recording one would track the fireball . Cameras were placed in bunkers only 800 yards ( 730 m ) from the tower , protected by steel and lead glass , and mounted on sleds so they could be towed out by the lead @-@ lined tank . Some observers brought their own cameras despite the security . Segré brought in Jack Aeby 's 35 mm Perfex 44 . It would take the only known well @-@ exposed color photograph of the detonation explosion . = = Explosion = = = = = Detonation = = = The scientists wanted good visibility , low humidity , light winds at low altitude and westerly winds at high altitude for the test . The best weather was predicted between July 18 and 21 , but the Potsdam Conference was due to start on July 16 and President Harry S. Truman wanted the test to be conducted before the conference began . It was therefore scheduled for July 16 , the earliest date at which the bomb components would be available . The detonation was initially planned for 04 : 00 MWT but was postponed because of rain and lightning from early that morning . It was feared that the danger from radiation and fallout would be increased by rain , and lightning had the scientists concerned about a premature detonation . A crucial favorable weather report came in at 04 : 45 , and the final twenty @-@ minute countdown began at 05 : 10 , read by Samuel Allison . By 05 : 30 the rain had gone . There were some communication problems . The shortwave radio frequency for communicating with the B @-@ 29s was shared with the Voice of America , and the FM radios shared a frequency with a railroad freight yard in San Antonio , Texas . Two circling B @-@ 29s observed the test , with Shields again flying the lead plane . They carried members of Project Alberta , who would carry out airborne measurements during the atomic missions . These included Captain Deak Parsons , the Associate Director of the Los Alamos Laboratory and the head of Project Alberta ; Luis Alvarez , Harold Agnew , Bernard Waldman , Wolfgang Panofsky and William Penney . The overcast obscured their view of the test site . At 05 : 29 : 21 MWT ( ± 2 seconds ) , the device exploded with an energy equivalent to around 20 kilotons of TNT ( 84 TJ ) . The desert sand , largely made of silica , melted and became a mildly radioactive light green glass , which was named trinitite . It left a crater in the desert 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) deep and 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) wide . At the time of detonation , the surrounding mountains were illuminated " brighter than daytime " for one to two seconds , and the heat was reported as " being as hot as an oven " at the base camp . The observed colors of the illumination changed from purple to green and eventually to white . The roar of the shock wave took 40 seconds to reach the observers . It was felt over 100 miles ( 160 km ) away , and the mushroom cloud reached 7 @.@ 5 miles ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) in height . Ralph Carlisle Smith , watching from Compania Hill , wrote : I was staring straight ahead with my open left eye covered by a welder 's glass and my right eye remaining open and uncovered . Suddenly , my right eye was blinded by a light which appeared instantaneously all about without any build up of intensity . My left eye could see the ball of fire start up like a tremendous bubble or nob @-@ like mushroom . I dropped the glass from my left eye almost immediately and watched the light climb upward . The light intensity fell rapidly hence did not blind my left eye but it was still amazingly bright . It turned yellow , then red , and then beautiful purple . At first it had a translucent character but shortly turned to a tinted or colored white smoke appearance . The ball of fire seemed to rise in something of toadstool effect . Later the column proceeded as a cylinder of white smoke ; it seemed to move ponderously . A hole was punched through the clouds but two fog rings appeared well above the white smoke column . There was a spontaneous cheer from the observers . Dr. von Neumann said " that was at least 5 @,@ 000 tons and probably a lot more . " In his official report on the test , Farrell wrote : The lighting effects beggared description . The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun . It was golden , purple , violet , gray , and blue . It lighted every peak , crevasse and ridge of the nearby mountain range with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but must be seen to be imagined ... William L. Laurence of The New York Times had been transferred temporarily to the Manhattan Project at Groves 's request in early 1945 . Groves had arranged for Laurence to view significant events , including Trinity and the atomic bombing of Japan . Laurence wrote press releases with the help of the Manhattan Project 's public relations staff . He later recalled that A loud cry filled the air . The little groups that hitherto had stood rooted to the earth like desert plants broke into dance , the rhythm of primitive man dancing at one of his fire festivals at the coming of Spring . After the initial euphoria of witnessing the explosion had passed , Bainbridge told Oppenheimer , " Now we are all sons of bitches . " Rabi noticed Oppenheimer 's reaction : " I 'll never forget his walk ; " Rabi recalled , " I 'll never forget the way he stepped out of the car ... his walk was like High Noon ... this kind of strut . He had done it . " Oppenheimer later recalled that , while witnessing the explosion , he thought of a verse from the Hindu holy book , the Bhagavad Gita ( XI , 12 ) : कालोऽस ् मि लोकक ् षयकृत ् प ् रवृद ् धो लोकान ् समाहर ् तुमिह प ् रवृत ् तः । ऋतेऽपि त ् वां न भविष ् यन ् ति सर ् वे येऽवस ् थिताः प ् रत ् यनीकेषु योधाः ॥ ११- ३२ ॥ If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky , that would be like the splendor of the mighty one ... Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time : We knew the world would not be the same . A few people laughed , a few people cried . Most people were silent . I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture , the Bhagavad Gita ; Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and , to impress him , takes on his multi @-@ armed form and says , ' Now I am become Death , the destroyer of worlds . ' I suppose we all thought that , one way or another . John R. Lugo was flying a U.S. Navy transport at 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) , 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Albuquerque , en route to the west coast . " My first impression was , like , the sun was coming up in the south . What a ball of fire ! It was so bright it lit up the cockpit of the plane . " Lugo radioed Albuquerque . He got no explanation for the blast but was told , " Don 't fly south . " = = = Energy measurements = = = The T ( Theoretical ) Division at Los Alamos had predicted a yield of between 5 and 10 kilotons of TNT ( 21 and 42 TJ ) . Immediately after the blast , the two lead @-@ lined Sherman tanks made their way to the crater . Radiochemical analysis of soil samples that they collected indicated that the total yield ( or energy release ) had been around 18 @.@ 6 kilotons of TNT ( 78 TJ ) . Fifty beryllium @-@ copper diaphragm microphones were also used to record the pressure of the blast wave . These were supplemented by mechanical pressure gauges . These indicated a blast energy of 9 @.@ 9 kilotons of TNT ( 41 TJ ) ± 0 @.@ 1 kilotons of TNT ( 0 @.@ 42 TJ ) , with only one of the mechanical pressure gauges working correctly that indicated 10 kilotons of TNT ( 42 TJ ) . Fermi prepared his own experiment to measure the energy that was released as blast . He later recalled that : About 40 seconds after the explosion the air blast reached me . I tried to estimate its strength by dropping from about six feet small pieces of paper before , during , and after the passage of the blast wave . Since , at the time , there was no wind I could observe very distinctly and actually measure the displacement of the pieces of paper that were in the process of falling while the blast was passing . The shift was about 2 1 / 2 meters , which , at the time , I estimated to correspond to the blast that would be produced by ten thousand tons of T.N.T. There were also several gamma ray and neutron detectors , although few survived the blast , with all the gauges within 200 feet ( 61 m ) of ground zero being destroyed , however sufficient data were recovered to measure the gamma ray component of the ionizing radiation released . The official estimate for the total yield of the Trinity gadget , which includes the energy of the blast component together with the contributions from the explosion 's light output and both forms of ionizing radiation , is 21 kilotons of TNT ( 88 TJ ) , of which about 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ) was contributed by fission of the plutonium core , and about 6 kilotons of TNT ( 25 TJ ) was from fission of the natural uranium tamper . However , a re @-@ analysis of data published in 2016 put the yield at 22 @.@ 1 kilotons of TNT ( 92 TJ ) , with a margin of error estimated at 2 @.@ 7 kilotons of TNT ( 11 TJ ) . As a result of the data gathered on the size of the blast , the detonation height for the bombing of Hiroshima was set at 1 @,@ 885 feet ( 575 m ) to take advantage of the mach stem blast reinforcing effect . The final Nagasaki burst height was 1 @,@ 650 feet ( 500 m ) so the Mach stem started sooner . The knowledge that implosion worked led Oppenheimer to recommend to Groves that the uranium @-@ 235 used in a Little Boy gun @-@ type weapon could be used more economically in a composite core with plutonium . It was too late to do this with the first Little Boy , but the composite cores would soon enter production . = = = Civilian detection = = = Civilians noticed the bright lights and huge explosion . Groves therefore had the Second Air Force issue a press release with a cover story that he had prepared weeks before : Alamogordo , N.M. , July 16 The commanding officer of the Alamogordo Army Air Base made the following statement today : " Several inquiries have been received concerning a heavy explosion which occurred on the Alamogordo Air base reservation this morning . A remotely located ammunition magazine containing a considerable amount of high explosives and pyrotechnics exploded . There was no loss of life or injury to anyone , and the property damage outside of the explosives magazine was negligible . Weather conditions affecting the content of gas shells exploded by the blast may make it desirable for the Army to evacuate temporarily a few civilians from their homes . " The press release was written by Laurence . He had prepared four releases , covering outcomes ranging from an account of a successful test ( the one which was used ) to catastrophic scenarios involving serious damage to surrounding communities , evacuation of nearby residents , and a placeholder for the names of those killed . As Laurence was a witness to the test he knew that the last release , if used , might be his own obituary . A newspaper article published the same day stated that " the blast was seen and felt throughout an area extending from El Paso to Silver City , Gallup , Socorro , and Albuquerque . " An Associated Press article quoted a blind woman 150 miles ( 240 km ) away who asked " What 's that brilliant light ? " These articles appeared in New Mexico , but East Coast newspapers ignored them . Information about the Trinity test was made public shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima . The Smyth Report , released on August 12 , 1945 , gave some information on the blast , and the edition released by Princeton University Press a few weeks later incorporated the War Department 's press release on the test as Appendix 6 , and contained the famous pictures of a " bulbous " Trinity fireball . Groves , Oppenheimer and other dignitaries visited the test site in September 1945 , wearing white canvas overshoes to prevent fallout from sticking to the soles of their shoes . = = = Official notifications = = = The results of the test were conveyed to the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson at the Potsdam Conference in Germany in a coded message from his assistant George L. Harrison : Operated on this morning . Diagnosis not yet complete but results seem satisfactory and already exceed expectations . Local press release necessary as interest extends great distance . Dr. Groves pleased . He returns tomorrow . I will keep you posted . The message arrived at the " Little White House " in the Potsdam suburb of Babelsberg and was at once taken to Truman and Secretary of State James F. Byrnes . Harrison sent a follow @-@ up message which arrived on the morning of July 18 : Doctor has just returned most enthusiastic and confident that the little boy is as husky as his big brother . The light in his eyes discernible from here to High Hold and I could have heard his screams from here to my farm . Because Stimson 's summer home at High Hold was on Long Island and Harrison 's farm near Upperville , Virginia , this indicated that the explosion could be seen 200 miles ( 320 km ) away and heard 50 miles ( 80 km ) away . = = = Fallout = = = Film badges used to measure exposure to radioactivity indicated that no observers at N @-@ 10 @,@ 000 had been exposed to more than 0 @.@ 1 roentgens , but the shelter was evacuated before the radioactive cloud could reach it . The explosion was more efficient than expected and the thermal updraft drew most of the cloud high enough that little fallout fell on the test site . The crater was far more radioactive than expected due to the formation of trinitite , and the crews of the two lead @-@ lined Sherman tanks were subjected to considerable exposure . Anderson 's dosimeter and film badge recorded 7 to 10 roentgens , and one of the tank drivers , who made three trips , recorded 13 to 15 roentgens . The heaviest fallout contamination outside the restricted test area was 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the detonation point , on Chupadera Mesa . The fallout there was reported to have settled in a white mist onto some of the livestock in the area , resulting in local beta burns and a temporary loss of dorsal or back hair . Patches of hair grew back discolored white . The Army bought 75 cattle in all from ranchers ; the 17 most significantly marked were kept at Los Alamos , while the rest were shipped to Oak Ridge for long @-@ term observation . Unlike the 100 or so atmospheric nuclear explosions later conducted at the Nevada Test Site , fallout doses to the local inhabitants have not been reconstructed for the Trinity event , due primarily to scarcity of data . In 2014 , a National Cancer Institute study commenced that will attempt to close this gap in the literature and complete a Trinity radiation dose reconstruction for the population of the state of New Mexico . In August 1945 , shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima , the Kodak Company observed spotting and fogging on their film , which was at that time usually packaged in cardboard containers . Dr. J. H. Webb , a Kodak employee , studied the matter and concluded that the contamination must have come from a nuclear explosion somewhere in the United States . He discounted the possibility that the Hiroshima bomb was responsible due to the timing of the events . A hot spot of fallout contaminated the river water that the paper mill in Indiana used to manufacture the cardboard pulp from corn husks . Aware of the gravity of his discovery , Dr. Webb kept this secret until 1949 . This incident along with the next continental US tests in 1951 set a precedent . In subsequent atmospheric nuclear tests at the Nevada test site , United States Atomic Energy Commission officials gave the photographic industry maps and forecasts of potential contamination , as well as expected fallout distributions , which enabled them to purchase uncontaminated materials and take other protective measures . = = Site today = = In September 1953 , about 650 people attended the first Trinity Site open house . Visitors to a Trinity Site open house are allowed to see the ground zero and McDonald Ranch House areas . More than seventy years after the test , residual radiation at the site is about ten times higher than normal background radiation in the area . The amount of radioactive exposure received during a one @-@ hour visit to the site is about half of the total radiation exposure which a U.S. adult receives on an average day from natural and medical sources . On December 21 , 1965 , the 51 @,@ 500 @-@ acre ( 20 @,@ 800 ha ) Trinity Site was declared a National Historic Landmark district , and on October 15 , 1966 , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The landmark includes the base camp , where the scientists and support group lived ; ground zero , where the bomb was placed for the explosion ; and the McDonald ranch house , where the plutonium core to the bomb was assembled . One of the old instrumentation bunkers is visible beside the road just west of ground zero . An inner oblong fence was added in 1967 , and the corridor barbed wire fence that connects the outer fence to the inner one was completed in 1972 . Jumbo was moved to the parking lot in 1979 ; it is missing its ends from an attempt to destroy it in 1946 using eight 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) bombs . The Trinity monument , a rough @-@ sided , lava @-@ rock obelisk about 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) high , marks the explosion 's hypocenter . It was erected in 1965 by Army personnel from the White Sands Missile Range using local rocks taken from the western boundary of the range . A simple metal plaque read : " Trinity Site Where the World 's First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on July 16 , 1945 . " A second memorial plaque on the obelisk was prepared by the Army and the National Park Service , and was unveiled on the 30th anniversary of the test in 1975 . A special tour of the site was conducted on July 16 , 1995 , to mark the 50th anniversary of the Trinity test . About 5 @,@ 000 visitors arrived to commemorate the occasion , the largest crowd for any open house . Since then , the open houses have usually averaged two to three thousand visitors . The site is still a popular destination for those interested in atomic tourism , though it is only open to the public twice a year during the Trinity Site Open House on the first Saturdays of April and October . In 2014 , the White Sands Missile Range announced that due to budgetary constraints , the site would only be open once a year , on the first Saturday in April . In 2015 , this decision was reversed , and two events were scheduled , in April and October . The base commander , Brigadier General Timothy R. Coffin , explained that : Trinity Site is a national historic testing landmark where the theories and engineering of some of the nation 's brightest minds were tested with the detonation of the first nuclear bomb , technologies which then helped end World War II . It is important for us to share Trinity with the public even though the site is located inside a very active military test range . We have travelers from as far away as Australia who travel to visit this historic landmark . Facilitating access twice per year allows more people the chance to visit this historic site . = Jason Voorhees = Jason Voorhees is a fictional character from the Friday the 13th series . He first appeared in Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) as the young son of camp cook @-@ turned @-@ murderer , Mrs. Voorhees , in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman . Created by Victor Miller , with contributions by Ron Kurz , Sean S. Cunningham , and Tom Savini , Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist . The character has subsequently been represented in various other media , including novels , video games , comic books , and a cross @-@ over film with another iconic horror film character , Freddy Krueger . The character has primarily been an antagonist in the films , whether by stalking and killing the other characters , or acting as a psychological threat to the protagonist , as is the case in Friday the 13th : A New Beginning . Since Lehman 's portrayal , the character has been represented by numerous actors and stuntmen , sometimes by more than one at a time ; this has caused some controversy as to who should receive credit for the portrayal . Kane Hodder is the best known of the stuntmen to portray Jason Voorhees , having played the character in four consecutive films . The character 's physical appearance has gone through many transformations , with various special makeup effects artists making their mark on the character 's design , including makeup artist Stan Winston . Tom Savini 's initial design has been the basis for many of the later incarnations . The trademark hockey goalie mask did not appear until Friday the 13th Part III . Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , filmmakers have given Jason superhuman strength , regenerative powers , and near invulnerability . He has been seen as a sympathetic character , whose motivation for killing has been cited as being driven by the immoral actions of his victims and his own rage over having drowned as a child . Jason Voorhees has been featured in various humor magazines , referenced in feature films , parodied in television shows , and was the inspiration for a horror punk band . Several toy lines have been released based on various versions of the character from the Friday the 13th films . Jason Voorhees 's hockey mask is a widely recognized image in popular culture . = = Appearances = = Jason Voorhees first appears during a nightmare of the main character Alice ( Adrienne King ) in the original Friday the 13th film ; he becomes the main antagonist of the series in its sequels . As well as the films , there have been books and comics that have either expanded the universe of Jason , or been based on a minor aspect of him . = = = Films = = = Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original Friday the 13th on May 9 , 1980 . In this film , 10 @-@ year @-@ old Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother , Mrs. Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) , and as a hallucination of the film 's protagonist , Alice . Though the character makes no contemporary appearance onscreen , he propels the film 's plot — Mrs. Voorhees , the cook at Camp Crystal Lake , seeks revenge for his death , which she blames on the camp counselors . Jason 's second appearance was in the sequel , Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) . Revealed to be alive , an adult Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother in the original film . Jason ( Warrington Gillette ) , returns to Crystal Lake , living there as a hermit and guarding it from all intruders . Five years later a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp , only to be murdered one by one by Jason , who wears a pillow case over his head to hide his face . Ginny ( Amy Steel ) , the lone survivor , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees , and surrounded by mutilated corpses . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . In Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) escapes to a nearby lake resort , Higgins Haven , to rest from his wounds . At the same time , Chris Higgins ( Dana Kimmell ) returns to the property with some friends . An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues the story , with a presumed @-@ dead Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the morgue . Jason awakens at the morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse , and makes his way back to Crystal Lake . A group of teens renting a house there fall victim to Jason 's rampage . Jason then seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) next door . While Trish distracts Jason , Tommy evidently kills him with his own machete . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter , and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) will return . Jason 's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved . Jason appears in the film only through Tommy 's dreams and hallucinations . In Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) , Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) , who has run away from a mental institution , visits Jason 's grave and learns that Jason 's body was never actually cremated , but buried in a cemetery near Crystal Lake . While attempting to destroy his body , Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C. J. Graham ) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod . Now possessing superhuman abilities , Jason returns to Crystal Lake , now renamed Forest Green , and begins his killing spree anew . Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a boulder on the lake floor , leaving him for dead . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is freed from his chains by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who was attempting to resurrect her father . Jason begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake , and after a battle with Tina , is dragged back to the bottom of the lake by an apparition of Tina 's father . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) sees Jason return from the grave , brought back to life via an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class trip to Manhattan , boarding the Lazarus to wreak havoc . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason kills all the survivors but Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) ; he chases them into the sewers , where he is transformed into a child by toxic waste . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) marked the second time Jason was officially killed according to studio canon . Through an unexplained resurrection , he returns to Crystal Lake , where he is hunted by the FBI . The FBI sets up a sting to kill Jason , which proves successful . Through mystical possession , however , Jason survives by passing his demon @-@ infested heart from one being to the next . Though Jason does not physically appear throughout most of the film , it is learned he has a half @-@ sister and a niece , and that he needs them to retrieve and reinhabit his body . After resurrecting it , Jason is stabbed by his niece Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) and dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2002 ) marked Kane Hodder 's last performance as Jason . The film starts off in 2010 ; Jason has returned after an unexplained resurrection . Captured by the U.S. government in 2008 , Jason is being experimented upon in a research facility , where it has been determined that he has regenerative capabilities and that cryonic suspension is the only possible solution to stop him , since numerous attempts to execute him have proved unsuccessful . Jason escapes , killing all but one of his captors , and slices through the cryo @-@ chamber , spilling cryonics fluid into the room , freezing himself and the only other survivor , Rowan ( Lexa Doig ) . A team of students 445 years later discover Jason 's body . On the team 's spacecraft , Jason thaws from his cryonic suspension and begins killing the crew . Along the way , he is enhanced by a regenerative nanotechnology process , which gives him an impenetrable metal body . Finally , he is ejected into space and falls to the planet Earth 2 , burning in the atmosphere . Set before the events of Jason X , Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) is a crossover film in which Jason battles A Nightmare on Elm Street 's villain Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) , a supernatural killer who murders people in their dreams . Krueger has grown weak , as people in his home town of Springwood have suppressed their fear of him . Freddy , who is impersonating Jason 's mother ( Paula Shaw ) , resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) from Hell and sends him to Springwood to cause panic and fear . Jason accomplishes this , but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues in both the dream world and Crystal Lake . The identity of the winner is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot , young Jason ( Caleb Guss ) witnesses his mother 's ( Nana Visitor ) beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps , killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . The adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) kidnaps Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , a girl who looks like his mother , and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels . Months later , Whitney 's brother Clay ( Jared Padalecki ) comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her . Eventually , Whitney uses Jason 's devotion to his mother against him , stabbing him with his own machete while he is distracted when she appears . = = = Literature = = = Jason first appeared outside of film in the 1982 novelization of Friday the 13th Part 3 by Michael Avallone . Avallone chose to use an alternate ending , which was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the ending for his 1982 adaptation . In the alternate film ending , Chris , who is in the canoe , hears Rick 's voice and immediately rushes back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete , and he decapitates her . Jason next appears in print in the 1986 novelization of Jason Lives by Simon Hawke , who also adapted the first three films in 1987 and 1988 . Jason Lives specifically introduced Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , a character that was slated to appear in the film but was cut by the studio . In the novel , instead of being cremated , Elias has Jason buried after his death . Jason made his comic book debut in the 1993 adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three @-@ issue series was a condensed version of the film , with a few added scenes that were never shot . Jason made his first appearance outside of the direct adaptations in Satan 's Six No. 4 , published in 1993 , which is a continuation of the events of Jason Goes to Hell . In 1995 , Nancy A. Collins wrote a three @-@ issue , non @-@ canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train , after being released from Crystal Lake when the area is drained due to heavy toxic waste dumping . Jason meets Leatherface , who adopts him into his family after the two become friends . Eventually they turn on each other . In 1994 four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . They did not feature Jason explicitly , but revolve around people becoming possessed by Jason when they put on his mask . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X respectively . In 2005 they began publishing a new series of novels ; one set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set utilized the Friday the 13th title . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the novelization of the film . Jason X : The Experiment was the first published . In this novel , Jason is being used by the government , who are trying to use his indestructibility to create their own army of " super soldiers " . Planet of the Beast follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone the body of a comatose Jason , and shows their efforts to stay alive when Jason wakes from his coma . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash @-@ landing at Moon Camp Americana . Jason is discovered below a prison site and unknowingly awakened in To The Third Power . Jason has a son in this book , conceived through a form of artificial insemination . On May 13 , 2005 , Avatar Press began releasing new Friday the 13th comics . The first , titled Friday the 13th , was written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller . The story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland have inherited Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason using a paramilitary group , so that she and her brother can sell the property . A three @-@ issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath was released in September 2005 . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , the story involves a group of teenagers who come from Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a " party @-@ filled weekend " . The teenagers discover they share common family backgrounds , and soon awaken Jason , who hunts them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write Jason X. Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Über @-@ Jason is now on Earth II where a biological engineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue Jason , in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 Avatar published Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X. Written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer , the story takes place after the events of the film Jason X. A salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The " original " Jason and Über @-@ Jason are drawn to each other , resulting in a battle to the death . In June 2006 a one @-@ shot comic entitled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . The comic has Jason being captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization ; Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , who is being contained by the Trent Organization in their Crystal Lake headquarters . The Friday the 13th novella storyline was not connected to the Jason X series , and did not continue the stories set forth by the films , but furthered the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . Jason is stuck in Hell , when recently executed serial killer Wayne Sanchez persuades Jason to help him return to Earth in Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . In Hate @-@ Kill @-@ Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . In The Jason Strain , Jason is on an island with a group of convicts placed there by television executives running a reality game show . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs . Pamela is in search of Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . In December 2006 DC Comics imprint Wildstorm began publishing new comic books about Jason Voorhees under the Friday the 13th moniker . The first set was a six @-@ issue miniseries involving Jason 's return to Camp Crystal Lake , which is being renovated by a group of teenagers in preparation for its reopening as a tourist attraction . The series depicts various paranormal phenomena occurring at Crystal Lake . Jason 's actions in this storyline are driven by the vengeful spirits of a Native American tribe wiped out on the lake by fur traders sometime in the 19th century . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , Wildstorm published a two @-@ part special entitled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two @-@ issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who was killed in the original film . Wildstorm released another two @-@ part special , entitled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , that was released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides new insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . Wildstorm released a six @-@ issue series called Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two killers and Ash from the Evil Dead series . In this story , Freddy uses the Necronomicon , which is in the Voorhees ' basement , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and " gain powers unlike anything he 's had before " . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , stating it will make him a real boy . Ash , who is working at the local S @-@ Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it . Wildstorm released another two @-@ issue miniseries on January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston respectively . The miniseries features Jason stalking a trio of teenaged hikers taking shelter from a blizzard in Camp Crystal Lake . A sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , was released by Wildstorm in 2009 . Jason escapes from the bottom of Crystal Lake to resume his hunt for Ash , but is captured by the U.S. government . Freddy helps him escape and appoints him the general of his Deadite army , using the Necronomicon to heal his accumulated injuries and decomposition ; it removes his natural deformities in the process . At the climax of the story , Jason battles his nemesis Tommy Jarvis and his great @-@ niece Stephanie Kimble ; Stephanie impales him before Tommy decapitates him with a shard of glass . Jason 's soul is then absorbed by Freddy , who uses it to increase his own power . = = Concept and creation = = = = = Creating a monster = = = Initially created by Victor Miller , Jason 's final design was a combined effort by Miller , Ron Kurz , and Tom Savini . The name " Jason " is a combination of " Josh " and " Ian " , Miller 's two sons , and " Voorhees " was inspired by a girl that Miller knew at high school whose last name was Van Voorhees . Miller felt it was a " creepy @-@ sounding name " , which was perfect for his character . Miller initially wrote Jason as a normal @-@ looking child , but the crew behind the film decided he needed to be deformed . Victor Miller explained Jason was not meant to be a creature from the " Black Lagoon " in his script , and scripted Jason as a mentally disabled young boy ; it was Savini who made Jason deformed . Ron Kurz confirmed that Miller 's version of Jason was that of a normal child , but claims that it was his idea to turn Jason into a " mongoloid creature " , and have him " jump out of the lake at the end of the film " . Miller later agreed the ending would not have been as good if he looked like " Betsy Palmer at eight years old " . Miller wrote a scene where Alice dreams she is attacked in a canoe by Jason , and then she wakes up in a hospital bed . Miller 's intention was to get as close to Carrie 's ending as possible . Savini believed having Jason pop out of the lake would be psychologically disturbing to the audience , and since Alice is supposed to be dreaming , the crew could get away with adding anything they wanted . When it came time to cast the role of Jason , Ari Lehman , who had received a part in Sean Cunningham 's Manny 's Orphans , arrived to read for the character of Jack . Before he could get started , Cunningham walked in and offered him a different part : Jason . Without having read a single word , Cunningham just looked at Ari and said , " You 're the right size , you 've got it . " In the original Friday the 13th , Ari Lehman is seen only in a brief flashback as the surprise ending . Subsequent actors who portrayed a young Jason include Timothy Burr Mirkovich in Jason Takes Manhattan and Spencer Stump in Freddy vs. Jason . The adult role of Jason Voorhees has been played by various actors , some not credited , others taking great pride in their parts . Due to the physical demands the adult character requires , and the lack of emotional depth depicted , many of the actors since have been stuntmen . The most well @-@ known among them is Kane Hodder , who is cited as the best to play the role . Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th , including making the title part of a serialized franchise , where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker . It was Phil Scuderi , one of the producers for the original film , which suggested bringing Jason back for the sequel . The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series , as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake . Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the " real Jason " in her dream , and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and had grown up . After killing Jason in The Final Chapter , it was the director Joseph Zito 's intention to leave the door open for the studio to make more films with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist . Screenwriter Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Jason , but the idea was never fully developed in A New Beginning . Director and co @-@ screenwriter Danny Steinmann disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer , but decided to use Tommy 's fear of Jason as the primary story . This idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives , when A New Beginning did not spark the " creative success " the studio was looking for . Executive producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. wanted to bring Jason back , and he did not care how it was achieved . In yet another alteration of the series ' continuity , Tom McLoughlin chose to ignore the idea that Jason had survived his drowning , instead presenting him as always having been some sort of supernatural force . Since A New Beginning , no sequel has attempted to replace Jason as the main antagonist . Miller , who has not seen any of the sequels , took issue with all of them because they made Jason the villain . Miller believes the best part of his screenplay was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless death of her son . Miller stated , " Jason was dead from the very beginning ; he was a victim , not a villain . " = = = Men behind the mask = = = Jason Voorhees went from deceased child to full @-@ grown man for Friday the 13th Part 2 , and Warrington Gillette was hired to play the role . Gillette auditioned for the role of Paul ; that role eventually went to John Furey . Under the belief that he had attended the Hollywood Stuntman 's School , Gillette was offered the role of Jason Voorhees . Initially Gillette was unsure about the character , but the idea of starring in his first film grew on Gillette , and he also thought the role was amusing . It became apparent Gillette could not perform the necessary stunts , so the stunt coordinator Cliff Cudney brought in Steve Daskawisz . Daskawisz filmed all of the scenes except the opening sequence and the unmasking shot at the end ; Gillette returned for the unmasking scenes . Gillette received credit for playing Jason , while Daskawisz was given credit as the stunt double . When Part 3 was released the following year , Daskawisz was credited as Jason for the reused footage from the climax of the film . Initially , Daskawisz was asked to return to the role for Part 3 , but it would have required him to pay for his own transportation and housing during filming . Having secured a part on Guiding Light , Daskawisz declined . Now wanting a " bigger and stronger @-@ looking " Jason , one that was also " more athletic and powerful " , Steve Miner hired former British trapeze artist Richard Brooker . After a simple conversation , Miner decided he was the right person for the job . Being new to the country , Brooker believed that " playing a psychopathic killer " was the best way into the movie business . Brooker became the first actor to wear Jason 's now @-@ signature hockey mask . According to Brooker , " It felt great with the mask on . It just felt like I really was Jason because I didn 't have anything to wear before that . " For The Final Chapter , Joseph Zito brought his own spin to the character , one that required a " real hardcore stuntman " ; Ted White was hired to perform the role . White , who only took the job for the money , did " get into the Jason psychology " when he arrived on the set . White went so far as to not speak to any of the other actors for long stretches . As filming continued , White 's experience was not pleasant , and in one instance , he went to battle for co @-@ star Judie Aronson , who played Samantha , when the director kept her naked in the lake for extended periods of time . Displeased with his experience from filming , White had his name removed from the credits . As with Friday the 13th Part 2 , there was confusion over who performed the role in A New Beginning , partly because Jason is not the literal antagonist in the film . When Ted White turned down the opportunity to return , Dick Wieand was cast . Wieand is credited as Roy Burns , the film 's actual murderer , but it was stuntman Tom Morga who performed in the few flashes of Jason , as well as portraying Roy in almost all of the masked scenes . Wieand has been outspoken about his lack of enthusiasm over his role in the film . Feeling alienated during the shoot , Wieand spent most of his time in his trailer . By comparison , Morga enjoyed his time as Jason and made sure he " really got into the character " . A nightclub manager in Glendale , C. J. Graham , was interviewed for the role of Jason in Jason Lives , but was initially passed over because he had no experience as a stuntman . Dan Bradley was hired , but Paramount executives felt Bradley did not have the right physique to play the role , and Graham was hired to replace him . Although Bradley was replaced early during filming , he can be seen in the paintball sequence of the film . Graham opted to perform most of his own stunts , including the scene where Jason catches on fire while battling Tommy in the lake . The rest of the cast spoke highly of Graham , remarking that he never complained during all the uncomfortable situations he was placed in . Graham had no intention of being an actor or a stuntman , but the idea of playing the " bad guy " , and the opportunity to wear the prosthetics , intrigued him . Graham was not brought back to reprise the role , but has often been cited as speaking highly of his time in the part . Kane Hodder took over the role in The New Blood , and played Jason in the next four films . He previously worked alongside director John Carl Buechler on a film called Prison . Based on his experience working with Hodder , Buechler petitioned Frank Mancuso Jr. to hire him , but Mancuso was apprehensive about Hodder 's limited size . Knowing he planned to use full body prosthetics , Buechler scheduled a test screening , the first in Friday the 13th history for the character , and Mancuso immediately gave Hodder approval upon seeing him . It is Buechler 's contention that Hodder gave Jason his first true personality , based on the emotions , specifically the rage , that Hodder would emit while acting the part . According to Hodder , he wanted to " get in touch with Jason 's thirst for revenge " and try to better understand his motivation to kill . After viewing the previous films , Hodder decided that he would approach Jason as a more " quick and agile " individual than he had been portrayed in the previous sequels . John Carl Buechler felt that Kane had " natural affinity for the role " — so much that Kane 's appearance , when wearing the mask , would often terrify the cast , the crew , and in one incident a lone stranger that he came across on his walk back to his trailer . Initially Frank Mancuso Jr. and Barbara Sachs planned to use a Canadian stuntperson for Jason Takes Manhattan . Hodder acted as his own voice , calling and requesting that he be allowed to reprise the role ; the ultimate decision was left to director Rob Hedden , who intended to use Hodder , because he felt Hodder knew the lore of the series . With Sean Cunningham 's return as producer for Jason Goes to Hell , Hodder felt his chances of reprising the role were even better : Hodder had worked as Cunningham 's stunt coordinator for years . Regardless , Adam Marcus , the director for Jason Goes to Hell , always intended to hire Hodder for the role . Jason X would mark Hodder 's last performance as Jason , to date . Todd Farmer , who wrote the screenplay for Jason X , knew Hodder would play Jason from the beginning . Jim Isaac was a fan of Hodder 's work on the previous films , so hiring him was an easy decision . New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start , and choose a new actor for Jason . Cunningham disagreed with their decision , believing Hodder was the best choice for the role . Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason , and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives , but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should be recast to fit Yu 's image of Jason . According to Hodder , New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the recasting , but Yu has explained he wanted a slower , more deliberate Jason , and less of the aggressive movements that Hodder had used in the previous films . Yu and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason , but stood by their choice in recasting . The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger , a Canadian stuntperson who worked on Jason Takes Manhattan . There are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast . According to Yu , Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund , the actor who portrays Freddy Krueger . Kirzinger stands 6 feet 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 96 m ) , compared to the 6 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 91 m ) of Kane Hodder , and Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5 @-@ foot @-@ 10 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) Englund . Kirzinger believes his experience on Part VIII helped him land the part , as Kirzinger doubled for Hodder on two scenes for the film , but also believes he was simply sized up and handed the job . Although he was hired by the creative crew , New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film . Kirzinger 's first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street . New Line wanted a specific movement in Jason 's walk ; Kirzinger met their expectations and signed a contract with the studio . However , concerns that test audiences were confused by the film 's original ending caused the studio to reshoot the final scene . Actor Douglas Tait was brought in to film the new ending , as he was available for the reshoot and had been the production 's second choice to portray the role of Jason during the original casting . For the 2009 remake , stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of makeup special effects supervisor Scott Stoddard . Mears 's pleasant demeanor had the studio worried about his ability to portray such a menacing character on screen , but Mears assured them he would be able to perform the role . When Mears auditioned for the role he was asked why they should hire an actor over just another guy in a mask . As Mears explained , portraying Jason is similar to Greek mask work , where the mask and the actor are two separate entities , and , based on the scene , there will be various combinations of mask and actor in the performance . = = = Design = = = The physical design of Jason Voorhees has gone through changes , some subtle and some radical . For Friday the 13th , the task of coming up with Jason 's appearance was the responsibility of Tom Savini , whose design for Jason was inspired by someone Savini knew as a child whose eyes and ears did not line up straight . The original design called for Jason to have hair , but Savini and his crew opted to make him bald , so he would look like a " hydrocephalic , mongoloid pinhead " , with a dome @-@ shaped head . Savini created a plaster mold of Ari Lehman 's head and used that to create prosthetics for his face . Lehman personally placed mud — from the bottom of the lake — all over his body to make himself appear " really slimy . " For Part 2 , Steve Miner asked Carl Fullerton , the make @-@ up effects supervisor , to stick to Savini 's original design , but Fullerton only had one day to design and sculpt a new head . Fullerton drew a rough sketch of what he believed Jason should look like , and had it approved by Miner . Fullerton added long hair to the character . Gillette had to spend hours in a chair as they applied rubber forms all over his face , and had to keep one eye closed while the " droopy eye " application was in place . Gillette 's eye was closed for twelve hours at a time while he was filming the final scenes of the film . False teeth created by a local dentist were used to distort Gillette 's face . Much of the basic concept of Fullerton 's design was eliminated for Part 3 . Miner wanted to use a combination of the designs from Tom Savini and Carl Fullerton , but as work progressed the design began to lean more and more toward Savini 's concept . Stan Winston was hired to create a design for Jason 's head , but the eyes were level and Doug White , the make @-@ up artist for Part 3 , needed a droopy right eye . White did keep Winston 's design for the back of the head , because the crew did not have the time to design an entirely new head for Jason . The process of creating Jason 's look was hard work for White , who had to constantly make alterations to Richard Brooker 's face , even up to the last day of filming . The script for Part 3 called for Jason to wear a mask to cover his face , having worn a bag over his head in Part 2 ; what no one knew at the time was that the mask chosen would become a trademark for the character , and one instantly recognizable in popular culture in the years to come . During production , Steve Miner called for a lighting check . None of the effects crew wanted to apply any make @-@ up for the light check , so they decided to just throw a mask on Brooker . The film 's 3D effects supervisor , Martin Jay Sadoff , was a hockey fan , and had a bag of hockey gear with him on the set . He pulled out a Detroit Red Wings goaltender mask for the test . Miner loved the mask , but it was too small . Using a substance called VacuForm , Doug White enlarged the mask and created a new mold to work with . After White finished the molds , Terry Ballard placed red triangles on the mask to give it a unique appearance . Holes were punched into the mask and the markings were altered , making it different from Sadoff 's mask . There were two prosthetic face masks created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask . One mask was composed of approximately 11 different appliances and took about six hours to apply to Brooker 's face ; this mask was used for scenes where the hockey mask was removed . In the scenes where the hockey mask is over the face , a simple head mask was created . This one @-@ piece mask would slip on over Brooker 's head , exposing his face but not the rest of his head . Tom Savini agreed to return to make @-@ up duties for The Final Chapter because he felt he should be the one to bring Jason full circle in terms of his look from child to man . Savini used his design from the original Friday the 13th , with the same practice of application as before , but molded from Ted White 's face . Since Jason is not the actual killer in A New Beginning , it was not necessary to do any major designing for Jason 's look . Only a head mask to cover the top and back of the head , like the one Brooker wore while wearing the hockey mask , was needed for the film . Make @-@ up artist Louis Lazzara , who cites A New Beginning as almost a direct sequel to The Final Chapter , did base his head @-@ mask on Tom Savini 's design for The Final Chapter . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood sought to make Jason more of a " classic monster along the lines of Frankenstein . " From the beginning , Buechler tried to tie the previous films together by having Jason 's appearance reflect that of the damage he received in the previous installments . Buechler wanted the motor boat damage from Jason Lives , and the axe and machete cuts Jason received in Part 3 and Part 4 to part of the design for The New Blood . Since Jason had been submerged under water in the previous entry , the effects team wanted Jason to appear " rotted " , with bones and ribs showing , and for Jason 's features to have a more defined feel to them . Howard Berger was inspired by Carl Fullerton 's design in The New Blood , and wanted to incorporate the exposed flesh concept into his model for Jason Goes to Hell . Berger designed Jason 's skin to overlap with the mask , to make it appear as if the skin and mask had fused and the mask could no longer be removed . Gregory Nicotero and Berger sculpted a full @-@ body , foam latex suit for Kane Hodder to wear under the costume . The idea was to reveal as much of Jason 's skin as possible , because Nicotero and Berger knew the physical character would not be seen for most of the film . Stephen Dupuis was given the task of redesigning Jason for the tenth Friday the 13th film . One concept brought into the film was Jason 's regenerative abilities . Dupuis gave the character more hair and more of a natural flesh appearance to illustrate the constant regeneration the character goes through ; Dupuis wanted a more " gothic " design for Jason , so he added chains and shackles , and made the hockey mask more angular . Jim Isaac and the rest of his crew wanted to create an entirely new Jason at some point in the film . The idea was for the teens to completely destroy Jason 's body , allowing the futuristic technology to bring him back to life . What was referred to as Über @-@ Jason was designed to have chunks of metal growing from his body , bonded by tendrils that grew into the metal , all pushing through a leather suit . The metal was created from VacuForm , the same material used to increase the size of the original hockey mask , and was attached by Velcro . The tendrils were made from silicone . All of the pieces were crafted onto one suit , including an entire head piece , which Hodder wore . The make @-@ up effects team added zippers along the side of the suit , which allowed Hodder to enter and exit the suit within 15 minutes . By the time Freddy vs. Jason entered production there had been ten previous Friday the 13th films . Make @-@ up effects artist Terezakis wanted to put his own mark on Jason 's look — he wanted Jason to be less rotted and decomposed and more defined , so that the audience would see a new Jason , but still recognized the face . Terezakis tried to keep continuity with the previous films , but recognized that had he followed them too literally , then " Jason would have been reduced to a pile of goo . " Ronny Yu wanted everything surrounding the hockey mask to act as a frame , making the mask the focal point of each shot . To achieve this , Terezakis created a " pooled @-@ blood look " for the character by painting the skin black , based on the idea the blood had pooled in the back of his head because he had been lying on his back for a long time . As with other make @-@ up artists before him , Terezakis followed Savini 's original skull design , and aged it appropriately . For the 2009 version of Friday the 13th , effects artist Scott Stoddard took inspiration from Carl Fullerton 's design in Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini 's work in Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter . Stoddard wanted to make sure that Jason appeared human and not like a monster . Stoddard 's vision of Jason includes hair loss , skin rashes , and the traditional deformities in his face , but he attempted to craft Jason 's look in a way that would allow for a more human side to be seen . Stoddard took inspiration from the third and fourth films when designing Jason 's hockey mask . The make @-@ up artist managed to acquire an original set piece , which he studied and later sculpted . Although he had a model of one of the original masks , Stoddard did not want to replicate it in its entirety . As Stoddard explains , " Because I didn 't want to take something that already existed , there were things I thought were great , but there were things I wanted to change a bit . Make it custom , but keep all the fundamental designs . Especially the markings on the forehead and cheeks . Age them down a bit , break them up . " In the end , Stoddard crafted six versions of the mask , each with varying degrees of wear . = = Characteristics = = In his original appearance , Jason was scripted as a mentally disabled young boy . Since Friday the 13th , Jason Voorhees has been depicted as a non @-@ verbal , indestructible , machete @-@ wielding mass murderer . Jason is primarily portrayed as being completely silent throughout the film series . Exceptions to this include flashbacks of Jason as a child , and a brief scene in Jason Takes Manhattan where the character cries out " Mommy , please don 't let me drown ! " in a child 's voice before being submerged in toxic waste , and in Jason Goes To Hell where his spirit possesses other individuals . Online magazine Salon 's Andrew O 'Hehir describes Jason as a " silent , expressionless ... blank slate . " When discussing Jason psychologically , Sean S. Cunningham said , " ... he doesn 't have any personality . He 's like a great white shark . You can 't really defeat him . All you can hope for is to survive . " Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , Jason has been a " virtually indestructible " being . Tom McLoughlin , the film 's director , felt it was silly that Jason had previously been just another guy in a mask , who would kill people left and right , but get " beaten up and knocked down by the heroine at the end " . McLoughlin wanted Jason to be more of a " formidable , unstoppable monster " . In resurrecting Jason from the dead , McLoughlin also gave him the weakness of being rendered helpless if trapped beneath the waters of Crystal Lake ; inspired by vampire lore , McLoughlin decided that Jason had in fact drowned as a child , and that returning him to his original resting place would immobilize him . This weakness would be presented again in The New Blood , and the idea that Jason had drowned as a child was taken up by director Rob Hedden as a plot element in Jason Takes Manhattan . Many have given suggestions as Jason 's motivation for killing . Ken Kirzinger refers to Jason as a " psychotic mama 's boy gone horribly awry ... very resilient . You can 't kill him , but he feels pain , just not like everyone else . " Kirzinger goes on to say that Jason is a " psycho @-@ savant " , and believes his actions are based on pleasing his mother , and not anything personal . Andrew O 'Hehir has stated , " Coursing hormones act , of course , as smelling salts to prudish Jason , that ever @-@ vigilant enforcer of William Bennett @-@ style values . " Todd Farmer , writer for Jason X , wrote the scene where Jason wakes from cryonic hibernation just as two of the teenagers are having sex . Farmer liked the idea that sex acts triggered Jason back to life . Whatever his motivations , Kane Hodder believes there is a limit to what he will do . According to Hodder , Jason might violently murder any person he comes across , but when Jason Takes Manhattan called for Hodder to kick the lead character 's dog , Hodder refused , stating that , while Jason has no qualms against killing humans , he is not bad enough to hurt animals . Another example from Jason Takes Manhattan , involves Jason being confronted by a street gang of young teenage boys one of whom threatens him with a knife , however Jason chooses not to kill them and instead scares them off by lifting up his mask and showing them his face . Likewise , director Tom McLoughlin chose not to have Jason harm any of the children he encounters in Jason Lives , stating that Jason would not kill a child , out of a sympathy for the plight of children generated by his own death as a child . In an early draft of Freddy vs. Jason , it was decided that one of the villains needed a redeemable factor . Ronald D. Moore , co @-@ writer of the first draft , explained that Jason was the easiest to make redeemable , because no one had previously ventured into the psychology surrounding the character . Moore saw the character as a " blank slate " , and felt he was a character the audience could really root for . Another draft , penned by Mark Protosevich , followed Moore 's idea of Jason having a redeemable quality . In the draft , Jason protects a pregnant teenager named Rachel Daniels . Protosevich explained , " It gets into this whole idea of there being two kinds of monsters . Freddy is a figure of actual pure evil and Jason is more like a figure of vengeance who punishes people he feels do not deserve to live . Ultimately , the two of them clash and Jason becomes an honorable monster . " Writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift , who wrote the final draft of the film , disagreed about making Jason a hero , although they drew comparisons between the fact that Freddy was a victimizer and Jason was a victim . They stated , " We did not want to make Jason any less scary . He 's still a brutal killer ... We never wanted to put them in a situation where Jason is a hero ... They 're both villains to be equally feared . " Brenna O 'Brien , co @-@ founder of Fridaythe13thfilms.com , saw the character as having sympathetic qualities . She stated , " [ Jason ] was a deformed child who almost drowned and then spent the rest of his childhood growing up alone in the woods . He saw his mother get murdered by a camp counselor in the first Friday the 13th , and so now he exacts his revenge on anyone who returns to Camp Crystal Lake . Teenage fans can identify with that sense of rejection and isolation , which you can 't really get from other killers like Freddy Krueger and Michael Myers . " As Jason went through some characterization changes in the 2009 film , Derek Mears likens him more to a combination of John Rambo , Tarzan , and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes . To him , this Jason is similar to Rambo because he sets up the other characters to fall into his traps . Like Rambo , he is more calculated because he feels that he has been wronged and he is fighting back ; he is meant to be more sympathetic in this film . Fuller and Form contend that they did not want to make Jason too sympathetic to the audience . As Brad Fuller explains , " We do not want him to be sympathetic . Jason is not a comedic character , he	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
is not sympathetic . He 's a killing machine . Plain and simple . " In 2005 , California State University 's Media Psychology Lab surveyed 1 @,@ 166 people Americans aged from 16 to 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters . Many of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were appealing to the participants . In the survey , Jason was considered to be an " unstoppable killing machine . " Participants were impressed by the " cornucopic feats of slicing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents and the occasional adult . " Out of the ten monsters used in the survey — which included vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Michael Myers , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , and the Alien — Jason scored the highest in all the categories involving killing variables . Further characteristics that appealed to the participants included Jason 's " immortality , his apparent enjoyment of killing [ and ] his superhuman strength . " = = In popular culture = = Jason Voorhees is one of the leading cultural icons of American popular culture . In 1992 Jason was awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award . He was the first of only three completely fictional characters to be presented the award ; Godzilla ( 1996 ) and Chewbacca ( 1997 ) are the others . Jason was named No. 26 in Wizard magazine 's " 100 greatest villains of all time " . Universal Studios theme parks , in collaboration with New Line Cinema , used the character for their Halloween Horror Nights event . The character has been produced and marketed as merchandise over the years . In 1988 Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit where owners could build their own Jason statuette . The kit required the owner to cut and paint various parts in order to assemble the figure . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a new model kit for Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are now out of production . McFarlane Toys released two toy lines , one in 1998 and the other in 2002 . The first was a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell , and the other was of Über @-@ Jason from Jason X. Since McFarlane 's last toy line in 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes . These include tie @-@ ins with the film Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) . In April 2010 Sideshow Toys released a polystone statue of Jason , based on the version appearing in the 2009 remake . Jason has made an appearance in four video games . He first appeared in a 1985 Commodore 64 game . His next appearance was in 1989 , when LJN , an American game company known for its games based on popular movies in the 1980s and early 1990s , released Friday the 13th on the Nintendo Entertainment System . The premise involved the gamer , who picks one of six camp counselors as their player , trying to save the campers from Jason , while battling various enemies throughout the game . On October 13 , 2006 , a Friday the 13th game was released for mobile phones . The game puts the user in the persona of Jason as he battles the undead . Jason also appears as a playable character in the fighting game Mortal Kombat X as a downloadable content bonus character . The character has been referenced , or made cameo appearances , in various entertainment mediums . Outside of literature sources based on the character , Jason has been featured in a variety of magazines and comic strips . Cracked magazine has released several issues featuring parodies of Jason , and he has been featured on two of their covers . Mad magazine has featured the character in almost a dozen stories . He has appeared twice in the comic strip Mother Goose and Grimm . Many musical artists have made references to Jason Voorhees . Inspired by his own experience , Ari Lehman founded a band called FIRSTJASON . Lehman 's band is classified as horror punk , and is influenced by the sounds of the Dead Kennedys and The Misfits . The band 's name pays homage to Lehman 's portrayal of Jason Voorhees in the original Friday the 13th . One of the band 's songs is entitled " Jason is Watching " . In 1986 , coinciding with the release of Jason Lives , Alice Cooper released " He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) " from his album Constrictor . The song was written to " signal Jason 's big return " to the cinema , as he had been almost entirely absent in the previous film . Rapper Eminem has referenced Jason in several of his songs . The song " Criminal " , from the album The Marshall Mathers LP , mentions Jason specifically , while songs " Amityville " and " Off the Wall " — the latter featured fellow rapper Redman — contain Harry Manfredini 's music " ki , ki , ki ... ma , ma , ma " from the film series . Eminem sometimes wears a hockey mask during concerts . Other rap artists that have referenced Jason include Tupac Shakur , Dr. Dre , LL Cool J , and Insane Clown Posse . In 1989 , Puerto Rican rapper Vico C had a song titled " Viernes 13 " which featured Jason in Puerto Rico . The song was so popular in the island that Vico C wrote a second part titled " Viernes 13 , Parte II " . VH1 issued an advertisement for their Vogue Fashion Awards which was labeled " Friday the 20th " , and featured Jason 's mask created out of rhinestone . Jason has been referenced or parodied in other films . In the film Scream , directed by Freddy Krueger creator Wes Craven , actress Drew Barrymore 's character is being stalked by a killer who calls her on her home phone . In order to survive , she must answer the man 's trivia questions . One question is " name the killer in Friday the 13th . " She incorrectly guesses Jason , who did not become the killer for the franchise until Part 2 . Writer Kevin Williamson claimed his inspiration for this scene came when he asked this question in a bar while a group was playing a movie trivia quiz game . He received a free drink , because nobody got the answer right . In another Wes Craven film , Cursed , a wax sculpture of Jason , from Jason Goes to Hell , can be seen in a wax museum . Jason has also been referenced by several television shows . The stop motion animated television show Robot Chicken features Jason in three of its comedy sketches . In episode seventeen , " Operation : Rich in Spirit " , the mystery @-@ solving teenagers from Scooby @-@ Doo arrive at Camp Crystal Lake to investigate the Jason Voorhees murders , and are killed off one by one . Velma is the only survivor , and in typical Scooby @-@ Doo fashion , she rips off Jason 's mask to reveal his true identity : Old Man Phillips . In episode nineteen , " That Hurts Me " , Jason reappears , this time as a housemate of " Horror Movie Big Brother " , alongside other famous slasher movie killers such as Michael Myers , Freddy Krueger , Leatherface , Pinhead , and Ghostface . Three years later , in episode sixty @-@ two , Jason is shown on the days before and after a typical Friday the 13th . Jason is spoofed in the season five episode of Family Guy entitled " It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One " . The so @-@ called " Mr. Voorhees " explains to Asian reporter Trisha Takanawa how happy he is to see local wildlife return following the cleanup and rejuvenation of Lake Quahog . He reappears later in the episode as the manager of the " Britches and Hose " clothing store . As opposed to his monstrous personality in the films , Jason is depicted here as polite and articulate , albeit still a psychopath ; he murders random swimmers and threatens to kill his employee if she screws up . In an episode of The Simpsons , Jason appears in a Halloween episode sitting on the couch with Freddy Krueger waiting for the family to arrive . When Freddy asks where the family is , Jason responds , " Ehh , whaddya gonna do ? " and turns the TV on . He also appears in The Simpsons episode " Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! " , alongside Pinhead , menacing Bart in a fantasy sequence . The South Park episodes " Imaginationland Episode II " and " III " feature Jason among an assortment of other villains and monsters as an inhabitant of the " bad side " of Imaginationland , a world populated by fictional characters . This version of Jason has an effeminate voice and describes the removal of Strawberry Shortcake 's eyeball as " super hardcore " . Experimental pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Jason Voorhees out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his " Totally Sweet " series in 2013 . = Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! = Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! is the debut studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth . It was released on June 12 , 1985 , through Combat Records . At the beginning of 1985 , the band was given $ 8 @,@ 000 by Combat to record and produce its debut album . After spending half of the album 's budget on drugs , alcohol and food , the band was forced to fire their original producer and produce the album themselves . Despite the resulting poor production , the album was a well @-@ received effort that obtained strong reviews in various music publications . Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! played an essential role in establishing thrash metal as an authentic subgenre of heavy metal music . It explores themes of death , violence , and occultism . The album features a controversial cover of " These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' " and the track " Mechanix " , a song frontman Dave Mustaine originally wrote for Metallica . A deluxe edition , completely remixed and remastered with several bonus tracks , was released through Loud Records in 2002 . It features vastly different artwork , with its cover based on the version originally designed by Mustaine in 1985 . All songs from the album were performed frequently during Megadeth 's initial tour but have been steadily dropped from the setlist since . = = Background = = Dave Mustaine served as the lead guitarist for Metallica during their early days . However , due to drinking , substance abuse , violent behavior , and personality conflicts with band mates James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich , Mustaine was soon fired from Metallica . Two months after being dismissed , he and bassist David Ellefson formed Megadeth in Los Angeles . Mustaine later recalled : " After getting fired from Metallica , all I remember is that I wanted blood . Theirs . I wanted to be faster and heavier than them . " Fueled by the desire for revenge , Mustaine elevated the intensity of Megadeth 's music in order to challenge his former band . He sped up existing songs such as " Mechanix " , which Metallica 's new line @-@ up adapted into the slower paced " The Four Horsemen " . Mustaine included his original version of the song on the album to " straighten Metallica up " , as Metallica referred to Mustaine as a drunk and said he could not play guitar . After unsuccessfully searching for a vocalist for nearly six months , Mustaine decided to handle the vocal duties himself , while also serving as the band 's primary lyricist , main songwriter and co @-@ lead and rhythm guitarist . Early in 1984 , Megadeth recorded a three song demo engineered by Karat Faye , and on the strength of that demo , the band was asked to sign with the New York @-@ based independent label Combat Records . Early in 1985 , Megadeth was given $ 8 @,@ 000 by Combat to record and produce its debut album . However , this proved not to be enough and the band was given a further $ 4 @,@ 000 . Instead , a majority of the budget was spent on drugs , alcohol , and food , forcing the group to fire the original producer and produce the record themselves . The album was successfully recorded at the Indigo Ranch Studios , in Malibu , California . = = Release and promotion = = The album 's artwork , featuring a plastic skull with tinfoil , was not intended to be the original artwork . Both Mustaine and Ellefson had many phone conversations with Combat Records to get the cover artwork properly reproduced from a sketch given to them by Mustaine of a picture of Megadeth mascot Vic Rattlehead on the cover . However the studio lost the artwork , and instead made their own improvised and low @-@ budget replacement , with which Mustaine and the whole band were mortified . Megadeth began with live performances before the record was released . Although not a member of the band , Kerry King of Slayer played lead guitar for a short period because Mustaine had not recruited a full @-@ time guitarist yet . In mid @-@ 1985 , the group toured the United States and Canada for the first time , supporting Killing Is My Business ... with Exciter . During the tour , guitarist Chris Poland abruptly left the band , and was replaced by touring guitarist Mike Albert . However , Poland rejoined Megadeth in October 1985 , and stayed with the band up to the recording of the next album . The album was released on June 12 , 1985 . To date it remains the only Megadeth album that did not chart on the Billboard 200 , primarily because it was released through an independent label with little promotion . Nevertheless , the album still went on to become one of Combat Records ' highest selling releases . Later that year , Capitol Records signed Megadeth as they began working on their second album , Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? , released the following year . A limited edition of Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! was released in 2009 . The CD itself is pressed on black plastic with grooves on the top to imitate an LP . This version 's cover is redesigned to match Mustaine 's original sketch , and the song " These Boots " was removed . Over 254 @,@ 000 copies of the album were sold in the United States since the beginning of the Nielsen SoundScan era . = = Music and lyrics = = According to writer Peter Buckley , the record presented a faster , " thrashier kind of heavy metal " . Steve Huey of AllMusic opined that the music on Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! is predominantly " chaotic " , accompanied by " lightning @-@ fast " solo sections . Sputnikmusic 's Mike Stagno said that the original pressing greatly suffered from the poor production , which made the record difficult to listen to . However , he noted that the music is performed at rapid speed , with precise riffing by both Poland and Mustaine . In his book Mean Deviation : Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal , editor Jeff Wagner wrote the album displayed unusual rhythms and unorthodox guitar riffs , which carried " like a runaway train " . Speaking about the intensity of the record , Ellefson said that " extreme speed was deemed the cool factor in thrash metal back in those days " . Although Ellefson considers the album as a solid debut release , he wanted some of the songs to be recorded in slower tempo . The album explores gloomy lyrical subjects such as death , violence , and occultism . Speaking about the themes on the album , author Bob Larson asserted that Megadeth " cranks out songs about spilling blood and stomping guts with venomous anger " . The album 's title , as well as its lyrics , led to accusations whether the band was promoting Satanism . These allegations were rigidly denied by Mustaine , who said that the band consciously kept away from the Satanic image . " I mean , it 's great to thrash and pound , cut yourself up , scream and have fun , but you don 't have to take out a Pagan attitude . Why support the Devil ? He 's already there . I 'd rather just fucking thrash and be a metalist and listen to whatever I want to than be forced to listen to one style of music . " = = Songs = = The album 's opening track , " Last Rites / Loved to Deth " , consists of two parts . The first part , " Last Rites " , is an instrumental segue featuring a piano intro , a reinterpretation of J.S. Bach 's Toccata and Fugue in D Minor . Mustaine explained that " Loved to Deth " was his " version of a love song " to his girlfriend at the time . The title track was inspired by The Punisher comic book , and tells of a paid serial assassin . The song caused minor media controversy when a man posted an online request to a radio station to play the tune , saying it was " good music to go postal and kill a bunch of people to " . The man was later arrested under suspicion of commencing a potential shooting spree . " The Skull Beneath the Skin " was developed under the working title " Self Destruct " . The song graphically describes a horrendous human torture , while also probing into the occult and black magic . Mustaine pointed that the creation of Vic Rattlehead was explained throughout that track . " Rattlehead " , according to Dave Mustaine , was dedicated to the band 's mascot and their fans . " Looking Down the Cross " was penned by Mustaine in 1983 under the working title " Speak No Evil " . The song tells about the temptation of Jesus Christ , using religious metaphors and imagery . " Chosen Ones " was partially inspired by Tim the Enchanter from the movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail . " Mechanix " was originally written by Mustaine during his tenure in Metallica ; lyrically , it talks about having sex at a gas station . The album features the first of many covers performed by Megadeth : a speed metal version of Nancy Sinatra 's classic " These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' " , with lyrics altered by Mustaine . The song sparked controversy in later years when the song 's original author , Lee Hazlewood , deemed Mustaine 's changes to be " vile and offensive " and demanded that the song be removed from the album . Under threat of legal action , the song was removed from all pressings released after 1995 . In 2002 , the album was re @-@ released with a modified version of the song ; the altered lyrics were censored because Hazlewood has not given permission to the band to release the cover in its original version . In the liner notes of the album 's reissue , Mustaine was strongly critical of Hazlewood , noting that he received royalties for almost 10 years before objecting to the altered version . = = Critical reception = = Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! received mostly positive reviews , not just from metal @-@ oriented magazines , but from the mainstream press too . Colin Larkin , writing in the Encyclopedia of Popular Music , called the album a " ferocious blast of high @-@ energy thrash metal " , weakened by a thin production . Similarly , Steve Huey from AllMusic observed that the album is " as raw as Megadeth gets " . However , Huey noted that the riffs and compositions weren 't completely developed , and called Mustaine 's vocals " amateurish at best " . Chad Bowar from About.com said that Megadeth were still " finding their way " on their debut album , but remarked that the band showed great potential through angry and passionate musicianship . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters dismissed the original recording , but praised the re @-@ release , writing that the album " blazes on at a furious pace " . According to him , the record greatly influenced the heavy metal genre in the upcoming two decades . Sputnikmusic staff member Mike Stagno agreed with the praise for the remaster , saying that the " fuzzy " sound of the original release was replaced with a clearer production . Even so , he opined that the album still retained the " thrashy " sound characteristic for the band during this period . Mike Marsh of Drowned in Sound recommended the music " for people who want it loud , fast and brutal " . In a retrospective review for KNAC , Frank Meyer said that the album put Megadeth at the forefront of heavy metal scene in the early 1980s and credited it for paving the way for thrash metal 's arrival . CMJ New Music Report praised Mustaine 's " masterful " wordplay and called the record a representative of " the golden age of speed metal " . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Dave Mustaine , except " These Boots " by Lee Hazlewood . = = Personnel = = Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes . = Pennsylvania Route 363 = Pennsylvania Route 363 ( PA 363 ) is a state highway located in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania that is a spur of PA 63 . The route runs 11 @.@ 86 mi ( 19 @.@ 09 km ) from an interchange with U.S. Route 422 ( US 422 ) near Valley Forge northeast to PA 63 in Lansdale . The route runs through suburban areas of central Montgomery County , passing some farmland in Worcester Township . PA 363 is designated along Trooper Road , Ridge Pike , Park Avenue , and Valley Forge Road . In the community of Worcester , the route crosses PA 73 . PA 363 was first designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Highways in 1928 to run from PA 23 in Port Kennedy to PA 63 in Lansdale . Between the 1940s and the 1960s , PA 363 extended west on present @-@ day PA 23 to end near Valley Forge . In the 1960s , the route was redirected to follow Gulph Road to US 202 in King of Prussia . By 1989 , the south end of PA 363 was relocated to the US 422 interchange . The Betzwood Bridge , which had carried PA 363 over the Schuylkill River , was removed in the 1990s . The partial interchange with US 422 became a full interchange in 2015 . = = Route description = = PA 363 begins at an interchange with US 422 ( Pottstown Expressway ) near Valley Forge National Historic Park in Montgomery County . From this point , the route heads northeast on four @-@ lane divided Trooper Road , forming the border between Lower Providence Township to the northwest and West Norriton Township to the southeast . The road passes a business park to the northwest and residential neighborhoods to the southeast as it narrows into an undivided road and enters areas of shopping centers . Here , the route becomes a divided highway again and intersects Egypt Road . PA 363 continues as a two @-@ lane undivided road past more homes as it continues to the Ridge Pike intersection . At this point , the route turns northwest onto Ridge Pike and fully enters Lower Providence Township , passing businesses as a three @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane . PA 363 turns northeast onto two @-@ lane Park Avenue and runs through more residential areas . A short distance after crossing into Worcester Township , the route comes to the community of Fairview Village and crosses Germantown Pike in commercial areas . Upon crossing Germantown Pike , PA 363 becomes known as Valley Forge Road and continues into agricultural areas with scattered residential neighborhoods . The amount of development increases until the road comes to the junction with PA 73 ( Skippack Pike ) in the community of Worcester . After the PA 73 intersection , PA 363 continues past areas of housing developments to the west and farmland to the east before it reaches Morris Road . At this point , the route becomes the border between Towamencin Township to the northwest and Upper Gwynedd Township to the southeast , crossing under I @-@ 476 ( Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension ) along this stretch . The road passes through residential neighborhoods before entering commercial areas and crossing Sumneytown Pike . PA 363 heads to the southeast of North Penn High School and runs past a mix of homes and businesses as it gains a center left @-@ turn lane on the approach to the Allentown Road junction . A short distance later , the route enters Lansdale and passes homes as a two @-@ lane road . PA 363 reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 63 in Lansdale . = = History = = When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911 , present @-@ day PA 363 was not given a number with the exception of the Ridge Pike portion , which was designated as part of Legislative Route 146 . In 1928 , PA 363 was designated to run between PA 23 in the Port Kennedy section of Upper Merion Township and PA 63 in Lansdale . The route headed north across the Schuylkill River near the present US 422 bridge , before heading north on Trooper Road and east on Egypt Road to an intersection with US 422 ( Ridge Pike ) . PA 363 headed west concurrent with US 422 before heading north on Park Avenue and following its current alignment north to Lansdale . At this time , the route was paved between PA 23 and the north end of the US 422 concurrency . By 1930 , PA 363 was rerouted to follow Trooper Road between Egypt Road and US 422 . At this time , the entire length of the route was paved . By 1945 , PA 363 was extended west to end at PA 23 a short distance to the east of the community of Valley Forge . This portion of route was cosigned with PA 23 Truck by 1950 . PA 363 was rerouted to follow Gulph Road from Port Kennedy to US 202 in King of Prussia , with PA 23 being rerouted to follow the former PA 363 between Valley Forge and Port Kennedy , by 1967 . Also by this time , the US 422 concurrency on Ridge Pike had been removed and a freeway had been built that connected PA 363 a short distance north of the Schuylkill River to the US 202 freeway on the border of Chester and Montgomery counties . By 1989 , the southern terminus of PA 363 was cut back to its current location at the US 422 interchange . In 1991 , the Betzwood Bridge , which had carried PA 363 over the Schuylkill River , was closed because of structural issues . The bridge was removed in 1995 and limited bicycle and pedestrian access to Valley Forge National Historical Park from the north , with a temporary bike path being erected on the parallel US 422 bridge . There were plans to replace the Betzwood Bridge with a structure carrying two vehicle traffic lanes and a multi @-@ use trail . These plans never advanced . Ultimately the National Park Service secured federal funding for a mixed @-@ use trail bridge to connect the trails in the north and south sides of Valley Forge Park at the site of the old bridge . Construction of the new bridge at this site began in 2014 . This new bridge , which will be named Sullivan 's Bridge after Revolutionary War General John Sullivan , is planned to be for bicycles and pedestrians only and will provide better access to Valley Forge National Historical Park . In addition , improvements to the interchange between PA 363 and US 422 , which will add a ramp from PA 363 to westbound US 422 and from eastbound US 422 to PA 363 , started in 2013 . The new ramps opened to traffic on December 1 , 2015 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Montgomery County . = Scott Niedermayer = Scott Niedermayer ( born August 31 , 1973 ) is a Canadian former ice hockey defenceman and current Special Assignment Coach of the Anaheim Ducks . He played 18 seasons and over 1 @,@ 000 games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils and Anaheim Ducks . Niedermayer is a four @-@ time Stanley Cup champion and played in five NHL All @-@ Star Games . He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy in 2003 – 04 as the NHL 's top defenceman and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 2007 as the most valuable player of the playoffs . As a junior , Niedermayer was a member of a Kamloops Blazers team that won two Western Hockey League championships and was voted the most valuable player of the 1992 Memorial Cup , leading the Blazers to the Canadian Hockey League championship . A third overall selection at the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by New Jersey , Niedermayer played the majority of his professional career with the Devils before moving to Anaheim in 2005 . Internationally , Niedermayer played with Team Canada on several occasions . He is a member of the Triple Gold Club , signifying he has won the Stanley Cup , the World Championship ( 2004 ) and an Olympic gold medal ( 2002 , 2010 ) . Niedermayer also played on gold medal @-@ winning squads at the 1991 World Junior Championship and the 2004 World Cup of Hockey , making him and Joe Sakic the only players in history to win every major North American and international championship available to a Canadian player . Regarded as one of the greatest defencemen in NHL history , Niedermayer has earned numerous accolades throughout his career . He was inducted into Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in November 2013 . The New Jersey Devils and Kamloops Blazers have both retired his uniform number . = = Early life = = Niedermayer was born in Edmonton , Alberta , but spent the first three years of his life in Cassiar , British Columbia before his family settled in Cranbrook , British Columbia . His father , Bob , was a doctor in Cassiar and then Cranbrook , and his mother Carol was a teacher . He has a younger brother , Rob . Scott and his brother were inseparable when they were younger and often played hockey together . While their father was often their team doctor , their mother taught them to skate . She enrolled them in figure skating to aid their skills development and taught power skating classes in Cranbrook in exchange for ice time for her sons . An offensive defenceman , Scott led his Cranbrook midget team in scoring with 55 goals and 92 points in 1988 – 89 . = = Playing career = = = = = Junior = = = Niedermayer played three seasons of junior hockey with the Kamloops Blazers of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) between 1989 and 1992 . He recorded 69 points in 64 games in his first season , 1989 – 90 , and helped the Blazers win the President 's Cup as WHL champions . The Blazers advanced to the 1990 Memorial Cup as the top ranked team in Canada , but disappointed in the tournament by losing all three games . Niedermayer earned several accolades in 1990 – 91 . He scored 26 goals and 82 points in 57 games to earn a place on the Western Conference All @-@ Star Team . Additionally , he was named the recipient of the Daryl K. ( Doc ) Seaman Trophy as the WHL 's scholastic player of the year and won the Canadian Hockey League Scholastic Player of the Year award . A top prospect for the 1991 NHL Entry Draft , Niedermayer was selected in the first round , third overall , by the New Jersey Devils . He began the 1991 – 92 season with New Jersey as the team wanted him to experience the NHL before being returned to Kamloops . After sitting out the Devils first five games , Niedermayer made his NHL debut on October 16 , 1991 , against the New York Rangers . He appeared in four games with the Devils , recording one assist , before he was sent back to junior . Though he appeared in only 35 games in the 1991 – 92 WHL season , Niedermayer 's 39 points were enough to earn him a second berth on the West All @-@ Star Team . After losing in the Western Conference Final the previous season , the Blazers rebounded to win their second WHL championship in three years in 1992 . Niedermayer tied for third place in playoff scoring with 23 points . At the 1992 Memorial Cup , he scored seven points in five games to lead the Blazers to the national championship . He was voted the recipient of the Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy as the most valuable player of the Memorial Cup . = = = New Jersey Devils = = = Niedermayer joined the Devils full @-@ time in 1992 – 93 . He scored his first NHL goal on November 8 , 1992 , against goaltender Brian Hayward in a 6 – 1 victory over the San Jose Sharks . Overall , Niedermayer appeared in 80 games , scoring 11 goals and 40 points and was named to the NHL All @-@ Rookie Team on defence . Niedermayer improved to 48 points in 1993 – 94 , and added 4 points in 20 playoff games as the Devils reached the Eastern Conference Final against the New York Rangers , a series they lost in seven games . The Devils made another long playoff run in the lockout @-@ shortened 1994 – 95 season , reaching the Stanley Cup Final for the first time in franchise history . Niedermayer scored 11 points in 20 playoff games , including a key goal in game two of the Final as the Devils won the Stanley Cup with a four @-@ game sweep of the Detroit Red Wings . A 33 @-@ point season followed for Niedermayer in 1995 – 96 , but the Devils became the first defending champion in 26 years to miss the playoffs . After a 35 @-@ point season in 1996 – 97 , Niedermayer 's best statistical season in New Jersey came in 1997 – 98 with a 14 @-@ goal , 57 @-@ point campaign . He played in his first NHL All @-@ Star Game , scoring a goal , and was named to the NHL 's Second All @-@ Star Team at the season 's end . After finishing second in league scoring amongst defencemen , despite playing in New Jersey 's stifling defensive system that suppresses offence , Niedermayer demanded a significant raise . He rejected an offer that would have paid him a base salary of $ 3 @.@ 25 million and , unable to come to terms before the start of the 1998 – 99 season , began the year as a holdout . As the dispute dragged into the season , he joined the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) . After missing the first month of the NHL season , Niedermayer and the Devils finally agreed to a multi @-@ year contract , the terms of which were not released . He appeared in 71 games with the Devils that season , recording 46 points . Late in the 1999 – 2000 season , Niedermayer was involved in a violent incident with Peter Worell of the Florida Panthers . After being elbowed by Worell , Niedermayer responded by swinging his stick at his opponents head . Worell suffered a concussion and missed six games , while Niedermayer was suspended for ten games – nine in the regular season , and New Jersey 's first playoff game . After returning from his ban , Niedermayer 's steady defensive contributions in the playoffs helped the Devils win their second Stanley Cup by defeating the Dallas Stars in six games in the 2000 Stanley Cup Final . While celebrating his day with the Cup , Niedermayer took the trophy to Fisher Peak , overlooking his hometown of Cranbrook and was famously pictured hoisting it over his head . The expiration of his contract following the season resulted in another lengthy dispute with the Devils . While he wanted a contract similar to the $ 5 @.@ 3 million per season average the top ten paid defencemen in the league made , the Devils offered a deal with a base salary of $ 3 @.@ 5 million . He was again a holdout at the start of the 2000 – 01 season , and missed nearly two months of play before finally agreeing to a four @-@ year , $ 16 million contract . Niedermayer recorded 35 points in 57 games and played in his second All @-@ Star Game . Late in game four of New Jersey 's first round playoff series against the Toronto Maple Leafs , Niedermayer was knocked unconscious by a vicious elbow from Toronto 's Tie Domi . Niedermayer later claimed that Domi had threatened to retaliate against him over a previous hit earlier in the series . Domi apologized for the incident , calling it a " stupid reaction " , but was suspended for the remainder of the 2001 Stanley Cup Playoffs . New Jersey reached the 2001 Stanley Cup Final , but lost the series to the Colorado Avalanche in seven games . Niedermayer missed several games early in the 2001 – 02 season due to back pain , and his 33 points on the season was his lowest in six seasons . Niedermayer and the Devils reached their fourth Stanley Cup Final in 2002 – 03 . The series was a family affair , as Scott 's brother Rob was a member of the opposing Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . When asked , their mother admitted she was hoping Rob 's Mighty Ducks would win as Scott already had two championships to his name . Scott dashed his brother and mother 's hopes , recording two assists in the deciding seventh game to lead the Devils to a 3 – 0 victory , and win his third Stanley Cup . Niedermayer cemented his reputation as an elite NHL defenceman in 2003 – 04 , earning praise from both teammates and opponents for his play throughout the season . Injuries to fellow defencemen Scott Stevens and Brian Rafalski resulted in Niedermayer averaging over 25 minutes of ice time per game , sometimes topping 30 , and he temporarily inherited the Devils ' captaincy from Stevens . Offensively , Niedermayer posted his second career 50 @-@ point season , finishing with 14 goals and 40 assists . He played in his third All @-@ Star Game and was named a First Team All @-@ Star for the first time . After finishing second in league scoring amongst defencemen , recording a plus @-@ minus rating of + 20 and leading the Devils to a modern NHL record low 164 goals against , Niedermayer was voted the winner of the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the league 's top defenceman . Upon the expiration of his previous contract , Niedermayer was again a restricted free agent , and he again endured a difficult negotiation with the Devils , even after he changed agents . Initially demanding a five @-@ year , $ 45 million contract , Niedermayer chose to go to arbitration . He was awarded a one @-@ year contract for the 2004 – 05 season , and the $ 7 million salary he was given tied John LeClair 's award in 2000 as the highest ever given in arbitration . However , the contract was wiped out when the entire season was cancelled as a result of the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout . = = = Anaheim Ducks = = = As an unrestricted free agent in the summer of 2005 , Niedermayer was in considerable demand ; 14 teams contacted his agent on the first day they were allowed to talk to him . The Devils offered him a five @-@ year contract that would have paid him $ 7 @.@ 8 million per season , the maximum allowed under the new salary cap , but Niedermayer chose instead to sign a four @-@ year contract worth $ 6 @.@ 75 million per season with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . He chose to take the shorter term and lower salary to play and try to win a Stanley Cup with his brother . The Ducks immediately named Scott the team 's captain . In his first season in Anaheim , 2005 – 06 , Niedermayer scored 63 points and was named a First Team All @-@ Star for the second time . In the playoffs , the Ducks reached the Western Conference Final , but were eliminated by the Edmonton Oilers . Joined on Anaheim 's blueline by Chris Pronger , Niedermayer helped the Ducks set franchise records in 2006 – 07 for most wins ( 48 ) and points ( 110 ) . Both were named finalists for the Norris Trophy , but lost to Detroit 's Nicklas Lidström . Individually , Niedermayer played his 1,000th career game , against the Edmonton Oilers on November 28 , 2006 . He set career highs of 15 goals , 54 assists and 69 points during the regular season and was named a First Team All @-@ Star . He added 11 points in the 2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs , and was named recipient of the Conn Smythe Memorial Trophy as the most valuable player of the post @-@ season after leading Anaheim to the franchise 's first championship in a five @-@ game series victory over the Ottawa Senators in the final . As team captain , Niedermayer was the first player given the chance to hoist the Stanley Cup . He passed the trophy to his brother ; it was Rob 's first championship victory . Of the moment , Scott stated : " You don 't really dream of passing it to your brother . I never have . To be able to do that is definitely a highlight of my career . " Coming off his fourth championship , the 34 @-@ year @-@ old Niedermayer contemplated retirement . Remaining undecided on his future as the 2007 – 08 season began , he failed to report to the team and was suspended by the Ducks as a formality . Pronger replaced him as captain , and Niedermayer remained undecided until early December when he finally chose to return . He appeared in only 48 games that season , scoring 25 points , but played in his fourth All @-@ Star Game . After the Ducks were eliminated in the first round of the 2008 playoffs , he again contemplated retirement , but quickly made the decision to return for the 2008 – 09 season . He regained captaincy of the Ducks , and played in his fifth All @-@ Star Game during the season in which he scored 59 points in 82 games . In what proved to be his final season , 2009 – 10 , Niedermayer scored 48 points in 80 games . He announced his retirement as a player on June 22 , 2010 , but remained with the Ducks organization as a consultant to general manager Bob Murray . He turned to coaching in 2012 – 13 season , serving as a Special Assignment Coach with the Ducks . = = = International = = = Niedermayer enjoyed a long and successful international career , winning championships at all levels . He made his international debut as a 17 @-@ year @-@ old with the Canadian junior team at the 1991 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . He appeared in three games as Team Canada used a late goal by John Slaney in the final game of the tournament , against the Soviet Union , to win the gold medal . He returned for the 1992 tournament , one which The Sports Network described as one of the most disappointing in Canadian history , as the team finished sixth in the eight team event . Four years later , in 1996 , Niedermayer first joined the senior team at the inaugural World Cup of Hockey . He had a goal and three assists in eight games , but Canada lost the championship final to the United States . Niedermayer next made his Olympic debut in 2002 . He appeared in six games , and helped Canada defeat the United States , 5 – 2 in the final as the country won its first Olympic gold medal in hockey in 50 years . Gold medal victories followed in 2004 as Niedermayer scored five points in nine games at the World Championship then added two points in six games at the World Cup of Hockey . In the latter event , Niedermayer scored a goal in the championship game , a 3 – 2 victory over Finland . He was set to make his second Olympic appearance in 2006 , however a knee injury suffered during NHL play that required surgery forced him to withdraw from the tournament . Niedermayer 's final international competition came at the 2010 Olympics , four months before his retirement as a player . He was named captain of the team for the tournament that was held in his home province , in Vancouver . He led Canada to the gold medal , culminating in a 3 – 2 overtime win over the United States . = = Playing style = = An offensively @-@ minded defenceman , Niedermayer was best known for his skating ability and drew comparison 's to the game 's offensive greats from the time he broke into the NHL . He was compared to Paul Coffey for his ability to take the puck from his own goal line and convert a defensive situation into an offensive rush . He often chafed at playing within the Devils ' defence @-@ oriented system , feeling it restricted his offensive creativity , but also admitted that he learned to place greater emphasis on his defence and develop his overall game . Niedermayer earned a reputation for inconsistency early in his career . He often played his best games against top opposition , but his failure to consistently apply his skills against all opposition occasionally frustrated his teammates and left his coaches lamenting that he was a player capable of being dominant but often was not . By the end of his career however , and following his Norris Trophy win in 2004 , Niedermayer was regarded as one of the top offensive defencemen of his generation and as one of the game 's greatest winners . Niedermayer is the only player in hockey history to win every major contemporary North American and International Competitive titles : the Memorial Cup , World Junior championship , Stanley Cup , World Championship , World Cup and Olympic Games . Niedermayer has been honoured on several occasions . The New Jersey Devils retired his jersey number 27 in 2011 , and the Kamloops Blazers retired the number 28 he wore in junior in 2013 . He has been inducted into the BC Hockey Hall of Fame and Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame . Niedermayer was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as part of its 2013 class , and was inducted on November 11 , 2013 . = = Personal life = = Niedermayer and his wife Lisa have four sons : Logan , Jackson , Joshua and Luke . The family resides in Newport Beach , California , but often returns to Cranbrook , where they spent the off @-@ seasons while he was playing . Scott and Lisa are active in the community . They serve as honorary co @-@ chairs of the Walk for Kids , a charity event that supports the Ronald McDonald House of Orange County , while Scott and his brother Rob operate a hockey school in Cranbrook and established a fund that offers grants to community associations . An active environmentalist , Scott has also joined with WWF @-@ Canada to speak out in favour of efforts to maintain British Columbia 's natural wilderness . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards and honours = = = Sauvignon blanc = Sauvignon blanc is a green @-@ skinned grape variety that originates from the Bordeaux region of France . The grape most likely gets its name from the French words sauvage ( " wild " ) and blanc ( " white " ) due to its early origins as an indigenous grape in South West France . It is possibly a descendant of Savagnin . Sauvignon blanc is planted in many of the world 's wine regions , producing a crisp , dry , and refreshing white varietal wine . The grape is also a component of the famous dessert wines from Sauternes and Barsac . Sauvignon blanc is widely cultivated in France , Chile , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Washington and California . Some New World Sauvignon blancs , particularly from California , may also be called " Fume Blanc " . Depending on the climate , the flavor can range from aggressively grassy to sweetly tropical . In cooler climates , the grape has a tendency to produce wines with noticeable acidity and " green flavors " of grass , green bell peppers and nettles with some tropical fruit ( such as passion fruit ) and floral ( such as elderflower ) notes . In warmer climates , it can develop more tropical fruit notes but risk losing a lot of aromatics from over @-@ ripeness , leaving only slight grapefruit and tree fruit ( such as peach ) notes . Wine experts have used the phrase " crisp , elegant , and fresh " as a favorable description of Sauvignon blanc from the Loire Valley and New Zealand . Sauvignon blanc , when slightly chilled , pairs well with fish or cheese , particularly chèvre . It is also known as one of the few wines that can pair well with sushi . Along with Riesling , Sauvignon blanc was one of the first fine wines to be bottled with a screwcap in commercial quantities , especially by New Zealand producers . The wine is usually consumed young , as it does not particularly benefit from aging , as varietal Sauvignon blancs tend to develop vegetal aromas reminiscent of peas and asparagus with extended aging . Dry and sweet white Bordeaux , including oak @-@ aged examples from Pessac @-@ Léognan and Graves , as well as some Loire wines from Pouilly @-@ Fumé and Sancerre are some of the few examples of Sauvignon blancs with aging potential . Since 2010 , 24 April has been International Sauvignon Blanc Day . = = History = = The Sauvignon blanc grape traces its origins to western France in the Loire Valley and Bordeaux Regions . As noted above , it is not clear that the vine originated in western France . Ongoing research suggests it may have descended from Savagnin . It has also been associated with the Carmenere family . At some point in the 18th century , the vine paired with Cabernet Franc to parent the Cabernet Sauvignon vine in Bordeaux . In the 19th century , plantings in Bordeaux were often interspersed with Sauvignon vert ( In Chile , known as Sauvignonasse ) as well as the Sauvignon blanc pink mutation Sauvignon gris . Prior to the phylloxera epidemic , the insect plague which devastated French vineyards in the 19th century , these interspersed cuttings were transported to Chile where the field blends are still common today . Despite the similarity in names , Sauvignon blanc has no known relation to the Sauvignon rosé mutation found in the Loire Valley of France . The first cuttings of Sauvignon blanc were brought to California by Charles Wetmore , founder of Cresta Blanca Winery , in the 1880s . These cuttings came from the Sauternes vineyards of Château d 'Yquem . The plantings produced well in Livermore Valley . Eventually , the wine acquired the alias of " Fumé Blanc " in California by promotion of Robert Mondavi in 1968 . The grape was first introduced to New Zealand in the 1970s as an experimental planting to be blended with Müller @-@ Thurgau . = = Climate and geography = = The Sauvignon blanc vine often buds late but ripens early , which allows it to perform well in sunny climates when not exposed to overwhelming heat . In warm regions such as South Africa , Australia and California , the grape flourishes in cooler climate appellations such as the Alexander Valley area . In areas where the vine is subjected to high heat , the grape will quickly become over @-@ ripe and produce wines with dull flavors and flat acidity . Rising global temperatures have caused farmers to harvest the grapes earlier than they have in the past . The grape originated in France , in the regions of Bordeaux and the Loire Valley . Plantings in California , Australia , Chile and South Africa are also extensive , and Sauvignon blanc is steadily increasing in popularity as white wine drinkers seek alternatives to Chardonnay . The grape can also be found in Italy and Central Europe . = = Wine regions = = = = = France = = = In France , Sauvignon blanc is grown in the maritime climate of Bordeaux ( especially in Entre @-@ Deux @-@ Mers , Graves and Pessac @-@ Leognan as a dry wine , and in Sauternes as a sweet wine ) as well as the continental climate of the Loire Valley ( as Pouilly Fumé , Sancerre , and Sauvignon de Touraine ) . The climates of these areas are particularly favorable in slowing the ripening on the vine , allowing the grape more time to develop a balance between its acidity and sugar levels . This balance is important in the development of the intensity of the wine 's aromas . Winemakers in France pay careful attention to the terroir characteristics of the soil and the different elements that it can impart to the wine . The chalk and Kimmeridgean marl of Sancerre and Pouilly produces wines of richness and complexity while areas with more compact chalk soils produces wines with more finesse and perfume . The gravel soil found near the Loire River and its tributaries impart spicy , floral and mineral flavors while in Bordeaux , the wines have a fruitier personality . Vines planted in flint tend to produce the most vigorous and longest lasting wines . Pouilly Fumé originate from the town of Pouilly @-@ sur @-@ Loire , located directly across the Loire River from the commune of Sancerre . The soil here is very flinty with deposits of limestone which the locals believed imparted a smoky , gun flint flavor to the wine and hence Fumé , the French word for " smoke " was attached to the wine . Along with Sémillon , Muscadelle and Ugni blanc , Sauvignon blanc is one of only four white grapes allowed in the production of white Bordeaux wine . Mostly used as a blending grape , Sauvignon blanc is the principal grape in Château Margaux 's Pavillon Blanc , In the northern Rhône Valley , Sauvignon Blanc is often blended with Tresallier to form a tart white wine . In the Sauternes region , the grape is blended with Sémillon to make the late harvest wine , Sauternes . The composition of Sauvignon blanc varies from producer and can range from 5 @-@ 50 % with the Premier Cru Supérieur Château d 'Yquem using 20 % . A traditional practice often employed in Sauternes is to plant one Sauvignon Blanc vine at regular intervals among rows of Semillon . However , Sauvignon blanc 's propensity to ripen 1 – 2 weeks earlier can lead the grapes to lose some of their intensity and aroma as they hang longer on the vine . This has prompted more producers to isolate their parcels of Sauvignon blanc . Near the edge of the Chablis commune is an AOC called Saint @-@ Bris that is gaining attention for its Sauvignon blanc production . = = = Australia = = = In Australia , particularly the Margaret River region , the grape is often blended with Sémillon . Varietal styles , made from only the Sauvignon blanc grape , from Adelaide Hills and Padthaway have a style distinctive from their New Zealand neighbors that tend to be more ripe in flavor with white peach and lime notes and slightly higher acidity . = = = Chile and Brazil = = = In the early 1990s , ampelographers began to distinguish Sauvignon blanc from Sauvignonasse plantings in Chile . The character of non @-@ blended Chilean Sauvignon blanc are noticeably less acidic than the wines of New Zealand and more similar to the French style that is typical of Chilean wines . The region of Valparaíso is the most notable area for Sauvignon blanc in Chile due to its cooler climate which allows the grapes to be picked up to six weeks later than in other parts of Chile . In Brazil , ampelographers have discovered that the vines called Sauvignon blanc planted in the region are really Seyval blanc . = = = New Zealand = = = In the 1990s , Sauvignon blanc wines from the maritime climatic regions of New Zealand , particularly the South Island , became popular on the wine market . In the Marlborough region , sandy soils over slate shingles have become the most desirable locations for plantings due to the good drainage of the soil and poor fertility that encourages the vine to concentrate its flavors in lower yields . In the flood plain of the Wairau River Valley , the soil runs in east @-@ west bands across the area . This can create a wide diversity of flavors for vineyards that are planted north @-@ south with the heavier soils producing more herbaceous wines from grapes that ripen late and vines planted in stonier soils ripening earlier and imparting more lush and tropical flavors . It is this difference in soils , and the types of harvest time decisions that wine producers must make , that add a unique element to New Zealand Sauvignon blanc . The long narrow geography of the South Island ensures that no vineyard is more than 80 miles ( 130 km ) from the coast . The cool , maritime climate of the area allows for a long and steady growing season in which the grapes can ripen and develop a natural balance of acids and sugars . This brings out the flavors and intensity that distinguish New Zealand Sauvignon blancs . More recently , Waipara in the South Island and Martinborough , Gisborne and Hawkes Bay in the North Island have been attracting attention for their Sauvignon blanc releases , which often exhibit subtle differences to those from Marlborough . The asparagus , gooseberry and green flavor commonly associated with New Zealand Sauvignon blanc is derived from flavor compounds known as methoxypyrazines that becomes more pronounced and concentrated in wines from cooler climate regions . Riper flavors such as passion fruit , along with other notes such as boxwood , may be driven by thiol concentrations . = = = North America = = = In North America , California is the leading producer of Sauvignon blanc with plantings also found in Washington state and on the Niagara Peninsula and Okanagan Valley in Canada . In California wine produced from the Sauvignon blanc grape is also known as Fumé Blanc . This California wine was first made by Napa Valley 's Robert Mondavi Winery in 1968 . Mondavi had been offered a crop of particularly good Sauvignon blanc grapes by a grower . At that time the variety had a poor reputation in California due to its grassy flavor and aggressive aromas . Mondavi decided to try to tame that aggressiveness with barrel agings and released the wine under the name Fumé Blanc as an allusion to the French Pouilly @-@ Fumé . The usage of the term is primarily a marketing base one with California wine makers choosing whichever name they prefer . Both oaked and unoaked Sauvignon blanc wines have been marketed under the name Fumé Blanc . California Sauvignon blancs tend to fall into two styles . The New Zealand @-@ influenced Sauvignon blanc have more tropical fruit undertones with citrus and passion fruit notes . The Mondavi @-@ influenced Fumé Blanc are more round with melon notes . = = = Other areas = = = Sauvignon blanc is also beginning to gain prominence in areas like South Africa 's Stellenbosch and Durbanville and Italy 's Collio Goriziano areas . It is also one of the main ingredients in Muffato della Sala , one of Italy 's most celebrated sweet wines . = = Viticulture = = Winemakers in New Zealand and Chile harvest the grapes at various intervals for the different blending characteristics that the grape can impart depending on its ripeness levels . At its most unripe stage , the grape is high in malic acid . As it progresses further towards ripeness the grape develops red & green pepper flavors and eventually achieves a balance of sugars . The flavors characteristic of Sauvignon blanc come from the chemicals methoxypyrazines . Grapes grown in Marlborough 's Wairau Valley may exhibit different levels of ripeness over the vineyard , caused by slight unevenness in the land and giving a similar flavor profile to the resulting wine . Sauvignon blanc can be greatly influenced by decisions in the winemaking process . One decision is the amount of contact that the must has with the skins of the grape . In the early years of the New Zealand wine industry , there were no wineries on the South Island which meant that freshly harvested grapes had to be trucked and then ferried to the North Island , often all the way up to Auckland . This allowed for prolonged exposure of the skins and juice which sharpened the intensity and pungency of the wine . Some winemakers , like the Loire , intentionally leave a small amount of must to spend some time in contact with the skin for later blending purposes . Other winemakers , like in California , generally avoid any contact with the skin due to the reduced aging ability of the resulting wine . Another important decision is the temperature of fermentation . French winemakers prefer warmer fermentations ( around 16 @-@ 18 ° C ) that bring out the mineral flavors in the wine while New World winemakers prefer slightly colder temperatures to bring out more fruit and tropical flavors . A small minority of Loire winemakers will put the wine through malolactic fermentation , a practice more often associated with New Zealand wines . Oak aging can have a pronounced effect on the wine , with the oak rounding out the flavors and softening the naturally high acidity of the grape . Some winemakers , like those in New Zealand and Sancerre , prefer stainless steel fermentation tanks over barrels with the intention of maintaining the sharp focus and flavor intensity . = = Synonyms = = Sauvignon blanc is also known under the synonyms Beyaz Sauvignon , Blanc Doux , Blanc Fume , Bordeaux bianco , Douce blanche , Feher Sauvignon , Feigentraube , Fie , Fie dans le Neuvillois , Fume , Fume Blanc , Fume Surin , Genetin , Gennetin , Gentin a Romorantin , Gros Sauvignon , Libournais , Melkii Sotern , Muskat Silvaner , Muskat Sylvaner , Muskatani Silvanec , Muskatni Silvanec , Muskatsilvaner , Painechon , Pellegrina , Petit Sauvignon , Picabon , Piccabon , Pinot Mestny Bely , Pissotta , Puinechou , Punechon , Punechou , Quinechon , Rouchelin , Sampelgrina , Sarvonien , Sauternes , Sauvignon , Sauvignon bianco , Sauvignon Bijeli , Sauvignon blanco , Sauvignon Fume , Sauvignon Gros , Sauvignon jaune , Sauvignon jeune , Sauvignon Petit , Sauvignon vert , Sauvignon White , Savagnin , Savagnin blanc , Savagnin Musque , Savagnou , Savignon , Servanien , Servonien , Servoyen , Souternes , Sovinak , Sovinjon , Sovinjon Beli , Sovinon , Spergolina , Surin , Sylvaner Musque , Uva Pelegrina , Weisser Sauvignon , and Zöld Ortlibi . = Duane Barry = " Duane Barry " is the fifth episode of the second season and 29th episode overall of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It originally aired in the United States and Canada on October 14 , 1994 , on Fox . The episode was written and directed by executive producer Chris Carter . " Duane Barry " received a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 and was viewed by 8 @.@ 5 million households . The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In the episode , Mulder becomes involved in a hostage situation with an escaped psychiatric patient , named Duane Barry ( Steve Railsback ) , who claims to be terrified of frequent alien abductions . " Duane Barry " was a storyline milestone for the series , marking the events which would lead up to Scully being abducted by aliens , which in turn would lead to her developing cancer in the fourth and fifth seasons . It would also lead to the birth of her son , William , at the end of the eighth season . The episode marked Chris Carter 's debut as a director . While never directing before , he would direct such episodes as " The List " , " The Post @-@ Modern Prometheus " , " Triangle " , and " Improbable " , as well as the second feature film , The X @-@ Files : I Want to Believe and three episodes of the tenth season . The storyline was inspired by the true story of Phineas Gage , a 19th @-@ century medical case . = = Plot = = In 1985 , at his home in Pulaski , Virginia , Duane Barry ( Steve Railsback ) is abducted by aliens . Eight years later , Barry has become a violent patient in a mental institution , refusing to take his medication and insisting that the aliens are coming back for him . He attacks a security guard and steals his gun , taking head psychiatrist Dr. Hakkie hostage before escaping . Barry seeks to return to his original abduction site with Dr. Hakkie , in the hopes that the aliens will take the doctor instead when they return . But since he can 't remember where the abduction site is located , Barry heads to a travel agency in Richmond and holds the three clerks hostage along with Dr. Hakkie . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) are summoned to the ensuing hostage situation by Agent Lucy Kazdin ( CCH Pounder ) , since Barry insists that he is an alien abductee . Mulder contacts Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) for assistance , asking her to look into Barry 's history . Mulder acts as a hostage negotiator , calling Barry in order to earn his trust so that the standoff may be peacefully resolved . Barry quickly figures this out , causing Mulder to learn that he is a former FBI agent . A power outage occurs , frightening Barry and causing him to fire his gun , hitting one of the hostages . Mulder heads inside the travel agency with a paramedic . Barry releases the wounded hostage in exchange for Mulder , who is instructed to get Barry near the agency 's front door so that snipers can fire on him . Scully arrives and reveals that Barry 's frontal cortex was damaged when he was shot in the head in 1982 ; she thinks this injury has made Barry a psychopathic pathological liar . Mulder talks to Barry , who claims that the aliens performed painful tests on him and put tracking devices in his body . Mulder — against Agent Kazdin 's orders — tells Barry that he believes his story , convincing him to let two more hostages go . However , when Mulder questions whether Barry is lying , he becomes enraged . Mulder tricks Barry into approaching the front door where Barry is shot by a sniper . The next day , Mulder visits Barry in the hospital . Agent Kazdin appears , revealing that metal implants were found in Barry 's body and that tiny holes were found in his teeth , in the same manner he had described . Mulder gives one of the implants to Scully , who has it reviewed by a ballistics expert ; they find a microscopic barcode imprinted on it . Later , at a supermarket , Scully swipes the implant across a checkout scanner , causing the machine to malfunction while displaying a strange serial number . At her house , Scully leaves a message on Mulder 's voicemail , suggesting that Barry had been " catalogued " by the implant . But just then , Barry — having just escaped from the hospital — breaks in through Scully 's window and kidnaps her . = = Production = = = = = Conception = = = Originally planned to be a standalone mythology episode , but the news of Gillian Anderson 's pregnancy led to the creation of a two @-@ part episode , since the production crew knew they needed Anderson to disappear until she had given birth . The follow @-@ up episode , " Ascension " , was written by Paul Brown . Much of Carter 's inspiration for the episode came from reports of Phineas Gage , who underwent a personality change after a blasting accident drove an iron rod completely through his head ( though the idea that Gage became violent , immoral , or a pathological liar , as Scully describes him , is without foundation ) . The aliens ' use of a dental drill on Barry was inspired by a neighbour of Carter who said that he was abducted and that the aliens drilled holes into his teeth – which a dentist analyzed and said could not be done with any equipment he knew . The aliens seen at the start of the episode were portrayed by children . Carter wrote specifically the part of Duane Barry with Steve Railsback in mind , saying " I 've resisted casting the marquee names only because it takes you out of the show ; makes the show less believable . But there are certain actors who just call out for the part . " Originally , Railsback character was named Duane Garry , but it was changed to Duane Barry after learning that a person within the Federal Bureau of Investigation had the same name . Carter has mentioned that he disliked the new name at first , but got used to it over time . = = = Filming = = = This episode marked Chris Carter 's directing debut . Being the first he had ever directed , David Nutter from the directing staff helped , tipped , and showed him what to do . With Nutter 's help , Carter learned how to block entire scenes . When commenting on his experience , Carter told that he sometimes followed Nutter 's advice down to " the letter " . When directing the episode , Carter wanted to create a different feel for the episode , by focusing more on the performances given by the actors , than the mechanical set designs . Carter declared that directing he learned about " things you take for granted as a writer and producer " , that lead to " compromises " for things Carter could not do on @-@ screen , and compared the episode to a stage play as most is set in a single place , the travel agency . During the filming of Duane Barry 's abduction , they had a " film run out " which , according to Carter , gave the scene a " very eerie effect " . Shooting that scene was a " real test " according to Carter . Carter was pleased with the outcome , saying he was able to show viewers what he wanted out of The X @-@ Files , which he felt he was " very successful " at . The visual effects ' crew had to hang a " giant light " over the house where Barry was being abducted . It took the course of 45 minutes to shoot the scene . According to Carter , much teamwork was required to film that particular scene . As Carter puts it , he was actually forced to stay " behind the camera " to see the end results . For the experiments , Railsback was put in a plaster model of his back as he was lifted by a hydraulic device , and had water squirted on his mouth for the dental drill . = = Reception = = " Duane Barry " premiered on the Fox network on October 14 , 1994 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 , with a 16 share , meaning that roughly 8 @.@ 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 16 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 8 @.@ 5 million households . CCH Pounder and Chris Carter both earned Primetime Emmy nominations for " excellence in primetime television " for their work in this episode . Pounder was nominated in the category " Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series " , while Carter was nominated in the category " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Drama Series " . The episode was also nominated in the categories " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Editing for a Series " and " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production " . Director of Photography John Bartley also received a nomination for Outstanding Achievement Award for Episodic Television by the American Society of Cinematographers . The episode was well received by the cast and crew of The X @-@ Files . Producer J.P. Finn praised the episode and Carter 's directing , saying " We were all pretty nervous doing that one , because Chris Carter was a new director . It turned out that he directed very ... It was a great script , a great cast , and he ended up directing a home run . One of the charming things about it was the end , where we had these alien heads placed on young children . It was so endearing to see them on the set between takes , playing with Chris and everyone " . Actor David Duchovny said of Carter 's directing " Chris came in meticulously prepared , which is his nature . I think his first episode was great " . Carter himself described it as one of his favorite episodes because " it was a chance for me to sort of do it all , and it came out in ways better than I imagined it would " . The episode received largely positive reviews from television critics . Matt Roush from USA Today said Steve Railsback 's performance as Duane Barry rivaled that of his portrayal of Charles Manson in the 1976 television miniseries Helter Skelter . An unnamed reviewer from the Contra Costa Times called the episode " seminal " . San Jose Mercury News said Railsback gave what was to be the " ultimate X @-@ Files performance " in 2002 after the show had been cancelled . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , gave the episode a glowing review and rated it five stars out of five . The two called it " a career best for Chris Carter " and praised his writing and directing , noting that both were " powerfully " and " passionately " done . Shearman and Pearson also applauded the episode 's simplicity , citing it as the factor that made the entry stand out from others . Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club named it an " essential " episode of The X @-@ Files . Furthermore , he praised Railsback 's performance , writing that " there 's a sweaty intensity to his best performances that makes him impossible to look away from ; but you still can 't accept anything he says at face value . " = Roderic Dallas = Roderic Stanley ( Stan ) Dallas , DSO , DSC & Bar ( 30 July 1891 – 1 June 1918 ) was an Australian fighter ace of World War I. His score of aerial victories is generally regarded as the second @-@ highest by an Australian , after Robert Little , but there is considerable dispute over Dallas 's exact total . While his official score is commonly given as 39 , claim @-@ by @-@ claim analyses list as few as 32 , and other research credits him with over 50 , compared to Little 's official tally of 47 . Like Little , Dallas flew with British units , rather than the Australian Flying Corps . Beyond his personal combat record , Dallas achieved success as a squadron leader , both in the air and on the ground . He was also an influential tactician and test pilot . His service spanned almost the entirety of World War I fighter aviation . Born on a remote property in rural Queensland , Dallas showed an early interest in aviation . He travelled to England at his own expense following the outbreak of World War I and became a pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) in August 1915 . Initially seeing action with No. 1 Naval Wing on the Western Front in Caudrons and Nieuport 11s , he was chosen to test one of the earliest Sopwith Triplanes . This became his favourite type , and he achieved many victories with it through 1916 – 17 , earning the Distinguished Service Order , and the Distinguished Service Cross and Bar . He was appointed commanding officer of No. 1 Squadron RNAS in June 1917 . On the establishment of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918 , he took command of No. 40 Squadron . Flying Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s , he achieved further victories before being killed in action on 1 June 1918 while on patrol near Liévin in northern France . He was buried in Pernes . = = Early life = = Stan Dallas was born on 30 July 1891 at Mount Stanley station outside Esk , Queensland , to labourer Peter MacArthur Dallas and his wife Honora . Mount Stanley was an isolated property , and journeys to and from Esk were long and infrequent ; Stan was the first Caucasian child born at the station . His family moved to Tenterfield , New South Wales , soon after the birth of his younger brother in 1893 . They returned to Queensland in 1898 , settling in Mount Morgan , where Peter Dallas became a shift boss at the local mines . Stan attended Mount Morgan Boy 's School from February 1899 and eventually joined its cadet corps , rising to sergeant . At school he was noted for his intelligence , ability to get along well with others , and quiet sense of humour . He enjoyed the outdoors , and spent many hours in the mountains behind his family 's home , observing birds of prey . In July 1907 , Dallas joined the assay office of the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company , and also enrolled in the local technical college , where he took night classes in chemistry and technical drawing . He showed an early interest in aviation , fuelled by the establishment in 1911 of the Mount Morgan chapter of the Queensland Aero Club . Dallas and his younger brother Norvel built a glider , which was wrecked by an untimely gust of wind the first time they tried to launch it . The two brothers continued to build model gliders in spite of this initial disaster , and Stan corresponded with pioneer aviators in France , England , and the United States . He later transferred to a higher @-@ paying job driving trucks for Iron Island ironstone quarries . Stan and Norvel once again built their own flying machine while Stan was working on Iron Island . They experimented with this seaplane on nearby Marble Island , notorious for its treacherous waters ; Stan lost this aeroplane in the sea . At 1 @.@ 88 metres ( 6 ft 2 in ) tall , and weighing 101 kg ( 223 lb ) , Dallas would later surprise observers with his ability to fit into the cramped cockpits of fighter planes . Despite his size , he was considered a fine athlete with quick reflexes . Although he could project a loud speaking voice , he was generally soft @-@ spoken and was not known to curse or drink alcohol , nor often to smoke . Dallas stayed fit through regular exercise at the gym , and played rugby union football . He had exceptionally keen eyesight , which he had trained by reading small print in newspapers at the six @-@ foot length of his family 's table . To balance out athletics , he participated in amateur theatrics , where his strong voice served him well . = = Service history = = = = = Rise to flying ace = = = Dallas joined the Port Curtis Militia in 1913 , and was commissioned as a lieutenant prior to the outbreak of World War I. Believing he had little chance of gaining a place in the recently established Australian Flying Corps , he applied to join the British Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) , but was rejected . Undaunted , he travelled from Queensland to Melbourne , where he impressed Minister Without Portfolio J.A. Jensen . Jensen gave the young aspirant a letter of introduction to the Australian High Commissioner in London , Sir George Reid . Dallas paid his own passage to England and , once there , applied once more to the RFC . Rejected again , he turned to the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) and was accepted , topping the entrance examination over 83 other students . He was commissioned a flight sub @-@ lieutenant and began training at Hendon in June 1915 , gaining Pilot 's License # 1512 on 5 August . On 3 December	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
section . Muirhead @-@ Gould gave the general alarm , along with orders for ships to take anti @-@ submarine measures , at 22 : 27 ; the alarm was repeated at 22 : 36 with advice for ships to take precautions against attack , as an enemy submarine might be in the harbour . At the time of the first alarm , Sydney Harbour was closed to external traffic , but Muirhead @-@ Gould ordered ferries and other internal traffic to continue , as he believed that having multiple ships travelling around at speed would help force any submarines to remain submerged . Midget submarine M @-@ 24 [ II ] was the second to enter the harbour . HMAS Falie grazed M @-@ 24 's hull and reported the contact to command . The report was not followed up . M @-@ 24 crossed the indicator loop undetected at 21 : 48 , and at approximately 22 : 00 followed a Manly ferry through the anti @-@ submarine net . At 22 : 52 , M @-@ 24 was spotted by a Chicago searchlight operator less than 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) to the moored cruiser 's starboard , and on a course roughly parallel to the ship 's facing . Chicago opened fire with a 5 in ( 130 mm ) gun and a quadruple machinegun mount , but inflicted minimal damage as the weapons could not depress far enough . Some of the 5 in ( 130 mm ) shells skipped off the water and hit Fort Denison 's Martello tower , while fragments were later found in the suburbs of Cremorne and Mosman . The senior officer present aboard Chicago ordered the crew to begin preparing for departure , and for USS Perkins to begin an anti @-@ submarine screening patrol around the cruiser , orders that were revoked by the sceptical Captain Howard Bode when he arrived on board at around 23 : 30 . HMAS Whyalla and Geelong also fired upon M @-@ 24 as it fled west toward the Sydney Harbour Bridge , before the midget was able to submerge and escape . When it returned to periscope depth , the midget found itself west of Fort Denison . It turned and sailed east for about 1 nmi ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ; 1 @.@ 9 km ) , then took up a firing position south @-@ west of Bradley 's Head , from where its commander could see Chicago 's stern silhouetted against the construction floodlights at Garden Island 's new Captain Cook Graving Dock . Midget submarine M @-@ 21 — from I @-@ 22 — probably entered the harbour at the same time that USS Chicago opened fire on M @-@ 24 . The unarmed auxiliary patrol boat HMAS Lauriana spotted M @-@ 21 and illuminated the submarine 's conning tower , while sending an alert signal to the Port War Signal Station at South Head , and the nearby anti @-@ submarine vessel HMAS Yandra . Yandra attempted to ram the submarine , lost contact , regained contact at 23 : 03 , and dropped six depth charges . At the time of the attack , it was assumed that the depth charges had destroyed or disabled the midget , but M @-@ 21 survived . Historians believe that the midget took refuge on the harbour floor and waited until the Allied vessels had moved away before it resumed the attack . At 23 : 14 , Muirhead @-@ Gould ordered all ships to observe blackout conditions . Just after 23 : 30 , he set off on a barge towards the boom net , to make a personal inspection . The Admiral reached Lolita at about midnight and indicated to her crew that he did not take the reports of enemy submarines seriously , reportedly saying : " What are you all playing at , running up and down the harbour dropping depth charges and talking about enemy subs in the harbour ? There 's not one to be seen . " The crew reiterated that a submarine had been seen , but Muirhead @-@ Gould remained unconvinced and before he left , added sarcastically : " If you see another sub , see if the captain has a black beard . I 'd like to meet him . " Despite the blackout order , the Garden Island floodlights remained on until 00 : 25 the next morning . About five minutes later , M @-@ 24 fired the first of its two torpedoes ; it delayed firing the second torpedo for several minutes as the midget submarines would lose longitudinal stability immediately after firing a torpedo . Historians are divided as to the exact paths of the torpedoes relative to Chicago , although all agree that the US cruiser was the intended target . Both torpedoes missed Chicago , while one torpedo may have also passed close to Perkins ' starboard bow . One of the torpedoes continued underneath the Dutch submarine K @-@ IX and HMAS Kuttabul , then hit the breakwater Kuttabul was tied up against . The explosion broke Kuttabul in two and sank her , and damaged K @-@ IX . The attack killed 19 Royal Australian Navy and two Royal Navy sailors , and wounded another 10 . The explosion shook residences in the area and damaged Garden Island 's lights and telecommunications . The other torpedo ran aground on the eastern shore of Garden Island without exploding . M @-@ 24 then dived and moved to leave the harbour . A crossing over the indicator loop that was recorded at 01 : 58 was initially believed to be another midget submarine entering the harbour , although later analysis showed that the reading indicated an outbound vessel and was therefore most likely represented M @-@ 24 's exit . M @-@ 24 did not return to its mother submarine , and its fate remained unknown until 2006 . Ships were ordered to make for the open ocean . Chicago left her anchorage at 02 : 14 , leaving a sailor behind on the mooring buoy in her haste to depart . Bombay , Whyalla , Canberra , and Perkins began their preparations to depart . Just before 03 : 00 , as Chicago was leaving the harbour , the lookouts spotted a submarine periscope passing alongside the cruiser . At 03 : 01 , the indicator loop registered an inbound signal ; M @-@ 21 was re @-@ entering Sydney Harbour after recovering from the attack four hours previously . HMS Kanimbla fired on M @-@ 21 in Neutral Bay at 03 : 50 , and at 05 : 00 , three auxiliary patrol boats — HMAS Steady Hour , Sea Mist , and Yarroma — spotted the submarine 's conning tower in Taylors Bay . The patrol boats had set their depth charge fuses to 15 m ( 49 ft ) , and when Sea Mist passed over where the submarine had just submerged and dropped a depth charge , she had only five seconds to clear the area . The blast damaged M @-@ 21 , which inverted and rose to the surface before sinking again . Sea Mist dropped a second depth charge , which damaged one of her two engines in the process and prevented her from making further attacks . Steady Hour and Yarroma continued the attack , dropping seventeen depth charges on believed visual sightings and instrument contacts of the midget over the next three and a half hours . At some point during the night , the crew of M @-@ 21 committed suicide . At 04 : 40 , HMAS Canberra recorded that the Japanese may have fired torpedoes at her . This may have been one of many false alarms throughout the night . However , M @-@ 21 had attempted to fire its two torpedoes , but failed because of damage to the bow either from HMAS Yandra 's ramming or depth charges , or a possible collision with USS Chicago , making it possible that M @-@ 21 attempted to attack the cruiser . The observer aboard Canberra may have seen bubbles from the compressed air released to fire the torpedoes . = = Secondary missions = = As per the operation plan , the five mother submarines waited off Port Hacking on the nights of 1 and 2 June for the midget submarines to return . FRUMEL picked up wireless traffic between the five submarines , leading the RAAF to task three Lockheed Hudsons and two Bristol Beauforts with finding the source of the communications . They were unsuccessful . On 3 June , Sasaki abandoned hope of recovering the midget submarines , and the submarines dispersed on their secondary missions . = = = Attacks on Allied merchant shipping = = = Four of the submarines began operations against Allied merchant shipping . I @-@ 21 patrolled north of Sydney , while I @-@ 24 patrolled south of Sydney . I @-@ 27 began searching off Gabo Island for ships departing Melbourne , and I @-@ 29 travelled to Brisbane . I @-@ 22 left the group to conduct reconnaissance operations , first at Wellington and Auckland in New Zealand , and then at Suva in Fiji . Between 1 and 25 June , when the four submarines arrived at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands to re @-@ supply before proceeding to Japanese shipyards for maintenance , the four submarines attacked at least seven Allied merchant vessels . Three of these were sunk : Iron Chieftain by I @-@ 24 on 3 June , Iron Crown by I @-@ 27 on 4 June , and Guatemala by I @-@ 21 on 12 June . The first two attacks resulted in 12 and 37 fatalities respectively , though the third attack killed no one . The attacks forced the authorities to institute changes in merchant traffic ; travel north of Melbourne was restricted until a system of escorted convoys was established . I @-@ 21 was the only submarine to return to Australian waters , where she sank three ships and damaged two others during January and February 1943 . During her two deployments , I @-@ 21 sank 44 @,@ 000 long tons ( 45 @,@ 000 t ) of Allied shipping , which made her the most successful Japanese submarine to operate in Australian waters . = = = Bombardment = = = On the morning of 8 June , I @-@ 24 and I @-@ 21 briefly bombarded Sydney and Newcastle . Just after midnight , I @-@ 24 surfaced 9 mi ( 14 km ) south @-@ south @-@ east of Macquarie Lighthouse . The submarine 's commander ordered the gun crew to target the Sydney Harbour Bridge . They fired 10 shells over a four @-@ minute period ; nine landed in the Eastern Suburbs and one landed in water . I @-@ 24 then crash dived to prevent successful retaliation by coastal artillery batteries . Only one shell detonated , and the only injuries inflicted were cuts and fractures from falling bricks or broken glass when the unexploded shells hit buildings . A United States Army Air Forces pilot , 1st Lieutenant George Cantello , based at Bankstown Airport was ordered into the air to retaliate , but was killed when engine failure caused his Airacobra to crash in a paddock at Hammondville . In 1988 , following efforts by residents and the US Consulate in Sydney , the City of Bankstown established a memorial park in his honour . At 02 : 15 , I @-@ 21 shelled Newcastle , from 9 km ( 4 @.@ 9 nmi ; 5 @.@ 6 mi ) north @-@ east of Stockton Beach . She fired 34 shells over a 16 @-@ minute period , including eight star shells . The target of the attack was the BHP steelworks in the city . However , the shells landed over a large area , causing minimal damage and no fatalities : the only shell to detonate damaged a house on Parnell Place , while an unexploded shell hit a tram terminus . Fort Scratchley returned fire , the only time an Australian land fortification has fired on an enemy warship during wartime , but the submarine escaped unscathed . = = Analysis = = The attack on Sydney Harbour ended in failure on both sides , and revealed flaws in both the Allied defences and the Japanese tactics . During the primary attack , the Japanese lost all three midget submarines in exchange for the sinking of a single barracks ship . The subsequent operations were no more successful as the five large Japanese submarines sank only three merchant ships and caused minimal property damage during the two bombardments . The performance of the Allied defenders was equally poor . However , one historian states that the lack of damage in Sydney Harbour was due to " a combination of good luck and aggressive counter @-@ attack " . The main impact of the midget submarine attack and subsequent operations was psychological ; dispelling any belief that Sydney was immune to Japanese attack and highlighting Australia 's proximity to the Pacific War . There was no official inquiry into the attacks , despite demand from some sections of the media , as there was concern that an inquiry would lead to defeatism and reduce faith in John Curtin 's government , particularly after the damaging inquiry into Australian defences that had followed the Japanese aerial attack on Darwin three months earlier . = = = Failures in Allied defences = = = The Allies failed to respond adequately to several warnings of Japanese activity off the east coast of Australia prior to the attack ; they simply ignored the warnings or explained them away . They attributed the unsuccessful attack on the freighter Wellen on 16 May to a single submarine , and assumed it had departed Australian waters immediately after the attack . The first reconnaissance flight went unnoticed , and although FRUMEL intercepted the report and distributed it to Allied commanders on 30 May , Muirhead @-@ Gould apparently did not react . New Zealand naval authorities detected radio chatter between the Japanese submarines on 26 and 29 May , and although they could not decrypt the transmissions , radio direction finding indicated that a submarine or submarines were approaching Sydney . The Allies considered dispatching an anti @-@ submarine patrol in response to the 29 May fix , but were unable to do so as all anti @-@ submarine craft were already committed to protecting a northbound troop convoy . The only response to the second reconnaissance flight on 29 May was the launching of search planes . No other defence measures were put into place . Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May ( Sydney time ) , the Allies sent no alert to other command regions , as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack . Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers . Muirhead @-@ Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack , and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour , Captain Howard Bode of USS Chicago . Both officers were sceptical that any attack was taking place . Muirhead @-@ Gould arrived aboard HMAS Lolita at approximately midnight , an action he described as attempting to learn about the situation . But members of Lolita 's crew later recounted that when Muirhead @-@ Gould came aboard he immediately chastised the patrol boat 's skipper and crew , and quickly dismissed their report . Junior officers on Chicago provided similar descriptions of Bode 's return on board , and members of both crews later claimed that Muirhead @-@ Gould and Bode were intoxicated . It was only after the destruction of HMAS Kuttabul that both officers began to take the attack seriously . During the attack , there were several delays between events and responses to them . Over two hours passed between the observation of M @-@ 14 in the boom net and Muirhead @-@ Gould 's first order for ships to commence anti @-@ submarine actions . It took another two hours to mobilise the auxiliary patrol boats , which did not leave their anchorage for a further hour . Part of these delays was due to a lack of effective communications . None of the auxiliary patrol craft in the harbour had radio communications , so all instructions and reports came from signal lights via the Port War Signal Station or Garden Island , or by physical communication via launches . In Muirhead @-@ Gould 's preliminary report on the attack , he stated that the Port War Signal Station was not designed for the volume of communications traffic the attack caused . Telephone communications with Garden Island were unreliable during the early part of the attack , and then the first torpedo explosion disabled them completely . The need to keep information secret may also have contributed to the delays and the defenders ' scepticism . As the auxiliary patrol boat crews , the indicator loop staff , and other personnel manning defensive positions would have been outside ' need to know ' and would not have been informed about any of the incidents prior to the attack , they would not have been alert , contributing to the disbelief demonstrated in the early hours of the attack . = = = Flaws in Japanese tactics = = = The main flaw in the Japanese plans was the use of midget submarines for the primary attack . Midget submarines were originally intended to operate during fleet actions : they would be released from modified seaplane carriers to run amok through the enemy fleet . This concept went out of favour as changing Japanese naval thinking and experience led to recognition that naval warfare would centre around carrier @-@ supported aerial combat . As a result , the midget program 's focus changed to the infiltration of enemy harbours , where they would attack vessels at anchor . This concept failed completely during the attack on Pearl Harbor , where the midgets had no effect , and tying up 11 large submarines for six weeks in support of further midget submarine attacks on Sydney and Diego Suarez proved a waste of resources . Moreover , the failures at Sydney Harbour and Diego Suarez demonstrated that the improvements to the midget submarines made after Pearl Harbor had not increased the overall impact of the midget program . The modifications had various effects . The ability to man and deploy the midgets while the mother ships were submerged prevented the Army coastal radars from detecting the mother submarines . However , the midgets were still difficult to control , unstable , and prone to surfacing or diving uncontrollably . These manoeuvrability issues contributed to M @-@ 14 's entanglement in the anti @-@ submarine net , and the repeated detection of M @-@ 21 and M @-@ 24 . Beyond the use of the unreliable midgets , historians have identified areas in the plan of attack where the Japanese could have done significantly more damage . If the Japanese midget submarines had conducted a simultaneous , co @-@ ordinated attack , they would have overwhelmed the defences . A chance for more damage came following the destruction of Kuttabul , when several naval vessels headed to sea , including USS Chicago , USS Perkins , Dutch submarine K @-@ IX , HMAS Whyalla , and HMIS Bombay . The five mother submarines were already en route to the Port Hacking recovery position , and although Sasaki 's plan at Pearl Harbor had been to leave some submarines at the harbour mouth to pick off fleeing vessels , he did not repeat this tactic . = = = USS Chicago 's survival = = = Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS Chicago . At the time of M @-@ 24 's attack on Chicago , the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour , and although still moored and stationary , was producing large volumes of white smoke as the boilers warmed up . This smoke , streaming aft under the influence of the wind , and contrasting against the dark , low @-@ lying cloud , may have given the impression that Chicago was moving , causing M @-@ 24 to lead the target when firing its torpedoes , and consequently sending its torpedoes across the bow . Another factor that may have influenced Chicago 's survival was the extinguishing of Garden Island 's floodlights minutes before M @-@ 24 fired its first torpedo , impeding targeting . = = = Bombardment impact = = = The bombardments failed to cause significant physical damage , but had a major psychological impact on the residents of Sydney and Newcastle . Due to the inaccuracy of the submarines ' range @-@ finding equipment , coupled with the unstable firing platform of a submarine at sea , specific targeting was impossible . The intention of the submarine bombardment was to frighten the population of the target area . The failure of the majority of the shells to detonate may have had various causes . As the submarines fired armour piercing shells , intended for use against steel ship hulls , the relatively softer brick walls may have failed to trigger the impact fuses . Sea water may have degraded the shells , which the Japanese had stored in deck lockers for several weeks . The age of the shells may also have been a factor ; some of the shells recovered from the Newcastle bombardment were found to be of English manufacture ; surplus munitions from World War I. In Sydney , fear of an impending Japanese invasion caused people to move west ; housing prices in the Eastern Suburbs dropped , while those beyond the Blue Mountains rose significantly . The attack also led to a significant increase in the membership of volunteer defence organisations , and strengthening of defences in Sydney Harbour and Port Newcastle . = = Aftermath = = The papers did not publish news of the submarine attack until 2 June , as most of the attack occurred after the newspapers went to press on the morning of 1 June . Instead , on the morning after the attack , the front pages carried news of Operation Millennium , the Royal Air Force 's first 1 @,@ 000 @-@ bomber raid , although several newspapers included a small interior article mentioning the final reconnaissance flyover . The Federal Censor ordered total censorship of the events , issuing an official statement on the afternoon of 1 June which reported that the Allies had destroyed three submarines in Sydney Harbour , and described the loss of Kuttabul and the 21 deaths as the loss of " one small harbour vessel of no military value " . Smith 's Weekly finally released the real story on 6 June , and follow @-@ up material in the 13 June issue caused more political damage , prompting the Royal Australian Navy to attempt to charge the newspaper with releasing defence information . It was several days before the 21 dead sailors aboard Kuttabul could all be recovered . On 3 June , Muirhead @-@ Gould and over 200 Navy personnel attended a burial ceremony for these sailors . On 1 January 1943 , the Navy base at Garden Island was commissioned as HMAS Kuttabul in commemoration of the ferry and the lives lost . The Australians recovered the bodies of the four Japanese crew of the two midget submarines sunk in Sydney Harbour and had them cremated at Rookwood Cemetery . For the cremation , the Allies draped the Japanese flag over each coffin and rendered full naval honours . Muirhead @-@ Gould was criticised for this , but defended his actions as respecting the courage of the four submariners , regardless of their origin . Australian politicians also hoped that the Japanese Government would notice the respect paid to the sailors and improve the conditions Australian prisoners @-@ of @-@ war were experiencing in Japanese internment camps . Japanese authorities noted the funeral service , but this did not lead to any major improvement in conditions for Australian POWs . Following the use of the midget submariners ' funeral by the Japanese for propaganda purposes , the Australian High Command forbade similar funerals for enemy personnel in the future . An exchange of Japanese and Allied diplomatic personnel stranded in the opposing nations occurred in August 1942 , which allowed Tatsuo Kawai , the Japanese ambassador to Australia , to return home with the ashes of the four Japanese submariners . When the exchange ship Kamakura Maru arrived in Yokohama , several thousand people were present to honour the four men . The two main targets of the attack , USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra , were both lost within the next year : Canberra sinking on 9 August 1942 during the Battle of Savo Island , and Chicago on 30 January 1943 following the Battle of Rennell Island . None of the Japanese submarines involved in the attack survived the war . USS Charrette and Fair sank I @-@ 21 on 5 February 1944 off the Marshall Islands . An American torpedo boat sank I @-@ 22 on 25 December 1942 off New Guinea . An American patrol craft sank I @-@ 24 on 10 June 1943 near the Aleutian Islands . HMS Paladin and Petard sank I @-@ 27 on 12 February 1943 off the Maldives . Lastly , USS Sawfish sank I @-@ 29 on 26 July 1944 in the Philippines . = = = M @-@ 14 and M @-@ 21 = = = The Allies located and recovered M @-@ 21 on 3 June and M @-@ 14 on 8 June . Although both were damaged during the attack , it was possible to assemble a complete submarine from the two vessels . The centre section of the rebuilt submarine was mounted on a trailer and taken on a 4 @,@ 000 km ( 2 @,@ 500 mi ) tour throughout southern New South Wales , Victoria , and western South Australia . The purpose of the tour was twofold ; it allowed Australians to see a Japanese midget submarine up close , and was used to raise A £ 28 @,@ 000 for the Naval Relief Fund and other charities . The submarine arrived at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra on 28 April 1943 , flying the White Ensign and a paying @-@ off pennant . The submarine was originally displayed outside the museum in three separate pieces , but was moved inside in the 1980s due to heavy vandalism ; on one occasion in 1966 , a group of university students painted it bright yellow in response to The Beatles ' song Yellow Submarine . The composite submarine was restored and remains on display inside the Memorial as part of a permanent exhibition on the attack , next to the recovered wheelhouse of HMAS Kuttabul . The conning tower from M @-@ 21 is on display at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre on Garden Island . Leftover material from M @-@ 21 was melted down and made into souvenirs following the construction of the combined vessel . = = = M @-@ 24 = = = Over the 64 years following the disappearance of M @-@ 24 after the attacks , more than 50 people approached the Royal Australian Navy claiming to have found the submarine . All of these claims were found to be false . One early theory about the midget 's fate was that it was damaged or destroyed , along with M @-@ 21 , in or around Taylors Bay , which would account for reports from Steady Hour and Yarroma of multiple submarines during their three @-@ hour attack against M @-@ 21 . A second theory was that the midget attempted to return to the mother submarines but exhausted its battery power before reaching the Port Hacking recovery point and would therefore be outside and to the south of Sydney Heads . The third theory was that the midget 's crew decided to avoid endangering the five larger submarines during the recovery process , and either ran straight out to sea or headed north . A group of seven amateur scuba divers solved the mystery in November 2006 , when they found a small submarine sitting upright on the seabed , 55 metres ( 180 ft ) below sea level and approximately 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 7 nmi ; 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from Bungan Head , off Sydney 's Northern Beaches . Commander Shane Moore , the officer responsible for the Royal Australian Navy 's heritage collection , confirmed that the wreck was M @-@ 24 after viewing footage from multiple dives , along with measurements the group had taken . The wreck had several bullet holes in it , most likely from Chicago 's quadruple machine @-@ gun mount . The location of the wreck was kept secret by both the divers and the navy , with Defence Minister Brendan Nelson promising to have the wreck protected as a war grave . The wreck was gazetted on 1 December 2006 as a heritage site . A 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) exclusion zone was established around the wreck site , and any vessel entering the zone is liable to a fine under New South Wales law of up to A $ 1 @.@ 1 million , with additional fines and confiscation of equipment under Commonwealth law . Shore- and buoy @-@ mounted surveillance cameras and a sonar listening device further protect the site . On 7 February 2007 , during JMSDF Admiral Eiji Yoshikawa 's visit to Australia , Yoshikawa and RAN Vice Admiral Russ Shalders presided over a ceremony held aboard HMAS Newcastle to honour M @-@ 24 's crew . Relatives of the midget submarines ' crews , one of the survivors from Kuttabul , and dignitaries and military personnel from Australia and Japan attended another ceremony on 6 August 2007 at HMAS Kuttabul . HMAS Melbourne then carried relatives of M @-@ 24 's crew to the wreck site , where they poured sake into the sea before being presented with sand taken from the seabed around the submarine . In May 2012 , the NSW state government announced that , with the approval of the Japanese government and the submariners ' families , divers would be allowed to observe the M @-@ 24 wreck for a short period of time . Divers would enter a ballot for places on controlled dives run on several days . If successful , opening the site would become an annual event to commemorate the attack . = Beeston Castle = Beeston Castle is a former Royal castle in Beeston , Cheshire , England ( grid reference SJ537593 ) , perched on a rocky sandstone crag 350 feet ( 107 m ) above the Cheshire Plain . It was built in the 1220s by Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester , ( 1170 – 1232 ) , on his return from the Crusades . In 1237 , Henry III took over the ownership of Beeston , and it was kept in good repair until the 16th century , when it was considered to be of no further military use , although it was pressed into service again in 1643 , during the English Civil War . The castle was slighted ( partly demolished ) in 1646 , in accordance with Cromwell 's destruction order , to prevent its further use as a stronghold . During the 18th century the site was used as a quarry . It is rumoured that treasure belonging to Richard II lies undiscovered in the castle grounds , but the many searches that have been carried out have failed to find any trace of it . The castle is now in ruins . The walls of the outer bailey , and the walls , gatehouse of the inner bailey are separately recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade I listed buildings . The castle is also a Scheduled Ancient Monument , owned by English Heritage . = = Prehistory = = Beeston crag is one of a chain of rocky hills stretching across the Cheshire Plain . Pits dating from the 4th millennium BC indicate the site of Beeston Castle may have been inhabited or used as a communal gathering place during the Neolithic period . Archaeologists have discovered Neolithic flint arrow heads on the crag , as well as the remains of a Bronze Age community , and of an Iron Age hill fort . The rampart associated with the Bronze Age activity on the crag has been dated to around 1270 – 830 BC ; seven circular buildings were identified as being either late Bronze Age or early Iron Age in origin . It may have been a specialist metalworking site . = = Design = = Beeston was built by Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester , as an impregnable stronghold and a symbol of power . The siting of the castle 's outer bailey walls was chosen to take advantage of the fortifications remaining from the earlier Iron Age rampart . In medieval documents the castle is described as Castellum de Rupe , the Castle on the Rock . It is one of three major castles built by Ranulph in the 1220s , shortly after his return from the Fifth Crusade . The others are Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire , and Chartley , Staffordshire , both of which share similar architectural features with Beeston ; in particular the design of the towers . Unlike many other castles of the period , Beeston does not have a keep as its last line of defence . Instead the natural features of the land together with massive walls , strong gatehouses , and carefully positioned towers made the baileys themselves the stronghold . The defences consisted of two parts . Firstly , a rectangular castle on the summit of the hill , with a sheer drop on three sides and a defensive ditch up to 30 feet ( 9 m ) deep in places cut into the rock on the fourth side . Secondly , an outer bailey was built on the lower slopes , with a massive gatehouse protected by a 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide and 10 feet ( 3 m ) deep ditch . The outer bailey was roughly rectangular , with 6 feet ( 2 m ) thick walls faced in sandstone and infilled with rubble . The walls , parts of which still remain , contain a number of D @-@ shaped towers , an innovation in English castles at that time . The towers allowed defenders to fire across the walls as well as forwards , and their open @-@ backed design meant that they would not offer cover to any attackers who gained access to the outer bailey . The inner bailey was situated on the rocky summit at the western end of the crag . To provide the castle 's inhabitants with a supply of fresh water two wells were dug into the rock , one of them , at 370 feet ( 113 m ) deep , one of the deepest castle wells in England . = = Royal castle = = Although most of the defences were in place by the time of Ranulph 's death in 1232 , there were no living quarters , and neither were there on the death of Ranulph 's successor John in 1237 . John died without a male heir , allowing King Henry III to take over the Earldom of Cheshire . Henry enlarged Beeston Castle during his wars with Wales , and used it as a prison for his Welsh captives . No attempt was made to equip the castle as a permanent residence with halls and chambers ; garrisons were probably housed in wooden structures within the outer bailey . In 1254 Henry gave Beeston , together with other lands in Cheshire , to his son Prince Edward . He also gave the title Earl of Chester to the prince , a title that has been conferred on the heir to the throne of England ever since . Edward was crowned king of England in 1272 , and completed the conquest of Wales . In the middle of the 14th century there are references to men of Cheshire who were made constables of the royal castle . The constable would probably have lived in or near the gatehouse . The habitation was described in an account of the castle in 1593 by Samson Erdeswick , which describes , " a goodly strong gatehouse , and strong wall with other buildings , which when they flourished were a convenient habitation for any great personage . " Beeston was kept in good repair and improved during Edward 's reign , and throughout the 14th century . However , by the 16th century , the castle was considered to be of no further use to the English Crown , and in 1602 it was sold to Sir Hugh Beeston ( c . 1547 – 1626 ) of Beeston Hall . There have been persistent rumours of a treasure hidden by Richard II somewhere in the castle grounds . Richard is supposed to have hidden part of his personal wealth at Beeston on his journey to Chester in 1399 , before boarding a ship to Ireland to suppress a rebellion there . On his return , Richard was deposed by Henry , Duke of Lancaster , the future Henry IV , and his treasure is said to have remained undiscovered . Many searches have been carried out , most of them focusing on the deep well in the inner bailey , but nothing has ever been found . The rumour of hidden treasure may not be well @-@ founded , as Henry IV is recorded as having recovered Richard 's gold and jewellery from its various hiding places . = = Civil war = = During the English Civil War many neglected castles were pressed into service . Beeston was seized on 20 February 1643 by Parliamentary forces commanded by Sir William Brereton . The walls were repaired and the motte was cleaned out . During 1643 part of the royal army of Ireland landed at Chester . On 13 December 1643 Captain Thomas Sandford and eight soldiers from that army crept into Beeston at night ( possibly aided by treachery ) and surprised the castle governor , Captain Thomas Steele , who was so shaken by the event that he surrendered on the promise that he would be allowed to march out of the castle with honours . Steele was tried and shot for his failure to hold the castle . The Royalists survived a siege by parliamentary forces from November 1644 until November 1645 , when their lack of food forced them to surrender . The castle was partially demolished in 1646 , to prevent its further use as a stronghold . = = Later history = = Quarrying was carried out in the castle grounds during the 18th century , and the gatehouse leading into the outer bailey was demolished to build a track for the stones to be removed from the site . In 1840 the castle was purchased by John Tollemache , 1st Baron Tollemache , at that time the largest landowner in Cheshire , as part of a larger estate . In the mid @-@ 19th century the castle was the site of an annual two @-@ day fete , raising money for local widows and orphans and attracting more than 3000 visitors a day . = = Present day = = The castle is owned by English Heritage , and although in ruins , enough of the walls and towers are still in place to provide a clear picture of how it would have looked in its prime . It is open to visitors and has a small museum and visitor 's centre . A lodge house was built by Tollemache in the 19th century , and was expanded in the 20th century . The lodge is two storeys high , with two circular towers either side of a central archway . It is designated as a Grade II listed building . Beeston offers one of the most spectacular views of any castle in England , stretching across eight counties from the Pennines in the east to the Welsh mountains in the west . = Tonkin Highway = Tonkin Highway is a 44 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 27 mi ) north @-@ south highway in Perth , Western Australia , linking Perth Airport and Kewdale with the city 's north @-@ eastern and south @-@ eastern suburbs . The northern terminus is at Reid Highway in Malaga , and the southern terminus is at Thomas Road in Oakford . It forms the entire length of State Route 4 , and connects to several major roads , including Great Eastern Highway , Leach Highway , Roe Highway , and Albany Highway . Planning for the route began in the 1950s , but the first segment between Wattle Grove and Cloverdale was not opened until 1980 . Over the next five years , the highway was extended north to Great Eastern Highway and south to Albany Highway , and a discontinuous section was constructed north of the Swan River . In 1988 the Redcliffe Bridge linked these sections , and three years later , Reid Highway became the northern terminus . The next major works on the highway , between 2003 and 2005 , extended the highway south to Thomas Road . The Gateway WA project plans to improve the road network around Perth Airport , including upgrading the central section of Tonkin Highway to a six @-@ lane freeway @-@ standard road . Construction began in 2013 , and completion is scheduled for 2017 . Further extensions to both the northern and southern extents of the highway are planned , which would connect the highway to the proposed Perth Darwin National Highway near Ballajura , and to South Western Highway south of Byford . = = Route description = = Tonkin Highway forms the entire length of State Route 4 . It is maintained by Main Roads Western Australia , and subject to control of access along its entire length . Some sections of the highway are freeway @-@ standard , with grade @-@ separated interchanges ; however , most junctions on the highway are at @-@ grade and traffic light controlled . The highway is a dual carriageway , primarily four lanes wide , though near some junctions the width briefly increases to six lanes . The speed limit is 80 kilometres per hour ( 50 mph ) near intersections , and 90 or 100 km / h ( 55 or 60 mph ) along the stretches in between . A shared pedestrian and bicycle path is built alongside part of Tonkin Highway , between Collier Road and Great Eastern Highway , as well as south of Mills Road East . In most other sections , the highway 's sealed shoulders also function as bicycle lanes . Main Roads Western Australia monitors traffic volume across the state 's road network , including several locations along Tonkin Highway . The section near Perth Airport , south of Great Eastern Highway , is the busiest , averaging over 56 @,@ 000 vehicles per weekday in 2007 – 08 , and over 57 @,@ 000 in 2008 – 09 . North of the Swan River , the traffic volume gradually decreased to under 40 @,@ 000 vehicles per weekday near the northern terminus , in 2007 – 08 . Measurements in 2008 – 09 showed the lowest volume to be under 10 @,@ 000 vehicles per weekday near the southern terminus , north of Thomas Road . As of 2013 , intersections in and around Kewdale , Forrestfield and Perth Airport carry traffic volumes beyond their capacity during peak periods . Average peak period traffic speeds in this part of Tonkin Highway were measured as 20 km / h ( 12 mph ) or less in 2013 . The slowest section was from Leach Highway to Horrie Miller Drive , which recorded an average of 14 km / h ( 9 mph ) during the afternoon peak period . Traffic volume , exceeding 50 @,@ 000 vehicles per day in 2012 , is forecast to almost double by 2031 . Traffic modelling has shown that leaving the current network of traffic light controlled intersections in place would result in gridlock by 2021 . An upgraded road network , after the Gateway WA project is completed , is expected to have an average speed in peak periods of between 55 and 75 km / h ( 35 and 45 mph ) in 2021 . = = = North of the Swan River = = = Tonkin Highway begins at a traffic light controlled T junction with Reid Highway , at the southern edge of Malaga , eastern edge of Noranda , and western edge of Beechboro , within the City of Swan local government area ( LGA ) . Tonkin Highway is the southern leg of the T junction , while Reid Highway forms both the northern and eastern legs . The highway heads south forming the border between the residential suburbs of Beechboro and Noranda . The Lightning Park sporting reserve is located immediately west of Tonkin Highway , and can be accessed from a northbound exit ramp 400 metres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) south of the T junction . After 150 metres ( 490 ft ) , the highway enters the City of Bayswater LGA . East of the highway , the LGA boundary is also the boundary between the suburbs of Beechboro and Morley . The highway travels south for 400 metres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) to the traffic lights at Benara Road . The south @-@ eastern corner of Noranda is 400 metres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) south of the intersection , leaving the highway entirely within Morley . Tonkin Highway continues south through the residential area for 1 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) , and reaches another set of traffic lights , with Morley Drive and Morley Drive East . Tonkin Highway continues southwards through a narrow S curve that realigns the highway further east . Partway through the curve , 800 metres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) south of Morley Drive , the highway passes under Broun Avenue , though there is no access between the roads . At this point the highway enters the north @-@ eastern corner of Embleton , travels through it for 400 metres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) , and then enters Bayswater . The border between Embleton and Bayswater follows Beechboro Road , which is discontinuous either side of Tonkin Highway . The highway continues through Bayswater , between residential housing to the north @-@ east and an industrial area to the south @-@ west . After 500 metres ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) the S curve ends , with the highway now travelling between industrial and commercial properties . There is another set of traffic lights 400 metres ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) further south , with Collier Road . The next major road the highway meets is Guildford Road , 1 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 1 mi ) further south . It is connected via a grade @-@ separated interchange folded diamond interchange , with all the ramps located south of Guildford Road ; to the north is the Midland railway line , and the parallel road Railway Parade , which the highway passes over . From here the highway turns south @-@ easterly , perpendicular to the Swan River , and travels through another residential part of Bayswater for 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) . Tonkin Highway crosses the river via the 270 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 890 ft ) Redcliffe Bridge , which takes the highway into Ascot , in the City of Belmont LGA . = = = Perth Airport = = = A grade @-@ separated interchange with Great Eastern Highway is located 350 metres ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ) south @-@ east of the Redcliffe Bridge . It is a diamond interchange , with an additional north @-@ eastbound to south @-@ eastbound loop ramp . Additionally , Great Eastern Highway 's intersection with the south @-@ eastbound exit ramp also connects to Brearley Avenue , one of the main access roads to Perth Airport 's domestic terminal . Beyond this interchange , Tonkin Highway , now six lanes and freeway standard , is within Redcliffe 's residential areas . A further 750 metres ( 0 @.@ 47 mi ) takes the highway to the edge of the suburb of Perth Airport , where it becomes the border between Redcliffe to the south @-@ west and Perth Airport to the north @-@ east . Five hundred metres ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) later , the highway approaches the interchange with Dunreath Drive . A dogbone interchange , Dunreath Drive replaced the Brearley Avenue entrance as the main access road from Tonkin Highway to Perth Airport 's domestic terminal in 2015 . After 0 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) , the highway turns south , travelling in that direction for 1 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) before reaching Cloverdale and curving back to the south @-@ east , meeting Leach Highway and Airport Drive . Known as the Grand Gateway interchange , it is the primary access to Perth Airport 's international terminal ( replacing Horrie Miller Drive in 2015 ) . It is a modified three @-@ level cloverstack interchange with two loop ramps ( Airport Drive west to Tonkin Highway north and Leach Highway east to Tonkin Highway south ) . These movements , along with another five of the eight available between the three roads are free @-@ flowing . Only Tonkin Highway north to Leach Highway west is controlled by traffic lights at the subsequent Leach Highway / Abernethy Road interchange before entering the highway itself to minimise the danger posed by weaving . The interchange is only 13 @.@ 9 metres high , its height limited by the airport runway to its north with tunnelling not possible due to the high water table in the vicinity . It is located at the borders between three suburbs : Cloverdale to the west , Kewdale to the south , and the Perth Airport to the north @-@ east . Beyond Leach Highway , Tonkin Highway continues past industrial properties for 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ) , reaching the interchange with Kewdale Road to the south @-@ west , and Horrie Miller Drive to the north @-@ east . Now a single @-@ point urban interchange , the initial signalised intersection was the original primary access road for Perth Airport 's international terminals . After another 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 87 mi ) , the highway reaches Abernethy Road . The only connections are a north @-@ westbound looped exit ramp that merges with a local road , McDowell Street , north of Abernethy Road and a south @-@ eastbound entrance ramp built in 2014 . Beyond this intersection , the highway enters the Shire of Kalamunda LGA , and is the location of the border between the suburbs of Kewdale to the south @-@ east and Forrestfield to the north @-@ east . It continues along the border for 900 metres ( 0 @.@ 56 mi ) , until it reaches Roe Highway , which marks the border between Kewdale and Wattle Grove , on the south @-@ western side of Tonkin Highway . Initially built as a signalised diamond interchange favouring Tonkin Highway , the Gateway WA project has since modified the connection into a hybrid diamond @-@ stack interchange , with all Tonkin Highway southbound movements free @-@ flowing , along with both left turns from Roe to Tonkin Highway . = = = Forrestfield to Oakford = = = Tonkin Highway travels in a south @-@ easterly direction between residential areas in Forrestfield and Wattle Grove , reaching Hale Road after 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) . Over the next 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) , the highway curves back to the south . At this point it intersects Welshpool Road East , and is entirely within the suburb of Wattle Grove . Beyond this intersection , Tonkin Highway continues south @-@ east as the border between the semi @-@ rural areas of Kenwick to the west , and Wattle Grove to the east . This is also the border between the City of Gosnells and Shire of Kalamunda LGAs , which the highway follows for 1 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) . It then reaches the suburbs of Maddington , located west of the highway , and Orange Grove , east of the highway , and from this point on , is entirely within the City of Gosnells . After 750 metres ( 0 @.@ 47 mi ) , the highway crosses Kelvin Road , and continues south @-@ east for a further 2 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) . It briefly passes the industrial part of Maddington , before curving slightly around an urban development to reach intersections with Gosnells Road East , and subsequently Gosnells Road West . These are a pair of T @-@ junctions , 260 metres ( 850 ft ) apart , which are not traffic @-@ light controlled . Tonkin Highway follows a gentle reverse curve southwards through Martin for 2 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 3 mi ) , once more within a semi @-@ rural environment , before reaching a set of traffic lights with Mills Road East and West . Tonkin Highway crosses the Canning River 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 87 mi ) further south , entering Gosnells . It then curves south @-@ west towards Albany Highway , 650 metres ( 0 @.@ 40 mi ) away . Tonkin Highway meets Albany Highway at a folded diamond interchange . The highway splits into local and express lanes on approach to this interchange , and continues in this configuration for 600 metres ( 0 @.@ 37 mi ) . At this point there is a dogbone interchange with Corfield Street , with the highway now marking the boundary between the suburbs of Gosnells and Champion Lakes , as well as the City of Gosnells and City of Armadale LGAs . It continues south @-@ westbound , passing between Champion Lakes to the south @-@ east , and undeveloped land to the north @-@ west . After 3 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 1 mi ) , there is a T junction with Champion Drive . The highway continues southwest for another 2 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) until it reaches a set of traffic lights with Ranford Road . Afterwards it is entirely within the City of Armadale LGA , and the suburb of Forrestdale . Tonkin Highway turns south , along a two @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) curve , and meets Armadale Road at another set of traffic lights . The highway continues south through rural land , between Forrestfield to the west , and Haynes and Hilbert to the east . It passes Forrest Road after 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) , only connecting to the eastern leg at a T junction , and 2 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) further on , reaches Rowley Road . Following this traffic controlled intersection , Tonkin Highway is within the Shire of Serpentine @-@ Jarrahdale LGA . The highway follows the eastern edge of Oakford for 3 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 0 mi ) , past low density residential lots . Tonkin Highway ends at Thomas Road , which connects traffic to Kwinana Freeway and South Western Highway . = = History = = A proposal for a highway along a similar alignment was first proposed in 1955 , as part of a network of arterial roads under a metropolitan @-@ wide plan produced for the Western Australian government by Gordon Stephenson and Alastair Hepburn . The road reservation was formally gazetted in the 1963 Metropolitan Region Scheme . It was first named " Beechboro @-@ Gosnells Highway " , the name coming from the two suburbs it was originally planned to link . Like most Perth arterial road projects , the highway was built in stages . It was initially constructed as a 3 @.@ 3 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 2 @.@ 1 mi ) dual carriageway , from Welshpool Road , Wattle Grove to Hardey Road in Cloverdale , which opened on 16 June 1980 . A further 12 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 6 mi ) , that linked the new highway to Albany Highway in Gosnells , was completed in December 1980 . This $ 6 @.@ 1 million section , which officially opened on 22 December 1980 , was the start of a new route between Gosnells and Bellevue , and reduced traffic volume and congestion on Albany Highway . The third segment to be constructed was a 3 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) section north of the Swan River , from Railway Parade in Bayswater to Morley Drive , which opened on 11 July 1984 . This # 3 @.@ 5 million section was constructed by Thiess Contractors Pty Ltd , with Taylor Woodrow International Ltd responsible for constructing the Broun Avenue bridge . Stage 4 linked Hardey Road and Great Eastern Highway , and included the construction of four bridges over the Forrestfield railway marshalling yards , the first bridges in Australia to be constructed using the incremental launch technique . Upon opening on 1 May 1985 , Beechboro @-@ Gosnells Highway was renamed " Tonkin Highway " , in honour of former Western Australian premier John Tonkin . Tonkin had also been the Minister for Works during the planning and construction of the Narrows Bridge and Kwinana Freeway in the 1950s . A ceremony was held at Redcliffe on 1 May by the Premier Mr Brian Burke , who unveiled a plaque . Mr Tonkin , who at the time was aged 83 , cut the ribbon at the ceremony to officially open the new Forrestfield to Redcliffe section of the highway . A grade @-@ separated interchange was constructed at Great Eastern Highway in 1986 , which included a six lane road bridge over Tonkin Highway and a pedestrian subway . It was constructed earlier than initially planned , as heavy traffic from Perth Airport was expected during the 1987 America 's Cup . Construction on a link between the northern and southern sections of Tonkin Highway began in 1988 . Included in this $ 48 million stage was the Redcliffe Bridge over the Swan River , and an interchange with Guildford Road , north of the bridge . The 270 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 890 ft ) Redcliffe Bridge , also built using the incremental launching technique , was designed to carry six traffic lanes , as well as pedestrian and cycle paths that could be converted into traffic lanes when required . The bridge deck is supported by a narrow central section with cantilever extensions on each side , as a " big heavy bridge would have looked out of place " at a relatively narrow section of the river . The bridge opened on 16 April 1988 , and received awards for engineering excellence from both the national and state branches of the Institute of Engineers , Australia . The highway was then extended northwards , reaching Benara Road on 18 December 1989 , and Reid Highway on 11 November 1991 . Tonkin Highway spent a decade remaining largely unchanged , linking Reid Highway in Malaga with Albany Highway in Gosnells . In 2003 , construction of a new southern extension commenced . Planning and Infrastructure Minister Alannah MacTiernan and the Member for Roleystone , Martin Whitely , participated in a sod turning ceremony on 27 June 2003 , to mark the start of the project . At the time , the $ 140 million extension was the largest single road project in Western Australia . The project was completed in two stages , with Armadale Road as the midpoint . The first 11 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) section , including a new interchange at Albany Highway , was opened by Premier Geoff Gallop and Alannah MacTiernan on 2 April 2005 . The original connection to Albany Highway was renamed Ferres Drive . The Forrestdale Business Park and the Champion Lakes precinct were constructed concurrently with the project , to encourage industrial and residential development alongside the new highway section . The remaining seven kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) , from Armadale Road through to Thomas Road , opened a year ahead of schedule on 16 December 2005 . The new extension improved links with Kwinana , Armadale , Rockingham and Byford . It also provided a new freight route , diverting heavy vehicle traffic away from the existing road network and residential areas . On 16 April 2012 , an intersection with Dunreath Drive was opened . This traffic light controlled at @-@ grade intersection allowed access to and from the international terminal of Perth Airport , bypassing Tonkin Highway 's intersections with Leach Highway and Kewdale Road / Horrie Miller Drive . The intersection was later removed on 16 July 2015 upon the commissioning of two nearby interchanges as part of Gateway WA . = = Future works = = A number of improvement works are planned for Tonkin Highway , which will see most of the central and northern sections upgraded to a freeway @-@ standard road with grade separated interchanges . Extensions are also planned at both ends of the highway , which would see the southern end extended to South Western Highway south of Byford , and link the northern end to the future Perth Darwin National Highway near Ballajura . = = = Gateway WA = = = The Gateway WA Perth Airport and Freight Access Project is a $ 1 billion project that will upgrade the road network around Perth Airport . It is the largest project Main Roads Western Australia has ever undertaken , covering the upgrade of Tonkin and Leach highways , and the construction of four new interchanges . The project is jointly funded by state and federal governments , which are providing $ 317 @.@ 5 million and $ 686 @.@ 4 million respectively . As part of the project , Tonkin Highway will be expanded from two to three lanes in both directions , between Great Eastern Highway and Roe Highway , and the existing intersections in this section will be grade separated . A new diamond interchange will be constructed at Boud Avenue ( sinced renamed the Dunreath Drive Interchange ) , to provide access to the domestic terminal precinct . International terminal access will be provided via a new freeway @-@ to @-@ freeway cloverstack interchange at Leach Highway , and a single @-@ point urban interchange to be constructed at Tonkin Highway 's intersection with Horrie Miller Drive and Kewdale Road . The existing diamond interchange with Roe Highway will only be upgraded to a partial freeway @-@ to @-@ freeway interchange , but with plans to further upgrade it to a completely free @-@ flowing interchange in the future . In January 2013 , works was undertaken to protect or relocate sections of the Canning Trunk water main and the Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline in the vicinity of the project . Construction on the Gateway WA project officially began on 1 February 2013 with a groundbreaking ceremony attended by the state and federal transport ministers , Troy Buswell and Anthony Albanese . The first section being constructed is an entrance ramp from Abernethy Road to Tonkin Highway southbound . Work on the Leach Highway interchange is expected to commence at the end of 2013 , with construction of the other interchanges scheduled to start at the end of 2014 . The whole project was due to be completed by 2017 . However it was moved to March 2016 , due to construction moving faster than expected . = = = Southern extension = = = Tonkin Highway reaches past the edge of suburbia at its southern extent . Planning provides for it to be extended when required . The initial plans indicated the extension would continue south through undeveloped or semi @-@ rural areas such as Mundijong , Cardup & Jarrahdale . South of Mundijong , the planned route would deviate east to terminate at South Western Highway near Jarrahdale Road , which would then be upgraded . Following the 2001 state election , the new government abandoned the Jarrahdale Road option , preferring a shorter route that deviated to South Western Highway near Orton Street , closer to Byford . In July 2012 , seven years after the previous extension was completed , the Minister for Transport announced the formation of a community working group to investigate an extension of Tonkin Highway beyond Thomas Road . The group met several times to identify and evaluate possible solutions to traffic congestion in the area , and prepare a strategic business case for the next extension . As of 19 February 2013 , the preferred options are to extend the highway to South Western Highway , at a location either south of Lakes Road or south of Mundijong Road . = = = NorthLink WA = = = NorthLink WA is a project that will see both the northern section of Tonkin Highway upgraded , and the road extended northwards to bypass Great Northern Highway within Perth . These two component projects are separately funded , with both the state and federal governments contributing to each project . Construction is expected to begin in 2016 , and be completed by 2019 . = = = = Northern extension = = = = Planning is in place for a future extension north . Such an extension would bring the highway to Hepburn Avenue , near the north @-@ eastern corner of Ballajura . These plans see the extension linking to the proposed new Perth Darwin National Highway ( PDNH ) Swan Valley Bypass , which would continue north towards Ellenbrook . The previously planned route of the PDNH , prior to 2012 , followed Lord Street , east of Whiteman Park . While still in the planning stages , the state and federal governments have allocated funding to the project , with construction scheduled to start in 2016 . = = = = Intersection upgrades = = = = The federal government has allocated $ 140 @.@ 6 million to grade @-@ separate Tonkin Highway 's intersections with Benara Road , Morley Drive and Collier Road . The funding is part of the next five @-@ year phase of the Nation Building Program , from 2014 – 15 to 2018 – 19 . The upgrades are intended to improve freight transportation along the highway . The total cost is expected to be $ 281 @.@ 2 million . In the lead up to the 2013 Australian federal election , which resulted in a change a government , Labor candidate for Perth , Alannah MacTiernan , accused the then @-@ opposition 's candidate of lying to the electorate over their commitment to the upgrade . The official policy costings did not contain specific funding for the project . However , an opposition spokesperson claimed it was " in the current forward estimates " , and not in the costing , as the upgrade was neither a " new and accelerated " project , nor a project that would definitely not be funded . = = Interchanges and intersections = = = Faeq al @-@ Mir arrest controversy = The Faeq al @-@ Mir arrest controversy refers to the arrest , imprisonment , and calls for release of Faeq al @-@ Mir , leader of the Syrian People ’ s Democratic Party , after he telephoned Elias Atallah , a Lebanese politician critical of Syrian policies there . In the call , taped by Syrian Intelligence forces , al @-@ Mir gave condolences to Atallah regarding the assassination of Pierre Gemayel , Lebanon 's Minister of Industry . Al @-@ Mir was detained by Syrian security forces at his home in Latakia on December 13 , 2006 , and charged in March 2007 with " undertaking acts that weaken national sentiment during times of conflict " and " communicating with a foreign country to incite it to initiate aggression against Syria or to provide it with the means to do so . " On December 31 , 2007 , Damascus 's First Criminal Court ruled him guilty of " circulating false or exaggerated news which would weaken the morale of the nation " and sentenced him to three years in prison , though the duration was immediately reduced to 18 months . Human rights groups , including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International , criticized the arrest and demanded al @-@ Mir 's unconditional release . = = Background = = Having worked together for communist organizations in the mid @-@ 1980s , Faeq al @-@ Mir and Elias Atallah boasted a close relationship at the time of the arrest . Al @-@ Mir , a human rights activist , led the left @-@ wing People ’ s Democratic Party , an unauthorized party critical of the Syrian government . Atallah was the leader and sole parliamentarian of the Democratic Left Movement , a leftist Lebanese party . He was also a senior figure in the March 14 Alliance , a Lebanese parliamentary coalition critical of Syrian policies . The two conversed over the phone several times prior to the arrest . They often lamented the assassinations of anti @-@ Syrian Lebanese figures like Samir Kassir . Al @-@ Mir , who was released from a previous ten @-@ year prison sentence related to political activism in 1999 , visited Lebanon in 2006 to mourn the killing of George Hawi , a former leader of the Lebanese Communist Party . According to Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , this contributed to al @-@ Mir 's arrest at the end of the year . While the Syrian constitution liberally grants free speech , a state of emergency in effect since the Baath Party seized power suspends this freedom . Syria has stringently approached dissidents who question its policies in neighboring Lebanon ; Syrian authorities detained and imprisoned ten activists who signed the Beirut @-@ Damascus Declaration petition in May 2006 . The petition , of which al @-@ Mir was a signatory , advocated the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the normalization of relations between the two countries . = = = The call = = = In a December 2006 phone call , al @-@ Mir bestowed his condolences to Atallah regarding the November 21 assassination of Pierre Gemayel , Lebanon 's Minister of Industry and an anti @-@ Syrian politician . The call was taped by Syrian intelligence forces , known as the Mukhabarat . = = Arrest and Trial = = On December 13 , 2006 , Syrian security forces arrested al @-@ Mir at his home in Latakia on Syria 's western coast , and he has remained in detention since . In March 2007 , Syrian authorities charged al @-@ Mir with " undertaking acts that weaken national sentiment " during times of conflict and " communicating with a foreign country to incite it to initiate aggression against Syria or to provide it with the means to do so . " The second charge bears a life sentence and could entail the death penalty if the foreign nation initiates aggression against Syria . Al @-@ Mir 's trial began before the Damascus First Criminal Court on August 29 , 2007 . His indictment stated he " contacted enemies of the state in Lebanon including members of the March 14 group , and he knows that the ideas and direction of this group are in accordance with the American and Zionist direction which are against the national approach of the Syrian government . " It accused al @-@ Mir of conveying " support for the approach and direction of March 14 " during the phone call . Al @-@ Mir denied this , stating that he called Atallah only as head of the Democratic Left Movement . On November 8 , the court adjourned his trial , postponing the verdict until November 28 as a result of the defense filing a petition to dismiss the judge in session . On December 31 , 2007 , the Damascus First Criminal Court ruled al @-@ Mir guilty of " circulating false or exaggerated news which would weaken the morale of the nation " . In accordance with an amnesty provision , the court dropped the charge of “ circulating knowingly false or exaggerated news abroad , which would harm the State or its financial standing " . He was sentenced to three years in prison , though the duration was immediately commuted to one and a half years . The court elected to consider al @-@ Mir 's detention before the trial as part of his prison term . = = Aftermath = = Deeming the charges against him " politically motivated " , Human Rights Watch called for al @-@ Mir 's immediate release . The organization included his arrest in the Syrian section of its 2008 World Report , a human rights assessment . Amnesty International judged al @-@ Mir a " prisoner of conscience " and called for " his immediate and unconditional release . " Atallah — speaking to NOW Lebanon , a Lebanese newspaper — praised al @-@ Mir 's human @-@ rights activism and commented " arresting someone for a phone call is unheard of ... every free and democratic Lebanese citizen is in solidarity with [ Mir ] and his comrades , and they demand that he is set free along with all the political prisoners in Syria . ” According to NOW Lebanon , al @-@ Mir 's indictment implied that " any support for March 14 – the ruling parliamentary majority in Lebanon – is tantamount to treason , " a precedent that was " portentous for the future of Lebanese @-@ Syrian relations or for the revitalization of democracy inside of Syria . " In a letter smuggled out of Adra Prison and published by a Lebanese newspaper , al @-@ Mir and five other imprisoned activists denounced the " repressive climate " in their country and wrote " Our situation as prisoners of conscience is part ... of the crisis of public freedoms and human rights in Syria , which started with the state of emergency imposed 44 years ago . " Al @-@ Mir was released from prison on July 13 , 2008 after spending a year and a half in prison . = = During the Syrian Uprising = = Faeq al @-@ Mir became actively involved in the Syrian uprising ( 2011 – present ) right from the beginning . As a result , he went into hiding in Ghouta near Damascus to avoid arrest by the security agencies of the Syrian government . However , on Monday October 7 , 2013 , he was arrested during a visit to the city of Damascus . Faeq al @-@ Mir is known among supporters of the Syrian opposition with the title " al @-@ e 'mem " ( Levantine Arabic : العميم , meaning " the uncle " ) in recognition for his lifelong political activism against the dictatorship of Al @-@ Assad family in Syria . = Tôn Thất Đính = Lieutenant General Tôn Thất Đính ( 20 November 1926 – 21 November 2013 ) was a retired officer who served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . He is best known as one of the key figures in the November 1963 coup that deposed and resulted in the assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm , the first president of the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) . A favourite of the ruling Ngô family , Đính received rapid promotions ahead of officers who were regarded as being more capable . He converted to Roman Catholicism to curry favour with Diệm , and headed the military wing of the Cần Lao party , a secret Catholic organisation that maintained the Ngôs ' grip on power . At the age of 32 , Đính became the youngest ever ARVN general and the commander of the II Corps , but he was regarded as a dangerous , egotistical and impetuous figure with a weakness for alcohol and partying . In 1962 , Đính was appointed commander of the III Corps , which oversaw the region surrounding the capital Saigon . He was given the post because Diệm regarded him as one of his most loyal officers . This position meant that Đính would be a critical factor in the success or failure of any coup . In late 1963 , with Diệm becoming increasingly unpopular , Đính 's colleagues recruited him into a coup by playing on his ego . They convinced him to ask Diệm for a cabinet post , knowing that the president was adamantly opposed to military officers serving as ministers and would chastise him . Diệm promptly rebuffed Đính , who became upset and was lured into the plot . Diệm and his brother and chief advisor Ngô Đình Nhu were aware of a coup plot , but did not know of Đính 's involvement . Nhu planned a fake coup of his own in an attempt to trap his opponents and generate positive publicity for his family 's regime . He put Đính in charge of the fake coup , and the general promptly redeployed loyal units outside Saigon and rebel forces near the capital . On 1 November 1963 , the rebels ' actual coup proceeded , and the Ngô brothers were deposed and executed . After the coup , Đính became one of the 12 members of the Military Revolutionary Council ( MRC ) , serving as the interior minister . However , the MRC lasted only three months before being ousted in a bloodless coup by General Nguyễn Khánh . Đính and his colleagues were put under house arrest by Khánh and falsely accused of promoting a neutralist plot . The subsequent military trial collapsed . The generals were convicted of " lax morality " , but were eventually allowed to resume their military service , albeit in meaningless desk jobs . Following Khánh 's exile by another group of generals , Đính was appointed to command the I Corps in 1966 in order to put down the Buddhist Uprising , but Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ disapproved of his reconciliatory policies . Kỳ launched a successful surprise attack against Đính , who fled , but was later captured and briefly imprisoned by Kỳ . After his release , Đính worked in the media and was elected to the Senate in 1967 . He served in the upper house until the fall of Saigon in April 1975 , when he fled Vietnam . = = Early years = = A native of central Vietnam , Đính enlisted in the Vietnamese National Army ( VNA ) of the French @-@ backed State of Vietnam at Phu Bai in 1949 and trained as a paratrooper in France . He became a protege of Ngô Đình Cần , a younger brother of Prime Minister Diệm . Cần , who unofficially controlled the region of central Vietnam near Huế , was impressed by what he considered to be an abundance of courage on the part of Đính . Within six years of enlisting in the military , Đính had risen to the rank of colonel and was made the inaugural commander of the newly formed 32nd Division based in Da Nang in the centre of the country on 1 January 1955 . Đính led the unit until November 1956 , during which time it was renamed the 2nd Division . Diệm deposed head of state Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum in 1955 and proclaimed himself president of the newly created Republic of Vietnam ( commonly known as South Vietnam ) . The VNA thus became the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . Born into a nominally Buddhist family , Đính had converted to Catholicism in the hope of advancing his career . The change of religion was widely perceived to be a factor in his rapid promotion above more capable officers . A devout member of the Catholic minority , Diệm dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary and heavily disenfranchised and disadvantaged the Buddhist majority . Đính once described himself as " fearless and arrogant " and Diệm 's adopted son — the president was a lifelong bachelor . In August 1957 , he was appointed commander of the 1st Division based in Huế , the old imperial capital and Cần 's base . Đính served there for one year , until he became a one @-@ star general and received a wider @-@ reaching command in August 1958 , making him the youngest ever ARVN general . Đính 's favour among the Ngô family saw him appointed in 1958 to head the military wing of the Cần Lao , the secret organisation of Vietnamese Catholics loyal to the Ngô family that maintained the family 's grip on power . Despite the high regard in which the Ngô family held him , Đính had a poor reputation among his colleagues . Regarded by his peers as ambitious , vain and impulsive , he was known mainly for heavily drinking in Saigon 's nightclubs , and the Central Intelligence Agency labelled him a " basic opportunist " . He was known for always wearing a paratrooper 's uniform with a red beret at a steep angle , and being accompanied by a tall , uncommunicative Cambodian bodyguard . Senior Australian Army officer Ted Serong , who worked with Đính , called him " a young punk with a gun — and dangerous " . = = Xá Lợi Pagoda = = In August 1958 , Đính was made the commander of the II Corps , which oversaw the Central Highlands region mainly inhabited by indigenous tribes . He was based in the mountainous town of Pleiku and oversaw the surrounding region and the lowlands to the north of the capital of Saigon . This put him in control of the 5th , 22nd and 23rd Divisions , one third of the divisions in the country . At the time , the CIA had been training Montagnard tribesmen under the Village Defense Program ( later to become the Civilian Irregular Defense Group ) with the stated intention of resisting communist infiltration , but Đính regarded it was an attempt to divide and conquer and undermine him . He estimated that 18 @,@ 000 tribesmen had been armed , and said to Ngô Đình Nhu — one of Diệm 's younger brothers and his chief adviser — that " the Americans have put an army at my back " . CIA agent Lucien Conein admitted years afterwards that Đính 's claim was correct ; that Nhu and Diệm had no previous idea of what the Americans had been doing . Đính wrote to Diệm to complain that his units were being weakened by the policy of promoting officers for political reasons , despite having been a beneficiary himself of this non @-@ merit @-@ based policy . The reorganisation of the corps boundaries in December 1962 created a fourth region . The entire region surrounding the capital , Saigon , came under the purview of the III Corps , whereas the previous arrangement saw two corps controlling the regions to the north and south of the capital . As a key supporter of Diệm , Đính was named commander of the III Corps , because the Ngô family trusted him to defend them in the face of any coup attempts . Under the III Corps were the 5th and the 25th Divisions . In August 1963 , Nhu , who controlled the special forces and secret police , allowed Đính to have a hand in planning raids against Buddhist dissidents who had been organising at the Xá Lợi pagoda , Saigon 's largest . The raids involved the deployment of the 5th Division , based in the town of Biên Hòa on Saigon 's northern outskirts , into the capital . Although the execution of the raids — which left hundreds dead — was primarily the responsibility of Colonel Lê Quang Tung , the special forces head , Đính privately took responsibility , stating to a journalist , " I have defeated Henry Cabot Lodge [ the US ambassador to South Vietnam ] . He came here to stage a coup d 'etat , but I , Tôn Thất Đính , have conquered him and saved the country . " In the aftermath of the raids , Foreign Minister Vũ Văn Mẫu resigned in protest , shaved his head like a monk and sought to leave on a pilgrimage to India ; Nhu ordered Đính to jail him . At the urging of another general , Đính put Mẫu under house arrest instead . During this period , Đính told a dinner guest that he had the pleasure of dining with a great national hero . When the guest asked Đính where the hero was , Đính said " it is me " and claimed to have defeated the Americans . Đính 's ego had been played upon by the Ngô brothers , who had themselves reiterated this point and paid him a large cash bonus after the pagoda raids . In the heady times after the attacks , Đính had a " somewhat incoherent " debate with his American advisor , claiming " he [ Đình ] was without doubt the greatest general officer in the ARVN , the saviour of Saigon ... and soon he would be the top military man in the country . " In a press conference after the raids , Đính claimed to have saved South Vietnam from Buddhists , communists and " foreign adventurers " , a euphemism for the United States . After being questioned sharply , Đính quickly became angry . Ray Herndon of United Press International asked him to name the country that he was referring to , but Đính dodged the question . Herndon lampooned him by saying that a national hero should be able to identify the national enemy , and asked him to call Madame Nhu , the de facto First Lady known for her anti @-@ American comments , to get help in identifying the hostile country in question . After several reporters derisively laughed at these comments , Đính stormed out of the conference . = = Defection and coup = = Embarrassed by the events at the press conference , Đính returned to the officers ' mess at the Joint General Staff headquarters . His colleagues , led by General Trần Văn Đôn , were plotting a coup against Diệm because of the Buddhist crisis , and attempted to play on Đính 's ego to convince him to join them . They knew that without Đính 's assistance , a coup would be difficult as his forces dominated the region surrounding the capital . In a series of meetings , the other generals assured Đính that he was a national hero worthy of political authority , and claimed that Nhu had not realised how important he was in the future of the country . Đính 's colleagues even bribed his soothsayer to predict his elevation to political power . The other generals told him that the people were dissatisfied with Diệm 's cabinet and that Vietnam needed dynamic young officers in politics , and that their presence would reverse the declining morale in the ARVN . They advised Đính to ask Diệm to promote him to interior minister , Dương Văn Minh to defence minister , and Trần Văn Minh to education minister . The other generals hoped that would reject Đính and wound his pride . As a result , Đính and his fellow generals met Diệm at the palace , where Đính asked the president to promote him to the post of interior minister . Diệm bluntly chastised Đính in front of his colleagues , and ordered him out of Saigon to the central highlands resort town of Đà Lạt to rest . Đính felt humiliated and embarrassed , having promised his colleagues that he would be successful . The Ngô brothers had been alarmed by Đính 's request , and put him under surveillance . Đính found out , further straining his relationship with the palace . Đính agreed to join the coup , although with his ambitious nature , the other officers were skeptical and planned to have him assassinated if he tried to switch sides . With Đính and the Ngô family 's increasing focus on the political usage of the army , the military situation in the III Corps deteriorated badly in the second half of 1963 , as personnel were redeployed into the cities . In August , he moved a unit away from Bến Tượng , which had been portrayed as a model settlement in the Strategic Hamlet Program that was supposed to isolate peasants into fortified villages to keep the Viet Cong out . While the unit was in Saigon cracking down on the Buddhists , the communists overran Bến Tượng . A year earlier , the American media contingent had been invited to the opening ceremony of the settlement , which was supposed to be the flagship of the hamlet program . As Đính spent most of October in the capital plotting instead of inspecting the countryside , the communists began to systematically dismantle the strategic hamlets . = = = Plotting a fake coup = = = By mid @-@ October , Diệm and Nhu knew of the coup plans , but did not know that Đính was firmly among them , although they were wary of him . Nhu then decided to outwit the generals with a counter @-@ plot . The generals heard of this and decided to counteract him . The other generals were still suspicious of Đính , fearing he would betray them . Having discovered that Nhu was trying to use him to trap them , and not sure which side he was really on , they promised to make him interior minister and offered other rewards if he helped to overthrow the Ngô brothers . As part of the generals ' plot , Đính sent Colonel Nguyễn Hữu Có , his deputy corps commander , to Mỹ Tho to talk to the 7th Division commander , Colonel Bùi Đình Đạm , and two regimental commanders , the armoured unit commander , both subordinate to Đạm , and the chief of Mỹ Tho province . Exhorting them to join the coup , he stated that all the generals were in the plot except the strongly loyalist Huỳnh Văn Cao , and that Đính would soon join . According to one account , Đính had intended that loyalists would report Có 's activities to Diệm and Nhu so that it would give him an opportunity to orchestrate a stunt to ingratiate himself with the palace . Nhu 's agents soon reported Có 's activities to the palace . When the Ngô brothers confronted Đính with what occurred in Mỹ Tho , Đính feigned astonishment at his deputy 's behaviour . He began crying and said " This is my fault , because you have suspected me . I have not really gone to work for the last 15 days but have stayed at home because I was sad . But I am not against you . I was sad because I thought I was discredited with you . So Nguyễn Hữu Có profited from my absence to make trouble . " Đính claimed to know nothing of Có 's activities and vowed to have his deputy killed . Nhu opposed this and stated that he wanted keep Có alive to catch the plotters , and tried to use Đính to this end . Nhu ordered Đính and Tung , both of whom took their orders directly from the palace instead of the ARVN command , to plan a fake coup against the government . One objective was to trick dissidents into joining the false uprising so that they could be identified and eliminated . Another aim of the public relations stunt was to give a false impression of the strength of the regime . Codenamed Operation Bravo , the first stage of the scheme would involve some of Đính and Tung 's loyalist soldiers , disguised as insurgents led by apparently renegade junior officers , faking a coup and vandalising the capital . Tung would then announce the formation of a " revolutionary government " consisting of opposition activists who had not consented to joining the new administration , while Diệm and Nhu would pretend to be on the run . During the orchestrated chaos of the first coup , the disguised loyalists would riot and in the ensuing mayhem , kill the leading coup plotters , such as Generals Minh , Đôn , Lê Văn Kim and junior officers that were helping them . The loyalists and some of Nhu 's underworld connections would also kill some figures who were assisting the conspirators , such as the titular but relatively powerless Vice President Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ , CIA agent Lucien Conein , who was on assignment in Vietnam as a military adviser , and Ambassador Lodge . These would then be blamed on " neutralist and pro @-@ communist elements " . A fake " counter @-@ coup " was to follow , whereupon Tung 's special forces , having left Saigon on the pretext of fighting communists , as well as Đính 's regulars , would triumphantly re @-@ enter Saigon to reaffirm the Diệm regime . Nhu would then exploit the scare to round up dissidents . Đính was put in charge of the fake coup and was allowed the additional control of the 7th Division based in Mỹ Tho , which was previously assigned to Diệm loyalist Cao , who commanded the IV Corps in the Mekong Delta . The reassignment of the 7th Division gave Đính and his III Corps complete encirclement of Saigon , and would prevent Cao from storming the capital to save Diệm as he had done during the coup attempt in 1960 . Nhu and Tung , however , were unaware that Đính was part of the real coup plot . Đính told Tung that the fake coup needed to employ an overwhelming amount of force . He said that tanks were required " because armour is dangerous " . In an attempt to outwit Tung , Đính claimed fresh troops were needed , opining , " If we move reserves into the city , the Americans will be angry . They 'll complain that we 're not fighting the war . So we must camouflage our plan by sending the special forces out to the country . That will deceive them . " The loyalists were unaware that Đính 's real intention was to engulf Saigon with his rebel divisions and lock Tung 's men in the countryside where they could not defend the president . Tung and the palace agreed to send all four Saigon @-@ based special forces companies out of the capital on 29 October . Not trusting Có , Diệm put a Catholic loyalist , Colonel Phát , in command of the 7th Division on 31 October . According to tradition , Phát had to pay the corps commander a courtesy visit before assuming control . Đính refused to see Phát and told him to come back on Friday at 14 : 00 , by which time the coup had already been scheduled to start . In the meantime , Đính had Đôn sign a counter @-@ order transferring command of the 7th Division to Có . The next day , Có took the division 's incumbent officers prisoner and used the unit to block loyalists from storming the capital from the south . = = = Diệm 's downfall = = = On 1 November 1963 , the coup went ahead , with Cao 's troops isolated in the far south , and Tung 's forces outside Saigon , unable to rescue Diệm from the rebel encirclement . Tung was called to the Joint General Staff ( JGS ) headquarters at Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base under the pretense of a routine meeting , and was seized and executed . Attempts by Diệm and Nhu to make contact with Đính were blocked by other generals , who claimed that Đính was elsewhere . This led the Ngô brothers to think that Đính had been captured , still unaware that he had rebelled . The following morning , Đính was allowed to have the final word with Diệm before the brothers were arrested , allowing him to prove his loyalty to the rebel cause . Đính subsequently shouted obscenities at the Ngô brothers . Đính alleged that Nhu 's contacts with the communists and threats to make a peace deal with North Vietnam had motivated the coup . When Diệm and Nhu were shot dead by the arresting officers against the orders of the generals , Đính claimed he " couldn 't sleep that night " . He boasted to the media that he and his troops were responsible for seizing broadcasting studios , the police headquarters , Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base , and the release of hundreds of political prisoners such as monks and students . He also claimed that he led the successful siege on Gia Long Palace , although the 5th Division of Colonel Nguyễn Văn Thiệu had actually carried it out . Đính saved the life of Colonel Cao Văn Viên , the commander of the Airborne Brigade , who was a Diệm loyalist . Viên 's fate had been discussed during the planning phase . Đính , who played mahjong with Viên 's wife , convinced Minh to spare the paratroop commander , saying that Viên would not oppose the coup . At the JGS meeting , Viên , who had not known of the plot , removed his insignia and resigned , and was arrested for refusing to join the coup . Viên was allowed to return to his command a month later , and later became the chief of JGS for eight years . = = Post @-@ Diệm = = Following the coup , a Military Revolutionary Council ( MRC ) was formed , comprising 12 generals including Đính , each of whom had equal voting power . They appointed a cabinet mainly consisting of civilians led by Prime Minister Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ , who had been the titular Vice President under Diệm . Đính was initially made interior minister , but Thơ was said to have personally opposed the appointment . Eventually Minh , the head of the military junta , struck a compromise whereby Đính was made Security Minister and Administrative Affairs , which partially covered the interior ministry . He was the 2nd Deputy Chairman of the MRC behind Minh and Đôn . However , tension persisted as Thơ 's civilian government was plagued by infighting . According to Thơ 's assistant , Nguyễn Ngọc Huy , the presence of Đôn and Đính in both the civilian cabinet and the MRC paralyzed the governance process . Đính and Đôn were subordinate to Thơ in the civilian government , but as members of the MRC they were superior to him . When Thơ gave a cabinet order with which the generals disagreed , they went to the MRC and gave a counter @-@ order . Đính and the new national police chief , General Xuân , were accused of arresting people en masse , before releasing them in return for bribes and pledges of loyalty . The junta performed indecisively and was heavily criticised , especially Minh , who was viewed as being too apathetic towards his country 's situation . During the MRC 's tenure , South Vietnam suffered more and more losses to the Vietcong . = = = Policies = = = Đính was reported to have celebrated his new positions by making conspicuous appearances at Saigon nightclubs and dancing , having lifted Madame Nhu 's bans on such activities . He reportedly kissed the bar dancers and ordered champagne for all present . Đính 's brash behavior caused public relations problems for the junta . In interviews with the Washington Post and The New York Times , he claimed that he took a leading role in the coup because " we would have lost the war under Diệm " and saying that he participated " not for personal ambition , but for the population , the people and to get rid of Nhu " . He claimed to have been the " specialist ... [ who ] gave the orders in only thirty minutes " , keeping the plans " all in his head " . In an exclusive interview with Herndon , he said " You are the one who started it all , who drove me into making the coup . You are the hero of the revolution . " This was a reference to Herndon 's sarcastic reference to Đính as a " great national hero " after the general took credit for the pagoda raids . He also courted controversy with anti @-@ American remarks , stating " On August 21 , I was governor of Saigon and loyal to Diem ; on November 1 , I was governor of Saigon and fighting Diem ; maybe in the future I 'll be governor of Saigon and fighting against the Americans . " Đính and the leading generals in the MRC also had a secret plan to end the communist insurgency , which called itself the National Liberation Front ( NLF ) and claimed to be independent of the government of North Vietnam . They claimed that most of them were first and foremost southern nationalists opposed to foreign military intervention and U.S. involvement and support of Diệm . The generals agreed with this viewpoint and thought that an agreement to end the war within South Vietnam was possible . The government also rebuffed American proposals to bomb North Vietnam on the grounds that such actions would cede the moral high ground , which they claimed on the basis of fighting in a purely defensive manner . However , the plans to bring the NLF into the mainstream were never implemented to any degree before the government was deposed . During his time on the MRC , Đính persistently raised eyebrows with his volatile behaviour . The Americans and his colleagues found him difficult to control . General Paul Harkins , the head of the US military presence in Vietnam , advised Đính to relinquish his control of the III Corps on the grounds that he was already serving as the interior minister and that a corps needed a full @-@ time leader , but Đính refused . As the III Corps surrounded the capital , the most economically productive region in South Vietnam , it had the most scope for corruption and graft . Đính told U.S. embassy officials in December 1963 he was preparing to " accommodate himself to a neutralist solution for Vietnam " . This reportedly perturbed the Americans and was interpreted as a threat to not cooperate with the anti @-@ communist struggle if his power was wound back . US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara criticised the arrangement , and in early January 1964 , Đính was relieved by General Khiệm , who had been the head of the armed forces until being demoted after the coup against Diệm , and he set about overthrowing the MRC . = = Deposed by Nguyễn Khánh = = Đính 's political stay was brief , as General Nguyễn Khánh	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Nagendrarao . The sound mixing process was supervised by A. Krishnan and V. Sivaram , and the soundtrack was processed by N. C. Sen Gupta . Ghantasala provided vocals for Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao ; P. Susheela and P. Leela provided the vocals for Savitri and Jamuna . The song " Entha Hayi " was composed using the Mohanam raga . The cover artwork of the soundtrack features a photograph of Rama Rao 's character Anjaneya " Anji " Prasad . The soundtrack was marketed by HMV ; it was successful and all eight songs were well received . " Lechindi Nidra " , " Kolu Koloyanna " , " Aligina Velane Choodali " , and " Prema Yatralaku " achieved cult status in Telugu cinema , particularly for their lyrics . = = Release and reception = = Gundamma Katha was released on 7 June 1962 , with an approximate total length of 14 @,@ 999 feet ( 4 @,@ 572 m ) in 18 reels , with a running time of 159 minutes . It was given a " U " ( Universal ) certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification . In the opening credits , images of the film 's cast were used instead of their names ; the leads and Ranga Rao 's images are screened first , and are followed by those of Suryakantam and the other supporting cast . Upon release , Gundamma Katha received mixed reviews from the critics , who found the characters played by Jamuna and Suryakantam poorly written and under @-@ developed . They also found the characters played by Haranath and Vijayalakshmi " out of place " . Similar views were expressed after a special screening at L. V. Prasad 's residence but Chakrapani was confident of the film 's success when he saw children clapping in response to Rama Rao 's performance in comical sequences . Gundamma Katha was a profitable venture for Vijaya Vauhini Studios ; it completed a 100 @-@ day run in 17 theatres across Andhra Pradesh , and completed a silver @-@ jubilee run at the Durga Kalamandir , Vijayawada . It became the first Telugu film to be run for 100 days with three screenings per day in Hyderabad . The silver @-@ jubilee celebrations were not held , and the planned budget for the event was donated to a fundraiser who was active during the Sino @-@ Indian War . Gundamma Katha received the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu for 1962 . = = Remakes = = Gundamma Katha was remade in Tamil as Manithan Maravillai ( 1962 ) by Vijaya Vauhini Studios . Chakrapani directed the remake and Gemini Ganesan reprised Rama Rao from the original . M. S. Sundari Bai , K. Sarangkapani , and E. R. Sahadev reprised the roles of Suryakantam , Ramana Reddy and Kaleswara Rao respectively . Manithan Maravillai was Nageswara Rao 's 100th film as an actor ; Gundamma Katha became a notable film for both Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao as they completed 100 films as actors with two versions of the same film . Unlike the original film , Manithan Maravillai was a commercial failure . Rama Rao 's son Nandamuri Balakrishna and Nageswara Rao 's son Akkineni Nagarjuna , who established themselves as actors in Telugu cinema , planned to remake Gundamma Katha but withdrew after failing to find a suitable replacement for Suryakantam . In 2012 , D. Ramanaidu planned to produce the remake of the film with Rama Rao 's grandson N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Nagarjuna 's son Naga Chaitanya playing the leading male characters but the plans were cancelled . In April 2016 , Mohan Babu expressed interest in remaking the film with his son Manchu Vishnu and Raj Tarun in the lead roles . He added that G. Nageswara Reddy would direct the remake which he would announce after acquiring the rights . = = Sequel and digitisation plans = = After Gundamma Katha 's release , Chakrapani wrote a story named " Gundamma Gari Kootulla Katha " ( " The Story of Gundamma 's Daughters " ) . It was serialised in Bharathi magazine . Its plot involves Ghantaiah creating a rift between Lakshmi and Saroja . Readers expected Chakrapani to produce a sequel to Gundamma Katha but he showed no interest . In 1982 , Rama Rao and Krishna acted in a film , Vayyari Bhamalu Vagalamari Bhartalu , whose story resembled " Gundamma Gari Kootulla Katha " . In November 2007 , a Hyderabad @-@ based company named Goldstone Technologies acquired the film negative rights to 14 Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios , including Mayabazar ( 1957 ) and Gundamma Katha , to release colourised , digitally remastered versions . The remastered and colourised version of Mayabazar , released in January 2010 , was commercially successful but Goldstone Technologies decided not to remaster the remaining 13 films , including Gundamma Katha , saying most of the producers who sold the rights to the negatives to television channels lost control over them . Goldstone further explained that a number of legal issues over ownership and copyright issues arise whenever producers try to do something on their own . = = Legacy = = Gundamma Katha is regarded as the last film of Vijaya Vauhini Studios ' " Golden Age " . In commemoration of the Centenary of Indian Cinema , The Hindu listed Gundamma Katha , Pathala Bhairavi ( 1951 ) , Missamma ( 1955 ) , Mayabazar , Maduve Madi Nodu ( 1965 ) , Ram Aur Shyam ( 1967 ) , Julie ( 1975 ) , and Shriman Shrimati ( 1982 ) as the iconic films produced by Nagi Reddy . Gundamma Katha is a notable film in the careers of Suryakantam and Ramana Reddy ; Nagi Reddy said the latter played a key role in the film 's success . In an interview with The Hindu in December 2005 , Telugu actor Mallikarjuna Rao cited the film and Mayabazar as examples of incidental comedy , arguing that the situation and the subject should go " hand in hand " . In May 2012 , Radhika Rajamani of Rediff.com mentioned Gundamma Katha for the letter G in her list , " The A to Z of Telugu Cinema " , calling it an " unforgettable film " . In November 2012 , The Times of India listed Gundamma Katha alongside unrelated films Missamma , Mayabazar , Narthanasala , and Bommarillu ( 2006 ) in its list of " Telugu classics to watch along with family this Deepavali " . The commentator for The Times stated that Gundamma Katha " touches many layers of human [ emotions ] and situations " and features " top class actors , a strong script , melodious and meaningful songs " . Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu ( 2013 ) , which was rumoured to be a remake of Gundamma Katha , adapted the style of its opening credits — use of images rather than text to credit its principal cast . In their 2013 book Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas , K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake wrote that Gundamma Katha , along with Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu ( 1959 ) , Missamma and Ramudu Bheemudu ( 1964 ) , " represented the scope comedy had in the 1950s and 60s . " The story and treatment of Gundamma Katha inspired many other Telugu films , resulting in stereotypes in narration . The filmmaker Kadiri Venkata Reddy stated that Gundamma Katha had good dialogue and production design but lacked a proper story to narrate . In her review of screenwriter Trivikram Srinivas ' film Attarintiki Daredi ( 2013 ) , Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu expressed hope that Srinivas " will give us something more innovative than relying on a story that ’ s been rehashed since the time of Gundamma Katha " . In August 2015 , the filmmaker Teja admitted that the Telugu film industry is stuck with two types of narratives and concepts — hero @-@ centric films and those similar to Gundamma Katha . During the promotion of Soukhyam ( 2015 ) , its director A. S. Ravikumar Chowdary said comedy is a dominant element in Telugu films , citing Gundamma Katha and Aha Naa Pellanta ( 1987 ) as examples . = = Bibilography = = Chakravarthy , Vattikuti ( 3 June 2012 ) . యాభై వసంతాల గుండమ ్ మ కథ [ Fifty Years of Gundamma Katha ] . Eenadu Weekly ( in Telugu ) . Archived from the original on 27 February 2016 . Gokulsing , K. Moti ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas . Routledge . ISBN 978 @-@ 04 @-@ 1567 @-@ 774 @-@ 5 . Southscope July 2010 issue . South Scope . July 2010 . = Meet the Parents = Meet the Parents is a 2000 American comedy film written by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg and directed by Jay Roach . Starring Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller , the film chronicles a series of unfortunate events that befall a good @-@ hearted but hapless man while visiting his girlfriend 's parents . Teri Polo , Blythe Danner , and Owen Wilson also star . Meet the Parents is a remake of a 1992 film of the same name directed by Greg Glienna and produced by Jim Vincent . Glienna — who also played the original film 's main protagonist — and Mary Ruth Clarke co @-@ wrote the screenplay . Universal Studios purchased the rights to Glienna 's film with the intent of creating a new version . Jim Herzfeld expanded the original script but development was halted for some time . Jay Roach read the expanded script and expressed his desire to direct the film but Universal declined him . At that time , Steven Spielberg was interested in directing the film while Jim Carrey was interested in playing the lead role . The studio only offered the film to Roach once Spielberg and Carrey left the project . Released in the United States and Canada on October 6 , 2000 and distributed by Universal Studios , the film earned back its initial budget of $ 55 million in only eleven days . It went on to become one of the highest grossing films of 2000 , earning over $ 160 million in North America and over $ 330 million worldwide . Meet the Parents was well received by film critics and viewers alike , winning several awards and earning additional nominations . Ben Stiller won two comedy awards for his performance and the film was chosen as the Favorite Comedy Motion Picture at the 2001 People 's Choice Awards . The success of Meet the Parents inspired two film sequels , namely Meet the Fockers and Little Fockers released in 2004 and 2010 respectively . Meet the Parents also inspired a reality television show titled Meet My Folks and a situation comedy titled In @-@ Laws , both of them debuting on NBC in 2002 . = = Plot = = Gaylord " Greg " Focker ( Ben Stiller ) is a nurse living in Chicago , who intends to propose to his girlfriend Pam Byrnes ( Teri Polo ) , a schoolteacher . His plan is disrupted when Pam 's sister Debbie becomes engaged and he finds out that Debbie 's fiance , Dr. Robert " Bob " Banks had asked Pam 's father for permission before proposing . Greg and Pam travel to Pam 's parents ' house in Oyster Bay , Long Island to attend the wedding . Greg hopes to propose to Pam in front of her family after receiving her father 's permission , but this plan is put on hold when the airline loses his luggage , including the engagement ring . When they arrive at the Byrnes ' home , Greg meets Pam 's father Jack ( Robert De Niro ) , her mother Dina ( Blythe Danner ) and their beloved cat Mr. Jinx . Jack immediately takes a dislike to Greg and openly criticizes him for his chosen career of nursing and anything else he sees as a sign of weakness . Greg 's attempts to impress Jack either go unnoticed or fail : He inadvertently leads Jack to think he does drugs , while mentioning the possible subtle drug references in Puff , the Magic Dragon , recites the lyrics from the song " Day by Day " from the musical " Godspell " as a blessing , and makes up a story about milking a cat . Greg then presents the Byrnes family with a bottle of champagne which he had purchased at a local convenience store . However , upon finding out Pam was previously engaged , the cork pops off and knocks over an urn containing the ashes of Jack 's beloved mother and Pam 's grandmother , and Jinx subsequently urinates in them . Greg becomes further uncomfortable after receiving an impromptu lie detector test from Jack and later discovers that Jack is actually a retired CIA counterintelligence officer . Meeting the rest of Pam 's family and friends , including Debbie , her fiance , his parents , and Pam 's highly successful , both financially and spiritually , ex @-@ fiancee Kevin ( Owen Wilson ) , Greg still feels like an outsider . Things between Greg and Jack go from bad to worse during a game of water volleyball , where Jack becomes irritated with Greg 's incompetent playing , and in an attempt to play more seriously , Greg accidentally hits Debbie while spiking the ball , giving her a bloody nose and black eye . After that , because Greg had earlier used a malfunctioning toilet ( and telling Jack that Jinx had flushed the toilet , which Jack didn 't buy ) , the Byrnes 's yard floods with sewage . The airline arrives with the luggage that Greg lost , but it turns out to not be his , and while Greg is on the phone , attempting to solve this issue , he accidentally causes Jinx to get loose . While chasing Jinx , Greg accidentally starts a fire in the yard , destroying a wedding altar that Kevin had handcarved for Debbie 's wedding . Jack himself conducts a background check on Greg 's MCAT scores and finds nothing on anyone named Greg Focker ever taking the MCAT 's . Then he inspects Greg 's found luggage ( which is actually someone else 's ) containing sexual toys and gimmicks . Jack , at this point is willing to bet Greg is not even a real nurse , but a drug dealer posing as a hospital worker for easy access , per their previous discussion about " Puff the Magic Dragon " , Later , the Byrnes family realizes Jinx is missing and Greg , in a last @-@ ditch effort to win Jack over , finds a stray cat who looks exactly like Jinx , except for a white tip on the tail , and he spray paints its tail to match Jinx 's tail . While the entire family is out to dinner , Jack gets a voicemail that Jinx is at their neighbor 's house . As they 're heading home , Greg realizes that Jack knows about Jinx , and desperately tries to beat Jack home to hide the evidence , but ultimately fails . The family returns home to find the stray cat has completely trashed the house . Jack calls Greg out in front of the entire family for his lack of honesty , and demands that he call off his relationship with Pam and leave immediately . By now , the entire Byrnes family , including Pam , agree with Jack that Greg needs to leave . Desperate to save himself , Greg reveals that he has seen Jack talking to strange characters , and is planning a secret mission after Pam 's sister 's wedding , thus lying about being retired from the CIA . Jack angrily explains that the secret mission was a surprise honeymoon for the newlywed couple , and Greg realizes that he only dug himself deeper into a hole . Pam and Greg break up , and Greg starts to leave . Just as Greg 's leaving an airport employee arrives with Greg 's actual missing bag , under the name ' Gaylord Focker ' much to the amusement of the Byrnes . Greg goes to the airport but finds himself detained by airport security after causing a scene on the plane and using the word bomb . Back at the Byrnes ' household , Jack still believes that Greg would be an unsuitable husband , as he is completely dishonest and incompetent . Upon receiving retribution from his wife , who claims that Jack never warmed up to Kevin until after he and Pam broke up , and Pam ( as well as confirmation that Greg actually aced the MCAT 's ) , Jack realizes that Pam truly loves Greg . Jack rushes to the airport , convinces airport security to release Greg , and demands that he be honest about everything that transpired . Greg admits that he loves Pam , and everything he did before was out of desperation to win Jack 's approval . Jack admits that maybe he had been too hard on Greg , and he brings him back to the Byrnes ' household . Greg proposes to Pam . She accepts , and her parents agree that they should now meet Greg 's parents . After Debbie 's wedding , Jack views footage of Greg recorded by hidden cameras that he had placed strategically around their house . = = Cast = = = = Themes = = Greg Focker is a middle @-@ class Jewish nurse whose social and cultural position is juxtaposed against the Byrnes family of upper @-@ class White Anglo @-@ Saxon Protestants . With respect to Greg as a Jew and a nurse when compared to the Byrnes and Banks families , a distinct cultural gap is created and subsequently widened . The cultural differences are often highlighted and Greg is repeatedly made aware of them . This serves to achieve comedic effect through character development and has also been commented upon as being indicative of thematic portrayal of Jewish characters ' roles in modern film as well as being a prime example of how male nurses are portrayed in media . Speaking about character development in Meet the Parents , director Jay Roach stated that he wanted an opportunity to " do character @-@ driven comedy " and " to create realistic characters , but heighten the comedic situations and predicaments . " Vincent Brook observes mainstream Hollywood cinema 's tendency since the 1990s of incorporating Jewish liminality and " popularizing the Jew . " He explains the " manly Jewish triumph " of characters like Jeff Goldblum 's David Levinson in Independence Day and labels it as a " certain answer to America 's yearnings for a new Jewish hero . " This stands in direct contrast to the schlemiel or " the Jewish fool " which was seen to have been revitalized in the mid @-@ 1990s after faltering since the 1960s . The schlemiel , Brook explains , is an anti @-@ hero in whose humiliation the audience finds supreme pleasure . Within that context , Brook describes Greg Focker 's character as " the quintessential example of the postmodern schlemiel . " The repeated embarrassing encounters that Greg faces with his girlfriend 's all @-@ American family is compared to the example of Jason Biggs 's character Jim Levenstein of the American Pie film series where Levenstein is often the comedic centerpiece due to his repeated sexual embarrassments . Anne Bower writes about Jewish characters at mealtime as part of the broader movement she believes started in the 1960s where filmmakers started producing work that explored the " Jewish self @-@ definition . " She postulates that the dinner table becomes an arena where Jewish characters are often and most pointedly put into " conflicts with their ethnic and sexual selves . " She describes the example of Greg sitting down for dinner with the Byrnes family and being asked to bless the food . In this scene , Greg attempts to recite a prayer by improvising and , in doing so , launches into a recital of the song " Day by Day " from Act I of Godspell . Bower notes this scene as " particularly important for establishing the cultural distance " between the Jewish Greg and the Christian Byrnes . She also noted that the social gap is further widened next morning at breakfast when Greg is the last person to arrive at the breakfast table ; he shows up to breakfast wearing pajamas while everyone else is fully clothed . Here Greg is shown as the only person eating a bagel , which Bower argues as being a clear signifier of Jewishness . Based on common misconceptions and stereotypes about men in nursing , Greg 's profession is repeatedly brought up by Jack Byrnes in a negative context and the character of Greg Focker has come to be one of the best known film portrayals of a male nurse . Even though men dominated the profession in earlier times , there has been a feminization of the nursing profession over the course of the last century which has caused men in nursing to often be portrayed as misfits by the media . A common stereotype is that of a man who accepts a career in nursing as an unfortunate secondary career choice , either failing to become a physician or still trying to become one . Such stereotyping is due to a presumption that a man would prefer to be a physician but is unable to become one due to lack of intelligence or non @-@ masculine attributes . Jack Byrnes is often seen openly criticizing Greg 's career choice per his perception of nursing being an effeminate profession . In their book Men in Nursing : History , Challenges , and Opportunities authors Chad O 'Lynn and Russell Tranbarger present this as an example of a negative portrayal . Commenting on the same issue but disagreeing , Barbara Cherry in her book Contemporary Nursing : Issues , Trends , & Management called the portrayal of Greg as a nurse " one of the most positive film portrayals of men who are nurses " and commented that Greg " humorously addresses and rises above the worst of all stereotypes that are endured by men in this profession . " Sandy and Harry Summers in the book Saving Lives : Why the Media 's Portrayal of Nurses Puts Us All at Risk postulate that Greg 's character , although intelligent and firm in his defense of his profession , " might have done more to rebut the stereotypes " while also reporting that " some men in nursing " expressed their opinions that it would have been better to not present the stereotypes at all . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = Meet the Parents is a remake of a 1992 independent film of the same name . Greg Glienna and Mary Ruth Clarke wrote the original story and screenplay . Glienna also directed and starred in the 76 minute film which was filmed on 16 mm film in 1991 and released the following year . The 1992 film also marked one of only several film roles played by comedian Emo Philips which he also helped produce . Film producer Elliot Grove , founder of Raindance Film Festival and the British Independent Film Awards , listed the original Meet the Parents on his personal Top Ten list of favorite films where he called it " much funnier and tighter than the Hollywood version " . The 1992 film was a featured entry in the 1995 Raindance Film Festival . Producer Nancy Tenenbaum acquired the rights to the short film . After she sent a copy of the original film to several people of interest , filmmaker Steven Soderbergh replied that he was interested and that he wanted to direct a remake . He brought it to the attention of Universal Studios who initially declined but subsequently optioned the rights to the film in 1995 . Soderbergh took on the project but then dropped it when he got involved with Out of Sight . = = = Writing = = = Universal approached screenwriter Jim Herzfeld to expand the screenplay . Herzfeld expanded the modest script , completing the first draft as early as 1996 . He initially presented it to Roach who had , up to that point , directed the first two Austin Powers films . Roach admits to have liked the script from the beginning and was very much willing to make the film even though he thought " it needed more work . " Universal initially declined to have relatively inexperienced Roach take on the project . The studio was skeptical of Roach 's ability to direct a " less @-@ cartoony , character @-@ driven script " compared to a comedy like Austin Powers . Universal 's reluctance to give the project to Roach was also due to new interest from Steven Spielberg who wanted to direct and produce the film with Jim Carrey playing the role of Greg Focker . However , Spielberg and Carrey never took the project past the planning stages . The script was then returned to Roach who had by now taken on his next project of Mystery , Alaska but was still interested in making Meet the Parents . The drafts of the script were written by Herzfeld and , once De Niro and Stiller were confirmed as stars , John Hamburg was brought on board " to help fit the script to their verbal styles . " Due to changes in directorial and acting line @-@ ups after the early drafts of the script were written , Hamburg kept adjusting and re @-@ writing the script well after production had already begun . = = = Casting = = = Upon the suggestion of Universal Studios , Roach cast De Niro in the role of Jack Byrnes due to critical acclaim of De Niro 's recent comedy work in films such as Analyze This and in the live @-@ action / animated film The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle . De Niro 's character Jack Byrnes is Pam 's father and a retired CIA operative who is overly protective of his family and has a hard time warming up to his daughters ' love interests . The script was not written with De Niro in mind as Jack Byrnes ; the first draft of the script was completed in 1996 , three years before De Niro appeared in Analyze This . However , shortly after De Niro finished filming The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle , Universal suggested to Roach that he should cast De Niro for the role to which Roach agrees that he had " no reservations whatsoever . " In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , De Niro stated that he was in active pursuit of comedic roles since Analyze This . Admitting that he had initial reservations about starring in Meet the Parents , De Niro said that he felt " pushed into it " due to insistence by Jane Rosenthal — De Niro 's partner in TriBeCa Productions who also acted as one of the producers of Meet the Parents . Screenwriter Jim Herzfeld and director Jay Roach both confirmed that , after committing to the project and reviewing the script , Robert De Niro was actually the person who came up with the idea for the famous polygraph test scene . Asked about working with De Niro given the serious nature of his previous roles , Ben Stiller said that " it was a little bit intimidating working with De Niro " but that he " has a great sense of humor and I think that 's the biggest surprise about him . " Explaining how Ben Stiller came to be cast in the role of Greg , Roach states : " I saw Meet the Parents as an anxiety dream , and in my view nobody plays that kind of material better than Ben . " Additionally , Roach was impressed with Stiller 's creative and ad lib abilities stating that " he has lots of great ideas and he 's very skilled at loose improvisation . " Stiller 's character Gaylord " Greg " Focker is a nurse who loves his girlfriend and tries desperately to impress her parents by any means which includes telling harmless little lies which are then covered up with bigger lies and elaborate cover @-@ up schemes . The film 's script was initially written with Jim Carrey in the role of Greg and contained much more physical comedy , something that Stiller did not think would be successful with himself playing the role . This resulted in deletion of some scenes but also in introduction of at least one unscripted scene that was completely improvised by Stiller . Roach cast Stiller only after it became clear that Carrey would not be taking on the role . The consideration to play the character of Pam Byrnes — Greg 's girlfriend who acts as a mediator between Greg and the Byrnes family , especially her father Jack — was initially given to Australian actress Naomi Watts . She ultimately lost the role to Teri Polo because the filmmakers " didn 't think [ Watts ] was sexy enough " . Other characters in the film were played by Blythe Danner ( as Dina Byrnes , Jack 's wife and Pam 's mother ) , Owen Wilson ( as Kevin Rawley , Pam 's ex @-@ fiancee ) , Nicole DeHuff ( as Debbie Byrnes , Pam 's sister ) , Jon Abrahams ( as Denny Byrnes , the youngest child of Jack and Dina Byrnes ) , Thomas McCarthy ( as Bob Banks , Debbie 's fiancé ) , and James Rebhorn ( as Larry Banks , Bob Banks ' father and a close friend of Jack 's ) . Phyllis George , who is a former Miss Texas and Miss America pageant winner and has appeared on numerous television programs as a guest and a host , made her acting debut as Linda Banks , Larry 's wife and Bob 's mother . The role of Mr. Jinx the cat was played by two five @-@ year @-@ old Himalayan cats named Bailey and Misha ( sometimes written as Meesha ) . The American Humane Association oversaw the filming of all scenes where the cats were used and ensured the animals ' obedience and well @-@ being by keeping two trainers and a veterinarian on set at all times . = = Rating = = Greg Glienna did not come up with the surname Focker ; Greg 's character in the original film did not have a last name . The name was written into the script after Jim Carrey came up with the idea for the Focker surname during a creative session held before he abandoned the project . Once Meet the Parents was submitted for rating evaluation , the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) questioned the surname Focker as possibly an expletive and , due to the repetitiveness of the surname throughout the film , the film was in danger of being rated R according to the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system . The filmmakers were asked if they had made up the name or if they can prove that such a name exists . The studio submitted to the MPAA a list of real people with the surname Focker which ensured that the film retained a PG @-@ 13 rating . = = Release = = = = = Theatrical run = = = Meet the Parents had its theatrical release in United States and Canada on October 6 , 2000 . Distributed domestically by Universal Studios , the film had an advertising budget of $ 33 @.@ 9 million . It quickly proved to be a financial success taking in $ 28 @.@ 6 million during its opening weekend and averaging $ 10 @,@ 950 per theater in a total of 2 @,@ 614 theaters . It finished as the top earning film for the weekend of October 6 – 8 beating the second placer Remember the Titans by a margin of over $ 9 million and bringing in more than four times the earnings of Get Carter , the next highest earning film released that same weekend . The film 's opening weekend earnings were the highest ever for any film released in the month of October as well as marking the highest opening weekend earnings for a film starring Robert De Niro . The film 's earnings for the second week of release dropped by 26 % down to $ 21 @.@ 1 million , which still kept the film at No.1 at the box office beating Remember the Titans by a margin of over $ 8 million . By the end of the second week of release , the film had already grossed over $ 58 million , surpassing its production budget of $ 55 million . It spent its first four weeks of theatrical release as the highest @-@ grossing film at the U.S. box office . Meet the Parents was displaced from No.1 during the weekend of November 3 – 5 by the newly released Charlie 's Angels while still managing to stay ahead of The Legend of Bagger Vance , another new release that debuted at number 3 . It remained in the Top 10 grossing films until its 11th week . In the United Kingdom , the film had its theatrical premiere on December 15 , 2000 and was distributed by United International Pictures ( UIP ) . There , it managed to earn over $ 21 million during its run . In Australia , also being distributed by UIP , it was released on December 26 , 2000 where it earned over $ 11 million during the theatrical run . At the end of its theatrical run on March 29 , 2001 – 25 weeks after its opening day in North America , the film had grossed $ 166 @.@ 2 million in the United States and a total of $ 330 @.@ 4 million worldwide , making it the seventh highest @-@ grossing film of the year both domestically and worldwide . = = = Home media = = = Meet the Parents was released on VHS & DVD on March 6 , 2001 . The DVD sales for the film were successful , taking in over $ 200 million for 2001 . Billboard magazine listed the film as having the highest video sales for all weeks from March 31 up to and including April 21 , being the top selling DVD for the weeks of March 24 and March 31 , and being the top rented video for the weeks of April 7 and April 14 . The DVD release provides only the letterbox format of the film and is also 108 minutes in length . The aspect ratio is 1 @.@ 85 : 1 with an accommodation for an enhanced 16 : 9 playback . English language audio tracks available with the film are a 5 @.@ 1 Dolby Digital and DTS with the main noticeable difference being only a slightly louder bass on one of the tracks . A French language audio track is also available only in 5 @.@ 1 Dolby Digital Format . Additionally , English language subtitles are provided as well . The single disc " Collector 's Edition " contains two audio commentaries , one a light @-@ hearted and humorous discussion between Roach , Stiller , De Niro and producer Jane Rosenthal and the other a more formal technical commentary on the film @-@ making aspects by the director and editor Jon Poll . The director discusses issues that include working with the cast , utilizing the best camera angles for comedic effect , discussing scenes that were improvised and scenes that were scripted , and commenting on issues surrounding shooting on location . The editor speaks about putting together the best functioning comedy from material that was filmed and discusses some deleted scenes that were excluded from the DVD release . In addition , the DVD features a twelve @-@ minute outtake section , three minutes of deleted scenes , and Universal 's Spotlight on Location featurette . Spotlight on Location is a standard 24 @-@ minute long featurette about the making of the film which includes interviews with the cast members and contains behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage . It also contains two games called Take The Lie Detector Test and The Forecaster Game as well as PC material such as wallpapers and screensavers . The region 2 edition of the DVD was released on October 22 , 2001 . A region 1 " Bonus Edition " was released on December 14 , 2004 and contains three additional featurettes : Silly Cat Tricks , The Truth About Lying and a 12 @-@ minute long Jay Roach : A Director 's Profile . = = Soundtrack = = The original motion picture soundtrack for Meet the Parents was released on September 26 , 2000 on the DreamWorks Records record label . The soundtrack features 14 original compositions by Randy Newman as well as additional tracks by Bobby Womack , Lee Dorsey , and Dr. John and a hidden bonus track . Newman 's original song " A Fool in Love " was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song — Newman 's 14th Oscar nomination — at the 73rd Academy Awards but it ultimately lost to Bob Dylan 's " Things Have Changed " for Wonder Boys . For the same song , Newman also won the 16th Annual ASCAP Film & Television Music Award in the Top Box Office Films category and was nominated at the 5th Golden Satellite Awards in the Original Song category . Dan Goldwasser , in his review of the soundtrack for SoundtrackNet , gave credit to Newman and the soundtrack for doing " an excellent job keeping the humor level high . " = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = The film received a generally positive response from film critics , being commended on the subtlety of its humor as well as being named as " the funniest " or " one of the funniest " films of the year by several critics . As of December 24 , 2011 , the aggregate review website Rotten Tomatoes registered an 84 % positive response based on reviews from 146 critics and certified the film " Fresh " with an average rating of 6 @.@ 9 / 10 . As of the same date , Metacritic , another aggregate review website , registered a rating of 73 out of 100 , based on 33 reviews , which is classified as " Generally favorable reviews " by the website 's rating system . Kenneth Turan , film critic for Los Angeles Times , called it " the funniest film of the year so far , possibly the most amusing mainstream live @-@ action comedy since There 's Something About Mary . " Critic Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal stated that the film " does almost everything right with a story about everything going wrong " and that it " works up a major comic delirium on the theme of Murphy 's Law " , concluding that " Meet the Parents is the funniest movie of the year . " CNN 's Paul Clinton proclaimed " Meet the Parents is one of the best comedies of this – or any other – year " , calling it " wonderfully funny " and expressing his hope that " the Academy will also recognize this wonderful movie , something it rarely does when it comes to comedies " Time magazine 's film critic Richard Schickel stated that the film was " divinely invented and perfectly orchestrated " . He complimented the screenplay by calling the screenwriters Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg " a couple of skilled tool @-@ and @-@ die makers " as well as the acting cast because he believed that they " understand that palpable reality will always trump frenzied fantasy when it comes to getting laughs . " Schickel concluded his review by proclaiming Meet the Parents a " superbly antic movie " . Todd McCarthy of Variety magazine called the film " flat @-@ out hilarious " and Neil Smith of BBC proclaimed that " there 's not a weak scene in this super @-@ funny picture " while awarding it a rating of five stars out of five . Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three stars out of four comparing the film to Roach 's previous work on the Austin Powers film series and offering his opinion that " [ Meet the Parents ] is funnier because it never tries too hard . " Critic Christopher Null of AMC 's Filmcritic.com claimed that " Meet the Parents is one of the funniest comedies I 've seen since Annie Hall " . Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly called the script " unforced " and concluded that the film " goes down like a flute of Champagne , leaving an aftertaste of giggles . " However , Internet film critic James Berardinelli , in spite of awarding it two and a half stars out of four , gave the film a somewhat scathing review . On his website , Berardinelli wrote that " Meet the Parents is put together like a TV sit @-@ com , " that Roach " strings together a series of hit @-@ and @-@ miss lowbrow gags with little care for whether any of the connecting material is coherent , interesting , or enjoyable ( in most cases , it 's none of those three ) " and concluding that " even with Stiller and De Niro , Meet the Parents is an encounter that can be postponed until it 's available on video . " Jeff Vice of the Deseret News , another detractor of the film , proclaimed Meet the Parents " only erratically funny " and accused Roach of taking " the cheap way out with a series of unfunny jokes . " Critic Peter Bradshaw 's review of the film in The Guardian concludes that Meet the Parents " is somehow less than the sum of its parts . It strains to come to life , but never quite makes it . " After the film was released on home media , DVD reviewer and Rolling Stone magazine contributor Douglas Pratt in his book Doug Pratt 's DVD : Movies , Television , Music , Art , Adult , and More ! stated that " perhaps in the crowded theater the film is hysterical , but in the quieter venue of home video , it just seems sadistic , and as the humor evaporates , the holes in the plot become clearer . " = = = Awards = = = Wins People 's Choice Awards ( 2001 ) Favorite Comedy Motion Picture 2001 MTV Movie AwardsBest Comedic Performance – Ben Stiller 2001 MTV Movie AwardsBest Line – " Are you a pothead , Focker ? " – Robert De Niro American Comedy Awards ( 2001 ) Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture – Ben Stiller 16th Annual ASCAP Film & Television Music AwardsTop Box Office Films – Randy Newman Nominations 58th Golden Globe AwardsGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Robert De Niro ( Lost to George Clooney for O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ) 73rd Academy AwardsBest Original Song – Randy Newman for " A Fool in Love " ( Lost to Bob Dylan 's " Things Have Changed " for Wonder Boys ) American Comedy Awards ( 2001 ) Funniest Motion Picture ( Lost to Best in Show ) 5th Golden Satellite AwardsOriginal Song – Randy Newman for " A Fool in Love " ( Lost to Björk 's " I 've Seen It All " for Dancer in the Dark ) = = Legacy = = The success of Meet the Parents was initially responsible for a 2002 NBC reality television show entitled Meet My Folks in which a young woman 's love interest , vying for her family 's approval , is interrogated by the woman 's overprotective father with the help of a lie detector machine . In September 2002 , NBC also aired a situation comedy entitled In @-@ Laws . During the development of the sitcom , NBC called it " a Meet the Parents project " which prompted an investigation by Universal into whether NBC was infringing on Universal 's copyright . Universal did not pursue any action against NBC but neither show lasted more than one season . In 2004 , Meet the Fockers was released as a sequel to Meet the Parents . Directed again by Jay Roach with a screenplay by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg , the sequel chronicles the events that take place when the Byrnes family meets Bernie and Roz Focker , Greg 's parents , played by Dustin Hoffman and Barbra Streisand . The producers intended for Greg 's parents to be the opposite of the Byrnes ' conservative , upper class , WASPy demeanor ; to that effect , producer Jane Rosenthal explains that " Dustin Hoffman and Barbra Streisand were our dream team . " Meet the Fockers proved to be another financial success grossing $ 280 million domestically and $ 516 million worldwide , outperforming Meet the Parents by a large margin and finishing as the fourth highest grossing film of 2004 . In February 2007 , Universal Studios announced that they would be making a second sequel in the franchise , titled Little Fockers . The film was to be directed by Roach with the screenplay written by Larry Stuckey , Roach 's former assistant . The sequel brings back De Niro , Stiller , Polo , Danner as well as Hoffman and Streisand . On July 18 , 2005 , a regularly scheduled American Airlines flight from Fort Lauderdale @-@ Hollywood International Airport to San Juan , Puerto Rico had to be diverted back to Fort Lauderdale shortly after take @-@ off due to a bomb threat . The pilot turned the airplane around approximately 40 minutes into the flight after a flight attendant found a crumpled napkin that read " Bomb , bomb , bomb ... meet the parents , " a clear reference to the scene in which Ben Stiller 's character repeatedly shouts the word " bomb " while being detained by airport security . The airplane was met by a bomb squad of the local sheriff 's office as well as the FBI whose agents questioned the plane 's 176 passengers about the note . = Arlington Senior High School = Arlington Senior High School was a public high school in Saint Paul , Minnesota . It was located north of Downtown Saint Paul on Rice Street , west of Interstate 35E in the city 's North End neighborhood . Arlington opened on September 3 , 1996 as the newest high school for the Saint Paul Public School district . The school was the first high school to be built since Humboldt Senior High School in 1976 . The school was closed after the 2010 @-@ 2011 school year . By its final year , the school enrolled only 875 students in grades 9 @-@ 12 , despite having operated near its capacity of 2 @,@ 000 most of the years it was open . The school consistently served a population that was around 95 % students of color , 50 @-@ 60 % ELL , and 90 @-@ 95 % students on free / reduced price lunch . Arlington was the only high school in Saint Paul with no attendance boundaries and enrolled students from throughout the city . Beginning in the 2009 school year , the school 's main educational focus was " Bio @-@ SMART , " a program that emphasizes bioscience and the use of technology in health care . The school offered several Advanced Placement classes as well as several College in the Schools classes , in conjunction with the University of Minnesota . = = History = = As early as 1991 the school district began to plan for an additional high school . Initial projections were to add 2 new high schools to the then 6 operating by 2000 . However a lack of funds allowed the construction of only one high school . The increasing number of children who attend public rather than non @-@ public schools was attributed to part of the need . In 1974 , 53 % of children born in St. Paul later entered kindergarten in the city public schools . In 1990 , 67 % of the city 's children attended public schools . Overcrowding was so severe that in 1992 a citizen 's group recommended moving 9th grade back into junior high buildings . The overcrowding was blamed on a surge in the birthrate in Saint Paul and a sudden influx of students from the suburbs , an unusual occurrence in an inner city school district . Plans for a " high tech " high school were put in place in as early as 1992 . = = = Construction = = = In order to accommodate an estimated 4 @,@ 000 additional students , existing commercial buildings were sought to convert into high school buildings . After scouring the city , two possible sites were chosen . One near the Minnesota State Fairgrounds and the other near the school 's current location . The proposed area was the former site of an auto scrap yard . Officials were worried that the location would be polluted and would require an expensive cleanup . As a result , the location was moved to a site approximately .5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) west . Of the current 29 acres ( 0 @.@ 05 sq mi ; 0 @.@ 12 km2 ) acre campus , roughly 20 acres ( 0 @.@ 03 sq mi ; 0 @.@ 08 km2 ) were from a failed housing project and the other 9 acres ( 0 @.@ 01 sq mi ; 0 @.@ 04 km2 ) were from homes that were bought and cleared . Some of the soil on the site was unstable and was replaced . Critics considered the location for being too close to Como Park and Johnson high schools and for being located in a residential neighborhood . Original estimates for the project cost $ 54 @.@ 3 million and as a result the Saint Paul school district authorized a $ 20 million bond . Knutson Construction Co. was chosen for the project . = = = Naming = = = The high school was the first new high school to be built in Saint Paul or Minneapolis since the 1970s . The school district was also not expecting to build another high school for 40 years after . As a result , the competition to name the school was fierce . The name Arlington High School was eventually chosen from a list of 85 suggestions . Two names , Arlington and Mechanic Arts , were quickly favored . Mechanic Arts was the initial favorite after alumni of the former school campaigned for the name to be reused after the first Mechanic Arts High School was closed down in 1976 after operating for 86 years . The alumni created a lobbying group and even enlisted the help of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun , a 1925 graduate of Mechanic Arts . However , the school board 's policy of naming schools after local neighborhoods and street names eventually won out with the name Arlington being chosen in a 5 @-@ 2 vote . The chosen school colors , blue and white , were the colors of Mechanic Arts . = = = Closing = = = In the spring of 2010 Saint Paul Public schools faced a $ 27 @.@ 2 million budget shortfall . To save money , plans to close the school began . The school 's projected enrollment would only be 650 students . 2009 @-@ 2010 Juniors would have been allowed to graduate from Arlington as the high school 's last class but only half of the required number of students committed to attending Arlington for the 2010 @-@ 2011 school year . The district set a goal of 150 Junior students staying for a viable program . 2009 @-@ 10 Juniors and Sophomores were required to transfer to other schools with Freshmen able to stay on as part of Washington Middle School 's BioSmart program . The high school was closed for the 2010 @-@ 2011 school year with Washington Middle School 's grades 7 @-@ 10 taking over the school 's space . Eventually Washington Middle School will add grades each year until it is a 7 @-@ 12 grade school . = = Campus = = Before the school was built many of the high schools in the Saint Paul Public Schools District were not up to date in technology . Consequently , an emphasis was placed on technology being built into the school and providing the ability to add to the existing facilities in the future . The school has extensive high tech facilities . The entire campus comprises 29 acres ( 120 @,@ 000 m2 ) in a residential neighborhood . The outside of the building is composed of tall narrow windows and a curving facade which has led to one architectural critic comparing it to a suburban office park . The " houses " that the freshmen and sophomores are divided into can be seen as wings projecting from the building . The houses were planned to separate the school into manageable sections so that the school does not seem as large to the students . = = Students = = Students were enrolled from throughout the city . Often the school was used to reassign students who could not be enrolled into other high schools . As of the 2006 @-@ 2007 school year , Arlington enrolled 1 @,@ 825 students . The plurality were Asian , at 48 % , with Black , 35 % and Hispanic , 11 % being the other major ethnic groups . 5 % of students identified as White . The school has the highest rate of poverty in high schools from the Saint Paul Public School system with 89 % of students qualifying for Free and Reduced Price Lunch . Free and Reduced Price Lunch is the measure of poverty for the district . The school has a large percentage of students who have limited English proficiency ( 58 % ) . 14 % of students qualify for special education . The school has an Adequate Yearly Progress graduation rate of 83 % while roughly three out of five students who initially enroll graduate within 4 years . 35 % of students had grade level reading proficiency and 13 % of students had proficiency in mathematics . Enrollment dropped considerably in the last years with only 875 students enrolled in 2010 and projections of only 650 for 2011 . = = Education = = As the first new high school built in several years , many unorthodox ideas were suggested . After many of the ideas were criticized the school district requested parental input on the direction of the school 's curriculum and held meetings around the city to show their plans for the curriculum . School officials wished to create a balance of college prep classes and vocational programs . The school was planned as and is now a citywide magnet school with no attendance boundary . An emphasis on technology was integrated into the plans for the school . Arlington offers language classes in French and Spanish . The school also participates in the University of Minnesota 's College in the Schools program . Advanced Placement classes are also offered . Arlington uses a teaching program called " Small Learning Communities " . These smaller learning communities separate particular student interests into different areas of the school . They provide goal- or interest @-@ oriented learning . Freshmen and sophomores are separated into " houses " of smaller learning groups . Upper classmen follow specified career paths . Originally the school was opened with four focus areas ; liberal arts , medical and environmental sciences , informational technologies and communication and policy @-@ making and government but beginning with the 2008 @-@ 2009 school year those career paths will change . In October 2007 , the school received a three @-@ year , $ 6 million grant from the U.S. Department of Education to help transform the school . The grant will be used to create a " Bio @-@ Smart " school for grades 11 @-@ 12 . The money will be use for hiring additional staff and adding more high @-@ tech equipment and supplies to the school 's " extensive " existing facilities . Students will choose between three career pathways : bioengineering and technology , bio @-@ business and marketing or biomedical and health sciences . Students will take elective classes related to their pathway as well as core classes , such as math and English . The grant was sought to help reinvent the school . Arlington has the lowest test scores and highest concentration of poverty for Saint Paul Public Schools . In addition , the school has been described as an " academically struggling high school " . As a result of not meeting Adequate Yearly Progress as a part of No Child Left Behind Arlington faced restructuring . However , the school 's restructuring is already underway with the biotech program . = = Extracurricular activities = = In 2006 , the Saint Paul Neighborhood Network 's youth department produced a short video , reporting on Arlington 's diminishing financial support for its art program , a video that would win SPNN the 2007 Alliance for Community Media Hometown Video Award for Visual Art @-@ Youth entry . Arlington is one of three schools in Minnesota and one of two in Saint Paul to have a Naval Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps unit . Arlington 's NJROTC unit was named a Distinguished Unit for the fifth consecutive year . Only 20 percent of units earn the Distinguished Unit recognition yearly . The Mural is the school 's student published newspaper . Issues are published monthly . A number of partnerships with community organizations are offered . Local colleges such as Saint Paul College , Century College and the University of Minnesota 's Carlson School of Management . Internships with local multinational conglomerate 3M are also offered . The school also participates in Upward Bound with the University of Minnesota , Advancement Via Individual Determination Program ( AVID ) and Admission Possible , a program that helps low @-@ income students attend college . The school has a Multicultural Excellence Program ( MEP ) that gives guidance to students of color who wish to earn a college degree . = = = Athletics = = = Arlington is a member of the Minnesota State High School League . The school 's athletic teams compete in the Saint Paul City Conference . The first year the school opened the athletic teams only competed in junior varsity competitions . The following year the school competed fully with varsity teams . The school has won two boys Cross Country conference championships in 2001 and 2002 . The school has also won three boys track and field conference championships in 1998 , 2000 and 2003 . Arlington offers nine boys ' and nine girls ' varsity sports . These include football ( boys ) , wrestling ( boys ) , tennis ( boys and girls ) , basketball ( boys and girls ) , baseball ( boys ) , softball ( girls ) , golf ( boys and girls ) , soccer ( boys and girls ) , volleyball ( girls ) , badminton ( girls ) , cross country ( boys and girls ) and track and field ( boys and girls ) . Sports that are not offered at Arlington are played in co @-@ ops with other Saint Paul City Conference members . = Sean Patrick Maloney = Sean Patrick Maloney ( born July 30 , 1966 ) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who has served as the U.S. Representative for New York 's 18th congressional district since 2013 . Born in Quebec , Canada , and raised in Hanover , New Hampshire , he earned his Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia . He entered politics as a volunteer for Bill Clinton 's presidential campaigns , and later served as his senior West Wing adviser and White House Staff Secretary . After the Clinton Administration , he served as the First Deputy Secretary to New York Governors Eliot Spitzer and David Paterson . Prior to being elected to Congress , he worked as an executive in a private equity firm and as an attorney . In 2006 he ran in the Democratic primary for New York Attorney General , but came in third to Mark J. Green and winner Andrew Cuomo . He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2012 after defeating Republican incumbent Nan Hayworth . He campaigned for the election as a moderate and is a member of the New Democrat Coalition . He is the first openly gay person to be elected to Congress from New York . = = Early life , education , and early career = = Maloney was born on July 30 , 1966 , in Sherbrooke , Quebec ; to United States citizen parents . Maloney 's father 's work as a lumberjack had temporarily brought them to Canada . Maloney grew up in Hanover , New Hampshire , with his six siblings in what he describes as a " small Irish Catholic family . " After attending Georgetown University for two years , Maloney transferred to the University of Virginia where he earned his Bachelor of Arts in international relations in 1988 . After earning his undergraduate degree , Maloney spent a year volunteering with Jesuit priests in the slums of Chimbote , Peru . Afterwards Maloney returned to the U.S. and earned his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1992 . From 2000 to 2003 , Maloney served as Chief Operating Officer of Kiodex , Inc . Maloney was a senior attorney at the law firm Willkie Farr & Gallagher , during which time he represented the Matthew Shepard Foundation . In March 2011 he joined the law firm Orrick , Herrington & Sutcliffe as a partner . = = Early political career = = = = = Clinton association = = = In 1991 , Maloney began working on Bill Clinton 's first campaign for President as Deputy to Susan Thomases , the chief scheduler , and in Clinton 's re @-@ election campaign Maloney worked as Director of Surrogate Travel . After the successful campaign Maloney was offered a position in the White House staff and served as a senior advisor and White House Staff Secretary from 1999 through 2000 , among the youngest to serve in that capacity . At a campaign event Clinton stated that Maloney worked closely with him . Following the killing of gay University of Wyoming student Matthew Shepard , Maloney was one of two representatives Clinton sent to his funeral . In an article about the event , a newspaper noted that Maloney often refers to himself as " the highest ranking openly homosexual man on the White House staff . " = = = 2006 Attorney General election = = = Maloney ran for the Democratic nomination for New York Attorney General in 2006 . According to Gay City News , Maloney 's " competitive fundraising and wide travels across the state during the past year have impressed many party professionals with the seriousness of his run . " During the campaign , Maloney was endorsed by the Empire State Pride Agenda , a New @-@ York @-@ state @-@ based gay rights organization ; and Karen Burstein , the first lesbian to run for Attorney General in 1994 . Consistently polling in the single digits , Maloney was offered a chance to run for the office on the Liberal Party ticket , but declined , saying he would support whoever won the Democratic nomination . Maloney came in third in the September 12 , 2006 , election , obtaining 9 @.@ 4 % of the vote against Andrew Cuomo , former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and son of past Governor Mario Cuomo ; and Mark Green , former New York City Public Advocate . In his concession speech , Maloney said " this day may not be the outcome we hope , but I make you a promise that there will be another day . " = = = Secretary to the Governor = = = Maloney joined Governor Eliot Spitzer 's administration in January 2007 as First Deputy Secretary under top adviser Rich Baum . The Eliot Spitzer political surveillance controversy ( popularly known as " Troopergate " ) broke out on July 23 , 2007 , when New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo 's office admonished Spitzer 's administration for ordering the State Police to create special records of Senate Majority Leader Joseph L. Bruno 's whereabouts when he traveled with police escorts in New York City . A New York Times editorial suggested that Maloney might have been involved by withholding emails during the investigation , and the Times endorsed Maloney 's 2012 election opponent because of its concerns about Maloney 's handling of the investigation . The Wall Street Journal wrote in July 2012 , " generally , those involved in the investigation on both sides defend Mr. Maloney 's conduct . Mr. Cuomo 's chief of staff at the time , Steve Cohen , called the idea that Mr. Maloney got in the way of the Attorney General 's inquiry ' misinformed to the point of being laughable . ' " Maloney continued in the same role as a top adviser to Governor David Paterson 's administration under his top adviser , Charles O 'Byrne . While working for Paterson , Maloney worked on Paterson 's effort to increase state aid to education . On December 3 , 2008 , Maloney announced that he would leave Governor Paterson 's office to join the law firm Kirkland & Ellis . = = U.S. House of Representatives = = = = = Elections = = = 2012 In March 2012 , Maloney announced his intention to run for New York 's newly @-@ drawn 18th congressional district . The district had previously been the 19th district , represented by freshman Republican Nan Hayworth . Maloney won the Democratic primary on June 26 with 48 % of the vote , winning against four other challengers . In addition to the Democratic Party line , Maloney also ran on the Working Families Party ticket with New York 's fusion voting . Maloney drew criticism for the fact that he bought a house in Cold Springs before the election , never having previously lived in the district . On June 11 , former President Bill Clinton announced his endorsement of Maloney , saying " I support Sean because I know he ’ ll be an outstanding member of Congress . " On October 21 , The New York Times endorsed Maloney , stating that his opponent " has favored limiting contraception coverage for employees and voted to defund Planned Parenthood . Mr. Maloney promises to support health care reform , help the middle class and oppose tax cuts for the rich . We recommend Mr. Maloney . " Maloney also was endorsed by Planned Parenthood , and the AFL @-@ CIO and New York State United Teachers Union . In the general election Maloney campaigned as a moderate and defeated Hayworth 52 % – 48 % . During his victory speech , Maloney said , " I think people want change in Washington ... They 're tired of the fighting and the bickering . " Maloney is New York 's first openly gay member of Congress . 2014 Maloney ran for re @-@ election , defeating Nan Hayworth . Maloney was a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 's Frontline Program , designed to help protect vulnerable Democratic incumbents heading into the 2014 election . Maloney lost the Independence Party primary to Hayworth , but ultimately defeated her in the general election by under 3 @,@ 000 votes , with Maloney receiving 84 @,@ 415 votes ( 47 @.@ 58 % ) to Hayworth 's 81 @,@ 625 ( 46 @.@ 01 % ) . 2016 Maloney is running for re @-@ election in 2016 . Fellow Democrat Diana Hird announced her intention to challenge him in the primary election on June 28 , 2016 , but failed to obtain the necessary number of signatures and file a petition to get on the ballot in time . = = = Tenure = = = On January 3 , 2013 , Maloney was sworn in to the 113th United States Congress . On his second day in office , Maloney spoke on the House floor , criticizing a delay in federal Hurricane Sandy aid , and urging House Speaker John Boehner and his colleagues to pass an aid package . In his first 100 days in office , he held a grand opening event of his district office in Newburgh , New York . Maloney was the first elected official to open an office in Newburgh in at least three decades . After joining the " No Labels Problem Solvers " caucus , Maloney supported the " No Budget , No Pay Act of 2013 " . Leading up to the 2013 government shutdown , Maloney faced criticism for voting with Republicans to pass a budget which included provisions delaying the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . His vote drew the ire of LGBT groups , some accusing him of being a " Democrat In Name Only " ( " DINO " ) . He has been an outspoken critic of sequestration and the harmful effects it would have on the United States Military Academy at West Point , and sent a letter to President Barack Obama and Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel , asking for flexibility in his district . During the shutdown Maloney requested that his pay be withheld in solidarity with federal workers . In April of his first year in office , Maloney introduced the Creating Reliability for Our Producers Act , the Dam Safety Act , and the Disabled Veterans Red Tape Reduction Act . In October 2013 , the House passed Maloney 's Disabled Veterans Red Tape Reduction Act with near unanimous support . Maloney 's bill would allow disabled veterans to have their medical examinations performed by physicians outside the Veterans Affairs system . In June 2013 , Maloney voted against the Pain @-@ Capable Unborn Child Protection Act . The purpose of the bill is to ban abortions that would take place 20 or more weeks after fertilization . In July 2013 , Maloney voted to reject the Farm Bill . The comprehensive farm bill failed in the House due largely in part to the votes of 8 Democratic House members who joined the Republican majority to vote down the measure . An issue arising in his election to Congress was whether the candidates would vote to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) ; while Hayworth was considered more progressive on gay rights than most Republicans , she did not explicitly say whether she would vote to repeal , stating her belief that the New York law allowing same @-@ sex marriage made it a settled issue , for which Maloney criticized her . Following the Supreme Court 's ruling which struck down provisions of DOMA , Maloney remarked at a press conference he was " no longer seen as less @-@ than in the eyes of my country , " having previously faced discrimination in the House , with his partner not eligible for benefits as most heterosexual members ' partners would be . On April 10 , 2014 , Maloney introduced the Human Trafficking Prevention Act ( H.R. 4449 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would require regular training and briefings for some federal government personnel to raise awareness of human trafficking and help employees spot cases of it . The bill passed in the House on July 23 , 2014 . In July 2014 , the FAA began an investigation into whether unmanned aircraft used for Maloney ’ s wedding violated the agency ’ s ban on drone flights . A spokesman for Maloney , who is a member of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee ’ s aviation subcommittee which oversees the FAA , acknowledged that drones were hired . = = = Committee assignments = = = Maloney serves on the following committees : Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management Subcommittee on Horticulture , Research , Biotechnology , and Foreign Agriculture Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Aviation Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment Caucus memberships New Democrat Coalition No Labels Problem Solvers LGBT Equality Caucus , Co @-@ Chair Children 's Health Care Caucus Congressional Lupus Caucus = = Personal life = = Maloney has been with his partner Randy Florke since 1992 , when they met in New York City where Maloney was helping plan the Democratic National Convention . Together they have three adopted children . Florke is an interior decorator who has been featured in O , The Oprah Magazine . Maloney and his family live in the Putnam County community of Cold Spring , New York . On January 14 , 2014 , Maloney announced that he and Florke had become engaged on Christmas Day 2013 . On June 21 , 2014 , he and Florke were married in Cold Spring , New York . Maloney became the second member of Congress to legally marry his same @-@ sex partner while in office , the first being former Congressman Barney Frank ( D @-@ Massachusetts ) , in 2012 . = You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere = " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " is a song written by Bob Dylan in 1967 in Woodstock , New York , during the self @-@ imposed exile from public appearances that followed his July 29 , 1966 motorcycle accident . A recording of Dylan performing the song in September 1971 was released on the Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol . II album in November of that year , marking the first official release of the song by its author . An earlier 1967 recording of the song , performed by Dylan and The Band , was issued in 1975 on the album The Basement Tapes . The Byrds also recorded a version of the song in 1968 and issued it as a single . The Byrds ' version is notable for being the first commercial release of the song , predating Dylan 's first release by three years . A later cover by Byrds members Roger McGuinn and Chris Hillman reached the top 10 of the Hot Country Songs charts in 1989 . The song has also been covered by many other artists , including Joan Baez , Unit 4 + 2 , Earl Scruggs , Old Crow Medicine Show , Phish , Counting Crows , The Dandy Warhols , Bill and Bonnie Hearne , and Glen Hansard with Markéta Irglová . = = Bob Dylan 's versions = = = = = 1967 versions = = = Starting in June 1967 and ending in October 1967 , Bob Dylan 's writing and recording sessions with the Band ( then known as the Hawks ) in Woodstock , New York , were the source of many new songs that were circulated as demos by Dylan 's publisher for fellow artists to record . " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " was written and recorded during this period and features lyrics that allude to the singer waiting for his bride to arrive and possibly , a final premarital fling . The original version found on 1975 's The Basement Tapes album was recorded with the Band ( minus Levon Helm who had temporarily left the group at this point ) in the basement of their house in West Saugerties , New York , called " Big Pink " . A first take recorded during the Basement Tapes sessions includes improvised nonsense lyrics such as " Just pick up that oil cloth , cram it in the corn / I don 't care if your name is Michael / You 're gonna need some boards / Get your lunch , you foreign bib " . This alternate take was released in 2014 on The Bootleg Series Vol . 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete . = = = 1971 version = = = On September 24 , 1971 , Dylan re @-@ recorded three songs from the Basement Tapes sessions for inclusion on his Greatest Hits Vol . II album — " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere , " " I Shall Be Released , " and " Down in the Flood " — with Happy Traum playing bass , banjo and electric guitar , as well as providing vocal harmony . Traum notes that " they were very popular songs ... that [ Dylan ] wanted to put his own stamp on . " The lyrics of this performance of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " differed significantly from both the Basement Tapes versions , and also played upon a mistaken lyric in The Byrds ' cover of three years earlier ( see below ) . The 1971 version was later released on the compilations The Essential Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) and Dylan ( 2007 ) , although the latter album 's liner notes erroneously state that it is the 1967 version . = = The Byrds ' version = = The Byrds ' recording of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " was released as a single on April 2 , 1968 , some three years prior to any commercial release of the song by Dylan . It was the lead single from The Byrds ' 1968 country rock album , Sweetheart of the Rodeo , and reached number 74 on the Bllboard Hot 100 chart and number 45 on the UK Singles Chart . Along with the then current line @-@ up of The Byrds , the song also features musical contributions from session musician Lloyd Green on pedal steel guitar . Although it is not as famous as their cover version of " Mr. Tambourine Man " , The Byrds ' recording of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " is often considered by critics to be the band 's best Dylan cover . The song was selected as a suitable cover by The Byrds after their record label , Columbia Records , sent them some demos from Dylan 's Woodstock sessions . Included among these demos were the songs " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " and " Nothing Was Delivered " , both of which were recorded by The Byrds in March 1968 , during the Nashville recording sessions for Sweetheart of the Rodeo . Despite the change in musical style that the country @-@ influenced Sweetheart of the Rodeo album represented for The Byrds , the inclusion of two Dylan covers on the album forged a link with their previous folk rock incarnation , when Dylan 's material had been a mainstay of their repertoire . The Byrds ' recording of the song caused a minor controversy between the band and its author . Dylan 's original demo of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " contained the lyric " Pick up your money , pack up your tent " , which was mistakenly altered in The Byrds ' version , by guitarist and singer Roger McGuinn , to " Pack up your money , pick up your tent " . Dylan expressed mock @-@ annoyance at this lyric change in his 1971 recording of the song , singing " Pack up your money , put up your tent McGuinn / You ain 't goin ' nowhere . " McGuinn replied in 1989 on a new recording of the song included on the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band 's Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Volume Two album , adding the word " Dylan " after the same " Pack up your money , pick up your tent " lyric . McGuinn and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band 's 1989 recording of the song , which also featured The Byrds ' former bass player Chris Hillman , was released as a single and peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1989 , as well as number eleven on the Canadian country music charts published by RPM . In spite of the involvement of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band , the single release was credited to McGuinn and Hillman alone . After its appearance on Sweetheart of the Rodeo , the song would go on to become a staple of The Byrds ' live concert repertoire , until their final disbandment in 1973 . The Byrds also chose to re @-@ record " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " in 1971 with Earl Scruggs , as part of the Earl Scruggs , His Family and Friends television special , and this version was included on the program 's accompanying soundtrack album . The song was also performed live by a reformed line @-@ up of The Byrds featuring Roger McGuinn , David Crosby , and Chris Hillman in January 1989 . McGuinn continues to perform the song in his solo concerts and consequently it appears on his 2007 album , Live from Spain . In addition to its appearance on the Sweetheart of the Rodeo album , The Byrds ' original recording of " You Ain 't	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
releases . It has been described as one of the first art rock LPs , aiding the development of progressive rock , and credited with marking the beginning of the Album Era . An important work of British psychedelia , the album incorporates a range of stylistic influences , including vaudeville , circus , music hall , avant @-@ garde , and Western and Indian classical music . In 2003 , the Library of Congress placed Sgt. Pepper in the National Recording Registry , honouring the work as " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . That same year , Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number one in its list of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . As of 2011 , it has sold more than 32 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best @-@ selling albums in history . Professor Kevin J. Dettmar , writing in the Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature , described it as " the most important and influential rock and roll album ever recorded " . = = Background = = By 1966 , the Beatles had grown weary of live performance . In John Lennon 's opinion , they could " send out four waxworks ... and that would satisfy the crowds . Beatles concerts are nothing to do with music anymore . They 're just bloody tribal rites . " In June , two days after finishing the album Revolver , the group set off for a tour that started in Germany . While in Hamburg they received an anonymous telegram stating : " Do not go to Tokyo . Your life is in danger " . The threat was taken seriously in light of the controversy surrounding the tour among Japan 's religious and conservative groups , with particular opposition to the Beatles ' planned performances at the sacred Nippon Budokan arena . As an added precaution , 35 @,@ 000 police were mobilised and tasked with protecting the group , who were transported from hotels to concert venues in armoured vehicles . The polite and restrained Japanese audiences shocked the band , because the absence of screaming fans allowed them to hear how poor their live performances had become . By the time that they arrived in the Philippines , where they were threatened and manhandled by its citizens for not visiting the First Lady Imelda Marcos , the group had grown unhappy with their manager , Brian Epstein , for insisting on what they regarded as an exhausting and demoralising itinerary . After their return to London , George Harrison replied to a question about their long @-@ term plans : " We 'll take a couple of weeks to recuperate before we go and get beaten up by the Americans . " His comments would prove prophetic , as soon afterwards Lennon 's remarks about the Beatles being " more popular than Jesus " embroiled the band in controversy and protest in America 's Bible Belt . A public apology eased tensions , but a miserable US tour in August that was marked by half @-@ filled stadiums and subpar performances proved to be their last . The author Nicholas Schaffner writes : To the Beatles , playing such concerts had become a charade so remote from the new directions they were pursuing that not a single tune was attempted from the just @-@ released Revolver LP , whose arrangements were for the most part impossible to reproduce with the limitations imposed by their two @-@ guitars @-@ bass @-@ and @-@ drums stage lineup . Upon the Beatles ' return to England , rumours began to circulate that they had decided to break up . Harrison informed Epstein that he was leaving the band , but was persuaded to stay on the assurance that there would be no more tours . The group then took a seven @-@ week holiday , during which they focused on individual interests . Harrison travelled to India for six weeks to study the sitar under the instruction of Ravi Shankar , in addition to developing his interest in Hindu philosophy . Having been the last of the Beatles to concede that their live performances had become futile , Paul McCartney collaborated with George Martin on the soundtrack for the film The Family Way . Lennon acted in the film How I Won the War and attended art showings , such as one at the Indica Gallery where he met his future wife Yoko Ono . Ringo Starr used the break to spend more time with his wife Maureen and son Zak . = = Concept and inspiration = = In November 1966 , during a return flight to London from Kenya , where he had been on holiday with Beatles tour manager Mal Evans , McCartney had an idea for a song that eventually formed the impetus of the Sgt. Pepper concept . His idea involved an Edwardian @-@ era military band , for which Evans invented a name in the style of contemporary San Francisco @-@ based groups such as Big Brother and the Holding Company and Quicksilver Messenger Service . In February 1967 , McCartney suggested that the Beatles should record an entire album that would represent a performance by the fictional band . This alter ego group would give them the freedom to experiment musically . He explained : " I thought , let 's not be ourselves . Let 's develop alter egos . " Martin remembered : " Sergeant Pepper " itself didn 't appear until halfway through making the album . It was Paul 's song , just an ordinary rock number ... but when we had finished it , Paul said , " Why don 't we make the album as though the Pepper band really existed , as though Sergeant Pepper was making the record ? We 'll dub in effects and things . " I loved the idea , and from that moment on it was as though Pepper had a life of its own . In 1966 , the American musician and bandleader Brian Wilson 's growing interest in the aesthetics of recording and his admiration for both record producer Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound and the Beatles ' album Rubber Soul resulted in the Beach Boys ' Pet Sounds LP , which demonstrated his production expertise and his mastery of composition and arrangement . The author Thomas MacFarlane credits the release with influencing many musicians of the time , with McCartney in particular singing its praises and drawing inspiration to " expand the focus of the Beatles ' work with sounds and textures not usually associated with popular music " . McCartney thought that his constant playing of the album made it difficult for Lennon to " escape the influence " , adding : " It 's very cleverly done ... so we were inspired by it and nicked a few ideas . " Martin stated : " Without Pet Sounds , Sgt. Pepper never would have happened ... Pepper was an attempt to equal Pet Sounds . " Freak Out ! by the Mothers of Invention has also been cited as having influenced Sgt. Pepper . According to the author Philip Norman , during the Sgt. Pepper recording sessions McCartney repeatedly stated : " This is our Freak Out ! " The music journalist Chet Flippo states that McCartney was inspired to record a concept album after hearing Freak Out ! , considered the first rock concept album . = = Recording and production = = According to the musicologist Walter Everett , Sgt. Pepper marks the beginning of McCartney 's ascendancy as the Beatles ' dominant creative force . He wrote more than half of the album 's material while asserting increasing control over the recording of his compositions . He would from this point on provide the artistic direction for the group 's releases . Sessions began on 24 November 1966 in Abbey Road Studio Two , the first time that the Beatles had come together since September . Afforded the luxury of a nearly limitless recording budget , they booked open @-@ ended sessions that allowed them to work as late as they wanted . They began with three songs that were thematically linked to their childhoods : " Strawberry Fields Forever " , " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " and " Penny Lane " . The first session saw the introduction of a new keyboard instrument called the Mellotron , the keys of which triggered tape @-@ recordings of a variety of instruments , enabling its user to play keyboard parts using those voices . McCartney performed the introduction to " Strawberry Fields Forever " using the flute setting . The track 's complicated production involved the innovative splicing of two takes that were recorded in different tempos and pitches . Emerick remembers that during the recording of Revolver , " we had got used to being asked to do the impossible , and we knew that the word ' no ' didn 't exist in the Beatles ' vocabulary . " In Martin 's opinion , Sgt. Pepper " grew naturally out of Revolver " , marking " an era of almost continuous technological experimentation " . " Strawberry Fields Forever " and " Penny Lane " were subsequently released as a double A @-@ side in February 1967 after EMI and Epstein pressured Martin for a single . When it failed to reach number one in the UK , British press agencies speculated that the group 's run of success might have ended , with headlines such as " Beatles Fail to Reach the Top " , " First Time in Four Years " and " Has the Bubble Burst ? " After its release , at Epstein 's insistence the single tracks were not included on the LP . Martin later described the decision to drop these two songs as " the biggest mistake of my professional life " . Nonetheless , in his judgment , " Strawberry Fields Forever " , which he and the band spent an unprecedented 55 hours of studio time recording , " set the agenda for the whole album " . He explained : " It was going to be a record ... [ with songs that ] couldn 't be performed live : they were designed to be studio productions and that was the difference . " McCartney 's goal was to make the best Beatles album yet , declaring : " Now our performance is that record . " On 6 December 1966 , the group began work on " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " , the first track that would be included on the album . Sgt. Pepper was recorded using four @-@ track equipment . Although eight @-@ track tape recorders were available in the US , the first units were not operational in commercial studios in London until late 1967 . As with previous Beatles albums , the Sgt. Pepper recordings made extensive use of the technique known as reduction mixing , in which one to four tracks from one recorder are mixed and dubbed down onto a master four @-@ track machine , enabling the Abbey Road engineers to give the group a virtual multitrack studio . EMI 's Studer J37 four @-@ track machines were well suited to reduction mixing , as the high quality of the recordings that they produced minimised the increased noise associated with the process . Preferring to overdub his bass part last , McCartney tended to play other instruments when recording a song 's backing track . This approach afforded him the extra time required to write and record melodic basslines that complemented the song 's final arrangement . When recording the orchestra for " A Day in the Life " , Martin synchronised a four @-@ track recorder playing the Beatles ' backing track to another one taping the orchestral overdub . The engineer Ken Townsend devised a method for accomplishing this by using a 50 Hz control signal between the two machines . A key feature of Sgt. Pepper is Martin and Emerick 's liberal use of signal processing to shape the sound of the recording , which included the application of dynamic range compression , reverberation and signal limiting . Relatively new modular effects units were used , such as running voices and instruments through a Leslie speaker . Several innovative production techniques feature prominently on the recordings , including direct injection , pitch control and ambiophonics . Another is automatic double tracking ( ADT ) , a system that uses tape recorders to create a simultaneous doubling of a sound . Although it had long been recognised that using multitrack tape to record doubled lead vocals produced an enhanced sound , before ADT it had been necessary to record such vocal tracks twice , a task that was both tedious and exacting . ADT was invented by Townsend during the Revolver sessions in 1966 especially for the Beatles , who disliked tracking sessions and regularly expressed a desire for a technical solution to the problem . The process soon became a common recording practice in popular music . Martin playfully explained to Lennon that his voice had been " treated with a double vibrocated sploshing flange ... It doubles your voice , John . " Lennon realised that Martin was joking , but from that point on he referred to the effect as flanging , a label that was universally adopted by the music industry . Another important effect was varispeeding . Martin cites " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " as having the most variations of tape speed on Sgt. Pepper . During the recording of Lennon 's vocals , the tape speed was reduced from 50 cycles per second to 45 , which produced a higher and thinner @-@ sounding track when played back at the normal speed . In an effort to get the right sound , the Beatles attempted numerous re @-@ takes of " Getting Better " . When the decision was made to re @-@ record the basic track , Starr was summoned to the studio , but called off soon afterwards as the focus switched from rhythm to vocal tracking . For the album 's title track , " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " , the recording of Starr 's drum kit was enhanced by the use of damping and close @-@ miking . The musicologist Ian MacDonald credits the new recording technique with creating a " three @-@ dimensional " sound that – along with other Beatles innovations – engineers in the US would soon adopt as standard practice . McCartney played a grand piano on " A Day in the Life " and a Lowrey organ on " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " , while Martin played a Hohner Pianet on " Getting Better " , a harpsichord on " Fixing a Hole " and a harmonium on " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " While Harrison 's role as lead guitarist was limited during the sessions , Everett considers that " his contribution to the album is strong in several ways . " In addition to providing sitar on his composition " Within You Without You " , Harrison played tamboura on several tracks , including " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " and " Getting Better " . According to Barry Miles , Lennon resented McCartney 's direction of the band as well as how , aside from " Strawberry Fields Forever " , he himself was now supplying " songs to order " rather than " writing from the heart " as he had on Revolver . Everett describes Starr as having been " largely bored " during the sessions , with the drummer later lamenting : " The biggest memory I have of Sgt. Pepper ... is I learned to play chess " . Speaking in 2000 , Harrison said he had little interest in McCartney 's concept of a fictitious group and that , after his experiences in India , " my heart was still out there … I was losing interest in being ' fab ' at that point . " Harrison added that , having enjoyed recording Rubber Soul and Revolver , he disliked how the group 's approach on Sgt. Pepper became " an assembly process " whereby , " A lot of the time it ended up with just Paul playing the piano and Ringo keeping the tempo , and we weren 't allowed to play as a band as much . " Sgt. Pepper was the first pop album to be mastered without the momentary gaps that are typically placed between tracks as a point of demarcation . It made use of two crossfades that blended songs together , giving the impression of a continuous live performance . Although both stereo and monaural mixes of the album were prepared , the Beatles were minimally involved in what they regarded as the less important stereo mix sessions , leaving the task to Martin and Emerick . Emerick recalls : " We spent three weeks on the mono mixes and maybe three days on the stereo . " He estimates that they spent 700 hours on the LP , more than 30 times that of the first Beatles album , Please Please Me , which cost £ 400 to produce . The final cost of Sgt. Pepper was approximately £ 25 @,@ 000 . The album was completed on 21 April 1967 with the recording of random noises and voices that were included on the run @-@ out groove along with a high @-@ pitched tone , inaudible to human ears , that could be heard by dogs . = = Music and lyrics = = Sgt. Pepper , according to American musicologist Allan F. Moore , is composed mainly of rock and pop music , while Michael Hannan and Naphtali Wagner both believed it is an album of various genres ; Hannan said it features " a broad variety of musical and theatrical genres " . According to Hannan and Wagner , the music incorporates the stylistic influences of rock and roll , vaudeville , big band , piano jazz , blues , chamber , circus , music hall , avant @-@ garde , and Western and Indian classical music . Wagner felt the album 's music reconciles the " diametrically opposed aesthetic ideals " of classical and psychedelia , achieving a " psycheclassical synthesis " of the two forms . Concerns that some of the lyrics in Sgt. Pepper refer to recreational drug use led to the BBC banning several songs from British radio , such as " A Day in the Life " because of the phrase " I 'd love to turn you on " , with the BBC claiming that it could " encourage a permissive attitude towards drug @-@ taking . " Although Lennon and McCartney denied any drug @-@ related interpretation of the song at the time , McCartney later suggested that the line was deliberately written to ambiguously refer to either illicit drugs or sexual activity . The meaning of " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " became the subject of speculation , as many believed that the song 's title was code for the hallucinogenic drug LSD . The BBC banned the track on those grounds . They also banned " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " because of the lyric , which mentions " Henry the Horse " , a phrase that contains two common slang terms for heroin . Fans speculated that Henry the Horse was a drug dealer and " Fixing a Hole " was a reference to heroin use . Others noted lyrics such as " I get high " from " With a Little Help from My Friends " , " take some tea " – slang for cannabis use – from " Lovely Rita " and " digging the weeds " from " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " . The author Sheila Whiteley attributes Sgt. Pepper 's underlying philosophy not only to the drug culture , but also to metaphysics and the non @-@ violent approach of the flower power movement . The musicologist Oliver Julien views the album as an embodiment of " the social , the musical , and more generally , the cultural changes of the 1960s " . The American psychologist and counterculture figure Timothy Leary contends that the LP " gave a voice to the feeling that the old ways were over ... it came along at the right time " and stressed the need for cultural change based on a peaceful agenda . The album 's primary value , according to Moore , is its ability to " capture , more vividly than almost anything contemporaneous , its own time and place " . Whiteley agrees , crediting the album with " provid [ ing ] a historical snapshot of England during the run @-@ up to the Summer of Love " . Several scholars have applied a hermeneutic strategy to their analysis of Sgt. Pepper 's lyrics , identifying loss of innocence and the dangers of overindulgence in fantasies or illusions as the most prominent themes . = = Songs = = = = = Side one = = = Sgt. Pepper opens with the title track , starting with 10 seconds of the combined sounds of a pit orchestra warming up and an audience waiting for a concert , introducing the illusion of the album as a live performance . The musicologist Kenneth Womack describes the lyric as " a revolutionary moment in the creative life of the Beatles " that bridges the gap – sometimes referred to as the Fourth wall – between the audience and the artist . He argues that , paradoxically , the lyrics " exemplify the mindless rhetoric of rock concert banter " while " mock [ ing ] the very notion of a pop album 's capacity for engendering authentic interconnection between artist and audience " . In his view , the mixed message ironically serves to distance the group from their fans while simultaneously " gesturing toward " them as alter egos , an authorial quality that he considers to be " the song 's most salient feature " . He credits the recording 's use of a brass ensemble with distorted electric guitars as an early example of rock fusion . MacDonald agrees , describing the track as an overture rather than a song , and a " shrewd fusion of Edwardian variety orchestra " and contemporary hard rock . The musicologist Michael Hannan describes the track 's unorthodox stereo mix as " typical of the album " , with the lead vocal in the right speaker during the verses , but in the left during the chorus and middle eight . " Sgt. Pepper " was the first Beatles track that benefitted from the production technique known as direct injection , which according to Womack " afforded McCartney 's bass with richer textures and tonal clarity " . The song 's arrangement utilises a rock and roll orientated Lydian mode chord progression during the introduction and verses that is built on parallel sevenths , which Everett describes as " the song 's strength " . The five @-@ bar bridge is filled by an Edwardian horn quartet that Martin arranged from a McCartney vocal melody . The track turns to the pentatonic scale for the chorus , where its blues rock progression is augmented by the use of electric guitar power chords played in consecutive fifths . McCartney acts as the master of ceremonies near the end of the " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " track , introducing Starr as an alter ego named Billy Shears . The song then segues into " With a Little Help from My Friends " amidst a moment of crowd cheer that Martin had recorded during a Beatles concert at the Hollywood Bowl . Womack describes Starr 's baritone lead vocals as " charmingly sincere " and he credits them with imparting an element of " earnestness in sharp contrast with the ironic distance of the title track " . Lennon and McCartney 's call and response backing vocals ask Starr questions about the meaning of friendship and true love . In MacDonald 's opinion , the lyric is " at once communal and personal ... touchingly rendered by Starr [ and ] meant as a gesture of inclusivity ; everyone could join in . " Womack agrees , identifying " necessity of community " as the song 's " central ethical tenet " , a theme that he ascribes to the album as a whole . Everett notes the track 's use of a major key double @-@ plagal cadence that would become commonplace in pop music following the release of Sgt. Pepper . He characterises the arrangement as clever , particularly its reversal of the question and answer relationship in the final verse , in which the backing singers ask leading questions and Starr provides unequivocal answers . The song ends on a vocal high note that McCartney , Harrison and Lennon encouraged Starr to achieve despite his lack of confidence as a singer . Despite widespread suspicion that the title of " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " contained a hidden reference to LSD , Lennon insisted that it was derived from a pastel drawing by his four @-@ year @-@ old son Julian . A hallucinatory chapter from Lewis Carroll 's 1871 novel , Through the Looking @-@ Glass , inspired the song 's atmosphere . McCartney confirms the existence of the drawing and Carroll 's influence on the track , noting that although the title 's apparent drug reference was unintentional , the lyrics were purposefully written for a psychedelic song . The first verse begins with what Womack characterises as " an invitation in the form of an imperative " through the line : " Picture yourself in a boat on a river " , and continues with imaginative imagery , including " tangerine trees " , " rocking horse people " and " newspaper taxis " . Martin describes the introduction 's melody , which he regards as " crucial to the staying power of the song " , as " a falling scale in the left hand , a rocking scale in the right " . In his opinion , the verse might have sounded monotonous if not for the juxtaposition " of that almost @-@ single @-@ note vocal against the inspired introductory notes " , which he describes as " mesmeric , compelling " . In Womack 's view , with the merging of Lennon 's lyrics and McCartney 's Lowrey organ introduction " the Beatles achieve their most vivid instance of musical timbre " . The musicologist Tim Riley identifies the track as a moment " in the album , [ where ] the material world is completely clouded in the mythical by both text and musical atmosphere " . According to MacDonald , " the lyric explicitly recreates the psychedelic experience " . MacDonald considers " Getting Better " to contain " the most ebullient performance " on Sgt. Pepper . Womack credits the track 's " driving rock sound " with distinguishing it from the album 's overtly psychedelic material ; its lyrics inspire the listener " to usurp the past by living well and flourishing in the present " . He cites it as a strong example of Lennon and McCartney 's collaborative songwriting , particularly Lennon 's addition of the line " couldn 't get no worse " , which serves as a " sarcastic rejoinder " to McCartney 's chorus : " It 's getting better all the time " . McCartney describes Lennon 's lyric as " sardonic " and " against the spirit of the song " , which he characterises as " typical John " . MacDonald characterises the beginning of the track as " blithely unorthodox " , with two staccato guitars – one panned left and one right – playing the dominant against the subdominant of an F major ninth chord , with the tonic C resolving as the verse begins . The dominant , which acts as a drone , is reinforced through the use of octaves played on a bass guitar and plucked on piano strings . McCartney 's bass line accents non @-@ roots on the recording 's downbeat . Womack interprets the lyric to " Fixing a Hole " as " the speaker 's search for identity among the crowd " , in particular the " quests for consciousness and connection " that differentiate individuals from society as a whole . MacDonald characterises it as a " distracted and introverted track " , during which McCartney forgoes his " usual smooth design " in favour of " something more preoccupied " . He cites Harrison 's electric guitar solo as serving the track well , capturing its mood by conveying detachment . McCartney drew inspiration for the song in part from his work restoring a Scottish farmhouse . Womack notes his adaptation of the lyric " a hole in the roof where the rain leaks in " from Elvis Presley 's " We 're Gonna Move " . The song deals with McCartney 's desire to let his mind wander freely and to express his creativity without the burden of self @-@ conscious insecurities . In Everett 's view , the lyrics to " She 's Leaving Home " address the problem of alienation " between disagreeing peoples " , particularly those distanced from each other by the generation gap . McCartney 's " descriptive narration " , which details the plight of a " lonely girl " who escapes the control of her " selfish yet well @-@ meaning parents " , was inspired by a piece about teenage runaways published by the Daily Mail . It is the first track on Sgt. Pepper that eschews the use of guitars and drums , featuring a string nonet with a harp and drawing comparison with " Yesterday " and " Eleanor Rigby " , which utilise a string quartet and octet respectively . While Richard Goldstein 's 1967 review in The New York Times characterises the song as uninspiring , MacDonald identifies the track as one of the two best on the album . Moore notes that the writers judge the work from " opposing criteria " , with Goldstein opining during the dawn of the counterculture of the 1960s whereas MacDonald – writing in 1995 – is " intensely aware of [ the movement 's ] failings " . Lennon adapted the lyric for " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " from an 1843 poster for Pablo Fanque 's circus that he purchased at an antique shop in Kent on the day of filming the promotional film for " Strawberry Fields Forever " . Womack praises the track 's successful blending of a print source and music : " The interpretive power of the mixed @-@ media application accrues its meaning through the musical production with which the group imbues the Ur @-@ text of the poster . " MacDonald notes Lennon 's request for a " fairground production wherein one could smell the sawdust " , an atmosphere that Martin and Emerick attempted to create with a sound collage that comprised randomly assembled recordings of harmoniums , harmonicas and calliopes . MacDonald describes the song as " a spontaneous expression of its author 's playful hedonism " . Everett thinks that the track 's use of Edwardian imagery thematically links it with the album 's opening number . = = = Side two = = = After Martin decided that " Only a Northern Song " was not good enough for inclusion on Sgt. Pepper , Harrison wrote the Hindustani classical music @-@ inspired " Within You Without You " . MacDonald describes the track as an " ambitious essay in cross @-@ cultural fusion and meditative philosophy " that most commentators dismiss as boring , with critics characterising the music as lacking " harmonic interest " and the lyric as " sanctimonious ... didactic and dated " . Moore defends the recording 's reliance on melody at the expense of harmony as an entirely appropriate musical attribute for the genre . He characterises the critical response as " extremely varied " , noting that Goldstein identifies the track as one of the album 's highlights and others see it as an apt summary of the material from the first side . MacDonald regards the song as a " distant departure " from the Beatles ' sound and a " remarkable achievement " that represents the " conscience " of the LP . Womack agrees , calling it " quite arguably , the album 's ethical soul " . Maximising the recording 's " capacity for expressiveness " , the track features a tempo rubato that is without precedent in the Beatles ' catalogue . The pitch is derived from the eastern Khamaj scale , which is akin to the Mixolydian mode in the West . The track ends with a burst of laughter that some listeners interpret as a mockery of the song , but Harrison explains : " Well , after all that long Indian stuff you want some light relief . It 's a release after five minutes of sad music ... You were supposed to hear the audience anyway , as they listen to Sergeant Pepper 's Show . That was the style of the album . " Martin used the moment of levity as a segue for what he describes as the album 's " jokey track " – " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " . MacDonald characterises McCartney 's " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " as a song " aimed chiefly at parents " , borrowing heavily from the English music hall style of George Formby , while invoking images of the illustrator Donald McGill 's " seaside postcards " . Its sparse arrangement includes chimes , clarinet and piano . MacDonald notes that the track receives a " cool reception " from most younger listeners , and Everett singles it out as a case of McCartney 's " penchant for the audience @-@ charming vaudeville ... that Lennon detested " . Moore characterises the song as a synthesis of ragtime and pop , noting that its position following " Within You Without You " – a blend of Indian classical music and pop – demonstrates the diversity of the album 's material . McCartney asked that the clarinets be arranged " in a classical way " , which according to Martin " got ... round the lurking schmaltz factor ... [ and ] gave added bite to the song , a formality that pushed it firmly towards satire " . MacDonald notes that the song 's inclusion amidst Sgt. Pepper 's " multi @-@ layered psychedelic textures ... provid [ es ] a down @-@ to @-@ earth interlude " . Moore credits Martin 's clarinet arrangement and Starr 's use of brushes with establishing the music hall atmosphere , which is reinforced by McCartney 's vocal delivery and the recording 's use of chromaticism , a harmonic pattern that can be traced to Scott Joplin 's " The Ragtime Dance " and The Blue Danube by Johann Strauss . Varispeeding was used on the track , raising the music 's pitch by a semitone in an attempt to make McCartney sound younger . Everett notes that the lyric 's protagonist is sometimes associated with the Lonely Hearts Club Band , but in his opinion the song is thematically unconnected to the others on the album . Womack characterises " Lovely Rita " as a work of " full @-@ tilt psychedelia " that contrasts sharply with the preceding track . He identifies the song as an example of McCartney 's talent for " creating imagistic musical portraiture " , but considers it to be among the album 's weakest offerings , presaging what he describes as the " less effectual compositions " that the Beatles would record post @-@ Sgt. Pepper . In his view , " the song accomplishes little in the way of advancing the album 's journey toward a more expansive human consciousness " . Despite his reservations , he considers the track to be " irresistibly charming " . Moore agrees , describing the composition as a " throwaway " while praising what he characterises as its " strong sense of harmonic direction " . MacDonald describes the song as a " satire on authority " that is " imbued with an exuberant interest in life that lifts the spirits , dispersing self @-@ absorption " . " Good Morning Good Morning " was inspired by a television commercial for Kellogg 's Corn Flakes , from which Lennon adapted a jingle as the song 's refrain . The track utilises the bluesy mixolydian mode in A , which Everett credits with " perfectly express [ ing ] Lennon 's grievance against complacency " . Lennon regarded the song as " a throwaway piece of garbage " , and McCartney viewed it as Lennon 's reaction to the frustrations of domestic life . Womack praises the song 's varied time signatures , including 5 / 4 , 3 / 4 and 4 / 4 , calling it a " masterpiece of electrical energy " . MacDonald notes Starr 's " fine performance " and McCartney 's " coruscating pseudo @-@ Indian guitar solo " , which he credits with delivering the track 's climax . A series of animal noises are heard during the fade @-@ out that are sequenced – at Lennon 's request – so that each successive animal is large enough to devour the preceding one . Martin spliced the sound of a chicken clucking at the end of the track to overlap with a guitar being tuned in the next one , making a seamless transition between the two songs . " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) " serves as a bookend for the album and a segue to its finale . The hard @-@ rocking song was written after the Beatles ' assistant , Neil Aspinall , suggested that since " Sgt. Pepper " opened the album , the fictional band should make an appearance near the end . The reprise omits the brass section from the title track and features a faster tempo . MacDonald notes the Beatles ' apparent excitement , which is tangibly translated during the recording . As the last chord of the " Sgt. Pepper " reprise plays , an acoustic guitar strumming offbeat quavers begins , introducing what Moore describes as " one of the most harrowing songs ever written " . " A Day in the Life " consists of four verses by Lennon , a bridge , two aleatoric orchestral crescendos and an interpolated middle part written and sung by McCartney . The first crescendo serves as a segue between the third verse and the middle part , leading to a bridge known as the " dream sequence " , which features Lennon 's vocalisations . In Martin 's opinion , the " vocal wailings " , which are treated with tape echo and slowly panned from right to left and back again before suddenly ending in the left speaker , contribute to the song 's " reception as a ' marijuana dream ' " . The accompanying brass section loudly indicates the end of the sequence and the start of the fourth and final verse , after which the song enters the last crescendo before finishing with a piano chord that is allowed to fade out for nearly a minute . The idea to use an orchestra was McCartney 's ; he drew inspiration from the avant @-@ garde composers John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen . The 24 @-@ bar crescendos feature forty musicians selected from the London and Royal Philharmonic Orchestras and tasked with filling the space with what Womack describes as " the sound of pure apocalypse " . Martin notes Lennon 's request for " a tremendous build @-@ up , from nothing up to something absolutely like the end of the world " . Lennon recalled drawing inspiration for the lyrics from a newspaper : " I was writing the song with the Daily Mail propped up in front of me at the piano ... there was a paragraph about 4000 [ pot ] holes in Blackburn , Lancashire " . He strongly disliked the sound of his own voice and often asked for generous amounts of tape echo to be added to his vocal in an effort to bury it deep in the mix . For " A Day in the Life " , he wanted his voice to sound like Elvis Presley on " Heartbreak Hotel " . Martin and Emerick obliged by adding 90 milliseconds of echo . Womack describes Starr 's performance as " one of his most inventive drum parts on record " , a part that McCartney encouraged him to attempt despite his protests against " flashy drumming " . The thunderous piano chord that concludes the track and the album was produced by recording Lennon , Starr , McCartney and Evans simultaneously sounding an E major chord on three separate pianos ; Martin then augmented the sound with a harmonium . Riley characterises the song as a " postlude to the Pepper fantasy ... that sets all the other songs in perspective " , while shattering the illusion of " Pepperland " by introducing the " parallel universe of everyday life " . MacDonald describes the track as " a song not of disillusionment with life itself , but of disenchantment with the limits of mundane perception " . According to him , it " remains among the most penetrating and innovative artistic reflections of its era " , representing the Beatles ' " finest single achievement " . As " A Day in the Life " ends , a 15 @-@ kilohertz high @-@ frequency tone is heard ; it was added at Lennon 's suggestion with the intention that it would annoy dogs . This is followed by the sounds of backwards laughter and random gibberish that was pressed into the record 's concentric run @-@ out groove , which loops back into itself endlessly on any record player not equipped with an automatic needle return . Lennon can be heard saying , " been so high " , followed by McCartney 's response : " never could be any other way " . = = Cover artwork = = Sgt. Pepper 's album cover was designed by the pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth from an ink drawing by McCartney . It was art @-@ directed by Robert Fraser and photographed by Michael Cooper . The front of the LP included a colourful collage featuring the Beatles in costume as the Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , standing with a group of life @-@ sized cardboard cut @-@ outs of famous people . Each of the Beatles sported a heavy moustache , after Harrison had first grown one as a disguise during his visit to India . The moustaches reflected the growing influence of hippie style trends , while the group 's clothing " spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions " , writes the Beatles biographer Jonathan Gould . The centre of the cover depicts the Beatles standing behind a drum skin , on which the fairground artist Joe Ephgrave painted the words of the album 's title . In front of the drum skin is an arrangement of flowers that spell out " Beatles " . The group were dressed in satin day @-@ glo @-@ coloured military @-@ style uniforms that were manufactured by the theatrical costumer M. Berman Ltd in London . Right next to the Beatles are wax sculptures of the bandmembers in their suits and moptop haircuts from the Beatlemania era , borrowed from Madame Tussauds . The album 's lyrics were printed in full on the back cover , the first time this had been done on a rock LP . The 30 March 1967 photo session with Cooper also produced the back cover and the inside gatefold , which the musicologist Ian Inglis describes as conveying " an obvious and immediate warmth ... which distances it from the sterility and artifice typical of such images " . McCartney explained : " One of the things we were very much into in those days was eye messages ... So with Michael Cooper 's inside photo , we all said , ' Now look into this camera and really say I love you ! Really try and feel love ; really give love through this ! It 'll come out ; it 'll show ; it 's an attitude . ' And that 's what that is , if you look at it you 'll see the big effort from the eyes . " The album 's inner sleeve featured artwork by the Dutch design team the Fool that eschewed for the first time the standard white paper in favour of an abstract pattern of waves of maroon , red , pink and white . Included with the album as a bonus gift was a sheet of cardboard cut @-@ outs designed by Blake and Haworth , a postcard @-@ sized portrait of Sgt. Pepper based on a statue from Lennon 's house that was used on the front cover , a fake moustache , two sets of sergeant stripes , two lapel badges and a stand @-@ up cut @-@ out of the Beatles in their satin uniforms . Moore believes that the inclusion of these items helped fans " pretend to be in the band " . The collage includes 57 photographs and nine waxworks that depict a diversity of famous people , including actors , sportsmen , scientists and – at Harrison 's request – the Self @-@ Realization Fellowship gurus Mahavatar Babaji , Lahiri Mahasaya , Sri Yukteswar and Paramahansa Yogananda . Inglis views the tableau " as a guidebook to the cultural topography of the decade " , demonstrating the increasing democratisation of society whereby " traditional barriers between ' high ' and ' low ' culture were being eroded " . The final grouping included singers such as Bob Dylan and Bobby Breen ; the film stars Marlon Brando , Tony Curtis , Marlene Dietrich and Marilyn Monroe ; the artist Aubrey Beardsley ; the boxer Sonny Liston and the footballer Albert Stubbins . Also included were the comedians Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy ( as well as comedian W.C. Fields ) and the writers H. G. Wells , Oscar Wilde , Lewis Carroll and Dylan Thomas . Adolf Hitler and Jesus Christ were requested by Lennon , but ultimately rejected . When McCartney was asked why the Beatles did not include Elvis Presley , he replied : " Elvis was too important and too far above the rest even to mention ... so we didn 't put him on the list because he was more than merely a ... pop singer , he was Elvis the King . " The final cost for the cover art was nearly £ 3 @,@ 000 , an extravagant sum for a time when album covers would typically cost around £ 50 . For their work on Sgt. Pepper , Blake and Haworth won the 1968 Grammy Award for Best Album Cover , Graphic Arts . = = Release = = After finishing Sgt. Pepper , but prior to the album 's commercial release , the Beatles took an acetate disc of the album to the American singer Cass Elliot 's flat off King 's Road in Chelsea , where at six in the morning they played it at full volume with speakers set in open window frames . The group 's friend and former press agent , Derek Taylor , remembered that residents of the neighbourhood opened their windows and listened without complaint to what they understood to be unreleased Beatles music . On 1 June 1967 , Sgt. Pepper became the first Beatles album to be issued simultaneously worldwide . It was also the first Beatles album where the track listings were exactly the same for the UK and US versions . The band 's eighth LP , it debuted in the UK at number one – where it stayed for 22 consecutive weeks – selling 250 @,@ 000 copies during the first seven days . On 4 June , the Jimi Hendrix Experience opened a show at the Saville Theatre in London with their rendition of the title track . Epstein owned the Saville at the time , and Harrison and McCartney attended the performance . McCartney described the moment : " The curtains flew back and [ Hendrix ] came walking forward playing ' Sgt. Pepper ' . It 's a pretty major compliment in anyone 's book . I put that down as one of the great honours of my career . " Rolling Stone magazine 's Langdon Winner recalls : The closest Western Civilization has come to unity since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 was the week the Sgt. Pepper album was released . In every city in Europe and America the radio stations played [ it ] ... and everyone listened ... it was the most amazing thing I 've ever heard . For a brief while the irreparable fragmented consciousness of the West was unified , at least in the minds of the young . Sgt. Pepper was widely perceived by listeners as the soundtrack to the " Summer of Love " . In Riley 's opinion , the album " drew people together through the common experience of pop on a larger scale than ever before " . American radio stations interrupted their regular scheduling , playing the album virtually non @-@ stop – often from start to finish . It occupied the number one position of the Billboard Top LPs in the US for 15 weeks , from 1 July to 13 October 1967 . With 2 @.@ 5 million copies sold within three months of its release , Sgt. Pepper 's initial commercial success exceeded that of all previous Beatles albums . None of its songs were issued as singles at the time . = = Reception = = The vast majority of contemporary reviews were positive , with Sgt. Pepper receiving a widespread critical acclaim that matched its immediate commercial success . Kenneth Tynan of The Times described it as " a decisive moment in the history of Western civilisation " . Richard Poirier wrote : " listening to the Sgt. Pepper album one thinks not simply of the history of popular music but the history of this century . " Time magazine declared it " a historic departure in the progress of music – any music " . Newsweek 's Jack Kroll called it a " masterpiece " , comparing the lyrics with literary works by Edith Sitwell , Harold Pinter and T. S. Eliot , particularly " A Day in the Life " , which he compared to Eliot 's The Waste Land . The New York Times Book Review characterised Sgt. Pepper as a harbinger of a " golden Renaissance of Song " and the New Statesman 's Wilfrid Mellers praised its elevation of pop music to the level of fine art . One of the best @-@ known American critics at the time , Richard Goldstein , wrote a scathing contemporary review in The New York Times that described Sgt. Pepper as " spoiled " and " reek [ ing ] " of " special effects , dazzling but ultimately fraudulent " . According to the music journalist Robert Christgau , The New York Times was subsequently " deluged with letters , many abusive and every last one in disagreement " , a backlash that he credits as " the largest response to a music review " in the newspaper 's history . Goldstein published a defence of his review in which he explained that , although the album was not on @-@ par with the best of the Beatles ' previous work , he considered it " better than 80 per cent of the music around " , but felt that underneath the production when " the compositions are stripped to their musical and lyrical essentials " the LP is shown to be " an elaboration without improvement " on the group 's music . In Christgau 's 1967 column for Esquire magazine , he described Sgt. Pepper as " a consolidation , more intricate than Revolver but not more substantial " , suggesting that Goldstein had fallen " victim to overanticipation " , identifying his primary error as " allow [ ing ] all the filters and reverbs and orchestral effects and overdubs to deafen him to the stuff underneath , which was pretty nice " . At the 10th Annual Grammy Awards in 1968 , Sgt. Pepper won in the categories of Best Album Cover , Graphic Arts , Best Engineered Recording , Non @-@ Classical and Best Contemporary Album . It also won Album of the Year , the first rock LP to receive this honour . = = Retrospective criticism = = While gathering material for his 1979 anthology , Stranded : Rock and Roll for a Desert Island , the editor Greil Marcus polled the 20 rock critic contributors regarding their choice for the best rock album of all time , and while Rubber Soul was mentioned , Sgt. Pepper was not . He asserts that by 1968 the album appeared vacuous against the emotional backdrop of the political and social upheavals of American life , describing it as " a triumph of effects " , but " a Day @-@ Glo tombstone for its time " . He characterises the LP as " playful but contrived " and " less a summing up of its era than a concession to it " . Marcus believes that the album " strangled on its own conceits " while being " vindicated by world @-@ wide acclaim " . In 1981 , Christgau stated that although few critics agreed with Goldstein at the time of his negative contemporary review , many later came to appreciate his sentiments . In the opinion of Lester Bangs – the so @-@ called " godfather " of punk rock journalism , also writing in 1981 – " Goldstein was right in his much @-@ vilified review ... predicting that this record had the power to almost singlehandedly destroy rock and roll . " He notes : " In the sixties rock and roll began to think of itself as an ' art form ' . Rock and roll is not an ' art form ' ; rock and roll is a raw wail from the bottom of the guts . " The musicologist John Kimsey cites the preservation of authenticity as a guiding tenet of rock music and suggests that many purists denounce Sgt. Pepper in that respect , accusing the album of " mark [ ing ] a fall from primal grace into pretense , production and self @-@ consciousness . " In his opinion , detractors regard the LP as less a breakthrough and more a " break with all that 's good , true and rocking " . According to Christgau : " Although Sgt. Pepper is thought of as the most influential of all rock masterpieces , it is really only the most famous . In retrospect it seems peculiarly apollonian – precise , controlled , even stiff – and it is clearly peripheral to the rock mainstream " . In Moore 's estimation , " because its cultural impact was so large , it was simply being asked to do too much . " = = = Concept = = = According to Womack , with Sgt. Pepper 's first song " the Beatles manufacture an artificial textual space in which to stage their art . " The reprise of the title song appears on side two , just prior to the climactic " A Day in the Life " , creating a framing device . In Starr 's opinion , only the first two songs and the reprise are conceptually connected . Lennon agreed and in 1980 he commented : " Sgt. Pepper is called the first concept album , but it doesn 't go anywhere ... it works because we said it worked . " He was especially adamant that his contributions to the LP had nothing to do with the Sgt. Pepper concept . Further , he suggested that most of the other songs were equally unconnected , stating : " Except for Sgt. Pepper introducing Billy Shears and the so @-@ called reprise , every other song could have been on any other album " . Martin became worried upon the album 's completion that its lack of musical unity might draw criticism and accusations of pretentiousness . MacFarlane notes that – despite these concerns – Sgt. Pepper " is widely regarded as the first true concept album in popular music " . In his view , the Beatles " chose to employ an overarching thematic concept in an apparent effort to unify individual tracks . " Everett contends that the album 's " musical unity results ... from motivic relationships between key areas , particularly involving C , E , and G. " Moore argues that the recording 's " use of common harmonic patterns and falling melodies " contributes to its overall cohesiveness , which he describes as narrative unity , but not necessarily conceptual unity . MacFarlane agrees , suggesting that with the exception of the reprise the album lacks the melodic and harmonic continuity that is consistent with cyclic form . In a May 1967 review published by The Times , the music critic William Mann made a similar observation , indicating a thematic connection between the title track , its reprise and " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " , while suggesting that – aside from those songs – the album 's " unity is slightly specious " . In 1972 , the musicologist Richard Middleton suggested that the album was " undercoded " , in that listeners could grasp only a general understanding of the material that , in his opinion , was not particularly meaningful . Nonetheless , the author Martina Elicker asserts that Sgt. Pepper 's release familiarised critics and fans alike with the notion of a " concept and unified structure underlying a pop album " , thus originating the term concept album . = = Legacy = = Musicologists regard Sgt. Pepper as a continuation of the artistic maturation seen on the Beatles ' two preceding albums , Revolver and Rubber Soul . Moore credits it with aiding the development of progressive rock through its self @-@ conscious lyrics , its studio experimentation , and its efforts to expand the barriers of conventional three @-@ minute tracks . Jones locates Pet Sounds and Sgt. Pepper 's to the beginning of art rock ; Julien considers the latter a " masterpiece of British psychedelia " . The album was described by NME as an " orchestral baroque pop masterpiece " . Rolling Stone 's Andy Greene credits it with marking the beginning of the Album Era . For several years following Sgt. Pepper 's release , straightforward rock and roll was supplanted by a growing interest in extended form , and for the first time in the history of the music industry sales of albums outpaced sales of singles . Julien credits Sgt. Pepper with contributing towards the evolution of long @-@ playing albums from a " distribution format " to a " creation format " . In Moore 's view , the album assisted " the cultural legitimization of popular music " while providing an important musical representation of its generation . It is regarded by journalists as having influenced the development of the counterculture of the 1960s . During the 1970s , glam rock acts co @-@ opted Sgt. Pepper 's use of alter ego personas and in 1977 the LP won Best British Album at the first Brit Awards . With certified sales of 5 @.@ 1 million copies , Sgt. Pepper is the third @-@ best @-@ selling album in UK chart history . Sgt. Pepper is one of the most commercially successful albums in the US , where the RIAA certifies sales of 11 million copies . It has sold more than 32 million copies worldwide , making it one of the highest @-@ selling albums of all time . In a 1987 review for Q magazine , the music journalist and author Charles Shaar Murray asserted that the album " remains a central pillar of the mythology and iconography of the late ' 60s " . That same year Rolling Stone 's Anthony DeCurtis described it as an " enormous achievement " that " revolutionized rock and roll " . In 1994 , Sgt. Pepper was ranked first in Colin Larkin 's All Time Top 1000 Albums . He described it as " the album that revolutionized , changed and re @-@ invented the boundaries of modern popular music . " In 2003 , it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry , honouring the work as " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . In 2003 , Rolling Stone placed it at number one in their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , describing it as " the pinnacle of the Beatles ' eight years as recording artists " . In the Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Larkin wrote : " [ it ] turned out to be no mere pop album but a cultural icon , embracing the constituent elements of the 60s ' youth culture : pop art , garish fashion , drugs , instant mysticism and freedom from parental control . " In 2006 it was chosen by Time as one of the 100 best albums of all time . That same year the music scholar David Scott Kastan described Sgt. Pepper as " the most important and influential rock and roll album ever recorded " .The album was included in Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . = = = Recording and cover = = = Producers from the 1960s , such as Phil Spector and Brian Wilson , are credited with transforming popular music into an art which could only exist in the recording studio , while George Martin and Wilson are credited with popularising the idea of the recording studio as a musical instrument which could then be used to aid the process of composition . In MacFarlane 's opinion , Sgt. Pepper 's most important musical innovation is its " integration of recording technology into the compositional process " . He credits Edgard Varèse 's Poème électronique as the piece of music that made this advance feasible , by " expand [ ing ] the definition of sound recording from archival documentation to the reification of the musical canvass " ; he identifies " A Day in the Life " as the Sgt. Pepper track that best exemplifies this approach . Although early analogue synthesisers were available – Robert Moog was working on the second generation of the first commercially available keyboard around the same time as the Sgt. Pepper recording sessions – none were used during the album 's recording , which relied solely on electric and acoustic instruments and field recordings that were available at Abbey Road Studios . The musician and producer Alan Parsons believes that with Sgt. Pepper " people then started thinking that you could spend a year making an album and they began to consider an album as a sound composition and not just a musical composition . The idea was gradually forming of a record being a performance in its own right and not just a reproduction of a live performance . " According to Julien , Sgt. Pepper represents the " epitome of the transformation of the recording studio into a compositional tool " , marking the moment when " popular music entered the era of phonographic composition . " Its lasting commercial success and critical impact are largely due to Martin and his engineers ' creative use of studio equipment while originating new processes . Artistic experimentation , such as the placement of random gibberish in the run @-@ out groove , is one of the album 's defining features . In the opinion of the Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn , Sgt. Pepper represents the group 's last unified effort , displaying a cohesion that would begin deteriorating immediately following the album 's completion and that had entirely disappeared by the release of The Beatles in 1968 . Emerick notes the minimal involvement of Harrison and Starr , viewing Sgt. Pepper as a work of Lennon and McCartney that was less a group effort than any of their previous releases . Inglis notes that almost every account of the significance of Sgt. Pepper emphasizes the cover 's " unprecedented correspondence between music and art , time and space " . After its release , album sleeves were no longer " a superfluous thing to be discarded during the act of listening , but an integral component of the listening that expanded the musical experience . " The cover helped to elevate album art as a respected topic for critical analysis whereby the " structures and cultures of popular music " could henceforth justify intellectual discourse in a way that – before Sgt. Pepper – would have seemed like " fanciful conceit " . He writes : Sgt. Pepper 's " cover has been regarded as groundbreaking in its visual and aesthetic properties , congratulated for its innovative and imaginative design , credited with providing an early impetus for the expansion of the graphic design industry into popular music , and perceived as largely responsible for the connections between art and pop to be made explicit . " Riley describes it as " one of the best @-@ known works that pop art ever produced " . In the late 1990s , the BBC included it in its list of British masterpieces of twentieth @-@ century art and design . In 2008 , the iconic bass drum skin used on the front cover sold at auction for € 670 @,@ 000 . = = Track listing = = Sgt. Pepper was the first Beatles album to be released with identical track listings in the UK and the US . First American pressings on the black / colorband Capitol label erroneously show track 2 on side one as " A Little Help From My Friends " ; this was corrected for subsequent pressings All songs written and composed by Lennon – McCartney except " Within You Without You " , by George Harrison . Track list information according to Mark Lewisohn and Ian MacDonald . = = Personnel = = According to Mark Lewisohn and Ian MacDonald : The Beatles John Lennon – lead , harmony and background vocals ; rhythm , acoustic and lead guitars ; Hammond organ and final piano E chord ; harmonica , tape loops , sound effects , and comb and tissue paper ; handclaps , tambourine and maracas Paul McCartney – lead , harmony and background vocals ; bass and lead guitars ; electric and acoustic pianos , Lowrey and Hammond organs ; handclaps ; vocalisations , tape loops , sound effects , and comb and tissue paper George Harrison – harmony and background vocals ; lead , rhythm and acoustic guitars ; sitar ; tamboura ; harmonica and kazoo ; handclaps and maracas ; lead vocals on " Within You Without You " Ringo Starr – drums , congas , tambourine , maracas , handclaps and tubular bells ; lead vocals on " With a Little Help from My Friends " ; harmonica ; final piano E chord Additional musicians and production Sounds Incorporated – the saxophone sextet on " Good Morning , Good Morning " Neil Aspinall – tamboura and harmonica Geoff Emerick – audio engineering ; tape loops and sound effects Mal Evans – counting , harmonica , alarm clock and final piano E chord George Martin – producer and mixer ; tape loops and sound effects ; harpsichord on " Fixing a Hole " , harmonium , Lowrey organ and glockenspiel on " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " , Hammond organ on " With a Little Help from My Friends " , and piano on " Getting Better " and the piano solo in " Lovely Rita " ; final harmonium chord . Session musicians – four French horns on " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " : Neill Sanders , James W. Buck , John Burden , Tony Randall , arranged and conducted by Martin and McCartney ; string section and harp on " She 's Leaving Home " , arranged by Mike Leander and conducted by Martin ; tabla , dilrubas , tamboura and swarmandal on " Within You Without You " , played by members of the Asian Music Circle , with eight violins and four cellos arranged and conducted by Harrison and Martin ; clarinet trio on " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " : Robert Burns , Henry MacKenzie , Frank Reidy , arranged and conducted by Martin and McCartney ; saxophones on " Good Morning , Good Morning " , arranged and conducted by Martin and Lennon ; and forty @-@ piece orchestra , including strings , brass , woodwinds and percussion on " A Day in the Life " , arranged by Martin , Lennon and McCartney and conducted by Martin and McCartney . = = Charts = = Sgt. Pepper appeared on the Billboard 200 chart in the US for 175 non @-@ consecutive weeks through 1987 . = = = Weekly charts = = = = = Certifications = = In the US , the album sold 2 @,@ 360 @,@ 423 copies by 31 December 1967 and 3 @,@ 372 @,@ 581 copies by the end of the decade . BPI certification awarded only for sales since 1994 . = Kennet and Avon Canal = The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of 87 miles ( 140 km ) , made up of two lengths of navigable river linked by a canal . The name is commonly used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than solely to the central canal section . From Bristol to Bath the waterway follows the natural course of the River Avon before the canal links it to the River Kennet at Newbury , and from there to Reading on the River Thames . In all , the waterway incorporates 105 locks . The two river stretches were made navigable in the early 18th century , and the 57 @-@ mile ( 92 km ) canal section was constructed between 1794 and 1810 . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the canal gradually fell into disuse after the opening of the Great Western Railway . In the latter half of the 20th century the canal was restored in stages , largely by volunteers . After decades of dereliction and much restoration work , it was fully reopened in 1990 . The Kennet and Avon Canal has been developed as a popular heritage tourism destination for boating , canoeing , fishing , walking and cycling , and is also important for wildlife conservation . = = History = = = = = Early plans = = = The idea of an east to west waterway link across southern England was first mentioned in Elizabethan times , between 1558 and 1603 , to take advantage of the proximity of the rivers Avon and Thames , only 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) apart at their closest . Later , around 1626 , Henry Briggs made a survey of the two rivers and noted that the land between them was level and easy to dig . He proposed a canal to connect them , but following his death in 1630 the plan was dropped . After the English Civil War four bills were presented to parliament , but all failed after opposition from gentry , farmers and traders worried about cheaper water transport reducing the value of fees on turnpike roads they controlled , and cheaper produce from Wales undercutting locally produced food . The main alternative to road transport for the carriage of goods between Bristol and London was a hazardous sea route through the English Channel . The small coastal sailing ships of the day were often damaged by Atlantic storms , and risked being attacked by warships of the French Navy and privateers during a succession of conflicts with France . = = = River navigations = = = Plans for a waterway were shelved until the early 18th century . However , in 1715 , work was authorised to make the River Kennet navigable from Reading to Newbury . Work commenced in 1718 , under the supervision of surveyor and engineer John Hore of Newbury . In 1723 , despite considerable local opposition , the Kennet Navigation opened , comprising stretches of natural riverbed alternating with 11 miles ( 18 km ) of artificially created lock cuts . The River Avon had historically been navigable from Bristol to Bath , but construction of watermills on the river in the early years of the 13th century had forced its closure . In 1727 , navigation was restored , with the construction of six locks , again under the supervision of John Hore . The first cargo of " Deal boards , Pig @-@ Lead and Meal " reached Bath in December . The two river navigations were built independently of one another , in order to meet local needs , but they eventually led to plans to connect them and form a through route . = = = Closing the gap = = = In 1788 a " Western Canal " was proposed to improve trade and communication links to towns such as Hungerford , Marlborough , Calne , Chippenham and Melksham . The following year the engineers Barns , Simcock and Weston submitted a proposed route for this canal , although there were doubts about the adequacy of the water supply . The name was changed from Western Canal to Kennet and Avon Canal to avoid confusion with the Grand Western Canal , which was being proposed at the same time . In 1793 a further survey was conducted by John Rennie , and the route of the canal was altered to take a more southerly course through Great Bedwyn , Devizes , Trowbridge and Newbury . The proposed route was accepted by the Kennet and Avon Canal Company , chaired by Charles Dundas , and the company started to take subscriptions from prospective shareholders . In July 1793 Rennie suggested further alterations to the route , including the construction of a tunnel in the Savernake Forest . On 17 April 1794 the Kennet and Avon Canal Act received the Royal Assent and construction began . The Newbury to Hungerford section was completed in 1798 , and was extended to Great Bedwyn in 1799 . The section from Bath to Foxhangers was finished in 1804 , and Devizes Locks were completed in 1810 . The canal opened in 1810 after 16 years of construction . Major structures included the Dundas and Avoncliff aqueducts , the Bruce Tunnel under Savernake Forest , and the pumping stations at Claverton and Crofton , needed to overcome water supply problems . The final engineering task was the completion of the Caen Hill Locks at Devizes . = = = Operation = = = In 1801 , trade along the canal commenced ; goods initially had to be unloaded at Foxhangers at the bottom of what is now Caen Hill Locks , transported up the hill by a horse @-@ drawn railway , and reloaded into barges at the top . When the flight of locks opened in 1810 , allowing the same vessel to navigate the entire canal , the rate of carriage per ton from London to Bath was £ 2 9s 6d . This compared well with carriage by road , which cost £ 6 3s to £ 7 per ton , and trade on the canal flourished . In 1812 , the Kennet and Avon Canal Company bought the Kennet Navigation , which stretched from Newbury to the junction with the Thames at Kennet Mouth , near Reading . The purchase from Frederick Page cost £ 100 @,@ 000 , of which £ 70 @,@ 000 was paid in cash with the balance paid back gradually . The purchase was authorised by the Kennet Navigation Act of June 1813 , which enabled the company to raise the funds through the sale of 5 @,@ 500 shares at £ 24 each . At the same time work was undertaken to improve the Avon Navigation , from Bristol to Bath , with the Kennet and Avon Canal Company purchasing a majority shareholding in the Avon Navigation in 1816 . By 1818 , seventy 60 @-@ ton barges were working on the canal , the majority of the tonnage being coal and stone travelling via the Somerset Coal Canal . The journey from Bath to Newbury took an average of three and a half days . By 1832 , 300 @,@ 000 tons of freight was being carried each year and , between 1825 and 1834 , the company had an annual revenue of around £ 45 @,@ 000 . = = = Decline = = = The opening of the Great Western Railway in 1841 removed much of the canal 's traffic , even though the canal company lowered tariffs . In 1852 the railway company took over the canal 's operation , levying high tolls at every toll point and reducing the amount spent on maintenance . Ice @-@ breaking was stopped in 1857 , and traders were further encouraged by preferential tolls to use the railway rather than the canal . In 1861 a new order prohibited any traffic on the canal at night , and , in 1865 , boats were forced to pass through locks in pairs to reduce water loss . By 1868 the annual tonnage had fallen from 360 @,@ 610 in 1848 to 210 @,@ 567 . In the 1870s water abstraction from the canal near Fobney Lock followed the regulations introduced in the Reading Local Board Waterworks , Sewerage , Drainage and Improvements Act of 1870 , and contributed to the silting up of locks and stretches of the canal . Several wharves and stretches of towpath were closed . In 1877 the canal recorded a deficit of £ 1 @,@ 920 and never subsequently made any profit . The Somerset Coal Canal and Wilts & Berks Canal , which each supplied some of the trade from the Somerset Coalfield to the Kennet and Avon , closed in 1904 and 1906 respectively . In 1926 , following a loss of £ 18 @,@ 041 the previous year , the Great Western Railway sought to close the canal by obtaining a Ministry of Transport Order , but the move was resisted and the company charged with improving its maintenance of the canal . Cargo trade continued to decline , but a few pleasure boats started to use the canal . During the Second World War a large number of concrete pillboxes were built as part of the GHQ Line - Blue to defend against an expected German invasion ; many of these are still visible along the banks of the canal . They were generally built close to road and rail bridges , which would have formed important crossing points for enemy troops and vehicles . After the war the Transport Act of 1947 transferred control of the canal to the British Transport Commission , but by the 1950s large sections of the canal had been closed because of poor lock maintenance following a breach in the bank west of the Avoncliff Aqueduct . The last through passage was made in 1951 by nb Queen . = = = Closure avoided = = = A group supporting the restoration of the canal had been set up in the early 1950s independently of the Inland Waterways Association , with which it was subsequently merged . In 1955 John Gould , a trader on the eastern section of the waterway , successfully petitioned against the commission 's failure to maintain the waterway and obtained damages for loss of business . In March 1956 a clause in the British Transport Commission ( no 2 ) Act was presented to Parliament that would have removed the right of navigation between Reading and Bath . The Act was opposed by Gould and by the local authorities along the canal . They were supported by a 22 @,@ 000 @-@ signature petition to the Queen , brought to London from Bristol by water ; parts of the canal had to be traversed by canoe . This campaign led to an inquiry by a Parliamentary Select Committee . The committee supported the suspension of the right of navigation , and the Bill passed through the House of Commons but was amended by the House of Lords to include a clause to enforce " no further deterioration " . In July 1958 , the Bowes Committee published their Inquiry into Inland Waterways which specifically mentioned the Kennet and Avon finding " no justification for restoring the section from Reading to Bath " . A government white paper followed the Bowes Report in February 1959 , recommending that an Inland Waterways Redevelopment Advisory Committee should assist schemes to regenerate canals that were no longer able to collect enough fees from tolls to pay for their upkeep . Further reports followed , and in 1962 the Advisory Committee reported that the canal should be redeveloped , and allocated £ 20 @,@ 000 for maintenance and £ 20 @,@ 000 to begin restoration . The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust was formed in 1962 to restore the canal from Reading to Bristol as a through navigation and as a public amenity . It was originally a voluntary group which had previously been known as the Kennet and Avon Canal Association . The Trust gained charitable status in April and was incorporated under the Companies Act on 6 June 1962 . In 1963 the newly formed British Waterways , which was created by the Transport Act of the previous year , and replaced the British Transport Commission as the statutory body for inland waterways , took over the canal and , in partnership with the Trust and riparian local authorities , restoration work began . = = = Restoration = = = Restoration work involved a collaboration between staff from British Waterways and volunteer labour . In 1966 Sulhamstead Lock was rebuilt and the re @-@ puddling of the dry section at Limpley Stoke was begun . In 1968 , restoration work was undertaken on the Bath Locks and Burghfield Lock . In Reading at Bridge Street the navigable headroom had been reduced from 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 59 m ) to 4 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 37 m ) by girders added to the underside of the bridge . This was replaced with a new bridge , enabling craft to pass more easily . The canal was reopened from the Thames to Hungerford Wharf in July 1974 . Re @-@ puddling was a long process , so experiments with the use of heavy gauge polythene to line the canal were undertaken . The Avoncliff Aqueduct was lined with a concrete " cradle " and made water @-@ tight in 1980 . Further works continued during the 1980s . The County Council in Berkshire , supported by local councils , estimated that £ 1 @,@ 275 @,@ 000 was needed for works at the eastern end of the canal and commenced work on replacing some of the bridges . In Wiltshire concerns over the limited water supply to the summit , at the highest point of the canal , indicated that back @-@ pumping would be required , which increased the estimated cost for the county to £ 761 @,@ 560 . The Wilton Water reservoir was estimated to produce less than 750 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 3 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 l ) per day , and the Seend feeder only 250 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 l ) . Wessex Water Authority agreed to the extraction of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 l ) per day from the Avon at Claverton to be pumped east ; the costs of the pumps was £ 175 @,@ 000 . Various fund @-@ raising schemes , along with some financial support from local authorities , allowed small @-@ scale work on the locks to continue , but the projected timescales for completion were missed . In 1983 the Manpower Services Commission , which had a remit to co @-@ ordinate employment and training services in the United Kingdom , agreed to employ 50 men on work that included restoration of Aldermaston Lock , its adjacent wharf , and Widmead Lock . The restoration of the Dundas Aqueduct and several smaller schemes were later added to the list . Maintenance agreements were signed with local authorities along the route , while fund @-@ raising activities continued . The National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders sponsored a workshop , which opened in Shrivenham in 1987 , to create new lock gates for the Crofton and Devizes flights . In 1988 the restoration of Woolhampton Lock was completed , but obstructions remained on either side . Frounds swing bridge could not be opened and the restoration of Midgham Lock had not been finished ; both were completed the following year . Re @-@ puddling of the Crofton pounds was carried out in 1989 , along with the reconstruction of Midgham Bridge . Restoration of the turf @-@ sided Monkey Marsh Lock proved difficult because of its status as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and the consequent need to protect the historic site while improving safety . The stretch between Reading and Newbury was completed on 17 July 1990 ; at a ceremony held at Monkey Marsh Lock several boats competed to be the first craft through . Concerns about the adequacy of the water supply still remained when Queen Elizabeth II formally reopened the canal on 8 August 1990 . The Queen was able to travel on the Trust 's boat Rose of Hungerford through locks 44 and 43 on the Caen Hill flight , breaking a ceremonial tape between them . The shortage of water was addressed in 1996 by the installation of new back pumps at the flight of 29 locks at Caen Hill in Devizes , at a cost of £ 1 million . The pumps raise water 235 feet ( 72 m ) at a rate of 300 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 l ; 360 @,@ 000 US gal ) per hour ( 380 litres per second ) . In October 1996 , the Kennet & Avon Canal Partnership attracted the largest single National Lottery grant awarded by the Heritage Lottery Fund , £ 25 million towards a £ 29 million project , to complete the restoration and to make it operational , sustainable and accessible for the enjoyment of future generations . The work funded included complete rebuilding of Foxhangers Lock and bridge at Caen Hill , replacement of lock gates at Seend and Crofton , channel lining at Claverton , embankment repairs at Martinslade , improvements at Claverton pumping station and dredging at various sites . The restoration 's completion was celebrated in May 2003 by a visit from HRH Prince Charles , but upgrading and maintenance continues . Between 2002 and 2004 the Dundas Aqueduct , which had been relined with polythene and concrete in 1984 without disturbing a colony of bats living under the aqueduct , was further restored by the replacement of engineering bricks used by the Great Western Railway with Bath Stone to match the original work . In 2011 the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs designated the canal a national " cruiseway " as defined by the Transport Act 1968 . The listing imposes a legal requirement on British Waterways to maintain the canal to a standard that ensures cruising craft can safely navigate the entire length of the waterway . In November 2011 the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns about Victoria Bridge , but traffic now continues as does remedial work to the bridge . Repairs are expected to finish in April 2014 . = = Route = = = = = Bristol to Bath = = = The River Avon was navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century , until the construction of mills on the river forced its closure . The modern Avon is navigable from its mouth at Avonmouth , through the Floating Harbour in Bristol , as far as Pulteney Weir in the centre of Bath and just beyond the start of the canal . Beyond Pultney Weir the Avon is still navigable as far as the weir and site of the old " flash lock " at Bathampton but the lock at Pultney has been replaced only with a small boat slide for dinghies and canoes . The stretch from Bristol to Bath is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs at Hanham , Keynsham , Swineford , Saltford , Kelston and Weston , which together overcome a rise of 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) within 12 miles ( 19 km ) . Lock number one on the Kennet and Avon Canal is Hanham Lock , first opened as part of the Avon Navigation in 1727 . It is the first lock east of Netham , the upstream limit of the Floating Harbour , beyond the suburbs of the city of Bristol . A colliery wharf was sited just west of the lock , but the nearby coal mines closed in the 19th century . The river below Hanham Lock is considered to be tidal , as high tides often pass over the weir at Netham . Some spring tides pass over the weir at Hanham , making the river tidal up to Keynsham Lock . Heading east , the river passes the Somerdale Factory , on its southern bank , which was a chocolate production factory for Cadbury plc – originally built by the Fry family in the 1920s and ' 30s . On the northern bank is Cleeve Wood , the primary scientific importance of which lies in its particularly large population of Bath Asparagus ( Ornithogalum pyrenaicum ) . A public house has been built on the island between Keynsham Lock and the weir . The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the River Chew . The river then passes through Avon Valley Country Park and past Stidham Farm , another SSSI that contains Pleistocene terrace @-@ gravels of the river . A depth of at least 7 feet ( 2 m ) of sandy gravels are recorded , consisting mainly of limestone clasts , but also with Millstone Grit , Pennant Sandstone , flint , and chert clasts . The river passes under the old railway line that now forms the Avon Valley Railway , a three @-@ mile @-@ long heritage railway , before reaching Swineford Lock . Here , between 1709 and 1859 , there was an active brass and copper industry served by the river , which also provided water power for the cloth industry . The remains of Kelston Brass Mill , which was working until 1925 , are next to Saltford Lock . The lock was opened in 1727 but destroyed by rival coal dealers in 1738 , to prevent the river being used for transportation . The Bristol and Bath Railway Path crosses the navigation several times before reaching the suburb of Newbridge on the outskirts of Bath . Here the A4 crosses close to the Newton St Loe SSSI , which is designated an SSSI because it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels containing the remains of mammoths ( Mammuthus ) and horses ( Equus ) along the river , and has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation in South West England . The final lock before entering Bath is Weston Lock , opened in 1727 . Its construction created an island between the cut and the river weir , which became known as Dutch Island after the owner of the brass mill established on the riverside in the early 18th century . = = = Bath to Devizes = = = The restored Bath Bottom Lock marks the divergence of the River Avon and the canal . It is situated south of Pulteney Bridge . Just upstream of the Bottom Lock are a side pound and a pumping station that pumps water " upstream " of the locks , to replace that used each time a boat passes through . The next of the six Bath Locks is Bath Deep Lock , numbered 8 / 9 as two locks were combined when the canal was restored in 1976 . The new chamber has a depth of 19 feet 5 inches ( 5 @.@ 92 m ) , making it the UK 's second @-@ deepest canal lock . Just above the Deep Lock is another side pound as a reservoir for refilling the lock , followed by Wash House Lock . After a slightly longer pound is Abbey View Lock , beside which there is another pumping station and then , in quick succession , Pultney Lock and Bath Top Lock . Above the Top Lock the canal passes through Sydney Gardens via two short tunnels and under two cast iron footbridges dating from 1800 . Cleveland Tunnel is 173 feet ( 53 m ) long and runs under Cleveland House , the former headquarters of the Kennet and Avon Canal Company and now a Grade II * listed building . A trap @-@ door in the tunnel roof was used to pass paperwork between clerks above and bargees below . Many of the bridges over the canal are listed buildings . On the eastern outskirts of Bath a toll bridge near the George Inn links Bathampton to Batheaston , on the north bank of the canal . When the A46 Bathampton by @-@ pass was built , the 22 @-@ acre ( 8 @.@ 9 ha ) Bathampton Meadow was created to provide additional flood relief . The resultant wet meadows and oxbow lake have proved attractive to a number of migrants ; wading birds such as dunlin , ringed and little ringed plover , and green and common sandpiper are frequent visitors in spring and autumn . Sand martin and kingfisher have been seen regularly by the lake , and other migrants have included yellow wagtail , whinchat and hobby . The canal turns south into a valley between Bathampton Wood and Bathford Hill which includes Brown 's Folly a 99 @-@ acre ( 40 ha ) biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest . In the Avon Valley to the east of Bath the classic geographical example of a valley with all four forms of ground transport is found : road , rail , river , canal . The canal passes the remains of a loading dock , once used for Bath Stone from the quarries on Bathampton Down , which was carried down a straight track to the canal over the Dry Arch rock bridge ( demolished in 1958 to allow double @-@ decker buses to use the A36 ) . Next , the canal passes the waterwheel @-@ powered Claverton Pumping Station , which pumped water from the River Avon into the canal . The building was completed in 1810 and the pump was working by 1813 . On the eastern bank Warleigh Wood and Inwood are ash @-@ wych elm and ash @-@ maple dry woodland , which comes right down to the canal . The canal then crosses over the river and the Wessex Main Line railway at the Dundas Aqueduct , past Conkwell Wood , before recrossing the river and railway at the Avoncliff Aqueduct . At the western end of the Dundas Aqueduct it is joined by the remains of the Somerset Coal Canal , a short stretch of which has been restored to create the Brassknocker Basin . Excavations of the old stop lock showed that it was originally a broad 14 @-@ foot ( 4 m ) lock that at some point was narrowed to 7 feet ( 2 m ) by moving the lock wall . The Somerset Coal Canal was built around 1800 from basins at Paulton and Timsbury , giving access to London from the Somerset Coalfield , which at its peak contained 80 collieries . After the Avoncliff Aqueduct the canal passes through Barton Farm Country Park , past Gripwood Quarry and a 14th @-@ century Grade II * listed tithe barn , 180 feet ( 55 m ) long and 30 feet ( 9 m ) wide , on its way into Bradford on Avon . The first sod for the Kennet and Avon Canal was turned in Bradford on Avon in 1794 , and soon there were wharves above and below Bradford Lock . Further east , an aqueduct carries the canal over the River Biss . There are locks at Semington and Seend , where water flows into the canal from the Summerham Brook , otherwise known as the Seend Feeder . In the village of Semington the Wilts & Berks Canal joined the canal , linking the Kennet and Avon to the River Thames at Abingdon . The North Wilts Canal merged with it to become a branch to the Thames and Severn Canal at Latton near Cricklade . The 52 @-@ mile ( 84 km ) canal was opened in 1810 , but abandoned in 1914 – a fate hastened by the collapse of Stanley Aqueduct in 1901 . In 1977 the Wilts & Berks Canal Amenity Group was formed with the aim of fully restoring the canal to re @-@ connect the Kennet and Avon to the upper reaches of the Thames . Caen Hill Locks , at Devizes , provides an insight into the engineering needed to build and maintain the canal . The main flight of 16 locks , which take 5 – 6 hours to navigate in a boat , is part of a longer series of 29 locks built in three groups : seven at Foxhangers , sixteen at Caen Hill , and six at the town end of the flight . The total rise is 237 feet ( 72 m ) in 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) or a 1 in 30 gradient . The locks were the last part of the 87 @-@ mile ( 140 km ) route of the canal to be completed . The steepness of the terrain meant that there was no space to use the normal arrangement of water pounds between the locks . As a result , the 16 locks utilise unusually large side ponds to store the water needed for their operation . Because a large volume of water is needed a back pump was installed at Foxhangers in 1996 , capable of returning 7 million imperial gallons ( 32 million litres ) of water per day to the top of the flight , equivalent to one lockful every 11 minutes . While the locks were under construction in the early 19th century a tramroad provided a link between Foxhangers at the bottom of the flight and Devizes at the top , the remains of which can be seen in the towpath arches in the road bridges over the canal . From 1829 until 1843 the flight , which includes the narrowest lock on the canal , Lock 41 , was illuminated by gas lights . At the top of the flight is Devizes Wharf , home to the Kennet & Avon Canal Museum , which has a range of exhibits on the conception , design , usage , and eventual commercial decline of the Kennet and Avon Canal , as well as its subsequent restoration . It is operated by the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust , which has its headquarters and a shop within the Canal Centre . The Wharf Theatre is in an old warehouse on the same site . Devizes wharf is the starting point for the Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon , which has been held since 1948 . = = = Devizes to Newbury = = = Heading east from Devizes the canal passes through the Wiltshire countryside and a series of locks and swing bridges before another flight of locks at Crofton . At Honeystreet is the remains of a wharf that was the home of boat builders Robbins , Lane and Pinnegar , which served as the boat building headquarters of the Canal Company . They built many of the boats used on the canals of southern England before closing in about 1950 . Next to the wharf is the Barge Inn , a substantial public house once known as the George Inn . It was roughly half @-@ way along the canal and served as a bakehouse , slaughterhouse and shop for provisions for those living and working on the canal . The building was destroyed by fire in 1858 and rebuilt within six months . It was built just within the parish boundary of Stanton St Bernard to " serve the Honey Street wharf in Alton parish , which refused to allow drinking establishments " . Jones 's Mill is a 29 @-@ acre ( 12 ha ) area of fen vegetation , scrub and woodland lying along the headwaters of the Salisbury Avon northeast of Pewsey . It has been designated a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest because it is " the best known example of a calcareous valley mire in Wiltshire " . The four locks at Wootton Rivers mark the end of the climb from the Avon . Between Wootton Top Lock and Crofton is the summit pound of the canal at 450 feet ( 140 m ) above sea level , stretching for about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) and including the 502 @-@ yard ( 459 m ) long Bruce Tunnel . The tunnel is named after the local land owner , Thomas Brudenell @-@ Bruce , 1st Earl of Ailesbury ( 1729 – 1814 ) , who refused to allow a deep cutting through his property and insisted on a tunnel . The tunnel has red brick portals , capped with Bath stone , each with a decorative plaque of Pennant stone . The tunnel was begun in 1806 and finished in 1809 . It is lined with English bond brickwork and has a wide bore to cope with the Newbury barges used on the canal . There is no towpath through the tunnel , so walkers and cyclists must walk across the top of the hill . When canal boats were pulled by horses the boatmen had to haul their barges through the tunnel by hand , pulling on chains that ran along the inside walls . The Crofton Locks flight marks the start of the descent from the summit to the Thames ; the nine locks have a total rise / fall of 61 feet ( 19 m ) . When the canal was built there were no reliable water sources available to fill the summit by normal gravitational means . A number of usable springs were found adjacent to the canal route about one mile ( 2 km ) east of the summit pound , and about 40 feet ( 12 m ) below it , and arrangements were made for them to feed the pound below lock 60 at Crofton . Some years later the Wilton Water reservoir was created to enhance the supply to this pound using the springs and the River Dun . Water is pumped to the summit at the western end of the locks , from Wilton Water , by the restored Crofton Pumping Station . The original steam @-@ powered pumping station is preserved and contains one of the oldest operational Watt @-@ style beam engines in the world , dating from 1812 . The steam engines still pump water on selected weekends , but for day @-@ to @-@ day operation electric pumps are used , automatically controlled by the water level in the summit pound . Near Crofton are Savernake Forest and the remains of a railway bridge that carried the Midland and South Western Junction Railway over the canal . Mill Bridge at Great Bedwyn is unusual in being a skew arch ; on its completion in 1796 it was the first of its kind . From there to Hungerford the canal follows the valley of the River Dun through Freeman 's Marsh , which consists of unimproved meadows , marsh and reedbed . It is an important site for overwintering , migratory and breeding birds , and supports many varieties of flora scarce in Southern England . It was cited by English Nature in 1986 , and forms part of the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . There are plans to construct a marina and hotel complex adjacent to the site , but the potential environmental impacts ( particularly to water voles ) of such a development on Freeman 's Marsh have led to local opposition . To the north of the canal are seven separate small areas , four in the Kennet Valley and three in the Lambourn Valley , which make up the Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain SSSI . Occupying a total of 57 acres ( 23 ha ) , it supports particularly large populations of Desmoulin 's whorl snail . There are several locks and bridges in Hungerford , including one which carries the A338 . Hungerford Marsh Lock is unique on the Kennet and Avon Canal in that it has a swing bridge directly over the centre of the lock that must be opened before the lock may be used . In the area around the lock , called Hungerford Marsh Nature Reserve , more than 120 bird species have been recorded . Between Kintbury Lock and Newbury , passing to the north of Hamstead Marshall , the canal is very close to the River Kennet , which flows into the canal via several channels . The canal passes through an area known as the Kennet Valley Alderwoods , the largest remaining fragments of damp , ash @-@ alder woodland in the River Kennet floodplain . The SSSI includes two woods – the Wilderness and part of Ryott 's Plantation – which are important because they support a very great diversity of plants associated with this woodland type , dominated by alder ( Alnus glutinosa ) ; though ash ( Fraxinus excelsior ) is abundant in places and there is occasional oak ( Quercus robur ) and wych elm ( Ulmus glabra ) . In addition to the wide range of higher plants the woods support a diverse bryophyte flora including the uncommon epiphytes Radula complanata , Zygodon viridissimus and Orthotrichum affine . Nearby is Irish Hill Copse . This site of coppiced ancient woodland includes an extensive area of calcareous ash / wych elm coppice on the hill sides , merging into wet ash / maple and acid oak / ash / hazel woodland with aspen , on the higher parts of the site . The lower slopes are dominated by dog 's mercury ( Mercurialis perennis ) , with abundant herb paris ( Paris quadrifolia ) , toothwort ( Lathraea squamaria ) , Solomon 's seal ( Polygonatum multiflorum ) , twayblade and early purple orchids ( Listera ovata ) and Orchis mascula and , locally , wild daffodil ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus ) . A wooden bridge was built close to Newbury Lock in 1726 , replaced in stone between 1769 and 1772 by James Clarke , and now known as the Town Bridge or Water Bridge . As there is no tow path , a line to haul the barge had to be floated under the bridge and then re @-@ attached to the horse where the tow path resumed . = = = Newbury to Reading = = = The River Kennet is navigable from Newbury downstream to the confluence with the River Thames at Kennet Mouth , in Reading . The stretch from Newbury to High Bridge in Reading is an improved river navigation known as the Kennet Navigation , opened in 1723 . Throughout this navigation stretches of natural riverbed alternate with 11 miles ( 18 km ) of artificial lock cuts and a series of locks that overcome a fall of 130 feet ( 40 m ) . East of Newbury town centre the Kennet passes through the Thatcham Reed Beds a 169 acres ( 68 ha ) Site of Special Scientific Interest , nationally important for its extensive reedbed , and species @-@ rich alder woodland and fen habitats . The latter supports Desmoulin 's whorl snail ( Vertigo moulinsiana ) , which is of national and European importance . A large assemblage of breeding birds including nationally rare species such as Cetti 's warbler ( Cettia cetti ) make use of the reedbed , fen and open water habitats found at Thatcham Reed Beds . Thatcham 's network of gravel pits , reed bed , woodland , hedges and grassland is rich in wildlife and has been made into The Nature Discovery Centre by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds . Monkey Marsh Lock at Thatcham is one of only two remaining working examples of turf @-@ sided locks on the canal today . It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument by English Heritage . Below Colthrop Lock in Thatcham the river leaves behind the built @-@ up area of Newbury and runs in generally rural surroundings . It passes through the Woolhampton Reed Bed , another SSSI which consists of dense reed bed with smaller areas of tall fen vegetation and carr woodland . It is notable for the diversity of insects it supports and its nesting passerine bird populations , which include several uncommon species such as reed warbler ( Acrocephalus scirpaceus ) , a species that in Britain nests almost exclusively in this habitat . Aldermaston Gravel Pits consist of mature flooded gravel workings surrounded by dense fringing vegetation , trees and scrub , affording a variety of habitats for breeding birds and a refuge for wildfowl . The irregular shoreline with islands , promontories , sheltered eutrophic pools and narrow lagoons , provides undisturbed habitat for many water birds , including surface @-@ feeding ducks such as teal ( Anas crecca ) and shoveler ( Anas clypeata ) . The surrounding marsh and scrub are important for numerous birds including nine breeding species of warblers , water rails ( Rallus aquaticus ) , kingfishers ( Alcedoa atthis ) and an important breeding colony of nightingales ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) . In 2002 English Nature bought Aldermaston Gravel Pits from the mineral extraction company Grundon and it is managed as a nature reserve by the Berkshire , Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust . The River Kennet itself , from near its sources west of Marlborough down to Woolhampton , has been designated as a SSSI primarily because it has an extensive range of rare plants and animals that are unique to chalk watercourses . The village of Woolhampton and the canal settlement of Aldermaston Wharf are the only significant settlements until the river enters the built @-@ up area of Reading at Sheffield Lock in Theale . Even after this , the river is isolated from Reading 's suburbs by a wide floodplain surrounding the river . In this stretch is Garston Lock , the other turf @-@ sided lock on the navigation . Shortly after passing Fobney Lock and the associated water treatment works , the Kennet flood plain narrows and the river enters a narrow steep @-@ sided gap in the hills forming the southern flank of the Thames flood plain . At County Lock the river enters the centre of Reading , where it formerly flowed through the centre of a large brewery . This narrow and twisting stretch of the river became known as Brewery Gut . Because of poor visibility and the difficulty of boats passing in this stretch , traffic has long been controlled by a set of maritime traffic lights . Today the Brewery Gut is a major feature of Reading 's The Oracle shopping centre . Immediately after The Oracle the river flows under the arched High Bridge , which forms a historical and administrative divide on the river . The last mile of the River Kennet in Reading below the bridge has been navigable since at least the 13th century . Because there is no wide floodplain , wharves could be built during the Middle Ages that allowed Reading to establish itself as a river port . Originally this short stretch of river , which includes Blake 's Lock , was under the control of Reading Abbey , but today it is administered by the Environment Agency as if it were part of the River Thames . The Horseshoe Bridge at Kennet Mouth was built as a railway bridge in 1839 , and the timber @-@ clad iron @-@ truss accommodation bridge was added in 1892 . = = Canal today = = The canal today is a heritage tourism destination . Boating , with narrowboats and cruisers , is a popular tourist attraction particularly in the summer months . It is a favourite haunt of several famous canal enthusiasts including canal boat veterans and original K & A restoration supporters , Prunella Scales and Timothy West . Privately owned craft and hire boats from the range of marinas are much in evidence , and there are numerous canoe clubs along its length . The annual Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon starts from Devizes Wharf , the site of the Kennet & Avon Canal Museum , at first light on Good Friday each year and the competitors have to negotiate 75 locks in the 125 @-@ mile ( 201 km ) route between Devizes and the finish at Westminster . The winning time is usually around 17 ½ hours . Cycling is permitted along the canal towpath except for a 656 yards ( 600 m ) section near Woolhampton . Some sections of the canal towpath have been improved and widened to make them more suitable for cyclists and disabled users . Under a partnership arrangement involving British Waterways , Sustrans , and the riparian local authorities , two main sections of the canal have been improved , and , with a few short diversions , run from Reading to Marsh Benham and from Devizes to Bath as part of the National Cycle Network ( NCN ) Route 4 . Fishing for bream , tench , roach , rudd , perch , gudgeon , pike and carp is permitted throughout the year from the towpath of the canal , but almost its whole length is leased to angling associations or fishing clubs . There are a variety of riverside public houses , shops and tea rooms . The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust operates shops and tearooms at Aldermaston Lock , Newbury Wharf , Crofton Pumping Station , Devizes , and Bradford on Avon . = = = Ecology = = = The canal and its environs are important for wildlife conservation . There are several Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , which exhibit great biodiversity . Key sites that are home to several rare species include the Aldermaston Gravel Pits , Woolhampton , Thatcham Reed Beds , and Freeman 's Marsh , Hungerford . There are also many non @-@ statutory nature reserves along the canal . More than 100 different species of bird have been recorded in surveys over the length of the canal , of which 38 could be classified as specialist waterway birds , including grey heron ( Ardea cinerea ) , reed bunting ( Emberiza schoeniclus ) and common kingfisher ( Alcedo atthis ) . Fourteen species have been confirmed as breeding including sand martins ( Riparia riparia ) , which nest in drain @-@ pipes in the brick walls of the canal in the centre of Reading . Wilton Water by Crofton Locks and the Kennet Valley gravel pits provide habitats for breeding and wintering waterfowl . Several species of Odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) and other invertebrates have also been recorded . Common reed ( Phragmites australis ) is among the plant species growing along the edges of the canal . Measures to preserve and create water vole ( Arvicola amphibius or A. terrestrisis ) habitat have had considerable impact on the restoration of the canal , and new " vole @-@ friendly " techniques of bank protection have been developed . = Evolution of Worcestershire county boundaries since 1844 = The boundaries of Worcestershire , England have been fluid for over 150 years since the first major changes in 1844 . There were many detached parts of Worcestershire in the surrounding counties , and conversely there were islands of other counties within Worcestershire . The 1844 Counties ( Detached Parts ) Act began the processing of eliminating these , but the process was not completed until 1966 , when Dudley was absorbed into Staffordshire . The expansion of Birmingham and the Black Country during and after the Industrial Revolution also altered the county map considerably . Local government commissions were set up to recommend changes to the local government structures , and as early as 1945 recommendations were made to merge Worcestershire with Herefordshire . Eventually in 1974 , a form of this recommendation was carried out , most of Worcestershire was combined with Herefordshire to form a new county named Hereford & Worcester , while the northern Black Country towns and villages of Worcestershire , along with adjoining areas of Staffordshire and Warwickshire , formed the new county of West Midlands . Hereford & Worcester was re @-@ divided into the separate counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire in 1998 . Since that time Worcestershire 's boundaries have not changed . Redditch opted to join the West Midlands Combined Authority as an associate ' non @-@ constituent ' member in October 2015 , although this will not affect the borough 's status within Worcestershire . = = Boundaries before 1844 = = Worcestershire 's boundaries were relatively stable before the Victorian era , although some parishes or Manors changed hands with neighbouring counties , usually as ' gifts ' by the monarchy , church or through conquest . In 1844 ; the administration of Worcestershire was carried out by the Courts of Quarter Sessions , who were responsible for law and order , civil jurisdiction and certain administrative functions in the county . These roles included the licensing of alehouses , police , weights and measures , construction / maintenance of highways and bridges , poor law disputes and setting taxes . The county was then divided into five hundreds ( a county subdivision ) , four separate boroughs for the larger towns ( Bewdley , Kidderminster , Droitwich , and Evesham ) , and Worcester itself , which was a county corporate . Worcester was autonomous from Worcestershire and the boroughs had a certain degree of autonomy within the hundreds . Worcestershire 's remaining hundreds prior to the reforms were Blakenhurst , Doddingtree , Halfshire , Oswaldslow and Pershore . The main township part of St. John in Bedwardine parish was incorporated into the City of Worcester in 1837 . The fractured layout of the hundreds was at best confusing . Most of the hundreds were split into two or even three divisions in differing parts of the county . As the above table and Fig 1 shows , some of these parishes were islands surrounded by other hundreds . Meanwhile , some of Worcestershire 's parishes existed in other counties jurisdictions , known as enclaves , exclaves , " outliers " or simply " islands " . There were also parishes that stretched over the county boundary as part of their contiguous area ; Old Swinford parish included Amblecote from Staffordshire for instance . = = = Exclaves and enclaves = = = Worcestershire had an unusually large number of exclaves ( see Fig 1 ) , which were cut off from the main county and completely surrounded by the nearby counties of Warwickshire , Staffordshire , Gloucestershire , Herefordshire , Shropshire ( Detached ) and Oxfordshire . This relationship with neighbouring counties mirrored the confusing and fragmented layout of parishes within Worcestershire 's own hundreds ( See images and table below ) . The most notable islands were Dudley , Evenlode , Blockley and the area around Shipston @-@ on @-@ Stour . Herefordshire , Staffordshire , Warwickshire and Shropshire had their own exclaves within the main part of Worcestershire at Rochford , Broome , Clent , Tardebigge ( Tutnall and Cobley ) and Halesowen respectively . Tardebigge 's history outside the county is even more colourful , changing hands from Worcestershire to Staffordshire and Warwickshire , before returning to Worcestershire at differing times over the centuries . The southern boundary of the county was also complex , with parish boundaries penetrating deep into Gloucestershire and vice versa . The exclaves and enclaves of Worcestershire = = Counties ( Detached Parts ) Act 1844 = = The Counties ( Detached Parts ) Act 1844 was an Act of Parliament which abolished many of the exclaves of counties in England and Wales . The precursor to this legislation was the Reform Act 1832 and Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 , which redefined the boundaries for members of parliament . These acts changed the status of many exclaves and enclaves , starting the process of incorporating these ' outliers ' into their surrounding county . This Act of Parliament was designed to eradicate the issue of " islands " or " exclaves " , but numerous exclaves remained part of Worcestershire until the enactment of the Provisional Order Confirmation ( Gloucestershire , Warwickshire and Worcestershire ) Act 1931 . Dudley was Worcestershire 's final exclave ; it was transferred to Staffordshire in 1966 by the West Midlands Order 1965 . = = = Warley Wigorn , Cradley and Lutley = = = Halesowen parish became a detached part of Shropshire when it was gifted to the Earl of Shrewsbury in the late 11th century ; lying between Worcestershire 's northern border and Staffordshire 's southern border . Some small islands within Halesowen were excluded from the gift : Warley Wigorn , which was retained by the Barony of Dudley ( and which consisted of over a dozen disconnected fragments of land ) ; the manor of Cradley ; and Lutley . All three became detached parts of Worcestershire , isolated within Halesowen . Halesowen was returned to Worcestershire in 1844 , ending the detached status of these three islands . Forty years later , Warley Wigorn and the neighbouring parish of " Warley Salop " , which had been in the Shropshire part of Halesowen , joined to become a new parish , Warley . = = = Civil Parishes = = = Historically ; the division into ancient parishes was linked to the manorial system , with parishes and manors often sharing the same boundaries . However the Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 declared a divergence between the historic ecclesiastical parish and administrative functions within the locality , thus creating civil parishes . These administrative units formed the bottom @-@ tier of local government within England and were established from 1866 . = = = Political Reform = = = By the 1880s there was increasing pressure to reform the structure of English counties and the question of county government had become a major political issue . Both the Liberal and Conservative party manifestos for the 1886 general election contained promises to introduce elected local authorities . The Local Government ( Boundaries ) Act 1887 received Royal Assent in September 1887 and appointed Boundary Commissioners to review the existing county boundaries , except for the ' Counties Corporate ' . Worcestershire would have witnessed the formation of a county administration and a loss of territory to Birmingham . The Act also legislated for Dudley to unite with the rest of the county , although this would be achieved through a transfer of territory from Staffordshire . This Act was repealed in favour of the alternative Local Government Act 1888 . = = 1888 – 1958 = = Worcestershire County Council or the administrative county of Worcestershire came into existence following the Local Government Act 1888 and was a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government from 1889 . This new structure replaced many of the administrative functions carried out by the quarter sessions of Worcestershire . The administrative county covered the historic shire of Worcestershire , except for two newly designated county boroughs at Dudley and Worcester . A ' county borough ' was a ' single tier ' authority and regarded within the Local Government Act 1888 as independent of county council jurisdiction or an " administrative county of itself " . This was due to the size of the general population or historic status as ' Counties Corporate ' . The Act also ensured that Worcestershire 's boundaries for what was classified as " non @-@ administrative purposes " would match that of the administrative county ( including the county boroughs in most cases ) . The non @-@ administrative purposes were stated to be " sheriff , lieutenant ( custos rotulorum ) , justices , militia , coroner , or other " . Thus resembling the functions of modern ceremonial counties . = = = Local Government Act 1894 = = = The hundreds were replaced by a new district council formation of either urban or rural districts following implementation of the Local Government Act 1894 . These new ' districts ' were ' second @-@ tier ' administrative units under county council jurisdiction , but did not form part of a county borough which were ' single tier ' authorities . The Act did not legislate the abolition of the hundreds , but their remaining powers were given to the new district councils . The district council boundaries were also self @-@ contained in one administrative county as per the legislation and therefore , unlike some of their predecessors , did not stray over the external shire boundaries . For example , the former Poor Law Union of Alcester in Warwickshire included Abbots Morton , Feckenham , Inkberrow and Oldberrow within its area until the 1894 changes . The Act also introduced structural changes to civil parishes , abolishing vestries and established elected civil parish councils in all rural parishes with more than 300 electors . These were grouped into their rural districts . Boundaries were altered to avoid parishes being split between counties . = = = Birmingham , Oldberrow , Upper Arley and Edvin Loach ( 1891 – 1911 ) = = = Within a short time after the 1888 Act , Worcestershire 's northern external boundaries began to alter ( See Fig 3 ) . The district of Balsall Heath , which had originally constituted the most northerly part of the Parish of King 's Norton , was the first area of the county to be added to the newly designated City of Birmingham on 1 October 1891 . This was followed by the small island of Edvin Loach near Bromyard , which was transferred to Herefordshire in 1893 . Two years following the loss of Edvin Loach , the county gained the parish of Upper Arley , which was a Staffordshire parish nearly surrounded by Worcestershire and Shropshire ( See Fig 2 ) . Oldberrow parish , which was situated in the north east Worcestershire border area was transferred to Warwickshire County Council jurisdiction during 1896 . The continuous expansion of Birmingham city has been a large contributory factor to Worcestershire 's fluid boundary changes and associated housing issues . Balsall Heath was followed into Birmingham by Quinton Urban District in November 1909 , and then by both the Rural District of Yardley and the greater part of the Urban District of King 's Norton and Northfield . These latter transfers into the city were as part of the Greater Birmingham Act on 9 November 1911 , which saw a considerable expansion of the city into its surrounding districts . As a consequence of the transfer to Birmingham ; these areas ( and Balsall Heath ) were regarded as part of Warwickshire , though Birmingham 's status as a ' county borough ' ensured these areas were not administered by Warwickshire County Council . = = = Expansion of Dudley and Smethwick ( 1926 – 1928 ) = = = The compact size of Dudley County Borough combined with an increasing population , the high cost of reclaiming derelict land and urgent slum clearance contributed to a dire housing and land shortage . This resulted in the council " acquiring land from adjacent local authorities " . At the expense of Staffordshire , Worcestershire grew slightly in 1926 to allow for the construction of the Priory Estate on land which was mostly situated in Sedgley . These boundary changes also saw the purchase of the town 's castle and priory ruins by the council , primarily to free up surrounding land for social housing . Several thousand homes ( mostly council owned ) were built between 1929 and 1955 on what became known as the Priory , Wren 's Nest and Old Park Farm estates . A similar housing and land shortage existed in nearby Smethwick County Borough , which also resulted in the authority acquiring land from adjoining council areas . By 1914 ; the urban area of Bearwood had already spread over the border of Oldbury Urban District as far as Rathbone Road and Warley Park . A further adjustment of the county boundary took place in 1928 and on this occasion however , Staffordshire gained territory from Worcestershire at Warley Woods ( See Fig 4 ) . This enabled Smethwick to build new housing estates at Londonderry and to the west of Rathbone Road . The housing and land shortage within Smethwick continued after World War II , rendering the council to concentrate primarily on constructing medium @-@ rise maisonettes , flats and high @-@ rise tower blocks for social housing needs . = = = Provisional Order Confirmation ( Gloucestershire , Warwickshire and Worcestershire ) Act 1931 = = = The Counties ( Detached parts ) Act 1844 was originally designed to eradicate exclaves or ' islands ' and amalgamate the area with the surrounding county ; Worcestershire however , still possessed many ' outliers ' to the south east . This was before enactment of the Provisional Order Confirmation ( Gloucestershire , Warwickshire and Worcestershire ) Act 1931 which nearly completed the task of amalgamating Worcestershire 's islands into their surrounding county , except for Dudley . This act transferred Blockley , Daylesford and Evenlode to Gloucestershire , whilst Warwickshire gained Alderminster , Tidmington and Tredington . The whole of Shipston @-@ on @-@ Stour Rural District was also merged into Warwickshire and subsequently amalgamated with Brailes Rural District . The outliers were not the only boundary realignments as part of the Act . The south western tip of Worcestershire at Redmarley D 'Abitot and Staunton was transferred to Gloucestershire , whilst the county gained the parish of Ipsley from Alcester Rural District in Warwickshire ( See Fig 5 ) , which was added to the expanding Redditch Urban District = = = Local Government Boundary Commission ( 1945 – 1949 ) = = = The Local Government Boundary Commission proposed radical changes to the local government structures during 1948 . The plans included merging Worcestershire with Herefordshire to form a new administrative unit , except Dudley and Oldbury which would become part of a new " Stafford South " county . Worcester and Dudley would remain as county boroughs , however some services would be carried out by the respective county council . While the commission 's proposals were abandoned , revised proposals for a combined Herefordshire & South Worcestershire county were to surface twenty years later . = = Local Government Act 1958 = = Over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries , the Birmingham and Black Country urban areas were coalescing into a single extensive conurbation spanning the borders of three counties : Warwickshire , Staffordshire and Worcestershire . Other similar urban areas in England , such as Lancashire , Tyneside , London and within Yorkshire West Riding , had grown in size since the Industrial Revolution . The expansion of these conurbations saw economic and physical integration with neighbouring towns and communities . This process became more prominent due to growing housing issues , extensive bombing during World War II , slum clearance , and continuing migration into urban areas . The Black Country contained a combination of county boroughs , urban districts , municipal boroughs and county councils ( See Fig 6 ) taking responsibility for services , which resulted in a fragmented local government infrastructure . The Local Government Act 1958 appointed a Local Government Commission to review administrative structures and boundaries in England outside London . The Act designated a West Midlands Special Review Area , whose recommendations would ultimately form the West Midlands Order 1965 legislation . A second report known as the West Midlands General Review looked into the administrative authorities within the wider region , including the remainder of Worcestershire . = = = West Midlands Special Review Area = = = The commission made its report in July 1961 . It recommended that the Black Country area be administered by large county boroughs , and that the remaining urban districts or municipal boroughs be merged into these authorities . The original county council 's responsibility for services within the majority of the conurbation were curtailed and association with the historic shire was for ceremonial purposes only . The West Midlands Special Review Area included Dudley , Oldbury , Stourbridge and Halesowen ( as per Fig . 6 ) . The latter two council areas were not incorporated into a county borough , as part of the eventual West Midlands Order 1965 . Halesowen was proposed to be included within an enlarged Smethwick County Borough , but a successful campaign entitled " Hands off Halesowen " orchestrated by a non @-@ partisan group called the " Halesowen Independence Committee " helped stop the plans . Meanwhile , the second report into the West Midland General Review area was also delivered in July 1961 and a proposal for Worcester to lose its county borough status was not implemented . = = = West Midlands Order 1965 = = = In April 1966 , Dudley expanded beyond its historical boundaries and took in the surrounding Staffordshire districts of Sedgley , Brierley Hill , Coseley and part of Amblecote . The West Midlands Order 1965 redefined its status and the Dudley County Borough became part of Staffordshire . Worcestershire County Council retained Halesowen and Stourbridge , but ceded Oldbury to an enlarged Smeth	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
it " one of the more entertaining " installments of the series . " No Exit " has been seen as a " turning point " for Miami Vice , finalizing what would become the overall tone of the series . This has been credited to the addition of Edward James Olmos to the cast , and Mann becoming the sole executive producer after the departure of Anthony Yerkovich . The episode has also been noted as an example of the series ' criticism of the presidency of Ronald Reagan , linking the villain Amato with United States intervention in South America . This critique of the federal government and its handling of foreign intervention would prove to be a recurring element of the series , featuring in the second season episode " Prodigal Son " and the fourth season episode " Baseballs of Death " . Willis ' portrayal of Amato has been described by critic Mark T. Conard as an example of a recurring character archetype in the series , that of a troubled male with a checkered past . Other examples given by Conard are Bruce McGill 's guest role in " Out Where the Buses Don 't Run " and G. Gordon Liddy 's appearance in " Stone 's War " . Conard also identifies the three male protagonists — Crockett , Tubbs and Castillo — among this archetype . = German occupation of Belgium during World War II = The German occupation of Belgium ( French : Occupation allemande , Dutch : Duitse bezetting ) during World War II began on 28 May 1940 when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces and lasted until Belgium 's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945 . It was the second time that Germany had occupied Belgium in under thirty years . After the success of the invasion , a military administration was established in Belgium , bringing the territory under the direct rule of the Wehrmacht . Thousands of Belgian soldiers were taken as prisoners of war , and many were not released until 1945 . The German administration juggled competing objectives of maintaining order while extracting material from the territory for the war effort . They were assisted by the Belgian civil service , which believed that limited co @-@ operation with the occupiers would result in the least damage to Belgian interests . Belgian Fascist parties in both Flanders and Wallonia , established before the war , collaborated much more actively with the occupiers ; they helped recruit Belgians for the German army and were given more power themselves toward the end of the occupation . Food and fuel were tightly rationed , and all official news was closely censored . Belgian civilians living near possible targets such as railway junctions were in danger of Allied aerial bombing . From 1942 , the occupation became more repressive . Jews suffered systematic persecution and deportation to concentration camps , as measures were taken against potential political opposition . Despite vigorous protest , the Germans deported Belgian civilians to work in factories in Germany . Meanwhile , the Belgian Resistance , formed in late 1940 , expanded vastly . From 1944 , the SS and Nazi Party gained much greater control in Belgium , particularly after the military government was replaced in July by a Nazi civil administration , the Reichskommissariat Belgien @-@ Nordfrankreich . In September 1944 , Allied forces arrived in Belgium and quickly moved across the country . That December , the territory was incorporated de jure into the Greater German Reich although its collaborationist leaders were already in exile in Germany and German control in the region was virtually non @-@ existent . Belgium was declared fully liberated in February 1945 . In total , 40 @,@ 690 Belgians , over half of them Jews , were killed during the occupation and the country 's pre @-@ war gross domestic product ( GDP ) was reduced by eight percent . = = Background = = Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality since its independence in 1830 , successfully avoiding becoming a belligerent in the Franco @-@ Prussian War ( 1870 – 71 ) . In World War I , the German Empire invaded Belgium . During the ensuing occupation , the Allies encouraged Belgian workers to resist the occupiers through non @-@ compliance , leading to large @-@ scale reprisals against Belgian civilians by the German army . As political tensions escalated in the years leading to World War II , the Belgian government again announced its intention to remain neutral in the event of war in Europe . The military was reorganised into a defensive force and the country left several international military treaties it had joined in the aftermath of World War I. Construction began of defences in the east of the country . When France and Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939 , Belgium remained strictly neutral while mobilising its reserves . Without warning , the Germans invaded Belgium on 10 May 1940 . During the following 18 Days ' Campaign , the Belgian army was pushed back into a pocket in the north @-@ west of Belgium and surrendered on 28 May . The government fled to France , and later the United Kingdom , establishing an official government in exile under pre @-@ war Prime Minister Hubert Pierlot . They were responsible for forming a small military force made up of Belgian and colonial troops , known as the Free Belgian Forces and which fought as part the Allied forces . = = Administration and governance = = Shortly after the surrender of the Belgian army , the Militärverwaltung in Belgien und Nordfrankreich ( a " Military Administration " covering Belgium and the two French departments of Nord and Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais ) was created by the Germans with Brussels as administrative centre . Germany annexed Eupen @-@ Malmedy , a German @-@ speaking region given to Belgium under the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 . The Military Government was placed under the control of General Alexander von Falkenhausen , an aristocrat and career soldier . Under von Falkenhausen 's command , the German administration had two military units at its disposal : the Feldgendarmerie ( " Field Gendarmerie " , part of the Wehrmacht ) and the Gestapo ( the " Secret State Police " , part of the SS ) . The section of the Military Government that dealt with civil matters , the Militärverwaltungsstab , commanded by Eggert Reeder , was responsible for all economic , social and political matters in the territory . Before leaving the country in 1940 , the Belgian government had installed a panel of senior civil @-@ servants , the so @-@ called " Committee of Secretaries @-@ General " , to administer the territory in the absence of elected ministers . The Germans retained the Committee during the occupation ; it was responsible for implementing demands made by the Militärverwaltungsstab . The Committee hoped to stop the Germans becoming involved in the day @-@ to @-@ day administration of the territory , allowing the nation to maintain a degree of autonomy . The Committee also hoped to be able to prevent the implementation of more radical German policies , such as forced labour and deportation . In practice , the Committee merely enabled the Germans to implement their policies more efficiently than the Military Government could have done by force . In July 1944 , the military administration was replaced by a civilian government ( Zivilverwaltung ) , led by Josef Grohé . The territory was divided into Reichsgaue , considerably increasing the power of the Nazi Party and SS in the territory . By 1944 the Germans were increasingly forced to share power , and day @-@ to @-@ day administration was increasingly delegated to Belgian civil authorities and organisations . = = = Leopold III = = = Leopold III became King of the Belgians in 1934 , following the death of his father in a mountaineering accident . Leopold was one of the key exponents of Belgian political and military neutrality before the war . Under the Belgian Constitution , the King played an important political role and served as commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the military , and personally commanded the Belgian army during the 18 Days ' Campaign of May 1940 . On 28 May 1940 , the King surrendered to the Germans alongside his soldiers . This violated the constitution , as it contradicted the orders of his ministers , who wanted him to follow the example of the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina and flee to France or England to rally resistance . His refusal to leave Belgium undermined his political legitimacy in the eyes of many Belgians and was viewed as a sign of his support for the new order . He was denounced by the Belgian Prime Minister , Hubert Pierlot , and declared " incompetent to reign " by the government in exile . Leopold was keen to find an accommodation with Germany in 1940 , hoping that Belgium would remain as a unified and semi @-@ autonomous state within a German @-@ dominated Europe . As part of this plan , in November 1940 , Leopold visited Adolf Hitler , the Führer of Germany , in Berchtesgaden to ask for Belgian prisoners of war to be freed . An agreement was not reached and Leopold returned to Belgium . This fueled the belief that Leopold , who had expressed anti @-@ Semitic views before the war , was collaborating with the Nazis rather than defending his country 's interests . For the rest of the war , Leopold was held under house @-@ arrest in the Palace of Laeken . In 1941 , while still incarcerated , he married Mary Lilian Baels , undermining his popularity with the Belgian public which disliked Baels and considered the marriage to discredit his claim to martyr status . Despite his position , he remained prominent in the occupied territory , and coins and stamps continued to carry his portrait or monogramme . While imprisoned , he sent a letter to Hitler in 1942 credited with saving an estimated 500 @,@ 000 Belgian women and children from forced deportation to munitions factories in Germany . In January 1944 , Leopold was moved to Germany where he remained for the rest of the war . Despite his position , Leopold remained a figurehead for right @-@ wing resistance movements and Allied propaganda portrayed him as a martyr , sharing his country 's fate . Attempts by the government in exile to pursue Leopold to defect to the Allied side were unsuccessful ; Leopold consistently refused to publicly support the Allies or to denounce German actions such as the deportation of Belgian workers . After the war , allegations that Leopold 's surrender had been an act of collaboration provoked a political crisis over whether he could return to the throne ; known as the Royal Question , the crisis ended with Leopold 's abdication in 1951 . = = Life in occupied Belgium = = Living standards in occupied Belgium decreased significantly from pre @-@ war levels . Wages stagnated , while the occupying authorities tripled the amount of money in circulation , leading to rampant inflation . The occupying authorities tightly controlled which newspapers could be published and what news they could print . Newspapers of pro @-@ Nazi political parties continued to be printed , along with so @-@ called " stolen " newspapers such as Le Soir or Het Laatste Nieuws , which were published by pro @-@ German groups without their owners ' permission . Despite the tight censorship and propagandist content , the circulation of these newspapers remained high , as did the sales of party newspapers such as Le Pays Réel and Volk en Staat . Many civilians listened to regular broadcasts from Britain , so @-@ called Radio Belgique , despite being officially prohibited from December 1940 . Most Belgians continued their pre @-@ war professions during the occupation . The Belgian cartoonist Hergé , whose work since 1928 had contributed to the popularisation of comics in Europe , completed three volumes of The Adventures of Tintin under the occupation , serialised in the pro @-@ German newspaper Le Soir . = = = Rationing = = = Before the war , the Belgian government had planned an emergency system of rationing , which was implemented on the day of the German invasion . The German occupying authority used Belgium 's reliance on food imports as a bargaining tool . The amount of food permitted to Belgian citizens was roughly two @-@ thirds of that allowed to comparable German citizens and was amongst the lowest in occupied Europe . On average , scarcity of food led to a loss of five to seven kilograms of weight per Belgian in 1940 alone . A Belgian citizen was entitled to 225 grams ( 7 @.@ 9 oz ) of bread each day , and 250 grams ( 8 @.@ 8 oz ) of butter , 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) sugar , 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) meat and 15 kilograms ( 33 lb ) of potatoes each month . Later in the war , even this was not always available and many civilians survived by fishing or by growing vegetables in allotments . Because of the tight rationing , a black market in food and other consumer goods emerged . Food on the black market was extremely expensive . Prices could be 650 percent higher than in legal shops and rose constantly during the war . Because of the profits to be made , the black market spawned large and well @-@ organised networks . Numerous members of the German administration were involved in the black market , stealing military or official supplies and reselling them . = = = Allied bombing = = = Factories , ports and other strategic sites used by the German war effort were frequent targets of Allied bombers from both the British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and American United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) . Many of these were located in towns and cities , and inaccuracy of the bombing resulted in substantial civilian casualties . In the early years of the occupation , Allied bombing took the form of small @-@ scale attacks on specific targets , such as the ports of Knokke and Zeebrugge , and on Luftwaffe airfields . The Germans encouraged the building of 6 @,@ 000 air @-@ raid shelters between 1941 and 1942 , at a cost of 220 million francs . From 1943 , the Allies began targeting sites in urban areas . In a raid on the Erla Motor Works in the town of Mortsel ( near Antwerp ) in April 1943 , just two bombs dropped by the B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses of the U.S. 8th Air Force fell on the intended target . The remaining 24 tonnes of bombs fell on civilian areas , killing 936 and injuring 1 @,@ 340 more . During the preparation for D @-@ Day in the spring of 1944 , the Allies launched the Transport Plan , carrying out intensive bombing of railway junctions and transport networks across northern France and Belgium . Many of these targets were in towns near densely populated civilian areas , such as La Louvière and Kortrijk in Belgium , which were bombed in March 1944 . The phase of bombing in the lead up to D @-@ Day alone resulted in 1 @,@ 500 civilian casualties . Bombing of targets in Belgium steadily increased as the Allies advanced westward across France . Allied bombing during the liberation in September 1944 killed 9 @,@ 750 Belgians and injured 40 @,@ 000 . The Allied policy was condemned by many leading figures in Belgium , including Cardinal van Roey , who appealed to Allied commanders to " spare the private possessions of the citizens , as otherwise the civilised world will one day call to account those responsible for the terrible treatment dealt out to an innocent and loyal country " . = = Economic situation = = The German government levied the costs of the military occupation on the Belgians through taxes , while also demanding " external occupation costs " ( or " Anti @-@ Bolshevik charges " ) to support operations elsewhere . In total , Belgium was forced to pay nearly two @-@ thirds of its national income for these charges , equalling 5 @.@ 7 billion Reichsmarks over the course of the occupation . The value of the Belgian franc was artificially suppressed , further increasing the size of the Anti @-@ Bolshevik charge and benefitting German companies exporting to the occupied country . The considerable Belgian gold reserves , on which the Belga had been secured , were mostly transported to Britain , Canada and the United States before the German invasion . Over 198 tonnes , however , had been entrusted to the Banque de France before the war , and shipped to Dakar in French West Africa . Under the pro @-@ German Vichy régime , the gold was seized by the Germans , who used it to buy munitions from neutral Switzerland and Sweden . = = = Galopin Doctrine = = = Before fleeing in May 1940 , the Belgian government established a body of important economic figures , under the leadership of Alexandre Galopin , known as the " Galopin Committee " . Galopin was the director of the Société Générale de Belgique ( SGB ) , a company which dominated the Belgian economy and controlled almost 40 percent of the country 's industrial production . The Committee was able to negotiate with the German authorities and was also in contact with the government in exile . Galopin pioneered a controversial policy , known as the " Galopin Doctrine " . The Doctrine decreed that Belgian companies continue producing goods necessary for the Belgian population ( food , consumer goods etc . ) under the German occupiers , but refused to produce war materiel or anything which could be used in the German war effort . The policy hoped to prevent a repeat of World War I , when the Allies had encouraged Belgian workers to passively resist the Germans by refusing to work . The Germans instead deported Belgian workers and industrial machinery to German factories , benefitting their economy more . The policy also hoped to avoid an industrial decline which would have negative effects on the country 's recovery after the war ; however , many viewed the policy as collaboration . Between 1941 and 1942 , the German authorities began to force Belgian businessmen to make an explicit choice between obeying the Doctrine ( and refusing to produce war materials , at risk of death ) and circumventing the doctrine as collaborators . = = = Deportation and forced labour = = = Before 1941 , Belgian workers could volunteer to work in Germany ; nearly 180 @,@ 000 Belgians signed up , hoping for better pay and living conditions . About 3 @,@ 000 Belgians joined the Organisation Todt ( OT ) , and 4 @,@ 000 more joined the paramilitary German supply corps , the Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps ( NSKK ) . The numbers , however , proved insufficient . Despite the protestation of the Secretaries @-@ General , compulsory deportation of Belgian workers to Germany began in October 1942 . At the beginning of the scheme , Belgian firms were obliged to select 10 percent of their work force , but from 1943 workers were conscripted by age class . 145 @,@ 000 Belgians were conscripted and sent to Germany , most to work in manual jobs in industry or agriculture for the German war effort . Working conditions for forced workers in Germany were notoriously poor . Workers were paid little and worked long hours , and those in German towns were particularly vulnerable to Allied aerial bombing . Following the introduction of compulsory deportation 200 @,@ 000 Belgian workers ( dubbed réfractaires ) went into hiding for fear of being conscripted . The réfractaires were often aided by resistance organisations , such as Organisation Socrates run by the Front de l 'Indépendance , who provided food and false papers . Many réfractaires went on to enlist in resistance groups , swelling their numbers enormously from late 1942 . = = Belgian prisoners of war = = After the Belgian defeat , around 225 @,@ 000 Belgian soldiers ( around 30 percent of the total force mobilised in 1940 ) who had been made prisoners of war in 1940 were sent to prisoner of war camps in Germany . The majority of those in captivity ( 145 @,@ 000 ) were Flemish , and 80 @,@ 000 were Walloons . Most had been reservists , rather than professional soldiers , before the outbreak of war and their detention created a large labour shortage in civilian occupations . As part of their Flamenpolitik , the Germans began repatriating Flemish prisoners of war in August 1940 . By February 1941 , 105 @,@ 833 Flemish soldiers had been repatriated . Gradually , more prisoners were released , but 67 @,@ 000 Belgian soldiers were still in captivity by 1945 . Many prisoners of war were forced to work in quarries or in agriculture and around 2 @,@ 000 died in captivity . = = Repression = = In the first year of the occupation , the German administration pursued a conciliatory policy toward the Belgian people in order to gain their support and co @-@ operation . This policy was , in part , because there was little resistance activity and because the demands the Germans needed to place on Belgian civilians and businesses were relatively small on account of their military success . During the fighting in Belgium , however , there were incidents of massacres against Belgian civilians by German forces , notably the Vinkt Massacre in which 86 civilians were killed . From 1941 , the regime became significantly more repressive . This was partly a result of the increasing demands on the German economy created by the invasion of the Soviet Union , as well as the decision to implement Nazi racial policies . From August 1941 , the Military Government announced that for every German murdered by the resistance , five Belgian civilian hostages would be executed . Although the German military command , the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) , had advised a ratio of 50 civilians for every one German soldier killed , von Falkenhausen moderated the policy and decreed that the hostages be selected from political prisoners and criminals rather than civilians picked at random . The systematic persecution of minorities ( such as Jews , Roma and Freemasons ) began from 1942 , and was also coupled with much stricter repression of Belgian political dissent . = = = Persecution of Jews and the Holocaust = = = At the start of the war , the population of Belgium was overwhelmingly Catholic . Jews made up the largest non @-@ Christian population in the country , numbering between 70 – 75 @,@ 000 out of a population of 8 million . Most lived in large towns and cities in Belgium , such as Antwerp and Brussels . The vast majority were recent immigrants to Belgium fleeing persecution in Germany and Eastern Europe and , as a result , only a small minority actually possessed Belgian citizenship . Shortly after the invasion of Belgium , the Military Government passed a series of anti @-@ Jewish laws ( similar to the Vichy laws on the status of Jews ) in October 1940 . The Committee of Secretaries @-@ General refused from the start to co @-@ operate on passing any anti @-@ Jewish measures and the Military Government seemed unwilling to pass further legislation . The German government began to seize Jewish @-@ owned business and forced Jews out of positions in the civil service . In April 1941 , without orders from the German authorities , members of the Algemeene @-@ SS Vlaanderen and other Flemish fascists pillaged two synagogues in Antwerp and burned the house of the chief Rabbi of the town in the so @-@ called " Antwerp Pogrom . " The Germans also created a Judenrat in the country , the Association des Juifs en Belgique ( AJB ; " Association of Jews in Belgium " ) in which all Jews were required to inscribe . As part of the " Final Solution " from 1942 , the persecution of Belgian Jews escalated . From May 1942 , Jews were forced to wear yellow Star @-@ of @-@ David badges to mark them out in public . Using the registers compiled by the AJB , the Germans began deporting Jews to concentration camps built by Germans in occupied Poland . Jews chosen from the lists were required to turn up at the newly established Mechelen transit camp ; they were then deported by train to concentration camps at Auschwitz and Bergen @-@ Belsen . Between August 1942 and July 1944 , around 25 @,@ 000 Jews and 350 Roma were deported from Belgium ; more than 24 @,@ 000 were killed before their camps were liberated by the Allies . Among them was the celebrated artist Felix Nussbaum . From 1942 and the introduction of the Star @-@ of @-@ David badges , opposition to the treatment of the Jews among the general population in Belgium grew . By the end of the occupation , more than 40 percent of all Jews in Belgium were in hiding ; many of them hid by gentiles and in particular Catholic priests and nuns . Some were helped by the organised resistance , such as the Comité de Défense des Juifs ( CDJ ) , which provided food and safe housing . Many of the Jews in hiding went on to join the armed resistance . The treatment of Jews was denounced by the senior Catholic priest in Belgium , Cardinal Jozef @-@ Ernest van Roey , who described their treatment as " inhuman . " The Partisans Armés had a notably large Jewish section in Brussels . In April 1943 , members of the CDJ attacked the twentieth rail convoy to Auschwitz and succeeded in rescuing many of the passengers . = = = Political dissent = = = Because of the Nazi @-@ Soviet Pact , signed in 1939 , the Communist Party was briefly tolerated in the early stages of the occupation . Coinciding with the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 however , the Germans rounded up a large number of Communists ( identified in police dossiers compiled before the war ) in an operation codenamed " Summer Solstice " ( Sommersonnenwende ) . In September 1942 , the Germans arrested over 400 workers which they feared were plotting a large @-@ scale strike action . Many important politicians who had opposed the Nazis before the war were arrested and deported to concentration camps in Germany and German @-@ occupied Poland , as part of the Nacht und Nebel ( literally " Night and Fog " ) decree . Among them was the 71 @-@ year @-@ old Paul @-@ Émile Janson who had served as Prime Minister between 1937 and 1938 . He was arrested at his home in Belgium in 1943 and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp where he died in 1944 . Many captured members of the resistance were also sent to concentration camps . Albert Guérisse ( one of the leading members of the " Pat " escape line ) was imprisoned at Dachau and briefly served as president of the camp 's " International Prisoners ' Committee " after its liberation by the United States Army . In 1940 , the German army had requisitioned a former Belgian army fort at Breendonk and transformed it into an Anhaltelager or prison camp . Initially , the prison camp was used for detaining Jews , but from 1941 most of those detained at Breendonk were political prisoners or captured members of the resistance . Though it was reasonably small , the camp was infamous for its poor conditions and high death rate . It was also where summary executions of hostages as reprisals for resistance actions occurred . Unusually , Breendonk was mainly guarded by Flemish collaborators of the Vlaamse SD @-@ wacht , rather than German soldiers . Prisoners were often tortured , or even mauled by the camp commander 's dog , and forced to move tonnes of earth around the fort by hand . Many were summarily executed and still more died as a result of the conditions at the camp . Of the 3 @,@ 500 people incarcerated in Breendonk between November 1942 and April 1943 , around 300 people were killed in the camp itself with at least 84 dying as a result of deprivation or torture . Few inmates remained long in Breendonk itself and were sent on to larger concentration camps in Germany . = = Collaboration = = Both Flanders and Wallonia had right @-@ wing Fascist parties which had been established in the 1930s , often with their own newspapers and paramilitary organisations . All had supported the Belgian policy of neutrality before the war , but after the start of the occupation began to collaborate actively with the Germans . Because of their different ideological backgrounds , they often differed with the Nazis on a variety of ideological issues such as the role of Catholicism or the status of Flanders . Though allowed more freedom than other political groups , the Germans did not fully trust these organisations and , even by the end of 1941 , identified them as a potential " threat to state security " . After the war , 53 @,@ 000 Belgian citizens ( 0 @.@ 6 percent of the population ) were found guilty of collaboration , providing the only estimate of the number involved during the period . Around 15 @,@ 000 Belgians served in two separate divisions of the Waffen @-@ SS , divided along linguistic lines . In particular , many Belgians were persuaded to work with the occupiers as a result of long @-@ running hostility to Communism , particularly after the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 . By 1944 , Belgian collaborationist groups began to feel increasingly abandoned by the German government as the situation deteriorated . As resistance attacks against them escalated , collaborationist parties became more violent and launched reprisals against civilians , including the Courcelles Massacre in August 1944 . = = = In Flanders = = = Before the war , several Fascist movements had existed in Flanders . The two major pre @-@ war Flemish Movement parties , the Vlaams Nationaal Verbond ( VNV ) and Verdinaso , called for the creation of an independent authoritarian Flanders or " Dietse Staat " encompassing both Flanders and the Netherlands . Shortly after the occupation , VNV decided to collaborate with the Germans and soon became the biggest group in Flanders , gaining many members after Verdinaso disbanded in 1941 and after fusing with the Flemish wing of the nationwide Fascist Rex Party . There was also an organisation , the Duits @-@ Vlaamse Arbeidsgemeenschap ( " German @-@ Flemish Work Community " , known by its acronym DeVlag ) , which advocated Nazi @-@ style anti @-@ clericalism and the inclusion of Flanders into Germany itself . During the occupation in World War I , the Germans had favoured the Flemish area of the country in the so @-@ called Flamenpolitik , supporting Flemish cultural and political movements . This policy was continued during World War II , as the military government encouraged Flemish Movement parties , especially the VNV , and promoted Flemish nationalists , like Victor Leemans , to important administrative positions in the occupied territory . In turn , the VNV was important in recruiting men for a new " Flemish Legion " , an infantry unit within the Wehrmacht , formed in July 1941 after the invasion of Russia . In 1943 , the legion was " annexed " into the Waffen SS as the 27th SS Langemarck Division , despite the protestations of the party . The unit fought on the Eastern Front , where it suffered 10 percent casualties . The Germans also encouraged the formation of independent Flemish paramilitary organisations , such as the Vlaamse Wacht ( " Flemish Guard " ) , founded in May 1941 , which they hoped would eventually be able to act as a garrison in the region , freeing German troops for the front . From 1942 , VNV 's dominance was increasingly challenged by the more radical DeVlag , which had the support of the SS and Nazi Party . DeVlag was closely affiliated to the paramilitary Algemeene @-@ SS Vlaanderen ( " General @-@ SS Flanders " ) , which was stationed in Belgium itself and involved in the so @-@ called Antwerp Pogrom of 1941 . = = = In Wallonia = = = Though both Fascist and anti @-@ Semitic , Rex 's ideology had been more closely aligned with Benito Mussolini 's Partito Nazionale Fascista than with the Nazi Party before the war . Rex 's newspaper Le Pays Réel , which frequently attacked perceived Nazi anti @-@ clericalism , had even been banned from circulation in Germany in the 1930s . With the German invasion , however , Rex rapidly accepted the occupation and became a major force in collaboration in Wallonia . As a result of the Flamenpolitik , Rex was not given the same favoured status accorded to Flemish Fascists . Nevertheless , it was permitted to republish its newspaper and re @-@ establish and expand its paramilitary wing , the Formations de Combat , which had been banned before the war . In April 1943 , Rex declared itself part of the SS . The Formations de Combat were responsible for numerous attacks against Jews and , from 1944 , also participated in arbitrary reprisals against civilians for attacks by the resistance . In 1944 , Rexist paramilitaries massacred 20 civilians in the village of Courcelles in retaliation for an assassination of a Rexist politician by members of the resistance . Léon Degrelle , the founder and leader of Rex , offered to form a " Walloon Legion " in the Wehrmacht , but his request was denied by the Germans who questioned its feasibility . It was finally accepted in July 1941 , after the invasion of Russia , and Degrelle enlisted . As part of the Flamenpolitik , the Germans refused Degrelle 's demands for a " Belgian Legion " , preferring to support the creation of separate linguistic units . After a brief period of fighting , it became clear that the Walloon Legion suffered from a lack of training and from political infighting . It was reformed and sent to the Eastern Front , and became part of the Waffen SS ( as the 28th SS Wallonien Division ) in 1943 . During the fighting at the Korsun – Cherkassy Pocket , the unit was nearly annihilated and its popular commander , Lucien Lippert , was killed . In order to make up numbers , and because of a lack of Belgian volunteers , the unit was allocated French and Spanish volunteers . = = Resistance = = Resistance to the German occupiers began in Belgium in the winter of 1940 , after the German defeat in the Battle of Britain made it clear that the war was not lost for the Allies . Involvement in illegal resistance activity was a decision made by a minority of Belgians ( approximately five percent of the population ) but many more were involved in passive resistance . If captured , resistance members risked torture and execution , and around 17 @,@ 000 were killed during the occupation . Striking was the most notable form of passive resistance and often took place on symbolic dates , such as 10 May ( the anniversary of the German invasion ) , 21 July ( National Day ) and 11 November ( anniversary of the German surrender in World War I ) . The largest was the " Strike of the 100 @,@ 000 " , which broke out on 10 May 1941 in the Cockerill steel works in Seraing . News of the strike spread rapidly and soon at least 70 @,@ 000 workers were on strike across the province of Liége . The Germans increased workers ' salaries by eight percent and the strike finished rapidly . The Germans repressed later large @-@ scale strikes , though further important strikes occurred in November 1942 and February 1943 . Passive resistance , however , could also take the form of much more minor actions , such as offering one 's seat in trams to Jews , which was not explicitly illegal but which subtly subverted the German @-@ imposed order . Active resistance in Belgium took the form of sabotaging railways and lines of communication as well as hiding Jews and Allied airmen . The resistance produced large numbers of illegal newspapers in both French and Dutch , distributed to the public to provide news about the war not available in officially approved , censored newspapers . Some such publications achieved considerable success , such as La Libre Belgique , which reached a circulation of 70 @,@ 000 . Attacks on German soldiers were comparatively rare as the German administration made a practice of executing at least five Belgian hostages for each German soldier killed . At great personal risk , Belgian civilians also hid large numbers of Jews and political dissenters hunted by the Germans . The resistance was never a single group ; numerous groups evolved divided by political affiliation , geography or specialisation . The danger of infiltration posed by German informants meant that some groups were extremely small and localised , and although nationwide groups did exist , they were split along political and ideological lines . They ranged from the far left , such as the Communist Partisans Armés or Socialist Front de l 'Indépendance , to the far @-@ right , such as the monarchist Mouvement National Royaliste and the Légion Belge , which had been created by members of the pre @-@ war Fascist Légion Nationale movement . Some , such as Groupe G , had no obvious political affiliation , but specialised in particular types of resistance activity and recruited only from very specific demographics . = = Liberation = = In June 1944 , the Western Allies landed in Normandy in Northern France , around 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) west of the Belgian border . After fierce fighting in the areas around the landing sites , the Allies broke through the German lines and began advances toward Paris and then toward the Belgian border . By August , the main body of the German army in Northern France ( with the exception of the garrisons of fortified towns such as Dunkirk ) was openly retreating eastward . As the Allies neared the border , coded messages broadcast on Radio Belgique encouraged the resistance to rise up . The German civil administrator , Joseph Grohé , ordered a general retreat from the country on 28 August , and on 1 September the first Allied units ( amongst them the Free Belgian SAS ) crossed the Belgian frontier . By 4 September , Brussels was in Allied hands . The Belgian government in exile returned to the country on 8 September and began rebuilding the Belgian state and army . Leopold III 's brother , Charles , was appointed Prince @-@ Regent while a decision was made about whether the King could return to his functions . As the German army regrouped and the Allies ' supply lines became stretched , the front line stabilised along Belgium 's eastern border . Areas in the south @-@ east of the country remained in German hands , and were briefly recaptured during the German Ardennes Offensive in the winter of 1944 . This no more than delayed the total liberation of the country and on 4 February 1945 , with the capture of the village of Krewinkel , the entire country was in Allied hands . Over the course of the occupation , a total of 40 @,@ 690 Belgians were killed , over half of them Jews . Around eight percent of the country 's pre @-@ war GDP had been destroyed or removed to Germany . = Skopje = Skopje ( Macedonian : Скопје , [ ˈskɔpjɛ ] , is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia . It is the country 's political , cultural , economic , and academic center . It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi . The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC ; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre . On the eve of the 1st century AD , the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp . When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD , Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople . During much of the early medieval period , the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire , whose capital it was between 972 and 992 . From 1282 , the town was part of the Serbian Empire and acted as its capital city from 1346 . In 1392 , the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp . The town stayed under Turkish control for over 500 years , serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the Vilayet of Kosovo . At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture . In 1912 , it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) . In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army , which was part of the Axis powers . In 1944 , it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia ( later Socialist Republic of Macedonia ) , which was a federal state , part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia ( later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) . The city developed rapidly after World War II , but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake . In 1991 , it became the capital city of an independent Macedonia . Skopje is located on the upper course of the Vardar River , and is located on a major north @-@ south Balkan route between Belgrade and Athens . It is a center for metal @-@ processing , chemical , timber , textile , leather , and printing industries . Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade , logistics , and banking sectors , as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation , culture and sport . According to the last official count from 2002 , Skopje has a population of 506 @,@ 926 inhabitants ; according to two more recent unofficial estimates , the city has a population of 668 @,@ 518 or 491 @,@ 000 inhabitants . = = Geography = = = = = Topography = = = Skopje is located in the north of the Republic of Macedonia , in the center of the Balkan peninsula , and halfway between Belgrade and Athens . The city is built in the Skopje valley , oriented on a west @-@ east axis , along the course of the Vardar river , which flows into the Aegean Sea in Greece . The valley is approximately 20 km wide and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the North and South . These ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje , which spreads along the Vardar and the Serava , a small river which comes from the North . In its administrative boundaries , the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 km , but it is only 10 km wide . Skopje is approximately 245m above sea level and covers 571 @.@ 46 km2 . The urbanised area only covers 337 km2 , with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare . Skopje , in its administrative limits , encompasses many villages and other settlements , including Dračevo , Gorno Nerezi and Bardovci . According to the 2002 census , the City of Skopje comprised 506 @,@ 926 inhabitants , whereas the sole urban area only comprised 444 @,@ 800 inhabitants . The City of Skopje reaches the Kosovo border to the North @-@ East . Clockwise , it is also bordered by the Macedonian municipalities of Čučer @-@ Sandevo , Lipkovo , Aračinovo , Ilinden , Studeničani , Sopište , Želino and Jegunovce . = = = Hydrography = = = The Vardar river , which flows through Skopje , is at approximately 60 km from its source near Gostivar . In Skopje , its average discharge is 51 m3 / s , with a wide amplitude depending on seasons , between 99 @.@ 6 m3 / s in May and 18 @.@ 7 m3 / s in July . The water temperature is comprised between 4 @.@ 6 ° C in January and 18 @.@ 1 ° C in July . Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city boundaries . The largest is the Treska , which is 130 km long . It crosses the Matka Canyon before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje . The Lepenec , coming from Kosovo , flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area . The Serava , also coming from the North , had flowed through the Old Bazaar until the 1960s , when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted . Originally , it met the Vardar close to the seat of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Nowadays , it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of Scupi . Finally , the Markova Reka , the source of which is on Mount Vodno , meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city . These three rivers are less than 70 km long . The city of Skopje comprises two artificial lakes , located on the Treska . The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s , and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purpose in 1978 . Three small natural lakes can be found near Smiljkovci , on the northeastern edge of the urban area . The river Vardar historically caused many floods , such as in 1962 , when its outflow reached 1110 m3 / s − 1 . Several works have been carried since Byzantine times to limit the risks , and since the construction of the Kozjak dam on the Treska in 1994 , the flood risk is close to zero . The subsoil contains a large water table which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river . Under the table lies an aquifer contained in marl . The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep . Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking water used in Skopje comes from a karstic spring in Rašče , located west of the city . = = = Geology = = = The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the Šar Mountains , on the South by the Jakupica range , on the East by hills belonging to the Osogovo range , and on the North by the Skopska Crna Gora . Mount Vodno , the highest point inside the city limits , is 1066 m high and is part of the Jakupica range . Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno , the urban area is mostly flat . It comprises several minor hills , generally covered with woods and parks , such as Gazi Baba hill ( 325 m ) , Zajčev Rid ( 327 m ) , the foothills of Mount Vodno ( the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high ) and the promontory on which Skopje Fortress is built . The Skopje valley is located near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates and experiences regular seismic activity . This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the subsoil . Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518 , 1505 and 1963 . The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region , the subsoil of which is formed of Neogene and Quaternary deposits . The substratum is made of Pliocene deposits including sandstone , marl and various conglomerates . It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt , which is between 70 and 90 m deep . The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay , sand , silt and gravel , carried by the Vardar river . It is between 1 @.@ 5 and 5 @.@ 2 m deep . In some areas , the subsoil is karstic . It led to the formation of canyons , such as the Matka Canyon , which is surrounded by ten caves . They are between 20 and 176 m deep . = = = Climate = = = The climate of Skopje is usually classified as continental sub @-@ Mediterranean , while according to the Köppen climate classification it has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , with a mean annual temperature of 13 @.@ 5 ° C ( 56 ° F ) . Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced rain shadow of the Prokletije mountains to the northwest , being only a quarter of what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude . The summers are long , hot and humid , while the winters are short , relatively cold , and wet . Snowfalls are common in the winter period , but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few days . In summer , temperatures are usually above 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) and sometimes above 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . In spring and autumn , the temperatures range from 15 to 24 ° C ( 59 to 75 ° F ) . In winter , the day temperatures are roughly 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) , but at nights they often fall below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and sometimes below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) . Typically , temeperatures throughout one year range from − 13 ° C to 39 ° C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year , being heaviest from October to December and from April to June . = = = Nature and environment = = = The city of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich . However , it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and the urban extension . The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno , which is a popular leisure destination . A cable car connects its peak to the downtown , and many pedestrian paths run through its woods . Other large natural spots include the Matka Canyon . The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4 @,@ 361 hectares . Among these are the City Park ( Gradski Park ) , built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century ; Žena Borec Park , located in front of the Parliament ; the University arboretum ; and Gazi Baba forest . Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees . Skopje experiences many environmental issues which are often overshadowed by the economic poverty of the country . However , alignment of Macedonian law on European law has brought progress in some fields , such as water and waste treatment , and industrial emissions . Steel processing , which a crucial activity for the local economy , is responsible for soil pollution with heavy metals such as lead , zinc and cadmium , and air pollution with nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide . Vehicle traffic and district heating plants are also responsible for air pollution . The highest pollution levels usually occur in autumn and winter . Water treatment plants are being built , but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the Vardar . Waste is disposed of in the open @-@ air municipal landfill site , located 15 km north of the city . Every day , it receives 1 @,@ 500 m3 of domestic waste and 400 m3 of industrial waste . Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of the Republic of Macedonia , and no link has been found between the low environmental quality and the health of the residents . = = Urbanism = = = = = Urban morphology = = = The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the 26th of July 1963 earthquake which destroyed 80 % of the city and by the reconstruction that followed . For instance , neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes . Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect Adolf Ciborowski , who had already planned the reconstruction of Warsaw after World War II . Ciborowski divided the city in blocks dedicated to specific activities . The banks of the Vardar river became natural areas and parks , areas located between the main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping malls , and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry . Reconstruction had to be quick in order to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy . To stimulate economic development , the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated . The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks , including the vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre . Towards the East , the new municipality of Aerodrom was planned in the 1980s to house 80 @,@ 000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport . Between Karpoš and Aerodrom lies the city centre , rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange . The centre is surrounded by a row of long buildings suggesting a wall ( " Gradski Zid " ) . On the north bank , where the most ancient parts of the city lie , the Old Bazaar was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low @-@ rise buildings , so as not to spoil views of the Skopje Fortress . Several institutions , including the university and the Macedonian academy , were also relocated on the north bank in order to reduce borders between the ethnic communities . Indeed , the north bank is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians , Turks and Roma , whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank . The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments , apart from the Ottoman Old Bazaar , and the reconstruction , conducted between the 1960s and 1980s , turned Skopje into a modernist but grey city . At the end of the 2000s , the city center experienced profound changes . An urban project , " Skopje 2014 " , was adopted by the municipal authorities in order to give the city a more monumental and historical aspect , and thus to transform it into a proper national capital . Several neoclassical buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt , including the national theatre , and streets and squares were refurbished . Many other elements were also built , including fountains , statues , hotels , government buildings and bridges . The project has been criticised because of its cost and its historicist aesthetics . The large Albanian minority felt it was not represented in the new monuments , and launched side projects , including a new square over the boulevard that separate the city centre from the Old Bazaar . Some areas of Skopje suffer from a certain anarchy because many houses and buildings were built without consent from the local authorities . = = = Localities and villages = = = Outside of the urban area , the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements . Some of them are becoming outer suburbs , such as Singeliḱ , located on the road to Belgrade , which has more than 23 @,@ 000 inhabitants , and Dračevo , which has almost 20 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Other large settlements are located north of the city , such as Radišani , with 9 @,@ 000 inhabitants , whereas smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in Saraj municipality , which is the most rural of the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje . Some localities located outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs , particularly in Ilinden and Petrovec municipality . They benefit from the presence of major roads , railways and the airport , located in Petrovec . = = = Urban sociology = = = Skopje is an ethnically diverse city , and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious belonging . Macedonians form 66 % of the city population , while Albanians and Roma account respectively for 20 % and 6 % . Each ethnic group generally restrict itself to certain areas of the city . Macedonians live south of the Vardar , in areas massively rebuilt after 1963 , and Muslims live on the northern side , in the oldest neighbourhoods of the city . These neighbourhoods are considered more traditional , whereas the south side evokes to Macedonians modernity and rupture from rural life . The northern areas are the poorest . This is especially true for Topaana , in Čair municipality , and for Šuto Orizari municipality , which are the two main Roma neighbourhoods . They are made of many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply , which are passed from a generation to the other . Topaana , located close to the Old Bazaar , is a very old area : it was first mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century . It has between 3 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Šuto Orizari , located on the northern edge of the city , is a municipality of its own , with Romani as its local official language . It was developed after the 1963 earthquake to accommodate Roma who had lost their house . The population density varies greatly from an area to the other . So does the size of the living area per person . The city average was at 19 @.@ 41 square metres ( 208 @.@ 93 square feet ) per person as of 2002 , but at 24 square metres ( 258 square feet ) in Centar on the south bank , and only 14 square metres ( 151 square feet ) in Čair on the north bank . In Šuto Orizari , the average was at 13 square metres ( 140 square feet ) . = = Toponymy = = The current name of the city comes from " Scupi " , which was the name of a Roman colony located nearby . However , before the colony was created , the site had already been settled by Illyrians and " Scupi " is probably of Illyrian origin . The meaning of that name is unknown . After Antiquity , Scupi was occupied by various people and consequently its name was translated several times in several languages . Thus Scupi became " Skopye " ( Bulgarian : Скопие ) for Bulgarians , and later " Üsküb " ( Ottoman Turkish : اسكوب ) for the Turks . This name was adapted in Western languages in " Uskub " or " Uskup " , and these two appellations were used in the Western world until 1912 . Some Western sources also cite " Scopia " and " Skopia " . When Vardar Macedonia was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912 , the city officially became " Skoplje " and this name was adopted by many languages . The city eventually became " Skopje " ( Macedonian : Скопје ) after the Second World War , when standard Macedonian became the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia . The Albanian minority calls the city " Shkup " and " Shkupi " , the latter being the definite form , and Roma call it " Skopiye " . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = The rocky promontory on which stands the Fortress was the first site settled by man in Skopje . The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the Chalcolithic ( 4th millennium BC ) . Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance , it declined during the Bronze Age . Archeological research suggest that the settlement always belonged to a same culture , which progressively evolved thanks to contacts with Balkan and Danube cultures , and later with the Aegean . The locality eventually disappeared during the Iron Age when Scupi emerged . Scupi was originally an Illyrian settlement fonded during the 1st millennium BC but it later became a Dardanian town . It was located on Zajčev Rid hill , some 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) west of the fortress promontory . Located at the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on the road between Danube and Aegean Sea , it was a prosperous locality , although its history is not well known . = = = Roman Scupi = = = Dardanians , who lived in present @-@ day Kosovo , invaded the region around Skopje during the 3rd century BC . Scupi , the ancient name for Skopje , became the capital of Dardania , which extended from Naissus to Bylazora in the second century BC . The Dardanians had remained independent after the Roman conquest of Macedon , and it seems most likely that Dardania lost independence in 28 BC . Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires , mainly veterans of the Legio IIV Claudia in the time of Domitian ( 81 – 96 AD ) . However , several legions from the Roman province of Macedonia of Crassus ' army may already have been stationed in there around 29 – 28 BC , before the official imperial command was instituted . The first mention of the city was made at that period by Livy , who died in 17 AD . Scupi first served as a military base to maintain peace in the region and was officially named " Colonia Flavia Scupinorum " , Flavia being the name of the emperor 's dynasty . Shortly afterwards it became part of the province of Moesia during Augustus 's rule . After the division of the province by Domitian in 86 AD , Scupi was elevated to colonial status , and became a seat of government within the new province of Moesia Superior . The district called Dardania ( within Moesia Superior ) was formed into a special province by Diocletian , with the capital at Naissus . The city population was very diverse . Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from Italy , while many veterans were from Dalmatia , South Gaul and Syria . Because of the ethnic diversity of the population , Latin maintained itself as the main language in the city at the expense of Greek , which was spoken in most of the Moesian and Macedonian cities . During the following centuries , Scupi experienced prosperity . The period from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century was particularly flourishing . A first church was founded under the reign of Constantine the Great and Scupi became the seat of a diocese . In 395 , following the division of the Roman Empire in two , Scupi became part of the Eastern Roman Empire . In its heyday , Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3 @.@ 5 m wide wall . It had many monuments , including four necropoles , a theatre , thermae , and a large Christian basilica . = = = Middle Ages = = = In 518 , Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake , possibly the most devastating one Macedonia has ever experienced . At that time , the region was threatened by the Barbarian invasions , and the city inhabitants had already fled in forests and mountains before the disaster occurred . Scupi was eventually rebuilt by Justinian I. During his reign , many Byzantine towns were relocated on hills and other easily defendable places to face invasions . Scupi was thus transferred on another site : the promontory on which stands the fortress . However , Scupi was sacked by Slavs at the end of the 6th century and the city seems to have fallen under Slavic rule in 695 . The Slavic tribe which settled in Scupi were probably the Berziti who had invaded the entire Vardar valley . The city is not mentioned during the three following centuries but along with the rest of Upper Vardar it became part of the expanding First Bulgarian Empire in the 830s . Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles . Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992 , Samuil ruled it from 976 until 1004 when its governor Roman surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor Basil the Bulgar Slayer in 1004 in exchange of the titles of patrician and strategos . Later , Skopje was briefly seized twice by Slavic insurgents who wanted to restore a Bulgarian state . At first in 1040 under Peter Delyan 's command , and in 1072 under the orders of Georgi Voyteh . In 1081 , Skopje was captured by Norman troops led by Robert Guiscard and the city remained in their hands until 1088 . Skopje was subsequently conquered by the Serbian Grand Prince Vukan in 1093 , and again by the Normans four years later . However , because of epidemics and food shortage , Normans quickly surrendered to the Byzantines . During the 12th and 13th centuries , Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to create large kingdoms stretching from Danube to the Aegean Sea . Kaloyan brought Skopje back into reestablished Bulgaria in 1203 until his nephew Strez declared autonomy along the Upper Vardar with Serbian help only five years later . In 1209 Strez switched allegiances and recognized Boril of Bulgaria with whom he led a successful joint campaign against Serbia 's first internationally recognized king Stefan Nemanjić . From 1214 to 1230 Skopje was a part of Byzantine successor state Epirus before recaptured by Ivan Asen II and held by Bulgaria until 1246 when the Upper Vardar valley was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state – the Empire of Nicaea . Byzantine conquest was briefly reversed in 1255 by the regents of the young Michael Asen I of Bulgaria . Meanwhile , in the parallel civil war for the Crown in Tarnovo Skopje bolyar and grandson to Stefan Nemanja Constantine Tikh gained the upper hand and ruled until Europe 's only successful peasant revolt the Uprising of Ivaylo deposed him . In 1282 Skopje was captured by Serbian king Milutin . Under the political stability of the Nemanjić rule , Skopje slowly spread outside the walls of the fortress towards Gazi Baba hill . Churches , monasteries and markets were built and tradesmen from Venice and Dubrovnik opened shops . The town greatly benefited from its location on the roads between Europe , Middle @-@ East and Africa . In the 14th century , Skopje became such an important city that king Dušan made it the capital of the Serbian kingdom . In 1346 , he was crowned " Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks " in Skopje . After his death the Serbian Empire collapsed into many small principalities which were unable to defend themselves against the Turks . Skopje was first inherited by the Lordship of Prilep and finally taken by Vuk Branković in the wake of the Battle of Maritsa ( 1371 ) before becoming part of the Ottoman Empire in 1392 . = = = Ottoman period = = = Skopje economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of Turkish Europe . Until the 17th century , Skopje experienced a long golden age . Around 1650 , the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30 @,@ 000 and 60 @,@ 000 and the city contained more than 10 @,@ 000 houses . It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future Yugoslavia , together with Belgrade and Sarajevo . At that time , Dubrovnik , which was a busy harbour , had not even 7 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Following the Ottoman conquest , the city population changed . Christians were forcibly converted to Islam or were replaced by Turks and Jews . At that time , Christians of Skopje were mostly non converted Slavs and Albanians , but also Ragusan and Armenian tradesmen . Ottoman Turks drastically changed the appearance of the city . They organised the Bazaar with its caravanserais , mosques and baths . The city severely suffered from the Great Turkish War at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th century . In 1689 , Austrians seized Skopje which was already weakened by a cholera epidemic . The same day , general Silvio Piccolomini set fire to the city to end the epidemic . It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Turks caused in Vienna in 1683 . Skopje burned during two days . The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings . Nevertheless , Austrians left the country within the year and Hajduks , leaders of the uprisings , had to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans . Some were arrested by the Turks , such as Petar Karposh , who was impaled on Skopje Stone Bridge . After the war , Skopje was in ruins . Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt , but the city experienced new plague and cholera epidemics and many inhabitants emigrated . The Ottoman Turkish Empire as a whole entered in recession and political decline . Many rebellions and pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century , either led by Turkish outlaws , Janissaries or Hajduks . An estimation conduced by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time Skopje only had around 10 @,@ 000 inhabitants . It was largely overwhelmed by two towns of the present @-@ day Republic of Macedonia : Bitola ( 40 @,@ 000 ) and Štip ( 15 – 20 @,@ 000 ) . Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850 . At that time , the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth , mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians . It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from Serbia and Bulgaria , which were gaining autonomy and independence from the Empire at that time . During the Tanzimat reforms , nationalism arose in the Empire and in 1870 a new Bulgarian Church was established and its separate diocese was created , based on ethnic identity , rather than religious principles . The Slavic population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly , by 91 % in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part of the Bulgarian Millet . Economic growth was permitted by the construction of the Skopje @-@ Salonica railway in 1873 . The train station was built south of the Vardar and this contributed to the relocation of economic activities on this side of the river , which had never been urbanised before . Because of the rural exodus , the share of Christians in the city population arose . Some of the newcomers became part of the local elite and helped to spread nationalist ideas Skopje was one of the five main centres of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization when it organised the 1903 Ilinden uprising . Its revolutionary network in Skopje region was not well @-@ developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem . At the outbreak of the uprising the rebel forces derailed a military train . On 3 and 5 August respectively , they attacked a Turkish unit guarding the bridge on the Vardar river and gave a battle in the " St. Jovan " monastery . In the next few days the band was pursued by numerous Bashibozuks and moved to Bulgaria . In 1877 , Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new Kosovo Vilayet , which encompassed present @-@ day Kosovo , northwestern Macedonia and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar . In 1905 , the city had 32 @,@ 000 inhabitants , making it the largest of the vilayet , although closely followed by Prizren with its 30 @,@ 000 inhabitants . At the beginning of the 20th century , local economy was focused on dyeing , weaving , tanning , ironworks and wine and flour processing . Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 , the Ottoman Turkish Empire experienced democracy and several political parties were created . However , some of the policies implemented by the Young Turks , such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic @-@ based political parties , discontented minorities . Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912 . During the latter they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August . On 18 August , the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province and they were amnestied the day later . = = = From the Balkan Wars to present day = = = Following an alliance contracted in 1912 , Bulgaria , Greece and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Turkish Empire . Their goal was to definitely expel Turks from Europe . The First Balkan War started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks . Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October . The Turkish forces had left the city the day before . The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of many Turks : 725 Turkish families left the city on 27 January 1913 . The same year , the city population was evaluated at 37 @,@ 000 by the Serbian authorities . In 1915 , during the First World War , Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria , which captured Skopje on 22 October 1915 . Serbia , allied to the Triple Entente , was helped by France , Britain , Greece , and Italy , which formed the Macedonian Front . Following a great Allied offensive in 1918 , the Armée française d 'Orient reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise . After the end of the World War , Macedonia became part of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes , which became " Kingdom of Yugoslavia " in 1929 . A mostly foreign ethnic Serb ruling class gained control , imposing a repression unknown under the previous Turkish rulers . The policies of de @-@ Bulgarisation and assimilation were pursued . At that time part of the young locals , repressed by the Serbs , tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development . In 1931 , in a move to formally decentralize the country , Skopje was named the capital of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Until the Second World War , Skopje experienced strong economic growth , and its population increased . The city had 41 @,@ 066 inhabitants in 1921 , 64 @,@ 807 in 1931 , and 80 @,@ 000 in 1941 . Although located in an underdeveloped region , it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernisation of the city . In 1941 , Skopje had 45 factories , half of the industry in the whole of Macedonia . In 1941 , during the Second World War , Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany . Germans seized Skopje 8 April and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941 . To ensure bulgarisation of the society , authorities closed Serbian schools and churches and opened new schools and a higher education institute , the King Boris University . The 4 @,@ 000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to Treblinka where almost all of them died . Local Partisan detachments started a widespread guerrilla after the proclamation of the " Popular Republic of Macedonia " by the ASNOM on 2 August 1944 . Skopje was liberated on 13 November 1944 by Yugoslav Partisan units of the Macedonian National Liberation Army , together with units of the newly allied Bulgarian People 's Army ( Bulgaria having switched sides in the war in September ) . After World War II , Skopje greatly benefited from Socialist Yugoslav policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions . Consequently , Skopje became home to a national library , a national philharmonic orchestra , a university and the Macedonian Academy . However , its post @-@ war development was altered by the 1963 earthquake which occurred 26 July . Although relatively weak in magnitude , it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the 1960 Agadir earthquake . The disaster killed 1 @,@ 070 people , injuring 3 @,@ 300 others . 16 @,@ 000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70 % of the population lost their home . Many educational facilities , factories and historical buildings were destroyed . After the earthquake , reconstruction was quick . It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with . Reconstruction was finished by 1980 , even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted . Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of modernist architecture . Demographic growth was very important after 1963 , and Skopje had 408 @,@ 100 inhabitants in 1981 . However , during the 1980s and the 1990s , the Republic of Macedonia experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered . The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments . Many landmarks were restored and the " Skopje 2014 " project renewed the appearance of the city centre . = = Emblems = = The Flag of Skopje is a red banner in proportions 1 : 2 with a gold @-@ coloured coat of arms of the city positioned in the upper @-@ left corner . It is either vertical or horizontal , but the vertical version was the first to be used . The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s . It depicts the Stone Bridge with the Vardar river , the Kale Fortress and the snow @-@ capped peaks of the Šar mountains . = = Administration = = = = = Status = = = Being the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia , Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law . The last revision of its status was made in 2004 . Since then , the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor , like all the municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia . Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory , and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them , or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities . The City of Skopje is part of Skopje Statistical Region , which has no political or administrative power . = = = City Council = = = The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four @-@ year term . It primarily deals with budget , global orientations and relations between the City and the government . Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics , such as urbanism , finances , environment of local development . The President of the Council is elected by the Council Members . Since 2009 the president has been Irena Miševa , member of the VMRO @-@ DPMNE . Following the 2013 local elections , the City Council is constituted as follows : = = = Mayor = = = The Mayor of Skopje is elected every four years . The current mayor has been Koce Trajanovski since 2009 . A former deputy and mayor of Gazi Baba municipality , he is a member of the VMRO @-@ DPMNE . The mayor represents the City of Skopje and he can submit ideas to the Council . He manages the administrative bodies and their officials . = = = Municipalities = = = Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945 , but the first municipalities were created in 1976 . They were five : Centar , Čair , Karpoš , Gazi Baba and Kisela Voda . After the independence of the Republic of Macedonia , power was centralised and municipalities lost much of their competences . A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities : Gjorče Petrov and Šuto Orizari . After the insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces in 2001 , a new law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate Saraj municipality into the City of Skopje . Saraj is mostly populated by Albanians and , since then , Albanians represent more than 20 % of the city population . Thus Albanian became the second official language of the city administration , something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels . The same year , Aerodrom Municipality separated itself from Kisela Voda , and Butel municipality from Čair . Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years . They also have a mayor and several departments ( education , culture , finances ... ) . The mayor primarily deals with these departments . = = Economy = = = = = Economic weight = = = Skopje is a medium city at European level , but because of their administrative function , they can be compared to small regional metropolis like Sofia and Thessaloniki . Being the capital and largest city in the Republic of Macedonia , Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy . The Skopje Statistical Region , which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities , produces 45 @,@ 5 % of the Macedonian GDP . In 2009 , the regional GDP per capita amounted to USD 6 @,@ 565 , or 155 % of the Macedonian GDP per capita . This figure is however smaller than the one of Sofia ( USD 10 @,@ 106 ) , Sarajevo ( USD 10 @,@ 048 ) or Belgrade ( USD 7 @,@ 983 ) , but higher than the one of Tirana ( USD 4 @,@ 126 ) . Because there are no other large city in the Republic of Macedonia , and because of political and economical centralisation , a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city . The dynamism of the city also encourages rural exodus , not only from Macedonia , but also from Kosovo , Albania and Southern Serbia . = = = Firms and activities = = = In 2009 , Skopje had 26 @,@ 056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size . The large majority of them are either small ( 12 @,@ 017 ) or very small ( 13 @,@ 625 ) . A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods ( 9 @,@ 758 ) , 3 @,@ 839 are specialised in business and real estate , and 2 @,@ 849 are manufacturers . Although few in number , large firms account for 51 % of the local production outside finance . The city industry is dominated by food processing , textile , printing and metal processing . In 2012 , it accounted for 30 % of the city GDP . Most of the industrial areas are located in Gazi Baba municipality , on the major routes and rail lines to Belgrade and Thessaloniki . Notably , the ArcelorMittal and Makstil steel plants are located there , and also the Skopje Brewery . Other zones are located between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda , along the railway to Greece . These zones comprise Alkaloid Skopje ( pharmaceuticals ) , Rade Končar ( electrical supplies ) , Imperial Tobacco , and Ohis ( fertilisers ) . Two special economic zones also exist , around the airport and the Okta refinery . They have attracted several foreign companies , such as Johnson Controls , Johnson Matthey and Van Hool . As the financial capital of the Republic of Macedonia , Skopje is the seat of the Macedonian Stock Exchange , of the National Bank and of most of the Macedonian banking , insurance and telecommunication companies , such as Makedonski Telekom , Komercijalna banka Skopje and Stopanska Banka . The services sector produces 60 % of the city GDP . Besides many small traditional shops , Skopje has two large markets , the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
centres , such as a Goethe @-@ Institut , a British Council , an Alliance française , an American Corner . The city has several theatres and concert halls . The Univerzalna Sala , seating 1 @,@ 570 , was built in 1966 and is used for concerts , fashion shows and congresses . The Metropolis Arena , designed for large concerts , has 3 @,@ 546 seats . Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet ( 800 seats ) , the National Theatre ( 724 ) , and the Drama Theatre ( 333 ) . Other smaller venues exist , such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre . A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction . = = = Museums = = = The largest museum in Skopje is the Museum of Macedonia which details the history of the country . Its icons and lapidary collections are particularly rich . The Macedonian Archeological Museum , opened in 2014 , keeps some of the best archeological finds in Macedonia , dating from Prehistory to the Ottoman period . The National Gallery of Macedonia exhibits paintings dating from the 14th to the 20th century in two former Turkish baths of the Old Bazaar . The Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to international assistance . Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art , with works by Fernand Léger , André Masson , Pablo Picasso , Hans Hartung , Victor Vasarely , Alexander Calder , Pierre Soulages , Alberto Burri and Christo . The Skopje City Museum is located inside the remains of the old train station , destroyed by the 1963 earthquake . It is dedicated to the local history and it has four departments : archeology , ethnology , history and art history . The Memorial House of Mother Teresa was built in 2009 on the site where stood the church were the Saint was baptised . The Museum of the Macedonian Struggle is dedicated to the modern national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence . Nearby is the Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia . The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4 @,@ 000 items while the 12 @-@ ha Skopje Zoo is home to 300 animals . = = = Architecture = = = Although Skopje has been destroyed many times trough its history , it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city . Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe , with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose . It was also a ground for modernist experiments in the 20th century , following the 1963 earthquake . In the beginning of the 21st century , it is again the subject of massive building campaigns , thanks to the historicist and nationalist " Skopje 2014 " project . Skopje is thus an environment where old , new , progressist , reactionary , eastern and western perspectives coexist . Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the Tumba Madžari Neolithic site . On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient Scupi , with ruins of a theatre , thermae and a basilica . The Skopje Aqueduct , located between Scupi and the city centre , is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown . It seems to have been built by the Byzantines ot the Turks , but it was already out of use in the 16th century . It consists of 50 arches , worked in cloisonné masonry . The Skopje Fortress was rebuilt several times before it was destroyed by the 1963 earthquake . Since then , it has been restored to its medieval appearance . It is the only medieval monument in Skopje , but several churches located around the city illustrate the Vardar architectural school which flourished around 1300 . Among these churches are the ones around Matka Canyon ( St Nicholas , St Andrew and Matka churches ) . The church of St. Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi dates from the 12th century . Its expressive frescoes anticipate the Italian primitives . Examples of Ottoman Turkish architecture are located in the Old Bazaar . Mosques in Skopje are usually simple in design , with a square base and a single dome and minaret . There entrance is usually emphasised by a portico , as on Mustafa Pasha Mosque , dating from the 15th century . Some mosques show some originality in their appearance : Sultan Murad and Yahya Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof , while Isa Bey mosque has a rectangular base , two domes and two side wings . The Aladža Mosque was originally covered with blue faience , but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire . However , some tiles are still visible on the adjoining türbe . Other Turkish public monuments include the 16th @-@ century clock tower , a bedesten , three caravanserais , two Turkish baths and the Stone Bridge , first mentioned in 1469 . The oldest churches in the city centre , the Ascension and St Dimitri churches , were built in the 18th century , after the 1689 Great Fire . They were both renovated in the 19th century . The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half @-@ buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques . In the 19th century , several new churches were built , including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary , which is a large three @-@ nave building designed by Andrey Damyanov . After 1912 , when Skopje was annexed by Serbia , the city was drastically westernised . Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926 Ristiḱ Palace . Architecture of that time is very similar to the one of Central Europe , but some buildings are more creative , such as the Neo @-@ Moorish Arab House and the Neo @-@ Byzantine train station , both built in 1938 . Modernism appeared as early as 1933 with the former Ethnographic Museum ( today the City Gallery ) , designed by Milan Zloković . However , modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake . The reconstruction of city centre was partially planned by Japanese Kenzo Tange who designed the new train station . Macedonian architects also took part to the reconstruction : Georgi Konstantinovski designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce Delčev in 1975 , while Janko Konstantinov designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main post office ( 1974 – 1989 ) . Slavko Brezovski designed the Church of St. Clement of Ohrid . These two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by brutalism . The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city , with large blocks of flats , austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces . The city centre was considered as a grey and unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the " Skopje 2014 " project in 2010 . It made plans to erect a large number of statues , fountains , bridges , and museums at a cost of about € 500 million . The project has generated controversy : critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary historicist aesthetics . Also , the government has been criticised for its cost and for the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and memorials . However , representations of minorities have since been included among the monuments . The scheme is accused of turning Skopje to a theme park , which is viewed as nationalistic kitsch , and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space . = = = Festivals = = = The Skopje Jazz Festival has been held annually in October since 1981 . It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals . The artists ' profiles include fusion , acid jazz , Latin jazz , smooth jazz , and avant @-@ garde jazz . Ray Charles , Tito Puente , Gotan Project , Al Di Meola , Youssou N 'Dour , among others , have performed at the festival . Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival . It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July . Past guests include Larry Coryell , Mick Taylor & the All @-@ Stars Blues Band , Candy Dulfer & Funky Stuff , João Bosco , The Temptations , Tolo Marton Trio , Blues Wire , and Phil Guy . The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer . The festival is a member of the International Festivals and Events Association ( IFEA ) and it includes musical concerts , operas , ballets , plays , art and photograph exhibitions , movies , and multimedia projects that gather 2 @,@ 000 participants from around the world each year including the St Petersburg Theatre , the Chamber Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre , Irina Arkhipova , Viktor Tretiakov , The Theatre of Shadows , Michel Dalberto , and David Burgess . May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public . Over the years , it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed . There is one other major international theater festival that takes place each year at the end of month September , the Young Open Theater Festivial ( MOT ) , which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center – Skopje . More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far , most of them being alternative , experimental theatre groups engaging young writers and actors . The MOT International theater festival is also a member of the International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM . Within the framework of the MOT Festival , the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute ( ITI ) was established , and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993 , it became a regular member of this theater association . The festival has an international character , always representing theaters from all over the world that present and enhance exchange and circulation of young @-@ fresh @-@ experimental @-@ avant guard theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other . The Skopje Film Festival is an annual event held in the city every March . Over 50 films are shown at this five @-@ day festival , mostly from Macedonia and Europe , but also including some non @-@ commercial film productions from all over the world . = = = Nightlife = = = Skopje has a diverse nightlife . There is a large emphasis on casinos , many of which are associated with hotels , such as that of the Holiday Inn . Other casinos include Helios Metropol , Olympic , Bon Venon , and Sherry . Among young people the most popular destinations are bars , discos , and nightclubs which can be found in the center and the City Park . Among the most popular nightclubs are Midnight , Hard Rock , Maracana , B2 , Havana and Colosseum where world famous disc jockeys and idiosyncratic local performances are frequent . In 2010 , the Colosseum club was named fifth on a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe . Armin van Buuren , Above and Beyond , The Shapeshifters are just some of the many musicians that have visited the club . Nighttime concerts in local , regional and global music are often held at the Philip II National Arena and Boris Trajkovski Sports Center . For middle @-@ aged people , places for having fun are also the kafeanas where traditional Macedonian food is served and traditional Macedonian Music ( Starogradska muzika ) is played , but music from all the Balkans , particularly Serbian folk music is also popular . Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants , there are restaurants featuring international cuisines . Some of the most popular cafés in Skopje are Café Ei8ht , Café Trend , Drama Café , Lex Café and Blue Café . The Old Bazaar was a popular nightlife destination in the past . The national government has created a project to revive nightlife in the Old Bazaar . The closing time in shops , cafés and restaurants was extended due to the high attendances recorded . In the bazaar 's restaurants , along with the traditional Macedonian wine and food , dishes of the Ottoman cuisine are also served . = = People from Skopje = = Notable people from Skopje include : Mother Teresa , Roman Catholic humanitarian ( honorary citizen of Skopje 27 June 1980 ) ( http : / / www.skopje.gov.mk / EN / DesktopDefault.aspx ? tabindex = 0 & tabid = 26 ) Milčo Mančevski , film director Darko Pančev , former footballer Simon Trpčeski , pianist Srgjan Kerim , former UN General Assembly president Yahya Kemal Beyatlı , poet and diplomat = = International relations = = = = = Twin towns – Sister cities = = = Skopje is twinned with : = = = Partnerships = = = = 1975 Pacific Northwest hurricane = The 1975 Pacific Northwest hurricane was an unusual Pacific tropical cyclone that attained hurricane status farther north than any other Pacific hurricane . It was officially unnamed , with the cargo ship Transcolorado providing vital meteorological data in assessing the storm . The twelfth tropical cyclone of the 1975 Pacific hurricane season , it developed from a cold @-@ core upper @-@ level low merging with the remnants of a tropical cyclone on August 31 , well to the northeast of Hawaii . Convection increased as the circulation became better defined , and by early on September 2 it became a tropical storm . Turning to the northeast through an area of warm water temperatures , the storm quickly strengthened , and , after developing an eye , it attained hurricane status late on September 3 , while located about 1 @,@ 200 miles ( 1 @,@ 950 km ) south of Alaska . After maintaining peak winds for about 18 hours , the storm rapidly weakened , as it interacted with an approaching cold front . Early on September 5 , it lost its identity near the coast of Alaska . = = Meteorological history = = On August 26 , the tropical cyclone that was once Hurricane Ilsa degenerated into a remnant low pressure area about 1 @,@ 200 miles ( 1 @,@ 950 km ) west of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . The remnants of Ilsa drifted northwestward through the Stratocumulus cloud field of the eastern north Pacific Ocean . At the same time , a mid @-@ tropospheric trough slowly intensified while gradually undergoing cyclogenesis to develop into a cold @-@ core upper @-@ level low . Early on August 31 , a low @-@ level circulation formed within the upper @-@ level low about 930 miles ( 1 @,@ 500 km ) northeast of Hawaii ; at that time , the circulation and the remnants of Ilsa were located within 370 miles ( 600 km ) of each other . The cold @-@ core low rapidly intensified as convection increased , and late on August 31 it absorbed the remnants of Ilsa , which influenced the development of the system . Convection steadily organized as it tracked westward , and it is estimated it transitioned into a subtropical depression by 18 : 00 UTC on September 1 . With warm water temperatures , the system strengthened and began to develop tropical characteristics . Subsequent to the development of banding features , convection contracted and deepened over the increasingly well @-@ defined center , and is estimated it became a tropical storm by early on September 2 while located about 685 miles ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) north of the Hawaiian island of Kauai . The storm quickly developed a central dense overcast , and by 00 : 00 UTC on September 3 Dvorak classifications began on the cyclone . With water temperatures of over 82 ° F ( 28 ° C ) , it strengthened rapidly as an approaching cold front caused it to accelerate to the northeast . An eye became apparent on satellite imagery , and the storm intensified into a hurricane at 18 : 00 UTC on September 3 , while located about 1 @,@ 170 miles ( 1 @,@ 885 km ) south of Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve in Alaska . Upon becoming a hurricane , the cyclone was small , measuring about 85 miles ( 140 km ) in diameter . Operationally , the hurricane was not classified due to lack of ship confirmation ; by the time it became a hurricane , the strongest winds reported by a ship was 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) about 80 miles ( 130 km ) southeast of the center . Additionally , upon developing a closed eyewall , the cyclone was beginning to interact with the frontal system to its west . However , late on September 3 , a ship reported a pressure of 1003 mbar with a 3 @-@ hour tendency increase of 13 @.@ 5 mb , suggesting a minimum pressure of under 990 mbar . At the time , the storm maintained a T @-@ number of 4 @.@ 0 , resulting in estimated winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) and an estimated pressure of 987 mbar . Maintaining hurricane status for about 18 hours , the storm continued rapidly northeastward and weakened due to strong wind shear from the approaching cold front . Early on September 5 , it is estimated the cyclone became extratropical in the Gulf of Alaska while located about 315 miles ( 510 km ) southwest of Juneau , Alaska . The circulation was rapidly absorbed by the front , and the remnants quickly reached the coast of British Columbia . The remnants of the storm turned southeastward , and was last tracked definitively to a point north of Montana . = = Impact and records = = At 18 : 00 UTC on September 3 , a ship named Pluvius recorded 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) winds near the center of the storm . At 06 : 00 UTC on September 4 , the U.S. Navy @-@ chartered cargo ship Transcolorado recorded winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) about 120 miles ( 200 km ) , the strongest reported winds in association with the tropical cyclone ; the ship also reported 27 foot ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) swells . No significant land impact occurred in association with the cyclone , and no fatalities were reported . Forming at 31 ° N , the storm formed farther north than any other Pacific tropical cyclone at the time , though , in 2000 , Tropical Storm Wene formed farther to the north . The cyclone marked the first known occurrence of a mid @-@ Pacific upper tropospheric low developing into a tropical cyclone , though Tropical Storm Fausto in 2002 redeveloped in a similar occurrence to the hurricane . The cyclone attained hurricane status at 40 ° N , a record for a Pacific hurricane . Only Tropical Storm Dot in 1970 , Hurricane John in 1994 , Tropical Depression Guillermo in 1997 , and Tropical Storm Wene in 2000 were tropical cyclones north of the latitude , of which only John was a hurricane ; none maintained tropical cyclone status further north than the cyclone . = SR Merchant Navy class = The SR Merchant Navy class ( originally known as the 21C1 class , and later informally known as Bulleid Pacifics , Spam Cans or Packets ) is a class of air @-@ smoothed 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 Pacific steam locomotives designed for the Southern Railway of the United Kingdom by Oliver Bulleid . The Pacific design was chosen in preference to several others proposed by Bulleid . The first members of the class were constructed during the Second World War , and the last of the 30 locomotives in 1949 . Incorporating a number of new developments in British steam locomotive technology , the design of the Merchant Navy class was among the first to use welding in the construction process ; this enabled easier fabrication of components during the austerity of the war and post @-@ war economies . The locomotives featured thermic syphons and Bulleid 's innovative , but controversial , chain @-@ driven valve gear . The class members were named after the Merchant Navy shipping lines involved in the Battle of the Atlantic , and latterly those which used Southampton Docks , a publicity masterstroke by the Southern Railway , which operated Southampton Docks during the period . Due to problems with some of the more novel features of Bulleid 's design , all members of the class were modified by British Railways during the late 1950s , losing their air @-@ smoothed casing in the process . The Merchant Navy class operated until the end of Southern steam in July 1967 . A third of the class has survived and can be seen on heritage railways throughout Great Britain . = = Background = = The Southern Railway was the most financially successful of the " Big Four " , but this was largely based on investment in suburban and main line electrification . After the successful introduction of the SR Schools class in 1930 , the railway had lagged behind the others in terms of modernising its aging fleet of steam locomotives . Following the retirement of the General Manager of the Southern Railway Sir Herbert Walker and Richard Maunsell the Chief Mechanical Engineer ( CME ) in 1937 , their successors considered that the time had come to change this situation . In March 1938 , the new General Manager Gilbert Szlumper authorised Oliver Bulleid , Maunsell 's replacement , to prepare designs for twenty express passenger locomotives . The deteriorating international situation prior to the Second World War was an additional factor in this decision . Bulleid 's first suggestion was for an eight @-@ coupled locomotive with a 4 @-@ 8 @-@ 2 wheel arrangement for the heavily loaded Golden Arrow and Night Ferry Continental express trains , although this was quickly modified to a 2 @-@ 8 @-@ 2 equipped with a Helmholtz " Bissel bogie " – a system already successfully applied on the Continent . However , both proposals for eight @-@ coupled locomotives were resisted by the Southern Railway 's Chief Civil Engineer , so a new 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 Pacific design was settled upon instead . The new design was intended for express passenger and semi @-@ fast work in Southern England , though it had to be equally adept at freight workings due to the nominal " mixed traffic " classification Bulleid applied to the class for them to be built during wartime . Administrative measures had been put in place by the wartime government , preventing the construction of express passenger locomotives , due to shortages of materials and a need for locomotives with freight @-@ hauling capabilities . Classifying a design as " mixed traffic " neatly circumvented this restriction . = = Design = = Most of the detailed design for the Merchant Navy class was undertaken by the drawing office at Brighton works , but some work was also undertaken by Ashford and Eastleigh . This division of responsibility was possibly due to Bulleid 's wish to restrict knowledge of the new class to a limited number of personnel . The design incorporated a number of novel features , compared to then @-@ current steam locomotive practice in Great Britain . = = = Cylinders , valve gear , wheels and brakes = = = Three 18 inches ( 46 cm ) diameter cylinders drove the centre coupled axle . The inside cylinder was steeply inclined at 1 : 7 @.@ 5 but the outside cylinders were horizontal . It was originally intended to use a gear @-@ driven valve gear , but space restrictions within the frames and wartime material shortages led Bulleid to design his novel chain @-@ driven valve gear . This component was unique amongst British locomotive design practices . It later gained a bad reputation , because it could cause highly irregular valve events , a problem compounded by the fast @-@ moving Bulleid steam reverser . The entire system was located in a sealed oil bath , another unique design , providing constant lubrication to the moving parts . The locomotives were equipped with the unusual 6 ft 2 in ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) Bulleid Firth Brown ( BFB ) driving wheels which were lighter , yet stronger than the spoked equivalent . These proved to be successful and were later used on other Bulleid classes . The leading bogie was based upon that of the SR Lord Nelson class , although it had a 6 ft 3 in ( 1 @.@ 90 m ) wheelbase as opposed to Maunsell 's 7 ft 6 in ( 2 @.@ 28 m ) design , and featured 3 ft 1 in ( 0 @.@ 94 m ) BFB wheels . A long coupled driving wheelbase was incorporated into the design , to keep the locomotives within the lineal loading of the Southern Railway 's narrower bridges . The supporting rear trailing truck was a one @-@ piece steel casting that gave the smoothest of rides ; the design was utilised in the future BR Standard Class 7 . The spaces between driving wheels housed steam @-@ powered clasp brakes , that gripped the wheels by way of a " scissor " action . The two middle brake hangers held two brake blocks each , whilst the two outside hanger on the leading and rear driving wheels held one block each . These were connected together by outside rodding for ease of access , and the whole system was operated from the footplate . = = = Boiler and welded firebox = = = The maximum boiler pressure was higher than any other British regular service locomotive ( except the GWR County class ) at 280 psi . Bulleid originally intended to use welding in the construction of the boilers , but he soon discovered that the Southern Railway lacked the facilities to manufacture welded boilers of this size . The first ten boilers were ordered on outside contract from the North British Locomotive Company , and were of rivetted construction in the barrel . The tube plates that held the fire tubes and superheater elements inside the boiler were also made of steel to reduce maintenance . The inner and outer firebox of the Merchant Navy class was constructed using welding , as opposed to the rivetting that was more common practice . This made for cheaper construction and a firebox 1 @.@ 5 long tons ( 1 @.@ 5 t ) lighter than a copper example of equal size . Steel plate also lacked the elasticity of copper when exposed to water at high temperatures , reducing maintenance . Two welded steel Thermic syphons were implemented to improve water circulation between the boiler and the top of the firebox ( the " crown " ) . These were subcontracted to Beyer Peacock . = = = Air @-@ smoothed casing , smokebox and blastpipe = = = The boiler was enveloped by Bulleid 's air @-@ smoothed sheet steel casing , which was not for the purposes of streamlining , as demonstrated by the extremely flat front end , but as a way of lifting exhaust gases . The flat sides were also an aid to cleaning the locomotive with a carriage washer , representing an attempt to reduce labour costs . It followed the profile of the Belpaire firebox and extended to a curved profile forward of the smokebox front . Spun glass mattresses were used for boiler lagging . The smokebox was a sheet metal fabrication to the same profile as the firebox , acting as a former to maintain the shape of the air @-@ smoothed casing . In between , the casing was supported by channel @-@ section steel crinolines ( strengtheners used to maintain the shape ) attached to the frames . The smokebox housed the five @-@ nozzle Lemaître blastpipe arranged in a circle within a large @-@ diameter chimney . = = = Tender = = = Bulleid designed a new 5 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 22 @,@ 730 L ; 6 @,@ 000 US gal ) tender which could carry 5 tons ( 5 @.@ 1 t ) of coal on a six @-@ wheel chassis . It featured BFB wheels and streamlined panels , or " raves " , that gave the top of the tender a similar cross @-@ sectional outline to the carriages hauled by the locomotive . The water tank was of welded sheet construction to save weight , and the tender was fitted with vacuum braking equipment of a clasp @-@ type similar to that used on the locomotive . Three train @-@ brake vacuum reservoirs of cylindrical construction were grouped on the tank top , behind the coal space . Unusually for a British locomotive , two extra water filler caps were incorporated into the tender front , for access from the footplate . The original tender design proved to be inadequately braced and subject to serious leakage if even slightly damaged , or when water surges caused the welded joints to split . The problem was not solved until 1944 when additional baffling was fitted . = = = Other innovations = = = Electric lighting was also provided on both the locomotive and the footplate , supplied by a steam @-@ powered generator fitted below the footplate . The gauges were lit by ultra @-@ violet light . This enabled clearer night @-@ time vision of the boiler steam pressure gauge and the brake pipe vacuum pressure gauge , whilst eliminating dazzle , making it easier for the crew to see signals along the track . Close attention was also paid to the ergonomics of the driving cab , which was designed with the controls required for operation grouped according to the needs of both fireman and driver , thus promoting safe operation . As an aid to the fireman , a steam @-@ operated treadle was provided that used steam pressure to open the firehole doors ( where the coal is shovelled into the firebox ) . The footplate was entirely enclosed , improving crew working conditions in winter . = = Construction = = For construction history of the class , see : List of SR Merchant Navy class locomotives The Southern Railway placed an order for ten of the new locomotives to be built at Eastleigh Works , although the boilers had to be supplied from private industry and the tenders were built at Ashford . The prototype was completed in February 1941 , numbered 21C1 , and named Channel Packet at a ceremony at Eastleigh works on 10 March 1941 . It underwent extensive trials and minor modifications before joining Southern Railway stock 4 June 1941 . A second prototype , 21C2 Union Castle was completed in June and named at Victoria railway station 4 July . Both prototypes were found to be seven tons over the specified weight , and , at the insistence of the Southern Railway Civil Engineer , production of the remainder was halted until steps were taken to remedy this . This was achieved by using thinner steel plates for the frame stretchers and covering the boiler cladding , and enlarging the existing lightening holes in the main frames . The remaining eight locomotives in the batch were delivered between September 1941 and July 1942 . A second batch of ten followed , beginning in December 1944 and culminating in June 1945 . These were entirely constructed at Eastleigh and equipped with 5 @,@ 100 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 23 @,@ 190 L ; 6 @,@ 120 US gal ) tenders . The Merchant Navy class spawned the design and construction of a lighter version of the same locomotive with consequently increased route availability . These were the West Country and Battle of Britain class Light Pacifics , the first of which entered service in 1945 . Just prior to the nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , the Southern Railway placed an order for ten more Merchant Navy locomotives , with larger 6 @,@ 000 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 27 @,@ 280 L ; 7 @,@ 210 US gal ) tenders . A shortage of materials meant that delivery was delayed until September 1948 , and completed in 1949 ; the batch never carried Southern Railway numbers . Eastleigh was responsible for the assembly of the final batch , which were in the series 35021 – 35030 . Construction was undertaken in @-@ house by Eastleigh works , with the boilers and tenders constructed at Brighton , the frames at Ashford and the rest at Eastleigh . These were equipped with wedge @-@ shaped cab fronts from the outset , and greater use of welding ensured lighter locomotives . The batch was also fitted with the TIA ( " Traitement Integral Armand " ) chemical feed @-@ water equipment used on the Light Pacifics . This precipitated scale @-@ forming constituents in the " hard @-@ water " of southern England into a non @-@ adhesive mud that could be cleared from the locomotive using a manual " blow @-@ down " valve . A delay in the construction of the new larger tenders for the new locomotives meant that some were fitted with the smaller examples intended for use with Light Pacifics that were under construction at the time . Two spare boilers for the class were also constructed at Brighton and Eastleigh during 1950 / 1 . = = Numbering and naming the locomotives = = For details of Merchant Navy class locomotive names , see : List of SR Merchant Navy class locomotives Bulleid adopted a new numbering scheme for all his locomotives based on Continental practice , following his experiences at the French branch of Westinghouse Electric before the First World War , and those of his tenure in the rail operating department during that conflict . The Southern Railway numbers followed an adaptation of the UIC classification system of using letters and numbers to designate the powered and unpowered axles , together with a running number . Thus the first 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 locomotive became 21C1 – where " 2 " and " 1 " refer to the number of unpowered leading and trailing axles respectively , and " C " refers to the number of driving axles , in this case three . The remainder were numbered 21C2 @-@ 21C19 . The scheme was abandoned by British Railways in 1949 and the existing locomotives were renumbered under the British Railways standard system in the series 35001 @-@ 35019 ; the final batch appeared in traffic as 35020 @-@ 35029 . The Southern Railway considered naming the locomotives after victories of the Second World War , to the extent that a mocked @-@ up nameplate River Plate was produced . In the event , when early successes for the British proved few and far between , the chairman of the Union Castle Line suggested naming them after shipping companies which had called at Southampton Docks in peacetime . This idea resonated in 1941 because the shipping lines were heavily involved in the Atlantic convoys to and from Britain during the Second World War . A new design of nameplate was created , featuring a circular plate with a smaller circle in the centre . The inner circle carried the colours of the shipping company on a stylised flag , on an air force blue background . Around the outer circle was the name of the locomotive , picked out in gilt lettering . A horizontal rectangular plate was attached to either side of the circular nameplate , with " Merchant Navy Class " in gilt lettering . This acted as a class plate , as indicated on the nameplate photograph , above left . During their operational career , the class gained several nicknames ; the most obvious , Bulleid Pacific , simply denoted the designer and wheel arrangement . The colloquial name Spam Can arose from their utilitarian appearance , enhanced by the flat , boxy air @-@ smoothed casing , and the resemblance of this to the distinctive tin cans in which SPAM was sold . The nickname Packets was also adopted by locomotive drivers , as the first member of the class was named Channel Packet . = = Operational details = = As the class appeared during the War , there were no heavily laden Continental Boat Trains from Dover and Folkestone , for which they had been designed . They were however used on express trains on the South Western Main Line to Southampton , and Exeter . In August 1945 a series of test runs were made between London Victoria and Dover and from October the class were used on the resumed Continental expresses . The prestigious Bournemouth Belle Pullman train was reinstated in October 1946 and entrusted to the class for the next two decades . However , their heavy axle loading and length meant that they were banned from many areas of the Southern Railway , and later , the British Railways Southern Region network . = = Subsequent development = = As mentioned , the main production batch of Southern @-@ built locomotives differed from the two prototypes , Channel Packet and Union Castle . The steam @-@ operated firehole door treadle was removed , and a new type of boiler cladding was utilised in response to the worsening supply situation during the Second World War . Modification was also made to the air @-@ smoothed casing surrounding the smokebox after reports were made of drifting smoke obscuring the locomotive crew 's vision ahead . Initially , the only form of smoke deflection was a narrow slot in front of the chimney , intended to enable air to lift the smoke when the locomotive was travelling . This proved inadequate because of the relatively soft exhaust blast that came from the multiple @-@ jet blastpipe , which failed to be caught by the air flow . After several trials , the air flow was increased by extending the casing roof over the front of the smokebox to form a cowling whilst side smoke deflector plates were also incorporated into the front of the air @-@ smoothed casing . The latter added to the poor visibility from the footplate and the expedients combined never fully solved the smoke drift problem . During the brief time they operated under the Southern Railway , further modifications were applied to the class , such as the reduction in boiler pressure to 250 psi ( 1 @.@ 72 MPa ) and the redesign of the footplate spectacle plates . These are the small windows on the front face of the cab , which were redesigned to a wedge @-@ shaped profile , a feature to be seen on all Bulleid @-@ designed locomotives post @-@ nationalisation . They had been introduced in Britain in 1934 with the Gresley @-@ designed Cock o ' the North . Originally , the spectacle plates of the Bulleid Pacifics were at the conventional right @-@ angle to the direction of the locomotive , and offered limited vision ahead along the air @-@ smoothed casing . The Southern @-@ built batches also had variations in the material used for the air @-@ smoothed casing with a change from sheet steel to an asbestos compound , forced upon the manufacturer by wartime expediency . This resulted in several class members having a horizontal strengthening rib running down the length of the casing . The final Southern Railway @-@ initiated experiment involved equipping 21C5 Canadian Pacific with a Berkeley mechanical stoker imported from Canada . Little improvement in performance was seen when trialled under British Railways auspices in 1948 and the locomotive was re @-@ converted to hand @-@ firing . As mentioned , the British Railways batch had detail differences to previous versions . The most significant modification was the reduction of weight using lighter materials unavailable during wartime . From 1952 the air @-@ smoothed casing ahead of the cylinders was removed to ease maintenance and lubrication . This coincided with the removal of the tender ' raves ' on all locomotives , as they obstructed the packing of coal into the bunker and restricted the driver 's view when reversing the locomotive . The resultant ' cut @-@ down ' tender included new , enclosed storage for fire @-@ irons , revised step ladders and glass spectacle plates to protect the crew from flying coal dust when running tender @-@ first . = = Performance of the unmodified locomotives = = The new locomotives demonstrated that they could generate enormous power using mediocre quality fuel , due largely to Bulleid 's excellent boiler . They also ran very smoothly at high speed . Partly as a result of having so many novel features , the first few years of service by the Merchant Navy class were beset by a variety of technical problems . Some of these were merely teething troubles , but others remained with the class throughout their working lives . These may be summarised as follows : Adhesion problems . The locomotives were often prone to wheelslip , and required very careful driving when starting a heavy train from rest , but once into their stride they were noted for their free running , excellent steam production and being remarkably stable when hauling heavy expresses . Maintenance problems . The chain driven valve gear proved to be expensive to maintain and subject to rapid wear . Leaks from the oil bath onto the wheels caused oil to splash onto the boiler lagging in service . Once saturated with oil , the lagging attracted coal dust and ash which provided a combustible material , and as a result of the heavy braking of the locomotives , sparks would set the lagging on fire underneath the air @-@ smoothed casing . The fires were also attributed to oil overflowing from axlebox lubricators onto the wheels when stationary to be flung upwards into the boiler lagging in service . In either case , the local fire brigade would invariably be called to put the fire out , with cold water coming into contact with the hot boiler , causing stress to the casing . Many photographs show an unmodified with ' buckled ' ( warped ) casing , the result of a lagging fire . High fuel consumption . This became very apparent in the 1948 Locomotive Exchange Trials and at trials at the Rugby locomotive testing plant in 1952 . Restricted driver visibility due to the air @-@ smoothed casing . The exhaust problem was never adequately resolved , and continued to beat down onto the air @-@ smoothed casing when the engine was on the move , obscuring the driver 's vision from the cab . As a result of these problems serious consideration was given to scrapping the class in 1954 , and replacing them with Britannia class locomotives . However , the locomotives had excellent boilers and several other good features and so the decision was taken to rebuild them removing several of Bulleid 's less successful ideas . = = = Incident at Crewkerne = = = On 24 April 1953 the crank axle on the central driving wheel of No. 35020 " Bibby Line " fractured whilst approaching Crewkerne station at speed . No @-@ one was injured , but the incident resulted in the withdrawal of all Merchant Navy class locomotives from service whilst the cause was ascertained . An examination of other class members showed that the fracture , caused by metal fatigue , was a common fault . To cover the motive power shortage caused by the mass withdrawal of thirty locomotives , classes from other British Railways regions were drafted in to deputise . The incident resulted in a redesign and replacement of the crank axle . = = Modification = = Partially because of the Crewkerne incident , and due to the incessant modification of Bulleid ’ s original design , British Railways took the decision to rebuild the entire class to a more conventional design by R. G. Jarvis , adopting many features from the BR ' Standard ' locomotive classes that had been introduced since 1950 . The air @-@ smoothed casing was removed and replaced with conventional boiler cladding , and the chain @-@ driven valve gear was replaced with three separate sets of Walschaerts valve gear . The rebuilds were provided with a completely revised cylindrical smokebox , a new Lord Nelson @-@ type chimney and LMS @-@ style smoke deflectors . Together with the lack of air @-@ smoothed casing , these helped reduce the problem of smoke and steam obscuring the driver 's vision of the line . The fast @-@ moving and unpredictable Bulleid steam reverser was replaced with a screw @-@ link version , whilst the mechanical lubricators were moved to the footplates along the boiler sides . Sanding was also added to the leading driving axle , whilst rearward application was incorporated to the middle driving axle . The first ' modified ' to be released from Eastleigh was 35018 British India Line in 1956 . The final example , 35028 Clan Line , was completed in 1960 . The success of the modification programme for the Merchant Navy class was also to influence the design of the future modification of 60 ' Light Pacifics ' . = = Performance of the modified locomotives = = There is no doubt that rebuilding the class solved most of the maintenance problems whilst retaining the good features , thereby creating excellent locomotives . One minor drawback was that the ' modifieds ' put greater loads on the track as a result of hammerblow , caused by the balance weights for the outside Walschaerts valve gear , whereas the original valve gear design was largely self @-@ balanced . On 26 June 1967 , 35003 Royal Mail recorded the highest speed ever for the class . Hauling a train comprising three carriages and two parcels vans ( 164 tons tare , 180 tons gross ) between Weymouth and Waterloo , the mile between milepost 38 and milepost 37 ( located between Winchfield and Fleet ) was covered in 34 seconds , a speed of 105 @.@ 88 mph . This was also the last authenticated speed in excess of 100 mph achieved by a steam locomotive in the United Kingdom . = = Withdrawal = = Their principal work was on the South Western Main Line to Southampton and Bournemouth until 1967 . However , the main reason why the class began to be withdrawn in 1964 was the transfer of the main line between Salisbury and Exeter to the Western Region and the introduction of " Warship " class diesel @-@ hydraulic locomotives on these services . The rebuilt locomotives were therefore withdrawn relatively soon after their rebuilding , whilst still in excellent condition . The first two to be withdrawn were the second prototype 35002 Union Castle and 35015 Rotterdam Lloyd in February 1964 . Nearly half of the class had been withdrawn by the end of 1965 , but seven survived until the end of steam on the Southern Region in the summer of 1967 . = = Preservation = = Many of the class have survived into preservation thanks to the high workload of Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan , South Wales , which found it easier and more commercially lucrative to scrap railway wagons , keeping the more technical steam locomotives for a down turn in workload . One engine , 35028 Clan Line , was bought by the Merchant Navy Locomotive Preservation Society direct from British Railways in 1967 , and has since been regarded as the ' flagship ' of the class . Although eleven members of the class have survived into the preservation era , it is very likely that many will never steam again , with only three having been restored to working order thus far . This is because the class is too large and heavy for use on most of today 's heritage railways . As the entire class was rebuilt from 1956 onwards , no Merchant Navy class locomotives exist in as @-@ built condition , although a team are attempting to reverse @-@ engineer 35011 General Steam Navigation to original condition . Other relics of the class have survived in the guise of locomotive nameplates and smokebox number plates , which were taken from their locomotives towards the end of steam on the British Railways Southern Region in the 1960s . As a result , many exist in private collections , and several have been seen at auction , selling for several thousands of pounds . = = = Preserved Merchant Navy class locomotives = = = For full location details and current status of the preserved locomotives , see : List of SR Merchant Navy class locomotives = = Livery = = = = = Southern Railway = = = Livery was Southern Railway malachite green with " sunshine yellow " horizontal lining and lettering . The first five locomotives were given a matt finish so as to obscure small irregularities in the casing . All class members that operated during the Second World War were eventually repainted in Southern Railway wartime black livery , with green @-@ shaded " Sunshine " lettering . However , this was reverted to Malachite Green livery upon the ending of hostilities . 21C1 Channel Packet originally had an inverted horseshoe on the smokebox door , indicating its Southern origin , however , crews believed this to be unlucky . A resultant re @-@ design meant that this became a roundel , the gap being filled by the year of construction , therefore acting as a builder 's plate . The background was painted red . Early members of the class had cast iron numberplates and gilt ' Southern ' plates on the tender , however these were subsequently replaced by transfers . = = = British Railways = = = After nationalisation in 1948 , the locomotives ' initial livery was a slightly modified Southern malachite green livery , where " British Railways " replaced " Southern " in Sunshine Yellow lettering on the tender sides . The Bulleid numbering system was temporarily retained , with an additional " S " prefix , such as S21C1 . A short @-@ lived second livery was an experimental blue with red lining as applied to 35024 East Asiatic Company . This was replaced by British Railways express passenger blue with black and white lining . From 1952 the locomotives carried the standard British Railways Brunswick green livery with orange and black lining and the British Railways crest on the tender tank sides . This livery was perpetuated after rebuilding . = = Operational assessment = = The class in both as @-@ built and modified forms have been subject to a range of divergent opinions . The utilisation of welded steel construction and the various innovations that had not previously been seen in British locomotive design meant that the class earned Bulleid the title " Last Giant of Steam " . The constant concern for ease of maintenance and utility had not previously been seen on locomotives of older design , whilst their highly efficient boilers represented the ultimate in British steam technology , the hallmark of a successful locomotive design . Despite this , the number of innovations introduced at the same time made the class unreliable and difficult to maintain during the first few years of service . Many of these difficulties were overcome during the rebuilding , leading to D.L. Bradley 's statement that the modified locomotives were " the finest express locomotives to work in the country " . Overall the class was largely successful , with half of the locomotives completing more than 1 million miles in revenue earning service . = = Models = = The Merchant Navy class has been the subject of several models by different manufacturers , including Hornby Railways , Graham Farish and Minitrix . The first OO gauge model of an as @-@ built locomotive was produced by Hornby / Wrenn in 1962 , followed by the modified version . Hornby and Graham Farish currently produce the rebuilt version of the class in OO gauge and N gauge respectively . The Hornby model was introduced in the 2000 edition of the Hornby catalogue . As of December 2010 , fifteen members of the class have been produced . In March 2015 Hornby announced the inclusion of a new as @-@ built version of the class in OO gauge in their 2016 range , this model was subsequently postponed to the 2017 range . = Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel = Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel is the first studio album by Atlas Sound , the solo project of Deerhunter lead vocalist Bradford Cox . The album was released in North America by Kranky Records on February 19 , 2008 and in Europe by 4AD on May 5 , 2008 . The tracks of Let the Blind Lead were constructed with computer @-@ generated and recorded instruments in music software Ableton Live . Described as being stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness in nature by Cox , each song was created over the span of several hours ; in addition , the music and lyrics were written and sung on the spot . For its release , the tracks were arranged in the order in which they were recorded ; Cox described the album as a whole as having a " dynamic arc " to it . The North American cover art is a modified photograph of a painting of a doctor treating a sick boy . The face of the child is obscured by a camera flash , although Cox feels that this gives the picture a " romantic " element . The lyrics of Let the Blind Lead are autobiographical in nature , reflecting life experiences of Cox . These include abuses he received as a child , past drug addictions , and the time he spent hospitalized as a teenager due to his genetic disorder Marfan syndrome . Several songs concern his best friend Lockett Pundt , the guitarist for Deerhunter , whom the album is dedicated to . " Winter Vacation " is a reflection on the first time the two met , while in " Ativan " , Cox examines his relationship with Pundt . Let the Blind Lead was generally well @-@ received by critics ; some praised Cox 's emotional lyrics , while others criticized his music for lacking substance . The record charted at number 32 on Billboard magazine 's Top Heatseekers chart for one week . = = Production = = The music of Atlas Sound utilizes computer @-@ based MIDI instruments , created and recorded in musical software Ableton Live ; the program allows Cox " to turn pretty much any sound into a MIDI @-@ controllable keyboard " , according to him . Effects that were not already built into the program were seldom used . Brian Foote of the band Nudge assisted Cox in the production of Let the Blind Lead , by showing him the basics of the software , and aiding in the selection of equipment that would be used on the record . Cox described the process of recording the album as being stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness : " with Atlas Sound , the songs are being written as they 're recorded . " In addition , all of the lyrics on the album were created as they were being recorded on the first take . The album 's title is derived from a dream Cox had in which he saw a group of protesters , one of whom was holding up a sign reading " Let the blind lead those who can see but cannot feel " . Upon waking , Cox wrote down the phrase on a notebook beside his bed . He described the concept to Out magazine as being " like you are able to see , but you might not know the right direction to go in . But somebody who can ’ t see might — just by instinct — lead you that way . " The arrangement of the tracks on Let the Blind Lead is chronological , presented in the order in which they were recorded . = = = Artwork = = = The North American album cover artwork originates from a medical journal Cox discovered in a thrift store . A painting in the journal depicts a doctor treating an ill boy , " while his mom looks on , concerned " , as described by Cox . In photographing the painting , the face of the boy was obscured by the flash of the camera . While it " kind of took away from the photo " according to him , the picture became " somehow … romantic , the idea that there was so much emotion in the face that it got whited out . " Cox described the boy as being " the saddest boy … lovesick and emaciated " , adding , " I related to that boy so much that I literally , in the thrift store , almost started crying . " The European album artwork was created by v23 , a group that designs cover art for label 4AD . = = Style = = = = = Music = = = Let the Blind Lead has been characterized as ambient , psychedelic , and pop music , similar in style to Cox 's previous work with Deerhunter , such as the band 's 2007 album Cryptograms . Cox is drawn to ambient music due to its ambiguous , repetitive , and " emotive " nature . He considers himself inspired in part by the style and " sonic picture " of girl groups and doo @-@ wop music . Instruments heard on the record include the guitar , drums , glockenspiel , mbira , and Ghanaian bells . Cox also considers his voice an instrument of its own . While moving toward using less layering effects on the vocal tracks in his music , because he does not consider himself a songwriter , Cox prefers to use such effects to make his voice more instrumental and ambiguous in nature . He has said he is " always more interested in the parts that are like vocalists , wordless vocals : the harmonizing , the oohs when the vocals become like an instrument . " To create tracks on Let the Blind Lead , Cox continually adds elements to a song until he " feel [ s ] like it 's getting crowded … When it sounds done , it 's done . And if it seems like it 's missing something , I 'll go back and add something . " Most of his music is the product of several hours ' work , rather than that of a few days . To Pitchfork Media Cox said that , with each song , " The genesis is usually a beat . " Cox considers the music of Let the Blind Lead to have a " dynamic arc " : the first half of the record contains " more accessible songs . I was very depressed in the middle , and it created this kind of black hole of misery . Then I tried to bring it up again at the end . " Cox intended for his music to be " therapeutic " , for both himself and his audience . In addition , he wanted the album to have a healing element , and be something " somebody could listen to all the way through and feel like they went through a bad period of time and came out of it . " Pauline Oliveros , a composer who runs an organization that studies music therapy , was described by Cox as having " a big influence " on him and his ideas of therapeutic music . He considers music " the only art form I know of that has such an immediate effect on the human psyche " , and found the time he first met and talked with Oliveros as being " like meeting a hero of mine . " The album 's opening track , " A Ghost Story " , contains a sample of a young boy telling a ghost story , obtained by Cox from an internet audio archive of free music samples . Cox found the sample " moving " , and used it to create an intro that would set the tone for the rest of the album . Said Cox , " I wanted to create a haunted record , you know ? Kind of filled with ghosts . I thought it just set up the album nicely . " He summarized the song as consisting of " basically just a cassette and effected hammer dulcimers . " The sounds of " Small Horror " were intended to represent " banging depression . " Cox described the song as being " the most depressing song " on Let the Blind Lead , and as being " concrete " musically . Instrumental track " Ready Set Glow " is supposed to " create the impression of passing out and falling back into a bed of strobe lights . " Another instrumental song , " After Class " , is a " sonic rearrangement " of a track produced by Deerhunter for the 2008 compilation album Living Bridge . The self @-@ titled final song of Let the Blind Lead , another instrumental track , was intended to bring the album full circle , having it start and end on an " ambient note " . Lockett Pundt , a recurring focus of the album 's lyrics , created a guitar loop which was the basis for the song " Cold as Ice " . = = = Lyrics = = = While Cox was working with Deerhunter to produce Cryptograms , it was considered Kranky Records policy to not print the lyrics of an album in its liner notes . This was a rule enforced by label owner Joel Leoschke , who believed the practice " demystifi [ ed ] the experience of a rock record . " Despite largely agreeing with this sentiment , Cox chose to print the lyrics of Let the Blind Lead , in part because he wanted to " see what they looked like , " having ad @-@ libbed the words of every song on their first take . In an interview with Pitchfork Media , Cox described the lyrical origins of each song on Let the Blind Lead ; they are largely autobiographical in nature , reflecting life experiences of his . The song " Recent Bedroom " conveys an experience Cox had when his aunt died : " She was in her bedroom , and everybody knew she was about to pass away , and she went out , she faded out , and everybody just started crying . " Although he was " overwhelmed " by her death , it did not bring him to tears like the rest of his family . This event is expressed in the song by the lines " I walked outside , I could not cry / I don ’ t know , I don ’ t know why " . Cox ’ s inability to cry stemmed from his having been " very involved in drugs " at the time , which he believes eliminated his " childhood instinct … to cry . " The song attempts to communicate an emotional vacancy and sense of detachment characterized by " moving from childhood to adolescence " . " River Card " is based on a Puerto Rican short story entitled " There ’ s a Little Coloured Boy at the Bottom of the River " . The story tells of a boy who falls in love with his reflection in a river , believing it is another person , similar to the Greek myth of Narcissus . Cox attempted to capture " this childhood homoerotic energy … I remember experiencing and relating to . " In the conclusion of the story , the boy jumps into the water and drowns , thus making " River Card " " a song about a dead child . " The lyrical contents of " Quarantined " were inspired by a Russian article Cox read about children born with AIDS , confined in hospitals due to the " various lifestyles and mistakes " of their parents . Cox , who has a genetic condition known as Marfan syndrome , related the article to his own experiences with children 's hospitals . Having had many chest and back surgeries when he was sixteen , he " got real used to children 's hospitals " , finding them " kind of haunted , weird places . " " On Guard " is described as " a sad song " , the lyrics of which illustrate having to age and dealing with the " newfound anxiety " that comes with meeting new people . Cox explains that this anxiety stems from lacking " the energy to represent yourself to people . You ’ re always on guard . " The lyrical content of " Cold as Ice " is based on a relationship Cox had with a girl named Alice . Having fallen in love with her in the fifth grade , he proposed to marry her on the school 's playground . Alice rejected Cox , calling the ring he had given her " a cheap piece of crap . " Years later , Cox worked with Alice at a Subway restaurant . Occasionally , " for no reason " , she would ask him to watch her change into her uniform in the restaurant 's refrigerator , which he described as having been as " cold as ice " . Cox suspects that " she was trying to torture me or something . " The song " Bite Marks " is about " sadomasochism and boy prostitution . " In the song , Cox references an experience he had when he was kissing a man who bit him " really , really hard " on his shoulder , leaving bite marks " for like two weeks . " This experience , along with other abuses he received as a child , formed the lyrical basis of the song . A recurring source of lyrical subject matter in Let the Blind Lead is Cox 's best friend , Deerhunter guitarist Lockett Pundt , whom the album is dedicated to . " Winter Vacation " concerns the first time the two met . Seeing him at a bus stop while vacationing in Savannah , Georgia , Cox was " attracted to him , but not in some kind of like , just physical way . " Seeing " his melancholy , his sitting alone , staring at the ground " , he " fell in love " with him . Cox and his family later drove to a beach ; " Winter Vacation " relates to Cox ’ s memory of the beach , being " infected with that new love " found after meeting Pundt . The words of " Scraping Past " are about " moving on … And wondering if somebody is going to come with you or … stay behind . " This uncertainty is characterized by several lines Cox considers " pop song clichés " , referencing " rain that comes and goes . " In the song , Cox asks Pundt , " Are you going to come with me , or are you staying here ? " In " Ativan " Cox examines his addiction to the drug of the same name , as well as his relationship with Pundt . " It talks a lot about how things have changed between me and Lockett 's relationship and how he 's met a girl and … our friendship is never gonna change , but it 's difficult sometimes . " Cox asserts that he would " rather just take whatever drugs it takes to go to sleep and sleep through it … I 'm not prepared to face it yet . " = = Reception = = On Metacritic , Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel has received an average critic score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 reviews , indicating " Universal Acclaim " . Upon release , the album received Pitchfork Media 's " Best New Music " accolade , and was later placed 26th on the publication 's 50 Best Albums of 2008 . For one week , the album peaked at number 32 on Billboard magazine 's Top Heatseekers chart . Marc Hogan of Pitchfork Media praised the album in his review , writing that it " works best as a swirling , disorienting whole , " and " those drawn to his lovesick , evolving audio presence have … an entire world to explore . " Dominic Umile of PopMatters found the album 's " lovesickness and confessions " to be " as tenderly delivered as its hazy atmospherics are " , and , in their " bare authenticity … far more compelling in repeat indulgences than Deerhunter ’ s explorations . " Tiny Mix Tapes rewarded the album 4 / 5 stars , saying that , while each song has a " distinctive quality " allowing it to stand on its own , by backing out to view the album as a whole , the " individual elements unify … mak [ ing ] a greater holistic product . " Wilson McBee of Slant Magazine was more negative towards the album , writing that " Let the Blind Lead presents an intriguing mixture of sounds , but rarely does Cox whip them into anything very exciting . " In his review , he likened the album to a " tempered " version of Deerhunter 's Cryptograms . Under the Radar magazine wrote that many of the tracks of Let the Blind Lead " never materialize into anything more substantial than vapor . " Sean O 'Neal of The Onion 's A.V. Club said that , considering the number of free songs Cox has released on his blog , a full @-@ length album " seems almost beside the point . " He wrote that the record 's songs suggest the work of " a bedroom @-@ pop auteur who doesn 't know when to quit tweaking " . Allmusic writer Marisa Brown found that , with Let the Blind Lead , " as with Deerhunter , Cox has the tendency to try too hard to be profound ( take the title -- or the title track -- for example ) , wanting so badly to say something important that he sounds trite and forced , and untrustworthy . " Jonathen Cohen wrote in his review for Magnet that " Cox ’ s narratives make little sense " , noting " much of the time , he ’ s not even singing so much as wailing wordlessly " . In an interview with John Norris of MTV News , Cox said of the reception to Let the Blind Lead : " The response to this Atlas Sound record … the general response was very , very positive , but very , very much rooted in the concept that this is an emotional album . This is an album that has a lot of feeling behind it , and it 's very naked … That might in fact be [ the case ] , but the reason it is that way is because it was done stream @-@ of @-@ consciously . [ sic ] [ … ] I 'm not calculated . I don 't mind sentimentality , as long as it 's not calculated . " = = Track listing = = All songs were written by Bradford Cox . " A Ghost Story " – 2 : 44 " Recent Bedroom " – 3 : 46 " River Card " – 3 : 20 " Quarantined " – 4 : 20 " On Guard " – 3 : 40 " Winter Vacation " – 4 : 00 " Cold As Ice " – 3 : 33 " Scraping Past " – 4 : 30 " Small Horror " – 2 : 54 " Ready , Set , Glow " – 2 : 58 " Bite Marks " – 4 : 18 " After Class " – 3 : 29 " Ativan " – 2 : 51 " Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel " – 3 : 45 = = = Bonus disc = = = Included with the European release by 4AD . This collection of tracks was also released digitally by Kranky as Another Bedroom EP . " Another Bedroom " – 5 : 41 " It Rained " – 3 : 05 " Stained Glass Swan " – 2 : 58 " The Abandoned Closet " – 2 : 16 " Spring Break " – 4 : 57 " ABC Glasgow " – 5 : 02 = = Personnel = = Bradford Cox – engineering , mixing Brian Foote – mixing Craig S. McCaffrey – layout assistance Bob Weston – mastering = = Release history = = = Flight deck cruiser = The flight @-@ deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser , warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II . Several designs were proposed for the type , but none were approved for construction . The final design was developed just before World War II , and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end . = = Background = = In the 1920s , following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty , the United States Navy converted two incomplete battlecruisers into aircraft carriers , USS Lexington and USS Saratoga . These conversions proved to be extremely expensive , and designs were sought that would provide aircraft carrying capability for the fleet at a more reasonable cost . USS Ranger , America 's first purpose @-@ built aircraft carrier , was of a smaller , more economical design than the battlecruiser conversions , however the ship sacrificed the big @-@ gun scouting capability of the earlier ships . In an attempt to develop a ship capable of both carrying aircraft and engaging the enemy in the scouting role , the " flight @-@ deck cruiser " concept was developed , following a series of studies proposing the conversion of cruisers under construction into carriers , all of which were rejected . In addition to providing an economical method of providing additional aircraft for the fleet , the " flight @-@ deck cruiser " was seen to have an additional advantage ; it would be considered a cruiser under the terms of the Washington Treaty , not an aircraft carrier , and thus the Navy would not be restricted in the number of ships of the type that could be built . = = Designs = = Several designs were proposed for a ship carrying both aircraft and a gun armament equivalent to a light cruiser 's . One design , from 1930 , was described as " a Brooklyn @-@ class light cruiser forwards [ and ] one half of a Wasp @-@ class aircraft carrier aft " , and utilized an early version of the angled deck that would in the 1950s be adopted for use by fleet carriers . The vessel , 650 feet ( 200 m ) in length , had a 350 @-@ foot ( 110 m ) flight deck and hangar aft for twenty @-@ four aircraft , while forwards three triple 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) gun turrets were mounted , the standard armament for a light cruiser of the time . A secondary dual purpose armament of eight 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) guns was also projected to be carried for defense against enemy torpedo @-@ boats and aircraft . In 1934 , another design for a flight @-@ deck cruiser was proposed , featuring twelve 6 in ( 152 mm ) guns , mounted forwards and aft with a 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) flight deck in between ; while a 1939 revival of the concept proposed two triple turrets , fore and aft , again with an amidships flight deck . In December 1939 , a design for a much larger flight @-@ deck cruiser , displacing 12 @,@ 000 tons , was proposed , fitted with two catapults , a triple turret for 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) guns , and a 420 @-@ foot ( 130 m ) flight deck ; by January 1940 the design had been shrunk to a flight deck 390 feet ( 120 m ) in length and two triple 6 in ( 152 mm ) guns for main armament . = = Abandonment = = Despite the continued designs and interest in the idea , no funding was ever appropriated for the construction of a flight @-@ deck cruiser ; in addition , evaluation of the design by the Naval War College determined that even a 12 @,@ 000 @-@ ton ship was too small for the concept 's intended characteristics to be effectively realized , and thus the ship would be ineffective in battle . In 1940 , the design was formally shelved , although provision was made for reconsideration of the concept at a future date . The entry of the United States into World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbor , however , removed the primary justifications for the concept of a hybrid warship , as naval limitations treaties were now moot and adequate funding was now available for the construction of more conventional ships . As a result , the flight deck cruiser concept was never revisited . = = Similar ships = = Although no flight @-@ deck cruisers were ever built by the U.S. Navy , the Soviet Union 's Kiev @-@ class aircraft carrier , developed in the 1970s , is remarkably similar to that of the original flight @-@ deck cruiser design , featuring an angled flight deck aft with anti @-@ ship missile launchers forwards . In addition , during the early 1980s , plans were proposed for the reactivation of the U.S. Navy 's Iowa @-@ class battleships that entailed the removal of each ship 's aft turret and the installation of a flight deck for operating V / STOL aircraft ; in the end a much more modest conversion , lacking the flight deck , was carried out . = Ted Jolliffe = Edward Bigelow " Ted " Jolliffe , QC ( March 2 , 1909 – March 18 , 1998 ) was a Canadian social democratic politician and lawyer from Ontario . He was the first leader of the Ontario section of the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) and leader of the Official Opposition in the Ontario Legislature during the 1940s and 1950s . He was a Rhodes Scholar in the mid @-@ 1930s , and came back to Canada to help the CCF , after his studies were complete and being called to the bar in England and Ontario . After politics , he practised labour law in Toronto and would eventually become a labour adjudicator . In retirement , he moved to British Columbia , where he died in 1998 . = = Early life and education = = His family had lived in Ontario for generations . His parents , the Reverend Charles and Gertrude Jolliffe , were missionaries for the Methodist Church of Canada , and were living near what was then known as Luchow , China . He was born at the Canadian Missionary hospital in Luchow , near Chunking on March 2 , 1909 . He was home @-@ schooled in China by his mother until his early teens . When his family returned to Ontario , he attend Rockwood Public School and then went to high school at Guelph Collegiate Institute . He was an undergraduate at the University of Toronto 's Victoria College , the United Church College . He became the head of the Victoria Student Council , and was a member of the Hart House Debates Committee . In 1930 , he won the Maurice Cody scholarship , and then became one of Ontario 's Rhodes Scholars that same year . He attended Oxford University for three years , and was affiliated with its Christ Church College . As a member of Oxford 's Labour Club , he met David Lewis , the club 's leader and a fellow Canadian . Together they fought the Communist Red October club and fascists such as Lord Haw @-@ Haw – William Joyce . Both he and Lewis planned a ' silent ' protest at Joyce 's February 1934 speech at Oxford . They carefully made sure that enough members from the Labour Club attended the meeting , and then in groups of two or three , strategically walked out of the speech , across the creaking wooden floors , effectively blotting out Joyce 's speech . The Blackshirts in the audience then caused riots in the street after the meeting and Jolliffe and Lewis were in the thick of it . His Oxford experiences made him a socialist and he joined the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation shortly after it was formed in 1932 during his summer vacation . He helped form an overseas branch of the CCF at Oxford that year . He was called to the bar in England , and was the first Canadian to win the Arden scholarship . When Jolliffe permanently returned from Oxford , he worked as the CCF 's Ontario organizer and was called to the bar in Ontario and practised law in Toronto from 1938 onwards . He was a candidate in the 1935 Canadian election in the Toronto riding of St. Paul 's , placing fourth . He ran again in the 1940 federal election , this time in the York East electoral district . He was noted for calling out the former federal Conservative government for neglecting WWI soldiers on their return home , and that this time , " proper measures be taken to protect the future of Canadian soldiers and their dependents . " He countered that a C.C.F. government would stop war profiteering and the protect the interests of the country 's soldiers and " small taxpayers . " He was soundly defeated , like every other Ontario CCF candidate , placing a distant third . = = Leader and 1943 election = = He became the first leader of the Ontario CCF in 1942 . The following year , he led the party to within five seats of victory with 34 seats and 32 % of the vote in the election of 1943 that elected a Conservative minority government under George Drew . He won the York South seat , and became its Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) . Note : 1 The Conservative Party renamed itself the " Progressive Conservative Party " in 1943 . 2Salsberg and MacLeod , members of the banned Communist Party , ran and were elected as " Labour " candidates . The Labor @-@ Progressive Party was formally founded several days after the election and Salsberg and Macleod agreed to sit in the legislature as LPP representatives . 3In 1940 , United Farmers of Ontario MLA Farquhar Oliver formally joined the Liberal Party when he entered Hepburn 's Cabinet after having supported the Hepburn government from outside the Liberal caucus for several years . Oliver was re @-@ elected as a Liberal in the 1943 election . 4 The Liberal @-@ Progressive MLAs supported the Liberal government of Mitchell Hepburn since it took office in 1934 . Liberal @-@ Progressive leader Harry Nixon formally joined the Liberal Party in 1937 and was elected its leader in 1943 . Two remaining Liberal @-@ Progressives were elected in 1937 , Liberal @-@ Progressive MLA Roland Patterson was re @-@ elected as a Liberal in 1943 while the other Liberal @-@ Progressive , Douglas Campbell of Kent East left the legislature . = = 1945 " Gestapo " campaign = = In the 1945 Ontario election , Drew ran an anti @-@ Semitic , union bashing , Red @-@ baiting campaign . The previous two years of anti @-@ socialist attacks by the Conservatives and their supporters , like Gladstone Murray and Montague A. Sanderson , were devastatingly effective against the previously popular CCF . Much of the source material for the anti @-@ CCF campaign came from the Ontario Provincial Police ( OPP ) ' s Special Investigation Branch 's agent D @-@ 208 : Captain William J. Osbourne @-@ Dempster . His office was supposed to be investigating war @-@ time 5th column saboteurs . Instead , starting in November 1943 , he was investigating , almost exclusively , Ontario opposition MPPs , mainly focusing on the CCF caucus . The fact that Jolliffe knew about these ' secret ' investigations as early as February 1944 led to one of the most infamous incidents in 20th @-@ century Canadian politics . = = = May 24 , 1945 radio speech = = = As can be discerned from the previous description , the 1945 campaign was anything but genteel and polite . Jolliffe replied by giving a radio speech ( written with the assistance of Lister Sinclair ) that accused Drew of running a political Gestapo in Ontario . In the speech excerpt below , Jolliffe alleged that a secret department of the Ontario Provincial Police was acting as a political police – spying on the opposition and the media . The dramatic tone of the speech is Sinclair 's , as at the time , he was a dramatist , mostly writing for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) . At the time , there was speculation among CCF supporters as to whether or not the speech damaged the party 's reputation . But as Gerald Caplan maintains in his book The Dilemma of Canadian Socialism , the CCF was already at 21 percent in popular support in the Gallop poll just prior to the speech . On election day , they received 22 percent of the popular vote , so at best it added an extra percentage point of support . At worst , it didn 't have an effect , which is highly unlikely . Jolliffe 's inflammatory speech became the main issue of the campaign , and dominated coverage in the media for the rest of the election . Drew , and his Attorney @-@ General Leslie Blackwell vehemently denied Jolliffe 's accusations , but the public outcry was too much for them to abate . On May 28 , 1945 they appointed a Royal Commission to investigate these charges . Jolliffe 's CCF and the Ontario Liberal party wanted the election suspended until the Commission tabled its report . Drew ignored these requests and continued to hold the election on its original date , despite it being many months before the Commission 's findings could be made available . = = = Election Day , June 4 , 1945 = = = Jolliffe 's CCF went from 34 seats to 8 , but almost garnering the same number of actual votes cast , though their percentage of the popular vote dropped from 32 to 22 percent . Drew , with his attack campaign , successfully drove the voter turn @-@ out up , thereby driving the CCF 's percentage and seat totals down . Monday , June 4 , 1945 , was one of Ontario 's most important elections in the 20th century according to Caplan and David Lewis . It shaped the province for the next 40 years , as the Conservatives won a massive majority in the Legislature , and would remain in government for the next 40 consecutive years . After going from 34 seats to 8 , as Caplan puts it , " June 4 and June 11 [ federal election ] , 1945 , proved to be black days in CCF annuals : Socialism was effectively removed from the Canadian political agenda . " The CCF would never fully recover from this defeat and would eventually cease as a party and morph into the Ontario New Democratic Party . Only then , and in the 1970s , did a social democratic party attain the popularity it had under Jolliffe in 1943 . For Ted Jolliffe , another election consequence was his tenure as the MPP from York South ended , at least for the time being . He lost the election but did better than any other CCF candidate in Toronto or in the outlying Yorks . = = = LeBel Royal Commission = = = Drew appointed Justice A.M. LeBel as the Royal Commissioner . His terms of reference were restricted to the question of whether Drew was personally responsible for the establishment of " a secret political police organization , for the purpose of collecting , by secret spying , material to be used in attempt to keep him in power . " Wider questions like why the OPP , Ontario Civil Servants , were keeping files on MPPs were not allowed . Jolliffe would act as his own counsel throughout the commission , but was assisted by fellow CCF lawyer , Andrew Brewin . Both he and Brewin were able to establish , from several eyewitnesses , that agent D @-@ 208 , Dempster , was spying on the CCF . What they could not prove , because they did not have access to the information in 1945 , were the letters that Drew wrote to his supporter M.A. ( Bugsy ) Sanderson suggesting that he would finance any lawsuits or other charges stemming from the information provided by Dempster in his advertisements . Sanderson was , in late 1943 to 1945 , along with Gladstone Murray , leading the libelous advertisement campaigns against the CCF in newspapers and bill @-@ boards , with information gleaned from Dempster 's briefings . Jolliffe presented several witnesses that claimed to have seen these documents . But Jolliffe could not produce the actual letter , and Drew would deny ever writing it . On October 11 , 1945 Justice LeBel issued his report that essentially exonerated Drew and Blackwell . Due to Jolliffe presenting only circumstantial evidence that linked Drew to Dempster , Murray and Sanderson , the Commissioner found the information unconvincing , even though LeBel believed Dempster 's interaction with Sanderson and Murray was inappropriate . Jolliffe 's motives regarding his accusations , as well as his choice of words , would be questioned for many years afterwards . That would change . In the late 1970s , when David Lewis was doing research for his Memoirs he came across archival evidence proving the charge . Due to Lewis 's discovery , Drew 's son Edward , placed extremely restrictive conditions on his father 's papers housed in the Public Archives of Canada that continue as of 2010 . As Lewis pointed out in his memoirs , " We found that Premier Drew and Gladstone Murray did not disclose all information to the Lebel Commission ; indeed , they deliberately prevaricated throughout . The head of the Government of Ontario had given false witness under testimony .... The perpetrator of Ontario 's Watergate got away with it . " Jolliffe faced a leadership challenge in 1946 , but was re @-@ elected CCF leader . = = 1948 re @-@ elected MPP = = As a result of the 1948 Ontario election , the CCF recovered , winning 21 seats . Jolliffe again became Leader of the Opposition in Ontario and Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) for York South . In 1951 , however , as a result of the Cold War and the " red scare " , the CCF and labour movement acted to purge individuals ( including CCF MPP Robert Carlin ) suspected of being under Communist influence . Among the general public , support for socialism suffered : the CCF was reduced to only two seats in the 1951 election . Jolliffe lost his own seat and resigned as party leader in August 1953 in order to focus on his law practice . = = Post MPP career = = He returned to his previous career as a labour lawyer , founding the firm Jolliffe , Lewis and Osler with fellow CCF activist and future New Democratic Party leader , David Lewis in 1945 . In the 1950s and 1960s , the firm assisted the United Steelworkers union in their fight with the Mine , Mill & Smelter Workers union in Sudbury , Ontario . In 1968 , he was appointed Chief Adjudicator under the ( federal ) Public Service Staff Relations Act , a position he held until 1978 . He then became active as a labour arbitrator until his retirement . In 1972 , an historical novel he wrote , entitled The First Hundred , was published by McClelland and Stewart Limited . Ted Jolliffe was the first social democratic leader of the opposition in Ontario 's Legislature in 1943 . He lived long enough to see Bob Rae and the NDP form the Ontario government in September 1990 . He died on March 18 , 1998 in Salt Spring Island , British Columbia . = Arthur William Murphy = Air Commodore Arthur William Murphy , DFC , AFC , FRAeS ( 17 November 1891 – 21 April 1963 ) was a senior engineer and aviator in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He accompanied Captain Henry Wrigley on the first trans @-@ Australia flight from Melbourne to Darwin in 1919 , a feat that earned both men the Air Force Cross . Murphy later played a leading role in military aircraft maintenance and production . A veteran of World War I , he served first as a mechanic and then as a pilot with the Australian Flying Corps . Based in the Middle East , he flew with No. 1 Squadron and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . Murphy was the first airman on the RAAF 's strength when it formed in 1921 , and rose to the rank of temporary air commodore during World War II , commanding No. 1 Aircraft Depot and No. 4 Maintenance Group . He was also the RAAF 's first Inspector of Air Accidents . A fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society , Murphy retired from the military in 1946 , and died in 1963 at the age of seventy @-@ one . = = Early life and World War I = = Murphy was born 17 November 1891 in Kew , a suburb of Melbourne , to joiner and engineer Charles Hubert Murphy and his wife Mary . Educated at Melbourne High School and Footscray Technical School , he spent five years with Austral Otis Engineering as an apprentice . Having been employed at various engineering firms , Murphy joined the Australian Army 's Aviation Instructional Staff at Central Flying School Point Cook in 1914 to train as an air mechanic . By February 1916 , he had risen to the rank of sergeant and volunteered for the Australian Imperial Force to serve overseas . Transferring to the Australian Flying Corps , Murphy was allocated to No. 1 Squadron — also known until 1918 as No. 67 Squadron , Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) — as a warrant officer . He departed Melbourne aboard HMAT A67 Orsova on 16 March , bound for Egypt . Based in the Sinai Desert and Palestine , Murphy was initially responsible for No. 1 Squadron aircraft maintenance ; his achievements saw him mentioned in dispatches in 1917 . He then trained as a pilot with the RFC in Egypt , where he obtained a temporary commission as a second lieutenant on 24 October . He flew with the RFC before returning to No. 1 Squadron in Palestine . During 1918 , Murphy saw combat over Jordan , operating Bristol Fighters . On 12 August , he and his observer were selected to join Colonel T. E. Lawrence and his irregular Arab army in the Hejaz near Daraa , providing air cover and reconnaissance . Credited with bringing down two enemy aircraft while supporting Lawrence 's troops , Murphy was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his " keenness , reliability and boldness " . = = Between the wars = = Murphy 's temporary commission was terminated after the war and he reverted to the rank of sergeant to remain in the Army , returning to Australia on 5 March 1919 . Later that year he took part in the first transcontinental flight across Australia , from Melbourne to Darwin , Northern Territory , accompanying pilot and former schoolmate , Captain Henry Wrigley . The pair departed Point Cook on 16 November and arrived in Darwin on 12 December , having travelled 4 @,@ 500 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 800 mi ) in forty @-@ seven flying hours . They flew in a single @-@ engined Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 with no radio , over unmapped and often hazardous terrain , and surveyed seventeen potential landing grounds along the journey . Murphy and Wrigley were each awarded the Air Force Cross in recognition of their achievement . Such was the perceived danger of the expedition that while making preparations for the return flight they received a telegram from the Defence Department ordering them to desist , arrange for the B.E.2 to be dismantled and shipped back , and themselves to travel southwards by steamer . Following disbandment of the wartime AFC , Murphy transferred to its successor , the Australian Air Corps , on 1 January 1920 . On 31 March 1921 , he joined the newly established Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) as its first airman , literally " Airman No. 1 " according to his papers . Nicknamed " Spud " , and described as " immensely capable and popular " , he was commissioned as a flying officer in September that year . Murphy married Alicia Shoebridge at Erskine Presbyterian Church in South Carlton , Melbourne , on 17 October 1922 ; the couple had two sons and a daughter . In July 1925 , he was one of the founding pilots of the newly reformed No. 3 Squadron under Flight Lieutenant Frank Lukis , when it became the first flying unit to be based at the recently opened RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales . Promoted to flight lieutenant , Murphy was posted to the RAAF Experimental Section under Wing Commander ( later Sir ) Lawrence Wackett in November 1926 . The following year he took part in a round @-@ Australia survey flight under the command of the Chief of the Air Staff , Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal Sir ) Richard Williams . Raised to squadron leader , Murphy was given temporary command of No. 1 Aircraft Depot at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria , in the opening months of 1933 . He subsequently took charge of the unit 's workshops . Towards the end of 1935 , he was responsible for specially modifying a Westland Wapiti and a de Havilland Gipsy Moth for Antarctic conditions , to enable an Air Force team led by Flight Lieutenant ( later Group Captain ) Eric Douglas and Flying Officer ( later Air Marshal Sir ) Alister Murdoch to rescue explorer Lincoln Ellsworth , who was presumed lost on a journey across the continent . In 1936 , Murphy was selected to join Wackett on a mission to investigate aircraft production overseas with a view to setting up local construction plants . The team determined that the North American NA @-@ 16 was most suitable for Australian conditions and manufacture ; following testing of a prototype , designated the NA @-@ 33 , the design went into production in January 1939 as the CAC Wirraway . Murphy was promoted to wing commander in November 1936 and appointed commanding officer of No. 1 Aircraft Depot in January 1938 . = = World War II and retirement = = Murphy continued to play a leading role in aircraft maintenance and production during World War II . In 1939 he helped set up the Government Aircraft Factory and local manufacture of the Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber . Completing his tour as CO of No. 1 Aircraft Depot , he was promoted to group captain and appointed Inspector of Air Accidents in June 1940 . The newly created position reported directly to the Chief of the Air Staff . Murphy 's deputy was Flying Officer ( later Sir ) Henry Winneke , who found his boss 's companionship " exhilarating " — Murphy was " a product of the old school of airmen who could not only fly a plane but also pull it apart and put it together again " , generally " amiable " but who " could act gruffly when the occasion demanded " . The inspectorate was small but succeeded in reducing the number of accidents even as training expanded rapidly with Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme . Murphy led the investigation into the Canberra air disaster of August 1940 , and the Brocklesby mid @-@ air collision that occurred the following month . The RAAF formed No. 4 Maintenance Group in September 1942 to co @-@ ordinate the efforts of maintenance units in Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . Murphy was appointed its commander , and held the post until the end of the war . He was promoted to temporary air commodore in July 1943 . By 1945 , he had passed the statutory retirement age for his substantive rank of wing commander , and was summarily retired from the RAAF along with a number of other senior staff and veterans of World War I including Wrigley and Williams , to make way for the advancement of younger and equally capable officers . Discharged from the Air Force on 10 January 1946 , Murphy was later elected a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society . He died of heart disease in Essendon , Melbourne , on 21 April 1963 at the age of seventy @-@ one . Survived by his children , " Spud " Murphy was cremated at Fawkner , Victoria . = Ocean sunfish = The ocean sunfish or common mola ( Mola mola ) is the heaviest known bony fish in the world . It has an average adult weight between 247 and 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 545 – 2 @,@ 205 lb ) . The species is native to tropical and temperate waters around the globe . It resembles a fish head with a tail , and its main body is flattened laterally . Sunfish can be as tall as they are long when their dorsal and ventral fins are extended . Sunfish live on a diet consisting mainly of jellyfish , but because this diet is nutritionally poor , they consume large amounts to develop and maintain their great bulk . Females of the species can produce more eggs than any other known vertebrate , up to 300 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 at a time . Sunfish fry resemble miniature pufferfish , with large pectoral fins , a tail fin , and body spines uncharacteristic of adult sunfish . Adult sunfish are vulnerable to few natural predators , but sea lions , killer whales , and sharks will consume them . Among humans , sunfish are considered a delicacy in some parts of the world , including Japan , Korea , and Taiwan . In the EU , regulations ban the sale of fish and fishery products derived from the family Molidae . Sunfish are frequently caught in gillnets . A member of the order Tetraodontiformes , which also includes pufferfish , porcupinefish , and filefish , the sunfish shares many traits common to members of this order . The ocean sunfish , Mola mola , is the type species of the genus . = = Naming and taxonomy = = Many of the sunfish 's various names allude to its flattened shape . Its specific name , mola , is Latin for " millstone " , which the fish resembles because of its gray color , rough texture , and rounded body . Its common English name , sunfish , refers to the animal 's habit of sunbathing at the surface of the water . The Dutch- , Portuguese- , French- , Catalan- , Spanish- , Italian- , Russian- , Greek- and German @-@ language names , respectively maanvis , peixe lua , poisson lune , peix lluna , pez luna , pesce luna , рыба @-@ луна , φεγγαρόψαρο and Mondfisch , mean " moon fish " , in reference to its rounded shape . In German , the fish is also known as Schwimmender Kopf , or " swimming head " . In Polish , it is named samogłów , meaning " head alone " , because it has no true tail . The Chinese translation of its academic name is fan @-@ che yu 翻車魚 , meaning " toppled wheel fish " . The ocean sunfish has various superseded binomial synonyms , and was originally classified in the pufferfish genus , as Tetraodon mola . It is now placed in its own genus , Mola , with two species : Mola mola and Mola ramsayi . The ocean sunfish , Mola mola , is the type species of the genus . The genus Mola belongs to the family Molidae . This family comprises three genera : Masturus , Mola and Ranzania . The common name " sunfish " without qualifier is used to describe the marine family Molidae as well as the freshwater sunfishes in the family Centrarchidae which are unrelated to Molidae . On the other hand , the name " ocean sunfish " and " mola " refer only to the family Molidae . The family Molidae belongs to the order Tetraodontiformes , which includes pufferfish , porcupinefish , and filefish . It shares many traits common to members of this order , including the four fused teeth that form the characteristic beak and give the order its name ( tetra = four , odous = tooth , and forma = shape ) . Indeed , sunfish fry resemble spiky pufferfish more than they resemble adult molas . = = Description = = The caudal fin of the ocean sunfish is replaced by a rounded clavus , creating the body 's distinct truncated shape . The body is flattened laterally , giving it a long oval shape when seen head @-@ on . The pectoral fins are small and fan @-@ shaped , while the dorsal fin and the anal fin are lengthened , often making the fish as tall as it is long . Specimens up to 3 @.@ 2 m ( 10 @.@ 5 ft ) in height have been recorded . The mature ocean sunfish has an average length of 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) and a fin @-@ to @-@ fin length of 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) . The average weight of mature specimens can range from 247 to 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 545 to 2 @,@ 205 lb ) , but even larger individuals are not unheard of . The maximum size is up to 3 @.@ 3 m ( 10 @.@ 8 ft ) in length 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) across the fins and up to 2 @,@ 300 kg ( 5 @,@ 100 lb ) in mass . The spinal column of M. mola contains fewer vertebrae and is shorter in relation to the body than that of any other fish . Although the sunfish descended from bony ancestors , its skeleton contains largely cartilaginous tissues , which are lighter than bone , allowing it to grow to sizes impractical for other bony fishes . Its teeth are fused into a beak @-@ like structure , and pharyngeal teeth located in the throat . The sunfish lacks a swim bladder . Some sources indicate the internal organs contain a concentrated neurotoxin , tetrodotoxin , like the organs of other poisonous tetraodontiformes , while others dispute this claim . = = = Fins = = = In the course of its evolution , the caudal fin ( tail ) of the sunfish disappeared , to be replaced by a lumpy pseudotail , the clavus . This structure is formed by the convergence of the dorsal and anal fins , and is used by the fish as a rudder . The smooth @-@ denticled clavus retains 12 fin rays , and terminates in a number of rounded ossicles . Ocean sunfish often swim near the surface , and their protruding dorsal fins are sometimes mistaken for those of sharks . However , the two can be distinguished by the motion of the fin . Sharks , like most fish , swim by moving the tail sideways while keeping the dorsal fin stationary . The sunfish , though , swings its dorsal fin and anal fin in a characteristic sculling motion . = = = Skin = = = Adult sunfish range from brown to silvery @-@ grey or white , with a variety of mottled skin patterns ; some of these patterns may be region @-@ specific . Coloration is often darker on the dorsal surface , fading to a lighter shade ventrally as a form of countershading camouflage . M. mola also exhibits the ability to vary skin coloration from light to dark , especially when under attack . The skin , which contains large amounts of reticulated collagen , can be up to 7 @.@ 3 cm ( 2 @.@ 9 in ) thick on the ventral surface , and is covered by denticles and a layer of mucus instead of scales . The skin on the clavus is smoother than that on the body , where it can be as rough as sandpaper . More than 40 species of parasites may reside on the skin and internally , motivating the fish to seek relief in a number of ways . One of the most frequent ocean sunfish parasites is the flatworm , Accacoelium contortum . In temperate regions , drifting kelp fields harbor cleaner wrasses and other fish which remove parasites from the skin of visiting sunfish . In the tropics , M. mola solicits cleaning help from reef fishes . By basking on its side at the surface , the sunfish also allows seabirds to feed on parasites from its skin . Sunfish have been reported to breach , clearing the surface by approximately 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) , in an effort to dislodge embedded parasites . = = Range and behavior = = Ocean sunfish are native to the temperate and tropical waters of every ocean in the world . Mola genotypes appear to vary widely between the Atlantic and Pacific , but genetic differences between individuals in the Northern and Southern hemispheres are minimal . Although early research suggested sunfish moved around mainly by drifting with ocean currents , individuals have been recorded swimming 26 km in a day , at a top speed of 3 @.@ 2 km / h . Sunfish are pelagic and swim at depths to 600 m ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) . Contrary to the perception that sunfish spend much of their time basking at the surface , M. mola adults actually spend a large portion of their lives submerged at depths greater than 200 m ( 660 ft ) , occupying both the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones . Sunfish are most often found in water warmer than 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) ; prolonged periods spent in water at temperatures of 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) or lower can lead to disorientation and eventual death . Surface basking behavior , in which a sunfish swims on its side , presenting its largest profile to the sun , may be a method of " thermally recharging " following dives into deeper , colder water . Sightings of the fish in colder waters outside of its usual habitat , such as those southwest of England , may be evidence of increasing marine temperatures . Sunfish are usually found alone , but occasionally in pairs or in large groups while being cleaned . They swim primarily in open waters , but are sometimes seen near kelp beds , taking advantage of resident populations of smaller fish which remove ectoparasites from their skin . Because sunfish must consume a large volume of prey , their presence in a given area may be used as an indicator of nutrient @-@ rich waters where endangered species may be found . = = = Feeding = = = The diet of the ocean sunfish consists primarily of various jellyfish . It also consumes salps , squid , crustaceans , small fish , fish larvae , and eel grass . This range of food items indicates that the sunfish feeds at many levels , from the surface to deep water , and occasionally down to the seafloor in some areas . The diet is nutritionally poor , forcing the sunfish to consume a large amount of food to maintain its size . = = = Lifecycle = = = Ocean sunfish may live up to ten years in captivity , but their lifespan in a natural habitat has not yet been determined . Their growth rate is also undetermined . However , a young specimen at the Monterey Bay Aquarium increased in weight from 26 to 399 kg ( 57 to 880 lb ) and reached a height of nearly 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) in 15 months . The sheer size and thick skin of an adult of the species deters many smaller predators , but younger fish are vulnerable to predation by bluefin tuna and mahi mahi . Adults are consumed by sea lions , Orca , and sharks . Sea lions appear to hunt sunfish for sport , tearing the fins off , tossing the body around , and then simply abandoning the still @-@ living but helpless fish to die on the seafloor . The mating practices of the ocean sunfish are poorly understood , but spawning areas have been suggested in the North Atlantic , South Atlantic , North Pacific , South Pacific , and Indian oceans . Females can produce as many as 300 million eggs at a time , more than any other known vertebrate . Sunfish eggs are released into the water and externally fertilized by sperm . Newly hatched sunfish larvae are only 2 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 098 in ) long and weigh a fraction of a gram . They grow to become fry , and those which survive grow many millions of times their original size before reaching adult proportions . Sunfish fry , with large pectoral fins , a tail fin , and body spines uncharacteristic of adult sunfish , resemble miniature pufferfish , their close relatives . Young sunfish school for protection , but this behavior is abandoned as they grow . By adulthood , they have the potential to grow more than 60 million times their birth size , arguably the most extreme size growth of any vertebrate animal . = = Human interaction = = Despite their size , ocean sunfish are docile , and pose no threat to human divers . Injuries from sunfish are rare , although a slight danger exists from large sunfish leaping out of the water onto boats ; in one instance , a sunfish landed on a 4 @-@ year @-@ old boy when the fish leaped onto the boy 's family 's boat . Areas where they are commonly found are popular destinations for sport dives , and sunfish at some locations have reportedly become familiar with divers . The fish is more of a problem to boaters than to swimmers , as its immense size and weight can cause significant damage to a boat striking one of these fish . Collisions with sunfish are very common in some parts of the world and have caused damage to the hull of a boat , and their bodies can become lodged in the propellers of larger ships . The flesh of the ocean sunfish is considered a delicacy in some regions , the largest markets being Taiwan and Japan . All parts of the sunfish are used in cuisine , from the fins to the internal organs . Some parts of the fish are used in some areas of traditional medicine . If the body does contain toxins , then the marketing and sale of ocean sunfish is forbidden in the European Union according to Regulation ( EC ) No 853 / 2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council . Sunfish are accidentally but frequently caught in drift gillnet fisheries , making up nearly 30 % of the total catch of the swordfish fishery employing drift gillnets in California . The bycatch rate is even higher for the Mediterranean swordfish industry , with 71 % to 90 % of the total catch being sunfish . The fishery bycatch and destruction of ocean sunfish are unregulated worldwide . In some areas , the fish are " finned " by fishermen who regard them as worthless bait thieves ; this process , in which the fins are cut off , results in the eventual death of the fish , because it can no longer propel itself without its dorsal and anal fins . The species is also threatened by floating litter such as plastic bags which resemble jellyfish , its main food . Bags can choke and suffocate a fish or fill its stomach to the extent that it starves . Many areas of sunfish biology remain poorly understood , and various research efforts are underway , including aerial surveys of populations , satellite surveillance using pop @-@ off satellite tags , genetic analysis of tissue samples , and collection of amateur sighting data . A decrease in sunfish populations may be caused by more frequent bycatch and the increasing popularity of sunfish in human diet . In 2015 , a video went viral of a Boston man profanely expressing his amazement when encountering a sunfish for the first time . = = = In captivity = = = Sunfish are not widely held in aquarium exhibits , due to the unique and demanding requirements of their care . Some Asian aquaria display them , particularly in Japan . The Kaiyukan Aquarium in Osaka is one of few aquariums with M. mola on display , where it is reportedly as popular an attraction as the larger whale sharks . The Lisbon Oceanarium in Portugal has sunfish showcased in the main tank , and in Spain , the Valencia Oceanogràfic has specimens of sunfish . The Nordsøen Oceanarium in the northern town of Hirtshals in Denmark is also famous for its sunfish . While the first ocean sunfish to be held in an aquarium in the United States is claimed to have arrived at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in August 1986 , other specimens have previously been held at other locations . Marineland of the Pacific , closed since 1998 and located on the Palos Verdes Peninsula in Los Angeles County , California , held an ocean sunfish in its warm @-@ water tank as early as 1957 , and in 1964 held a 650 @-@ pound ( 290 kg ) specimen , claimed as the largest ever captured at that time . However , another 1 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 450 kg ) specimen was brought alive to Marineland Studios Aquarium , near St. Augustine , Florida , in 1941 . Because sunfish had not been kept in captivity on a large scale before , the staff at Monterey Bay was forced to innovate and create their own methods for capture , feeding , and parasite control . By 1998 , these issues were overcome , and the aquarium was able to hold a specimen for more than a year , later releasing it after its weight increased by more than 14 times . Mola mola has since become a permanent feature of the Open Sea exhibit . Monterey Bay Aquarium 's largest sunfish specimen was euthanized on February 14 , 2008 , after an extended period of poor health . A major concern to curators is preventive measures taken to keep specimens in captivity from injuring themselves by rubbing against the walls of a tank , since ocean sunfish cannot easily maneuver their bodies . In a smaller tank , hanging a vinyl curtain has been used as a stopgap measure to convert a cuboid tank to a rounded shape and prevent the fish from scraping against the sides . A more effective solution is simply to provide enough room for the sunfish to swim in wide circles . The tank must also be sufficiently deep to accommodate the vertical height of the sunfish , which may reach 3 @.@ 2 m ( 10 ft ) . Feeding captive sunfish in a tank with other faster @-@ moving , more aggressive fish can also present a challenge . Eventually , the fish can be taught to respond to a floating target to be fed , and to take food from the end of a pole or from human hands . = = = Research and info = = = FishBase reference Australian Museum OceanSunfish.org = = = Images and videos = = = Mike Johnson Natural History Photography Phillip Colla Photography / Oceanlight.com Video lecture ( 16 : 53 ) : Swim with giant sunfish in the open ocean - Tierney Thys Skaphandrus.com Mola mola photos Giant sunfish filmed off Malta Sunfish filmed off the coast of Massachusetts in 2015 = Polyadenylation = Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly ( A ) tail to a messenger RNA . The poly ( A ) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates ; in other words , it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases . In eukaryotes , polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA ( mRNA ) for translation . It , therefore , forms part of the larger process of gene expression . The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene terminates . The 3 ' -most segment of the newly made pre @-@ mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins ; these proteins then synthesize the poly ( A ) tail at the RNA 's 3 ' end . In some genes these proteins add a poly ( A ) tail at one of several possible sites . Therefore , polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene ( alternative polyadenylation ) , similar to alternative splicing . The poly ( A ) tail is important for the nuclear export , translation , and stability of mRNA . The tail is shortened over time , and , when it is short enough , the mRNA is enzymatically degraded . However , in a few cell types , mRNAs with short poly ( A ) tails are stored for later activation by re @-@ polyadenylation in the cytosol . In contrast , when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria , it promotes RNA degradation . This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non @-@ coding RNAs . mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3 ' -ends , with the prokaryotic poly ( A ) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated . = = Background on RNA = = For further information , see RNA and Messenger RNA RNAs are	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
as the binding site for poly ( A ) -binding protein . Poly ( A ) -binding protein promotes export from the nucleus and translation , and inhibits degradation . This protein binds to the poly ( A ) tail prior to mRNA export from the nucleus and in yeast also recruits poly ( A ) nuclease , an enzyme that shortens the poly ( A ) tail and allows the export of the mRNA . Poly ( A ) -binding protein is exported to the cytoplasm with the RNA. mRNAs that are not exported are degraded by the exosome . Poly ( A ) -binding protein also can bind to , and thus recruit , several proteins that affect translation , one of these is initiation factor @-@ 4G , which in turn recruits the 40S ribosomal subunit . However , a poly ( A ) tail is not required for the translation of all mRNAs . = = = Deadenylation = = = In eukaryotic somatic cells , the poly ( A ) tail of most mRNAs in the cytoplasm gradually get shorter , and mRNAs with shorter poly ( A ) tail are translated less and degraded sooner . However , it can take many hours before an mRNA is degraded . This deadenylation and degradation process can be accelerated by microRNAs complementary to the 3 ' untranslated region of an mRNA . In immature egg cells , mRNAs with shortened poly ( A ) tails are not degraded , but are instead stored without being translated . They are then activated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation after fertilisation , during egg activation . In animals , poly ( A ) ribonuclease ( PARN ) can bind to the 5 ' cap and remove nucleotides from the poly ( A ) tail . The level of access to the 5 ' cap and poly ( A ) tail is important in controlling how soon the mRNA is degraded . PARN deadenylates less if the RNA is bound by the initiation factors 4E ( at the 5 ' cap ) and 4G ( at the poly ( A ) tail ) , which is why translation reduces deadenylation . The rate of deadenylation may also be regulated by RNA @-@ binding proteins . Once the poly ( A ) tail is removed , the decapping complex removes the 5 ' cap , leading to a degradation of the RNA . Several other enzymes that seem to be involved in deadenylation have been identified in yeast . = = = Alternative polyadenylation = = = Many protein @-@ coding genes have more than one polyadenylation site , so a gene can code for several mRNAs that differ in their 3 ' end . Since alternative polyadenylation changes the length of the 3 ' untranslated region , it can change which binding sites for microRNAs the 3 ' untranslated region contains . MicroRNAs tend to repress translation and promote degradation of the mRNAs they bind to , although there are examples of microRNAs that stabilise transcripts . Alternative polyadenylation can also shorten the coding region , thus making the mRNA code for a different protein , but this is much less common than just shortening the 3 ' untranslated region . The choice of poly ( A ) site can be influenced by extracellular stimuli and depends on the expression of the proteins that take part in polyadenylation . For example , the expression of CstF @-@ 64 , a subunit of cleavage stimulatory factor ( CstF ) , increases in macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharides ( a group of bacterial compounds that trigger an immune response ) . This results in the selection of weak poly ( A ) sites and thus shorter transcripts . This removes regulatory elements in the 3 ' untranslated regions of mRNAs for defense @-@ related products like lysozyme and TNF @-@ α . These mRNAs then have longer half @-@ lives and produce more of these proteins . RNA @-@ binding proteins other than those in the polyadenylation machinery can also affect whether a polyadenyation site is used , as can DNA methylation near the polyadenylation signal . = = Cytoplasmic polyadenylation = = There is polyadenylation in the cytosol of some animal cell types , namely in the germ line , during early embryogenesis and in post @-@ synaptic sites of nerve cells . This lengthens the poly ( A ) tail of an mRNA with a shortened poly ( A ) tail , so that the mRNA will be translated . These shortened poly ( A ) tails are often less than 20 nucleotides , and are lengthened to around 80 – 150 nucleotides . In the early mouse embryo , cytoplasmic polyadenylation of maternal RNAs from the egg cell allows the cell to survive and grow even though transcription does not start until the middle of the 2 @-@ cell stage ( 4 @-@ cell stage in human ) . In the brain , cytoplasmic polyadenylation is active during learning and could play a role in long @-@ term potentiation , which is the strengthening of the signal transmission from a nerve cell to another in response to nerve impulses and is important for learning and memory formation . Cytoplasmic polyadenylation requires the RNA @-@ binding proteins CPSF and CPEB , and can involve other RNA @-@ binding proteins like Pumilio . Depending on the cell type , the polymerase can be the same type of polyadenylate polymerase ( PAP ) that is used in the nuclear process , or the cytoplasmic polymerase GLD @-@ 2 . = = Tagging for degradation in eukaryotes = = For many non @-@ coding RNAs , including tRNA , rRNA , snRNA , and snoRNA , polyadenylation is a way of marking the RNA for degradation , at least in yeast . This polyadenylation is done in the nucleus by the TRAMP complex , which maintains a tail that is around 4 nucleotides long to the 3 ' end . The RNA is then degraded by the exosome . Poly ( A ) tails have also been found on human rRNA fragments , both the form of homopolymeric ( A only ) and heterpolymeric ( mostly A ) tails . = = In prokaryotes and organelles = = In many bacteria , both mRNAs and non @-@ coding RNAs can be polyadenylated . This poly ( A ) tail promotes degradation by the degradosome , which contains two RNA @-@ degrading enzymes : polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNase E. Polynucleotide phosphorylase binds to the 3 ' end of RNAs and the 3 ' extension provided by the poly ( A ) tail allows it to bind to the RNAs whose secondary structure would otherwise block the 3 ' end . Successive rounds of polyadenylation and degradation of the 3 ' end by polynucleotide phosphorylase allows the degradosome to overcome these secondary structures . The poly ( A ) tail can also recruit RNases that cut the RNA in two . These bacterial poly ( A ) tails are about 30 nucleotides long . In as different groups as animals and trypanosomes , the mitochondria contain both stabilising and destabilising poly ( A ) tails . Destabilising polyadenylation targets both mRNA and noncoding RNAs . The poly ( A ) tails are 43 nucleotides long on average . The stabilising ones start at the stop codon , and without them the stop codon ( UAA ) is not complete as the genome only encodes the U or UA part . Plant mitochondria have only destabilising polyadenylation , and yeast mitochondria have no polyadenylation at all . While many bacteria and mitochondria have polyadenylate polymerases , they also have another type of polyadenylation , performed by polynucleotide phosphorylase itself . This enzyme is found in bacteria , mitochondria , plastids and as a constituent of the archaeal exosome ( in those archaea that have an exosome ) . It can synthesise a 3 ' extension where the vast majority of the bases are adenines . Like in bacteria , polyadenylation by polynucleotide phosphorylase promotes degradation of the RNA in plastids and likely also archaea . = = Evolution = = Although polyadenylation is seen in almost all organisms , it is not universal . However , the wide distribution of this modification and the fact that it is present in organisms from all three domains of life implies that the last universal common ancestor of all living organisms , it is presumed , had some form of polyadenylation system . A few organisms do not polyadenylate mRNA , which implies that they have lost their polyadenylation machineries during evolution . Although no examples of eukaryotes that lack polyadenylation are known , mRNAs from the bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the salt @-@ tolerant archaean Haloferax volcanii lack this modification . The most ancient polyadenylating enzyme is polynucleotide phosphorylase . This enzyme is part of both the bacterial degradosome and the archaeal exosome , two closely related complexes that recycle RNA into nucleotides . This enzyme degrades RNA by attacking the bond between the 3 ' -most nucleotides with a phosphate , breaking off a diphosphate nucleotide . This reaction is reversible , and so the enzyme can also extend RNA with more nucleotides . The heteropolymeric tail added by polynucleotide phosphorylase is very rich in adenine . The choice of adenine is most likely the result of higher ADP concentrations than other nucleotides as a result of using ATP as an energy currency , making it more likely to be incorporated in this tail in early lifeforms . It has been suggested that the involvement of adenine @-@ rich tails in RNA degradation prompted the later evolution of polyadenylate polymerases ( the enzymes that produce poly ( A ) tails with no other nucleotides in them ) . Polyadenylate polymerases are not as ancient . They have separately evolved in both bacteria and eukaryotes from CCA @-@ adding enzyme , which is the enzyme that completes the 3 ' ends of tRNAs . Its catalytic domain is homologous to that of other polymerases . It is presumed that the horizontal transfer of bacterial CCA @-@ adding enzyme to eukaryotes allowed the archaeal @-@ like CCA @-@ adding enzyme to switch function to a poly ( A ) polymerase . Some lineages , like archaea and cyanobacteria , never evolved a polyadenylate polymerase . = = History = = Poly ( A ) polymerase was first identified in 1960 as an enzymatic activity in extracts made from cell nuclei that could polymerise ATP , but not ADP , into polyadenine . Although identified in many types of cells , this activity had no known function until 1971 , when poly ( A ) sequences were found in mRNAs . The only function of these sequences was thought at first to be protection of the 3 ' end of the RNA from nucleases , but later the specific roles of polyadenylation in nuclear export and translation were identified . The polymerases responsible for polyadenylation were first purified and characterized in the 1960s and 1970s , but the large number of accessory proteins that control this process were discovered only in the early 1990s . = Government Hooker = " Government Hooker " is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga from her second studio album , Born This Way ( 2011 ) . It was composed and produced by Gaga , Fernando Garibay , and DJ White Shadow . " Government Hooker " was previously an unused track that Shadow created with DJ Snake . Recording sessions took place in 2010 at the Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas , Nevada . The song is a synthpop track incorporating influences from many electronic subgenres including techno , trance , post @-@ disco , and industrial . Its themes relate to female sexual empowerment , expressed as a metaphor for the supposed relationship between actress Marilyn Monroe and United States president John F. Kennedy . Critics appreciated the song 's risqué and dark nature , as well as its music . Although never released as a single , " Government Hooker " charted in South Korea and the United States , where it peaked at number sixteen on the Hot Dance / Electronic Digital Songs . = = Background = = " Government Hooker " is a collaborative effort between Gaga , Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow . Recording sessions took place in 2010 at the Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas , Nevada . " Government Hooker " began as an old recording by DJ White Shadow and DJ Snake . Shadow increased the tempo of the beat after conversing with Vince Herbert " about faster songs " . Herbert particularly enjoyed the prototype of " Government Hooker " , more so than the other beats that he heard during the session . Gaga wrote the lyrics of " Government Hooker " shortly after first hearing the beat . During writing , security guard Peter van der Veen was recruited to sing in lieu of computerized vocals . Shadow noticed van der Veen 's thick , distinctive Dutch accent while he was browsing through the lyrics . Alongside " Scheiße " and a remix of " Born This Way " , " Government Hooker " was first publicly played at a Thierry Mugler fashion show in Paris , France on March 2 , 2011 , as Gaga made her runway debut . = = Composition = = " Government Hooker " is an uptempo synthpop song with elements of trance , techno , post @-@ disco , and industrial . Los Angeles Times columnist Randall Roberts heard it as an homage to the German electronic group Kraftwerk , and noted " weird Casio @-@ tone circuit @-@ bending " . To Evan Sawdey of PopMatters , the song contained amalgamated elements of Britney Spears ' " Gimme More " ( 2007 ) and the New Order song " Blue Monday " ( 1983 ) . According to the music sheet published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing on Musicnotes.com , " Government Hooker " is written in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of F ♯ minor . Gaga 's voice spans the tonal nodes of F ♯ 3 to C ♯ 5 . The song has a basic sequence of D – F ♯ m – D – F ♯ m during the verses , B – D – A – E during the bridge and Bm – F ♯ m – Bm – F ♯ m during the chorus , as its chord progression . The song primarily explores themes of female sexual empowerment . " Government Hooker " begins as Gaga sings in an operatic fashion — backed by industrial synthesizers — and transcends into an electro @-@ pop Gregorian chant . The song then progresses into the chorus : " I can be good / I can be sex / I can be anything / I can be everything / I can be mom . " A male vocalist accompanies the singer 's lyrics , " Unless you want to be man / Unless you want to hold hands / Unless you want to be dad " . After Gaga sings " I 'm gonna drink my tears and cry / ' cos I know you love me baby " during the techno @-@ inspired bridge , she alludes to the alleged affair between Marilyn Monroe and John F. Kennedy with the lyrics " Put your hands on me / John F. Kennedy / I 'll make you squeal baby " , singing in an impassive and monotonous manner . = = Reception = = " Government Hooker " garnered acclaim from music critics . Roberts asserted that the song 's dynamic was a quirky exception to the contravening nature of Born This Way . Chris Richards of The Washington Post chose the song as a highlight on the album commenting that " ' The Edge of Glory ' makes a song like ' Government Hooker ' seem much more daring than it actually is " . Caryn Ganz of Spin said that Lady Gaga 's eccentric and outlandish persona — the so @-@ called " nutty come @-@ ons " — were apparent in the " grimy doom disco " of " Government Hooker " . Christian Blauvelt of Entertainment Weekly described the song 's chorus as " an infectious raver with a killer hook [ and it ] is pretty irresistible . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine described it as " filthy @-@ fabulous " , while Jocelyn Vena of MTV called the song a " massive club track " . Rolling Stone journalist Jody Rosen felt that the production of the " requisite kinky song " was captivating , including its " shape @-@ shifting assemblage of buzzes , beeps and clattering beats " . Dan Martin of NME wrote that " Government Hooker " is inimical to the campy nature of the album , and felt that as the track starts , Born This Way effectively transcends into " claustrophobic " techno beats . " This is freeform and industrial and quite mad " , Martin noted . Billboard writer Kerri Mason said that the track has " opera vocalizing , minimal techno bleeps , a JFK reference , and conflicting definitions of self as seductive product " . To Ian Wade of BBC Music , the eerie operatic entrance of " Government Hooker " gives way to a " Casiotone throb " . Sawdey commended the sexual lyrics of the song , and insisted that the " gender @-@ bending " chorus was the best since The Killers ' " Somebody Told Me " . Despite not being released as a single , " Government Hooker " entered the charts in two countries : In South Korea , the song debuted at number fifteen on the Gaon Digital Chart selling 13 @,@ 976 copies , while in the United States , " Government Hooker " debuted at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot Dance / Electronic Digital Songs . = = Live performances = = Gaga performed " Government Hooker " at the Clinton Foundation 's Decade of Difference celebration at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles , California . The song was featured in a promotional video for the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards on August 18 , 2011 . " Government Hooker " was included on the setlist of the Born This Way Ball , Gaga 's third headlining tour . The song was performed as the second song in the setlist , after " Highway Unicorn ( Road to Love ) " which opened the show . After a brief interlude Gaga appeared from one of the doors in the castle and walked down the castle steps . She preceded to take part in a sexual routine with one of her dancers . During the breakdown , Gaga pulled a gun out of a draw and shot the dancer and then sung the chorus one more time and telling the crowd , ' Welcome to the Born This Way Ball ' and shot the castle gates open . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Born This Way . = = Charts = = = Nani = Luís Carlos Almeida da Cunha , ComM ( born 17 November 1986 ) , commonly known as Nani ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ naˈni ] ) or Luís Nani , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a winger for Spanish club Valencia CF and the Portugal national team . Although predominantly right @-@ footed , he has been utilised on the left wing on many occasions . Nani was born in Cape Verde and emigrated to Europe with his family at an early age . He was raised in Portugal and began his football career playing for local side Real Massamá . At the age of nine , he began training with Sporting Clube de Portugal and S.L. Benfica on alternate days , eventually joining Sporting 's youth squad after they offered him pre @-@ season training . In 2005 , he made his professional debut with the club and won the Portuguese Cup during his second season with them . Nani was named the SJPF Young Player of the Month for May 2007 and his performances with Sporting culminated into a move to English club Manchester United in July 2007 for a fee of € 25 million . Nani won the Community Shield on his competitive debut at Manchester United and added a number of trophies , including the Premier League and Champions League during his debut season at the club . He established himself as first @-@ choice winger at United and won a further three Premier League titles , the Football League Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup , and three Community Shield titles . Individually , Nani was included in the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Premier League Team of the Year on one occasion and was a nominee for the PFA Young Player of the Year in 2011 . Following a loan back to Sporting , in which he won the Taça de Portugal , he was signed for £ 4 @.@ 25 million by Fenerbahçe in July 2015 , and a year later he signed for Valencia . Nani is also a Portugal international . Prior to playing at senior level , he played at under @-@ 21 level . He made his senior international debut in September 2006 in a friendly match against Denmark and scored his first international goal during the 4 – 2 defeat in Copenhagen . Nani has represented his country at four major tournaments , including three European Championships : he took part at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 European Championships , reaching the semi @-@ finals of Euro 2012 , and winning Euro 2016 ; he also participated at the 2014 FIFA World Cup with Portugal . Since his debut , he has made over 100 appearances and scored 20 goals for the Portugal national team , making him their fourth @-@ most capped player of all time . = = Early life = = Nani was born on 17 November 1986 in Praia , the capital of Cape Verde , off the West African coast . Nani emigrated with his family to Portugal at an early age . Nani was raised by his aunt Antónia in the Santa Filomena estate in the Amadora district of Lisbon after being abandoned by his parents . At the age of five , his father left for a holiday in Cape Verde but never returned and when he was 12 years old , his mother left Portugal to start a new life in the Netherlands . Nani has nine siblings from his mother , of which he is the youngest , and five from his father . Nani gained his nickname from an elder sister at a young age . Nani 's older brother taught him how to play football and he played with his childhood friend , midfielder Manuel Fernandes . Around the age of 14 , Nani 's older brother took him to train with Real Massamá . They were Nani 's first club and gave him money , food , and helped him obtain an ID card and a passport . At the age of 16 , Nani was training on alternate days with Sporting Clube de Portugal and Benfica . Nani sometimes walked miles to and from practice before Sporting offered him pre @-@ season training . Despite growing up in Lisbon , Nani and his brother supported FC Porto as a boy and his footballing hero was Luís Figo . = = Club career = = = = = Sporting CP = = = Nani joined Sporting Clube de Portugal from his first club , Real Massamá . After two seasons in the youth team , where he won the National Junior Championship in 2004 – 05 , Nani was promoted to the first team early in the 2005 – 06 season . On 10 August 2005 , Nani made his Sporting debut , coming on as a substitute for Custódio in the 73rd minute in a 1 – 0 home defeat to Udinese in their third @-@ round qualifier in the UEFA Champions League . Nani made his Portuguese Liga debut on 28 August , replacing Deivid in the 76th minute of a 1 – 2 victory over Marítimo at the Estádio dos Barreiros . Nani scored his first Sporting goal on 30 October , opening the scoring in a 2 – 2 draw away to Boavista . Nani ended the first season of his career with 36 appearances and five goals in all competitions . Nani first came into the spotlight after scoring in the Champions League against Spartak Moscow , netting Sporting 's goal in a 1 – 1 Group Stage tie on 27 September 2006 . Nani helped Sporting win the 2006 – 07 Portuguese Cup , lifting the trophy after a 1 – 0 win over Belenenses on 27 May 2007 in the final . Nani was then named as the SJPF Young Player of the Month for May 2007 . Nani 's second season with Sporting ended with similar league statistics , with 40 appearances and six goals in all competitions . = = = Manchester United = = = = = = = Early years = = = = Nani was sold to Manchester United for € 25 @.@ 5 million , five percent of which was paid to Real Massamá , his first professional club . He passed his medical on 6 June 2007 , and signed a five @-@ year contract a month later , joining Portuguese compatriot Cristiano Ronaldo — with whom he lived for a time at the start of his Manchester United career – at the club . Nani scored on his debut in a pre @-@ season friendly against Shenzhen , netting the third in a 6 – 0 win . He also scored in the following game against Guangzhou Pharmaceutical with a chip off the right post from the left side of the penalty area in a 3 – 0 win . On 5 August 2007 , Nani made his competitive debut for United , coming on as a substitute in the Community Shield against Chelsea . He marked his debut with a trophy after they won 3 – 0 on penalties , following a 1 – 1 draw during normal time . This was followed up by Nani 's third goal for the club three days later , when he scored against Glentoran in another 3 – 0 pre @-@ season win . Nani 's Premier League debut came in United 's opening match at home to Reading on 12 August as a substitute for Wayne Rooney , who had suffered a foot injury . Two weeks later , on 26 August , Nani scored his first competitive goal for United , netting a 30 @-@ yard goal in the 69th minute against Tottenham Hotspur . Nani also set up crucial goals for Louis Saha and Nemanja Vidić , allowing United to beat both Sunderland and Everton 1 – 0 , respectively . He returned to face his previous club , Sporting CP , in a Champions League tie in September , though it was teammate and fellow former Sporting player Cristiano Ronaldo who scored the winner in a 0 – 1 victory . Nani opened the scoring in a 4 – 1 home victory over Middlesbrough on 27 October . On 16 February 2008 , Nani put in a man of the match performance against Arsenal in the FA Cup Fourth Round , his goal and two assists helping United to a 4 – 0 win over their rivals . During the match , Nani was involved in an altercation with Arsenal captain William Gallas , who felt that the Portuguese was " showboating . " After the match , Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger was equally displeased , while Gilberto Silva said that Nani had a " big head . " On 23 March , Nani set up the second and scored the final goal in a 3 – 0 victory over rivals Liverpool , in the 79th and 81st minutes respectively , after coming onto the pitch as a substitute . On 3 May , towards the end of a 4 – 1 home win over West Ham United , Nani was sent off for the first time in his United career for a headbutt on West Ham defender Lucas Neill . On 21 May , Nani came on as a substitute for Wayne Rooney in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final as United defeated Chelsea 6 – 5 on penalties following a 1 – 1 draw after extra time . Nani took and scored Manchester United 's crucial fifth penalty in the shootout . Nani scored his first goal of the 2008 – 09 season on 23 September 2008 , scoring United 's third goal in a 3 – 1 win over Middlesbrough in the last minute to secure passage to the Fourth Round of the League Cup . On 18 October , he scored from a Wayne Rooney assist to complete the 4 – 0 rout of West Bromwich Albion at Old Trafford . On 20 January 2009 , he opened the scoring for United in their 4 – 2 win at home to Derby County in the second leg of their League Cup semi @-@ final . = = = = Breakthrough = = = = After Cristiano Ronaldo 's transfer to Real Madrid in the 2009 close season , the weight of expectation was on Nani to step up from bit part player and replace his compatriot . Nani 's first contribution to United 's new season was opening the scoring in the 10th minute of the 2009 FA Community Shield , but United eventually lost the match on penalties after a 2 – 2 draw . Nani suffered a dislocated shoulder during the match , which was originally expected to keep him out of the start of the season . He recovered in time to play 17 minutes for Portugal against Liechtenstein on 12 August , however , and started the match against Birmingham City on 16 August . Although he provided the assist for Wayne Rooney 's winning goal in the 34th minute , Nani was replaced by Ryan Giggs at half @-@ time . On 22 August , Nani scored his first league goal of the 2009 – 10 season , netting a free @-@ kick against Wigan Athletic in a 0 – 5 away win . Following several poor performances , Nani criticised Sir Alex Ferguson for his lack of confidence in him . Despite this outburst Nani was given a chance to shine and provided an assist for Wayne Rooney in the 4 – 0 league win over Hull City . Soon after this positive display , he put in another good performance in their League Cup semi @-@ final victory over derby rivals Manchester City , revealing a heart @-@ to @-@ heart with Sir Alex Ferguson had resulted in a better display of form . On 31 January 2010 , Nani scored the first goal and set up Rooney 's 100th career Premier League strike in a 1 – 3 league victory over Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium . Nani 's goal was first thought of as a Manuel Almunia own goal by many sources , but was confirmed as belonging to Nani on 26 March by the Dubious Goals Panel . Following this performance , Nani then set up the second of a 5 – 0 home win over Portsmouth . Just four days later , however , he was sent off for a lunge at Stiliyan Petrov against Aston Villa , which resulted in a three @-@ match ban and ruled him out of the League Cup final . On 10 March , Nani set up Rooney 's second in a 4 – 0 win over Milan , before providing another assist for Rooney four days later , in the 3 – 0 league victory over Fulham . On 26 March , Nani signed a new four @-@ year contract with United , committing himself until 2014 . A day later , Nani took his assist tally in the league for the season to nine as he set up two goals in a 0 – 4 win over Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium , providing goals for Dimitar Berbatov and Darron Gibson . On 7 April , Nani scored his first ever European goals for United , netting two strikes in a 3 – 2 victory over Bayern Munich . Despite United winning the game , they were eliminated from the competition due to the away goals rule when the aggregate score was 4 – 4 . On 24 April , Nani scored his first league goal at Old Trafford in 18 months , netting United 's second in a 3 – 1 home victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 2 May , Nani scored for the second game in a row , netting the only goal in a 0 – 1 away victory over Sunderland . Nani 's third season with Manchester United ended with 34 appearances and seven goals in all competitions . = = = = 2010 – 11 season = = = = On 22 August 2010 , Nani missed a penalty in the 87th minute away to Fulham , and they then equalised two minutes later through Brede Hangeland to end the game 2 – 2 . Six days later , in a 3 – 0 home victory over West Ham United , Nani netted his first goal of the season and assisted Dimitar Berbatov in a Man of the Match display . Nani scored and assisted Michael Owen in a 2 – 2 away draw away to Bolton Wanderers on 26 September . On 16 October , Nani scored United 's second in a 2 – 2 home draw against West Bromwich Albion . Four days later , Nani scored his first Champions League goal of the season , netting the solitary strike in a 1 – 0 home victory over Bursaspor . On 30 October , Nani scored a controversial second goal as United beat Tottenham Hotspur 2 – 0 at home . He scored into an empty net after Tottenham goalkeeper Heurelho Gomes rolled the ball out to take a free @-@ kick that he thought had been given for handball , however , play was allowed to go on as referee Mark Clattenburg did not blow his whistle . On 27 November , Nani scored United 's fifth goal in a 7 – 1 home win over Blackburn Rovers . Nani netted his first goal of 2011 as he scored the winning strike in a 2 – 1 home victory over Stoke City on 4 January . On 22 January , Nani scored the final goal of a 5 – 0 home victory over Birmingham City . Nani netted United 's only goal in their first league loss of the season , a 2 – 1 defeat at Wolves on 5 February . Seven days later Nani scored his first Manchester derby goal , opening the scoring in a 2 – 1 home victory over Manchester City . On 6 March , during United 's 3 – 1 loss against Liverpool at Anfield , Nani was injured following a challenge from Jamie Carragher just before half @-@ time . Nani shed tears after the challenge and he was subsequently taken off the pitch in a stretcher . Following post @-@ match comments to the press from Manchester United it was believed Nani had suffered a broken leg . However this was not the case as he started training the following week . It was thought that Nani would miss up to three weeks as a result of this tackle and would return in April , however , he recovered in time to play 61 minutes of a 2 – 1 victory over Marseille on 15 March . Nani was revealed as a contender for the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Young Player of the Year award alongside teammate Javier Hernández on 8 April . However , many people , including Nani , expressed their surprise that he was not nominated for the main award . Following this nomination , he assisted both goals in a 2 – 0 home win over Fulham on 9 April . Nani lost out to Jack Wilshere for the PFA Young Player of the Year award on 18 April but he was however included into the PFA Premier League Team of the Year for the first time . He was awarded for his outstanding season as he was voted Players ' Player of the Year at the club 's awards night on 18 May . = = = = 2011 – 12 season = = = = Nani began the new season by putting in a man of the match performance and scoring twice against derby rivals Manchester City in the 2011 Community Shield , including a 94th @-@ minute winner , as United came from two goals down to win 3 – 2 on 7 August 2011 . He scored his first league goal of the 2011 – 12 season by netting United 's fifth goal in an 8 – 2 victory over Arsenal on 28 August . Nani made his 100th Premier League appearance on 18 September as he scored in a 3 – 1 home win over Chelsea . He scored with a long range strike after cutting inside from the right wing . He was also awarded with the man of the match . In United 's following league game at the Britannia Stadium , Nani scored his third goal of the season in a 1 – 1 draw with Stoke City . He played a neat one @-@ two with Darren Fletcher before making his way through Stoke 's defence and firing a low shot inside the left post . Nani started the match against Manchester city where they fell victim to a 1 – 6 beating at home to their neighbours . On 1 November , Nani was shortlisted for the prestigious FIFA Ballon d 'Or . On 10 December , the first match after United 's elimination from the UEFA Champions League , Nani scored a brace in a home game against Wolves . He opened the scoring in the 17th minute to put them 1 – 0 up with a shot into the bottom left corner . He scored his second goal in the 56th minute , tapping in from Antonio Valencia 's drilled cross across the six @-@ yard box to extend the lead to 3 – 1 . He was later replaced by another winger Ashley Young as the game finished 4 – 1 to the home side . Nani scored his sixth league goal of the season and provided two assists in a 5 – 0 away win at Fulham on 21 December . He first advanced on a run down the left flank before crossing for Danny Welbeck to slot home . He then met a Ryan Giggs cross with his head , to glance United into a 2 – 0 lead . He then returned the compliment , squaring for Giggs to put United 3 – 0 up before half time . During United 's 2 – 1 win against Arsenal on 22 January , Nani sustained a foot injury from a tackle by Arsenal defender Laurent Koscielny in the 75th minute and was replaced by fellow winger Ashley Young . After a scan on Nani 's foot , he was feared to have suffered a metatarsal injury , thus not being able to play for 2 months . Nani returned to football on 15 April at United 's match against Aston Villa as a substitute , replacing Ashley Young on the left wing . He scored a goal in stoppage time ( 93rd minute ) with a low shot pass Villa keeper Shay Given from Evans 's assist with a through pass , resulting in a 4 – 0 win over Villa . Nani then followed this up with another goal when chipping Tim Howard at his near post the final score resulted in a 4 – 4 draw at Old Trafford against Everton . = = = = 2013 – 14 season = = = = On 5 September 2013 , Nani renewed his contract with Manchester United , which was to keep him at the club until 2018 . He started his first game of 2013 – 14 season against Liverpool in the League Cup . Despite this , Nani spent most of the season struggling against injury and trying to find form . = = = = Loan return to Sporting CP = = = = On 19 August 2014 , Sporting CP announced the return of Nani to the club on a season @-@ long loan from Manchester United , as part of a deal that brought in Marcos Rojo to Manchester United . He was given the number 77 shirt . Nani made his comeback at José Alvalade in a league match against Arouca , four days after signing . He missed a penalty , received a yellow card and was substituted in the 77th minute , as the match ended in a 1 – 0 win for Sporting . He scored his first goal of this loan on 17 September , opening a 1 – 1 draw at NK Maribor in the first match of the Champions League group stage . He was also voted Man of the Match . Nani scored his first league goal for the club four days later in a 4 – 0 win against Gil Vicente F.C. On 3 January 2015 , Nani was sent off for two bookings in a 3 – 0 win over Estoril . Nani scored in Sporting 's penalty shootout victory over S.C. Braga in the 2015 Taça de Portugal Final , which earned the club their first trophy since 2008 . = = = Fenerbahçe = = = On 6 July 2015 , Nani joined Turkish club Fenerbahçe , signing a three @-@ year deal for a fee of £ 4 @.@ 25 million . He and his former United teammate Robin van Persie debuted 22 days later in a goalless home draw against Shakhtar Donetsk in the third qualifying round of the season 's Champions League , with Nani starting . He scored two goals including the winner , a free kick in second @-@ half stoppage time , against Antalyaspor on 30 August . = = = Valencia = = = In July 2016 , Nani signed for Spanish club Valencia on a three @-@ year contract , with Valencia paying an undisclosed fee to complete the transfer . = = International career = = = = = Portugal under – 21 = = = Nani was the youngest member of the Portugal squad at the 2006 UEFA Under @-@ 21 Championship , making his debut on 23 May 2006 in a 0 – 1 defeat to France U21 . He appeared in all three games , scoring no goals , before Portugal bowed out in group stages . During the 2007 European Under @-@ 21 Football Championship , he made four appearances , scoring one goal in a 4 – 0 victory against Israel U21 in a group stage match on 16 June 2007 , and had to be taken off during the match after a right ankle injury . = = = Portugal senior team = = = Nani made his first appearance for the senior Portuguese team on 1 September 2006 , and marked his debut with a goal in Portugal 's 4 – 2 friendly defeat to Denmark . Nani was omitted from Portugal 's 1 – 1 draw with Armenia , but was recalled for Euro 2008 qualifiers against Poland and Serbia in September . He also provided the assist for Ricardo Quaresma 's goal in a friendly against Italy on 6 February 2008 . Nani was ruled out of Portugal 's friendly with Greece in March 2008 due to injury . = = = = Euro 2008 = = = = Nani was a regular member of the Portuguese squad in Euro 2008 qualification , and scored one of the goals in the 2 – 1 away win over Belgium on 2 June 2007 . Nani received a call @-@ up to Luiz Felipe Scolari 's 23 @-@ man squad for Euro 2008 alongside Manchester United teammate Cristiano Ronaldo . During the campaign Nani played three games and started just one , but did provide the assist for Hélder Postiga 's goal during a substitute appearance in the 3 – 2 quarter @-@ final defeat to Germany on 19 June . = = = = Post @-@ Euro 2008 = = = = Nani 's fourth international goal came in Portugal 's final friendly game before their World Cup qualifying campaign started , a 5 – 0 victory over the Faroe Islands on 20 August 2008 . Nani scored the final goal of a 4 – 0 victory over Malta as Portugal started qualification for the 2010 World Cup on 6 September . He opened the scoring in the 3 – 2 home loss against Denmark four days later . Nani helped Portugal book a play @-@ off place for the World Cup as he netted in the 4 – 0 home win over Malta on 14 October 2009 . Nani was influential in the play @-@ off against Bosnia and Herzegovina , setting up Bruno Alves for the only goal in the first leg . Raul Meireles ' goal in the second @-@ leg sealed Portugal 's place at the World Cup in South Africa . On 1 June 2010 , Nani netted Portugal 's third in a 3 – 1 victory over Cameroon . Following that game Nani was named in Carlos Queiroz 23 @-@ man squad for the tournament , However , on 8 June , Nani was ruled out of the tournament through a shoulder injury and was replaced by Benfica midfielder Rúben Amorim . Nani scored twice and assisted once in Paulo Bento 's first game in charge of Portugal in a 3 – 1 Euro 2012 qualifying win over Denmark on 8 October 2010 . Nani scored twice and set up another again in a 5 – 3 win over Iceland on 7 October 2011 . = = = = 2014 FIFA World Cup = = = = Nani started in the opening match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup for Portugal against Germany . After the match he stated how the team played well despite the loss and how " the referee has discriminated against us , but that 's normal , Portugal against big teams never get help ... " . In the team 's second fixture , Nani scored the opening goal for Portugal in a 2 – 2 draw with the United States . = = = = UEFA Euro 2016 = = = = Nani scored Portugal 's first goal in the last match of the group stage , a 3 – 3 draw against Hungary on 22 June , to help the team qualify for the knockout round . He subsequently contributed to the only goal of the match in a 1 – 0 extra @-@ time victory in the last 16 against Croatia on 25 June . During their quarter @-@ final match on 30 June against Poland , Nani set up Renato Sanches 's goal in regulation time , and later scored Portugal 's fourth penalty in an eventual 5 – 3 shoot @-@ out victory , following a 1 – 1 draw after extra @-@ time . In the semi @-@ finals against Wales on 6 July , he scored the second goal in a 2 – 0 victory . In the final against host @-@ nation France on 10 July , Nani was awarded the captain 's armband after Ronaldo was forced off in the opening 25 minutes of the match following a challenge from Dimitri Payet . During extra @-@ time , substitute Éder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 – 0 victory . = = Style of play = = In the early stages of his career at Manchester United , Nani often invited comparison in playing style and ability with club and international colleague Cristiano Ronaldo , for whom he often deputised at club level . In Ronaldo 's absence , however , Nani 's style has developed into a more classical winger 's style , able to play on both wings though more comfortable on the right , utilising pace , ball control and trickery to create space . While capable of cutting off both wings to strike at goal from distance , Nani has substantially fewer goals , yet a substantially higher proportion of assists than his former colleague . He can also play in the more attacking position of forward or wing forward . = = Celebration = = Nani celebrates with a " mortal " ( " Leap of death " ) , similar to that of Obafemi Martins and Lomana LuaLua . The celebration derives from Nani 's background in capoeira , which he used to practice as a child . For a while , it was reported that United manager Sir Alex Ferguson had banned Nani 's celebration due to fear for his safety . Nani denounced the reports in August 2007 , stating that it was " not true " and that " Ferguson has never spoken to me about this subject and I am going to continue to celebrate goals in this way . The conversations he has had with me are normal conversations , like he has with all players . " = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = As of 28 June 2016 . = = = International = = = As of 13 July 2016 = = = International goals = = = As of match played 6 July 2016 . Portugal score listed first , score column indicates score after each Nani goal . = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = Sporting CP Taça de Portugal : 2006 – 07 , 2014 – 15 Manchester United Premier League : 2007 – 08 , 2008 – 09 , 2010 – 11 , 2012 – 13 Football League Cup : 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10 FA Community Shield : 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 UEFA Champions League : 2007 – 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 = = = Country = = = Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 = = = Individual = = = SJPF Young Player of the Month : May 2007 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2010 – 11 Premier League Assist Leader : 2000 – 11 Manchester United Players ' Player of the Year : 2010 – 11 SJPF Player of the Month : October 2014 , November 2014 = Boeing B @-@ 52 Stratofortress = The Boeing B @-@ 52 Stratofortress is a long @-@ range , subsonic , jet @-@ powered strategic bomber . The B @-@ 52 was designed and built by Boeing , which has continued to provide support and upgrades . It has been operated by the United States Air Force ( USAF ) since the 1950s . The bomber is capable of carrying up to 70 @,@ 000 pounds ( 32 @,@ 000 kg ) of weapons , and has a typical combat range of more than 8 @,@ 800 miles ( 14 @,@ 080 km ) without aerial refueling . Beginning with the successful contract bid in June 1946 , the B @-@ 52 design evolved from a straight wing aircraft powered by six turboprop engines to the final prototype YB @-@ 52 with eight turbojet engines and swept wings . The B @-@ 52 took its maiden flight in April 1952 . Built to carry nuclear weapons for Cold War @-@ era deterrence missions , the B @-@ 52 Stratofortress replaced the Convair B @-@ 36 . A veteran of several wars , the B @-@ 52 has dropped only conventional munitions in combat . The B @-@ 52 's official name Stratofortress is rarely used ; informally , the aircraft has become commonly referred to as the BUFF ( Big Ugly Fat Fucker ) . The B @-@ 52 has been in active service with the USAF since 1955 . As of 2012 , 85 were in active service with nine in reserve . The bombers flew under the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) until it was inactivated in 1992 and its aircraft absorbed into the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) ; in 2010 all B @-@ 52 Stratofortresses were transferred from the ACC to the newly created Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) . Superior performance at high subsonic speeds and relatively low operating costs have kept the B @-@ 52 in service despite the advent of later , more advanced aircraft , including the canceled Mach 3 B @-@ 70 Valkyrie , the variable @-@ geometry B @-@ 1 Lancer , and the stealth B @-@ 2 Spirit . The B @-@ 52 completed sixty years of continuous service with its original operator in 2015 . After being upgraded between 2013 and 2015 , it is expected to serve into the 2040s . = = Development = = = = = Origins = = = On 23 November 1945 , Air Materiel Command ( AMC ) issued desired performance characteristics for a new strategic bomber " capable of carrying out the strategic mission without dependence upon advanced and intermediate bases controlled by other countries " . The aircraft was to have a crew of five or more turret gunners , and a six @-@ man relief crew . It was required to cruise at 300 mph ( 260 knots , 480 km / h ) at 34 @,@ 000 feet ( 10 @,@ 400 m ) with a combat radius of 5 @,@ 000 miles ( 4 @,@ 300 nautical miles , 8 @,@ 000 km ) . The armament was to consist of an unspecified number of 20 mm cannon and 10 @,@ 000 pounds ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) of bombs . On 13 February 1946 , the Air Force issued bid invitations for these specifications , with Boeing , Consolidated Aircraft , and Glenn L. Martin Company submitting proposals . On 5 June 1946 , Boeing 's Model 462 , a straight @-@ wing aircraft powered by six Wright T35 turboprops with a gross weight of 360 @,@ 000 pounds ( 160 @,@ 000 kg ) and a combat radius of 3 @,@ 110 miles ( 2 @,@ 700 nmi , 5 @,@ 010 km ) , was declared the winner . On 28 June 1946 , Boeing was issued a letter of contract for US $ 1 @.@ 7 million to build a full @-@ scale mock @-@ up of the new XB @-@ 52 and do preliminary engineering and testing . However , by October 1946 , the air force began to express concern about the sheer size of the new aircraft and its inability to meet the specified design requirements . In response , Boeing produced Model 464 , a smaller four @-@ engine version with a 230 @,@ 000 pound ( 105 @,@ 000 kg ) gross weight , which was briefly deemed acceptable . Subsequently , in November 1946 , the Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research and Development , General Curtis LeMay , expressed the desire for a cruise speed of 400 miles per hour ( 345 kn , 645 km / h ) , to which Boeing responded with a 300 @,@ 000 lb ( 136 @,@ 000 kg ) aircraft . In December 1946 , Boeing was asked to change their design to a four @-@ engine bomber with a top speed of 400 miles per hour , range of 12 @,@ 000 miles ( 10 @,@ 000 nmi , 19 @,@ 300 km ) , and the ability to carry a nuclear weapon ; in total , the aircraft could weigh up to 480 @,@ 000 pounds ( 220 @,@ 000 kg ) . Boeing responded with two models powered by the T @-@ 35 turboprops . The Model 464 @-@ 16 was a " nuclear only " bomber with a 10 @,@ 000 pound ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) payload , while the Model 464 @-@ 17 was a general purpose bomber with a 9 @,@ 000 pound ( 4 @,@ 000 kg ) payload . Due to the cost associated with purchasing two specialized aircraft , the air force selected Model 464 @-@ 17 with the understanding that it could be adapted for nuclear strikes . In June 1947 , the military requirements were updated and the Model 464 @-@ 17 met all of them except for the range . It was becoming obvious to the Air Force that , even with the updated performance , the XB @-@ 52 would be obsolete by the time it entered production and would offer little improvement over the Convair B @-@ 36 ; as a result , the entire project was postponed for six months . During this time , Boeing continued to perfect the design , which resulted in the Model 464 @-@ 29 with a top speed of 455 miles per hour ( 395 kn , 730 km / h ) and a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ mile range . In September 1947 , the Heavy Bombardment Committee was convened to ascertain performance requirements for a nuclear bomber . Formalized on 8 December 1947 , these requirements called for a top speed of 500 miles per hour ( 440 kn , 800 km / h ) and an 8 @,@ 000 mile ( 7 @,@ 000 nmi , 13 @,@ 000 km ) range , far beyond the capabilities of 464 @-@ 29 . The outright cancellation of the Boeing contract on 11 December 1947 was staved off by a plea from its president William McPherson Allen to the Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington . Allen reasoned that the design was capable of being adapted to new aviation technology and more stringent requirements . In January 1948 Boeing was instructed to thoroughly explore recent technological innovations , including aerial refueling and the flying wing . Noting stability and control problems Northrop was experiencing with their YB @-@ 35 and YB @-@ 49 flying wing bombers , Boeing insisted on a conventional aircraft , and in April 1948 presented a US $ 30 million ( US $ 295 million today ) proposal for design , construction , and testing of two Model 464 @-@ 35 prototypes . The Model 464 @-@ 35 design had a configuration similar to a later Tupolev design that was built for the Soviet Union , the Tupolev Tu @-@ 95 Bear strategic bomber . Further revisions during 1948 resulted in an aircraft with a top speed of 513 miles per hour ( 445 kn , 825 km / h ) at 35 @,@ 000 feet ( 10 @,@ 700 m ) , a range of 6 @,@ 909 miles ( 6 @,@ 005 nmi , 11 @,@ 125 km ) , and a 280 @,@ 000 pounds ( 125 @,@ 000 kg ) gross weight , which included 10 @,@ 000 pounds ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) of bombs and 19 @,@ 875 US gallons ( 75 @,@ 225 L ) of fuel . = = = Design effort = = = In May 1948 , AMC asked Boeing to incorporate the previously discarded , but now more fuel @-@ efficient , jet engine into the design . That resulted in the development of yet another revision — in July 1948 , Model 464 @-@ 40 substituted Westinghouse J40 turbojets for the turboprops . The Air Force project officer who reviewed the Model 464 @-@ 40 was favorably impressed , especially since he had already been thinking along similar lines . Nevertheless , the government was concerned about the high fuel consumption rate of the jet engines of the day , and directed that Boeing still use the turboprop @-@ powered Model 464 @-@ 35 as the basis for the XB @-@ 52 . Although he agreed that turbojet propulsion was the future , General Howard A. Craig , Deputy Chief of Staff for Material , was not very keen on a jet @-@ powered B @-@ 52 , since he felt that the jet engine had not yet progressed sufficiently to permit skipping an intermediate turboprop stage . However , Boeing was encouraged to continue turbojet studies even without any expected commitment to jet propulsion . On Thursday , 21 October 1948 , Boeing engineers George S. Schairer , Art Carlsen and Vaughn Blumenthal presented the design of a four @-@ engine turboprop bomber to the chief of bomber development , Colonel Pete Warden . Warden was disappointed by the projected aircraft and asked if the Boeing team could come up with a proposal for a four @-@ engine turbojet bomber . Joined by Ed Wells , Boeing vice president of engineering , the engineers worked that night in the Hotel Van Cleve in Dayton , Ohio , redesigning Boeing 's proposal as a four @-@ engine turbojet bomber . On Friday , Colonel Warden looked over the information and asked for a better design . Returning to the hotel , the Boeing team was joined by Bob Withington and Maynard Pennell , two top Boeing engineers who were in town on other business . By late Friday night , they had laid out what was essentially a new airplane . The new design ( 464 @-@ 49 ) built upon the basic layout of the B @-@ 47 Stratojet with 35 degree swept wings , eight engines paired in four underwing pods , and bicycle landing gear with wingtip outrigger wheels . A notable feature of the landing gear was the ability to pivot the main landing gear up to 20 ° from the aircraft centerline to increase safety during crosswind landings . After a trip to a hobby shop for supplies , Schairer set to work building a model . The rest of the team focused on weight and performance data . Wells , who was also a skilled artist , completed the aircraft drawings . On Sunday , a stenographer was hired to type a clean copy of the proposal . On Monday , Schairer presented Colonel Warden with a neatly bound 33 @-@ page proposal and a 14 @-@ inch scale model . The aircraft was projected to exceed all design specifications . Although the full @-@ size mock @-@ up inspection in April 1949 was generally favorable , range again became a concern since the J40s and early model J57s had excessive fuel consumption . Despite talk of another revision of specifications or even a full design competition among aircraft manufacturers , General LeMay , now in charge of Strategic Air Command , insisted that performance should not be compromised due to delays in engine development . In a final attempt to increase range , Boeing created the larger 464 @-@ 67 , stating that once in production , the range could be further increased in subsequent modifications . Following several direct interventions by LeMay , Boeing was awarded a production contract for thirteen B @-@ 52As and seventeen detachable reconnaissance pods on 14 February 1951 . The last major design change — also at General LeMay 's insistence — was a switch from the B @-@ 47 style tandem seating to a more conventional side @-@ by @-@ side cockpit , which increased the effectiveness of the copilot and reduced crew fatigue . Both XB @-@ 52 prototypes featured the original tandem seating arrangement with a framed bubble @-@ type canopy . = = = Pre @-@ production and production = = = The YB @-@ 52 , the second XB @-@ 52 modified with more operational equipment , first flew on 15 April 1952 with " Tex " Johnston as pilot . During ground testing on 29 November 1951 , the XB @-@ 52 's pneumatic system failed during a full @-@ pressure test ; the resulting explosion severely damaged the trailing edge of the wing , necessitating considerable repairs . A two @-@ hour , 21 @-@ minute proving flight from Boeing Field , King County , in Seattle , Washington to Larson AFB was undertaken with Boeing test pilot Johnston and air force Lieutenant Colonel Guy M. Townsend . The XB @-@ 52 followed on 2 October 1952 . The thorough development , including 670 days in the wind tunnel and 130 days of aerodynamic and aeroelastic testing , paid off with smooth flight testing . Encouraged , the air force increased its order to 282 B @-@ 52s . Only three of the 13 B @-@ 52As ordered were built . All were returned to Boeing , and used in their test program . On 9 June 1952 , the February 1951 contract was updated to order the aircraft under new specifications . The final 10 , the first aircraft to enter active service , were completed as B @-@ 52Bs . At the roll out ceremony on 18 March 1954 , Air Force Chief of Staff General Nathan Twining said : The long rifle was the great weapon of its day . ... today this B @-@ 52 is the long rifle of the air age . The B @-@ 52B was followed by progressively improved bomber and reconnaissance variants , culminating in the B @-@ 52G and turbofan B @-@ 52H . To allow rapid delivery , production lines were set up both at its main Seattle factory and at Boeing 's Wichita facility . More than 5 @,@ 000 companies were involved in the massive production effort , with 41 % of the airframe being built by subcontractors . The prototypes and all B @-@ 52A , B and C models ( 90 aircraft ) were built at Seattle . Testing of aircraft built at Seattle caused problems due to jet noise , which led to the establishment of curfews for engine tests . Aircraft were ferried 150 miles ( 240 km ) east on their maiden flights to Larson Air Force Base near Moses Lake , where they were fully tested . As production of the B @-@ 47 came to an end , the Wichita factory was phased in for B @-@ 52D production , with Seattle responsible for 101 D @-@ models and Wichita 69 . Both plants continued to build the B @-@ 52E , with 42 built at Seattle and 58 at Wichita , and the B @-@ 52F ( 44 from Seattle and 45 from Wichita ) . For the B @-@ 52G , it was decided in 1957 to transfer all production to Wichita , which freed up Seattle for other tasks ( in particular the production of airliners ) . Production ended in 1962 with the B @-@ 52H , with 742 aircraft built , plus the original two prototypes . = = = Upgrades = = = A proposed variant of the B @-@ 52H was the EB @-@ 52H , which would have consisted of 16 modified and augmented B @-@ 52H airframes with additional electronic jamming capabilities . This variant would have restored USAF airborne jamming capability that it lost on retiring the EF @-@ 111 Raven . The program was canceled in 2005 following the removal of funds for the stand @-@ off jammer . The program was revived in 2007 , and cut again in early 2009 . In July 2013 , the Air Force began a fleet @-@ wide technological upgrade of its B @-@ 52 bombers called Combat Network Communications Technology ( CONECT ) to modernize electronics , communications technology , computing , and avionics on the flight deck . CONECT upgrades include software and hardware such as new computer servers , modems , radios , data @-@ links , receivers , and digital workstations for the crew . One update is the ARC @-@ 210 Warrior beyond @-@ line @-@ of @-@ sight software programmable radio able to transmit voice , data , and information in @-@ flight between B @-@ 52s and ground command and control centers , allowing the transmission and reception of data with updated intelligence , mapping , and targeting information ; previous in @-@ flight target changes required copying down coordinates . The ARC @-@ 210 allows machine @-@ to @-@ machine transfer of data , useful on long @-@ endurance missions where targets may have moved before the arrival of the B @-@ 52 . The aircraft will be able to receive information through Link @-@ 16 . CONECT upgrades will cost $ 1 @.@ 1 billion overall and take several years . Funding has been secured for 30 B @-@ 52s ; the Air Force hopes for 10 CONECT upgrades per year , but the rate has yet to be decided . Weapons upgrades include the 1760 Internal Weapons Bay Upgrade ( IWBU ) , which gives a 66 percent increase in weapons payload using a digital interface and rotary launcher . IWBU is expected to cost roughly $ 313 million . The 1760 IWBU will allow the B @-@ 52 to carry the AGM @-@ 158B JASSM @-@ ER and the ADM @-@ 160C MALD @-@ J. All 1760 IWBUs should be operational by October 2017 . Two bombers will have the ability to carry 40 weapons in place of the 36 that three B @-@ 52s can carry . The 1760 IWBU allows precision @-@ guided missiles or bombs to be deployed from inside the weapons bay ; previous aircraft carried these munitions externally on wing hardpoints . This increases the number of guided weapons a B @-@ 52 can carry and reduces the need for guided bombs to be carried . The first phase will allow a B @-@ 52 to carry twenty @-@ four 500 @-@ pound guided JDAM bombs or twenty 2 @,@ 000 @-@ pound JDAMs , with later phases accommodating the JASSM and MALD family of missiles . In addition to carrying more smart bombs , moving them internally from the wings reduces drag and achieves a 15 percent reduction in fuel consumption . = = Design = = = = = Overview = = = The B @-@ 52 shared many technological similarities with the preceding Boeing B @-@ 47 Stratojet strategic bomber . The two aircraft used the same basic design , such as swept wings and podded jet engines , and the cabin included the crew ejection systems . On the B @-@ 52D , the pilots and electronic countermeasures ( EDM ) operator ejected upwards , while the lower deck crew ejected downwards ; until the B @-@ 52G , the gunner had to jettison the tail gun to bail @-@ out . Structural fatigue was accelerated by at least a factor of eight in a low @-@ altitude flight profile over that of high @-@ altitude flying , requiring costly repairs to extend service life . In the early 1960s , the three @-@ phase High Stress program was launched to counter structural fatigue , enrolling aircraft at 2 @,@ 000 flying hours . Follow @-@ up programs were conducted , such as a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ hour service life extension to select airframes in 1966 – 1968 , and the extensive Pacer Plank reskinning , completed in 1977 . The wet wing introduced on G and H models was even more susceptible to fatigue , experiencing 60 % more stress during flight than the old wing . The wings were modified by 1964 under ECP 1050 . This was followed by a fuselage skin and longeron replacement ( ECP 1185 ) in 1966 , and the B @-@ 52 Stability Augmentation and Flight Control program ( ECP 1195 ) in 1967 . Fuel leaks due to deteriorating Marman clamps continued to plague all variants of the B @-@ 52 . To this end , the aircraft were subjected to Blue Band ( 1957 ) , Hard Shell ( 1958 ) , and finally QuickClip ( 1958 ) programs . The latter fitted safety straps that prevented catastrophic loss of fuel in case of clamp failure . In September 2006 , the B @-@ 52 became one of the first US military aircraft to fly using alternative fuel . It took off from Edwards Air Force Base with a 50 / 50 blend of Fischer @-@ Tropsch process ( FT ) synthetic fuel and conventional JP @-@ 8 jet fuel , which burned in two of the eight engines . On 15 December 2006 , a B @-@ 52 took off from Edwards with the synthetic fuel powering all eight engines , the first time an air force aircraft was entirely powered by the blend . The seven @-@ hour flight was considered a success . This program is part of the Department of Defense Assured Fuel Initiative , which aims to reduce crude oil usage and obtain half of its aviation fuel from alternative sources by 2016 . On 8 August 2007 , Air Force Secretary Michael Wynne certified the B @-@ 52H as fully approved to use the FT blend . = = = Flight controls = = = Because of the B @-@ 52 's mission parameters , only modest maneuvers would be required with no need for spin recovery . The aircraft has a relatively small , narrow chord rudder , giving it limited yaw control authority . Originally an all @-@ moving vertical stabilizer was to be used , but was abandoned because of doubts about hydraulic actuator reliability . Because the aircraft has eight engines , asymmetrical thrust due to the loss of an engine in flight would be minimal and correctable with the narrow rudder . To assist with crosswind takeoffs and landings the main landing gear can be pivoted 20 degrees to either side from neutral . This yaw adjustable crosswind landing gear would be preset by the crew according to wind observations made on the ground . The elevator is also very narrow in chord like the rudder , and the B @-@ 52 suffers from limited elevator control authority . For long term pitch trim and airspeed changes the aircraft uses an all @-@ moving tail with the elevator used for small adjustments within a stabilizer setting . The stabilizer is adjustable through 13 degrees of movement ( nine up , four down ) and is crucial to operations during take off and landing due to large pitch changes induced by flap application . B @-@ 52s prior to the G models had very small ailerons with a short span that was approximately equal to their chord . These " feeler ailerons " were used to provide feedback forces to the pilot 's control yoke and to fine tune the roll axes during delicate maneuvers such as aerial refueling . Due to twisting of the thin main wing , conventional outboard flap type ailerons would lose authority and therefore could not be used . In other words , aileron activation would cause the wing to twist , undermining roll control . Six spoilerons on each wing are responsible for the majority of roll control . The late B @-@ 52G models eliminated the ailerons altogether and added an extra spoileron to each wing . Partly because of the lack of ailerons , the B @-@ 52G and H models were more susceptible to dutch roll . = = = Avionics = = = Ongoing problems with avionics systems were addressed in the Jolly Well program , completed in 1964 , which improved components of the AN / ASQ @-@ 38 bombing navigational computer and the terrain computer . The MADREC ( Malfunction Detection and Recording ) upgrade fitted to most aircraft by 1965 could detect failures in avionics and weapons computer systems , and was essential in monitoring the Hound Dog missiles . The electronic countermeasures capability of the B @-@ 52 was expanded with Rivet Rambler ( 1971 ) and Rivet Ace ( 1973 ) . To improve operations at low altitude , the AN / ASQ @-@ 151 Electro @-@ Optical Viewing System ( EVS ) , which consisted of a Low Light Level Television ( LLLTV ) and a Forward looking infrared ( FLIR ) system mounted in blisters under the noses of B @-@ 52Gs and Hs between 1972 and 1976 . The navigational capabilities of the B @-@ 52 were later augmented with the addition of GPS in the 1980s . The IBM AP @-@ 101 , also used on the Rockwell B @-@ 1 Lancer bomber and the Space Shuttle , was the B @-@ 52 's main computer . In 2007 the LITENING targeting pod was fitted , which increased the effectiveness of the aircraft in the attack of ground targets with a variety of standoff weapons , using laser guidance , a high @-@ resolution forward @-@ looking infrared sensor ( FLIR ) , and a CCD camera used to obtain target imagery . LITENING pods have been fitted to a wide variety of other US aircraft , such as the McDonnell Douglas F / A @-@ 18 Hornet , the General Dynamics F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon and the McDonnell Douglas AV @-@ 8B Harrier II . = = = Armament = = = The ability to carry up to 20 AGM @-@ 69 SRAM nuclear missiles was added to G and H models , starting in 1971 . To further improve its offensive ability , air @-@ launched cruise missiles ( ALCMs ) were fitted . After testing of both the Air Force @-@ backed Boeing AGM @-@ 86 and the Navy @-@ backed General Dynamics AGM @-@ 109 Tomahawk , the AGM @-@ 86B was selected for operation by the B @-@ 52 ( and ultimately by the B @-@ 1 Lancer ) . A total of 194 B @-@ 52Gs and Hs were modified to carry AGM @-@ 86s , carrying 12 missiles on underwing pylons , with 82 B @-@ 52Hs further modified to carry another eight missiles on a rotary launcher fitted in the bomb @-@ bay . To conform with SALT II Treaty requirements that cruise missile @-@ capable aircraft be readily identifiable by reconnaissance satellites , the cruise missile armed B @-@ 52Gs were modified with a distinctive wing root fairing . As all B @-@ 52Hs were assumed modified , no visual modification of these aircraft was required . In 1990 , the stealthy AGM @-@ 129 ACM cruise missile entered service ; although intended to replace the AGM @-@ 86 , a high cost and the Cold War 's end led to only 450 being produced ; unlike the AGM @-@ 86 , no conventional ( non @-@ nuclear ) version was built . The B @-@ 52 was to have been modified to utilize Northrop Grumman 's AGM @-@ 137 TSSAM weapon ; however , the missile was canceled due to development costs . Those B @-@ 52Gs not converted as cruise missile carriers underwent a series of modifications to improve conventional bombing . They were fitted with a new Integrated Conventional Stores Management System ( ICSMS ) and new underwing pylons that could hold larger bombs or other stores than could the external pylons . Thirty B @-@ 52Gs were further modified to carry up to 12 AGM @-@ 84 Harpoon anti @-@ ship missiles each , while 12 B @-@ 52Gs were fitted to carry the AGM @-@ 142 Have Nap stand @-@ off air @-@ to @-@ ground missile . When the B @-@ 52G was retired in 1994 , an urgent scheme was launched to restore an interim Harpoon and Have Nap capability , the four aircraft being modified to carry Harpoon and four to carry Have Nap under the Rapid Eight program . The Conventional Enhancement Modification ( CEM ) program gave the B @-@ 52H a more comprehensive conventional weapons capability , adding the modified underwing weapon pylons used by conventional @-@ armed B @-@ 52Gs , Harpoon and Have Nap , and the capability to carry new @-@ generation weapons including the Joint Direct Attack Munition and Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser guided bombs , the AGM @-@ 154 glide bomb and the AGM @-@ 158 JASSM missile . The CEM program also introduced new radios , integrated Global Positioning System into the aircraft 's navigation system and replaced the under @-@ nose FLIR with a more modern unit . Forty @-@ seven B @-@ 52Hs were modified under the CEM program by 1996 , with 19 more by the end of 1999 . Starting in 2016 , Boeing is to upgrade the internal rotary launchers to the MIL @-@ STD @-@ 1760 interface to enable the internal carriage of smart bombs , which can currently only be carried on the wings . = = = Engines = = = The eight engines of the B @-@ 52 are paired in pods and suspended by four pylons beneath and forward of the wings ' leading edge . The careful arrangement of the pylons also allowed them to work as wing fences and delay the onset of stall . The first two prototypes , XB @-@ 52 and YB @-@ 52 , were both powered by experimental Pratt & Whitney YJ57 @-@ P @-@ 3 turbojet engines of 8 @,@ 700 lbf ( 38 @.@ 70 kN ) of static thrust each . The B @-@ 52A models were equipped with Pratt & Whitney J57 @-@ P @-@ 1W turbojets , providing a dry thrust of 10 @,@ 000 lbf ( 44 @.@ 48 kN ) which could be increased for short periods to 11 @,@ 000 lbf ( 48 @.@ 93 kN ) with water injection . The water was carried in a 360 @-@ gallon tank in the rear fuselage . B @-@ 52B , C , D and E models were equipped with Pratt & Whitney J57 @-@ P @-@ 29W , J57 @-@ P @-@ 29WA , or J57 @-@ P @-@ 19W series engines all rated at 10 @,@ 500 lbf ( 46 @.@ 71 kN ) . The B @-@ 52F and G models were powered by Pratt & Whitney J57 @-@ P @-@ 43WB turbojets , each rated at 13 @,@ 750 lbf ( 61 @.@ 16 kN ) static thrust with water injection . On May 9 , 1961 , B @-@ 52H started being delivered to the Air Force with cleaner burning and quieter Pratt & Whitney TF33 @-@ P @-@ 3 turbofans with a maximum thrust of 17 @,@ 100 lbf ( 76 @.@ 06 kN ) . = = = = Re @-@ engining = = = = For a study for the U.S. Air Force in the mid @-@ 1970s , Boeing investigated replacing the engines , changing to a new wing , and other improvements to upgrade B @-@ 52G / H aircraft as an alternative to the B @-@ 1A , then in development . In 1982 , Pratt & Whitney studied retrofiting B @-@ 52s with four PW2000 ( F117 ) engines but this was not done since all B @-@ 52s were to be replaced by B @-@ 1s and B @-@ 2s by the late 1990s . In 1996 Rolls @-@ Royce and Boeing jointly proposed to fit B @-@ 52s with four leased RB211 @-@ 535s , but this plan failed because of a flawed economic assessment by the Air Force and resistance to leasing combat assets . This would involve replacing the eight Pratt & Whitney TF33s ( total thrust 8 × 17 @,@ 000 lb ) with four RB211s ( total thrust 4 × 37 @,@ 400 lb ) — which would increase range and reduce fuel consumption , at a cost of approximately US $ 2 @.@ 56 billion for the whole fleet ( 71 aircraft at $ 36 million each ) . A Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) study concluded that Boeing 's estimated savings of US $ 4 @.@ 7 billion would not be realized and that it would cost US $ 1 @.@ 3 billion over keeping the existing engines , citing significant up @-@ front procurement and re @-@ tooling expenditure , as well as the RB211 's higher maintenance cost . The GAO report was subsequently disputed in a Defense Science Board ( DSB ) report in 2003 ; the Air Force was urged to re @-@ engine the aircraft without delay . Further , the DSB report stated the program would have significant savings , reduce greenhouse gas emissions , and increase aircraft range and endurance , in line with the conclusions of a separate Congress @-@ funded study conducted in 2003 . The DSB in 2002 found the Air Force failed to account for the cost of aerial refueling , fuel costing 17 times more in air than on the ground . As the TF33 overhaul cost tripled in a decade , a joint Boeing / USAF study recommended a $ 4 – 4 @.@ 7 billion re @-@ engining allowing $ 11 – 15 billion cost savings while increasing B @-@ 52H combat range by 22 % and tripling loiter time on station , proposing a competition between the RB211 , PW2000 , and eight CFM56 financed by an Energy Savings Performance Contract In 2014 , the U.S. Air Force was reviewing industry studies of engine replacement . The re @-@ engining has not been approved as of 2014 . In late 2014 , it was reported that the DOD and unnamed private companies were exploring a leasing program where private lease companies would purchase new engines and lease them to the USAF . DOD costs would be determined by depreciation and actual usage with no up @-@ front lump payments . Because the last PW2000 have been delivered with the final C @-@ 17 and the RB211 has been out of production since the B757 stop in 2004 current possibilities are eight GE CF34 @-@ 10 ( 17 @,@ 640 @-@ 20 @,@ 360 @-@ lb. thrust ) or four Pratt & Whitney PW1135G @-@ JM ( 35 @,@ 000 @-@ lb. thrust ) = = = Costs = = = = = Operational history = = = = = Introduction = = = Although the B @-@ 52A was the first production variant , these aircraft were used only in testing . The first operational version was the B @-@ 52B that had been developed in parallel with the prototypes since 1951 . First flying in December 1954 , B @-@ 52B , AF Serial Number 52 @-@ 8711 , entered operational service with 93rd Heavy Bombardment Wing ( 93rd BW ) at Castle Air Force Base , California , on 29 June 1955 . The wing became operational on 12 March 1956 . The training for B @-@ 52 crews consisted of five weeks of ground school and four weeks of flying , accumulating 35 to 50 hours in the air . The new B @-@ 52Bs replaced operational B @-@ 36s on a one @-@ to @-@ one basis . Early operations were problematic ; in addition to supply problems , technical issues also struck . Ramps and taxiways deteriorated under the aircraft 's weight , the fuel system was prone to leaks and icing , and bombing and fire control computers were unreliable . The split level cockpit presented a temperature control problem – the pilots ' cockpit was heated by sunlight while the observer and the navigator on the bottom deck sat on the ice @-@ cold floor . Thus , a comfortable temperature setting for the pilots caused the other crew members to freeze , while a comfortable temperature for the bottom crew caused the pilots to overheat . The J57 engines proved unreliable . Alternator failure caused the first fatal B @-@ 52 crash in February 1956 ; as a result the fleet was briefly grounded . In July , fuel and hydraulic issues grounded the B @-@ 52s again . In response to maintenance issues , the air force set up " Sky Speed " teams of 50 contractors at each B @-@ 52 base to perform maintenance and routine checkups , taking an average of one week per aircraft . On 21 May 1956 , a B @-@ 52B ( 52 @-@ 0013 ) dropped a Mk @-@ 15 nuclear bomb over the Bikini Atoll in a test code @-@ named Cherokee . It was the first air @-@ dropped thermonuclear weapon . From 24 to 25 November 1956 , four B @-@ 52Bs of the 93rd BW and four B @-@ 52Cs of the 42nd BW flew nonstop around the perimeter of North America in Operation Quick Kick , which covered 15 @,@ 530 miles ( 13 @,@ 500 nmi , 25 @,@ 000 km ) in 31 hours , 30 minutes . SAC noted the flight time could have been reduced by 5 to 6 hours if the four inflight refuelings were done by fast jet @-@ powered tanker aircraft rather than propeller @-@ driven Boeing KC @-@ 97 Stratofreighters . In a demonstration of the B @-@ 52 's global reach , from 16 to 18 January 1957 , three B @-@ 52Bs made a non @-@ stop flight around the world during Operation Power Flite , during which 24 @,@ 325 miles ( 21 @,@ 145 nmi , 39 @,@ 165 km ) was covered in 45 hours 19 minutes ( 536 @.@ 8 smph ) with several in @-@ flight refuelings by KC @-@ 97s . The B @-@ 52 set many records over the next few years . On 26 September 1958 , a B @-@ 52D set a world speed record of 560 @.@ 705 miles per hour ( 487 kn , 902 km / h ) over a 10 @,@ 000 kilometers ( 5 @,@ 400 nmi , 6 @,@ 210 mi ) closed circuit without a payload . The same day , another B @-@ 52D established a world speed record of 597 @.@ 675 miles per hour ( 519 kn , 962 km / h ) over a 5 @,@ 000 kilometer ( 2 @,@ 700 nmi , 3 @,@ 105 mi ) closed circuit without a payload . On 14 December 1960 , a B @-@ 52G set a world distance record by flying unrefueled for 10 @,@ 078 @.@ 84 miles ( 8 @,@ 762 nmi , 16 @,@ 227 km ) ; the flight lasted 19 hours 44 minutes ( 510 @.@ 75 mph ) . From 10 to 11 January 1962 , a B @-@ 52H set a world distance record by flying unrefueled , surpassing the prior B @-@ 52 record set two years earlier , from Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , Japan , to Torrejon Air Base , Spain , which covered 12 @,@ 532 @.@ 28 miles ( 10 @,@ 895 nmi , 20 @,@ 177 km ) . The flight passed over Seattle , Fort Worth and the Azores . = = = Cold War = = = When the B @-@ 52 entered into service , the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) intended to use it to deter and counteract the vast and modernizing Soviet military . As the Soviet Union increased its nuclear capabilities , destroying or " countering " the forces that would deliver nuclear strikes ( bombers , missiles , etc . ) became of great strategic importance . The Eisenhower administration endorsed this switch in focus ; the President in 1954 expressing a preference for military targets over civilian ones , a principle reinforced in the Single Integrated Operation Plan ( SIOP ) , a plan of action in the case of nuclear war breaking out . Throughout the Cold War , B @-@ 52s and other US strategic bombers performed airborne alert patrols under code names such as Head Start , Chrome Dome , Hard Head , Round Robin , and Giant Lance . Bombers loitered at high altitude near the borders of the Soviet Union to provide rapid first strike or retaliation capability in case of nuclear war . These airborne patrols formed one component of the US 's nuclear deterrent , which would act to prevent the breakout of a large @-@ scale war between the US and the Soviet Union under the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction . Due to the late 1950s @-@ era threat of surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles ( SAMs ) that could threaten high @-@ altitude aircraft , seen in practice in the 1960 U @-@ 2 incident , the intended use of B @-@ 52 was changed to serve as a low @-@ level penetration bomber during a foreseen attack upon the Soviet Union , as terrain masking provided an effective method of avoiding radar and thus the threat of the SAMs . Although never intended for the low level role , the B @-@ 52 's flexibility allowed it to outlast several intended successors as the nature of aerial warfare changed . The B @-@ 52 's large airframe enabled the addition of multiple design improvements , new equipment , and other adaptations over its service life . In November 1959 , to improve the aircraft 's combat capabilities in the changing strategic environment , SAC initiated the Big Four modification program ( also known as Modification 1000 ) for all operational B @-@ 52s except early B models . The program was completed by 1963 . The four modifications were the ability to launch AGM @-@ 28 Hound Dog standoff nuclear missiles and ADM @-@ 20 Quail decoys , an advanced electronic countermeasures ( ECM ) suite , and upgrades to perform the all @-@ weather , low @-@ altitude ( below 500 feet or 150 m ) interdiction mission in the face of advancing Soviet missile @-@ based air defenses . In the 1960s , there were concerns over the fleet 's capable lifespan . Several projects beyond the B @-@ 52 , the Convair B @-@ 58 Hustler and North American XB @-@ 70 Valkyrie , had either been aborted or proved disappointing in light of changing requirements , which left the older B @-@ 52 as the main bomber as opposed to the planned successive aircraft models . On 19 February 1965 , General Curtis E. LeMay testified to Congress that the lack of a follow @-@ up bomber project to the B @-@ 52 raised the danger that , " The B @-@ 52 is going to fall apart on us before we can get a replacement for it . " Other aircraft , such as the General Dynamics F @-@ 111 Aardvark , later complemented the B @-@ 52 in roles the aircraft was not as capable in , such as missions involving high @-@ speed , low @-@ level penetration dashes . = = = Vietnam War = = = With the escalating situation in Southeast Asia , 28 B @-@ 52Fs were fitted with external racks for 24x 750 pound ( 340 kg ) bombs under project South Bay in June 1964 ; an additional 46 aircraft received similar modifications under project Sun Bath . In March 1965 , the United States commenced Operation Rolling Thunder . The first combat mission , Operation Arc Light , was flown by B @-@ 52Fs on 18 June 1965 , when 30 bombers of the 9th and 441st Bombardment Squadrons struck a communist stronghold near the Bến Cát District in South Vietnam . The first wave of bombers arrived too early at a designated rendezvous point , and while maneuvering to maintain station , two B @-@ 52s collided , which resulted in the loss of both bombers and eight crewmen . The remaining bombers , minus one more that turned back due to mechanical problems , continued toward the target . Twenty @-@ seven Stratofortresses dropped on a one @-@ mile by two @-@ mile target box from between 19 @,@ 000 and 22 @,@ 000 feet , a little more than 50 % of the bombs falling within the target zone . The force returned to Andersen AFB except for one bomber with electrical problems that recovered to Clark AFB , the mission having lasted 13 hours . Post @-@ strike assessment by teams of South Vietnamese troops with American advisors found evidence that the VC had departed the area before the raid , and it was suspected that infiltration of the south 's forces may have tipped off the north because of the South Vietnamese Army troops involved in the post @-@ strike inspection . Beginning in late 1965 , a number of B @-@ 52Ds underwent Big Belly modifications to increase bomb capacity for carpet bombings . While the external payload remained at 24 500 @-@ pound ( 227 kg ) or 750 pound ( 340 kg ) bombs , the internal capacity increased from 27 to 84 500 pound bombs or from 27 to 42 750 @-@ pound bombs . The modification created enough capacity for a total of 60 @,@ 000 pounds ( 27 @,@ 215 kg ) in 108 bombs . Thus modified , B @-@ 52Ds could carry 22 @,@ 000 pounds ( 9 @,@ 980 kg ) more than B @-@ 52Fs . Designed to replace B @-@ 52Fs , modified B @-@ 52Ds entered combat in April 1966 flying from Andersen Air Force Base , Guam . Each bombing mission lasted 10 to 12 hours with an aerial refueling by KC @-@ 135 Stratotankers . In spring 1967 , the aircraft began flying from U Tapao Airfield in Thailand giving the aircraft the advantage of not requiring in @-@ flight refueling . On 22 November 1972 , a B @-@ 52D ( 55 @-@ 0110 ) from U @-@ Tapao was hit by a surface @-@ to @-@ air missile ( SAM ) while on a raid over Vinh . The crew was forced to abandon the damaged aircraft over Thailand . This was the first B @-@ 52 destroyed by hostile fire . In total , 31 B @-@ 52s were lost during the war , which included 10 B @-@ 52s shot down over North Vietnam . The zenith of B @-@ 52 attacks in Vietnam was Operation Linebacker II ( sometimes referred to as the Christmas Bombing ) which consisted of waves of B @-@ 52s ( mostly D models , but some Gs without jamming equipment and with a smaller bomb load ) . Over 12 days , B @-@ 52s flew 729 sorties and dropped 15 @,@ 237 tons of bombs on Hanoi , Haiphong , and other targets . Originally 42 B @-@ 52s were committed to the war ; however , numbers were frequently twice this figure . During Operation Linebacker II , fifteen B @-@ 52s were shot down , five were heavily damaged ( one crashed in Laos ) , and five suffered medium damage . A total of 25 crew men were killed in these losses . North Vietnam claimed 34 B @-@ 52s were shot down . = = = = Air @-@ to @-@ air combat = = = = During the Vietnam War , B @-@ 52D tail gunners were credited with shooting down two MiG @-@ 21 " Fishbeds " . On 18 December 1972 tail gunner Staff Sergeant Samuel O. Turner 's B @-@ 52 had just completed a bomb run for Operation Linebacker II and was turning away , when a North Vietnamese Air Force MiG @-@ 21 approached . The MiG and the B @-@ 52 locked onto one another . When the fighter drew within range , Turner fired his quad ( four guns on one mounting ) .50 caliber machine guns . The MiG exploded aft of the bomber , as confirmed by Master Sergeant Louis E. Le Blanc , the tail gunner in a nearby Stratofortress . Turner received a Silver Star for his actions . His B @-@ 52 , tail number 55 @-@ 0676 , is preserved on display with air @-@ to @-@ air kill markings at Fairchild AFB in Spokane , Washington . On 24 December 1972 , during the same bombing campaign , the B @-@ 52 Diamond Lil was headed to bomb the Thái Nguyên railroad yards when tail gunner Airman First Class Albert E. Moore spotted a fast @-@ approaching MiG @-@ 21 . Moore opened fire with his quad .50 caliber guns at 4 @,@ 000 yd ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) , and kept shooting until the fighter disappeared from his scope . Technical Sergeant Clarence W. Chute , a tail gunner aboard another Stratofortress , watched the MiG catch fire and fall away ; this was not confirmed by the VPAF . Diamond Lil is preserved on display at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado . Moore was the last bomber gunner believed to have shot down an enemy aircraft with machine guns in aerial combat . Vietnamese sources have attributed a third air @-@ to @-@ air victory to a B @-@ 52 , a MiG @-@ 21 shot down on 16 April 1972 . These victories make the B @-@ 52 the largest aircraft credited with air @-@ to @-@ air kills . The last Arc Light mission without fighter escort took place on 15 August 1973 , as U.S. military action in Southeast Asia was wound down . = = = Post Vietnam service = = = B @-@ 52Bs reached the end of their structural service life by the mid @-@ 1960s and all were retired by June 1966 , followed by the last of the B @-@ 52Cs on 29 September 1971 ; except for NASA 's B @-@ 52B " 008 " which was eventually retired in 2004 at Edwards AFB , California . Another of the remaining B Models , " 005 " is on display at the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum in Denver , Colorado . A few time @-@ expired E models were retired in 1967 and 1968 , but the bulk ( 82 ) were retired between May 1969 and March 1970 . Most F models were also retired between 1967 and 1973 , but 23 survived as trainers until late 1978 . The fleet of D models served much longer ; 80 D models were extensively overhauled under the Pacer Plank program during the mid @-@ 1970s . Skinning on the lower wing and fuselage was replaced , and various structural components were renewed . The fleet of D models stayed largely intact until late 1978 , when 37 not already upgraded Ds were retired . The remainder were retired between 1982 and 1983 . The remaining G and H models were used for nuclear standby ( " alert " ) duty as part of the United States ' nuclear triad . This triad was the combination of nuclear @-@ armed land @-@ based missiles , submarine @-@ based missiles and manned bombers . The B @-@ 1 , intended to supplant the B @-@ 52 , replaced only the older models and the supersonic FB @-@ 111 . In 1991 , B @-@ 52s ceased continuous 24 @-@ hour SAC alert duty . After Vietnam the experience of operations in a hostile air defense environment was taken into account . Due to this B @-@ 52s were modernized with new weapons , equipment and both offensive and defensive avionics . This and the use of low @-@ level tactics marked a major shift in the B @-@ 52 's utility . The upgrades were : Supersonic short @-@ range nuclear missiles : G and H models were modified to carry up to 20 SRAM missiles replacing existing gravity bombs . Eight SRAMs were carried internally on a special rotary launcher and 12 SRAMs were mounted on two wing pylons . With SRAM , the B @-@ 52s could strike heavily defended targets without entering the terminal defenses . New countermeasures : Phase VI ECM modification was the sixth major ECM program for the B @-@ 52 . It improved the aircraft 's self @-@ protection capability in the dense Soviet air defense environment . The new equipment expanded signal coverage , improved threat warning , provided new countermeasures techniques and increased the quantity of expendables . The power requirements of Phase VI ECM also consumed most of the excess electrical capacity on the B @-@ 52G . B @-@ 52G and Hs were also modified with electro @-@ optical viewing system ( EVS ) that made low @-@ level operations and terrain avoidance much easier and safer . EVS system contained a low light level television ( LLTV ) camera and a forward looking infrared ( FLIR ) camera to display information needed for penetration at lower altitude . Subsonic @-@ cruise unarmed decoy : SCUD resembled the B @-@ 52 on radar . As an active decoy , it carried ECM and other devices , and it had a range of several hundred miles . Although SCUD was never deployed operationally , the concept was developed , becoming known as the air launched cruise missile ( ALCM @-@ A ) . These modifications increased weight by nearly 24 @,@ 000 pounds , and decreased operational range by 8 @-@ 11 % . This was considered acceptable for the increase in capabilities . After the fall of the Soviet Union , all B @-@ 52Gs remaining in service were destroyed in accordance with the terms of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ( START ) . The Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneraton Center ( AMRC ) cut the 365 B @-@ 52G bombers into pieces . Completion of the destruction task was verified by Russia via satellite and first @-@ person inspection at the AMARC facility . = = = Gulf War and later = = = B @-@ 52 strikes were an important part of Operation Desert Storm . Starting on 16 January 1991 , a flight of B @-@ 52Gs flew from Barksdale AFB , Louisiana , refueled in the air en route , struck targets in Iraq , and returned home – a journey of 35 hours and 14 @,@ 000 miles ( 23 @,@ 000 km ) round trip . It set a record for longest @-@ distance combat mission , breaking the record previously held by an RAF Vulcan bomber in 1982 ; however , this was achieved using forward refueling . Those seven B @-@ 52s flew the first combat sorties of Operation Desert Storm , firing 35 AGM @-@ 86C CALCMs and successfully destroying 85 @-@ 95 percent of their targets . B @-@ 52Gs operating from the King Abdullah Air Base at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ; RAF Fairford in the United Kingdom ; Morón Air Base , Spain ; and the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory flew bombing missions over Iraq , initially at low altitude . After the first three nights , the B @-@ 52s moved to high @-@ altitude missions instead , which reduced their effectiveness and psychological impact compared to the low altitude role initially played . The conventional strikes were carried out by three bombers , which dropped up to 153 750 @-@ pound bombs over an area of 1 @.@ 5 by 1 mi ( 2 @.@ 4 by 1 @.@ 6 km ) . The bombings demoralized the defending Iraqi troops , many of whom surrendered in the wake of the strikes . In 1999 , the science and technology magazine Popular Mechanics described the B @-@ 52 's role in the conflict : " The Buff 's value was made clear during the Gulf War and Desert Fox . The B @-@ 52 turned out the lights in Baghdad . " During Operation Desert Storm , B @-@ 52s flew about 1 @,@ 620 sorties , and delivered 40 % of the weapons dropped by coalition forces . During the conflict , several claims of Iraqi air @-@ to @-@ air successes were made , including an Iraqi pilot , Khudai Hijab , who allegedly fired a Vympel R @-@ 27R missile from his MIG @-@ 29 and damaged a B @-@ 52G on the opening night of the Gulf War . However , the U.S. Air Force disputes this claim , stating the bomber was actually hit by friendly fire , an AGM @-@ 88 High @-@ speed , Anti @-@ Radiation Missile ( HARM ) that homed on the fire @-@ control radar of the B @-@ 52 's tail gun ; the jet was subsequently renamed In HARM 's Way . Shortly following this incident , General George Lee Butler announced that the gunner position on B @-@ 52 crews would be eliminated , and the gun turrets permanently deactivated , commencing on 1 October 1991 . Since the mid @-@ 1990s , the B @-@ 52H has been the only variant remaining in military service ; it is currently stationed at : Minot Air Force Base , ND – 5th Bomb Wing Barksdale Air Force Base , LA – 2nd Bomb Wing ( active Air Force ) and 307th Bomb Wing ( Air Force Reserve Command ) One B @-@ 52H is assigned to Edwards Air Force Base and is used by Air Force Material Command at the Air Force Flight Test Center . One additional B @-@ 52H is used by NASA at Dryden Flight Research Center , California as part of the Heavy @-@ lift Airborne Launch program . From 2 to 3 September 1996 , two B @-@ 52H bombers conducted a mission as part of Operation Desert Strike . The B @-@ 52s struck Baghdad power stations and communications facilities with 13 AGM @-@ 86C conventional air @-@ launched cruise missiles ( CALCM ) during a 34 @-@ hour , 16 @,@ 000 @-@ mile round trip mission from Andersen AFB , Guam – the longest distance ever flown for a combat mission . On 24 March 1999 , when Operation Allied Force began , B @-@ 52 bombers bombarded Serb targets throughout the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , including during the Battle of Kosare . The B @-@ 52 contributed to Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001 ( Afghanistan / Southwest Asia ) , providing the ability to loiter high above the battlefield and provide Close Air Support ( CAS ) through the use of precision guided munitions , a mission which previously would have been restricted to fighter and ground attack aircraft . In late 2001 , ten B @-@ 52s dropped a third of the bomb tonnage in Afghanistan . B @-@ 52s also played a role in Operation Iraqi Freedom , which commenced on 20 March 2003 ( Iraq / Southwest Asia ) . On the night of 21 March 2003 , B @-@ 52Hs launched at least one hundred AGM @-@ 86C CALCMs at targets within Iraq . = = = Recent service = = = In August 2007 , a B @-@ 52H ferrying AGM @-@ 129 ACM cruise missiles from Minot Air Force Base to Barksdale Air Force Base for dismantling was mistakenly loaded with six missiles with their nuclear warheads . The weapons did not leave USAF custody and were secured at Barksdale . As of January 2013 , 78 of the original 744 B @-@ 52 aircraft were operational in the U.S. Air Force . Four of 18 B @-@ 52Hs from Barksdale AFB being retired are in the " boneyard " of 309th AMARG at Davis @-@ Monthan AFB as of 8 September 2008 . B @-@ 52s are periodically refurbished at USAF maintenance depots such as Tinker Air Force Base , Oklahoma . Even while the air force works on its Next @-@ Generation Bomber and 2037 Bomber projects , it intends to keep the B @-@ 52H in service until 2045 , nearly 90 years after the B @-@ 52 first entered service , an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft , civilian or military . The USAF continues to rely on the B @-@ 52 because it remains an effective and economical heavy bomber in the absence of sophisticated air defense , particularly in the type of missions that have been conducted since the end of the Cold War against nations with limited defensive capabilities . The B @-@ 52 has also continued in service because there has been no reliable replacement . The B @-@ 52 has the capacity to " loiter " for extended periods , and can deliver precision standoff and direct fire munitions from a distance , in addition to direct bombing . It has been a valuable asset in supporting ground operations during conflicts such as Operation Iraqi Freedom . The B @-@ 52 had the highest mission capable rate of the three types of heavy bombers operated by the USAF in the 2000 – 2001 period . The B @-@ 1 averaged a 53 @.@ 7 % ready rate , the Northrop Grumman B @-@ 2 Spirit achieved 30 @.@ 3 % , while the B @-@ 52 averaged 80 @.@ 5 % . The B @-@ 52 's $ 72 @,@ 000 cost per hour of flight is more than the B @-@ 1B 's $ 63 @,@ 000 cost per hour , but less than the B @-@ 2 's $ 135 @,@ 000 per hour . The Long Range Strike Bomber program is intended to yield a stealthy successor for the B @-@ 52 and B @-@ 1 that would begin service in the 2020s ; it is intended to produce 80 to 100 aircraft . Two competitors , Northrop Grumman and a joint team of Boeing and Lockheed Martin , submitted proposals in 2014 ; Northrop Grumman was awarded a contract in October 2015 . On 12 November 2015 , the B @-@ 52 began freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea in response to Chinese man @-@ made islands in the region . Chinese forces , claiming jurisdiction within a 12 @-@ mile exclusion zone of the islands , ordered the bombers to leave the area , but they refused , not recognizing jurisdiction . On 10 January 2016 , a B @-@ 52 overflew parts of South Korea escorted by South Korean F @-@ 15Ks and U.S. F @-@ 16s in response to the supposed test of a hydrogen bomb by North Korea . On 9 April 2016 , an undisclosed number of B @-@ 52s arrived at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar as part of Operation Inherent Resolve , part of the Military intervention against ISIL . The B @-@ 52s took over heavy bombing after B @-@ 1 Lancers that had been conducting airstrikes rotated out of the region in January 2016 . = = Variants = = The B @-@ 52 went through several design changes and variants over its 10 years of production . XB @-@ 52 Two prototype aircraft with limited operational equipment , used for aerodynamic and handling tests YB @-@ 52 One XB @-@ 52 modified with some operational equipment and re @-@ designated B @-@ 52A Only three of the first production version , the B @-@ 52A , were built , all loaned to Boeing for flight testing . The first production B @-@ 52A differed from prototypes in having a redesigned forward fuselage . The bubble canopy and tandem seating was replaced by a side @-@ by @-@ side arrangement and a 21 in ( 53 cm ) nose extension accommodated more avionics and a new sixth crew member . In the rear fuselage , a tail turret with four 0 @.@ 50 inch ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns with a fire @-@ control system , and a water injection system to augment engine power with a 360 US gallon ( 1 @,@ 363 L ) water tank were added . The aircraft also carried a 1 @,@ 000 US gallon ( 3 @,@ 785 L ) external fuel tank under each wing . The tanks damped wing flutter and also kept wingtips close to the ground for ease of maintenance . NB @-@ 52A The last B @-@ 52A ( serial 52 @-@ 0003 ) was modified and redesignated NB @-@ 52A in 1959 to carry the North American X @-@ 15 . A pylon was fitted under the right wing between the fuselage and the inboard engines with a 6 feet x 8 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m x 2 @.@ 4 m ) section removed from the right wing flap to fit the X @-@ 15 tail . Liquid oxygen and hydrogen peroxide tanks were installed in the bomb bays to fuel the X @-@ 15 before launch . Its first flight with the X @-@ 15 was on 19 March 1959 , with the first launch on 8 June 1959 . The NB @-@ 52A , named " The High and Mighty One " carried the X @-@ 15 on 93 of the program 's 199 flights . B @-@ 52B / RB @-@ 52B The B @-@ 52B was the first version to enter service with the USAF on 29 June 1955 with the 93rd Bombardment Wing at Castle AFB , California . This version included minor changes to engines and avionics , enabling an extra 12 @,@ 000 pounds of thrust using water injection . Temporary grounding of the aircraft after a crash in February 1956 and again the following July caused training delays , and at mid @-@ year there were still no combat @-@ ready B @-@ 52 crews . Of the 50 B @-@ 52Bs built , 27 were capable of carrying a reconnaissance pod as RB @-@ 52Bs ( the crew was increased to eight in these aircraft ) . The 300 pound ( 136 kg ) pod contained radio receivers , a combination of K @-@ 36 , K @-@ 38 , and T @-@ 11 cameras , and two operators on downward @-@ firing ejection seats . The pod required only four hours to install . Seven B @-@ 52Bs were brought to B @-@ 52C standard under Project Sunflower . NB @-@ 52B The NB @-@ 52B was B @-@ 52B number 52 @-@ 0008 converted to an X @-@ 15 launch platform . It subsequently flew as the " Balls 8 " in support of NASA research until 17 December 2004 , making it the oldest flying B @-@ 52B . It was replaced by a modified B @-@ 52H . B @-@ 52C The B @-@ 52C 's fuel capacity ( and range ) was increased to 41 @,@ 700 US gallons by adding larger 3000 US gallon underwing fuel tanks . The gross weight was increased by 30 @,@ 000 pounds ( 13 @,@ 605 kg ) to 450 @,@ 000 pounds . A new fire control system , the MD @-@ 9 , was introduced on this model . The belly of the aircraft was painted with antiflash white paint , which was intended to reflect thermal radiation away after a nuclear detonation . RB @-@ 52C The RB @-@ 52C was the designation initially given to B @-@ 52Cs fitted for reconnaissance duties in a similar manner to RB @-@ 52Bs . As all 35 B @-@ 52Cs could be fitted with the reconnaissance pod , the RB @-@ 52C designation was little used and was quickly abandoned . B @-@ 52D The B @-@ 52D was a dedicated long @-@ range bomber without a reconnaissance option . The Big Belly modifications allowed the B @-@ 52D to carry heavy loads of conventional bombs for carpet bombing over Vietnam , while the Rivet Rambler modification added the Phase V ECM systems , which was better than the systems used on most later B @-@ 52s . Because of these upgrades and its long range capabilities , the D model was used more extensively in Vietnam than any other model . Aircraft assigned to Vietnam were painted in a camouflage colour scheme with black bellies to defeat searchlights . B @-@ 52E The B @-@ 52E received an updated avionics and bombing navigational system , which was eventually debugged and included on following models . One E aircraft ( AF Serial No. 56 @-@ 0631 ) was modified as a testbed for various B @-@ 52 systems . Redesignated NB @-@ 52E , the aircraft was fitted with canards and a Load Alleviation and Mode Stabilization system ( LAMS ) which reduced airframe fatigue from wind gusts during low level flight . In one test , the aircraft flew 10 knots ( 11 @.@ 5 mph , 18 @.@ 5 km / h ) faster than the never exceed speed without damage because the canards eliminated 30 % of vertical and 50 % of horizontal vibrations caused by wind gusts . B @-@ 52F This aircraft was given J57 @-@ P @-@ 43W engines with a larger capacity water injection system to provide greater thrust than previous models . This model had problems with fuel leaks which were eventually solved by several service modifications : Blue Band , Hard Shell , and QuickClip . B @-@ 52G The B @-@ 52G was proposed to extend the B @-@ 52 's service life during delays in the B @-@ 58 Hustler program . At first , a radical redesign was envisioned with a completely new wing and Pratt & Whitney J75 engines . This was rejected to avoid slowdowns in production , although a large number of changes were implemented . The most significant of these was the brand @-@ new " wet " wing with integral fuel tanks which considerably increased the fuel capacity ; gross aircraft weight went up by 38 @,@ 000 pounds ( 17 @,@ 235 kg ) compared with prior variants . In addition , a pair of 700 US gallon ( 2 @,@ 650 L ) external fuel tanks was fitted under the wings . In this model , the traditional ailerons were eliminated . Instead , spoilers provided roll control . The tail fin was shortened by 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) , water injection system capacity was increased to 1 @,@ 200 US gallons ( 4 @,@ 540 L ) , and the nose radome was enlarged . The tail gunner manning the 4 .50 caliber machine guns ( quad mounted in a remote controlled tail turret on the G @-@ model ( ASG @-@ 15 ) , the guns were later removed from all operational aircraft ) was relocated to the main cockpit and was provided with an ejection seat . Dubbed the " Battle Station " concept , the offensive crew ( pilot and copilot on the upper deck and the two bombing navigation system operators on the lower deck ) faced forward , while the defensive crew ( tail gunner and ECM operator ) on the upper deck faced aft . The B @-@ 52G entered service on 13 February 1959 ( a day earlier , the last B @-@ 36 was retired , making SAC an all @-@ jet bomber force ) . 193 B @-@ 52Gs were produced , making this the most produced B @-@ 52 variant . Most B @-@ 52Gs were destroyed in compliance with the 1992 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ; the last B @-@ 52G , number 58 @-@ 0224 , was dismantled under New START treaty requirements in December 2013 . A few examples remain on display for museums . B @-@ 52H The B @-@ 52H had the same crew and structural changes as the B @-@ 52G . The most significant upgrade was the switch to TF33 @-@ P @-@ 3 turbofan engines which , despite the initial reliability problems ( corrected by 1964 under the Hot Fan program ) , offered considerably better performance and fuel economy than the J57 turbojets . The ECM and avionics were updated , a new fire control system was fitted , and the rear defensive armament was changed from machine guns to a 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannon ( later removed in 1991 – 94 ) . The final 18 aircraft were manufactured with provision for the ADR @-@ 8 countermeasures rocket , which was later retrofitted to the remainder of the B @-@ 52G and B @-@ 52H fleet . A provision was made for four GAM @-@ 87 Skybolt ballistic missiles . The aircraft 's first flight occurred on 10 July 1960 , and it entered service on 9 May 1961 . This is the only variant still in use by the USAF . A total of 102 B @-@ 52Hs were built . The last production aircraft , B @-@ 52H AF Serial No. 61 @-@ 0040 , left the factory on 26 October 1962 . XR @-@ 16A Allocated to the reconnaissance variant of the B @-@ 52B but not used and the aircraft were designated RB @-@ 52B instead . = =	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Operators = = United States NASA United States Air Force 76 aircraft in service as of February , 2015 Air Combat Command 57th Wing – Nellis AFB , Nevada 340th Weapons Squadron ( Barksdale ) Air Force Global Strike Command 2d Bomb Wing – Barksdale AFB , Louisiana 11th Bomb Squadron 20th Bomb Squadron 96th Bomb Squadron 5th Bomb Wing – Minot AFB , North Dakota 23d Bomb Squadron 69th Bomb Squadron Air Force Materiel Command 412th Test Wing – Edwards AFB , California 419th Flight Test Squadron Air Force Reserve Command 307th Bomb Wing – Barksdale AFB , LA 93d Bomb Squadron 343d Bomb Squadron = = Notable accidents = = On 10 January 1957 , a B @-@ 52 returning to Loring Air Force Base from a routine instrument training mission broke apart in midair and crashed near Morrell , New Brunswick , killing eight of the nine crew on board . Co @-@ pilot Captain Joseph L. Church parachuted to safety . The crash was believed to have been caused by overstressing the wings and / or airframe during an exercise designed to test the pilot 's reflexes . This was the fourth crash involving a B @-@ 52 in 11 months . On 11 February 1958 , a B @-@ 52D crashed in South Dakota because of ice blocking the fuel system , leading to an uncommanded reduction in power to all eight engines . Three crew members were killed . On 8 September 1958 , two B @-@ 52s collided in midair near Fairchild Air Force Base , Washington ; all 13 crew members on the 2 aircraft were killed On 15 October 1959 , a B @-@ 52 from the 492d Bomb Squadron at Columbus AFB , Mississippi carrying 2 nuclear weapons collided in midair with a KC @-@ 135 tanker near Hardinsburg , Kentucky ; 4 of the 8 crew members on the bomber and all 4 crew on the tanker were killed . One of the nuclear bombs was damaged by fire but both weapons were recovered . On 10 August 1959 , a B @-@ 52 crashed in the Spruce Swamp at Fremont , New Hampshire . The bomber was on a routine training mission from Chicopee , Massachusetts , when its air speed indicator and altimeter failed , which led to more serious malfunctions . The B @-@ 52 was attempting to make an emergency landing at Goose Bay , Labrador the only landing option not affected by foggy weather conditions . However , it crashed before making the landing . The U.S. Air Force reported that it was the first B @-@ 52 crash where the entire crew survived ; the crew parachuted to safety . Debris from the crash covered a quarter @-@ mile of densely wooded swampland . On 24 January 1961 , a B @-@ 52G broke up in midair and crashed after suffering a severe fuel loss , near Goldsboro , North Carolina , dropping two nuclear bombs in the process without detonation . On 14 March 1961 , a B @-@ 52F from Mather AFB , California carrying two nuclear weapons experienced an uncontrolled decompression , necessitating a descent to 10 @,@ 000 feet to lower the cabin altitude . Due to increased fuel consumption at the lower altitude and unable to rendezvous with a tanker in time , the aircraft ran out of fuel . The crew ejected safely , while the unmanned bomber crashed 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Yuba City , California . On 7 April 1961 , B @-@ 52B AF Serial No. 53 @-@ 0380 was accidentally shot down by a New Mexico Air National Guard F @-@ 100 on an intercept training mission . The F @-@ 100 was carrying live missiles whose launch capability was supposed to be disabled , but a wiring fault caused one of them to fire and strike the bomber 's left wing . The aircraft crashed near Mount Taylor , killing three of the eight crew members on board . On 24 January 1963 , a B @-@ 52C on a training mission out of Westover Air Force Base , Massachusetts , lost its vertical stabilizer due to buffeting during low @-@ level flight , and crashed on the west side of Elephant Mountain near Greenville , Maine . Of the nine crewmen aboard , two survived the crash . On 30 January 1963 , a B @-@ 52E of the 6th Bomb Wing from Walker Air Force Base , New Mexico , crashed in snow @-@ covered mountains in northern New Mexico after turbulence tore off the vertical fin . The ECM operator and tail gunner were killed but at least three crew ( pilot , radio operator and one other crew member ) survived . Three Lockheed T @-@ 33 Shooting Stars and , later , three Douglas C @-@ 54 Skymaster transports , circled the area trying to locate survivors ; the pilots reported that they saw two other survivors after the first man walked to safety . On 10 January 1964 , a B @-@ 52H flown by Boeing test pilots lost its vertical stabilizer to turbulence near East Spanish Peak . It was able to land at Blytheville Air Force Base , Arkansas . On 13 January 1964 , a B @-@ 52D carrying two nuclear bombs suffered a structural failure in flight that caused the tail section to shear off . Four crewmen ejected successfully before the aircraft crashed near Cumberland , Maryland . Two crewmen subsequently perished on the ground because of hypothermia , while another , who was unable to eject , died in the aircraft ; both weapons were recovered . This was one of several incidents caused by failure of the vertical stabilizer . On 17 January 1966 , a fatal collision occurred between a B @-@ 52G and a KC @-@ 135 Stratotanker over Palomares , Spain . The two unexploded B @-@ 28 FI 1 @.@ 45 @-@ megaton @-@ range nuclear bombs on the B @-@ 52 were eventually recovered ; the conventional explosives of two more bombs detonated on impact , with serious dispersion of both plutonium and uranium , but without triggering a nuclear explosion . After the crash , 1 @,@ 400 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 lb ) of contaminated soil was sent to the United States . In 2006 , an agreement was made between the U.S. and Spain to investigate and clean the pollution still remaining as a result of the accident . On 18 November 1966 , a B @-@ 52G AF Ser . No. 58 @-@ 0228 deployed from Barksdale Air Force Base crashed and was destroyed when it flew into the ground in swampland south of Stone Lake , Sawyer County , Wisconsin . The crew was on a low level terrain avoidance night mission , before SAC stopped such flights , and had just entered low altitude and were calibrating their terrain avoidance radar , when they flew too low , clipped the tops of the forest and crashed . On 8 July 1967 , B @-@ 52D AF Ser . No. 56 @-@ 0601 , overran the runway due to loss of brakes during an emergency landing at Da Nang Air Base , Vietnam with the loss of five of her six crew . The aircraft had suffered an electrical malfunction that led to the flameout of two engines . On 21 January 1968 , a B @-@ 52G , with four nuclear bombs aboard as part of Operation Chrome Dome , crashed on the ice of the North Star Bay while attempting an emergency landing at Thule Air Base , Greenland . The resulting fire caused extensive radioactive contamination , the cleanup ( Project Crested Ice ) lasting until September of that year . Following closely on the Palomares incident , the cleanup costs and political consequences proved too high to risk again , so SAC ended the airborne alert program the following day . On 3 April 1970 , a B @-@ 52D assigned to the 28th Bomb Wing caught fire and crashed while landing at Ellsworth Air Force Base , South Dakota ; sliding to a halt and burning atop a 25 @,@ 000 gallon fuel storage tank . Efforts by fire department personnel saved the 9 man crew and prevented a catastrophic explosion of the fuel tank . On 31 March 1972 , B @-@ 52D AF Ser . No. 56 @-@ 0625 , departed McCoy Air Force Base , Florida on a routine training mission . Assigned to the 306th Bombardment Wing , the unarmed aircraft sustained multiple engine failures and engine fires on engines No.7 and No.8 shortly after takeoff . The aircraft immediately attempted to return to the base , but crashed just short of Runway 18R in a residential area of Orlando , Florida , approximately 1 mile north of McCoy AFB , destroying or damaging eight homes . The flight crew of 7 airmen and 1 civilian on the ground were killed . On 30 July 1972 , B @-@ 52D 56 @-@ 0677 , assigned to the 307th Strategic Bomb Wing , operating out of U @-@ Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield on a combat mission as part of Operation Linebacker was hit by lightning . The strike knocked out the plane 's instruments and started a fire on the port wing . Five of the six crewmen were killed in the crash On 30 October 1981 , B @-@ 52D , AF Serial No. 55 @-@ 078 , assigned to the 22d Bomb Wing , March Air Force Base , California , impacted the ground nine miles east of La Junta , CO during a night low @-@ level training mission . All eight crew members on board were killed ( six crew and two maintainers ) . Sortie departed March AFB with a planned recovering at Carswell Air Force Base , Texas . On 16 December 1982 , B @-@ 52G 57 @-@ 6482 , assigned to 328th BS , 93rd BW , Castle AFB , California , was participating in a Minimum Interval Take @-@ Off ( MITO ; 12 seconds between each aircraft on takeoff ) from Mather AFB , CA . The incident aircraft was in the number two position of a three @-@ ship cell . The B @-@ 52G was equipped with water injection to give additional thrust for take @-@ off , but the lead aircraft was not equipped with this system . The incident aircraft used the thrust augmentation system . During the take @-@ off , the incident aircraft rapidly started to overtake the lead aircraft . The incident aircraft pilot retarded the throttles rapidly causing flameout of four engines . The aircraft then stalled leading to impact with the ground . Nine crew members were killed . There were no fatalities on the ground . On 16 October 1984 , B @-@ 52G 57 @-@ 6479 , assigned to the 92d Bomb Wing , Fairchild AFB , Washington , clipped its wing on Hunts Mesa , an outcropping in Monument Valley , Arizona , and crashed , sending a fireball high into the air . Two of the seven crew perished in the crash , including Col. William Ivy , the wing 's deputy commander for operations . On 2 February 1991 , B @-@ 52G Hulk 46 , assigned to the 4300th Bomb Wing ( Provisional ) , Diego Garcia , British Indian Ocean Territory ( BIOT ) crashed while returning from a bombing mission in Iraq during the Persian Gulf War . The crash was eventually blamed on a catastrophic failure of the aircraft 's electrical system . Three of the six crew members on board were killed . On 24 June 1994 , B @-@ 52H Czar 52 , 61 @-@ 0026 crashed at Fairchild AFB , Washington , during practice for an airshow . All four crew members died in the accident . On 21 July 2008 , a B @-@ 52H , Raidr 21 , 60 @-@ 0053 , deployed from Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana to Andersen Air Force Base , Guam crashed approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) off the coast of Guam . All six crew members were killed ( five standard crew members and a flight surgeon ) . = = Aircraft on display = = = = Specifications ( B @-@ 52H ) = = Data from Knaack , USAF fact sheet , Quest for Performance General characteristics Crew : 5 ( Pilot , Copilot , Weapon Systems Officer , Navigator , Electronic Warfare Officer , and Tail gunner until the removal of the tail gun in 1991 ) Length : 159 ft 4 in ( 48 @.@ 5 m ) Wingspan : 185 ft 0 in ( 56 @.@ 4 m ) Height : 40 ft 8 in ( 12 @.@ 4 m ) Wing area : 4 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 370 m ² ) Airfoil : NACA 63A219.3 mod root , NACA 65A209.5 tip Empty weight : 185 @,@ 000 lb ( 83 @,@ 250 kg ) Loaded weight : 265 @,@ 000 lb ( 120 @,@ 000 kg ) Max. takeoff weight : 488 @,@ 000 lb ( 220 @,@ 000 kg ) Powerplant : 8 × Pratt & Whitney TF33 @-@ P @-@ 3 / 103 turbofans , 17 @,@ 000 lbf ( 76 kN ) each Fuel capacity : 47 @,@ 975 U.S. gal ( 39 @,@ 948 imp gal ; 181 @,@ 610 L ) Zero @-@ lift drag coefficient : 0 @.@ 0119 ( estimated ) Drag area : 47 @.@ 60 sq ft ( 4 @.@ 42 m ² ) Aspect ratio : 8 @.@ 56 Performance Maximum speed : 560 kn ( 650 mph , 1 @,@ 047 km / h ) Cruise speed : 442 kn ( 525 mph , 844 km / h ) Combat radius : 4 @,@ 480 mi ( 3 @,@ 890 nmi , 7 @,@ 210 km ) Ferry range : 10 @,@ 145 mi ( 8 @,@ 764 nmi , 16 @,@ 232 km ) Service ceiling : 50 @,@ 000 ft ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) Rate of climb : 6 @,@ 270 ft / min ( 31 @.@ 85 m / s ) Wing loading : 120 lb / ft ² ( 586 kg / m ² ) Thrust / weight : 0 @.@ 31 Lift @-@ to @-@ drag ratio : 21 @.@ 5 ( estimated ) Armament Guns : 1 × 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 787 in ) M61 Vulcan cannon originally mounted in a remote controlled tail turret on the H @-@ model , removed from all current operational aircraft in 1991 Bombs : Approximately 70 @,@ 000 lb ( 31 @,@ 500 kg ) mixed ordnance ; bombs , mines , missiles , in various configurations . Avionics Electro @-@ optical viewing system that uses platinum silicide forward looking infrared and high resolution low @-@ light @-@ level television sensors ADR @-@ 8 chaff rocket ( 1965 @-@ 1970 ) LITENING Advanced Targeting System Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod IBM AP @-@ 101 computer = = Notable appearances in media = = The B @-@ 52 has been featured in a number of major films , most notably : Bombers B @-@ 52 ( 1957 ) , A Gathering of Eagles ( 1963 ) , Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) , and By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 ) . It has also been featured in numerous novels , such as most of the early Patrick McLanahan novels by Dale Brown , which feature one or more heavily modified B @-@ 52 bombers , nicknamed the " EB @-@ 52 Megafortress " . A 1960s hairstyle , the beehive , is also called a B @-@ 52 for its resemblance to the aircraft 's distinct nose . The popular band The B @-@ 52 's was subsequently named after this hairstyle . = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 ( Japanese : ファイナルファンタジー零式 , Hepburn : Fainaru Fantajī Reishiki ) is an action role @-@ playing game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) . Released in Japan on October 27 , 2011 , Type @-@ 0 is part of the Fabula Nova Crystallis subseries , a set of games sharing a common mythos which includes Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy XV . The gameplay , similar to Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII , has the player taking control of characters in real @-@ time combat during missions across Orience . The player also engages in large @-@ scale strategy @-@ based battles on the world map , and has access to a multiplayer option during story missions and side quests . The story focuses on Class Zero , a group of fourteen students from the Vermillion Peristylium , a magical academy in the Dominion of Rubrum . When the Militesi Empire launches an assault on the other Crystal States of Orience , seeking to control their respective crystals , Class Zero is mobilized for the defense of Rubrum . Eventually , the group becomes entangled in the secrets behind both the war and the reason for their existence . The setting and presentation were inspired by historical documentaries , and the story itself was written to be darker than other Final Fantasy titles . The game was originally announced as a title for mobile phones and the PSP called Final Fantasy Agito XIII . It was directed by Hajime Tabata , who took up the project after completing Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII . Initially designed to provide players with easy access to the Fabula Nova Crystallis universe , the mobile version was eventually cancelled and the game 's title was changed to distance it from the subseries ' flagship title Final Fantasy XIII . Releasing to strong sales , it received praise for its story and gameplay , but was criticized for its camera control and artificial intelligence . Despite plans to do so , Type @-@ 0 has never been released outside Japan . Further games related to Type @-@ 0 have also been developed , including a high definition remaster that released internationally in March 2015 . = = Gameplay = = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 is an action role @-@ playing video game in which the player controls the 14 members of Class Zero , who are sent on missions across Orience . Outside environments such as the Vermillion Peristylium ( Class Zero 's home base ) and dedicated missions , the game world of Orience is navigated via a scaled @-@ down world map . Class Zero are sent on missions across Orience during the course of the game . The player initially travels to preset destinations in the world on an airship supplied by the Peristylium , but gains their own airship to freely navigate the world map with after defeating a powerful enemy guarding it . The main gameplay is presented in a mission @-@ based structure . The two types of missions encountered are story @-@ based missions , and " Practice " missions , which act as side @-@ quests . During missions , optional orders are issued which can be obeyed or ignored as the player chooses . Should they be accepted , the characters receive a temporary power boost , and completing the objectives yields rewards . Players can also engage in real @-@ time strategy battles on the world map , with the player taking control of allied military divisions . Missions involve liberating cities and towns from enemy forces . Timed aerial missions are also available where the characters shoot down attacking dragons using their airship 's weapons . While outside combat , players can breed chocobos , recurring galliform birds in the Final Fantasy series . Players must capture two chocobos on the world map and take them to a special ranch within the Peristylium : by pairing certain chocobos and adding specific items , a special chocobo can be bred for use . Players can visit the Peristylium Crystarium to review defeated enemies , character information , in @-@ game lore and special video clips . Moogles , another recurring creature in the series , hand out missions to the player : the objectives of missions can change during gameplay . Items and new equipment can be bought from shops managed by non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) both within the Peristylium and across Orience . Towns liberated during missions give access to a wider range of shops . After completing the game once , players unlock a " New Game + " option : in this mode , players keep their stats and weapons from the previous playthrough , while also unlocking story scenes and character @-@ specific missions . Type @-@ 0 features three difficulty levels ; " normal " , " hard " , and " impossible " . = = = Battle system = = = Type @-@ 0 uses a real @-@ time , action @-@ based battle system similar to the system used in Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII . The player is allowed access to three characters , which they can swap between at any time . The two not being controlled are managed by the game 's artificial intelligence . Each character has a specific weapon , and special attacks unique to a character are unlocked as they gain experience levels . During combat , characters lock onto targets while attacking and can switch targets . Characters are able to perform precisely timed attacks during the period when an enemy unit is attacking : the " Break Sight " , which deals high damage , and the " Kill Sight " , which kills a standard enemy with a single hit . Three characters can also be commanded to use a Triad Maneuver , combining their attacks to deal higher damage to a target . Aside from human enemies , the game features multiple recurring Final Fantasy monsters . In addition to enemies encountered in missions , there are special enemies that can be encountered while exploring the world map . Defeated enemy units drop a substance called Phantoma . The color of Phantoma indicates what aspect of the character it will replenish , though in general they automatically replenish a set amount of magic points . Phantoma are used in the game 's leveling system , the Altocrystarium , to strengthen a character 's magic skills . The game 's magic skills are divided into five basic groups named after types of guns : for example , " Rifle " fires the spell in a straight line , while " Missile " homes in on and chases targeted enemies . Holding down the assigned action button increases the power of the attack . Many combat situations involve timed challenges . Success rewards the character , while failure drains their health . If a character is defeated in battle , the player can instantly select another to replace it , and the defeated character must be revived outside the mission . The game features an arena where practice fights take place . While these fights are not against real foes , the characters continue to level up and gain Phantoma after the battle , and twenty battles can be arranged at any one time . Each character has access to summoned monsters called Eidolons , which act as temporary playable characters and have their own set of skills . Summoning them empties the selected character 's health gauge , removing them from battle until they are revived . Summons are also affected by the current environment : as an example , Shiva 's powers are stronger in snowy weather . After a limited time in battle , the Eidolons are dismissed . Those available to players are series staples Shiva , Ifrit , Golem , Odin , Diablos and Bahamut . Each Eidolon has variants of its original form , many of which are unlocked as the game progresses . Characters can continue to level up through activities within the Peristylium while the PSP is in sleep mode , the game 's UMD is running , and the PSP is charging . The multiplayer function , activated through the game 's configuration screen , allows two other players to jump into another host player 's game via an online connection . The allotted time for multiplayer is limited to a few minutes , with transitions between zones triggering the end of a multiplayer section . The time limit can be extended by players helping their current host . The first and last segments of the game are not open to multiplayer . There is also a function called Magical Academy Assist , in which NPCs named after members of the game 's production team are summoned into battle to assist the cadets . = = Synopsis = = Note : The plot of Type @-@ 0 is the same in its original version and the high @-@ definition remaster Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 HD , so the terms and quotes used in the text are from the localization of the high @-@ definition remaster rather than unofficial translations . = = = Setting = = = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 is set within Orience , a land divided between four nations or " Crystal States " . Each nation has crystals of power based on the Four Symbols , which are in turn their national emblems . The Dominion of Rubrum uses the Vermillion Bird Crystal , which controls magic ; the Militesi Empire controls the White Tiger Crystal , containing the power of science and weapons ; the Kingdom of Concordia uses the Azure Dragon Crystal , containing the power of Dragons ; and the Lorican Alliance is home to the Black Tortoise Crystal , containing the power of shielding . Each nation has an academy , or Peristylium , to research and protect the country 's respective crystal . The crystals have the ability to mark humans as their countries ' servants . These servants , called l 'Cie , are branded with a symbol and are given a " Focus " , a task to complete . While blessed with long life and the ability to transform into crystal , l 'Cie are cursed to lose their memories over time . The people of Orience also lose their memories of the dead so they will not be held back by any past regrets and continue strengthening their souls through conflict , a mechanism put in place by the crystals for the convenience of the deities who crafted them . The main aim of many characters is to become Agito , a legendary figure who will appear and save the world from Tempus Finis , an apocalyptic event that will destroy Orience . = = = Characters = = = The main characters of Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 are Class Zero , an elite group of 14 students from the Vermillion Peristylium . The first 12 are card wielder Ace , flute wielder Deuce , the archer Trey , magic @-@ gun wielder Cater , the mace @-@ wielding Cinque , scythe wielder Sice , whip wielder Seven , martial artist Eight , spearman Nine , katana wielding Jack , swordswoman Queen and dual pistol wielding King . The last two , Machina Kunagiri and Rem Tokimiya , double as narrators and the focus for the game 's main subplot . Supporting Class Zero are their mentor Kurasame Susaya , and Arecia Al @-@ Rashia , Class Zero 's former mentor and the overseer for magical development at the Vermillion Peristylium . Other important characters from Rubrum are Khalia Chival VI , the current leader of Rubrum and headmaster of the Vermillion Peristyrium , and the l 'Cie Caetuna . Multiple Militesi figures , led by Marshal Cid Aulstyne , act as the game 's main antagonists . Other important characters include the Concordian queen Andoria , Gala , leader of the Rursus Army and the instigator of Tempus Finis , and Joker and Tiz , two mysterious figures who observe the events of the game . = = = Plot = = = Marshal Cid Aulstyne leads the army of Milites against the other nations of Orience , launching a devastating attack against the Vermillion Peristylium and neutralising the Vermillion Bird Crystal using a crystal jammer . Class Zero , immune to the effects of the jammer , repel the invasion . During the conflict Izana Kunagiri , Machina 's older brother , is killed while on a mission for Class Zero . This event later creates a rift between Machina and Class Zero . Coordinated by Kurasame and Arecia Al @-@ Rashia , Class Zero plays a key role in freeing Rubrum 's territories and launching counterattacks in alliance with Concordia , while Lorica 's capital is destroyed by a Militesi bomb . Concordia 's queen then forces a ceasefire between the remaining nations . During peace talks in the Militesi capital , Class Zero is framed for Andoria 's murder , resulting in Concordia 's puppet government and Milites launching a united assault on Rubrum . During their flight , Machina storms off after clashing with Class Zero , and becomes a White Tiger l 'Cie to protect Rem from his brother 's fate before returning to them . The White Tiger Crystal 's will eventually forces him to leave . With help from its l 'Cie soldiers and Class Zero , Rubrum destroys the forces of Concordia and Milites , uniting Orience under its flag . This triggers the arrival of Tempus Finis , with the Rursus Army emerging from the magical fortress Pandaemonium to wipe out Orience 's population . Cid and Class Zero each travel to Pandaemonium : Cid attempts to become Agito and is transformed into the Rursus Arbiter by Gala , while Class Zero resolve to halt Tempus Finis . As Class Zero face the trials of the Arbiter , the Vermillion Bird Crystals offers them the chance to become l 'Cie . Class Zero refuse the Crystal 's offer and Rem is made a l 'Cie in their place . Machina and Rem end up fighting each other in Pandaemonium : Rem is mortally wounded , and she and Machina turn to crystal . Severely weakened by the trials and demoralized at seeing Machina and Rem 's condition , Class Zero are initially unable to defeat the Arbiter . Machina and Rem 's spirits give them the strength they need to defeat the Arbiter and halt Tempus Finis . Fatally injured , Class Zero spend their final minutes imagining their possible post @-@ war lives . They are found by Machina and Rem , who have returned to human form and , along with the rest of Orience , are allowed to remember the dead . In a post @-@ credits sequence , it is said that the Crystal States fall into turmoil as the Crystals lose their powers . Machina and Rem unite Orience and rebuild the world , and Machina records Class Zero 's history before dying with Rem at his side . A second playthrough reveals that Orience is trapped in a stable timeloop created by Arecia and Gala , the respective servants of the deities Pulse and Lindzei , as part of an experiment to find the gateway to the Unseen Realm . Competing with each other to open the gateway using a different method , both failed and reset the world for another attempt . By the events of Type @-@ 0 , the experiment had been performed over six hundred million times . The game features multiple endings . During the original playthrough , if Class Zero accept the Vermillion Bird Crystal 's offer for them to become l 'Cie , they go into battle against the Rursus and die , dooming Orience to be destroyed in Tempus Finis and reborn in another spiral of history . In a sequence unlocked during the second playthrough , it is revealed that Cid wanted to free Orience from the Crystals ' control , and killed himself in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent Gala from using him . After the Arbiter 's defeat , Joker and Tiz speak with Arecia and show her the memories of Class Zero and the people of Orience to make her reconsider restarting the experiment . After speaking with Machina and Rem , Arecia decides to abandon the experiment and returns the two to human form . In an alternate ending , Arecia chooses to remove the crystals from Orience 's history , creating a new timeline where the war never occurred and the world 's population can live happily . = = Development = = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 was originally titled Final Fantasy Agito XIII , envisioned as a game for mobile devices . It was conceived in 2005 as part of Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy , a subseries of Final Fantasy games linked by a common mythos . Agito XIII was the final original Fabula Nova Crystallis game to be created . The decision to make it a mobile game was based on the popularity of Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII . Hajime Tabata , who contributed to the Fabula Nova Crystallis mythos , was searching for a new project after finishing Before Crisis and became the game 's director . Before Crisis producer Kosei Ito acted as producer before his move to Capcom prior to 2009 . Beginning development in 2006 , it was first announced at that year 's Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) . It was said to offer on @-@ the @-@ go access to the Fabula Nova Crystallis universe , using gameplay functions exclusive to mobile phones of the time . The concept was to deliver a game for mobile platforms equivalent to a console game from the main Final Fantasy series , and to make it available in its entirety upon release rather than in episodic format . Developers had been planning a release on the next generation of mobile phones , as those available at the time could not offer all the capabilities they would need . While it was originally claimed to be a mobile exclusive , versions for both mobiles and the PlayStation Portable were being developed , with the latter to be revealed when the former was sufficiently advanced . The original staff members were Tabata , Yusuke Naora and Tetsuya Nomura . Nomura acted as a character designer and creative producer . Between 2006 and 2008 , development wavered between inactivity and sluggishness since most of the team was devoted to Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII . In 2008 , it was said to be facing serious problems due to the scale of the project . An issue developers had grappled with was whether or not to make the command buttons used in the game visible on the mobile screen . Agito XIII was described as an online RPG using fully rendered 3D graphics similar to console games , as well as having gameplay elements from multiple genres such as MMORPGs , smaller @-@ scale multiplayer @-@ focused games , and standard role @-@ playing games . Other unfinished concepts being developed were a day @-@ night cycle , a calendar system linked to real @-@ world time and dates , and a story influenced by player votes . In 2008 , it was decided to make Type @-@ 0 a PSP exclusive , cancelling the mobile version of the game as the developers did not want to wait for mobile technology to reach a level which could handle their full vision for the game . Full development began that year by the same team who developed Crisis Core , but was again slowed as most of them were completing work on The 3rd Birthday . Because of these conflicting projects , Type @-@ 0 came close to being cancelled outright . Between 2009 and 2011 , the title was changed to distance it from Final Fantasy XIII , since after the platform change the two games had little in common other than their shared mythos . One of the titles considered and rejected was Final Fantasy Live , referring to the game 's multiplayer element . The new title , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 , was intended to indicate the game 's separation from the main series . It was also the beginning of an alternative numbering system parallel to the main series . The game made its first official public appearance under the new title at the Square Enix 1st Production Department Premier in Tokyo , along with a new trailer that was released to the public on January 27 , 2011 . = = = Scenario and design = = = Type @-@ 0 's scenario was conceived by Tabata and written by Hiroki Chiba and Sarah Obake . While the game was still titled Agito XIII , Tabata described it as " a major title [ ... ] formed from a variety of concepts " which included the collision of four fantasies ( the game 's view of Orience ) , a battle between magic and weapons , and the two sides of reality . The early story concept drew heavily from popular manga and anime , but little survived after the platform change . Tabata instead chose a new style similar to historical films and documentaries . The new story 's concept started with the idea of a war story told by young people caught up in the event , with its story themes revolving around death and its impact on others . A major inspiration was the Japanese documentary series Centuries of Picture . The final story was darker than many other Final Fantasy games . Despite its title change , the game was kept within the Fabula Nova Crystallis mythos . The approach taken with the mythos was to portray the roles of its deities from a historical standpoint , while telling a story focused on the human side of events . The cyclic nature of the game 's universe was created to help incorporate aspects of the mythos . The roles and backgrounds for each character in the game were conceived and put into place after the setting and main story had been finalized . After the game 's release , Tabata commented that when he was writing the story he would have liked to have been more thorough , and to have made the story easier for players to understand . The game 's logo artwork was drawn by regular series artist Yoshitaka Amano . The kanji symbol used in the logo was drawn by Naora , who had designed the Shinra logo in Final Fantasy VII and its companion media . Naora specifically requested that he draw the logo due to this previous experience . To achieve the grittier atmosphere , Naora took a research trip to a Japanese military camp to learn what being a military cadet was like . The island of the Vermillion Perystilium was based on an offshore Japanese island he had visited prior to his involvement with the game , adding elements in @-@ game such as an offshore ship wreck to symbolize his fear of the sea . He was also influenced by an incident where he saw a dead cat surrounded by other cats to portray the bond between members of Class Zero , and the game 's themes , in promotional artwork . The gameplay was inspired by the multi @-@ character system of Before Crisis , while the naming of magic styles after weapons of war made reference to first @-@ person shooters . The combat was designed to be filled with tension and portray each playable character 's personality on the battlefield . The Eidolons were originally not controlled in realtime , but during the development of Ifrit , Tabata did some testing with real @-@ time commands . The results impressed him enough that he decided to overcome the technical difficulties involved and make the Eidolons controllable . Due to technical restrictions and the presence of the Academy Assist function , the game 's artificial intelligence for playable characters needed to be limited to healing , survival and other minor actions . The game 's multiplayer was deliberately designed around restricted segments . Its development was still ongoing during the summer of 2011 , with a temporary stoppage of PlayStation Network that year negatively affecting its development . Because of the size of the project , debugging the game took far longer than anticipated . Between the release of the demo and the full game , adjustments were made to gameplay mechanics and the in @-@ game camera . In a post @-@ release interview , Tabata commented that he would have liked to expand the multiplayer functions to include an ad @-@ hoc function and expanded cooperative gameplay , and create a more forgiving learning curve for players . = = = Music = = = The music for Type @-@ 0 was composed by Takeharu Ishimoto . He had previously composed the music for Before Crisis , Crisis Core and The World Ends with You . Ishimoto gave the music a dark and heavy feel , describing the themes as " war , life , and death " . He used less rock elements than in his previous games to promote a feeling of immersion . One of his primary instruments was the guitar , which Ishimoto played himself during recording sessions . Although the title was for the PSP , the team did not want to hold back despite hardware limitations , recording a quantity of tracks unusual for a spin @-@ off Final Fantasy title . Wherever possible , the recording was done live . The orchestral and choral elements were performed by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Cantillation chamber choir , and the recording and mixing of these tracks was done at the Sydney Opera House . Recording for other tracks was done at Ishimoto 's studio in Japan . After recording , Ishimoto combined the orchestral and choral elements , and rearranged the main leitmotifs to create more variety in the score . Arrangements for the orchestral tunes were done by Kentaro Sato , while arrangements for other tracks were done by Rieko Mikoshiba . The game 's theme song , " Zero " , was composed and performed by Japanese rock band Bump of Chicken . The band , which was a big fan of the Final Fantasy series , was contacted by Square Enix to compose and perform the song and agreed readily . It was brought in after the platform move onto the PSP , but while the game was still titled Agito XIII . While looking for inspiration , the band was able to see in @-@ development screenshots of the game , samples of the script , and character illustrations . The band was mostly given a free hand while composing the song . Its one guideline was provided by Tabata , who suggested the theme song for Centuries of Picture , " Is Paris Burning ? " by Takeshi Kako , as a source of inspiration . Multiple versions of " Zero " were composed for use in different areas of the game . At the request of band leader Motoo Fujiwara , Amano 's logo artwork was used for the cover of the single 's limited edition . Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Original Soundtrack was released on October 26 , 2011 . The soundtrack was released in a standard edition , as well as a limited edition that could be purchased both separately and with the collector 's edition of the game . A promotional album featuring five tracks was sold by Square Enix at their booth at the Odaiba Expo 2011 . The album stayed on the Oricon charts for seven weeks , reaching a high of # 25 . The soundtrack has received positive reviews in the west from dedicated music outlets Original Sound Version and Game @-@ OST , with the sites giving both individual tracks and the work in general high praise . " Zero " was released on October 19 , 2011 . It was released as a single instead of being part of the main soundtrack , receiving both a limited and standard edition . The single remained in the Oricon charts for thirty @-@ two weeks , peaking at # 2 . Tracklist Literal translation of the original titles appear in ( brackets ) if different = = Release = = Type @-@ 0 was released on October 27 , 2011 , receiving both physical and digital releases . It was initially announced for release in summer of that year , but unspecified difficulties with development including the stoppage of PlayStation Network caused a delay . It was then announced for released on October 13 , but was delayed by two weeks . While Square Enix stated it wanted to improve its quality , no other information was given . It was speculated to be due to complaints surrounding the camera control and other gameplay elements . The releases of the soundtrack and the theme song were also delayed . Type @-@ 0 was one of a few releases for the PSP to be released on two UMDs , as Tabata wanted to cut as little content as possible , which would have been impossible if they had settled for using one UMD . A demo for the original game was released in August 2011 , featuring seven playable characters and four missions at locked difficulty levels . Sava data could be transferred to the full game , unlocking special costumes and items and keeping experience points . A second demo was released on November 22 , a month after the full game 's release . It replaced the original demo and gave players access to exclusive items and costumes . A collector 's edition was released exclusively through Square Enix 's online store , containing artwork , a limited edition version of the soundtrack , postcards and a booklet of character introductions . The title was later added to their Ultimate Hits budget title collection . Type @-@ 0 has never received an official localization in its original form . During development , while it was still titled Agito XIII , Tabata said he was trying to make the game appealing to North American players . Despite a localization being confirmed as in development in an official guidebook interview , the original version of Type @-@ 0 was not released in the west . In the wake of the game 's release in Japan , 1UP.com and Joystiq speculated that the game could be successfully brought west as a port to the PlayStation Vita . Tabata later commented that the main reasons for the game not being localized were the flagging Western PSP market and uncertainties surrounding the Vita 's commercial success . An unofficial fan translation patch was announced in mid @-@ 2012 . Work on the fan translation took place over the following two years , during which time Square Enix was noncommittal concerning an official Western release . The patch was initially announced for an August 2014 release , but was instead was released on June 9 , 2014 . According to the translation team leader , the patch was downloaded 100 @,@ 000 times in the first four days . It was taken down in July of the same year after Square Enix allegedly threatened unspecified legal action , originally thought to be a cease @-@ and @-@ desist order . Later statements revealed that the patch was released earlier than originally announced due to the lead translator on the project wanting fans to see their achievements , which ended up causing a rift between him and the rest of the team . Before the release , Square Enix and the translation team had been in friendly communication concerning the translation . The formal requests to take the patch down were made in the weeks following its release , shortly before the announcement of Type @-@ 0 HD . = = = Merchandise = = = Multiple pieces of merchandise were created for the game . An Ultimania , part of a series of dedicated guidebooks , was released in the same month as the original game . It contained story and character breakdowns , concept art , and interviews with developers . A different book , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 World Preview , was also released in October . It featured character biographies , details on the world of Orience , and interviews with the voice actors for Class Zero . The following year , a dedicated art book was released containing artwork of the game 's characters and monsters , and an interview with Tabata . Characters from the game , including Ace , Machina and other members of Class Zero , appeared in the fourth series of releases for the Final Fantasy Trading Card Game . In November 2011 , a manga adaptation of Type @-@ 0 , illustrated by Takatoshi Shiozawa , began serialization in Young Gangan magazine . The manga has been collected into a tankōbon volume and was released on April 21 , 2012 . Another manga titled Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Side Story : Reaper of the Icy Blade , also illustrated by Shiozawa , began publication in Young Gangan in April 2012 . It ended in January 2014 , with a bonus chapter being published in February of that year , and was later released in five compiled volumes . Yen Press began distribution of the manga in the west in July 2015 . Square Enix released two novel adaptations , in April and June 2012 , depicting an alternate version of Type @-@ 0 's story : Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 : Change the World -The Answer- and Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 : Change the World Volume 2 -The Penultimate Truth- . The novels were written by Sōki Tsukishima . = = Reception = = In the first week on sale , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 sold 472 @,@ 253 units , topping Japanese sales charts and selling through 79 @.@ 08 % of its initial shipments . As of January 16 , 2012 , the game had sold 746 @,@ 203 copies in Japan . It was the best @-@ selling game of 2011 for Japanese media retail shop Tsutaya , beating Monster Hunter Portable 3rd ( PlayStation Portable ) and Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 ( PlayStation 3 ) . It was also the store 's best @-@ selling PSP title of the year , followed by Monster Hunter Portable 3rd and Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy . Famitsu and Dengeki PlayStation both praised the story , with Famitsu saying it " vividly portrays the fact that this is a deep , intense Final Fantasy experience , something beyond just a side story " . Gaming website PlayStation LifeStyle 's Heath Hindman was impressed by the darker presentation , calling it " powerful and well done throughout " , and was impressed with the characters despite some awkward introductory scenes . Erren Van Duine , writing for RPG Site , said that fans would appreciate the scale of the narrative , and praised the handling of the Fabula Nova Crystallis mythos . She did note that some plot points seemed only included for the sake of convenience , and that the ending forced a second playthrough to see the whole story . Famitsu called the original version 's gameplay a " stressless experience " , praising the game 's size and saying the action @-@ oriented battle system made it " a very different Final Fantasy " . Dengeki PlayStation similarly praised its size and the tense combat , though the review found aspects of the navigation less appealing . Hindman was generally positive about most aspects of gameplay and the high replay value , but found faults with the scripted opening of the overworld and the real @-@ time strategy segments . Van Duine said the gameplay encouraged immersion and was harsh on novices ; she praised several aspects of gameplay , but described the leveling system as " tricky " . The multiplayer functions were universally praised in Japan . Opinions were divided on the original camera , with Famitsu praising its movement , while Van Duine and Dengeki PlayStation found issues with it getting stuck in the environment or impeding visibility . The character AI also received criticism for being unresponsive or wayward . = = Legacy = = Type @-@ 0 affected several other works in multiple ways . During its development , several staff members and voice actors who had worked on Final Fantasy X reunited . Their meeting triggered the development of Final Fantasy X / X @-@ 2 HD Remaster . In the September 2013 issue of Famitsu Weekly , Square Enix revealed Final Fantasy Agito , an online companion game to Type @-@ 0 for iOS and Android mobile devices . The game was released in May 2014 , and a localization was announced alongside that of Type @-@ 0 . Its servers were closed down in November 2015 , with its localization being cancelled as a result . A new online game set in the Type @-@ 0 universe , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Online , is set for release in 2016 . While working on Final Fantasy XV , Tabata decided to make a high @-@ definition remaster of Type @-@ 0 for eighth @-@ generation consoles . Developed by Square Enix and HexaDrive , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 HD was originally announced at E3 2014 , and released worldwide in March 2015 . After Type @-@ 0 's release , Tabata stated in an interview that he wished to explore the distant history of Orience after the events of the game . Trademarks for Type @-@ 1 , Type @-@ 2 and Type @-@ 3 were registered shortly after the Type @-@ 0 trademark , but it was suggested that they were simply a protective measure . During interviews given in 2014 , Tabata commented that he wished to work on Type @-@ 1 after completing XV , and later explained the conceptual Type series as a means of publishing Final Fantasy games too experimental for the main series . He hoped to continue with the Type series if Type @-@ 0 HD was commercially successful . = = Translations = = = The Mansion of Happiness = The Mansion of Happiness : An Instructive Moral and Entertaining Amusement is a children 's board game inspired by Christian morality . Players race about a sixty @-@ six space spiral track depicting virtues and vices with their goal being The Mansion of Happiness at track 's end . Instructions upon virtue spaces advance players toward the goal while those upon vice spaces force them to retreat . The Mansion Of Happiness was designed by George Fox , a children 's author and game designer in England . The first edition , printed in gold ink " containing real gold " using one copper plate engraving and black ink using a second copper plate engraving , produced a few hundred copies . Water coloring was used to complete the game board , making a brilliant , colorful , and expensive product fit for the nobility . Later in 1800 , a second edition was printed , probably for rich but common folk . Only one copper plate was used to print black ink and no water coloring was used . The game must have become quite popular in England as a third edition was printed using two copper plates , one for black , and the second for green lines to indicate blank spaces . Water colors were added to make a beautiful product . Laurie and Whittle published all three editions in 1800 . On all three editions George Fox was listed as the inventor and the game honored the Duchess of York . In the first edition , gold not only added color and price but homage to royalty . In all three editions , the paper was glued to linen so it could fold up and be inserted into a heavy attractively labeled cardboard case . W. & S. B. Ives published the game in the United States in Salem , Massachusetts on November 24 , 1843 . It was republished by Parker Brothers in 1894 after George S. Parker & Co. bought the rights to the Ives games . The republication claimed The Mansion of Happiness was the first board game published in the United States of America ; today , however , the distinction is awarded to Lockwood 's Traveller 's Tour games of 1822 . The popularity of The Mansion of Happiness and similar moralistic board games was challenged in the last decades of the 19th century when the focus of games became materialistic and competitive capitalistic behavior . = = Context = = With the industrialization and urbanization of the United States in the early 19th century , the American middle class experienced an increase in leisure time . The home gradually lost its traditional role as the center of economic production and became the locus of leisure activities and education under the supervision of mothers . As a result , the demand increased for children 's board games emphasizing literacy and Christian principles , morals , and values . Advances in papermaking and printing technology during the era made the publication of inexpensive board games possible , and the technological invention of chromolithography made colorful board games a welcome addition to the parlor tabletop . One of the earliest children 's board games published in America was The Mansion of Happiness ( 1843 ) , " the progenitor of American board games " . Like other children 's games that followed in its wake , The Mansion of Happiness was based on the Puritan world view that Christian virtue and deeds were assurances of happiness and success in life . Even game mechanics were influenced by the Puritan view . A spinner or a top @-@ like teetotum , for instance , was utilized in children 's board games rather than dice , which were then associated with Satan and gambling . While the Puritan view forbade game playing on the Sabbath , The Mansion of Happiness and similar games with high moral content would have been permitted for children in more liberal households . In 1860 , Milton Bradley developed a radically different concept of success in The Checkered Game of Life , the first American board game rewarding players for worldly ventures such as attending college , being elected to Congress , and getting rich . Virtue became a means to an end rather than an end in itself . Daily life was the focus of the game with secular virtues such as thrift , ambition , and neatness receiving more emphasis than religious virtues . Indeed , the only suggestion of religion in Bradley 's game was the marriage altar . The Checkered Game of Life was wildly popular , selling 40 @,@ 000 copies in its first year . Protestant America gradually began viewing the accumulation of material goods and the cultivation of wealth as signs of God 's blessing , and , with the decade of economic expansion and optimism in the 1880s , wealth became the defining characteristic of American success . Protestant values shifted from virtuous Christian living to values based on materialism and competitive , capitalist behavior . Being a good Christian and a successful capitalist were not incompatible . Dice lost their taint during the period , and replaced teetotums in games . In a twist on The Mansion of Happiness , McLoughlin Brothers and Parker Brothers released several games in the late 1880s based on the then @-@ popular Algeresque rags to riches theme . Games such as Game of the District Messenger Boy , or Merit Rewarded , Messenger Boy , Game of the Telegraph Boy , and The Office Boy allowed players to emulate the successful capitalist . Players began these games as company underlings , newbies , or gofers , and , with luck , won the game with a seat in the President 's Office ( rather than a seat in Heaven , as in The Mansion of Happiness ) or as Head of the Firm . In Parker Brothers ' The Office Boy , spaces designating carelessness , inattentiveness , and dishonesty sent the player back on the track while spaces designating capability , earnestness , and honesty advanced him toward the goal . Such games reflected the belief that the enterprising American – regardless of his background , humble or privileged – would be rewarded under the American capitalist system , and insinuated that success was equated with increased social status via the accumulation of wealth . Wealth and goods became game rewards during the last decades of the 19th century with the winner of McLoughlin Brothers ' The Game of Playing Department Store , for instance , being the player who carefully spent his money accumulating the most goods in a department store . Bulls and Bears : The Great Wall St. Game promised players they would feel like " speculators , bankers , and brokers " , and the 1885 catalog advertisement for McLoughlin Brothers Monopolist informed the interested , " On this board the great struggle between Capital and Labor can be fought out to the satisfaction of all parties , and , if the players are successful , they can break the Monopolist and become Monopolists themselves " . = = Game play = = The Mansion of Happiness is a roll @-@ and @-@ move track board game , and , typical of such games , the object is to be the first player to reach the goal at the end of the board 's track , here called The Mansion of Happiness ( Heaven ) . Centrally located on the board , the goal pictures happy men and women making music and dancing before a house and garden . To reach The Mansion of Happiness , the player spins a teetotum and races around a sixty @-@ six space spiral track depicting various virtues and vices . Instructions upon spaces depicting virtues move the player closer to The Mansion of Happiness while spaces depicting vices send the player back to the pillory , the House of Correction , or prison , and thus , further from The Mansion of Happiness . Sabbath @-@ breakers are sent to the whipping post . The vice of Pride sends a player back to Humility , and the vice of Idleness to Poverty . The game 's rules noted : " WHOEVER possesses PIETY , HONESTY , TEMPERANCE , GRATITUDE , PRUDENCE , TRUTH , CHASTITY , SINCERITY ... is entitled to Advance six numbers toward the Mansion of Happiness . WHOEVER gets into a PASSION must be taken to the water and have a ducking to cool him ... WHOEVER posses [ ses ] AUDACITY , CRUELTY , IMMODESTY , or INGRATITUDE , must return to his former situation till his turn comes to spin again , and not even think of HAPPINESS , much less partake of it . " = = Design and publication = = The Mansion of Happiness was published in many forms , first in England , then in the United States . It was designed by George Fox and published as a linen game board that folded into a hard cover booklet . Laurie and Whittles published three editions of the game in 1800 , and a Laurie relative published it in England again in 1851 . It was first published in the United States by W. & S.B. Ives in Salem , Massachusetts on November 25 , 1843 . Their game was a folding game board with a cloth and cardboard pocket attached to the bottom of the game board along its edge . In the pocket were the rules , implements , and teetotum . Its teetotum was an ivory dowel sharpened to a point at the bottom end inserted in an octagonal ivory plate . This type of teetotum was referred to as a pin and plate teetotum . When board games were published in 1843 , morality was the most important aspect of the game . Since dice were called " the bones of the Devil " because they were used to determine which Roman soldier would keep Christ 's loin cloth , teetotums were used instead . There were many different printings of Ives ' The Mansion of Happiness . FIRST EDITION : The first two print runs used Thayer and Company lithograpers , with one litho stone for the color and the other for printing black on the white paper stock . Because the paper of 1840 's through 1890 's included a lavish amount of fiber , often taken from mummy wrappings , it would not fade or decompose like the wood pulp paper used today . The first print run copied the Laurie and Whittles game . Laurie and Whittles used gold ink . Thayer mixed his ink to look gold but it really was a goldish brown . Like Laurie and Whittles game , Thayer used an octagonal end space . SECOND EDITION : In Thayer 's second print run , in 1844 , he used the same litho stones as used in the first edition . Green was used instead of goldish brown and the endspace remained an octagon . By September 24 , 1844 , between 3000 and 4000 of the Thayer printed games were sold by its publishers , W. & . S.B. Ives . THIRD EDITION : By the fall of 1844 , Thayer left the lithography business and was replaced by John Bufford , a lithographer who worked for Thayer in Boston from 1939 through 1844 . Previously , from 1835 through 1839 , Bufford owned his own firm in New York under the title Bufford Lithographer . By the end of 1844 through 1851 , the Boston company name was changed to J. H. Bufford & Co . The next , third edition , listed Bufford Lithographer so the third edition must have been printed after the beginning of the fall of 1844 but before the end of 1844 . J. H. Bufford & Co. printed other Ives ' games but this third edition of Ives ' The Mansion Of Happiness is the only Ives ' game to list Bufford Lithographer . Green was again used on one of the litho stones but the end space was a green circle . The other litho stone printed black . FOURTH EDITION : Thayer then returned to his business in 1847 . Ives needed another print run of The Mansion Of Happiness that year . So Thayer needed two new litho stones , resulting in the fourth edition . Thayer again printed one color in black and one color in green and changed the endspace back to a green octagon . The entire game board looked different from his first two print runs . Thayer 's first and second edition litho stones were either no longer usable or ground down and redrawn for other lithographs . On the new " black printing " litho stone the position of " Thayer and Company Lithograpers " was moved . The new " green printing " litho stone not only included green printing for unnamed spaces but also for corner decorations and to highlight the beginning of the banner . FIFTH EDITION : Another Thayer edition was needed between 1847 and 1853 , so splitting the difference results in 1850 . We know this because the lithography is different from the 1847 edition . The " green printing " litho stone had apparently been damaged or over used so the green printing at the beginning of the banner was removed . SIXTH EDITION : Yet another Thayer printrun was needed in early 1853 . Thayer was about to leave his Boston business for the final time , but finished the job for the Ives firm . This sixth edition resulted from another need to redraw the green printing litho stone . Green was removed from the banner and corners , and , only the blank spaces were printed in green . SEVENTH EDITION : When Thayer left , his brother @-@ in @-@ law , S. W. Chandler took over the business in late 1853 @.@ so a seventh edition was needed by the beginning of 1854 . Two new litho stones were made . Chandler printed black using one stone and green with the other . The endspace was changed back to a green circle . There are at least two known copies of the Chandler edition , one was owned by deceased game historian Lee Dennis . Another is owned by a charter member of The American Game Collectors Association . EIGHTH EDITION : William and Stephen Bradshaw Ives dissolved their partnership on April 24 , 1854 . William then put most of his time managing his newspaper , The Salem Observer . Stephen Bradshaw held the copyrights for the games and started a fancy goods importing business in Boston while overseeing the Salem business owned by a partnership of his youngest son , Henry P. Ives , and Henry 's partner , Augustus Smith at the same business location . A new Mansion Of Happiness print run was needed but Chandler was no longer in business , With control of the copyright , the Ives family chose lithograper F.F. Oakleys . Consequently Ives and Smith could sell The Mansion Of Happiness in Salem but had no right to the copyright . F. F. Oakleys needed to two new litho stones so the eighth edition was created . One stone was used to print black and the other to print green . The circle endspace was retained . In addition to continue publishing The Mansion of Happiness , H. P. Ives and A. A. Weeks published at least two new games : Experts and Tournament & Knighthood . NINTH EDITION : By December 21 , 1860 , Henry P. Ives bought out A. A. Smith to obtain the business . A. A. Smith then partnered with G. M. Whipple to form another bookstore and publishing business where they published The Game of Authors . Henry P. Ives continued to publish The Mansion of Happiness using other lithographers , including Taylor & Adams of Boston in 1864 , Henry P. Ives was free to publish The Mansion Of Happiness and other Ives ' games under his name , his brother 's name , and his father 's name . TENTH EDITION : In 1886 , Henry P. Ives sold his remaining inventory to George S. Parker . George S. Parker reprinted the green cover label to read H. P. Ives , Geo . S. Parker & Co. and affixed this label to the back of the gameboard over the original H. P. Ives label . By 1888 , Henry P. Ives sold all the game rights of the Ives family to Geo . S. Parker & Co . , part of them in 1887 and the rest of them in 1888 . The green printing and circle end space remained through different lithographers until 1886 . ELEVENTH EDITION : Parker Brothers published the eleventh edition in 1894 . They continued to print this 1894 edition well into the early 1900s . TWELFTH EDITION : McLoughlin Brothers of New York published their own edition in 1895 , using different lithographs from the 1894 Parker Brothers edition , both on the game box cover and game board . THIRTEENTH EDITION : In 1926 , Parker Brothers Inc. republished The Mansion of Happiness in its original form , with minor modification to game spaces . The game included the circular end space introduced by J. Bufford in the third edition . This sixth edition used a folding game board with a fabric and cardboard pocket on the back edge of the game board . The teetotum was made using a wood dowel and cardboard hexagon . = = Misconceptions = = Anne Wales Abbot was believed to be the designer of the Ives ' game , The Mansion of Happines for over 145 years , from 1843 to 1989 . She , however , did not design Ives The Mansion of Happiness but did design two other Ives ' games : Dr. Busby and Master Rodbury and His Pupils . As further proof , Anne Wales Abbot was busy designing The Game Of Racers for Crosby and Nichols of Boston , an Ives 's competitor . According to The Salem Observer , The Game Of Racers went on sale in Salem , Massachusetts through J. P. Jewett on January 13 , 1844 . It went on sale in Boston even earlier . Abbot would have been working with Crosby and Nichols in Boston while the Ives firm published The Mansion Of Happiness . The Mansion of Happiness was considered the first mass @-@ produced board game in the United States for almost 100 years . In 1886 , George S. Parker purchased some of Ives ' inventory from Henry P. Ives , who had taken over the Ives ' business . George had his own oversized green label printed and proceeded to glue it over the Ives label . When the last of the Ives brothers died in 1888 , board game titans Charles and George Parker purchased the rights to The Mansion of Happiness . In 1894 , Parker Brothers republished The Mansion of Happiness in their new patented box . The game came with a cover on top of a box . The game board was attached to the top of the box and a drawer was added to the box for the implements and spinner . A teetotum was no longer needed as a metal pointer could be attached to a lithographed card using a pop rivet . The pointer could then spin around to produce a random number . The game board and box top were printed using lithography , making the game look like a work of art . Some of the vice spaces were removed ( those depicting women engaged in immoral acts and behaviors ) , and men were substituted for women in the House of Correction . The game remained in the Parker Brothers catalog for thirty years , displaying the line , " The first board game ever published in America " on its box cover . In 1895 , the New York game firm of McLoughlin Brothers printed and published another version of The Mansion of Happiness . The McLoughlin version used even better artwork than the Parker Brothers version which makes it more valuable to collectors . The McLoughlin version used a game box with the game board attached to the inside bottom of the box . Implements and spinner were simply placed in the box . The distinction of " the first published American board game " however is awarded today to Traveller 's Tour of the United States published by New York book sellers F. & R. Lockwood in 1822 . Because printing of game boards was more difficult in 1822 than 1843 , the term mass market is a gray area . In 1822 reversed etched copper plates were used to print game boards . After the first 2 @,@ 000 impressions , breaks quickly appeared in lines . Games were so expensive , the people who could afford them did not want game boards they could not read . By 1843 , lithography with water color painting was popular . Lithography could easily produce 40 @,@ 000 perfect impressions . = = Legacy = = With The Mansion Of Happiness published from 1800 in England to 1926 in The United States , it is the longest continuously published board game with a known designer , George Fox . That totals 126 years of continuous publication . Obviously Chess , Draughts ( Checkers ) , Go , and many other board games have been continuously published for a longer time , but no one knows the designer of these games . = Louis Lambert ( novel ) = Louis Lambert is an 1832 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac ( 1799 – 1850 ) , included in the Études philosophiques section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine . Set mostly in a school at Vendôme , it examines the life and theories of a boy genius fascinated by the Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg ( 1688 – 1772 ) . Balzac wrote Louis Lambert during the summer of 1832 while he was staying with friends at the Château de Saché , and published three editions with three different titles . The novel contains a minimal plot , focusing mostly on the metaphysical ideas of its boy @-@ genius protagonist and his only friend ( eventually revealed to be Balzac himself ) . Although it is not a significant example of the realist style for which Balzac became famous , the novel provides insight into the author 's own childhood . Specific details and events from the author 's life – including punishment from teachers and social ostracism – suggest a fictionalized autobiography . While he was a student at Vendôme , Balzac wrote an essay called Traité de la Volonté ( " Treatise on the Will " ) ; it is described in the novel as being written by Louis Lambert . The essay discusses the philosophy of Swedenborg and others , although Balzac did not explore many of the metaphysical concepts until much later in his life . Ideas analyzed in the essay and elsewhere in the novel include the split between inward and outward existence ; the presence of angels and spiritual enlightenment ; and the interplay between genius and madness . Although critics panned the novel , Balzac remained steadfast in his belief that it provided an important look at philosophy , especially metaphysics . As he developed the scheme for La Comédie humaine , he placed Louis Lambert in the Études philosophiques section , and later returned to the same themes in his novel Séraphîta , about an androgynous angelic creature . = = Background = = By 1832 , Honoré de Balzac had begun to make a name for himself as a writer . The second of five children , Balzac was sent to the Oratorian College de Vendôme at the age of eight . He returned from the school six years later , sickly and weak . He was taught by tutors and private schools for two and a half years , then attended the Sorbonne in Paris . After training as a law clerk for three years , he moved into a tiny garret in 1819 and began writing . His first efforts , published under a variety of pseudonyms , were cheaply printed potboiler novels . In 1829 he finally released a novel under his own name , titled Les Chouans ; it was a minor success , though it did not earn the author enough money to relieve his considerable debt . He found fame soon afterwards with a series of novels including La Physiologie du mariage ( 1829 ) , Sarrasine ( 1830 ) , and La Peau de chagrin ( 1831 ) . In 1831 Balzac published a short story called " Les Proscrits " ( " The Exiles " ) , about two poets named Dante and Godefroid de Gand who attend the Sorbonne at the start of the fourteenth century . It explores questions of metaphysics and mysticism , particularly the spiritual quest for illuminism and enlightenment . Balzac had been influenced greatly as a young man by the Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg , whose theories permeate " Les Proscrits " . The story was published – alongside La Peau de chagrin , which also delves into metaphysics – as part of an 1831 collection entitled Romans et contes philosophiques ( " Philosophical novels and stories " ) . = = Writing and publication = = In May 1832 , Balzac suffered a head injury when his tilbury carriage crashed in a Parisian street . Although he was not hurt badly , he wrote to a friend about his worry that " some of the cogs in the mechanism of my brain may have got out of adjustment " . His doctor ordered him to rest and refrain from writing and other mental activity . When he had recuperated , he spent the summer at the Château de Saché , just outside the city of Tours , with a family friend , Jean de Margonne . While in Saché , he wrote a short novel called Notice biographique sur Louis Lambert about a misfit boy genius interested in metaphysics . Like " Les Proscrits " , Louis Lambert was a vehicle for Balzac to explore the ideas that had fascinated him , particularly those of Swedenborg and Louis Claude de Saint @-@ Martin . He hoped the work would " produce an effect of incontestable superiority " . and provide " a glorious rebuttal " to critics who ridiculed his interest in metaphysics . The novel was first published as part of the Nouveaux contes philosophiques in late 1832 , but by the start of the following year he declared it to be " a wretched miscarriage " and began rewriting it . During the process , Balzac was aided by a grammarian working as a proofreader , who found " a thousand errors " in the text . Once he had returned home , the author " cried with despair and with that rage that takes hold of you when you recognize your faults after working so hard " . A vastly expanded and revised novel , Histoire intellectuelle de L.L. , was published as a single volume in 1833 . Balzac , still unsatisfied , continued reworking the text – as he often did between editions – and included a series of letters written by the boy genius , as well as a detailed description of his metaphysical theories . This final edition was released as Louis Lambert , included with " Les Proscrits " and a later work , Séraphîta , in a volume entitled Le Livre mystique ( " The Mystical Book " ) . = = Plot summary = = The novel begins with an overview of the main character 's background . Louis Lambert , the only child of a tanner and his wife , is born in 1797 and begins reading at an early age . In 1811 he meets the real @-@ life Swiss author Madame de Staël ( 1766 – 1817 ) , who – struck by his intellect – pays for him to enroll in the Collège de Vendôme . There he meets the narrator , a classmate named " the Poet " who later identifies himself in the text as Balzac ; they quickly become friends . Shunned by the other students and berated by teachers for not paying attention , the boys bond through discussions of philosophy and mysticism . After completing an essay entitled Traité de la Volonté ( " Treatise on the Will " ) , Lambert is horrified when a teacher confiscates it , calls it " rubbish " , and – the narrator speculates – sells it to a local grocer . Soon afterwards , a serious illness forces the narrator to leave the school . In 1815 , Lambert graduates at the age of eighteen and lives for three years in Paris . After returning to his uncle 's home in Blois , he meets a woman named Pauline de Villenoix and falls passionately in love with her . On the day before their wedding , however , he suffers a mental breakdown and attempts to castrate himself . Declared " incurable " by doctors , Lambert is ordered into solitude and rest . Pauline takes him to her family 's château , where he lives in a near coma . The narrator , ignorant of these events , meets Lambert 's uncle by chance , and is given a series of letters . Written by Lambert while in Paris and Blois , they continue his philosophical musings and describe his love for Pauline . The narrator visits his old friend at the Villenoix château , where the decrepit Lambert says only : " The angels are white . " Pauline shares a series of statements her lover had dictated , and Lambert dies on 25 September 1824 at the age of twenty @-@ eight . = = Style = = The actual events of Louis Lambert are secondary to extended discussions of philosophy ( especially metaphysics ) and human emotion . Because the novel does not employ the same sort of realism for which Balzac became famous , it has been called one of " the most diffuse and least valuable of his works " . Whereas many Balzac stories focus on the external world , Louis Lambert examines many aspects of the thought process and the life of the mind . Many critics , however , condemn the author 's disorganized style and his placement of his own mature philosophies into the mind of a teenage boy . Still , shades of Balzac 's realism are found in the book , particularly in the first @-@ hand descriptions of the Collège de Vendôme . The first part of the novel is replete with details about the school , describing how quarters were inspected and the complex social rules for exchanging dishes at dinnertime . Punishments are also described at length , including the assignment of tedious writing tasks and the painful application of the strap : Of all the physical torments to which we were exposed , certainly the most acute was that inflicted by this leathern instrument , about two fingers wide , applied to our poor little hands with all the strength and all the fury of the administrator . To endure this classical form of correction , the victim knelt in the middle of the room . He had to leave his form and go to kneel down near the master 's desk under the curious and generally merciless eyes of his fellows .... Some boys cried out and shed bitter tears before or after the application of the strap ; others accepted the infliction with stoic calm ... but few could control an expression of anguish in anticipation . Further signs of Balzac 's realism appear when Lambert describes his ability to vicariously experience events through thought alone . In one extended passage , he describes reading about the Battle of Austerlitz and seeing " every incident " . In another he imagines the physical pain of a knife cutting his skin . As Balzac 's biographer André Maurois notes , these reflections provide insight into the author 's perspective toward the world and its written representations . = = Themes = = = = = Autobiography = = = Biographers and critics agree that Louis Lambert is a thinly veiled version of the author , evidenced by numerous similarities between them . As a student at the Collège de Vendôme , Balzac was friends with a boy named Louis @-@ Lambert Tinant . Like the title character , Balzac 's faith was shaken at the time of his first communion . Balzac read voraciously while in school , and – like Lambert – was often punished for misbehaving in class . The precise details of the school also reflect Balzac 's time there : as described in the novel , students were allowed to keep pigeons and tend gardens , and holidays were spent in the dormitories . Lambert 's essay about metaphysics , Traité de la Volonté ( " Treatise on the Will " ) , is another autobiographical reference . Balzac wrote the essay himself as a boy , and – as in the novel – it was confiscated by an angry teacher . Lambert 's genius and philosophical erudition are reflections of Balzac 's self @-@ conception . Similarly , some critics and biographers have suggested that Lambert 's madness reflects ( consciously or not ) Balzac 's own unsteady mental state . His plans to run for parliament and other non @-@ literary ambitions led observers at the time to suspect his sanity . The many letters in the novel written by Lambert are also based on Balzac 's life . After finishing the first version of the book , Balzac tried to win the heart of the Marquise de Castries by sending her a fragmented love letter from the book . Lambert 's letters to his uncle about life in Paris from 1817 to 1820 , meanwhile , mirror Balzac 's own sentiments while attending the Sorbonne at the same time . = = = Swedenborg and metaphysics = = = The ideas of Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg ( and his disciple Louis Claude de Saint @-@ Martin ) are central to Louis Lambert . Madame de Staël is impressed by Lambert when she finds him in a park reading Swedenborg 's metaphysical treatise Heaven and Hell ( 1758 ) ; the Swedish writer 's ideas are later reproduced in Lambert 's own comments about mind , soul , and will . Primary among these is the division of the human into an " inward " and " outward " being . The outward being , subject to the forces of nature and studied by science , manifests itself in Lambert as the frail , frequently sick boy . The inward being , meanwhile , contains what Lambert calls " the material substance of thought " , and serves as the true life into which he gradually moves throughout the novel . Swedenborg 's concepts are explored with relation to language , pain , memory , and dreams . When the students take a trip to the nearby Château de Rochambeau , for example , Lambert , who has never visited the château , nevertheless recalls vivid memories of the place from a dream . Believing his spirit visited the place while his body slept , he ascribes the experience to " a complete severance of my body and my inner being " and " some inscrutable locomotive faculty in the spirit with effects resembling those of locomotion in the body " . Like his heroes Swedenborg and Saint @-@ Martin , Balzac attempts in Louis Lambert to construct a viable theory to unify spirit and matter . Young Lambert attempts this goal in his Traité de la Volonté , which – having been confiscated by a teacher – is described by the narrator : The word Will he used to connote ... the mass of power by which man can reproduce , outside himself , the actions constituting his external life .... The word Mind , or Thought , which he regarded as the quintessential product of the Will , also represented the medium in which the ideas originate to which thought gives substance .... Thus the Will and the Mind were the two generating forces ; the Volition and the Idea were the two products . Volition , he thought , was the Idea evolved from the abstract state to a concrete state , from its generative fluid to a solid expression .... According to him , the Mind and Ideas are the motion and the outcome of our inner organization , just as the Will and Volition are of our external activity . He gave the Will precedence over the Mind . The exploration of human will and thought is linked to Balzac 's interest in Franz Mesmer , who postulated the theory of animal magnetism , a force flowing among humans . The narrator invokes Mesmer twice in the text , and describes a section of the Traité de la Volonté which reflects the animal @-@ magnetic theory . = = = Religion = = = Balzac 's spiritual crisis at the time of his first communion led him to explore the first Christian thinkers and the question of evil . As the French critic Philippe Bertault points out , much of the mysticism in Louis Lambert is related to that of early Christianity . In his letters , Lambert describes exploring the philosophies of Christianity , Hinduism , Buddhism , Islam , and Confucianism , among others . Tracing the similarities among these traditions , he declares that Swedenborg " undoubtedly epitomizes all of the religions — or rather the one religion — of humanity " . The same theory informs Balzac 's efforts , in Louis Lambert and elsewhere , to complement his Christian beliefs with occult mysticism and secular realism . The church itself is a subject of Lambert 's meditations , particularly with regard to the early Christian martyrs . The split between inward and outward realities , he suggests , serves to explain the ability of those being tortured and maimed to escape physical suffering through the will of the spirit . As Lambert says : " Do not the phenomena observed in almost every instance of the torments so heroically endured by the early Christians for the establishment of the faith , amply prove that Material force will never prevail against the force of Ideas or the Will of man ? " This inward – outward split also serves to explain the Miracles attributed to Jesus , whom Lambert considers a " perfect " representation of unity between the two beings . The religious theme later appears in passages relating to angels . Discussing the contents of Swedenborg 's Heaven and Hell , Lambert tries to convince the narrator of the existence of angels , described as " an individual in whom the inner being conquers the outer being " . The boy genius himself is seen as an example of this process : his physical body withers and sickens , while his spiritual enlightenment expands , reaching its apex with his comment to the narrator : " The angels are white . " Pauline , meanwhile , is described as " the angel " and " Angel @-@ woman " . Their parallel angelic states merge into what critic Charles Affron calls " a kind of perfect marriage , a spiritual bond that traverses this world and the next " . Balzac later returned to the question of angels in other works of the Études philosophiques , particularly Séraphîta . = = = Genius and madness = = = Convinced that he was himself a genius , Balzac used Louis Lambert to explore the difficulty of geniuses in society , as well as their frequent progression into madness . He had been troubled greatly when , at Vendôme , he watched a schoolmate 's mental condition deteriorate severely . Lambert 's madness is represented most vividly in his attempt at self @-@ castration , followed by years spent in a catatonic state . This transformation is in many ways a byproduct of his genius ; because his brilliance is condemned by teachers and incompatible with the society of the other children , Lambert finds himself rejected by the world . He finds no more success in Paris , where he is led to " eat my heart out in misery " . He becomes a vegetable , removed from the physical world entirely . As a reflection of Balzac himself , Lambert also embodies the author 's self @-@ image as a brilliant writer , but one who acknowledges suspicions about his mental health . Some of his stories and public statements – as well as his fall prior to writing the novel – had led some observers to question Balzac 's sanity . The protagonist 's madness in Louis Lambert only added weight to these claims . As biographer Graham Robb writes : " It was typical of Balzac to douse a fire with petrol . " = = Reception and legacy = = Balzac was fiercely proud of Louis Lambert and believed that it elegantly represented his diverse interests in philosophy , mysticism , religion , and occultism . When he sent an early draft to his lover at the time , however , she predicted the negative reception it would receive . " Let the whole world see you for themselves , my dearest , " she wrote , " but do not cry out to them to admire you , because then the most powerful magnifying glasses will be directed at you , and what becomes of the most exquisite object when it is put under a microscope ? " Critical reaction was overwhelmingly negative , due mostly to the book 's lack of sustaining narrative . Conservative commentator Eugène Poitou , on the other hand , accused Balzac of lacking true faith and portraying the French family as a vile institution . Balzac was undeterred by the negative reactions ; referring to Louis Lambert and the other works in Le Livre mystique , he wrote : " Those are books that I create for myself and for a few others . " Although he was often critical of Balzac 's work , French author Gustave Flaubert was influenced – perhaps unconsciously – by the book . His own story " La Spirale " , written in the 1850s , bears a strong plot resemblance to Balzac 's 1832 novel . While the three editions of Louis Lambert were being revised and published , Balzac was developing a scheme to organize all of his novels – written and unwritten . He called the scheme La Comédie humaine ( " The Human Comedy " ) , and envisioned it as a panoramic look at every part of French life at the time . He placed Louis Lambert in the section named Études philosophiques ( " Philosophical Studies " ) , where it remained throughout his fifteen @-@ year refinement of the project . He returned to the themes of the novel in his later work Séraphîta , which follows the travails of an androgynous angelic creature . Balzac also inserted Lambert and his lover Pauline into later works – as he often did with characters from earlier novels – most notably in the story " Un Drame au bord de la mer " ( " A Drama at the Sea 's Edge " ) . = Tamar of Georgia = Tamar the Great ( Georgian : თამარი ) ( c . 1160 – 18 January 1213 ) reigned as Queen regnant of Georgia from 1184 to 1213 , presiding over the apex of the Georgian Golden Age . A member of the Bagrationi dynasty , her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title mep 'e ( " king " ) , commonly afforded to Tamar in the medieval Georgian sources . Tamar was proclaimed heir and co @-@ ruler by her reigning father George III in 1178 , but she faced significant opposition from the aristocracy upon her ascension to full ruling powers after George 's death . Tamar was successful in neutralizing this opposition and embarked on an energetic foreign policy aided by the decline of the hostile Seljuq Turks . Relying on a powerful military élite , Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar 's death . Tamar was married twice , her first union being , from 1185 to 1187 , to the Rus ' prince Yuri , whom she divorced and expelled from the country , defeating his subsequent coup attempts . For her second consort Tamar chose , in 1191 , the Alan prince David Soslan , by whom she had two children , George and Rusudan , the two successive monarchs on the throne of Georgia . Tamar 's association with the period of political and military successes and cultural achievements , combined with her role as a female ruler , has led to her idealization and romanticization in Georgian arts and historical memory . She remains an important symbol in Georgian popular culture and has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church as the Holy Righteous King Tamar ( Georgian : წმიდა კეთილმსახური მეფე თამარი ts 'mida k 'etilmsakhuri mepe tamari ) , with her feast day commemorated on 14 May ( O.S. 1 May ) . = = Early life and ascent to the throne = = Tamar was born in circa 1160 to George III , King of Georgia , and his consort Burdukhan , a daughter of the king of Alania . While it is possible that Tamar had a younger sister , Rusudan , she is only mentioned once in all contemporary accounts of Tamar 's reign . The name Tamar is of Hebrew origin and , like other biblical names , was favored by the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty because of their claim to be descended from David , the second king of Israel . Tamar 's youth coincided with a major upheaval in Georgia ; in 1177 , her father , George III , was confronted by a rebellious faction of nobles . The rebels intended to dethrone George in favor of the king 's fraternal nephew , Demna , who was considered by many to be a legitimate royal heir of his murdered father , David V. Demna 's cause was little but a pretext for the nobles , led by the pretender 's father @-@ in @-@ law , the amirspasalar ( " constable " ) Ivane Orbeli , to weaken the crown . George III was able to crush the revolt and embarked on a crackdown campaign on the defiant aristocratic clans ; Ivane Orbeli was put to death and the surviving members of his family were driven out of Georgia . Prince Demna , castrated and blinded on his uncle 's order , did not survive the mutilation and soon died in prison . Once the rebellion was suppressed and the pretender eliminated , George went ahead to co @-@ opt Tamar into government with him and crowned her as co @-@ ruler in 1178 . By doing so , the king attempted to preempt any dispute after his death and legitimize his line on the throne of Georgia . At the same time , he raised men from the gentry and unranked classes to keep the dynastic aristocracy away from the center of power . = = Early reign and the first marriage = = For six years , Tamar was a co @-@ ruler with her father upon whose death , in 1184 , Tamar continued as the sole monarch and was crowned a second time at the Gelati cathedral near Kutaisi , western Georgia . She inherited a relatively strong kingdom , but the centrifugal tendencies fostered by the great nobles were far from being quelled . There was considerable opposition to Tamar 's succession ; this was sparked by a reaction against the repressive policies of her father and encouraged by the new sovereign 's other perceived weakness , her sex . As Georgia had never previously had a female ruler , a part of the aristocracy questioned Tamar 's legitimacy , while others tried to exploit her youth and supposed weakness to assert greater autonomy for themselves . The energetic involvement of Tamar 's influential aunt Rusudan and the Georgian Catholicos @-@ Patriarch Michael IV Mirianisdze was crucial for legitimizing Tamar 's succession to the throne . However , the young queen was forced into making significant concessions to the aristocracy . She had to reward the Catholicos @-@ Patriarch Michael 's support by making him a chancellor , thus placing him at the top of both the clerical and secular hierarchies . Tamar was also pressured into dismissing her father 's appointees , among them the constable Qubasar ( ყუბასარი ) , a Georgian Kipchak of ignoble birth , who had helped George III in his crackdown on the defiant nobility . One of the few untitled servitors of George III to escape this fate was the treasurer Qutlu Arslan who now led a group of nobles and wealthy citizens in a struggle to limit the royal authority by creating a new council , karavi , whose members would alone deliberate and decide policy . This attempt at " feudal constitutionalism " was rendered abortive when Tamar had Qutlu Arslan arrested and his supporters were inveigled into submission . Yet , Tamar 's first moves to reduce the power of the aristocratic élite were unsuccessful . She failed in her attempt to use a church synod to dismiss the Catholicos @-@ Patriarch Michael , and the noble council , darbazi , asserted the right to approve royal decrees . Even the queen 's first husband , the Rus ' prince Yuri , was forced on her by the nobles . Pursuant to dynastic imperatives and the ethos of the time , the nobles required Tamar to marry in order to have a leader for the army and to provide an heir to the throne . Their choice fell on Yuri , son of the murdered prince Andrei I Bogolyubsky of Vladimir @-@ Suzdal , who then lived as a refugee among the Kipchaks of the North Caucasus . The choice was approved by Tamar 's aunt Rusudan and the prince was brought to Georgia to marry the queen in 1185 . Yuri proved to be an able soldier , but a difficult person and he soon ran afoul of his wife . The strained spousal relations paralleled a factional struggle at the royal court in which Tamar was becoming more and more assertive of her rights as a queen regnant . The turning point in Tamar 's fortunes came with the death of the powerful Catholicos @-@ Patriarch Michael whom the queen replaced , as a chancellor , with her supporter , Anton Gnolistavisdze . Tamar gradually expanded her own power @-@ base and elevated her loyal nobles to high positions at the court , most notably the Zakarids @-@ Mkhargrzeli . = = Second marriage = = In 1187 , Tamar persuaded the noble council to approve her to divorce Yuri , who was accused of addiction to drunkenness and " sodomy " and was sent off to Constantinople . Assisted by several Georgian aristocrats anxious to check Tamar 's growing power , Yuri made two coup attempts , but failed and went off to obscurity after 1191 . The queen chose her second husband herself . He was David Soslan , an Alan prince , to whom the 18th @-@ century Georgian scholar Prince Vakhushti ascribes descent from the early 11th @-@ century Georgian king George I. David , a capable military commander , became Tamar 's major supporter and was instrumental in defeating the rebellious nobles who rallied behind Yuri . Tamar and David had two children . In 1192 or 1194 , the queen gave birth to a son , George @-@ Lasha , the future king George IV . The daughter , Rusudan , was born c . 1195 and would succeed her brother as a sovereign of Georgia . David Soslan 's status of a king consort , as well as his presence in art , on charters , and on coins , was dictated by the necessity of male aspects of kingship , but he remained a subordinate ruler who shared the throne with and derived his power from Tamar . Tamar continued to be styled as mep ’ et ’ a mep ’ e – " king of kings " . In Georgian , a language with no grammatical genders , mep 'e ( " king " ) does not necessarily imply a masculine connotation and can be rendered as a " sovereign " . The female equivalent of mep 'e is dedop 'ali ( " queen " ) , which was applied to queens consort or the king 's closest , senior female relatives . Tamar is occasionally called dedop 'ali in the Georgian chronicles and on some charters . Thus , the title of mep 'e might have been applied to Tamar to mark out her unique position among women . = = Foreign policy and military campaigns = = = = = Muslim neighbors = = = Once Tamar succeeded in consolidating her power and found a reliable support in David Soslan , the Zakarids @-@ Mkhargrzeli , Toreli , and other noble families , she revived the expansionist foreign policy of her predecessors . Repeated occasions of dynastic strife in Georgia combined with the efforts of regional successors of the Great Seljuq Empire , such as the Ildenizid atabegs of Azerbaijan , Shirvanshahs , and the Ahlatshahs , had slowed down the dynamic of the Georgians achieved during the reigns of Tamar 's great @-@ grandfather , David IV , and her father , George III . However , the Georgians became again active under Tamar , more prominently in the second decade of her rule . Early in the 1190s , the Georgian government began to interfere in the affairs of the Ildenizids and of the Shirvanshahs , aiding rivaling local princes and reducing Shirvan to a tributary state . The Ildenizid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance , but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195 . Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later , the Ildenizids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays . In 1199 , Tamar 's armies led by two Christianised Kurdish generals , Zak 'are and Ivane Zakarid @-@ Mkhargrzeli , dislodged the Shaddadid dynasty from Ani , the erstwhile capital of the Armenian kingdom , and received it from the queen as their fief . From their base at Ani , the brothers surged ahead into the central Armenian lands , reclaiming one after another fortresses and districts from local Muslim rulers : Bjni was taken in 1201 and Dvin fell in 1203 . Alarmed by the Georgian successes , Süleymanshah II , the resurgent Seljuqid sultan of Rûm , rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia , but his camp was attacked and destroyed by David Soslan at the Battle of Basian in 1203 or 1204 . The chronicler of Tamar describes how the army was assembled at the rock @-@ hewn town of Vardzia before marching on to Basian and how the queen addressed the troops from the balcony of the church . The Zakarids @-@ Mkhargrzeli captured Kars on behalf of the Georgian crown in 1206 , but were repelled from the walls of Akhlat in 1209 . This brought the struggle for the Armenian lands to a stall , leaving the Lake Van region in a relatively secure possession of its new masters – the Ayyubids of Damascus . In 1209 , the brothers Zakarids @-@ Mkhargrzeli laid waste to Ardabil – according to the Georgian and Armenian annals – as a revenge for the local Muslim ruler 's attack on Ani and his massacre of the city 's Christian population . In a great final burst , the brothers led an army marshaled throughout Tamar 's possessions and vassal territories in a march , through Nakhchivan and Julfa , to Marand , Tabriz , and Qazvin in northwest Iran , pillaging several settlements on their way . = = = Trebizond and the Middle East = = = Among the remarkable events of Tamar 's reign was the foundation of the Empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea coast in 1204 . This state was established by Alexios I Megas Komnenos ( r . 1204 – 1222 ) and his brother , David , in the northeastern Pontic provinces of the crumbling Byzantine Empire with the aid of Georgian troops . Alexios and David , Tamar 's relatives , were fugitive Byzantine princes raised at the Georgian court . According to Tamar 's historian , the aim of the Georgian expedition to Trebizond was to punish the Byzantine emperor Alexios IV Angelos ( r . 1203 – 1204 ) for his confiscation of a shipment of money from the Georgian queen to the monasteries of Antioch and Mount Athos . However , Tamar 's Pontic endeavor can better be explained by her desire to take advantage of the Western European Fourth Crusade against Constantinople to set up a friendly state in Georgia 's immediate southwestern neighborhood , as well as by the dynastic solidarity to the dispossessed Komnenoi . Tamar sought to make use of the weakness of the Byzantine Empire and the Crusaders ' defeat at the hands of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in order to gain Georgia 's position on the international stage and to assume the traditional role of the Byzantine crown as a protector of the Christians of the Middle East . Christian Georgian missionaries were active in the North Caucasus and the expatriate monastic communities were scattered throughout the Eastern Mediterranean . Tamar 's chronicle praises her universal protection of Christianity and her support of churches and monasteries from Egypt to Bulgaria and Cyprus . The Georgian court was primarily concerned with the protection of the Georgian monastic centers in the Holy Land . By the 12th century , eight Georgian monasteries were listed in Jerusalem . Saladin 's biographer , Bahā ' ad @-@ Dīn ibn Šaddād , reports that after the Ayyubid conquest of Jerusalem in 1187 , Tamar sent envoys to the sultan to request that the confiscated possessions of the Georgian monasteries in Jerusalem be returned . Saladin 's response is not recorded , but the queen 's efforts seem to have been successful : Jacques de Vitry , who attained to the bishopric of Acre shortly after Tamar 's death , gives further evidence of the Georgians ’ presence in Jerusalem . He writes that the Georgians were – in contrast to the other Christian pilgrims – allowed a free passage into the city , with their banners unfurled . Ibn Šaddād furthermore claims that Tamar outbid the Byzantine emperor in her efforts to obtain the relics of the True Cross , offering 200 @,@ 000 gold pieces to Saladin who had taken the relics as booty at the Battle of Hattin – to no avail , however . = = Golden age = = = = = Feudal monarchy = = = Georgia 's political and cultural exploits of Tamar 's epoch were rooted in a long and complex past . Tamar owed her accomplishments most immediately to the reforms of her great @-@ grandfather David IV ( r . 1089 – 1125 ) and , more remotely , to the unifying efforts of David III and Bagrat III who became architects of a political unity of Georgian kingdoms and principalities in the opening decade of the 11th century . Tamar was able to build upon their successes . By the last years of Tamar 's reign , the Georgian state had reached the zenith of its power and prestige in the Middle Ages . Tamar 's realm stretched from the Greater Caucasus crest in the north to Erzurum in the south , and from the Zygii in the northwest to the vicinity of Ganja in the southeast , forming a pan @-@ Caucasian empire , with the loyal Zachariad regime in northern and central Armenia , Shirvan as a vassal and Trebizond as an ally . A contemporary Georgian historian extols Tamar as the master of the lands " from the Sea of Pontus [ i.e. , the Black Sea ] to the Sea of Gurgan [ i.e. , the Caspian Sea ] , from Speri to Derbend , and all the Hither and the Thither Caucasus up to Khazaria and Scythia . " The royal title was correspondingly aggrandized . It now reflected not only Tamar 's sway over the traditional subdivisions of the Georgian realm , but also included new components , emphasizing the Georgian crown 's hegemony over the neighboring lands . Thus , on the coins and charters issued in her name , Tamar is identified as : The queen never achieved autocratic powers and the noble council continued to function . However , Tamar 's own prestige and the expansion of patronq 'moba – a Georgian version of feudalism – kept the more powerful dynastic princes from fragmenting the kingdom . This was a classical period in the history of Georgian feudalism . Attempts at transplanting feudal practices in the areas where they had previously been almost unknown did not pass without resistance . Thus , there was a revolt among the mountaineers of Pkhovi and Dido on Georgia 's northeastern frontier in 1212 , which was put down by Ivane Zakarid @-@ Mkhargrzeli after three months of heavy fighting . With flourishing commercial centers now under Georgia 's control , industry and commerce brought new wealth to the country and the court . Tribute extracted from the neighbors and war booty added to the royal treasury , giving rise to the saying that " the peasants were like nobles , the nobles like princes , and the princes like kings . " = = = Culture = = = With this prosperity came an outburst of the distinct Georgian culture , emerging from the amalgam of Christianity , secularism , as well as western and eastern influences . Despite this , the Georgians continued to identify with the Byzantine West , rather than Islamic East , with the Georgian monarchy seeking to underscore its association with Christianity and present its position as God @-@ given . It was in that period that the canon of Georgian Orthodox architecture was redesigned and a series of large @-@ scale domed cathedrals were built . The Byzantine @-@ derived expression of royal power was modified in various ways to bolster Tamar 's unprecedented position as a woman ruling in her own right . The five extant monumental church portraits of the queen are clearly modeled on Byzantine imagery , but also highlight specifically Georgian themes and Persian @-@ type ideals of female beauty . Despite Georgia 's Byzantine @-@ leaning culture , the country 's intimate trade connections with the Middle East is evidenced on contemporary Georgian coinage , whose legends were composed in Georgian and Arabic . A series of coins minted in circa 1200 in the name of Queen Tamar depicted a local variant of the Byzantine obverse and an Arabic inscription on the reverse proclaiming Tamar as the " Champion of the Messiah " . The contemporary Georgian chronicles enshrined Christian morality and patristic literature continued to flourish , but it had , by that time , lost its earlier dominant position to secular literature , which was highly original , even though it developed close contact with neighboring cultures . The trend culminated in Shota Rustaveli 's epic poem The Knight in the Panther 's Skin ( Vepkhistq 'aosani ) , which celebrates the ideals of an " Age of Chivalry " and is revered in Georgia as the greatest achievement of native literature . = = Death and burial = = Tamar outlived her consort , David Soslan , and died of a " devastating disease " not far from her capital Tbilisi , having previously crowned her son , Giorgi @-@ Lasha , coregent . Tamar 's historian relates that the queen suddenly fell ill when discussing state affairs with her ministers at the Nacharmagevi castle near the town of Gori . She was transported to Tbilisi and then to the nearby castle of Agarani where Tamar died and was mourned by her subjects . Her remains were transferred to the cathedral of Mtskheta and then to the Gelati monastery , a family burial ground of the Georgian royal dynasty . The traditional scholarly opinion is that Tamar died in 1213 , although there are several indications that she might have died earlier , in 1207 or 1210 . In later times , a number of legends emerged about Tamar 's place of burial . One of them has it that Tamar was buried in a secret niche at the Gelati monastery so as to prevent the grave from being profaned by her enemies . Another version suggests that Tamar 's remains were reburied in a remote location , possibly in the Holy Land . The French knight Guillaume de Bois , in a letter dated from the early 13th century , written in Palestine and addressed to the bishop of Besançon , claimed that he had heard that the king of the Georgians was heading towards Jerusalem with a huge army and had already conquered many cities of the Saracens . He was carrying , the report said , the remains of his mother , the " powerful queen Tamar " ( regina potentissima Thamar ) , who had been unable to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in her lifetime and had bequeathed her body to be buried near the Holy Sepulchre . In the 20th century , the quest for Tamar 's grave became a subject of scholarly research , as well as the focus of broader public interest . The Georgian writer Grigol Robakidze wrote in his 1918 essay on Tamar : " Thus far , nobody knows where Tamar 's grave is . She belongs to everyone and to no one : her grave is in the heart of the Georgian . And in the Georgians ' perception , this is not a grave , but a beautiful vase in which an unfading flower , the great Tamar , flourishes . " An orthodox academic view still places Tamar 's grave at Gelati , but a series of archaeological studies , beginning with Taqaishvili in 1920 , has failed to locate it at the monastery . = = Legacy and popular culture = = = = = Medieval = = = Over the centuries , Queen Tamar has emerged as a dominant figure in the Georgian historical pantheon . The construction of her reign as a " Golden age " began in the reign itself and Tamar became the focus of the era . Several medieval Georgian poets , including Shota Rustaveli , claimed Tamar as the inspiration for their works . A legend has it that Rustaveli was even consumed with love for the queen and ended his days in a monastery . A dramatic scene from Rustaveli 's poem where the seasoned King Rostevan crowns his daughter Tinatin is an allegory to George III 's co @-@ option of Tamar . Rustaveli comments on this : " A lion cub is just as good , be it female or male " . The queen became a subject of several contemporary panegyrics , such as Chakhrukhadze 's Tamariani and Ioane Shavteli 's Abdul @-@ Mesia . She was eulogized in the chronicles , most notably in the two accounts centered on her reign – The Life of Tamar , Queen of Queens and The Histories and Eulogies of the Sovereigns – which became the primary sources of Tamar 's sanctification in Georgian literature . The chroniclers exalt her as a " protector of the widowed " and " the thrice blessed " , and place a particular emphasis on Tamar 's virtues as a woman : beauty , humility , love of mercy , fidelity , and purity . Although Tamar was canonized by the Georgian church much later , she was even named as a saint in her lifetime in a bilingual Greco @-@ Georgian colophon attached	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
. On January 1 , 2011 , the track debuted at number one @-@ hundred on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and number forty on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Digital Songs chart . Elsewhere , the track debuted at number thirty @-@ six on the South Korean Gaon International Digital Singles Chart for the week ending November 20 , 2010 . It later peaked at number thirty @-@ two for the week ending December 25 , 2010 . On the International Download Singles Chart , the track peaked at number thirty . " On Santa ! " peaked at number sixty @-@ eight on the Japan Hot 100 . The song peaked at number seventy @-@ three on January 1 , 2011 , for two consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . = = Music video = = The music video for " Oh Santa ! " was directed by Ethan Lader and was shot in Los Angeles on October 6 , 2010 . Reports surfaced online that Carey 's husband Nick Cannon would be directing the video , however Cannon dispelled the rumors on Twitter , saying " I am NOT directing . " The video for " Oh Santa ! " premiered on entertainment news program Access Hollywood on November 2 , 2010 . Prior to its release , various media outlets speculated that the video was going incorporate the same on @-@ set style as seen in Outkast 's music video for their 2003 single " Hey Ya ! " , with the singer as the main feature in front of a large audience . Carey 's fan site MariahDaily posted a message on their website asking people within the Los Angeles area to appear for a casting call for a chance to be featured in the video . The video draws influence from 1950s and 1960s variety shows , and features Carey wearing a short , red " sexy Santa " ensemble , whilst on stage with a band , which featured gospel back @-@ in singers as well as a group of dancers , consisting of cheerleaders . The plotline is centered on Carey hosting a " Mariah Carey Christmas " television show . The announcer introduces Carey saying " here she is , the greatest singer of all time , Ms. Mariah Carey ! " . The video then shows Carey 's backup singers belting out the chorus while the singer is seen performing in front of a cheering audience . Her collection of fragrances is also advertised in the opening . In the second half of the video , Santa Claus makes an appearance , waving to friends and sharing a hug with Carey . The video ends with the singer laughing while the audience cheers and claps for her performance . Becky Bain of Idolator commented on the simple structure and themes of the video , writing " There ’ s not much to this simple vid , but it does feature Carey doing her usual hand waving theatrics while hitting some absolutely killer high notes . " Bain also observed that the vast majority of the shots of Carey are either long shots , showing the singer from a distance , or close up shots , showing Carey from the shoulders and above , so that the viewer was not able to easily recognise that she was pregnant . Nicole James of MTV Buzzworthy also praised the content of the video , writing " Of course it wouldn 't be a Mariah Carey video without some glitz and glam so the stage and backdrop are covered in ( what else ? ) glitter . Mariah puts on a great show and sings her heart out with that famous eight @-@ octave range ... scrooges need not apply , ' Oh Santa ! ' is fun and festive and has you longing for a sip of eggnog . " = = Live performances = = Carey performed the song for the first time in a pre @-@ recorded performance on November 19 , 2010 , at NBC 's Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting , which aired on November 30 , 2010 . On December 3 , 2010 , Carey performed " Oh Santa ! " as well as " All I Want For Christmas Is You " at the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade special , which featured Carey surrounded by dancers , including ballerinas and cheerleaders , and ended with fireworks at the end of the performance . Carey then performed the song as part of a set list on her own one @-@ off Christmas television special called Mariah Carey : Merry Christmas to You . = = Track listings and formats = = = = Charts = = = New York State Route 323 = New York State Route 323 ( NY 323 ) was a state highway in Erie County , New York , in the United States . The route was 5 @.@ 24 miles ( 8 @.@ 43 km ) long and stretched from the town of Brant to the hamlet of Evans Center within the town of Evans . NY 323 began at an intersection with NY 249 and County Route 9 ( CR 9 ) in Brant and headed north to a junction with NY 5 in Evans Center . In between , it passed over the New York State Thruway ( Interstate 90 or I @-@ 90 ) and intersected U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) . The route was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It went unchanged until 1980 when ownership and maintenance of the route was transferred from the state of New York to Erie County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The designation was officially removed on August 14 , 1980 . The former routing of NY 323 is now the northern half of CR 9 . = = Route description = = NY 323 began at an intersection with NY 249 and CR 9 north of the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation in Brant . The route headed northward as Brant – Angola Road through a rural area dominated by open fields and forests . It proceeded to the Brant – Evans town line , where it met Cain Road ( CR 491 ) a short distance south of the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 90 ) . The highway progressed onward , passing over the Thruway on its way to a junction with Dunfee Road , a connector leading to US 20 . NY 323 met US 20 itself a short distance to the northwest . The route headed northwest from US 20 , intersecting with Pontiac Road ( CR 490 ) as it curved back to the north and entered the village of Angola . Within Angola , NY 323 followed Main Street northward past several blocks of homes and business . At Orchard Avenue , the street turned to the northwest , roughly paralleling Big Sister Creek as both exited the village limits . Past this point , the amount of development along the route dropped slightly as it continued northward toward the hamlet of Evans Center . NY 323 crossed over Big Sister Creek south of the community before ending at a junction with NY 5 in the center of the hamlet . = = History = = NY 323 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and served as a connector between NY 249 in Brant and US 20 ( now NY 5 ) in Evans . On April 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of NY 323 was transferred from the state of New York to Erie County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The NY 323 designation was officially removed on August 14 , 1980 . The former routing of NY 323 became an extension of CR 9 , which had ended at the junction of NY 249 and NY 323 prior to the swap . = = Major intersections = = The entire route was in Erie County . = Weh Island = Weh Island or Pulau Weh or Pulo Weh ( by the local population commonly referred to only as " Sabang " , the name of the largest city ) is a small active volcanic island to the northwest of Sumatra , 45 minutes by fast regular ship or 2 hours by ferry from mainland , Banda Aceh . It was originally connected to the Sumatran mainland and became separated by sea after the volcano 's last eruption in the Pleistocene era . The island is situated in the Andaman Sea . The largest city on the island , Sabang , is the northernmost outpost of Indonesia . The island is known for its ecosystem ; the Indonesian government has declared 60 square kilometres ( 23 sq mi ) of inland and sea around the island as a wildlife protection area . A rare megamouth shark species was found on shore and the island is the only habitat for the threatened toad , Duttaphrynus valhallae ( formerly Bufo valhallae ) . Coral reef areas around the island are known for their large variety of fish species . = = Geography = = Weh Island is located in the Andaman Sea , where two groups of islands , the Nicobar Islands and Andaman Islands , are scattered in one line from Sumatra to the north up to the Burma plate . The Andaman Sea lies on an active moving small tectonic plate ( microplate ) . A complex geological fault system and volcanic arc islands have been created along the length of the sea by the movement of the microplate . The island lies about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) off the northernmost tip of Sumatra . The island is small at only 156 @.@ 3 km2 ( 60 @.@ 3 sq mi ) , but mountainous . The highest peak is a fumarolic volcano , 617 metres ( 2 @,@ 024 ft ) high . The last known eruption is estimated to have occurred in the Pleistocene age , as a result which the mountain partially collapsed and was filled by the sea , forming a separate island . At a depth of 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , close to Sabang city , underwater fumaroles emerge from the seabed . At Gapang Beach ( Gapang is name of a kind of a tree ) , one hour from Balohan Port to the west there is also underwater fumaroles which is suitable for diving and is called as Hydrothermal Point . A volcanic cone is found in the jungle . There are three solfatara ( mudpot ) fields on the island : one is 750 metres ( 0 @.@ 5 mi ) southeast of the summit and the others are 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) and 11 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 7 mi ) northwest of the summit , on the western shore of Lhok Perialakot bay . There are four islets surrounding Weh Island : Klah , Rubiah , Seulako , and Rondo . Among those , Rubiah is well known for diving tourism , because of its coral reefs . When traveling to Saudi Arabia was only possible by sea , Rubiah was used as a place of quarantine for Indonesian Muslims during the Hajj pilgrimage season . = = Inhabitants = = Weh Island is a part of Aceh province . A 1993 census reported 24 @,@ 700 inhabitants . The large majority of the population are Acehnese and the remaining are Minangkabau , Javanese , Batak and Chinese . It is unknown when the island was first inhabited . Islam is the main religion , as Aceh is a special province where Sharia law has been applied exclusively for the province . However , there are some Christians and Buddhists on the island . They are mostly Javanese , Batak and Chinese . On 26 December 2004 , a massive ( 9 @.@ 0 on Richter scale ) undersea earthquake struck in the Andaman Sea . The earthquake triggered a series of tsunamis that killed at least 130 @,@ 000 people in Indonesia alone . The effect on the island was relatively small , but it is unknown how many of its inhabitants were killed by the event . = = Economy = = The economy on Weh Island is dominated by agriculture . The main products are cloves and coconuts . Small @-@ scale fisheries operate in the area , and fishermen have used explosives and cyanide fishing extensively . Therefore , since 1982 , a wildlife protection area ( suaka alam ) has been declared by the Indonesian government that includes 34 square kilometres ( 13 sq mi ) inland and 26 square kilometres ( 10 sq mi ) of surrounding sea . The two main cities are Sabang and Balohan . Balohan is a ferry port that serves as a hub between the island and Banda Aceh on the mainland Sumatra . Sabang has been an important quay since the late nineteenth century , because the city overlooks the entry to a busy shipping route , Malacca Strait . Before the Suez Canal was opened in 1869 , the Indonesian archipelago was reached via the Sunda Strait from Africa . From the Suez Canal , the route to Indonesia is shorter via the Malacca Strait . Due to its natural harbour with relatively deep and well sheltered water , the Dutch East Indies government decided to open Sabang as a quay . In 1883 , Sabang quay was opened for ships to dock by the Atjeh Associate . At first , the harbour was intended as a coal station for the Dutch navy , but later also served merchant vessels and for the transfer of export goods from northern Sumatra . Each year , 50 @,@ 000 vessels pass through Malacca Strait . In 2000 , the Indonesian government declared Sabang a Free Trade Zone and Free Port , to gain economic benefit by establishing the port as a logistic hub for international vessels passing through the strait . Infrastructures for a deep water harbour , port , warehousing and refuelling facilities , were developed . Weh Island is served by the Maimun Saleh Airport located in Sabang . Currently there is no airlines serving that airport . Thus , the nearest airport to get into Sabang is the Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport which is located at Banda Aceh . From the airport of Banda Aceh , it 's about a half @-@ hour drive to Ulee Lheu , close to the center of Banda Aceh , from where the ferries to Balohan ( Pulau Weh 's ferry harbour ) are leaving . Weh Island is also known for ecotourism . Underwater diving , hiking through the volcanic mountain and beach resorts are the main attractions . A small village , Iboih , is known as a location for scuba diving . A few meters from Iboih is the Rubiah islet that is known for its coral reefs . There are also several dive operators in Gapang . = = Ecosystem = = During 1997 – 1999 , Conservation International conducted a survey of the coral reef in the area . According to the survey , the coral diversity is relatively low , but fish species variation is rich . Some species found during the survey include Pogonoperca ocellata , Chaetodon gardneri , Chaetodon xanthocephalus , Centropyge flavipectoralis , Genicanthus caudovittatus , Halichoeres cosmetus , Stethojulis albovittatus , Scarus enneacanthus , Scarus scaber and Zebrasoma desjardinii . On 13 March 2004 , a specimen of the rare and unusual species of shark , megamouth shark , was washed ashore on Gapang beach . Megamouth shark has a distinctive large mouth , very short snout and is broadly rounded in dorsal view . The specimen is said to be the 21st ( some say it is the 23rd ) sighting of the species since its discovery in 1976 . The male shark , measuring 1 @.@ 7 metres ( 5 @.@ 6 ft ) in length and weighing 13 @.@ 82 kg ( 30 @.@ 5 pounds ) , was frozen and sent to the Indonesian Institute of Sciences ( LIPI ) for further scientific study . As of 2006 , there have only been 36 findings of megamouth sharks in the Pacific , Indian and Atlantic oceans . The 2004 earthquake and tsunami has affected the island 's ecosystem . At Iboih village , a large swath of mangrove was destroyed . Debris from the land was deposited on the nearby reefs as a result of the tsunami . In 2005 , about 14 @,@ 400 mangrove seedlings were replanted to save the mangrove forest . Apart from underwater ecosystem , Weh island is the only habitat of one threatened species of toad , Duttaphrynus valhallae ( formerly Bufo valhallae ) . The species is only known from the holotype from the island . Due to heavy forestation on the island , the survival of the species is uncertain . = = Sabang International Regatta = = Sabang International Regatta was held on September 13 to 25 , 2011 . The participants were expected from Australia , United States , England , Germany , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand and Hong Kong . = = Tourism = = Weh Island is small island and some beaches can be visited in one day only by rental vehicles , because there are no public transport there . Anoi Itam Beach with its black sandy beach is a half @-@ hour drive from Balohan Port . With small fee , visitor can enter Anoi Itam Resort with beautiful scenery . Gapang Beach is 17 miles ( 27 km ) from Sabang or one hour drive and covinience for backpackers with modest culinary stalls and accommodations , however has a dive resort . Iboih Beach , 5 km ( 3 mi ) from Gapang Beach is the busiest beach in Weh Island and is cheaper than Gapang Beach . The white sandy beach itself is only 150 metres ( 492 ft ) long , yet it is considered a paradise for backpackers because Rubiah Island is directly offshore from it . = Battle of Mauropotamos = The Battle of Mauropotamos ( Greek : Μάχη τοῦ Μαυροποτάμου ) was fought in 844 , between the armies of the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate , at Mauropotamos ( either in northern Bithynia or in Cappadocia ) . After a failed Byzantine attempt to recover the Emirate of Crete in the previous year , the Abbasids launched a raid into Asia Minor . The Byzantine regent , Theoktistos , headed the army that went to meet the invasion but was heavily defeated , and many of his officers defected to the Arabs . Internal unrest prevented the Abbasids from exploiting their victory , however . A truce and a prisoner exchange were consequently agreed in 845 , followed by a six @-@ year cessation of hostilities , as both powers focused their attention elsewhere . = = Background = = Following the restoration of the veneration of icons in March 843 , the Byzantine Empire 's government , headed by the Empress @-@ regent Theodora and the logothetes Theoktistos , embarked on a sustained assault on the Byzantines ' main political and ideological foe , the Abbasid Caliphate and its dependencies . This aggressive stance was on the one hand facilitated by the internal stability that the end of the Iconoclasm controversy brought , and on the other encouraged by a desire to vindicate the new policy through military victories against the Muslims . The first such campaign , an attempted reconquest of the Emirate of Crete led by Theoktistos in person , made initial gains , but ultimately ended in disaster . After scoring a victory over the Arabs in Crete , Theoktistos learned of a rumour that Theodora intended to name a new emperor , possibly her brother Bardas . Theoktistos hurried back to Constantinople , where he discovered that the rumour was false , but in his absence , the Byzantine army in Crete was routed by the Arabs . = = Battle = = In 844 , according to Byzantine sources , Theoktistos learned of an Arab invasion of Byzantine Asia Minor , led by a certain ' Amr , probably the semi @-@ autonomous emir of Malatya , Umar al @-@ Aqta . The Arab sources do not make explicit mention of this campaign . The Russian scholar Alexander Vasiliev , however , identified it with an expedition recorded in the poems of Abu Tammam and Buhturi , which was led by general Abu Sa 'id and took place during the regency of Theodora . Umar al @-@ Aqta 's participation is likely , as he often aided the Abbasids in their raids against the Byzantines . According to Arab accounts , the troops led by Abu Sa 'id comprised men from the border emirates of Qaliqala ( Erzurum ) and Tarsus . The Arab forces united at Ardandun ( possibly the border fort of Rhodandos ) before raiding through the Byzantine themes of Cappadocia , Anatolikon , Boukellarion , and Opsikion . Sa 'id 's troops sacked Dorylaion and even reached the shore of the Bosporus . Theoktistos led the Byzantine army in against the invaders , but was heavily defeated at Mauropotamos ( " Black River " ) . The location of the latter , if indeed it is a river and not a simple toponym , is disputed ; it was most likely a tributary of the Sangarius in Bithynia or of the Halys in Cappadocia . Not only did the Byzantines suffer heavy casualties , but many senior Byzantine officials defected to the Arabs . Theoktistos returned to Constantinople , where he blamed Bardas for the recent defeats and had him exiled from the capital . = = Aftermath = = The Abbasids were unable to exploit their success due to the internal instability of the Caliphate . Likewise , the Byzantines preferred to focus their strength against the ongoing conquest of Sicily by the Aghlabids . Thus , a Byzantine embassy was sent to Baghdad in 845 , which was warmly received . The Abbasids reciprocated with an embassy to Constantinople , where the two states agreed on a truce and a prisoner exchange , which was held at the river Lamos on 16 September 845 . A winter raid by the Arab governor of Tarsus shortly after failed disastrously , after which the Arab @-@ Byzantine frontier remained quiet for six years . = Biscayne National Park = Biscayne National Park is a U.S. National Park located in southern Florida , south of Miami . The park preserves Biscayne Bay and its offshore barrier reefs . Ninety @-@ five percent of the park is water , and the shore of the bay is the location of an extensive mangrove forest . The park covers 172 @,@ 971 acres ( 69 @,@ 999 ha ) and includes Elliott Key , the park 's largest island and first of the true Florida Keys , formed from fossilized coral reef . The islands farther north in the park are transitional islands of coral and sand . The offshore portion of the park includes the northernmost region of the Florida Reef , one of the largest coral reefs in the world . Biscayne National Park protects four distinct ecosystems : the shoreline mangrove swamp , the shallow waters of Biscayne Bay , the coral limestone keys and the offshore Florida Reef . The shoreline swamps of the mainland and island margins provide a nursery for larval and juvenile fish , molluscs and crustaceans . The bay waters harbor immature and adult fish , seagrass beds , sponges , soft corals , and manatees . The keys are covered with tropical vegetation including endangered cacti and palms , and their beaches provide nesting grounds for endangered sea turtles . Offshore reefs and waters harbor more than 200 species of fish , pelagic birds , whales and hard corals . Sixteen endangered species including Schaus ' swallowtail butterflies , smalltooth sawfish , manatees , and green and hawksbill sea turtles may be observed in the park . Biscayne also has a small population of threatened American crocodiles and a few American alligators . The people of the Glades culture inhabited the Biscayne Bay region as early as 10 @,@ 000 years ago before rising sea levels filled the bay . The Tequesta people occupied the islands and shoreline from about 4 @,@ 000 years before the present to the 16th century , when the Spanish took possession of Florida . Reefs claimed ships from Spanish times through the 20th century , with more than 40 documented wrecks within the park 's boundaries . While the park 's islands were farmed during the 19th and early 20th centuries , their rocky soil and periodic hurricanes made agriculture difficult to sustain . In the early 20th century the islands became secluded destinations for wealthy Miamians who built getaway homes and social clubs . Mark C. Honeywell 's guesthouse on Boca Chita Key was the area 's most elaborate private retreat , featuring a mock lighthouse . The Cocolobo Cay Club was at various times owned by Miami developer Carl G. Fisher , yachtsman Garfield Wood , and President Richard Nixon 's friend Bebe Rebozo , and was visited by four United States presidents . The amphibious community of Stiltsville was established in the 1930s in the shoals of northern Biscayne Bay , taking advantage of its remoteness from land to offer offshore gambling and alcohol during Prohibition . Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , Elliott Key was used as a training ground for infiltrators into Fidel Castro 's Cuba by the Central Intelligence Agency and by Cuban exile groups . Originally proposed for inclusion in Everglades National Park , Biscayne Bay was cut from the proposed park to ensure Everglades ' establishment . It remained undeveloped until the 1960s , when a series of proposals were made to develop the keys in the manner of Miami Beach , and to construct a deepwater seaport for bulk cargo , along with refinery and petrochemical facilities on the mainland shore of Biscayne Bay . Through the 1960s and 1970s , two fossil @-@ fueled power plants and two nuclear power plants were built on the bay shores . A backlash against development led to the 1968 designation of Biscayne National Monument . The preserved area was expanded by its 1980 re @-@ designation as Biscayne National Park . The park is heavily used by boaters , and apart from the park 's visitor center on the mainland , its land and sea areas are accessible only by boat . = = Geography = = Biscayne National Park comprises 172 @,@ 971 acres ( 69 @,@ 999 ha ) in Miami @-@ Dade County in southeast Florida . Extending from just south of Key Biscayne southward to just north of Key Largo , the park includes Soldier Key , the Ragged Keys , Sands Key , Elliott Key , Totten Key and Old Rhodes Key , as well as smaller islands that form the northernmost extension of the Florida Keys . A wide shallow opening in the island chain , located between the Ragged Keys and Key Biscayne just north of the park 's boundary , is called the Safety Valve , as it allows storm surge water to flow out of the bay after the passage of tropical storms . The park 's eastern boundary is the ten @-@ fathom line ( 60 @-@ foot ; 18 m ) of water depth in the Atlantic Ocean on the Florida Reef . The park 's western boundary is a fringe of property on the mainland , extending a few hundred meters inland between Cutler Ridge and Mangrove Point . The only direct mainland access to the park is at the Convoy Point Visitor Center , adjacent to the park headquarters . The southwestern boundary adjoins the Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station and its system of cooling canals . The southern portion of Biscayne Bay extends between Elliott Key and the mainland , transited by the Intracoastal Waterway . The park abuts the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary on the east and south sides of the park and John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park to the south . Only 9 @,@ 075 acres ( 3 @,@ 673 ha ) of the park 's area are on land , with the offshore keys comprising 4 @,@ 250 acres ( 1 @,@ 720 ha ) and mainland mangrove swamps account for the remaining 4 @,@ 825 acres ( 1 @,@ 953 ha ) . As an extension of the Everglades ecosystem , much of the park was originally proposed to be included in Everglades National Park , but was excluded in order to obtain a consensus for the establishment of the Everglades park in 1947 . = = = Geology = = = Biscayne Bay marks the southernmost extent of the Atlantic barrier islands , represented by Key Biscayne , and the northernmost extent of the Florida Keys at Elliott Key . The keys are distinguished from the barrier islands by the coral limestone that extends to the islands ' surface under a thin veneer of topsoil , while the barrier islands are dominated by wave @-@ deposited sands that cover most of the limestones . Biscayne Bay lies between low ridges of oolitic Miami Limestone on the west , forming Cutler Ridge , and the coral @-@ based Key Largo Limestone that underlies Elliott Key and the keys to the south . The Miami Limestone was deposited in turbulent lagoon waters . The Key Largo Limestone is a fossilized coral reef and was formed during the Sangamonian interglacial period of about 75 @,@ 000 to 125 @,@ 000 years ago . The Miami Formation achieved its present form somewhat later , during a glacial period in which the lagoon deposits were consolidated and cemented by fresh water . The Key Largo Limestone is a coarse stone formed from stony corals , between 69 and 200 ft ( 21 and 61 m ) in thickness . As a consequence of their origins as reefs , the beaches of Elliott Key and Old Rhodes Key are rocky . Significant sandy beaches are found only at Sands Key . = = = Hydrology = = = Biscayne Bay is a shallow semi @-@ enclosed lagoon which averages 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) in depth . Both its mainland margins and the keys are covered by mangrove forest . The park includes the southern portion of Biscayne Bay , with areas of thin sediment called " hardbottom " , and vegetated seagrass meadows supporting turtlegrass and shoal grass . As a result of efforts to control water resources in Florida and projects to drain the Everglades during the early and mid @-@ 20th century , water flow into Biscayne Bay has been altered by the construction of canals . These canals channel water from portions of the southeastern Everglades now used for agriculture into the bay . Prior to canal construction , most fresh water inflow came from rain and groundwater , but the canals are now altering the salinity profile of the bay , conveying sediment and pollutants and leading to saltwater intrusion into the Biscayne aquifer . The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan ( CERP ) was established in 2000 to mitigate the effects of human intervention into the natural water flow of the Everglades . Primarily aimed at the restoration of historical patterns of water flow into Everglades National Park , the project will also deal with issues arising from the diversion of water out of the southern Everglades into Biscayne Bay . The Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands Project ( BBCW ) is a CERP component specifically intended to redistribute water flow so that fresh water is introduced gradually through creeks and marshes rather than short , heavy discharges through drainage canals . = = Human history = = = = = Native people = = = Native Americans were present in lower Florida 10 @,@ 000 years ago , when ocean levels were low and Biscayne Bay was comparatively empty of water . Water levels rose from about 4000 years ago and inundated the bay . Archeologists believe that any traces left by the peoples of that era are now submerged ; none now exist on dry lands in the park . The Cutler Fossil Site , just to the west of the park , has yielded evidence of human occupation extending to at least 10000 years before the present . The earliest evidence of human presence in Biscayne dates to about 2500 years before the present , with piles of conch and whelk shells left by the Glades culture . The Glades culture was followed by the Tequesta people , who occupied the shores of Biscayne Bay . The Tequesta were a sedentary community living on fish and other sea life , with no significant agricultural activity . A site on Sands Key has yielded potsherds , worked shells and other artifacts indicating occupation from at latest 1000 AD to about 1650 , after contact was made with Europeans . A total of fifty significant archaeological sites have been identified in the park . = = = Exploration = = = Juan Ponce de León explored the area in 1513 , discovering the Florida Keys and encountering the Tequesta on the mainland . Other Spanish explorers arrived later in the 16th century and Florida came under Spanish rule . The Tequesta were resettled by the then @-@ Spanish government in the Florida Keys , and the South Florida mainland was depopulated . Ponce de León referred to the bay as " Chequescha " after its inhabitants , becoming " Tequesta " by the time of Spanish governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés later in the century . The present name has been attributed to a shipwrecked Basque sailor known as the " Biscaino " or " Viscayno " who lived in the area for a time , or to a more general allusion to the Bay of Biscay . Spanish treasure fleets regularly sailed past the Florida Keys and were often caught in hurricanes . There are 44 documented shipwrecks in the park from the 16th through the 20th centuries . At least two 18th @-@ century Spanish ships were wrecked in the park area . The Spanish galleon Nuestra Senora del Popolo is believed to have been wrecked in park waters in 1733 , though the site has not been found . HMS Fowey was wrecked in 1748 in what is now Legare Anchorage , at some distance from the Fowey Rocks . The discovery of the ship in 1975 resulted in a landmark court case that established the wreck as an archaeological site rather than a salvage site . 43 wrecks are included on the National Register of Historic Places in the Offshore Reefs Archeological District , which extends for 30 mi ( 48 km ) along the seaward side of the Biscayne National Park keys . During the 18th century , Elliott Key was the reputed base of two different pirates , both of whom were called Black Caesar , commemorated by Caesar 's Creek between Elliott and Old Rhodes Key . = = = Settlement and pre @-@ park use = = = The first permanent European settlers in the Miami area did not come until the early 19th century . The first settlements around Biscayne Bay were small farms on Elliott Key growing crops like key limes and pineapples . John James Audubon visited Elliott Key in 1832 . Colonel Robert E. Lee surveyed the area around Biscayne Bay for potential fortification sites in 1849 . At the end of the American Civil War in 1865 , a number of Confederates passed through the area as they were attempting to escape to Cuba . Elliott Key was a brief stopping point for John C. Breckinridge during his flight to Cuba . The former United States vice president , Confederate general and Confederate secretary of war spent two nights in Biscayne Bay on his journey . Few people lived in the park area until 1897 , when Israel Lafayette Jones , an African @-@ American property manager , bought Porgy Key for $ 300 US . The next year Jones bought the adjoining Old Rhodes Key and moved his family there , clearing land to grow limes and pineapples . In 1911 Jones bought 212 @-@ acre ( 86 ha ) Totten Key , which had been used as a pineapple plantation , for a dollar an acre , selling in 1925 for $ 250 @,@ 000 . Before Israel Jones ' death in 1932 the Jones plantations were for a while among the largest lime producers on the Florida east coast . Carl G. Fisher , who was responsible for much of the development of Miami Beach , bought Adams Key , once known as Cocolobo Key , in 1916 and built the Cocolobo Cay Club in 1922 . The two @-@ story club building had ten guest rooms , a dining room , and a separate recreation lodge . Patrons included Warren G. Harding , Albert Fall , T. Coleman du Pont , Harvey Firestone , Jack Dempsey , Charles F. Kettering , Will Rogers and Frank Seiberling . Israel Jones ' sons Lancelot and Arthur dropped out of the lime @-@ growing business after competition from Mexican limes made their business less profitable , and after a series of devastating hurricanes in 1938 they became full @-@ time fishing guides at the Cocolobo Club . The club had declined with the crash of 1929 which cost Fisher his fortune , but was revived by Garfield Wood in 1934 . Among the Joneses ' clients was avid fisherman Herbert Hoover and his family . The Joneses also provided the club with fish , lobster and crabs . Arthur and Lancelot Jones were the second largest landowners and the only permanent residents of the lower Biscayne Bay keys during the 1960s . Wood sold the Cocolobo Cay Club to a group of investors led by Miami banker Bebe Rebozo in 1954 , who renamed it the Coco Lobo Fishing Club . Clients guided by the Joneses included then @-@ senators John F. Kennedy , Lyndon Johnson , Richard Nixon , Herman Talmadge and George Smathers through the 1940s and 1950s . During the Cold War the future park area was used as a training ground for Cuban exiles training for missions in Fidel Castro 's Cuba . Elliott Key in particular was used by the Central Intelligence Agency as a training area in the early 1960s in preparation for Bay of Pigs invasion . The largest facility was Ledbury Lodge , the only hotel ever built on the key . As late as 1988 a group of Cuban exiles were arrested when they tried to use the key for a mock landing . Farther north , exiled Venezuelan president Marcos Pérez Jiménez kept a house on Soldier Key until he was extradited in 1963 . = = = Proposed development = = = As modern communities continued growing in and around Miami , developers looked to southern Dade County for new projects . The undeveloped keys south of Key Biscayne were viewed as prime development territory . Beginning in the 1890s local interests promoted the construction of a causeway to the mainland . One proposal included building a highway linking the Biscayne Bay keys to the Overseas Highway at Key Largo and to the developed barrier islands to the north . At the same time , pressure built to accommodate industrial development in South Florida . This led to competing priorities between those who wished to develop for residential and leisure use and those in favor of industrial and infrastructure development . On December 6 , 1960 , 12 of the 18 area landowners who favored development voted to create the City of Islandia on Elliott Key . The town was incorporated to encourage Dade County to improve access to Elliott Key in particular , which landowners viewed as a potential rival to Miami Beach . The new city lobbied for causeway access and formed a negotiating bloc to attract potential developers . In 1962 an industrial seaport was proposed for the mainland shores of Biscayne Bay , to be known as SeaDade . SeaDade , supported by billionaire shipping magnate Daniel K. Ludwig , would have included an oil refinery . In addition to the physical structures , it would have been necessary to dredge a 40 @-@ foot @-@ deep ( 12 m ) channel through the bay for large ships to access the refinery . The channel would have also required cutting through the coral reef to get to the deep water . In 1963 Florida Power and Light ( FP & L ) announced plans for two new 400 @-@ megawatt oil @-@ fired power plants on undeveloped land at Turkey Point . Many local residents and politicians supported SeaDade because it would have created additional jobs , but a group of early environmentalists thought the costs were too high . They fought against development of the bay and formed the Safe Progress Association . Led by Lloyd Miller , the president of the local chapter of the Izaak Walton League , Miami Herald reporter Juanita Greene , and Art Marshall , the opponents of industrialization proposed the creation of a national park unit that would protect the reefs , islands and bay . After initial skepticism , the park proposal obtained the support of Miami Herald editors , as well as Florida Congressman Dante Fascell and Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr . , and were supported by lobbying efforts by sympathetic businessmen including Herbert Hoover , Jr . One vision of Islandia , supported by land owners , would have connected the northern Florida Keys – from Key Biscayne to Key Largo – with bridges and created new islands using the fill from the SeaDade channel . Although Ludwig 's SeaDade plans were not supported by Miami @-@ area politicians or the state of Florida , Islandia 's supporters continued to lobby for development support . In 1968 , when it appeared the area was about to become a national monument , Islandia supporters bulldozed a highway six lanes wide right down the center of the island , destroying the forest for 7 miles ( 11 km ) . Islandia landowners called it Elliott Key Boulevard , but called it " Spite Highway " privately . It was hoped that since there was so much environmental damage , no one would want it for a national monument . Over time in the near @-@ tropical climate , the forest grew back and now the only significant hiking trail on Elliott Key now follows the path of Elliott Key Boulevard . The oil @-@ fired Turkey Point power stations were completed in 1967 – 68 and experienced immediate problems from the discharge of hot cooling water into Biscayne Bay , where the heat killed marine grasses . In 1964 FP & L announced plans for two 693 MW nuclear reactors at the site , which were expected to compound the cooling water problem . Because of the shallowness of Biscayne Bay , the power stations were projected to consume a significant proportion of the bay 's waters each day for cooling . After extensive negotiations and litigation with both the state and with Ludwig , who owned lands needed for cooling water canals , a closed @-@ loop canal system was built south of the power plants and the nuclear units became operational in the early 1970s . Portions of the present park were used for recreation prior to the park 's establishment . Homestead Bayfront Park , still operated by Miami @-@ Dade County just south of Convoy Point , established a " blacks @-@ only " segregated beach for African @-@ Americans at the present site of the Dante Fascell Visitor Center . The segregated beach operated through the 1950s into the early 1960s before segregated public facilities were abolished . = = = Park establishment and history = = = The earliest proposals for the protection of Biscayne Bay were included in proposals by Everglades National Park advocate Ernest F. Coe , whose proposed Everglades park boundaries included Biscayne Bay , its keys , interior country including what are now Homestead and Florida City , and Key Largo . Biscayne Bay , Key Largo and the adjoining inland extensions were cut from Everglades National Park before its establishment in 1947 . When proposals to develop Elliott Key surfaced in 1960 , Lloyd Miller asked Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall to send a Park Service reconnaissance team to review the Biscayne Bay area for inclusion in the national park system . A favorable report ensued , and with financial help from Herbert Hoover , Jr . , political support was solicited , most notably from Congressman Fascell . A 90 @-@ acre ( 36 ha ) area of Elliott Key was by this time a part of the Dade County park system . The 1966 report noted that the proposed park contained the best remaining areas of tropical forest in Florida and a rare combination of " terrestrial , marine and amphibious life , " as well as significant recreational value . The report found that the most significant virtues of the potential park were " the clear , sparkling waters , marine life , and the submerged lands of Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . Here in shallow water is a veritable wonderland . " President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Public Law 90 @-@ 606 to create Biscayne National Monument on October 18 , 1968 . The monument was expanded in 1974 under Public Law 93 @-@ 477 and expanded again when the monument was redesignated a national park by an act of Congress through Public Law 96 @-@ 287 , effective June 28 , 1980 . The 1980 expansion extended the park almost to Key Biscayne and included Boca Chita Key , the Ragged Keys and the Safety Valve shoal region , together with the corresponding offshore reefs and a substantial portion of central Biscayne Bay The first Islandia property owner to sell land to the National Park Service was Lancelot Jones , together with Katherine Jones , Arthur 's widow . They sold their lands for $ 1 @,@ 272 @,@ 500 , about a third of the potential development value . Jones was given a life estate on 3 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 ha ) at the age of 70 . He visited with park rangers stationed at the former Cocolobo Club , which eventually burned down in 1975 . The other life estate in the park was held by Virginia Tannehill , the widow of Eastern Airlines executive Paul Tannehill . Jones ' house built by Lancelot , his father and his brother , burned down in 1982 . He lived in a two @-@ room shack for the next ten years , riding out hurricanes on Porgy Key , but left his home permanently just before Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . The house was destroyed and Jones remained in Miami until his death in 1997 at 99 years . Deprived of a rationale for existence by the national monument 's establishment , Islandia languished . The hiring of a police chief in 1989 prompted questions from the National Park Service to the Dade County state attorney 's office , headed by Janet Reno . In 1990 Reno 's office determined after investigation that all of the town 's elections were invalid , since the elections were restricted only to landowners , not residents . The town was finally abolished by the Miami @-@ Dade Board of County Commissioners in March 2012 . The impact of Hurricane Andrew on neighboring Homestead Air Force Base caused the Air Force to consider closing the base and conveying it to Miami @-@ Dade County , which was interested in using the base for commercial air traffic as an alternative to Miami International Airport . An environmental impact study concluded that the resulting flight paths over the bay , only 2 mi ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the east , would result in degradation of the park . In 1999 The Air Force prohibited major commercial development at Homestead as a result . The park 's popularity as a destination for boaters has led to a high rate of accidents , some of them fatal . The Columbus Day weekend has been cited as the " most dangerous weekend of the year . " An annual boating regatta in its 57th year in 2012 resulted in six deaths between 2002 and 2011 , with damage to seabeds from vessel groundings and littering . Although official regatta activities take place outside the park , the area of Elliott Key has become a popular destination for some participants . A fifth generating unit fueled by natural gas and oil was added to the Turkey Point generating station in 2007 . In 2009 , Turkey Point was proposed as the site of two new 1117 MW AP1000 nuclear reactors , to be designated Turkey Point 6 and 7 . If built , the new reactors would make Turkey Point one of the largest generating sites in the United States . Other neighboring influences on the bay are the agricultural lands of south Miami @-@ Dade County , a sewage treatment facility on the park boundary at Black Point , and its neighbor , the South Miami @-@ Dade Landfill . = = Activities = = Biscayne National Park operates year @-@ round . Camping is most practical in winter months , when mosquitoes are less troublesome on the keys . Private concessioners provide full day tours in the park that include snorkeling , hiking , paddling and sailing from the park headquarters . Boat excursions to Boca Chita and Adams Key are also available . = = = Recreation = = = Access to the park from the mainland is limited to the immediate vicinity of the Dante Fascell Visitor Center at Convoy Point . All other portions of the park are reachable only by private or concessioner boats . Activities include boating , fishing , kayaking , windsurfing , snorkeling and scuba diving . Miami @-@ Dade County operates four marina parks near the park . Homestead Bayfront Park is directly adjacent to the park headquarters at Convoy Point . Farther south Black Point Park provides access to Adams and Elliott Keys . Matheson Hammock Park is near the north end of the park , and Crandon Park is on Key Biscayne . Although it is a federally designated park , fishing within Biscayne is governed by the state of Florida . Anglers in Biscayne are required to have a Florida recreational saltwater fishing license . Fishing is limited to designated sport fish , spiny lobster , stone crab , blue crab and shrimp . Tropical reef fish may not be collected , nor may sharks , conch , sea urchins and other marine life . Reef life species such as coral and sponges are also protected from collecting by visitors . Additionally , lobstering is prohibited in the Biscayne Bay @-@ Card Sound Lobster Sanctuary , administered by the state of Florida to protect spiny lobster breeding areas , which overlaps much of Biscayne Bay . A private concessioner provides tours from the Park headquarters into the bay and to the keys . Most tours are operated during the peak winter season from January to April . Personal watercraft are prohibited in Biscayne and most other national parks , but other private powerboats and sailboats are permitted . = = = Island facilities = = = Most of Biscayne 's permanent facilities are on the offshore keys . A seasonally staffed ranger station is located on Elliott Key , as well as a campground and 36 boat slips . A single loop trail runs from the harbor to the oceanfront , and a path following the Spite Highway runs the length of the island . Adams Key is a day @-@ use @-@ only area for visitors , although two Park Service residences are on the island . Boca Chita Key is the most @-@ visited island , with a campground and picnic areas . The Boca Chita Lighthouse is occasionally open to visitors when staffing permits . = = = Snorkeling and diving = = = Snorkeling and scuba diving on the offshore reefs are popular activities . The reefs have been the cause of many shipwrecks . A selection of wrecks have been the subjects of ranger @-@ led snorkeling tours and have been organized as the Maritime Heritage Trail , the only underwater archaeological trail in the National Park Service system . The wrecks of the Arratoon Apcar ( sank 1878 ) , Erl King ( 1891 ) , Alicia ( 1905 ) , Lugano ( 1913 ) and Mandalay ( 1966 ) are on the trail together with an unknown wreck from the 1800s and the Fowey Rocks Lighthouse . The Alicia , Erl King and Lugano are relatively deep wrecks , best suited for scuba dives . The Mandalay is at a shallower depth and is especially popular for snorkeling . = = Historical structures = = Although most of Biscayne National Park 's area is water , the islands have a number of protected historical structures and districts . Shipwrecks are also protected within the park , and the park 's offshore waters are a protected historic district . = = = Stiltsville = = = Stiltsville was established by Eddie " Crawfish " Walker in the 1930s as a small community of shacks built on pilings in a shallow section of Biscayne Bay , not far from Key Biscayne . Comprising 27 structures at its height in the 1960s , Stiltsville lost shacks to fires and hurricanes , with only seven surviving in 2012 , none of them dating to the 1960s or earlier . The site was incorporated into Biscayne National Park in 1985 , when the Park Service agreed to honor existing leases until July 1 , 1999 . Hurricane Andrew destroyed most of Stiltsville in 1992 . The Park Service has undertaken to preserve the community , which is now unoccupied . The community is to be administered by a trust and used as accommodation for overnight camping , educational facilities and researchers . = = = Other structures = = = Biscayne National Park includes a number of navigational aids , as well as an ornamental structure built to resemble a lighthouse . The Fowey Rocks Light is a skeleton @-@ frame cast iron structure built in 1878 . Already included within the boundaries of the park , the light was acquired by the Park Service on October 2 , 2012 . The unmanned Pacific Reef Light is about three miles offshore from Elliott Key . The original 1921 structure was replaced in 2000 and its lantern was placed on display in a park in Islamorada . Industrialist Mark C. Honeywell was a Cocolobo Club member who bought Boca Chita Key in 1937 , expanding the facilities to include a small lighthouse . Boca Chita Key was developed with several structures including an imitation lighthouse , built using coral rock and topped with a wire cage resembling a lighthouse lantern , and the end of a jetty on the north side of the key . The key was owned by Honeywell until 1945 . Mark and Olive Honeywell also built a chapel , a guesthouse , seawalls and utility buildings on the island . The Boca Chita Key structures are administered as a cultural landscape , interpreting the area 's use as a retreat for the rich . More modest homesteads include the now @-@ abandoned plantations developed by Israel Jones and his sons , and the Sweeting Homestead on Elliott Key . The frame structures associated with these plantations , together with those of the Cocolobo Cay Club and frame buildings on Boca Chita Key , have been destroyed by fire and hurricanes . = = Ecology = = South Florida is a transitional zone between the Nearctic and Neotropical ecozones , resulting in a wide variety of plant and animal life . The intersection of ecozones brings opportunities for visitors to see species , particularly birds , that are not seen elsewhere in North America . The park includes four distinct ecosystems , each supporting its own flora and fauna . Mangrove swamp , lagoon , island key and offshore reef habitats provide diversity for many species . In this semi @-@ tropical environment , the seasons are differentiated mainly by rainfall . Warm to hot and wet summers bring occasional tropical storms . Though only marginally cooler , the winters tend to be relatively drier . Bay salinity varies accordingly , with lower salinity levels in the wet summer , trending to more fresh water on the west side where new fresh water flows in . Hundreds of species of fish are present in park waters , including more than fifty crustacean species ranging from isopods to giant blue land crabs , about two hundred species of birds and about 27 mammal species , both terrestrial and marine . Molluscs include a variety of bivalves , terrestrial and marine snails , sea hares , sea slugs and two cephalopods , the Caribbean reef octopus and the Caribbean reef squid . The sheltered open waters of the bay and the outlying chain of keys provide resting areas for migrating birds on their way between North American , the Caribbean islands , and South America . Many southbound land birds stop in the fall at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park , just north of the park on Key Biscayne , before venturing across the open waters of Biscayne Bay . Northbound spring migrants do likewise on Elliott Key . Most of the small passerine migrants are warblers , with ovenbirds , palm warblers , American redstarts , common yellowthroats , prairie warblers , worm @-@ eating warblers and black @-@ throated blue warblers accounting for the majority . Migrant raptors include short @-@ tailed hawks , sharp @-@ shinned hawks , merlins , peregrine falcons and swallow @-@ tailed kites , while bald eagles and ospreys nest in the park . Both white @-@ tailed and red @-@ tailed tropicbirds are seen in the park , as are American flamingos , with some of the latter probably escaped captive birds . = = = Shoreline and mangrove swamp = = = The mainland shorelines are dominated by a marshy transitional zone chiefly populated by red mangrove and black mangrove growing from the shallow water , with white mangrove growing farther back from the water 's edge . The trees ' aerial root structure provides a sheltered habitat for crabs , fish and wading birds . The brown waters within the mangrove thickets are nurseries for fish , mollusc and crustacean larvae that require a quiet sheltered environment before the immature animals can disperse into open waters . Mangroves shed leaves at about 2 to 4 short tons per acre ( 4 @.@ 5 to 9 @.@ 0 t / ha ) per year , providing food for fish , worms and crustaceans . Because the carbon in the leaves is sequestered by incorporation into animals , the mangrove swamp is estimated to have two to three times the ability to sequester carbon of terrestrial forests . The mangrove forest on Biscayne Bay is the longest on Florida 's east coast . Shoreline and island mangrove swamps , together with the bay , represent a significant nursery for the marine life of southeast Florida . The salt @-@ tolerant mangrove margin has expanded inland as freshwater flow into the bay has been channelized , replacing freshwater sawgrass marshes . The L @-@ 31E coastal storm surge levee inland of the park 's western boundary has played a significant role in isolating former freshwater marshlands from their water sources . At the same time , tidal water does not reach the interior of the coastal margin , limiting interchange between salt and freshwater ecosystems . Bird life on the shoreline includes yellow @-@ crowned night herons , loggerhead shrikes , prairie warblers and shorebirds . Mangrove cuckoos , a notoriously difficult @-@ to @-@ observe species , may be seen at Convoy Point and Black Point . Biscayne has one of the largest populations of mangrove cuckoos in Florida . The park 's margins are habitat for the threatened American crocodile . The construction of miles of cooling water canals in the marl lands close to the shore behind the Turkey Point power plant , and the canals ' warm waters , have provided a nearly ideal environment for crocodile nesting , making the power plant a nursery for many of those living in the park . Although crocodiles and American alligators both occur in extreme southern Florida , alligators are uncommon in Biscayne , since alligators mainly inhabit fresh waters found farther inland , while crocodiles can live in Biscayne 's somewhat saltier estuarine waters . = = = Bay waters = = = The open waters are inhabited by fishes , molluscs and crustaceans living on sea grasses or who prey on each other . The shallowness of the lagoon makes it suitable habitat for diving birds such as anhinga , cormorants and diving ducks . The bay also provides habitat for juvenile sea animals that have left the shelter of the mangrove belts . Manatees frequent the quiet waters of the bay . The bay has a year @-@ round population of double @-@ crested cormorants . Winter residents include northern gannets , American white pelicans and common loons . The bay also has a resident population of common bottlenose dolphins . Biscayne Bay is a shallow lagoon with little vertical density or salinity gradient due to its lack of depth . Instead of a vertical gradient , the bay shows a horizontal density gradient , with fresh water entering from the drainage canals on the west side and seawater entering through gaps in the keys and through the safety valve section of shoals . Bay salinity reaches a peak in June . Changes in the salinity pattern of the bay have had negative effects on formerly abundant species such as red drum . Biscayne Bay and Florida Bay are major nurseries for red grouper and gray snapper . The bottom of the lagoon hosts sponges and soft corals in places where grasses cannot not grow . Three primary species of seagrass are found in the park : turtlegrass , shoal grass and manatee grass . The endangered Johnson 's seagrass is also found in small quantities in the bay , which is at the southern end of the grass 's range . Roughly 75 percent of the central bay floor is covered by grasses . Scarring of seagrass beds by vessel groundings or propellers is a significant problem . About 200 such incidents are documented each year , with full re @-@ growth requiring up to 15 years . The bay is also affected by commercial shrimp trawling , which is permitted in park waters . The passage of roller @-@ frame trawl nets does not harm grasses , but damages soft corals and sponges . = = = Keys = = = Elliott Key is the largest island in the park , measuring 1 @,@ 650 acres ( 670 ha ) and about 8 @.@ 1 mi ( 13 km ) long by 0 @.@ 62 mi ( 1 km ) wide . Next largest is Old Rhodes Key at 660 acres ( 270 ha ) , then Sands Key 420 acres ( 170 ha ) , Totten Key 380 acres ( 150 ha ) and Little Totten Key at 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , with 37 smaller islands arranged in a north @-@ south line 5 to 8 @.@ 7 mi ( 8 to 14 km ) east of the mainland shoreline . The keys shift from barrier islands with rocky cores in the north to coral rock platforms in the south . All are fringed with mangroves , with subtropical vegetation and hardwood forests in the interiors , including gumbo limbo , mahogany , ironwood , torchwood and satinleaf . Insects include Schaus ' swallowtail , an endangered species , as well as dense clouds of mosquitoes in the wet season , preyed upon by dragonflies . Marsh rabbits and raccoons , together with mice and rats comprise the primary mammalian species . Reptiles include rattlesnakes and a variety of lizards , as well as an occasional crocodile . The keys are a transitional area capable of hosting unexpected birds , often Caribbean species that have strayed near the mainland . The interior of the keys are frequented by warblers and the hawks that prey on them . Coastal zones are habitat for ruddy turnstones and least sandpipers . Gulls and terns include royal terns , laughing gulls and ring @-@ billed gulls , with brown pelicans just offshore . Wilson 's plovers nest on Boca Chita Key , where nesting zones are closed during breeding season . Sea turtles nest on island beaches in the park . Park staff actively assist turtle nesting by removing debris from beaches that might pose an obstacle to adults and hatchlings . Loggerhead turtles are the most common sea turtle species and account for nearly all of the turtle nests in the park . Nest sites are identified by daily morning beach patrols and are protected with mesh screen against the predation by abundant raccoon population . Nest protection efforts have reduced predation from 100 % of nests disturbed per year to no disturbed nests in 2007 , with a more usual average of more than 50 % nest disturbance in most years . In 2012 one undisturbed nest was found and protected , five partially disturbed nests were protected , and one nest was destroyed by predators . The threatened eastern indigo snake is also present on the island . Rare and endangered plant species on the islands include Sargent 's cherry palm and the semaphore prickly @-@ pear cactus ( Consolea corallicola ) . The cactus , which has been described as " near extinction " , has been reduced to about 20 individuals . A colonial population of 570 cacti were found on one island in Biscayne Bay in 2001 , making it the largest known population of semaphore prickly @-@ pear cactus in the world . The only natural population of Sargent 's palm grows on Elliott Key . Fewer than 50 grew on the key in 1991 . Despite efforts to propagate the plant , there are now 16 Sargent 's palms on Elliott Key , with about 123 propagated on Long Key . Two critically endangered butterflies , Schaus ' swallowtail ( Papilio aristodemus ) and the Miami blue , are found in the park , mostly on Elliott Key . In 2012 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS ) authorized a capture and captive breeding program for Schaus ' swallowtail after only five of the butterflies were found by surveyors in the park , down from 35 in 2011 , of a total surveyed Florida population of 41 . The Miami blue was feared to be extinct after Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , but a population was found in 1999 at Bahia Honda Key . Captive breeding produced 25 @,@ 000 Miami blues , some of which have been released on Elliott Key with mixed results . = = = Coral reef and offshore waters = = = Beyond the keys in the Atlantic Ocean the seafloor slopes gradually down before rising in an almost continuous coral reef . The reef , composed of living corals , is inhabited by more than 200 species of fish , as well as molluscs , crustaceans and worms . Every coral species in park waters is considered protected by either federal or state regulations . Coral reefs are estimated to cover about half the area of the park , with about 4000 individual patch reefs and areas of bank @-@ barrier reef . Hundreds of species of hard and soft corals , sea anemones and sponges are found in bay and offshore waters . The coral reefs may themselves be subdivided into the outer reef on the edge of the Florida carbonate platform , the patch reefs between the outer reef and the keys , and the reefs in the shoals on either side of the keys . The offshore reefs are dominated by elkhorn coral to 10 @-@ meter ( 33 ft ) water depth , and staghorn coral below 10 meters . The landward patch reefs are principally composed of boulder star coral and symmetrical brain coral . The island shoal reefs mainly consist of lesser starlet coral and Porites finger corals . Reef environments in Biscayne National Park have seen declines in species richness and diversity across all fish species from 1977 to 1981 to 2006 – 2007 . A sampling program showed declines at all sampling sites . A correlation has been posited between the observed decline in coral reef coverage throughout the Florida Reef tract and the decline in fish species . Declines in populations were noted in both gamefish and in fish species not exposed to fishing pressure . Algal cover has increased as coral has declined , so that coral @-@ dwelling species have decreased while herbivorous fish have increased . Increased overall salinity and changing salinity gradients in Biscayne Bay may also play a role , while polychlorinated biphenyl and mercury contamination have been noted in fish samples . The park 's eastern boundary lies just beyond the rise of the offshore reef at ten @-@ fathom ( 60 @-@ foot ; 18 m ) sea depth . Areas farther offshore are protected within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary , which extends eastward to a boundary corresponding to a depth of 300 fathoms ( 1 @,@ 800 ft ; 550 m ) . The offshore waters harbor brown pelicans , magnificent frigatebirds , brown boobies , particularly around the offshore lights , and pelagic birds such as shearwaters and petrels . Whales in offshore waters are rare , but can include right whales , humpback whales , sperm whales , fin whales and sei whales , all of them endangered . The smalltooth sawfish is similarly rare in park waters and endangered . Threatened coral species include elkhorn and staghorn corals , as well as pillar coral , listed as endangered in Florida . = = = Exotic species = = = More than 50 species of exotic plant have been documented in the park , with almost 20 of those considered to be pest species which may displace native plants and possibly alter the ecological balance . Green iguanas , cane toads , black rats , lionfish , fire ants , oscars and brown basilisk lizards are common in the park . The lionfish ( Pterois volitans and Pterois miles ) is a tropical fish from the Indian @-@ Pacific Ocean area . It is known for its voracious appetite and its ability to establish itself in new waters , rapidly replacing other species . Researchers theorized that the introduction of this species in the park occurred during Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . Sightings in Biscayne Bay at that time were believed to have been from home aquariums that were destroyed during the hurricane , though the researcher who first proposed the theory has since retracted the assertion . More recent lionfish sightings are probably from more established populations in the Florida Keys to the south of the park . Also likely originating from human captivity , Burmese pythons have been observed near the park 's boundary along the mainland . Exotic plant species which pose the highest risk to native plant communities include Brazilian @-@ pepper , torpedo grass , tuberous sword fern , guava and portiatree . = = Climate = = Biscayne 's tropical climate reflects its location in extreme South Florida . Southern Miami @-@ Dade County is classified as tropical savanna in the Köppen @-@ Geiger system . Seasons may be divided into the November – April dry season and the May – October wet season . Dry season temperatures average between 66 and 76 ° F ( 19 and 24 ° C ) with an average monthly rainfall of 2 @.@ 1 inches ( 53 mm ) . Wet season temperatures average between 76 and 85 ° F ( 24 and 29 ° C ) with an average monthly rainfall of 5 @.@ 39 inches ( 137 mm ) . The wet season roughly coincides with hurricane season , with frequent thunderstorms . Like many locations in southern Florida , Biscayne National Park is affected by hurricanes every few years . Most storms require temporary closings and occasional repairs to park facilities . A direct hit by a powerful hurricane can produce severe consequences , primarily by its impact on human interventions in the environment rather than on the natural environment of the park , which is well @-@ adapted to these events . Significant hurricanes to strike Biscayne include storms in 1835 and 1904 , the 1906 Florida Keys hurricane , the 1926 Miami hurricane , the 1929 Bahamas hurricane , the 1935 Labor Day hurricane , the 1935 Yankee hurricane , the 1941 Florida hurricane , the 1945 Southeast Florida hurricane , the 1948 Miami hurricane , Hurricane King in 1950 , Hurricane Donna in 1960 , . Hurricane Cleo in 1964 , and Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . The park can be affected by wave action from more distant tropical storms such as 2012 's Hurricane Sandy , which damaged facilities on Elliott Key . On August 24 , 1992 , Hurricane Andrew came ashore just south of Miami , passing directly across Biscayne National Park with maximum sustained winds of 141 miles per hour ( 227 km / h ) , with gusts to 169 mph ( 272 km / h ) . The storm surge was up to 17 ft ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) above mean sea level . It was a compact Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . Biscayne Bay was affected by bottom scouring and turbidity and with damage to its fringes of mangrove forest . Leakage from damaged boats and marinas polluted the bay with fuel , with discharges continuing for nearly a month after the hurricane 's passage . A commemorative plaque was placed at the Dante Fascell Visitor Center in 2002 to commemorate the human and environmental cost of Andrew , and to celebrate the area 's recovery from the storm 's effects . The inscription reads in part : On Monday , August 24 , 1992 , at 4 : 30 a.m. , the eye wall of Hurricane Andrew passed over this point before striking Homestead and southern Miami @-@ Dade County . The Fowey Rocks light station transmitted weather data with winds peaking at a two @-@ minute wind speed of 127 knots ( 235 km / h ) and a gust to 147 knots ( 272 km / h ) before the station ceased transmitting , presumably due to damage from stronger gusts . The strongest part of the eyewall had not reached Fowey Rocks when it stopped transmitting . Since all park lands are no more than a few feet above sea level , they are vulnerable to rising sea levels . Park Service studies project that much of the park 's land area will be lost in the next two hundred years . Sea level in Biscayne Bay is projected to rise between 3 and 7 inches ( 8 and 18 cm ) by 2030 , and 9 to 24 inches ( 23 to 61 cm ) by 2060 . A sea level rise of 3 to 6 inches ( 8 to 15 cm ) is projected to increase saltwater intrusion into the Biscayne Aquifer . Higher rises will make the southern Everglades a saltwater marsh , altering the ecology of the region . = Cê = cê is an album by Brazilian singer , songwriter , and guitarist Caetano Veloso . Released on 1 September 2006 on Mercury Records , the album took its title from the colloquial Portuguese word meaning you . It was written with Veloso 's band in mind , which was chosen in part by guitarist Pedro Sá. cê received mixed to positive critical commentary ; several critics specifically noted the album 's lyrical focus on human sexuality . = = Title and cover = = The word cê is a shortened version of the Portuguese personal pronoun você , meaning you . Veloso says that cê is a more " colloquial " version of você , used often in everyday speech . When he writes lyrics , Veloso typically writes the word você , but sings cê when performing . The inspiration for the album 's title came when he wrote cê instead of você and thought of it as an appropriate title . Veloso designed the album 's cover himself , as he had done before for three other albums . He went through a long design process in which the cover 's colors , fonts , and text positioning were changed frequently . Veloso chose the color purple for the cover 's background because it is mentioned multiple times in the album itself . = = Band and recording = = Veloso wrote most of the album 's material with its band in mind and played the music as a complete unit with the band . Guitarist and percussionist Pedro Sá had already been confirmed as a participant on the album , and he was invited to pick other musicians for it. cê 's primary recording was completed in two weeks as a result of the extensive rehearsals conducted in the few months prior , and the extended recording process , including the production of rhythm tracks , extended for another six weeks . When asked about the " tightness " of the album 's sound by The Boston Globe 's Siddhartha Mitter , Veloso responded that he had intended for the songs to be realized in this manner and that the young musicians he had hired to work on the album allowed him to do this . = = Lyrics and themes = = cê 's lyrical subject matter received attention from nearly every critic reviewing it , described as " carnal " by New York Times reviewer Nate Chinen . Brazilian music expert Dário Borim Jr. wrote , " Veloso 's disc as a whole displays a plethora of poetic representations and pervasive preoccupation with sex and gloom . " In particular , Borim noted the album 's theme of unconventional sexual roles and Veloso 's uncertainty of his sexual orientation . Concerning the album , Caetano says that cê : resulted from a mutation , from a desire to make a rock album without my name , and then make a samba album ( Zii e Zie , released in 2009 ) . I ended up not doing either one . = = Reception = = cê received a rating of 75 percent on the online review aggregator Metacritic , which corresponds with " generally favorable reviews . " Writing for The New Yorker , music journalist Sasha Frere @-@ Jones described the album as closest to indie rock , compared to Veloso 's previous records — " ' cê ' resists the anodyne charms of Brazilian pop , favoring loud , blocky rhythms more common to American garage bands . " Frere @-@ Jones went on to describe the fluidity of the album , falling very loosely into the rock music genre classification . Ben Ratliff , of The New York Times , noted that cê fell on the " petty end of the emotional spectrum " and that its compositions were raw and unpolished . Allmusic 's Philip Jandovský rated the album with three out of five stars . He wrote that cê , while not poor , lacked the creative spark that is Veloso 's trademark . Conversely , Mallory O 'Donnell of Stylus Magazine , who gave the album an A- rating , saw it as one of Veloso 's better recent works , compared to 2004 's A Foreign Sound , in particular . Village Voice critic Mike Powell also compared cê to A Foreign Sound and noted that cê 's relative simplicity was its " triumph " . cê was awarded the Latin Grammy for Best Singer @-@ Songwriter Album . = = Track listing = = All songs by Caetano Veloso . Outro - 3 : 00 Minhas Lágrimas - 5 : 09 Rocks - 3 : 36 Deusa Urbana - 3 : 46 Waly Salomão - 3 : 24 Não Me Arrependo - 4 : 08 Musa Híbrida - 4 : 21 Odeio - 5 : 58 Homem - 4 : 46 Porquê ? - 3 : 53 Um Sonho - 3 : 23 O Herói - 3 : 44 = = Personnel = = Caetano Veloso – guitar , vocals Pedro Sá – guitar Ricardo Dias Gomes – keyboards , bass guitar Marcello Callado – drums = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = Masroor Rock Cut Temple = The Masroor Rock Cut Temple or Himalayan Pyramid is a complex of temples located in Masroor ( or Masrur ) in Kangra Valley , which is 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from Kangra city in Kangra district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . It is now known as ' Thakurwada ' , meaning " Vaishnavite temples " . It is a complex of monolithic rock cut temples , in shikhara ( raising tower ) style of classical Indian architectural style , dated by art historians to 6 – 8th centuries . Such an architectural style is unique to the northern part of India while there are many places in western and southern India where such rock @-@ cut structures exist at number of locations . There is a lake or pond called Masroor lake in front of this edifice which shows partial reflection of the temples . A legend attributes its construction to the Pandavas of Mahabharata fame who resided here during their " incognito " exile from their kingdom . The temple complex is on a rocky ridge over which an array of monolithic ( made of a single block of stone ) temples have been carved which resemble the monolithic temples of Mahabalipuram , Ellora and Dhamnar caves . The central temple of this complex , called the Thakurdwara , has extensive well crafted carvings . This shrine facing east has idols of Ram , Lakshman and Sita ( made of black @-@ stone ) . = = Location = = The Masroor Rock Cut Temple , also known as Himalayan Pyramid , is a complex of temples located in the rolling topography of the Kangra Valley in the Dehra Gopipur tehsil , in the backdrop of the Dhauladar Range and Beas River valley with geographical coordinates of 30 @.@ 00 ° N 76 @.@ 16 ° E / 30 @.@ 00 ; 76 @.@ 16 . It is located at the highest point of a local hill feature . It is close to Dharmashala , which is about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) away . The temple complex is approachable now from a new 2 @-@ kilometre ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) road built from Pir Bindli near Lunj . There is also a lake or pond called Masroor lake in front of this edifice which shows partial reflection of the temples . = = History = = The temple complex was first identified in 1875 CE on the basis of antiquities found in the Punjab and its subordinate units . Temple is in the village of Masrur , Tehsil Dehra . However , the next published information about the existence of this temple complex was about nearly four decades later in the Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) of 1912 – 13 as travel information of H.L. Shutterleworth , a British explorer , when he was exploring the Himalayas in 1913 . Following this there were many other reports on the art and architecture of this temple complex by other historians . The conservation of the temple complex became the responsibility of ASI from 1914 . The exact period of building this complex is not very clear . It is a puzzle as there are no epigraphic records that ascribe any date for its construction . Considering the huge size of the structures it was believed that the temple was built under major rulers of the area and was not the work of any local chieftains . The area around the temple complex was also known to have many caves and relics indicating large settlements . It has been established by reasoning that during the 8th century kings of Jalandhar moved to Masroor from the plains ( plains of present @-@ day Punjab ) and established their capital here . This is substantiated by the fact that the Gaddis of the lower Kangra district still know this place as Jalandhara or Jalandhars . Further evidence to substantiate this dating is that the Elephant temples ( 600 – 800 ) near Mumbai in Maharashtra depict similar architectural features as the rock @-@ cut temples . The incomplete rock formations seen in the complex indicate that the temples were left unfinished as the capital of Jalandhara was moved to the more secure Kangra fort . The architectural features also suggested the period of " Gupta classicism " thus placing its date to the 8th century . A particular feature of note is the similarity the complex has with the Angkor Wat in Cambodia , a much larger edifice of a later period of the 12th century . This comparison has opened up an issue of further historical research on the aspect of any " regional inter dependencies or cultural exchange as a catalyst in the construction of both the temple complexes " . The opinion of historians is that the temple was built as a dedication to the Shaivite beliefs of Hinduism ( from the large number of Shaivaite images seen on the lintels of the main temple and in other adjoining temples ) . But at some stage during the Middle Ages , there was a shift in the religious beliefs of the rulers and people adopted Vaishnavite beliefs of Hinduism as witnessed by the images of Rama , Lakshmana and Sita deified in the main sanctum sanctorum of the temple complex . During the earthquake of 1905 , there was large scale damage to the temple complex . Substantial part of the temples were damaged resulting in many broken parts seen lying scattered around the temple . Further , the heterogeneous structural compactness of the sandstone rock mass , from which the temples have been carved out , has contributed to the damage . A particular structural part of the temple which is not part of the main monolithic temple complex suffered severe damage to most of its circular columns which resulted in collapse of the mandapa and the roof ( probably made of local timber ) of the structure . = = Legends = = According to a popular legend , the Pandavas of Mahabharata fame resided here during their " incognito " exile from their kingdom and built this temple . During this time , as their identity and location was exposed , they shifted from here . This is said to be the reason for the unfinished part of the temple complex . The pond in front of the complex has a mythical link to Draupadi , the consort of the Pandavas . It is stated that it was built for her exclusive use for ablutions . = = Features = = The Masroor Rock Cut Temple , now known as Thakurwada , meaning " Vaishnavite temples " , is the only such monolithic rock structure built in an improvised form of the Nagara style in northern India ; as otherwise normally Nagara temples are built with brick . This architectural style is unique to the northern part of India while there are many places in western and southern India where such rock @-@ cut structures exist at number of locations . The temple complex is situated on a ridge of sandstone rock exposure which runs in a northwest to south west axis . The middle portion of this rocky ridge , which is at the highest elevation and is prominent , is demarcated by " two transverse and more or less parallel cuttings . " In this portion of the rocky ridge an array of monolithic temples have been carved ( facing an East of NE direction ) ; these temples have strong resemblance to the monolithic temples of Mahabalipuram , Ellora and Dhamnar caves . The central temple in this complex is called the Thakurdwara which has extensive well crafted carvings . This shrine , which faces east , is deified with idols of Rama , Lakshman and Sita ( made of black @-@ stone ) . Overall , the complex consists of 15 shikara ( tower ) temples carved on the rock ridge over a ridge of 159 feet ( 48 m ) length and width of 105 feet ( 32 m ) , with the central of Thakurdwara flanked by seven temples on either side which have carvings only on the outer surfaces . The temple complex , as built , has a well proportioned and complex " cruciform plan " . Overall there are only nine shikharas ( temple towers ) arranged sequentially in an " hierarchical scale " . The central shikhara is the largest and is built above the garbhagriha ( sanctum sanctorum ) , which has nine tiers topped by a decorated amalaka , which at present is seen separated from the shikhara ( following the earthquake of 1905 ) . The Thakurdwara has a huge door which leads to the garbhagriha which has elaborate carvings . The chambers which follow from the entry door are the antarala , mandapa and mukha mandapa ( 28 by 26 @.@ 5 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m × 8 @.@ 1 m ) supported on huge pillars ) . The garbhagriha , in a square plan ( 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) each side ) , has an altar where the deities are deified . The approach to the entrance door of the temple ( prominently decorated ) , is through a steep flight of steps . There is also a stairway on either side of the main temple which leads to the highest part of the shikhara ( rises to a height of 80 feet ( 24 m ) above the floor of the inset ) of the temple complex which provides scenic views all round , particularly of the Dhauladar Range . The intricate sculptural detailing on the doors , jambs , lintels , walls , shikharas , and column capitals on the main shrine and other smaller temples consist of figurines of gods and goddesses such as Shiva , Parvati , Laksmi and Saraswati , and floral designs . In particular , the temple was conceptualized as a tribute to Shiva . There are many lintels which depict scenes of festivals to celebrate the crowning of Shiva , not seen anywhere else in the country . The lintel on the garbagriha of the main shrine shows Shiva 's coronation in a " benign posture " with eyes closed like Buddha . The same type of carving is also seen in the medallion on the shikhara . The lintel carvings also show many divinities including Shiva in the central portion flanked by his sons Ganesha and Kartikeya . The pond in front of the temple facing east , reflects parts of the temple . The construction of the lake is dated to the early 8th century . Its rectangular dimensions are about 25 by 50 metres ( 82 ft × 164 ft ) . The pond has a perennial source of supply as it does not go dry even during the summer season . Many of the fully carved , elegant and graceful statues have been moved out of the complex and are exhibited in the Shimla State Museum . These are 8 such sculptures of Ganesha , Durga , Siva , Surya and Varuna . The architecture of the complex , when viewed during an evening hour , as the sun sets , is an artistic visual treat of a " silhouetted " frozen form of a grief @-@ stricken herd of standing elephants . However , during morning sun light the sculptures , the murals and carvings glow prominently . Apart from the main temple complex , there is a rest house built on the right side over the remaining part of the rocky ridge ; this was built by the Maharaja of Guler , a neighboring state . The rest house is built in a blend of Hindu and Mughal architectural styles with features of arcades and small dome shaped structures . = Vratislav Lokvenc = Vratislav Lokvenc ( born 27 September 1973 ) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a striker . After playing youth football for Náchod and Hradec Králové , he began his senior club career with the latter team . After moving to Sparta Prague he won five league titles and one cup , as well as the 1999 – 2000 league top scorer award . He subsequently played abroad , playing club football in Germany , Austria and Switzerland for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern , VfL Bochum , Red Bull Salzburg , FC Basel and FC Ingolstadt 04 . He retired in 2009 . Lokvenc played international football for the Czech Republic . He played at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup before going on to take part in three major competitions . He made three substitute appearances at Euro 2000 and played in one game at Euro 2004 . His last international tournament was the 2006 World Cup , where he played in two group matches before missing the third through suspension . The Czech Republic did not qualify for the next round of the competition and Lokvenc subsequently retired from international football in 2006 . = = Club career = = = = = Early success = = = Lokvenc was born into a football family ; his father , also named Vratislav Lokvenc , played club football for FK Ústí nad Labem in the second football league of Czechoslovakia and later Náchod . Born in 1973 , Lokvenc started his professional career during the 1992 – 93 season with Hradec Králové , joining Sparta Prague in October 1994 . He featured in the 1995 – 96 UEFA Cup for Sparta , scoring the first goal and providing the pass for the second in a 2 – 1 win against Danish club Silkeborg IF , whereby Sparta qualified on the away goals rule for the second round . He scored a goal shortly after entering the game as a substitute in a first round match of the 1996 – 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup against Austrian side Sturm Graz ; the match finished 2 – 2 . Lokvenc spent six seasons at Sparta Prague , with whom he won five league titles and the 1995 – 96 Czech Cup . In March 2000 , in a match against České Budějovice , Lokvenc scored four times for Sparta as the match finished 4 – 1 . In doing so he became the third player in the Czech era to score four times in the same match , after Josef Obajdin and Robert Vágner . Lokvenc scored twice in the Prague derby match against Slavia Prague in May 2000 , in a 5 – 1 win which secured the league title for Sparta . He was top scorer of the Czech First League in the 1999 – 2000 season with 22 goals , tying the league record , which stood until David Lafata scored 25 goals during the 2011 – 12 season . = = = Germany = = = Lokvenc joined 1 . FC Kaiserslautern of the German Bundesliga in 2000 , agreeing to the move before the 2000 European Championship . Around the same time , a daughter was born to Lokvenc in May 2000 . He scored six goals in an 11 – 1 friendly match win against an amateur side before the start of the season . In December 2000 Lokvenc scored in the UEFA Cup against Rangers , helping his team qualify for the last 16 of the competition . In the following round Kaiserslautern were paired with Slavia Prague ; after the first match had finished goalless , Lokvenc scored the only goal in the second leg of their two @-@ legged tie to eliminate the Czech team . He scored a hat @-@ trick in the 2002 – 03 DFB @-@ Pokal quarter @-@ final against Bochum , a game which finished 3 – 3 but was won by Kaiserslautern after a penalty shoot @-@ out . Lokvenc played in the final of the competition at the end of May 2003 , but his side were beaten 3 – 1 by league winners Bayern Munich as the latter claimed the double . Kaiserslautern announced that Lokvenc would be sold in April 2004 , citing his salary demands as reasons for his sale . He joined VfL Bochum of the Bundesliga in the summer of 2004 , agreeing the transfer before the European Championships . Bochum were relegated from the league after 33 games of the 34 @-@ game season , with Lokvenc scoring his tenth goal of the season in a 2 – 0 win at third placed Stuttgart . = = = Late career = = = Lokvenc signed for Red Bull Salzburg in the summer of 2005 , rejecting offers from Portsmouth and Hertha Berlin . He described his move to Salzburg as " the best transfer of my life " , arriving around the same time as Germany national team players Thomas Linke and Alexander Zickler . Lokvenc only played four league matches in his first season with the club before requiring surgery on an injury to his right knee in November . He returned to the team in May 2006 , taking part in a match for the first time since July 2005 , as he made an appearance as a substitute in a 2 – 1 home loss against Pasching . The club finished the season as league runners @-@ up , behind Austria Vienna . Lokvenc scored his first league goal of the 2006 – 07 Austrian Football Bundesliga in a December match against Altach , levelling the scores as the game finished 1 – 1 . The club went on to win the league in April 2007 with five matches of the season remaining . In October 2007 Lokvenc scored the only goal in Salzburg 's 1 – 0 UEFA Cup first round win against AEK Athens This was not enough for his team to advance , having lost 3 – 0 in the first leg of their two @-@ legged tie . Lokvenc featured less for Salzburg in the 2007 – 08 season , prompting him to join Swiss Super League team Basel on loan in February 2008 for the remainder of the season . He scored in Basel 's 1 – 0 semi @-@ final Swiss Cup victory against Thun . The club went on to win the 2008 league championship title and the 2008 Swiss Cup . Lokvenc returned to Germany in the summer of 2008 , joining Ingolstadt of the 2 . Bundesliga . = = = Post @-@ playing career = = = After finishing his professional playing career , Lokvenc worked as a scout in the Czech Republic and Slovakia for his former team , Basel . He also played football in the amateur Czech Fourth Division for Union Čelákovice . He continued to be physically active after his football career , taking part in the 2010 Prague Half Marathon in the same field as former international teammate Pavel Nedvěd . He was again involved in the Prague Half Marathon in 2015 , taking part in a relay alongside Nedvěd , fellow footballer Tomáš Hübschman and 2014 Miss Czech Republic , Tereza Skoumalová . = = International career = = Lokvenc represented his country at under @-@ 21 level , scoring seven goals in 13 matches between 1993 and 1995 . He first played for the senior Czech national team in 1995 . Lokvenc was part of the Czech Republic squad at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup in Saudi Arabia . He took part as a substitute in the group stage match against United Arab Emirates and started the third place play @-@ off game versus Uruguay , which the Czech Republic won to finish third overall in the tournament . = = = Euro 2000 = = = At Euro 2000 , Lokvenc made a substitute appearance in the Czech Republic 's opening game against the Netherlands , replacing Pavel Nedvěd after 89 minutes as the match resulted in a 1 – 0 win for the Dutch . He replaced Radek Bejbl in the second group match , against France , coming on after 49 minutes in the 2 – 1 loss . Lokvenc appeared in the third group match against Denmark , although due to both teams having lost both of their previous matches , neither team could advance to the next round of the competition . He came on after 79 minutes , replacing Vladimír Šmicer in a 2 – 0 win for his nation . = = = Euro 2004 = = = Lokvenc scored twice as a substitute in a June 2003 qualification match against Moldova , scoring both goals with his head in a 5 – 0 win for his country . He played in one match at Euro 2004 . He started the group match against Germany among a group of players which was described by the BBC as " very much a Czech second string " , but failed to score and was replaced by Milan Baroš after 59 minutes . The Czech Republic won the match , 2 – 1 . = = = 2006 World Cup = = = During the qualification process for the forthcoming World Cup , Lokvenc scored five goals for his country . In a November 2004 match , away at Macedonia , he entered the game in the 76th minute as a substitute for Zdeněk Grygera with the game goalless . He scored the first goal of the game with his head , before Jan Koller made the score 2 – 0 to win the match . In March 2005 , Lokvenc again scored the deciding goal , this time against Finland in Teplice . In a game in which the Czechs had led 3 – 1 , Finland scored twice to level the scores , however Lokvenc made the score 4 – 3 with three minutes remaining . Four days later , Lokvenc scored another goal , heading in a cross from Baroš , in a 4 – 0 away win against Andorra . In June of the same year , Lokvenc scored the first and last goals for his nation in an 8 – 1 home win , also against Andorra . At the 2006 World Cup , Lokvenc replaced the injured Jan Koller as a substitute in the first group match , against the USA . He didn 't score but received a yellow card as his nation won 3 – 0 . He started the second group match , against Ghana , in the absence of fellow strikers Koller and Baroš due to injury . He received another yellow card in the match , which Ghana won 2 – 0 . Due to having received two yellow cards , he was suspended for his country 's final group match , against Italy . The Czech Republic lost to Italy and therefore failed to progress to the next stage of the competition . Lokvenc announced his retirement from international football in September 2006 , becoming the third player from the World Cup team to retire after Karel Poborský and Pavel Nedvěd . He finished his international career with figures of 14 goals in 74 matches . = = Style of play = = Lokvenc was particularly noted for his height , being referred to as a " towering forward " , and having " a similar aerial threat " to international teammate Jan Koller . His strength was noted as another of his assets . = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = Source : = = = International = = = Source : = = = = International goals = = = = Scores and results list the Czech Republic 's goal tally first . = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = Sparta Prague Czech First League : 1994 – 95 , 1996 – 97 , 1997 – 98 , 1998 – 99 , 1999 – 2000 . Czech Cup : 1996 Kaiserslautern DFB @-@ Pokal Runner @-@ up : 2002 – 03 Salzburg Austrian Football Bundesliga : 2006 – 07 ; Runner @-@ up : 2005 – 06 Basel Swiss Super League : 2007 – 08 Swiss Cup : 2007 – 08 = = = Country = = = Czech Republic FIFA Confederations Cup : Third place 1997 = = = Individual = = = Top scorer of the Czech First League : 1999 – 2000 = Fionna and Cake = " Fionna and Cake " is the ninth episode of the third season of the American animated television series Adventure Time . The episode was written and storyboarded by Adam Muto and Rebecca Sugar , from a story by Mark Banker , Kent Osborne , Patrick McHale , and series creator Pendleton Ward . It originally aired on Cartoon Network on September 5 , 2011 . The series follows the adventures of Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . In this episode , Finn and Jake are forced to listen to The Ice King 's fanfiction about the gender @-@ swapped Fionna ( voiced by Madeleine Martin ) and Cake the cat ( voiced by Roz Ryan ) . In his story , Fionna goes on a date with Prince Gumball ( voiced by Neil Patrick Harris ) and fights the evil Ice Queen ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) . The concept of Fionna and Cake was based on sketches that series ' character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri made . Ward was pleased with her creations , and decided to canonize them . Originally , the episode did not feature the Ice Queen at all , and the middle part of the episode saw Fionna go on a date with Gumball to a restaurant ; this subsequently changed . The episode was watched by 3 @.@ 315 million people , making it — at the time — the most @-@ watched episode of the series . " Fionna and Cake " received largely positive reviews from fans and critics alike . Two sequels to the episode — " Bad Little Boy " and " The Prince Who Wanted Everything " — were produced during the show 's fifth and sixth season , respectively . = = Plot = = Fionna and Cake are helping Prince Gumball decorate for the Biennial Gumball Ball when Gumball asks Fionna if she would like to go to it tonight with him . Their conversation is interrupted when the Ice Queen breaks into the castle and	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
accommodate local traffic . A year later in 1876 , the Bristol & Exeter was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway , which took over services . Broad @-@ gauge trains ceased operation on 20 May 1892 . = = Second station = = The station was reopened by the Great Western Railway in 1926 , now called Long Ashton Platform ; Ashton by then was the name of a station on the Teign Valley Line in Devon . Again , the exact date of opening is disputed : most sources state 12 July 1926 , but some say 20 September the same year . It was located on the same site as the first station . The station was a basic halt , and had two 400 × 10 feet ( 121 @.@ 9 × 3 @.@ 0 m ) platforms . A corrugated iron shelter and lamp hut were provided on the westbound platform , and a small booking office was present on the road to the platform . The estimated cost of construction was £ 1 @,@ 930 . The station was renamed Long Ashton on 23 September 1929 , and closed on 6 October 1941 . There is now no trace of it left , and the site is now partly under the A370 Long Ashton Bypass causeway . = = Future = = Plans were submitted in 2010 to reopen the station as part of the University of Bristol 's Fenswood Farm development , which , if granted planning permission , will comprise some 1 @,@ 200 houses , businesses and a school spread over 35 hectares ( 86 acres ) . The new station would be up to 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of the original location . The University notes that there is positive support for the station , but that it alone cannot guarantee its construction . Long Ashton parish councillor Anthony Butcher opposes the development , but supports the reopening of the station . The station could be reopened as part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme , a rail transport plan approved in July 2012 which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area . The Bristol to Exeter Line through Long Ashton is not currently electrified . The 21st @-@ century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line will see the line from London to Bristol electrified , but electrification will not extend beyond Bristol to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing to Weston , as does Member of Parliament for Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare John Penrose . = Whitney Russell = Whitney Russell is a fictional character in the American television soap opera Passions , which aired on NBC from 1999 to 2007 and on DirecTV in 2007 – 08 . Passions followed the romantic and supernatural adventures in the fictional , coastal , New England town of Harmony . The role of Witney was created by the soap 's creator and head writer James E. Reilly ; the character was portrayed by Brook Kerr from the series ' debut on July 5 , 1999 , to September 7 , 2007 . In 2005 , Sidne Siobhan Phillips portrayed the character in flashbacks . Whitney is a mamber of Passions ' Russell family ; she is introduced as the eldest daughter of Eve Russell and T.C. Russell , and the sister of Simone Russell . The character is primarily shown as a confidant to Theresa Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald Crane but her later storylines focus on her romance with Chad Harris @-@ Crane and the possibility they may be engaging in an incestuous relationship . Following Chad 's death , she leaves Harmony to raise her children Miles Harris @-@ Crane and his unnamed sibling in New Orleans with the support of her father and sister . Kerr 's performance was praised by critics ; she was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series at the 39th NAACP Image Awards . She was also nomiated for the 2005 Soap Opera Digest Awards ' Outstanding Younger Lead Actress , and with co @-@ stars Lindsay Hartley and Justin Hartley for the Favorite Triangle award . = = Development = = = = = Background = = = Whitney Russell is one of the 25 original contract cast members created by the program 's co @-@ creator James E. Reilly . In the series , the residents of the fictional , coastal , New England town of Harmony struggle with romantic and familial issues while also contending with supernatural threats . Sheraton Kalouria , senior vice president of NBC ’ s daytime programming , said Whitney and the Russell family were created and casted in an attempt to build characters " as diverse as the U.S. " and to set the show apart from other soap operas . He added the show ’ s racially diverse ensemble represented by " the African American Russells and the Hispanic Lopez @-@ Fitzgeralds " reflects " its truly color @-@ blind storytelling " . Each member of the Russell family was designed to be " an integral part of the show " in an attempt to avoid creating token characters . Rodney Van Johnson , who plays the family 's patriarch T.C. Russell , later said in an interview with Jet : We are the only daytime drama with a full African @-@ American family . The Russells have a key role in the community . There aren 't just a flash in the pan . The storylines are heavy . The show has received a huge response from the African @-@ American community for that reason . = = = Casting and characterization = = = Passions ' casting director Jacklynn Briskey originally rejected 29 @-@ year @-@ old Brook Kerr for the role of Whitney Russell , believing she would look too mature to play a teenager . Despite the rejection , Kerr 's husband Christopher Warren sent in his wife 's head shots into the network and she was hired to play the character . Kerr later described the week of auditioning and two screen tests to be formally cast in the role as " very fast for me " . Kerr described Whitney as initially being " so goal @-@ oriented " and without a sense of balance . Dana Block from Tulsa World described Whitney as " the good girl daughter ... who didn 't concern herself with much else " . While discussing her portrayal of the character , Kerr said , " I was always the sensible one , the friend everyone could count on , always doing what I should " . She said her scenes with love interest Chad Harris @-@ Crane allowed her to explore more of Whitney 's independence and described her portrayal of Whitney 's guilt and confusion at the possibility of Chad being her half @-@ brother and giving birth to his child as allowing her to act the character in new and different ways . Whitney 's storylines with Chad received mixed responses from other Passions cast members . Charles Divins , who was one of the two actors portraying Chad , said the characters ' tumultuous romance met viewers ' expectations for a soap opera and added , " People watch soaps as an escape . People need drama . Whether you love it or hate it , people will talk about it . ” Near the end of the show , Tracey Ross , who portrayed Russell family matriach Eve Russell , stated " I was never crazy about the incest storyline with Whitney and Chad " . = = Storylines = = Whitney Russell 's early appearances focus on helping her childhood friend Theresa Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald with her relationship with attorney Ethan Winthrop and her rivalry with Gwen Winthrop . Whitney is initially portrayed as constantly looking up to her parents Eve and T.C. Russell for guidance , and devoting her life to tennis and school at their insistence . She is unaware of her mother 's past drug abuse , and relationship and child with Julian Crane . Whitney briefly dates private detective Frank Lomax , but their relationship rapidly deteriorates when she discovers he was hired to report Theresa for stalking Ethan . Shortly after the break @-@ up , Whitney meets and falls in love with Chad Harris but he becomes involved in a relationship with her sister Simone . Eve discourages Whitney from pursuing a relationship with Chad , fearing he will be a bad influence on her daughter in the same way Julian was on her teenage self . T.C. disapproves of Whitney having relationships that will distract her from tennis . Whitney 's relationship with Chad is complicated by Simone 's crush on him . Whitney and Chad keep their romantic and sexual encounters secret for years while he pretends to be in love with Simone . The love triangle continues until Simone catches Whitney kissing Chad . Simone publicly breaks up with Chad and tells everyone in Harmony about his relationship with Whitney . During 2003 , Whitney 's connection with Chad steadily unravels after the discovery of his marriage to Latoya Harris and her attempt to murder Whitney . In 2004 , Eve 's vengeful adoptive sister Liz Sanbourne arranges for Eve 's past relationship with Julian to be exposed to the Russell family and the rest of Harmony , resulting in Chad being erroneously identified as their son . The possible incestuous implications of Whitney 's relationship with Chad serves as her primary storyline on the soap opera . Whitney initially rejects her mother for hiding her past with Julian , but they reconnect by singing at the Blue Note , a local jazz club . Whitney briefly considers pursuing a career in music and frequently sings at the Blue Note . Vocalist Jania Foxworth was selected as Whitney 's singing voice ; Kerr lip @-@ synchronized during her scenes . When the possibility Chad could be Eve 's son is revealed , Whitney discovers she is pregnant with Chad 's child ( would later be known as Miles Harris @-@ Crane ) and initially keeps her pregnancy secret . Whitney initiates a relationship with Fox Crane to insinuate he is the father of her unborn child and to protect herself and her child from the stigma of incest . She originally plans to drug and rape Fox to make the cover story believable , but could not complete her plans because they conflict with her moral and ethical beliefs . The couple eventually have consensual sex and Fox identifies himself as the father of her baby . While Fox helps search for Theresa 's missing daughter Jane Winthrop , Whitney persuades him to leave her with his power of attorney . On March 23 , 2005 , she gives birth to a son and immediately uses Fox 's power of attorney to put him up for adoption . Two couples — Julian and Eve , and T.C. and Liz — compete to adopt the boy but Chad is awarded custody of the child . He attempts to use the child to reconnect with Whitney . Whitney and Chad name their baby Miles Davis Harris after jazz musician Miles Davis . The storyline escalates during the earthquake and tsunami in the show 's 2005 summertime extravaganza . Whitney has sex with Chad in the middle of the tsunami and admits to Chad he is Miles 's biological father . Fox overhears her confessions and ends his relationship with her . Whitney is overwhelmed by guilt and shame by the assumption of committing incest ; she joins a convent to become closer to God and prepares to take holy orders . At the convent , she is manipulated by Alistair Crane , who is disguised as a messenger of God as part of his scheme to steal a chalice from the Pope 's private chambers and take over the world . Identified as the Vendetta plot , the show 's 2006 summertime extravaganza centers on Alistair luring Whitney , Chad , and several other residents of Harmony to Rome . While in Rome , Chad is given his birth certificate by tabloid editor JT Cornell and discovers he was conceived during Alistair 's rape of Liz . Following the revelation of his true paternity , Chad restarts his relationship with Whitney and they decide to raise their son together . On December 26 , 2006 , Whitney marries Chad and takes his last name , becoming known as Whitney Russell Harris @-@ Crane . Unbeknown to Whitney , Chad previously began a sexual relationship with the tabloid reporter Vincent Clarkson and continues the affair after their reunion and wedding . Chad is unaware Vincent is actually his half @-@ brother because he is Eve and Julian 's child . Whitney becomes increasingly suspicious of Chad 's fidelity after discovering she is pregnant with their second child . Vincent arranges for Whitney to catch him having sex with Chad in a gay bar , causing her to file for divorce . The estranged couple start to reconcile as they try to help Theresa and Ethan reunite , but the possibility of a union is cut short when Alistair kills Chad on August 28 , 2007 ; Chad dies while professing his love for Whitney and their children . As a result of Alistair 's actions , Whitney chooses to delete Crane from her name and asks to be known as Mrs. Harris . After saying goodbye to Theresa and Eve , Whitney leaves Harmony and moves to New Orleans to live with her sister and son . T.C. is later said to have moved there to help her . On January 2 , 2008 , Whitney contacts police chief Sam Bennett to say she is willing to testify at Alistair 's murder trial . This proves unnecessary when Viki Chatsworth kills Alistair . On July 16 , 2008 , a letter from Simone to her friend Kay Bennett discloses that Whitney has given birth to her child ; the exact date of birth , and the child 's gender and name are never revealed . Trever Kimball of TVSeriesFinale.com reported Kerr 's exit was a result of the cut in costs during the show 's transition to DirecTV . The show 's budget was reduced by " a reported $ 4 @-@ to- $ 5 million " to secure the renewal on a new network . = = Reception = = Kerr was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series at the 39th NAACP Image Awards for her portrayal of Whitney . She was also nominated for Outstanding Younger Lead Actress , and alongside co @-@ stars Lindsay and Justin Hartley for the Favorite Triangle award at the 2005 Soap Opera Digest Awards . The exact nature of Whitney 's relationship with Chad attracted frequent speculation from media outlets and fans . The incest storyline led media outlets to sensationalize Harmony as the place where " half @-@ siblings sleep with one another " . An article in Soap Opera Digest listed the 2006 revelation that Whitney and Chad were not related by blood as one of Passions ' most shocking secrets . = Red or Black ? = Red or Black ? is a British television game show which was broadcast on ITV between 3 September 2011 and 29 September 2012 . Presented by Ant & Dec and developed by Simon Cowell , Red or Black ? is the most expensive game show in television history , with a £ 15 million budget . In each round , contestants choose red or black , with those that choose the incorrect colour being eliminated . During the first series , four finalists guessed the colour correctly in the final round and became millionaires . Over 100 @,@ 000 members of the public applied to be on the show , with the numbers being reduced down to a different final eight contestants per live show each night for seven nights . Whilst most rounds varied , there were two standard rounds in each live final ; " Duel " where the final two contestants went head to head , and the final round where the winner chose a colour on a giant wheel similar to that used in roulette . Celebrities including Jedward , David Hasselhoff and One Direction were involved in the rounds of the show where contestants must choose either red or black in order to pass to the next round , while the show has filmed on locations such as Battersea Power Station and the set of Coronation Street . Red or Black ? was commissioned for a second series , which featured the format having been revamped significantly . While the first series featured six pre @-@ recorded rounds in several different locations and four live rounds , the second series featured six pre @-@ recorded rounds that take place in either the Red or Black ? Arena or in the studio . Celebrities such as Carol Vorderman , Jonathan Ross and Little Mix were involved in the rounds for this series . The show is a joint production between Syco TV and ITV Studios , and was initially broadcast on ITV nightly over the course of seven nights from Saturday to the following Saturday , with the exception of the Tuesday night . The show also featured several Syco @-@ related music acts . Sponsorship for the first series was initially targeted at National Lottery operator Camelot Group , but eventually went with Jackpotjoy owner Gamesys and Domino 's Pizza . The second series was sponsored by controversial loans site wonga.com. In the week where the first series of Red or Black ? aired , ITV gained a much larger audience share than it had in the week directly previous , where it had been beaten by BBC One on six out of seven nights . Despite this , reviews of the first series were universally negative , and additional criticism was leveled at the show when it was discovered that Nathan Hageman , the first winner of the £ 1m prize , had a criminal record . The Sun began a campaign calling for Hageman to return the money , but he was eventually allowed to keep it . It did , however , lead to ITV dropping three other contestants from the show , with at least one withdrawn because of their criminal record . This was also a major factor in the pre @-@ recording of series 2 . = = Production = = An initial pilot of the show was ordered in 2003 by ITV , from production company FremantleMedia , and was commissioned by Claudia Rosencrantz , who was the controller of entertainment at ITV at the time . It was presented by Brian Conley , but was not broadcast ; a series was not produced . Rosencrantz spoke of the pilot in 2011 , " I didn 't believe people would like to see someone win a vast sum of money , with no skills at all involved . Second , gambling is not a spectator sport , you get an adrenaline rush from participating in it . " Richard Holloway , who worked with FremantleMedia at the time of producing the pilot , said , " It was a novel idea , you could win a million pounds eventually , I was surprised it didn 't go to series . " Rosencrantz left ITV in 2006 , and there has been a significant turnover in staff since the pilot was originally put together . The show was launched by ITV and Syco at the Millennium Hotel Mayfair , London , on 3 May 2011 . The initial recruitment phase for contestants lasted until 13 May . The updated format was conceived by Simon Cowell , who said that it was inspired by roulette and the story of Ashley Revell , who had bet his entire life savings on " red " in a roulette game in Las Vegas . It is the most expensive game show in history , costing in the region of £ 15m , at around £ 1.5m per episode . ITV 's director of entertainment and comedy , Elaine Bedell , was contacted by Cowell , " This being Simon this was at 1.30am , but even then it was quite a compelling idea " . When later talking about the £ 1m prize on offer each night , Cowell said , " It 's expensive if you have to give away a million every night but we have insurance for that . " Being a co – production between Syco TV and ITV Studios , Cowell began planning for international versions straight away , saying , " I 'd love to take it around the world . I think the concept works . If it succeeds it will travel . We 've got interest in America already . " Some Syco @-@ managed acts appeared on the show , including Leona Lewis on the first episode . Domino 's Pizza was announced as the primary sponsor of the show in June 2011 , in a deal worth £ 1m . It had previously been the sponsor of Britain 's Got Talent for three years . National Lottery operator Camelot Group were originally sought after to be the primary sponsors , but did not go ahead . A Camelot spokesperson said , " We were approached by Syco and worked with them and ITV on the Red or Black ? concept . However , after discussions , we didn 't reach an agreement on the venture . " ITV also signed deals with Jackpotjoy owner Gamesys to produce pay to play games for their website on an exclusive basis . Social TV company Monterosa were contracted to create a game that could be played by viewers online whilst watching the show , also allowing viewers to compete with their Facebook friends . Achievement badges could be unlocked by players , and if they managed to get through all ten rounds correctly , then they were awarded entry into the Red or Black ? Millionaire 's Club , normally reserved for those competitors who won the prize money themselves . Cowell stated in an interview during the broadcast week of the first series that he hoped a second series would go ahead , and that he had received three separate approaches from the United States to create an American version . Peter Fincham , ITV 's chief programmer , said in October 2011 that Red or Black ? would only be recommissioned for a second series if some changes were made to the format . Series 2 of Red or Black ? was announced by Ant & Dec on 30 March 2012 during a radio appearance on The Chris Moyles Show . In order to reduce production costs , a new game was also introduced to replace the roulette wheel , which is called " The Vortex " . In this game , the last contestant remaining must predict how long a ball will take to descend a ' mini velodrome ' . If a contestant wins , he or she will receive a rolling jackpot starting at £ 500 @,@ 000 . This increases by £ 500 @,@ 000 for the next show if the jackpot is not won . Series 2 was sponsored by wonga.com and is completely pre @-@ recorded . = = Series 1 = = = = = Format = = = Each episode of series 1 of Red or Black ? consisted of 10 rounds ; in each round , the player had to choose either red or black , with those who choose incorrectly being eliminated . The rounds are split into three stages . The first is an arena stage , which is recorded at Wembley Arena . The winning contestants move onto the location stage , where the numbers are eventually reduced down to the final eight . Those eight then go forward to the live studio final , where they are reduced down to the final competitor , who has a chance to play for the £ 1m prize . The first series was broadcast over seven nights in September 2011 , running over the course of a week , except for the Tuesday night , from Saturday to the following Saturday . Over 100 @,@ 000 people applied to compete in the show . In the penultimate round , " Duel " , a video wall displayed a disc split into eight sections , numbered 1 @-@ 8 . Before the round started , an independent adjudicator randomised which sections were coloured red or black , with each colour having four sections ; this choice was hidden to the contestants . A random player chose their colour , while the other player took the remaining colour . Each player then took it in turns to choose a number , with the corresponding section being revealed to the players and the audience . The first player to have all four of their sections revealed progressed to the final round . The final game was a giant modified roulette wheel split into 36 alternately coloured sections ( 18 red and 18 black ) , awarding a £ 1m prize if the player chose the correct colour . Red or Black ? made its first millionaire in the first show , with bricklayer Nathan Hageman , from Reading , winning on red . The following night the second millionaire was made , with carer Kevin Cartwright also winning on red . Two further millionaires , Darren Thompson and Gary Brocklesby , were made during the series . = = = = Rounds = = = = Rounds included golfers Rory McIlroy and Lee Westwood , who were attempting to hit a gong in the middle of a lake from a distance of 100 yards ( 91 m ) near Eastnor Castle , Herefordshire ; Jedward being launched in zorbing balls from JCBs ; and boxers Amir Khan and David Haye competing in a round called " Shadowboxing " . Location filming has taken place on the set of Coronation Street , where there was an issue with a round called " Fit to Burst " featuring actresses Michelle Keegan and Samia Smith who were spinning a wheel in order to burst balloons on a spike . Keegan won the round for her colour , but was subsequently disqualified for taking her hand off the wheel 's handle , resulting in Smith winning for black . Other locations have included Alnwick Castle , Northumberland , and Battersea Power Station , where David Hasselhoff was fired into the air on a reverse bungee . = = = Episodes = = = The coloured backgrounds denote the result of each of the shows : – indicates the contestant won the whole show and chose the right colour in the final round and won £ 1 million . – indicates the contestant won the whole show but chose the wrong colour in the final round . = = Series 2 = = = = = Format = = = In series 2 , the format consists of six rounds with eight contestants . This time , they do not have to choose their colour prior to the start of a round and can hold their nerve . In each of the first three rounds , the eight contestants watch a series of stunts , sporting challenges or performances . They 'll then use their judgement to predict the outcome or have their powers of observation tested . Either way , the contestants must strike their buzzer and pick either red or black . The first game takes place in the Red or Black ? arena and subsequent games are held in the studio . After the first three rounds , the four players with the highest scores will move on to Part 2 . If a tie occurs , the two or more players will play a tiebreaker round , " Power Bar " , to decide who will move onto the second show . The four remaining contestants participate in the next round , which involves celebrities ( often singers ) . Then , the final two players will move on to the " Duel " , played as it was during the first series , with the exception that the randomisation of each segment 's colours is now shown briefly before being covered ; and the game board now consists of 10 segments instead of 8 . The competing pair will have to memorise the position of the jumbled up segments , then take it in turns to find their colour . The first to have all five of their colour revealed is the winner and advances to the new final round , " The Vortex " . The Vortex is " a true test of skill , nerve and judgment " . It consists of a " mini velodrome " which flashes between red and black at a constant rate . The aim is to watch the sequence and adjust the power of the launcher , which will fire a ball into The Vortex . If the balls lands in the End Zone in the contestant 's chosen colour , they win the jackpot ( starting at ₤ 500 @,@ 000 ) , or else it will increase by ₤ 500 @,@ 000 for the next show . = = = = Rounds = = = = Notes ^ Note 1 : ' Spell Check ' featured Jonathan Ross and Carol Vorderman as participants ^ Note 2 : ' Roses ' featured a dance performance by Derek Hough and Peta Murgatroyd ^ Note 3 : ' Spin @-@ off ' featured Rizzle Kicks ' performance of " Down with the Trumpets " ^ Note 4 : ' Speed Darts ' was played by Adrian Lewis and Phil Taylor = = = Episodes = = = The coloured backgrounds denote the result of each of the shows : – indicates the contestant won the whole show , chose the right colour in the final round and won the Jackpot . – indicates the contestant won the whole show but chose the wrong colour in the final round . – indicates a decision was reversed regarding the final round . * Chris 's loss on the Vortex was reversed after a review of a smaller camera underneath the Vortex that showed the ball dropping and landing milliseconds before the change in colour to red , thus the money was awarded to him - also note that the rollover still stood . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = = = = = Series 1 = = = = In the week prior to the launch of Red or Black ? , ITV had slipped behind Channel 5 in the ratings on the Sunday night while BBC One had nearly three times the audience share of the ITV channel . While the lead was not as large on the remainder of the evenings , BBC One still beat ITV every night on the overall primetime audience share , except for Thursday night . Red or Black ? launched on Saturday 3 September 2011 , with 6 @.@ 41 million viewers , giving the show a 29 @.@ 8 % share of the market between 7pm and 8 : 15pm , beating the Doctor Who episode " Night Terrors " into second place with 5.54m. It returned later in the night with 6.93m. However the episode of The X Factor broadcast between the two episodes received a much higher number of viewers , attracting 10.51m. The second set of episodes , broadcast on the following night , showed a drop in ratings down to 4.47m for the first episode , and 5.55m for the second . The first episode of the night was beaten by an episode of Countryfile , which commanded 5.62m , while the second was beaten by another BBC show , Inspector George Gently , which attracted 6.47m. The third pair of episodes , on the Monday evening , showed the series regaining some ground , with the first episode moving back up to 5.02m , and gaining a larger share of the market during its timeslot than any other channel . The second episode had lower ratings for the first time , with 4.99m , seeing it beaten by an episode of New Tricks on BBC One . After a break on the Tuesday evening , the show returned on Wednesday whilst averaging 4.65m for the first show of the evening , a 21 % audience share which was larger than anything else in its timeslot . The second episode broadcast at 9 : 30pm , with 4.46m , an 18 @.@ 7 % share which was beaten by an episode of BBC One 's Who Do You Think You Are ? on Emilia Fox which commanded 5 @.@ 39 million viewers . Ratings continued to decline on the Thursday evening shows , with both shows being viewed by fewer than four million viewers for the first time , 3.81m and 3.86m respectively , seeing the first show being beaten by BBC One 's Watchdog which gained 5.23m in the 8pm slot . The sixth set of episodes also stayed below the 4 million mark , but in an evening that saw ITV beat BBC One 's audience share in the evening by 19 @.@ 6 % to 19 % , including the earlier episode of Red of Black ? gaining 3.8m viewers , while the later show was viewed by slightly more with 3.9m. However , in direct competition with the later show was BBC One 's Would I Lie to You ? which had slightly more viewers , with 4m tuning in . On the return of Red or Black ? to Saturday night , the show climbed above 4 million for the first time in three days , to 4.63m for the first show and then up to 5.67m for the second . This enabled ITV to beat BBC One in the primetime ratings overall , by 23 @.@ 3 % to 21 % , even though the first episode of series 8 of Strictly Come Dancing was broadcast on BBC . However Red or Black ? individually placed behind both Strictly and Doctor Who , with the overnights for the BBC shows being 7 @.@ 6 and 6 @.@ 0 million , respectively . Overall through the week the main ITV channel had a higher share of the ratings during primetime than BBC One on five out of the seven occasions , a turnaround from the previous week where it only won on a single evening . = = = = Series 2 = = = = On 11 – 12 August 2012 , the Saturday and Sunday prior to the launch of the second series of Red or Black ? , ITV suffered the worst weekend in its 57 @-@ year history due to BBC One 's coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics ; it was beaten to second place in the primetime league tables by BBC Three for the first time ever and the only ITV programme on 11 August that was one of the channel 's 30 most watched in the week 6 – 12 August 2012 was the ITV News at Ten . The Olympics closing ceremony the following night gave BBC One more than 20 times the audience share of ITV . While the lead was nowhere near as large on the remainder of the evenings , BBC One still beat ITV every night on the overall primetime audience share , except for Thursday night . Red or Black ? launched its second series on 18 August 2012 , with 3 @.@ 25 million viewers , giving the show a 19 @.@ 6 % share of the market between 7pm and 8 : 15pm ; it was beaten in its timeslot by a showing of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , which gained 4m on BBC One . It returned later in the night with 3.59m. The episode of The X Factor broadcast between the two episodes received a higher number of viewers , attracting 8.08m. The second set of episodes , broadcast the week after , saw a small rise in viewers with 3.42m for the first episode , and 3.70m for the second . In the third week , it got 3.30m for the first episode and 3.06m for the second . Week four brought in 3.17m for the first episode and 3.63m for the second . 3.29m people tuned in for week five 's first episode and 3.25m for the second episode . Week six produced 3.39m for the first episode and 3.23m for the second . The final set of shows produced 3.23m and 2.84m viewers for the first and second episodes , respectively . = = = Media response = = = Christopher Hooton , writing for the Metro , chose the show as one of his four weekend picks prior to the first episode . However , Rachel Tarley , writing for the same newspaper , later compared the show to It 's a Knockout , but described the contestants as " morons " and said the show " marks a new era in Syco 's lazy , sinister attempts to make money from a hopelessly stupid viewing public " . Jim Shelley , of the Daily Mirror , described Red or Black ? as " mess " , and described the stunts as " dull " ; Kevin O 'Sullivan , also at the Mirror , described the show as a " sausage factory of sob stories " ; while Ken Smith , of The Herald , described it as the " dullest show of the week " . After the fourth episode , Jan Moir of The Daily Mail reviewed the show , describing it as a " spin of a wheel away from total disaster " , and calling the appearances of Simon Cowell related music acts a " blatant plugfest " . Overall , Moir described the show " overblown and immoral nonsense " . Jonathan Liew , of The Daily Telegraph , requested that readers stopped watching the show , whilst describing it as " so devoid of intellect that it actually sucks nearby intelligence into its vortex . This is , without exaggeration or embellishment , an abominably stupid television programme . " Readers of UKGameshows.com named it the worst new game show of 2011 in their " Hall of shame " poll . On 26 October 2012 , Richard Osman , writing for The Guardian , named Red or Black ? among four of UK TV 's worst ever gameshows . During the airing of the first show , Twitter users complained that finalist Angel McKenzie had made it through , as she was previously a housemate during Big Brother 10 in 2009 . However , McKenzie 's appearance was overshadowed by stories relating to £ 1 million winner Nathan Hageman , as it was revealed that he had a criminal background ; it was initially reported that he had served a five @-@ year sentence for breaking into a man 's house and assaulting him , but it was later revealed by The Sun that he had in fact been convicted of attacking an ex – girlfriend . This led to the newspaper and Labour MP Hazel Blears calling for Hageman to be stripped of his prize money . ITV had conducted a CRB check on each finalist towards the end of July , over a month prior to the first live show . When later discussing the incident , Simon Cowell said , " I 'm not in a position to force anyone to do anything . Once he got through that 's why he got the money , that 's his own conscience what he decides to do with it . " Following the media frenzy about details of Hageman 's offence , two contestants that had not yet appeared on the show were removed by ITV . It was revealed that one had failed to disclose that he had a criminal record during the application process , while information on the second contestant was withheld . A third contestant was subsequently removed by ITV . Each contestant was from a different night , with the first removed on the programme aired 7 September ; however footage pre – filmed revealed his identity . One of the three contestants removed , Ryan Keating , was later interviewed by The People , which revealed that he received a 12 – month community order and £ 50 fine in 2008 after he got into a drunken altercation with his wife . He argued that he should not have been removed from the show , saying that he " was honest with them from the outset . I 've been totally on the level . They 've stitched me up because they were scared of the headlines – but it 's total double standards . " The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights group , complained after the show was found to have spray painted a number of sheep red and black for a sheep herding round at Roundhay Park in Leeds . A PETA representative told the Daily Star : " Subjecting these shy sensitive animals to long periods of restraint in order to spray them with potentially noxious chemicals will also be stressful and frightening for them . " ITV replied that the paint was non @-@ toxic , saying " While the animals may have looked quite dramatic in their new colours , they did not come to any harm " . = = Transmissions = = = = = Awards and nominations = = = = = International versions = = The first international version of Red or Black ? was the Ukrainian version Червоне або чорне ? ( Chervone abo chorne ? ) . It is based on the original British version , with 1 @,@ 000 contenders at the beginning of the show . The first episode aired on 10 November 2012 on Inter with a top prize of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ₴ . The Italian version of the show is entitled " Red or Black - Tutto o Niente " and is being aired on television channel Rai 1 . This show was based on the second British version , with eight contenders competing against each other . The first episode aired on 22 February 2013 . = Fort Henry Bridge = The Fort Henry Bridge is a crossing of the Ohio River main channel in Wheeling , West Virginia . The tied @-@ arch bridge carries two lanes in each direction of Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) , U.S. Route 40 ( US 40 ) , and US 250 . The bridge opened after four years of construction work on September 8 , 1955 , costing $ 6 @.@ 8 million , $ 1 @.@ 8 million over budget . The bridge , along with the aging Wheeling Suspension Bridge , are the only two road links from Wheeling Island to downtown Wheeling . In 2009 , the structure carried an average of over 60 @,@ 000 vehicles per day . = = Description = = The 1 @,@ 660 @-@ foot ( 510 m ) long tied @-@ arch bridge carries four lanes of concurrent highways I @-@ 70 , US 40 and US 250 over the main channel of the Ohio River between Wheeling Island and downtown Wheeling , West Virginia . The bridge is the easternmost portion of a 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) long chain of elevated structures spanning Wheeling Creek in Ohio , the Ohio River back channel , Wheeling Island , and the main channel . To the east of the bridge after an interchange in downtown Wheeling , I @-@ 70 and US 250 enter the Wheeling Tunnel . Besides the Wheeling Suspension Bridge , the Fort Henry Bridge is the only fixed connection from Wheeling Island to mainland West Virginia . The bridge is named after Fort Henry , which in turn was named after Patrick Henry , the governor of Virginia Territory at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Truck traffic is prohibited from using the Wheeling Suspension Bridge and must take the Fort Henry Bridge to cross between downtown Wheeling and Wheeling Island . The bridge is owned and maintained by the State of West Virginia . Every year , the West Virginia Department of Transportation ( WVDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , WVDOT calculated that 60 @,@ 070 vehicles used the Fort Henry Bridge over the main channel of the Ohio River . This represents a 334 percent increase in traffic from 1956 , the first year traffic data was published , when 18 @,@ 000 vehicles used the bridge . = = History = = Contracts to build the Fort Henry Bridge were let to the American Bridge Company , a subsidiary of U.S. Steel , and Dravo Corporation of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Costing $ 6 @.@ 8 million , $ 1 @.@ 8 million over budget , and taking four years to complete , the Fort Henry Bridge opened to traffic on September 8 , 1955 after a ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony with then @-@ governor William C. Marland in front of a crowd of 55 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 people . The bridge earned an Honorable Mention in 1955 from the National Steel Bridge Alliance , a part of the American Institute of Steel Construction , which recognizes the best steel bridges of the year . At the time of construction , the bridge was only the second tied @-@ arch bridge across the Ohio River . The bridge was originally named the Ninth Street Bridge , and was designed to relieve traffic on the National Road 's Wheeling Suspension Bridge . The roadway as originally opened carried four lanes with a 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) median between each direction . During the first years of the bridge it carried US 40 and US 250 from Wheeling Island over the Ohio River main channel . In 1957 plans to add an Interstate Highway designation to the bridge were formed , with the Interstate 70 designation added by 1966 . The bridge underwent a renovation in 1990 which included replacement of its bridge deck . The bridge , along with the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge and the Wheeling Suspension bridge were all closed in January 2005 , stopping any traffic from Ohio or Wheeling Island from entering mainland West Virginia for an hour due to barges breaking loose during heavy flooding along the Ohio River . = Lips Are Movin = " Lips Are Movin " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor . It was co @-@ written and produced by Kevin Kadish , and was released by Epic Records on October 21 , 2014 , as the second single from Trainor 's fourth studio album Title ( 2015 ) . " Dear Future Husband " and " Title " were both originally considered for receiving a single release , but " Lips Are Movin " was later announced in October 2014 , along with the unveiling of the official single artwork for the song , and was serviced to radio stations in the same month . " Lips Are Movin " is a bubblegum pop , doo @-@ wop and R & B song ; it has wry lyrics about a philandering , untruthful man . Comparing it to Trainor 's previous single " All About That Bass " , critics stated that " Lips Are Movin " elevated Trainor from a one @-@ hit wonder to a successful pop act . " Lips Are Movin " was a commercial success , becoming Trainor 's second consecutive single to reach the top five in Australia , the United Kingdom , and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at numbers three , two , and four , respectively . It also reached the top ten in several European countries , including Austria , Spain , Germany , and the Netherlands . The music video for " Lips Are Movin " was directed by Philip Andelman and commissioned by Hewlett @-@ Packard . Being a portrayal of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes events during a music video shoot , the video features dancers including Les Twins and Chachi Gonzales . Following its release on November 19 , 2014 , the video received 2 @.@ 5 million views on YouTube in two days and received positive reviews praising its imagery . Trainor has performed " Lips Are Movin " live on several shows , including Today , The Voice , and Dancing with the Stars . It was also performed during Trainor 's That Bass Tour ( 2015 ) and MTrain Tour ( 2015 ) . = = Production and release = = " Lips Are Movin " is a bubblegum pop , doo @-@ wop and R & B song . It uses a half @-@ sung , half @-@ rapped format and a retro @-@ soul melody with a beat and a percussion @-@ heavy arrangement . VH1 described it as " a feisty , upbeat track " that " has some spunky lyrics " . According to James Cowan of Canadian Business , the song " shares the same girl @-@ group @-@ influenced harmonies , wry lyrics and candy palette " of its predecessor , " All About That Bass " . Musically , " Lips Are Movin " was likened to Christina Aguilera 's " Candyman " ( 2007 ) by Carl Smith of Sugarscape.com. The song 's tempo is 139 beats per minute . It is composed in the key G major ; Trainor 's vocals span the tonal nodes F3 to B5 . The song 's chord progression is G – Am – C – G. The song 's lyrics are about a philandering , untruthful man ; they include , " if your lips are movin ' , then you 're lyin ' , lyin ' , lyin , babe " . It was reportedly written in eight minutes by Kevin Kadish and Meghan Trainor and produced by the former . On October 14 , 2014 , the song 's artwork and a full @-@ length low @-@ quality audio were leaked online . The same day , it was announced that " Lips Are Movin " would be officially released to contemporary hit radio in the U.S. on October 21 , 2014 , as Trainor 's second single , canceling the originally intended radio release of " Title " . The song was offered as a " first listen " on Shazam and the official audio premiered on MTV News the following day . The song garnered radio play from three monitored stations the same day , six days before the track 's impact date . The song was released as a download on the same date in Austria , Germany , and Switzerland . It was later released worldwide — except in the United Kingdom — as an " instant grat " promotion from the pre @-@ order of Title , In the United Kingdom , the song was released as a download on January 18 , 2015 . = = Critical reception = = Critics compared it to Trainor 's previous single , " All About That Bass " . Christina Garibaldi of MTV News referred to " Lips Are Movin " as a catchy ladies ' anthem . 4Music 's Jessica Lever called it " another pop classic " , and said , " with the same sass as her debut song , we 're sure this one 's also going to rock the music world " . Billboard said " Lips Are Movin " " is definitely in the same vein as ' All About That Bass , ' which spells great things for the song ... " . Megan Friedman of Seventeen enjoyed the song 's references to its predecessor , saying , " when you need a pick @-@ me @-@ up song to help you brush off the haters , you can count on Meghan Trainor " . Some reviewers noted that the song made Trainor from a one @-@ hit wonder to a successful pop artist : one of them included Brian Mansfield of USA Today , who called it much better than " All About That Bass " , and Stefan Kyriazis of the Daily Express . Sarah Lipoff of PopSugar ranked " Lips Are Movin " as the ninth @-@ best song of 2014 . In more mixed opinions , Ben Rayner of the Toronto Star said " Lips Are Movin " is " whitewashed into a fairly anodyne mush ... the hip @-@ hop bump and plush basslines that intrude ... are pure cosmetic window dressing " . Nolan Feeney of Time said the track sounded too similar to its predecessor ; she wrote , " From its retro sound to its handclaps and post @-@ chorus chant , ' Lips Are Movin ' seems designed to milk the success of [ Trainor 's ] breakout hit " . Slant Magazine 's Alexa Camp compared " Lips Are Movin " to its predecessor , writing that it " strictly adheres to the same beat sheet as its predecessor ( doo @-@ wop throwback , girl @-@ group harmonies , bubblegum @-@ pop hooks ) " . = = Chart performance = = " Lips Are Movin " debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 issued for November 8 , 2014 . The song became the " Most Added " in the Mainstream Top 40 format that week . It reached number 50 in its third week on the chart . On December 10 , 2014 , " Lips Are Movin " rose from 13 to eight . Its increase was aided by an eight – five position ( two % ) rise on Digital Songs ( 110 @,@ 000 copies ) , 13 – seven position ( 20 % ) rise on Streaming Songs ( 7 @.@ 8 million streams ) , and a 44 – 36 ( 26 % ) rise on Radio Songs ( 36 million radio audience ) charts . " Lips Are Movin " peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Trainor 's second consecutive top @-@ five hit in the U.S. , and peaked at number four on the Mainstream Top 40 chart . The single peaked at number seven on the Canadian Hot 100 , and at number five on that country 's Digital Songs chart . " Lips Are Movin " debuted at number seven on the Australian Singles Chart on November 9 , 2014 , peaked at number three the following week , and spent 11 weeks in the chart 's top ten . It was Trainor 's second consecutive top @-@ three single in Australia , and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 140 @,@ 000 copies . " Lips Are Movin " entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 30 on November 10 , 2014 . It reached number eight in its sixth week and peaked at number five , becoming Trainor 's third consecutive top @-@ ten hit in that country . In the U.K. , the song rose from number 50 to number two on January 25 , 2015 , but was blocked from the top spot by Mark Ronson 's song " Uptown Funk " . " Lips Are Movin " debuted at number 96 on the Irish Singles Chart issued for November 20 , 2014 , and peaked at number five on the chart dated January 29 , 2015 . In Germany , the song peaked at number ten , becoming her second top @-@ ten song there , and was certified gold for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . Elsewhere in Europe , " Lips Are Movin " peaked within the top @-@ ten in Austria , the Czech Republic , the Netherlands , and Spain , and peaked at number three on Billboard 's Euro Digital Songs . In France , the song peaked at number 154 . = = Music video = = = = = Background and concept = = = The accompanying music video for " Lips Are Movin " was filmed in Los Angeles and was directed by Philip Andelman . It premiered on Trainor 's Vevo account on November 19 , 2014 . Trainor told MTV News , " Here 's me being sassy and other people dancing with me and having just a good time and trying to get through this feeling of , Ugh he 's cheating on me again " . The video was commissioned by information technology corporation Hewlett @-@ Packard . It features several " influencers " — actors , dancers and set designers with large social media followings . The influencers featured in the video include set designer Bri Emery ; actors Marcus Johns , Cody Johns , and Robby Ayala ; dancers Les Twins ; Spanish stylist Sara Escudero ; hair stylist Kristin Ess ; Japanese nail artist Mei Kawajiri ; American dancer Chachi Gonzales ; and Pomeranian dog Barkley the Pom . Andelman suggested showcasing behind @-@ the @-@ scenes events occurring during a music @-@ video shoot , which was used as the video 's theme . Trainor 's team asked 180LA to develop the look of the " All About That Bass " music video without straying too far from it . = = = Synopsis = = = In the song 's music video , Trainor sings into a red microphone in front of a pastel blue wall ; she is sometimes flanked by backup dancers and television screens . Lips are used as a motif throughout the video ; they appear as closeups of Trainor 's mouth and as a large drawing of lips used as a backdrop . Yahoo ! Music writer Lyndsey Parker compared the video to the poster for The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Trainor wears lip @-@ shaped earrings and sunglasses in the video , and is seen reclining on a lip @-@ shaped sofa . Parker compared the sofa in the video to the sofas used in the American television program So You Think You Can Dance . The video 's set changes constantly ; props are lifted on @-@ and @-@ off screen by workers throughout the clip . = = = Reception = = = The music video received over 2 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 YouTube views in less than two days . Billboard writer Andrew Hampp said its production was a " historic milestone in the realm of YouTube creators " . Cowan of Canadian Business said , " Cynics will view this as a decidedly stodgy brand trying to make itself hip by hanging out with cool kids . But a less @-@ jaded eye might call it something else — arts patronage for the 21st century " . Writing for music website Idolator , Bradley Stern called the video a " squeaky @-@ clean visual , " and praised its bright and colorful imagery , while Daily Express writer Stefan Kyriazis called it " red hot " . Mike Pell of MTV UK wrote that the clip continued the bubbly , bright themes of Trainor 's " All About That Bass " video , and that the singer 's sequinned kitty top resembled one Katy Perry wore for the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards . Yahoo ! writer Lyndsey Parker praised Trainor 's fashion in the video ; she said it " seems to be an unofficial campaign to land her own M.A.C. Viva Glam endorsement deal " . Fuse 's Hilary Hughes wrote that the video was a bold and sassy sentiment , and that its style shift from " All About That Bass " " definitely made a statement " . Hughes described the video 's dance routine as " fierce " ; she called it " a super @-@ meta technicolor dance party " . Mashable 's Brian Anthony Hernandez wrote , " The visuals are what you would expect from a bouncy pop song : young dancers , colorful backgrounds , quirky outfits and exaggerated expressions " . = = Live performances = = Trainor performed " Lips Are Movin " live on NBC 's The Today Show on November 5 , 2014 . She then performed the song in New York during the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade on November 27 , 2014 . Trainor performed a medley of " Lips Are Movin " and " All About That Bass " on the final episode of the nineteenth season of the American reality television series Dancing with the Stars . In December 2014 , Trainor performed the song as part of her set for the Jingle Ball Tour 2014 and during the final episode of the seventh season of the American reality television series The Voice . On January 15 , 2015 , Trainor performed an acoustic rendition of " Lips Are Movin " on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . The song appears on the set list of Trainor 's 2015 tours That Bass Tour and MTrain Tour . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . = = Radio and release history = = = Boletus rubroflammeus = Boletus rubroflammeus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae . First described from Michigan in 1971 , it is found in the eastern United States and Mexico , where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with hardwood trees . The fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) of the fungus have caps that are deep red to purplish red , and dark red pores . The stem has coarse , dark red reticulations ( raised , net @-@ like ridges ) and a narrow yellow area at the top . All parts of the mushroom quickly stain blue when injured or cut . Lookalikes include Boletus flammans , a lighter @-@ colored species that grows with conifers . Other similar species can be distinguished by differences in distribution , morphology , staining reaction , and microscopic characteristics . Boletus rubroflammeus mushrooms are poisonous , and can cause gastrointestinal distress if consumed . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described by American mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers in their 1978 monograph on the boletes of Michigan . The type collection was made by Smith near Ann Arbor , and is stored at the University of Michigan Herbarium . The specific epithet rubroflammeus derives from the Latin words ruber ( " red " ) and flammeus ( " flaming " ) . = = Description = = The shape of the cap of B. rubroflammeus is convex to broadly convex , and reaches a diameter of 6 – 12 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 – 4 @.@ 7 in ) . The margin of the cap extends slightly beyond the tubes . The cap surface is dry and initially appears appressed @-@ fibrillose ( with fibrils pressed down flat against the surface ) or has a matted grayish tomentum , but later the hairs slough off and the matted tomentum is present only along the cap margin . In maturity , the center of the caps develop slight cracks . The cap is a deep vinaceous @-@ red color that remains constant throughout the life of the fruit bodies . The flesh is thick , soft , and yellow . Its taste is mild , and it has no distinct odor . On the underside of the cap , the spore @-@ bearing surface comprises vertically arranged minute tubes with pore @-@ like openings . The tubes are yellow , 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) deep , initially adnate ( fused ) to the stem , but later becoming free from attachment ( or nearly so ) . Individual pores are round and small ( about 2 per mm ) , while the overall pore surface is uneven or pitted . Its color is initially deep red , but fades slightly in maturity ; the pore surface quickly turns blue with injury . The stem is 6 – 8 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 1 in ) long , 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) thick , solid ( i.e. , not hollow ) , and equal in width throughout to club @-@ shaped . Inside , it is yellowish with reddish streaks . Most of the stem surface is covered with coarse dark red reticulations , although near the top the color is yellow beneath the reticulations . All parts of the mushroom will quickly stain blue when cut , bruised , or otherwise injured . The mushroom is poisonous , and if consumed can cause gastrointestinal distress ; typical symptoms include cramping , nausea , bloating , vomiting , and diarrhea . Boletus rubroflammeus produces an olive @-@ brown spore print . The spores are smooth , roughly oblong to slightly ventricose ( swollen ) in face view , in profile view inequilateral , and have dimensions of 10 – 14 by 4 – 5 μm . Spores have a broad and shallow suprahilar depression ( a depressed area on the dorsal side of the spore that was once attached to the sterigma ) . They are yellowish hyaline ( translucent ) in Melzer 's reagent , and pale yellow @-@ orange when mounted in a solution of potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are club @-@ shaped with a long pedicel ( stalk ) , four @-@ spored , and measure 30 – 40 by 8 – 9 μm . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the tube faces ) are rare to scattered , 28 – 37 by 9 – 15 μm , fusoid ( somewhat spindle @-@ shaped ) to ventricose , and have a somewhat sharp tip . Cheilocystidia ( cystidia on gill edges ) are abundant , 18 – 35 by 5 – 9 μm , and roughly similar in shape to the pleurocystidia . When mounted in KOH , the cheilocystidia have a dingy orange @-@ yellow color , and walls that are smooth and thin . The tissue of the tubes is bilateral , meaning that they have a central strand of roughly parallel hyphae from which other hyphae diverge . The central strand comprises interwoven hyphae that are floccose and orange @-@ yellow in KOH ; the diverging hyphae continue into the hymenium to form a subhymenium that contain smooth hyphae measuring 4 – 6 μm wide . The cap has a cuticle consisting of tightly interwoven pressed @-@ down hyphae that are usually 3 – 5 μm wide . The hyphae in the epicuticular zone ( a waxy layer on the surface of the cuticle ) often have fine granular incrustations that can be seen in both KOH and Melzer 's reagent . Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae of B. rubroflammeus . = = = Similar species = = = Distinctive field characteristics used to distinguish Boletus rubroflammeus from similar boletes include the deep purple @-@ red cap and the reticulated stem . B. flammans is similar in appearance , but has a more variable cap color , ranging from dark red to brick @-@ red or reddish @-@ brown , a yellow stem base and less prominently reticulate stem , and it grows under conifers . Rubroboletus rhodosanguineus is also very similar but has more variable cap color with brown to olive tones and its cut flesh has an odor of overripe fruit that intensifies when dry . The European species R. rhodoxanthus has a paler overall color . Another European species , B. permagnificus , has larger spores ( 13 – 16 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 μm ) , weakly decurrent pores , and only associates with oak trees . In addition to its geographic location , the Colombian species B. pyrrhosceles can be distinguished from B. rubroflammeus by its reddish @-@ brown cap ( fading to brownish orange in maturity ) , a brownish @-@ red to deep red stem that is reticulated only at the top , and shallower tubes — up to 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) . B. rhodocarpus , known only from Japan where it grows in deciduous forests , differs primarily in having brownish scales on the cap . = = Habitat and distribution = = Boletus rubroflammeus is a mycorrhizal species , and its fruit bodies grow scattered or in groups on the ground under hardwood trees . The fungus fruits in summer and autumn months , and tends to appear after hot weather and heavy rains . Known only from North America , its range extends from New England south to Tennessee , and west to Michigan . It has also been recorded from Mexico . = Believe in Me ( Bonnie Tyler song ) = " Believe in Me " is a song by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler from her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey ( 2013 ) . American songwriter Desmond Child composed the song with British songwriters Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide . It was released as the lead single from the album by Celtic Swan Recordings on 13 March 2013 . The song was written with the aim to " uplift the world " , and was completed by Child whilst having dinner with Tyler . The song was recorded in the Blackbird Studios , Nashville , Tennessee . The lyrics depict Tyler telling a lover who does not believe in love or religion to just believe in her . " Believe in Me " was selected as the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest entry for the United Kingdom . To comply with the song duration rules , the album version was cut to three minutes and three seconds for radio play and for live performance . The photograph used for the cover art was taken by Tyler 's nephew , Andrew Hopkins . Following the Eurovision Song Contest , the song peaked at No. 93 in the United Kingdom , but did not chart elsewhere . " Believe in Me " received mixed reviews from music critics , and the song was largely blamed for Tyler 's mediocre final score in the Eurovision Song Contest Grand Final . Despite the single 's chart placing and result at Eurovision , both Tyler and the single won categories in the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards ; the first time a UK representative has won in a category in the ESC Radio 's history . = = Background and release = = Tyler had been working on her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey since 2008 . She recorded the album in the Blackbird Studios , Nashville , Tennessee , and released the album on 8 March 2013 in Europe , one day after Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom 's representative at the Eurovision Song Contest . The official release of " Believe in Me " followed a week later , released on 13 March by Celtic Swan Recordings in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and 15 March in Europe . At her appearance on The One Show Tyler explained that the song had already been written before the BBC suggested it as the Eurovision entry when she sent in a demo of Rocks and Honey in to them . The song has also been added to the SingStar store as a karaoke track . A remix single of the song by Blutonium Boy & Matty Menk was released on 13 May by Celtic Swan Recordings . The music video was published on the BBC 's official YouTube channel on 6 March 2013 . The video was shot in East Sussex in a beach hut and on a nearby beach . Alongside the music video film crew there was a second crew that filmed a ' making @-@ of ' video . The BBC published the film in late March . = = Composition = = Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide 's involvement in composing " Believe in Me " is unknown , though when it was announced that the song would represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 , Bonnie Tyler told The Telegraph that Child finished composing the song at dinner . " When I got to Nashville , I was looking for songs around the publishers , and got in touch with Desmond and he said " come up for dinner tomorrow night and I 'll give you some songs . " He 'd already recorded some of these demos , but I said " I really love these two songs . " And he said " But " Believe in Me " isn 't finished yet . I tell you what , come back up for dinner tomorrow night and I 'll finish writing it then , " which is what he did . I 'll never forget that night , we got there and Bob Ezrin was there , the producer of The Wall for Pink Floyd . After dinner [ Child ] wrote the second verse . " Welsh singer Paul Child conducted an interview with Desmond Child in Nashville in April 2013 to discuss his work with Bonnie Tyler , both with " Believe in Me " and in the beginnings when he wrote her hit single " If You Were a Woman " in the 1980s . Paul Child drew similarities between the lyrical and rhythmic structure of " Believe in Me " and the Labelle song " Lady Marmalade " , specifically with the lines " Voulez @-@ vous coucher avec moi ( ce soir ) ? " and " [ ... ] and you laugh at the thought of putting your faith in stuff , like love " . Desmond stated that they ( Child , Christy and Braide ) wanted to write a song that would " uplift the world , and we 're so thrilled that Bonnie sang it and that it got chosen to represent the UK . " = = Critical reception = = Upon its initial release , the song received mixed reviews from music critics . UKMIX described the song as " quite blissful with a smooth vocal delivery and some pretty nice lyrics , " but despite not being able to fault the song , the reviewer was unsure that the song was the right choice for the Eurovision Song Contest and predicted that Tyler would suffer the same criticism that Engelbert Humperdinck received the previous year . Robert Copsey from Digital Spy gave the song two stars out of five , stating that the song is a " polar opposite to the slew of Euro @-@ club bangers entering this year 's contest , " but applaud Tyler for entering the Eurovision Song Contest with the contrasting song . The Guardian held a poll on their website asking the public if they expected Tyler to be successful at Eurovision . The results were fairly even with 46 % predicting that Tyler would win and 54 % voting that they didn 't expect Tyler to win . Ann Gripper from the Daily Mirror described the song as " heartfelt , " and went on to say that Tyler " can still sing . " She criticised the songwriters ' choice of " above " and " stuff " as the first rhyming lyrics , but noted the line " you never see the rainbow , you just curse the rain " as an improvement , and an opportunity to " have some fun with the staging on finals night in Malmo . " Gripper concluded by saying that it " doesn 't get into your head like ( 2012 Sweden winning song ) " Euphoria " , " and stated that unless the staging is " spectacular " , the song won 't be remembered by voting time . = = Eurovision Song Contest 2013 = = Tyler was selected by the BBC to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 . The first rehearsal took place on 12 May , the second on 15 May and the performance in front of the jury on 17 May 2013 . Tyler 's final performance of " Believe in Me " took place on 18 May during the Grand Final , with Anthony Goldsbrough ( guitar and backing vocals ) , Michael Gazzard ( guitar and backing vocals ) , Hayley Sanderson ( guitar and backing vocals ) Kristen Cummings ( keyboards and backing vocals ) and Grant Mugent @-@ Kershaw ( drums ) . The song was staged with Tyler standing by a microphone stand with her backing group before walking down the catwalk onto a rising platform . The song finished in 19th place with points from Ireland ( 7 ) , Malta ( 5 ) , Spain ( 4 ) , Romania ( 3 ) , Switzerland ( 2 ) , Sweden ( 1 ) and Slovenia ( 1 ) , a total of 23 points . = = = Reaction to the Eurovision results = = = Several journalists and singers have made public their views on the song and the result . Irish entrant and three @-@ time winner of Eurovision Johnny Logan complimented Tyler , but argued that the song wasn 't strong enough . He continued , " If you 're going to win Eurovision , to go through some of the incredible voting I 've noticed over the last few years , you have to have something that 's going to stand out above everything else . Otherwise you 're just going to hope to pick up 10 or 11 votes . " Similarly , Nathan Moore agreed that the song was not strong enough , but said " It was a great idea to get Bonnie involved , there 's a lot of love for Bonnie out there . " Mick Dalley ( of Yahoo ! News ) agreed that " although Tyler herself was on form , singing beautifully and rousing the crowd with her podiumed finale , " Believe in Me " was simply not good enough as a song " . 1997 UK winner Katrina Leskanich ( of Katrina and the Waves ) stated that she was underwhelmed by Denmark 's entry , and expected Tyler to have scored higher than she did . British journalist Dave Goodman acknowledged that Tyler 's entry was an improvement on the previous year , though argued that it was a combination of a poor position in the running order and the song that kept the UK from scoring higher . During promotion for Rocks and Honey in France , Bonnie Tyler spoke out against the Eurovision Song Contest 's incidents . After being asked if she believes the contest is rigged , she replied , " I think so . " " The next day after the Eurovision , the Russians were complaining to Azerbaijan , " why didn 't you give us the ten points we paid for ? " Excuse me ! " We paid for ? " Is this a competition ? ... I don 't care about that . We [ United Kingdom ] haven 't won for sixteen years , and I didn 't expect to win . It 's too bad that politics come in to it , it should be a songwriting competition , not who lives next door to you . " The Daily Mail reported that Tyler overheard the conversation of Russians complaining to Azerbaijanis and spread the rumour , though Tyler challenged this and said that she had seen it on Sky News . = = Performances and promotion = = Tyler first performed the song in Berlin , Germany where she featured as a guest on the Rock Meets Classic Tour in February to March 2013 . Tyler was still involved with the tour when it was announced that she would be representing the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in May , and after appearing on The One Show in London , she returned to Germany to begin promoting " Believe in Me " . On 19 April , she stopped off at the Cologne Cathedral and the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Berlin for a photo shoot and unveiled wax figurines of the members of ABBA . On 28 April , the Leute Heute ( German TV show ) film team published a video from visiting Tyler 's house a few weeks before to interview her on her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest . On the same day she also underwent several interviews with media organisations including Digital Spy , The Sun , and the Daily Mail . At mid @-@ day , Tyler was interviewed and then performed an acoustic version of the song on BBC Radio 2 's Weekend Wogan with her Eurovision group . Her final television appearance in the UK was on 3 May , when she performed " Believe in Me " on The Graham Norton Show . After arriving in Malmö on 10 May , Tyler was received positively by the press and by the other Eurovision entrants . Particular support came from Finland 's entrant Krista Siegfrids and Malta 's entrant Gianluca Bezzina . Before the voting concluded , the UK received 2 more points from Switzerland and the Lithuanian spokesperson spoke " I love you , Bonnie Tyler " despite the UK not scoring any Lithuanian votes . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the CD single . = = Chart performance = = On 19 May 2013 , " Believe in Me " scored the highest Eurovision @-@ related new entry on that week 's Top 100 UK Singles Chart , despite finishing 19th in the contest . The song climbed up to No. 86 in the UK mid @-@ week charts following its debut at No. 93 , but dropped out of the Top 100 by the following weekend . = = Track listings and formats = = Germany Maxi CD single " Believe in Me " ( Radio edit ) – 3 : 01 " Believe in Me " ( Album version ) – 3 : 57 " Stubborn " – 3 : 46 UK Digital download " Believe in Me " ( Eurovision edit ) – 3 : 01 = = Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards 2013 = = Eurovision Song Contest Radio is a website that host an international voting poll each year for various awards . Bonnie Tyler won Best Song ( with 12 @.@ 6 % of the vote ) and Best Female Singer ( with 16 @.@ 9 % of the vote ) , and made history as the first representative of the United Kingdom to receive an award from ESC Radio since its initiation in 2006 . = = Release history = = = Königsberg @-@ class cruiser ( 1927 ) = The Königsberg class , sometimes referred to as the K class , was a class of light cruisers of the German Reichsmarine and Kriegsmarine . The class comprised three ships named after German cities : Königsberg , Karlsruhe , and Köln , all built between 1926 and 1930 . These ships were the first of the Reichsmarine with a modern cruiser design ; their predecessor , Emden , was based on World War I @-@ era designs . They were armed with a main battery of nine 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns and with twelve 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes . All three ships of the class were used extensively as training cruisers throughout the 1930s . They went on numerous overseas cruises and participated in the non @-@ intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 – 1939 . After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , the three ships laid defensive minefields in the North Sea . They all saw action in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway , in April 1940 ; Königsberg was damaged by Norwegian coastal guns outside Bergen and sunk by British bombers the following day . Karlsruhe was sunk by the British submarine HMS Truant ; only Köln survived the attack on Norway . After returning to Germany , Köln operated Flettner Fl 282 helicopters as an experiment . She provided gunfire support to German ground forces during Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , and returned to Norway in 1942 . Ultimately , she was sunk in Wilhelmshaven in March 1945 by American bombers . Her guns were still above water , which allowed her to support the defending German army against British ground forces until the final days of the war . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics = = = The ships of the Königsberg class were 169 meters ( 554 ft ) long at the waterline and 174 m ( 571 ft ) long overall . They had a beam of 15 @.@ 2 m ( 50 ft ) and a maximum draft of 6 @.@ 28 m ( 20 @.@ 6 ft ) . They had a design displacement of 6 @,@ 750 metric tons ( 6 @,@ 640 long tons ; 7 @,@ 440 short tons ) and a standard displacement , as defined by the Washington Naval Treaty , of 6 @,@ 000 long tons ( 6 @,@ 100 t ) . They displaced 7 @,@ 700 long tons ( 7 @,@ 800 t ) at full combat load . The ships ' hulls were constructed from longitudinal steel frames and incorporated extensive welding to save weight ; up to 85 percent of the hulls were welded rather than riveted . The hull was divided into nineteen watertight compartments and had a double bottom that extended for 72 percent of the length of the hull . The Königsberg @-@ class cruisers had a standard crew of 21 officers and 493 enlisted men . This later increased to 23 officers and 588 – 591 enlisted men , and during World War II , the crew size rose to between 820 and 850 officers and men . The ships carried a number of smaller vessels , including two picket boats , two barges , two launches , one cutter , and one dinghy . The ships were moderately good sea boats , were very cranky , and suffered from a slight lee helm . They heeled up to twenty degrees with the rudder hard over . They were nevertheless very maneuverable and lost little speed in a head sea . In a hard turn , they lost up to 20 percent speed . In the 1930s , all three members of the class were modified to carry a pair of float planes for reconnaissance . They were equipped with an aircraft catapult to launch the planes and cranes to recover them after they landed in the water . The ships initially carried two Heinkel He 60 biplane float planes , replaced later in the decade with two Arado Ar 196 monoplane float planes . Only one aircraft could be stored on the catapult at a time ; the second plane had to be disassembled and placed in storage , and the ships did not have a hangar to store it in . = = = Machinery = = = Their propulsion system consisted of four steam turbines and a pair of 10 @-@ cylinder four @-@ stroke diesel engines . The turbines were split into three engine rooms , with the diesels in their own rooms directly aft of the turbines . Steam for the turbines was provided by six Marine @-@ type double @-@ ended oil @-@ fired boilers . The engines powered a pair of three @-@ bladed screws that were 4 @.@ 1 m ( 13 ft ) wide on the first two ships and 3 @.@ 7 m ( 12 ft ) in diameter on Köln . The ships ' propulsion system provided a top speed of 32 kn ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) and were rated at 65 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 48 @,@ 000 kW ) , though all three ships exceeded 68 @,@ 000 shp ( 51 @,@ 000 kW ) on speed trials . The ships carried 600 t ( 590 long tons ; 660 short tons ) of fuel oil as designed , but could store up to 1 @,@ 350 t ( 1 @,@ 330 long tons ; 1 @,@ 490 short tons ) . This gave them a range of approximately 5 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 600 km ; 6 @,@ 600 mi ) at 19 kn ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) and 7 @,@ 300 nmi ( 13 @,@ 500 km ; 8 @,@ 400 mi ) at 17 kn ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . Steering was controlled by a single rudder . The ships had three turbo @-@ generators and two diesel generators for electricity ; the generators had a combined output of 540 kilowatts ( 720 hp ) at 220 Volts . = = = Armament = = = The ships were armed with nine 15 cm SK C / 25 guns mounted in three triple gun turrets . One turret was located forward , and two were placed in a superfiring pair aft . The rear gun turrets were offset to increase their arc of fire . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 080 rounds of ammunition , for 120 shells per gun . As built , the ships were also equipped with two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns in single mounts ; they had 400 rounds of ammunition each . The Königsberg class also carried four triple torpedo tube mounts located amidships ; they were supplied with twenty @-@ four 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedoes , though these were replaced with 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) models by 1940 . The ships were also capable of carrying 120 naval mines . The ships ' anti @-@ aircraft batteries were revised and improved throughout the course of their careers . The original single @-@ mounted 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were replaced with twin mounts for the new 8 @.@ 8 cm SK C / 32 guns and a third twin mount was also installed , bringing the number of guns to six . Eight 3 @.@ 7 cm SK C / 30 guns were installed in the mid @-@ 1930s and up to eight 2 cm Flak 30 guns were also added . Köln , the only ship to survive to the end of the war , was ultimately armed with eight 3 @.@ 7 cm and eighteen 2 cm guns , though provisions had been made to mount up to ten and twenty @-@ four guns of the two calibers , respectively . = = = Armor = = = The ships were protected by an armored deck that was 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick amidships and tapered down to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) on either end . They had an armored belt that was 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick and capped with 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick bulkheads on either end of the belt . Underwater protection consisted of a 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) torpedo bulkhead and a 20 mm collision bulkhead . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) sides and a 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) roof . The ships ' gun turrets had 30 mm faces and 20 mm roofs , sides , and rears . The barbettes for the turrets were also 30 mm thick . Karlsruhe was later fitted with increased armor protection , consisting of a 10 to 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 55 in ) outer plating that consisted of the new Wotan weich steel , and an upper deck that was 16 mm ( 0 @.@ 63 in ) , also Wotan weich . = = Construction = = = = Service history = = All three ships of the Königsberg class served as training cruisers for naval cadets throughout the 1930s . They conducted numerous cruises in European waters , and both Karlsruhe and Köln traveled to other continents . They were all modified throughout the decade , and had their anti @-@ aircraft armament repeatedly improved , along with other alterations . The three ships took part in the non @-@ intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 – 1939 , and after the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , they laid a series of defensive minefields in the North Sea . The three ships then participated in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway , in April 1940 . Königsberg and Köln were assigned to the assault on Bergen , while Karlsruhe joined the attack on Kristiansand . Königsberg came under heavy fire from a 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) battery outside Bergen , and was badly damaged ; after the port was captured , she moved into harbor for temporary repairs . She was ordered to return to Germany , but was attacked the next morning by British bombers and hit by at least five bombs . She sank slowly enough for the majority of her crew to escape ; there were only eighteen men killed in the attack . Karlsruhe meanwhile suppressed Norwegian coastal guns outside Kristiansand and successfully landed her contingent of ground troops . After Karlsruhe left port , the British submarine HMS Truant attacked the German cruiser and hit her with a pair of torpedoes . The torpedo hits knocked out Karlsruhe 's power and thus prevented her crew from pumping out the water that was rapidly flooding the ship . Her crew was taken off by an escorting torpedo boat , which then fired a pair of torpedoes into the stricken cruiser to ensure she sank quickly . Köln was the only ship of the class to survive the operations off Norway . After returning to Germany , she was modified to serve as a testbed for the Flettner Fl 282 helicopter . She thereafter served in the Baltic , providing gunfire support to advancing German troops in 1941 . In mid 1942 , she returned to Norwegian waters , and unsuccessfully attempted to attack Convoy PQ 18 along with several other German warships . She was then ordered back to Germany , where she served in a variety of roles , including training ship and convoy escort , before again returning to Norway . She was damaged by British bombers in December 1944 and forced to return to Germany for repairs . While in dock in Wilhelmshaven in March 1945 , she was attacked and sunk by American heavy bombers . She sank on an even keel , with her guns still above water , which permitted their use against advancing British forces until the final days of the war . = Dromaeosauridae = Dromaeosauridae is a family of feathered theropod dinosaurs . They were small- to medium @-@ sized feathered carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period . The name Dromaeosauridae means ' running lizards ' , from Greek dromeus ( δρομευς ) meaning ' runner ' and sauros ( σαυρος ) meaning ' lizard ' . In informal usage they are often called raptors ( after Velociraptor ) , a term popularized by the film Jurassic Park ; a few types include the term " raptor " directly in their name and have come to emphasize their supposed bird @-@ like habits . Dromaeosaurid fossils have been found across the globe in North America , Europe , Africa , Japan , China , Mongolia , Manchuria , Madagascar , Argentina , and Antarctica , with fossilized teeth giving credence to the possibility that they inhabited Australia as well . They first appeared in the mid @-@ Jurassic Period ( late Bathonian stage , about 167 million years ago ) and survived until the end of the Cretaceous ( Maastrichtian stage , 66 ma ) , existing for over 100 million years , until the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event . The presence of dromaeosaurids as early as the Middle Jurassic has been confirmed by the discovery of isolated fossil teeth , though no dromaeosaurid body fossils have been found from this period . = = Description = = The distinctive dromaeosaurid body plan helped to rekindle theories that at least some dinosaurs may have been active , fast , and closely related to birds . Robert Bakker 's illustration for John Ostrom 's 1969 monograph , showing the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus in a fast run , is among the most influential paleontological reconstructions in history . The dromaeosaurid body plan includes a relatively large skull , serrated teeth , narrow snout , and forward @-@ facing eyes which indicate some degree of binocular vision . Dromaeosaurids , like most other theropods , had a moderately long S @-@ curved neck , and their trunk was relatively short and deep . Like other maniraptorans , they had long arms that could be folded against the body in some species , and relatively large hands with three long fingers ( the middle finger being the longest and the first finger being the shortest ) ending in large claws . The dromaeosaurid hip structure featured a characteristically large pubic boot projecting beneath the base of the tail . Dromaeosaurid feet bore a large , recurved claw on the second toe . Their tails were slender , with long , low , vertebrae lacking transverse process and neural spines after the 14th caudal vertebra . It is now known that at least some , and probably all , dromaeosaurids were covered in feathers , including large , vaned , wing and tail feathers . This development , first hypothesized in the mid @-@ late 1980s and confirmed by fossil discoveries in 1999 , represents a significant change in the way dromaeosaurids have historically been depicted in art and film . = = = Foot = = = Like other theropods , dromaeosaurids were bipedal ; that is , they walked on their hind legs . However , whereas most theropods walked with three toes contacting the ground , fossilized footprint tracks confirm that many early paravian groups , including the dromaeosaurids , held the second toe off the ground in a hyperextended position , with only the third and fourth toes bearing the weight of the animal . This is called functional didactyly . The enlarged second toe bore an unusually large , curved , falciform ( sickle @-@ shaped , alt. drepanoid ) claw ( held off the ground or ' retracted ' when walking ) , which is thought to have been used in capturing prey and climbing trees ( see " Claw function " below ) . This claw was especially blade @-@ like in the large @-@ bodied predatory eudromaeosaurs . One possible dromaeosaurid species , Balaur bondoc , also possessed a first toe which was highly modified in parallel with the second . Both the first and second toes on each foot of B. bondoc were also held retracted and bore enlarged , sickle @-@ shaped claws . = = = Tail = = = Dromaeosaurids had long tails . Most of the tail vertebrae bear bony , rod @-@ like extensions , as well as bony tendons in some species . In his study of Deinonychus , Ostrom proposed that these features stiffened the tail so that it could only flex at the base , and the whole tail would then move as a single , rigid , lever . However , one well @-@ preserved specimen of Velociraptor mongoliensis ( IGM 100 / 986 ) has an articulated tail skeleton that is curved horizontally in a long S @-@ shape . This suggests that , in life , the tail could bend from side to side with a substantial degree of flexibility . It has been proposed that this tail was used as a stabilizer and / or counterweight while running or in the air ; in Microraptor , an elongate diamond @-@ shaped fan of feathers is preserved on the end of the tail . This may have been used as an aerodynamic stabilizer and rudder during gliding and / or powered flight ( see " Flight and gliding " below ) . = = = Size = = = Dromaeosaurids were small to medium @-@ sized dinosaurs , ranging from about 0 @.@ 7 metres ( 2 @.@ 3 ft ) in length ( in the case of Mahakala ) to over 6 metres ( 20 ft ) ( in Utahraptor , Dakotaraptor and Achillobator ) . Some may have grown larger ; undescribed specimens of Utahraptor in Brigham Young University collections belonged to individuals that may have reached up to 11 m ( 36 ft ) long , though these await more detailed study . Large size appears to have evolved at least twice among dromaeosaurids ; once among the dromaeosaurines Utahraptor and Achillobator , and again among the unenlagiines ( Austroraptor , which measured 5 metres ( 16 ft ) long ) . A possible third lineage of giant dromaeosaurids is represented by isolated teeth found on the Isle of Wight , England . The teeth belong to an animal the size of the dromaeosaurine Utahraptor , but they appear to belong to velociraptorines , judging by the shape of the teeth . Mahakala is both the most primitive dromaeosaurid ever described and the smallest . This evidence , combined with the small size of other primitive relatives such as Microraptor and the troodontid Anchiorn	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
and so rechristened the species Velociraptor antirrhopus . This taxonomic opinion has not been widely followed . = Syro = Syro ( pronounced / saɪroʊ / ; often stylised as SYRO ) is the sixth studio album by the electronic musician Richard D James , released under the pseudonym Aphex Twin on 19 September 2014 on Warp . It is his first studio album release under the name Aphex Twin in 13 years since Drukqs ( 2001 ) and his first album of new material since Analord ( 2005 ) . The album is also his first official release as Aphex Twin since Chosen Lords ( 2006 ) , a compilation of tracks from the Analord series . Recorded over a period of several years in various studios — including James ' own studio in rural Scotland — Syro features 12 tracks and incorporates several subgenres of electronic music including techno , glitch , jungle and ambient . The album also features edited vocal tracks provided by James and his family . Syro 's cryptic promotional campaign included an announcement made available only on the Deep Web , as well as several press releases in broken English and events in various international cities . Upon its release Syro received widespread acclaim from music critics and placed in several international charts , as well as earning a nomination for the Choice Music Prize and winning the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Dance / Electronic Album . It was nominated for the 2015 Mercury Music Prize . = = Background = = Following the release of Drukqs in October 2001 Richard D James released a compilation album , 26 Mixes for Cash ( 2003 ) , and the penultimate installment of an extended play series titled Analord under the AFX pseudonym . A selection of tracks from Analord were later released on the compilation album Chosen Lords ( 2006 ) . A long absence followed , during which time James ceased releasing Aphex Twin material and only performed occasional disc jockey sets in the United Kingdom and Europe . He also relocated to rural Scotland , where he constructed a recording studio . Warp founder Steve Beckett mentioned on BBC Radio 6 Music in 2009 that a new Aphex Twin studio album would " hopefully " be available by the end of the year , though no album was released . Later in 2010 , James revealed in an interview with culture and fashion magazine Another Man that he had six studio albums completed . Describing the records , he said among them were two " very non @-@ commercial abstract , modular @-@ synthesis field recordings " which were completed in 2006 , as well as Melodies from Mars , a collection of unreleased material from 1995 which James reworked in 2007 . In April 2014 Fact reported that an anonymous record collector had listed a test pressing of Caustic Window — an unreleased album James recorded under the Caustic Window alias — on Discogs . The album was on sale for US $ 13 @,@ 500 ( £ 8 @,@ 050 ) . In response , members of We Are the Music Makers , an electronic music internet forum , negotiated a deal between the collector , the forum 's administrator , James and Rephlex Records and launched a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter with a funding goal of $ 9 @,@ 300 ( £ 5 @,@ 000 ) in order to purchase the album . The campaign eventually raised over $ 67 @,@ 000 ( £ 41 @,@ 000 ) from 4 @,@ 124 contributions . A digital transfer of the album was made available to the campaign 's contributors and the LP was auctioned on eBay , where it was purchased for $ 46 @,@ 300 ( £ 28 @,@ 100 ) by Minecraft creator Markus Persson . The proceeds from Caustic Window 's sale were split between James , Rephlex and Médecins Sans Frontières , also known as Doctors Without Borders . James said in retrospect that the campaign was " really touching , and really sweet " and , upon realising the continued interest in his music , he was inspired to release Syro . = = Composition = = Syro is an electronic music album . All 12 songs on the album were written by James in @-@ studio . According to James , the songs were written over an extended period ; Syro features both archived and more recent compositions , with the album 's oldest track around " six or seven years old " . The album was recorded in six different studios , including James ' own studio in Scotland , which he spent three years building and which was completed in 2006 . One audio engineer spent three months with James , helping him wire together patch panels and " then [ the engineer ] realized he was doing it all wrong and had to start again " . Describing the overall process as " brutal " , James referred to the in @-@ studio technical issues as the catalyst for writing new music that would be featured on Syro . James used various audio setups when composing Syro 's material . He noted that by rearranging equipment — and often keeping the same setup for around just five minutes — it allowed him to explore more writing possibilities ; he said " that will achieve some sort of purpose , so the way I 've wired it together becomes the track in itself . " James also explained that when composing the " logical thing to do is not change anything and just do another one using the same set of sounds " , but during Syro 's recording sessions he would often " get bored and swap things out " . A total of 138 pieces of equipment were used on Syro , including synthesisers , samplers , sequencers , processing units , MIDI interfaces , drum machines , vocoders , graphic equalisers and mixing desks . Among the brands James used were Yamaha , SSL , Sennheiser , Boss , Roland , Korg and AKG . Several pieces of equipment were further modified by James himself . In addition to instrumentation , Syro features several vocal tracks . Among them are edited " unintelligible " tracks of James , his wife Anastasia Rybina and his two sons , as well as both his mother and father , who appear on " XMAS _ EVET10 [ 120 ] " . He recorded several additional " poppy " vocals of his parents — none of which were used on Syro — and stored " entire sample packs of their voices " during the process . On the album 's overall sound , James said it 's " [ his ] pop album , or as poppy as it 's going to get " and " pleasurable to listen to … maybe just the composition 's changed , but there 's no next @-@ level beats on there " . He attributed this change in style to the fact he no longer used computer @-@ controlled percussion during Syro 's sessions . = = Packaging = = Syro ( pronounced / saɪroʊ / ) is a neologism that was coined by one of James ' children . It is a shortened version of " Syrobonkus " , a " nonsense word one of his sons blurted out while listening to [ the album ] . " The majority of the album 's track titles are named after the working titles stored on James ' hard drives and reference individual pieces of equipment James used in its recording , as well as the tracks ' respective BPM values . A comprehensive list of all equipment featured on Syro is included as part of the album 's packaging ; Creative Review referred to the list as a " disinfographic " . Syro 's cover artwork was designed by the Designers Republic , a graphic design studio that provided designs for previous Aphex Twin releases , including the 1999 single " Windowlicker " and the compilation album 26 Mixes for Cash . The cover art resembles a receipt , with the official Aphex Twin logo and album title printed upon it . According to Creative Review , the receipt on the album cover details the production and promotional costs of Syro , " from courier charges to photoshoot expenses , expressed per disc and tailored for both vinyl and CD versions . " Ian Anderson , the founder of the Designers Republic , noted that the final concept for the album cover was conceived after receiving a number of suggestions from James . Among James ' other suggestions for the album 's packaging was " the idea of pressing the album or a single track into the fabric of the cover , effectively as a deboss " , or using various images of the raw vinyl pucks from which all copies of Syro are pressed . These suggestions were implemented into Syro 's final LP packaging , with James ' wife Anastasia Rybina credited for additional design and " puckography " . = = Release = = The promotional campaign for Syro began when a chartreuse @-@ coloured blimp featuring the Aphex Twin logo and the number " 2014 " appeared over London , England on 16 August 2014 . On the same day Aphex Twin graffiti was reported outside Radio City Music Hall and various other locations in New York , United States . Two days later Aphex Twin 's official Twitter account posted a link to a hidden service , accessible using the Deep Web software Tor , detailing the album 's title and track listing . The service accumulated over 133 @,@ 000 views in less than a day , according to The Guardian . In the following week several purported leaks of Syro appeared on YouTube and Soundcloud ; Richard D James subsequently denied that any of the leaks were legitimate . " Listening events " for Syro were then organised in various cities in the UK , Belgium , Canada , Netherlands and the US as part of the album 's promotional campaign . Beginning on 5 September in London and concluding on 10 September in Utrecht , the events allowed applicants who had won an online lottery ballot to hear the album in its entirety prior to its international release . " minipops 67 [ 120 @.@ 2 ] " , Syro 's opening track , was released as the album 's lead single on 4 September . It was made available for stream and as a digital download following its premiere on BBC Radio 1 earlier that day . Syro was released on Warp on 19 September 2014 in Australia , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand and Switzerland ; 22 September in the UK and various European countries , including Denmark and Netherlands ; 23 September in the US ; and 24 September in Japan . The album was released on triple LP , CD and various digital formats , including MP3 , AAC , WAV and FLAC . A limited @-@ edition box set version of Syro , featuring a bonus track debossed on perspex vinyl , was released through Bleep.com. Limited to 200 pressings , interested users had to first enter a lottery , " in the interest of fairness " , to become eligible . In a Rolling Stone interview about the release of Syro , James replied : Horny . I 'm feeling really horny about it . And very smug … I 'm in that mode now , so hopefully I 'll stay in it for a while … I 've got a few more things planned — at least a couple more albums , some EPs , things like that . Some more dance @-@ y things I did about 10 years ago . Experimental things , noise things , weird things . Shitloads of stuff . They 're all pretty much ready to go . Following Syro 's release , Computer Controlled Acoustic Instruments pt2 and a collection of 155 unreleased tracks were released in early 2015 . The tracks were uploaded by James to several Soundcloud accounts under different usernames , including " user487363530 " , " user4873635301 " and " user48736353001 " . Though there was initial speculation as to the authenticity of the recordings , James ' friend and collaborator Mike Paradinas confirmed that the tracks were legitimate . The Guardian 's Stuart Aitken drew comparisons between the surprise online releases and the promotional campaign for Syro , calling them " the latest example of a new willingness on the part of Aphex Twin to embrace digital media in very unexpected ways " and " explor [ ing ] the creative possibilities offered by the internet " . On 5 March 2015 , it was announced that Syro 's Japanese bonus track " MARCHROMT30A edit 2b 96 " would be released as a 12 @-@ inch single on 6 April 2015 , backed with alternative versions of the title track and Syro 's " XMAS _ EVET10 [ 120 ] ( thanaton3 mix ) " . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Syro received an average score of 86 , based on 36 reviews , indicating " universal acclaim " . Clash editor Mike Diver referred to the album as " an effortless comeback " and described it as " a more immediately engaging collection " than Drukqs ( 2001 ) and " an album that plays almost exclusively to its maker 's long @-@ established strengths " , rating it eight out of ten . Writing for The Guardian , Tim Jonze said that " [ Syro ] doesn 't do what some fans will have been hoping , in that it does not completely reshape the sonic landscape in the way Richard D James repeatedly did through the [ 19 ] 90s … and yet by sounding simply like a series of Aphex Twin tracks , Syro is still utterly engrossing and remains , somewhat unbelievably , on a completely different planet " . Jonze awarded the album a four @-@ out @-@ of @-@ five star rating . NME reviewer Louis Pattison rated Syro 9 out of 10 and surmised that the album is " a banging reminder of why the Cornish raver is one of music 's true innovators " . Pattison further stated that " whereas Drukqs sometimes felt alienating or punishing , Syro charms and beguiles … [ it is ] amazing : bug @-@ eyed , banging rave that sounds quintessentially Aphex while not quite sounding like anything he 's done before . " In his review for The Wire , Derek Walmsley wrote positively about the album . He said that " Syro feels like a perfected memory of [ 19 ] 80s music " , adding " its sweeping melodies , with echoes of 1991 's Analogue Bubblebath , could be seen as a return to his roots " but concluded that " Aphex Twin 's music seems as new as it ever was . " Rolling Stone reviewer Will Hermes gave Syro a four @-@ out @-@ of @-@ five star rating and stated that the record is " thick with Seventies jazz @-@ funk nods " and " answers Daft Punk 's Random Access Memories with future @-@ shock electronics supplanting nostalgic dazzle … graying snobs once called this ' intelligent dance music . ' Even now , few do it better . " The Independent 's Andy Gill awarded a four @-@ out @-@ of @-@ five star rating to Syro and called it " a collection primarily concerned with the somatic rather than cerebral sides of Richard James ' music , overdosing somewhat on staccato , bouncing synth twangs and jittery drum 'n'bass beats . " " aisatsana [ 102 ] " , Syro 's closing track , drew comparisons to the works of French composer Erik Satie from both The Independent and Drowned in Sound , whose reviewer Tom Fenwick awarded the album a full 10 @-@ out @-@ of @-@ 10 rating . Summarising the album , Fenwick said that " Syro sees a master craftsman return with renewed inspiration . And while it might not technically be James ' most innovative album , it way [ sic ] well be his best … and once you let the hype drain away — what 's revealed is pretty much flawless . " Resident Advisor 's Jordan Rothlein described Syro as " look [ ing ] in no obvious direction … Syro is freewheeling and playful , but its every warbled note and compositional hard @-@ left betray consideration and technical expertise that didn 't come overnight . In terms of impressive twists and turns , they 're myriad . Tracks morph , pressurize and reorganize — but never break down , exactly — following a completely unpredictable if utterly natural logic . " He rated the album a full five @-@ out @-@ of @-@ five rating . Writing for AllMusic , Andy Kellman referred to Syro as " one of James ' most inviting and enjoyable releases " and said the album is " decked in accents and melodies that are lively even at their most distressed " in his four @-@ out @-@ of @-@ five @-@ star review . Derek Staples of Consequence of Sound commented on the album 's wide range of genres , including glitch , chillwave , techno , acid jazz and jungle , and said Syro " peaks as Aphex Twin 's most accessible album since his ambient works " , ultimately giving the album a B + rating . Pitchfork highlighted Syro as part of the publication 's " Best New Music " ; editor Mark Richardson rated the album 8 @.@ 7 out of 10 , writing that Syro " has few extremes , no hyper @-@ intense splatter @-@ breaks or satanic ' Come to Daddy ' vocals or rushes of noise . On the other end of the spectrum , Syro doesn 't cast James in a quasi @-@ classical light ; there 's no ' serious composer ' tracks … without all that , what 's left ? Sixty @-@ five minutes of highly melodic , superbly arranged , precisely mixed , texturally varied electronic music that sounds like it could have come from no other artist . " Australian national radio station Double J selected Syro as its " Feature Album " for the week beginning 22 September 2014 . The station concluded its review with the statement : " This is another fascinating record from one of the few artists on this planet who can make something very weird sound utterly amazing . " Syro was also selected as " Album of the Week " by Mojo and The Sunday Times , ranked number one on The Washington Post 's September list of " best new music " , featured among Dazed 's " top ten albums of the month " for September , and was the highest @-@ scoring album on Metacritic that month . = = = Commercial performance = = = Syro placed on the mid @-@ week UK Albums Chart at number 2 , selling 9 @,@ 000 copies less than This Is All Yours by alt @-@ J. It subsequently debuted at number 8 on the weekly chart , selling 17 @,@ 751 copies in its first week of release . Syro is James ' first album to reach the top 10 in the chart , and his highest peaking album in the UK to date ; Selected Ambient Works Volume II had previously peaked at number 11 in March 1994 . Syro also appeared on four other British charts ; it placed at number 2 on the Independent Albums Chart and number 7 on the Scottish Albums Chart , as well as reaching number 1 on both the Dance Albums and Official Record Store Albums charts . Syro entered the top 10 in several international charts , including the Irish Albums Chart , the Irish Independent Albums Chart and the Russian Albums Chart , where it debuted at number 10 with first week sales of 10 @,@ 029 . The album entered the weekly Japanese Albums Chart at number 8 and sold 10 @,@ 553 physical copies in its first week of release . Syro debuted at number 35 on the Belgian Albums Chart in Flanders and subsequently entered the top 10 , rising to number 7 in its second week . On the United States ' Billboard charts , Syro placed in the top 10 in several charts , having sold 23 @,@ 000 first @-@ week copies — 22 per cent of which were LP copies and responsible for " the largest sales week in 2014 for a dance / electronic album on vinyl " , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Syro topped the Vinyl Albums , Dance / Electronic Albums and Tastemaker Albums charts , and entered the Digital Albums chart at number 8 and the Independent Albums chart at number 2 . As of February 2015 , Syro had sold 54 @,@ 000 copies in the US . = = = Accolades = = = Syro was featured on several publications ' year @-@ end critics ' lists . The album fared particularly well in the British press ; The Guardian selected Syro as the fourth @-@ best album of 2014 , and the album placed at number 9 on the newspaper 's reader poll . The Wire named Syro album of the year , while NME placed Syro at number 4 on its list " Top 50 Albums of 2014 " , Q ranked the album at number 10 on its " Top 50 Albums of 2014 " feature and Uncut selected it as the third @-@ best album on its list of the " Best Albums of 2014 " . Syro was also featured at number 6 on Dazed 's " top 20 albums of 2014 " and number 8 on Clash 's " Fuss @-@ Free Top 40 Albums Of 2014 " . Elsewhere , Syro was featured in Rolling Stone at number 41 on its " 50 Best Albums of 2014 " list , on Stereogum 's " 50 Best Albums of 2014 " at number 33 and Pitchfork Media 's " 50 Best Albums of 2014 " at number 4 . Critics on behalf of Billboard selected Syro as the eighth @-@ best album of 2014 and PopMatters placed the album at number 9 on its " Best Albums of 2014 " feature , while Resident Advisor ranked it at number 4 on its " Top 20 albums of 2014 " . In its end @-@ of @-@ year roundup Bleep.com selected Syro as the top album of the 2014 , surmising that the album is " a poignant reminder of the relevance of one of the most important artists of our time . " Syro won a Grammy Award for Best Dance / Electronic Album at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015 ; sales of the album in the US increased 101 per cent following James ' win . Syro was nominated for IMPALA 's European Independent Album of the Year and is also shortlisted for the 2015 Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year , due to be awarded in March 2015 . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Richard D James . = = Personnel = = All personnel credits adapted from Syro 's album notes . Performer Richard D James – piano , synthesizers , keyboards , drums , percussion , vocoder , programming , production Technical personnel Mandy Parnell – mastering ( 2 – 13 ) Beau Thomas – mastering ( 1 ) Design personnel The Designers Republic – design , cover art Anastasia Rybina – design , " puckography " = = Chart positions = = = = Release history = = = Tengo Un Amor = " Tengo Un Amor " ( English : " I Have One Love " ) is the debut single by Puerto Rican @-@ American singer @-@ songwriter Toby Love from his self @-@ titled debut studio album . It was released on November 6 , 2006 by Sony BMG Norte . A remix version with R.K.M & Ken @-@ Y was also recorded and included on the album . After separating from the Bachata group Aventura in 2006 , Toby Love set out on his own to record his debut album . The song became a success in the Latin market , reaching number one in the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart , the top five of both the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay charts while peaking at # 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . = = Background = = Toby Love was born and raised in the Bronx , New York to Puerto Rican parents . Toby exclaimed that he fell in love with the genre of bachata , after being exposed to it as a child . He explained that his mother had always listened to that type of music . His mother had remarried to a Dominican and Love was raised around both cultures . He stated that he is a big fan of R & B and found it easy to incorporate it in his music . After spending six years with the Bachata group Aventura , first appearing on the album Generation Next at the age of 16 , Love embarked on his solo career . He met with Aventura while he was still in a merengue group as a teenager . Living in the same neighborhood as the group , he became close friends with the member Max " Mikey " Santos , who later asked Love to join . = = Composition = = " Tengo Un Amor " was written by Love with additional composition by Edwin Perez who also handled production for the song . The song was written with Spanglish lyrics combining crunk hip hop with bachata . David Jefferies , while reviewing the parent album , called the song an " incredibly smooth , lush , and glittery ballad " while listing the song as a selected " Allmusic Pick " . Love later called " Tengo Un Amor " the " door @-@ opener " for all of his future success . His influential musicians include Michael Jackson , Lauryn Hill , Juan Luis Guerra and Héctor Lavoe , which helped combined the mixture of R & B and bachata found on " Tengo Un Amor " . According to Billboard , the original version of the song is a " straightforward bachata song while the remix with R.K.M & Ken @-@ Y , known then as Rakim & Ken @-@ Y provides " urban street cred " . The remix also features a verse by R.K.M where he raps to a rhythm of bachata infused with reggaetón , or bachaton . = = Release and chart performance = = " Tengo Un Amor " was released digitally on November 6 , 2006 by Sony BMG Norte . After reaching number three on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 , the song debuted and peaked at # 100 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of November 18 , 2006 . On the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart , the song debuted for the issue week of August 5 , 2006 and peaked at number two for the week of November 11 , 2006 . This gave R.K.M & Ken @-@ Y their third Top 10 single following " Down " and " Me Matas " . On the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay chart , the song debuted for the week of August 19 , 2006 and peaked at number three for the week of November 11 , 2006 . On the Billboard Latin Pop Airplay chart , the song debuted for the week of October 7 , 2006 and peaked at # 25 for the week of October 28 , 2006 . In Los Angeles , the song became one of the top five most requested tracks on the Rhythmic Top 40 KXOL ( 96 @.@ 3 ) , the Senior Vice President of which called the song a " smash " while citing its success as an acceptance of Hispanic audiences and urban tastes . = = Accolades = = " Tengo Un Amor " received three nominations at the 2007 Latin Billboard Music Awards for Best Vocal Duet or Collaboration and Tropical Airplay Song of the Year , Duo or Group for the remix version while winning the award for Tropical Airplay Song of the Year , New Artist category . He was also awarded Best Rap / Hip @-@ Hop Album for Toby Love . The song was award an ASCAP award for Urban Song of the Year from the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . According to Jon Caramanica of New York Times , " Tengo Un Amor " is Love 's " biggest hit " . = = Charts = = = Ode to Psyche = " Ode to Psyche " is a poem by John Keats written in spring 1819 . The poem is the first of his 1819 odes , which include " Ode on a Grecian Urn " and " Ode to a Nightingale " . " Ode to Psyche " is an experiment in the ode genre , and Keats 's attempt at an expanded version of the sonnet format that describes a dramatic scene . The poem serves as an important departure from Keats 's early poems , which frequently describe an escape into the pleasant realms of one 's imagination . Keats uses the imagination to show the narrator 's intent to resurrect Psyche and reincarnate himself into Eros ( love ) . Keats attempts this by dedicating an " untrodden region " of his mind to the worship of the neglected goddess . = = Background = = Keats was never a professional writer . Instead , he supported himself with a small income that he earned as a surgeon for Guy 's Hospital . At the age of 23 , Keats left the hospital , losing his source of income , in order to devote himself to writing poetry . He lived with Charles Brown , a friend who collected Keats 's poetry while supporting him , during spring 1819 and composed poetry . The early products of this effort included La Belle Dame sans Merci and " Ode to Psyche " , the first of a series of odes that he would write that year . It is uncertain as to when the poem was actually completed , but Keats sent the poem to his brother on 3 May 1819 with an attached letter saying , " The following poem , the last I have written , is the first and only one with which I have taken even moderate pains ; I have , for the most part , dashed off my lines in a hurry ; this one I have done leisurely ; I think it reads the more richly for it , and it will I hope encourage me to write other things in even a more peaceable and healthy spirit . " Keats was exposed to a few sources of the Psyche myth . His contemporary sources for the myth included Lempriere 's Classical Dictionary and Mary Tighe 's Psyche , an 1805 work that Keats read as a child and returned to in 1818 . Keats wrote to his brother George , just a few months before writing " Ode to Psyche " , to say that he was no longer delighted by Tighe 's writing . Dissatisfied , he turned to Apuleius 's Golden Ass , translated by William Adlington in 1566 , and read through the earlier version of the Cupid and Psyche myth . After reading the work and realizing that the myth was established during the twilight of Roman mythology , Keats wrote to George : " You must recollect that Psyche was not embodied as a goddess before the time of Apuleius the Platonist who lived after the Augustan age , and consequently the Goddess was never worshipped or sacrificed to with any of the ancient fervour — and perhaps never thought of in the old religion — I am more orthodox than to let a heathen Goddess be so neglected . " = = Structure = = " Ode to Psyche " , Keats 's 67 line ode , was the first of his major odes of 1819 . As such , the poem is an experiment in the ode structure that he was to then rely on for his next five odes . Although Keats spent time considering the language of the poem , the choice of wording and phrasing is below that found within his later works , including Hyperion or the odes that followed . " Ode to Psyche " is important because it is Keats 's first attempt at an altered sonnet form that would include longer more lines and would end with a message or truth . Also , he did not want the poem to be based simply around that message , so he incorporated narrative elements , such as plot and characters , along with a preface to the poem . Of these additions , the use of a preface was discontinued in his next odes along with the removal of details that describe setting within the poems ; they would only be implied within later odes . H. W. Garrod , in his analysis of Keats 's sonnet form , believes that Keats took various aspects of sonnet forms and incorporated only those that he thought would benefit his poetry . In particular , Keats relies on Petrarch 's sonnet structure and the " pouncing rhymes " that are found within Petrarch 's octave stanzas . However , M. R. Ridley disputes that Keats favours Petrarch and claims that the odes incorporate a Shakespearean rhyme scheme . Regardless of which sonnet structure was favoured over the other , Keats wanted to avoid the downsides of both forms . " Ode to Psyche " begins with an altered Shakespearean rhyme scheme of ababcdcdeffeef . The use of rhyme does not continue throughout the poem , and the lines that follow are divided into different groups : a quatrain , couplets , and a line on its own . These are then followed by a series of twelve lines that are modelled after the Shakespearean sonnet form , but lack the final couplet . The next lines are of two quatrains , with cddc rhyme , followed by two lines that repeat the previous rhymes , and then a final quatrain , with efef rhyme . = = Poem = = The poem does not describe the plot of the original Cupid and Psyche myth : according to Harold Bloom , the poem " has little to do with the accepted myth " . In the original myth , Aphrodite punishes Psyche , a well admired girl , by having Cupid use his power to make her fall in love . Cupid , instead , falls in love with her , but he could only be with her in the cover of darkness in order to disguise his identity . Curious , she uses a light to reveal Cupid 's identity , but he flees from her presence . Psyche begins to search after Cupid , and Aphrodite forces her to perform various tasks before she could be united with her love . After nearly dying from one of the tasks , Cupid asks Zeus to transform Psyche into a goddess so the two can be together . The action of " Ode to Psyche " begins with a narrator witnessing two individuals embracing . The narrator immediately recognizes Cupid and is astonished when he recognizes Psyche : I wandered in a forest thoughtlessly , And , on the sudden , fainting with surprise , Saw two fair creatures , couched side by side In deepest grass , beneath the whisp 'ring roof Of leaves and trembled blossoms , where there ran A brooklet , scarce espied : * * * * * The winged boy I knew ; But who wast thou , O happy , happy dove ? His Psyche true ! ( lines 7 – 12 , 21 – 23 ) The third stanza describes how Psyche , though a newer Goddess , is better than the other deities . However , she is neglected while the others were worshipped : O latest born and loveliest vision far Of all Olympus ' faded hierarchy ! Fairer than Phoebe 's sapphire @-@ regioned star , Or Vesper , amorous glow @-@ worm of the sky ; Fairer than these , though temple thou hast none , Nor altar heaped with flowers ; Nor virgin @-@ choir to make delicious moan Upon the midnight hours ; ( lines 24 – 31 ) The previous list of what Psyche lacks in terms of religious worship only describes external symbols of worship . In the fourth stanza , the narrator emphasizes the internal when he describes how he is inspired by Psyche : O brightest ! though too late for antique vows , Too , too late for the fond believing lyre , When holy were the haunted forest boughs , Holy the air , the water , and the fire ; Yet even in these days so far retired From happy pieties , thy lucent fans , Fluttering among the faint Olympians , I see , and sing , by my own eyes inspired . ( lines 36 – 43 ) The narrator , inspired by young goddess , becomes her priest . His imagination allows him to join with both the natural and supernatural elements of Psyche , and his form of worship is within himself while " Ode to Psyche " the poem serves as a song in praise of the goddess . The narrator becomes the prophet for Psyche and says in the final stanza : Yes , I will be thy priest , and build a fane In some untrodden region of my mind , Where branched thoughts , new grown with pleasant pain , Instead of pines shall murmur in the wind : ( lines 50 – 53 ) In the conclusion of the poem , the narrator metaphorically says that he will expand his consciousness , which would allow him to better understand both the good and the bad of the world . This will allow the narrator to attain a new sense of inspiration while providing Psyche with a sanctuary : And in the midst of this wide quietness A rosy sanctuary will I dress With the wreathed trellis of a working brain , With buds , and bells , and stars without a name , With all the gardener Fancy e 'er could feign , Who breeding flowers , will never breed the same : And there shall be for thee all soft delight That shadowy thought can win , A bright torch , and a casement ope at night , To let the warm Love in ! ( lines 58 – 67 ) = = Theme = = The moment that Cupid and Psyche are revealed is an example of " Keatsian intensity " as they are neither in a state of separation nor are they united ; they exist in a state somewhere in between in a similar manner to the figures depicted in Keats 's " Ode on a Grecian Urn " . The narrator 's ability to witness the union is unique to Keats 's version of the Psyche myth because the lovers in the original story were covered in darkness . However , the narrator questions if he was able to see them at all or if he was dreaming . This inability of the narrator to know if he was awake is a theme that appears in many of Keats 's odes that followed , including " Ode on Indolence " , " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , and " Ode to a Nightingale " . Regardless of the narrator 's state of consciousness , he is able to relate himself to Cupid as he believes himself to be in love with Psyche , representing the mind . Part of the problem within " Ode to Psyche " is in the narrator 's claim that Psyche was neglected since she became a goddess later than the other Greco @-@ Roman deities . As such , the narrator serves as a prophetic figure who is devoted to the soul . Worship towards the soul is through use of the imagination , an idea that shows the influence of William Wordsworth upon the poem 's themes . In particular , the lines are reminiscent of the description of inspiration and the muse within Wordsworth 's " The Recluse . " To serve Psyche , the narrator of " Ode to Psyche " seeks to worship her by thoroughly exploring the regions of his mind . However , the temple dedicated to the goddess within his mind does not yet exist . This reveals that there is a struggle between the acceptance of imaginative experience that exists only within a small part of the mind . This struggle , according to Walter Evert , has " no relevance to the world of external action and perhaps no truth to offer even the visionary dreamer himself . " However Anthony Hecht looks at the problem in a different way and believes that there must be a connection between the external and internal worlds for the narrator to even face the problem . Regardless , the narrator never states that this worship of Psyche or embracing the imagination would aid mankind , but the poem does rejoice in exercising the imagination . In addition to the theme of dedicating one 's self to the mind , the theme of reception plays heavily upon the poem 's presentation ; Andrew Bennett states that the poem , like all poems , is " ' heard ' both by itself ( and therefore not heard ) and by an audience that reads the poem and ' hears ' it differently " . Bennett implies that the word " wrung " in line one contains a double entendre as it also alludes to the " ringing in the ears " involved with active listening . The poem 's treatment of the reader as a third @-@ party to the conversation between the narrator and the goddess exemplifies the narrative question common among many of Keats 's odes and leads Bennett to question how exactly the reader should regard his place within the poem , or outside of it . = = Critical reception = = Responding to the poem , Keats 's friend Leigh Hunt declared that " When Mr Keats errs in his poetry , it is from the ill management of the good things , --exuberance of ideas . Once or twice , he does so in a taste positively bad , like Marino or Cowley , as in a line in his ' Ode to Psyche ' ... but it is once or twice only , in his present volume . " Robert Bridges , turn of the 19th @-@ century literary critic , wrote " for the sake of the last section ( l . 50 to end ) , tho ' this is open to the objection that the imagery is work 'd up to outface the idea — which is characteristic of Keats ' manner . Yet the extreme beauty quenches every dissatisfaction . The beginning of this ode is not so good , and the middle part is midway in excellence . " Later , T. S. Eliot thought very highly of Keats 's work and wrote " The Odes — especially perhaps the Ode to Psyche — are enough for his reputation . " Kennet Allott , in defending against any possible harsh criticism of " Ode to Psyche " , argues that the poem " is the Cinderella of Keats 's great odes , but it is hard to see why it should be so neglected , and at least two poets imply that the conventional treatment of the poem is shabby and undeserved " . Allott then cites Bridges and Eliot as views that he sympathizes with , and he believes that the poem " is neither unflawed nor the best of odes , but to me it illustrates better than any other Keats 's possession of poetic power in conjunction with what was for him an unusual artistic detachment , besides being a remarkable poem in its own right . This may be another way of saying that it is the most architectural of the odes , as it is certainly the one that culminates most dramatically . " Walter Jackson Bate states that the poem has " always puzzled readers [ ... ] But finding the poem so elusive , we return to it only after we know the others far better . If we had hope to use them as keys , we discover they do not quite fit the lock . Meanwhile they have given us a standard hard to equal . Hence we either feel a disappointment about the ' Ode to Psyche ' or else , remembering the care Keats supposedly gave it , we once more put the poem aside for future consideration . " However , he also states that " The modern , respectful attitude toward this ode is deserved . But the itch for novelty has encouraged a few critics to suggest that the poem , in some dark but fundamental way , has more to it as a whole than do the later odes . " To Harold Bloom , the last lines of Keats 's ode " rivals any as an epitome of the myth @-@ making faculty " . He elaborates further on this when he writes , " The poem Ode to Psyche is unique , and also central , for its art is a natural growth out of nature , based as it is upon a very particular act of consciousness , which Keats arrests in all its concreteness . " = Stanisław August Poniatowski = Stanisław II August ( also Stanisław August Poniatowski ; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski ; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798 ) was the last King and Grand Duke of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1764 – 95 ) . He remains a controversial figure in Polish history . Recognized as a great patron of the arts and sciences . Initiatior and firm supporter of progressive reforms , he is also remembered as the last king of the Commonwealth whose election was marred by Russian involvement . Main criticism resonates around being the one who failed to stand against the partitions , and in the end to prevent the destruction of Poland . Arriving at the Russian imperial court in Saint Petersburg in 1755 , he became romantically involved with the twenty @-@ six @-@ year @-@ old Catherine Alexeievna ( the future Empress Catherine the Great , reigned 1762 – 1796 ) , three years his senior . With her support , in 1764 he was elected king of Poland . Against expectations , he attempted to reform and strengthen the ailing Commonwealth . His efforts met with external opposition from Prussia , Russia and Austria , all interested in keeping the Commonwealth weak ; and from internal conservative interests , which saw reforms as threatening their traditional liberties and prerogatives . The defining crisis of his early reign , the War of the Bar Confederation ( 1768 – 1772 ) , led to the First Partition of Poland ( 1772 ) . The latter part of his reign saw reforms wrought by the Great Sejm ( 1788 – 1792 ) and the Constitution of 3 May 1791 . These reforms were overthrown by the 1792 Targowica Confederation and by the War in Defense of the Constitution , leading directly to the Second Partition of Poland ( 1793 ) , the Kościuszko Uprising ( 1794 ) and the final Third Partition of Poland ( 1795 ) , marking the end of the Commonwealth . Stripped of all meaningful power , Poniatowski abdicated in November 1795 and spent the last years of his life in semi @-@ captivity in Saint Petersburg . A Polish noble of the Ciołek coat of arms and a member of the Poniatowski family , he was the son of Count Stanisław Poniatowski , Castellan of Kraków , and Princess Konstancja Czartoryska ; brother of Michał Jerzy Poniatowski ( 1736 – 94 ) , Primate of Poland ; and uncle to Prince Józef Poniatowski , ( 1763 – 1813 ) . = = Royal titles = = The English translation of the Polish text of the 1791 Constitution gives his title as : Stanisław August , by the grace of God and the will of the people , King of Poland , Grand Duke of Lithuania and Duke of Ruthenia , Prussia , Masovia , Samogitia , Kiev , Volhynia , Podolia , Podlasie , Livonia , Smolensk , Severia and Chernihiv . = = Life = = = = = Youth = = = Stanisław August Poniatowski was born on 17 January 1732 in Wołczyn , then located in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth and now part of Belarus , to Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja née Czartoryska . The Poniatowski family of the Ciołek coat of arms was among the highest of the Polish nobility ( szlachta ) . He spent the first few years of his childhood in Gdańsk ; afterward , his family moved to Warsaw . He was educated by his mother , then by private tutors , including Russian ambassador Herman Karl von Keyserling . He did not have many friends in his teenage years ; instead , he developed a fondness for books , which continued throughout his life . He made his first foreign voyage in 1748 , when he accompanied the Russian army as it advanced to Germany . During that trip he visited Aachen and the Netherlands . Later that year he returned to the Commonwealth , stopping in Dresden . = = = Political career = = = Poniatowski spent the following year as an apprentice in the chancellery of Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski , then the Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania . In 1750 , he traveled to Berlin . There he met the British diplomat Charles Hanbury Williams , who became his mentor and friend . In 1751 , Poniatowski was elected to the Treasury Tribunal in Radom , where he served as a commissioner the following year . He spent most of January 1752 at the Austrian court in Vienna . Later that year , after serving at a Radom Tribunal and meeting with King Augustus III of Poland , he was a sejm ( Polish parliament ) deputy . During that Sejm his father acquired for him the title of starost of Przemyśl . In March 1753 he left on another foreign trip , this time through Hungary to Vienna , where he met Williams again . He spent more time in the Netherlands , where he met many key members of that country 's political and economical sphere . By late August he arrived in Paris , where he again entered the high social circles . In February 1754 he left Paris and traveled to England , where he spent the next few months . There he befriended Charles Yorke , future Lord Chancellor of Great Britain . He returned to the Commonwealth later that year , this time not participating in the Sejm , as his parents wanted to keep him out of the political drama surrounding the Ostrogski family 's fee tail ( Ordynacja Ostrogska ) . Next year he received a title of stolnik of Lithuania . Ultimately , Poniatowski owed his career to his family connections with the powerful Czartoryski family and their political faction , known as Familia , to whom he grew closer . It was the Familia who sent him in 1755 to Saint Petersburg in the service of Williams , who had been named British ambassador to Russia . In Saint Petersburg , Poniatowski met the 26 @-@ year @-@ old Catherine Alexeievna ( the future empress Catherine the Great ) . The two became lovers . Whatever his feelings for Catherine , it is likely Poniatowski also saw an opportunity to use the relationship for his own benefit , using her influence to bolster his career . Poniatowski had to leave St. Petersburg in July 1756 due to court intrigue . Through the combined influence of Catherine , Russian empress Elizabeth and chancellor Bestuzhev @-@ Ryumin , Poniatowski rejoined the Russian court as ambassador of Saxony the following January . In St. Petersburg , he became the source of more intrigue between various European governments , some supporting his appointment , others demanding his withdrawal . Eventually , he left the Russian capital on 14 August 1758 . Poniatowski attended the Sejms of 1758 , 1760 and 1762 . He continued his involvement with the Familia , and supported a pro @-@ Russian and anti @-@ Prussian stance in Polish politics . His father died in 1762 , leaving him a moderate inheritance . In 1762 , when Catherine ascended to the Russian throne , she sent him several letters professing her support for his ascension to the Polish throne , but asking him to stay away from St. Petersburg . Nevertheless , Poniatowski hoped that Catherine would consider marriage , an idea that was seen as plausible by some international observers . He was involved with the unrealized plans of the Familia for a coup d 'état against Augustus III . In August 1763 , however , Catherine advised him and the Familia that she would not support a coup as long as Augustus III were alive . = = = King = = = = = = = Years of hope = = = = Upon the death of Poland 's King Augustus III in October 1763 , negotiations began concerning the election of the new king . Catherine threw her support behind Poniatowski . The Russians spent about 2.5m rubles supporting his election , Poniatowski 's supporters and opponents engaged in some military posturing and even minor clashes , and in the end , the Russian army was deployed only a few miles from the election sejm , which met at Wola near Warsaw . In the end , there were no other serious contenders , and during the convocation sejm on 7 September 1764 , the 32 @-@ year @-@ old Poniatowski was elected king , with 5 @,@ 584 votes . He swore the pacta conventa on 13 November , and the formal coronation took place in Warsaw on 25 November . The new King 's uncles in the Familia would have preferred another nephew on the throne , Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski , characterized by one of his contemporaries as débauché , sinon dévoyé ( debauched if not depraved ) , but Czartoryski had declined to seek the office . Stanisław August , as he now styled himself , combining the names of his two immediate royal predecessors , began his rule with rough support within the nation ; particularly , the lower nobility was favorable towards him . In his first years , he attempted to introduce a number of reforms . He founded the Knights School , and began to form a diplomatic service , with semi @-@ permanent diplomatic representatives throughout Europe , Russia and the Ottoman Empire . On 7 May 1765 , Poniatowski established the Order of the Knights of Saint Stanislaus , Bishop and Martyr , in honor of Poland 's and his own patron saint , as Poland 's second order of chivalry , to reward Poles for noteworthy service to the king . Together with the Familia he tried to reform the ineffective government , reducing the powers of the hetmans ( Commonwealth 's top military commanders ) and treasurers , moving them to commissions elected by the Sejm and responsible to the king . In his memoirs , Poniatowski called this period the " years of hope . " The Familia , which was interested in strengthening the power of their own faction , was dissatisfied with his conciliatory policy as he reached out to many former opponents of their policies . This uneasy alliance between Poniatowski and the Familia continued for most of the first decade of his rule . One of the points of contention between Poniatowski and the Familia concerned the rights of the religious minorities in Poland ; whereas Poniatowski reluctantly supported a policy of religious tolerance , the Familia was opposed to it . The growing rift between Poniatowski and the Familia was exploited by the Russians , who used this issue as a pretext to intervene in the Commonwealth 's internal politics and destabilize the country . Catherine had no desire to see Poniatowski 's reform succeed ; she had supported his ascent to the throne to ensure that the Commonwealth would remain a weak state under Russian control , and his attempts to reform the state 's ailing machinery were a threat to the status quo . = = = = Bar Confederation and First Partition of Poland = = = = Matters came to a head in 1766 . During the Sejm in October of that year , Poniatowski attempted to push a radical reform , restricting the disastrous liberum veto policy . He was opposed by conservatives such as Michał Wielhorski , who were supported by the Prussian and Russian ambassadors , who threatened war if the reform was passed . The dissidents , supported by the Russians , formed a confederation , the Radom Confederation . Abandoned by the Familia , Poniatowski 's reforms failed to pass at the Repnin Sejm , named after Russian ambassador Nicholas Repnin , who promised to guarantee the Golden Liberties of the Polish nobility , enshrined in the Cardinal Laws , with all the might of the Russian Empire . Although it had abandoned the cause of Poniatowski 's reforms , the Familia did not receive the support it expected from the Russians , who continued to press for the dissidents ' rights . Meanwhile , some factions now rallied under the banner of the Bar Confederation , aimed against the dissidents , Poniatowski and the Russians . After an unsuccessful attempt to find allies in Western Europe ( France , England and Austria ) , Poniatowski and the Familia had no choice but to rely more heavily on the Russian Empire , which treated Poland as a protectorate . In the War of the Bar Confederation ( 1768 – 1772 ) , Poniatowski supported the Russian army 's repression of the Bar Confederation . In 1770 , the Council of the Bar Confederation proclaimed him dethroned . The following year , he was kidnapped by Bar Confederate sympathizers and briefly held prisoner outside of Warsaw , but managed to escape . Faced with the weakness of Poland and continuing chaos , Austria , Russia and Prussia decided to intervene militarily , in exchange for significant territorial concessions from the Commonwealth – a decision they made without consulting Poniatowski or other Polish parties . Although Poniatowski protested the First Partition of the Commonwealth ( 1772 ) , he was powerless to do anything about it . He considered abdication , but decided against it . During the Partition Sejm of 1773 – 1775 , in which Russia was represented by ambassador Otto von Stackelberg , with no help forthcoming from abroad and the armies of the partitioning powers occupying Warsaw to compel the Sejm by force of arms , no alternative was available save submission to their will . Eventually Poniatowski and the Sejm acceded to the partition treaty ; at the same time , several other reforms were passed . The Cardinal Laws were confirmed and guaranteed by the partitioning powers . Royal power was restricted , as the king lost the power to give out titles , and positions of military officers , ministers and senators , the starostwo territories , and Crown lands would be awarded through an auction . The Sejm also created two notable institutions : the Permanent Council , a main governmental body in continuous operation , and the Commission of National Education . The partitioners intended the Council to be easier to control than the unruly Sejms , and indeed it remained under the influence of the Russian Empire . Nevertheless , it was a significant improvement in the Commonwealth governance . The new legislation was guaranteed by the Russian Empire , giving it another excuse to interfere in Commonwealth politics if the legislation it favored was changed . The political scene in the aftermath of the Partition Sejm saw the rise of a conservative faction which was opposed to the Permanent Council , seeing it as a threat to their Golden Freedoms . This faction was supported by the Czartoryski family , but not by Poniatowski , who proved to be quite adept at making the Council follow his wishes ; this marked the formation of new anti @-@ royal and pro @-@ royal factions in Polish politics . The royal faction was made up primarily of people indebted to the king , who planned to build their careers on service to him ; few were privy to his plans for reforms , which were kept hidden from the conservative opposition and Russia . Poniatowski scored a political victory during the Sejm of 1776 , which further strengthened the Council . Chancellor Andrzej Zamoyski was tasked with the codification of the Polish law , a project that became known as the Zamoyski Code . Russia supported some , but not all , of the 1776 reforms , and to prevent Poniatowski from growing too powerful , it supported the opposition during the Sejm of 1778 . This marked the end of Poniatowski 's reforms , as he found himself without sufficient support to carry them through . = = = = Great Sejm and Constitution of 3 May 1791 = = = = In the 1780s , Catherine slightly favored Poniatowski over the opposition , but did not support any of his plans for significant reforms . Despite repeated attempts , Poniatowski failed to confederate the sejms , which would have made them immune to liberum veto . Thus , although he had a majority in the Sejms , Poniatowski was unable to pass even the smallest reform . The Zamoyski Code was rejected by the Sejm of 1780 , and opposition attacks on the king dominated the Sejms of 1782 and 1786 . Reforms became possible again in the late 1780s . In the context of the wars being waged against the Ottoman Empire by both the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire , Poniatowski tried to draw Poland into the Austro @-@ Russian alliance , seeing a war with the Ottomans as an opportunity to strengthen the Commonwealth . Catherine gave permission for the next Sejm to be confederated , as she considered some form of limited military alliance with Poland against the Ottomans might be useful . The Polish @-@ Russian alliance was not implemented , as in the end the only acceptable compromise proved unattractive to both sides . However , in the ensuing Four @-@ Year Sejm of 1788 – 92 ( known as the Great Sejm ) , Poniatowski threw his lot with the reformers associated with the Patriotic Party of Stanisław Małachowski , Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kołłątaj , and co @-@ authored the Constitution of 3 May 1791 . The Constitution introduced sweeping reforms . According to Jacek Jędruch , the constitution , in the liberality of its provisions , " fell somewhere below the French , above the Canadian , and left the Prussian far behind " , but was " no match for the American Constitution " . George Sanford notes that the Constitution gave Poland " a constitutional monarchy close to the English model of the time . " Poniatowski himself described it , according to a contemporary account , as " founded principally on those of England and the United States of America , but avoiding the faults and errors of both , and adapted as much as possible to the local and particular circumstances of the country . " The Constitution of 3 May remained to the end a work in progress . A new civil and criminal code ( tentatively called the Stanisław August Code ) was in the works . Poniatowski also planned a reform improving the situation of the Polish Jews . In foreign policy , spurned by Russia , Poland turned to another potential ally , the Triple Alliance , represented on the Polish diplomatic scene primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia , which led to the formation of the ultimately futile Polish – Prussian alliance . The pro @-@ Prussian shift was not supported by Poniatowski , who nevertheless acceded to the decision of the majority of Sejm deputies . The passing of the Constitution of 3 May , although officially applauded by Frederick William II of Prussia , who sent a congratulatory note to Warsaw , caused further worry in Prussia . The contacts of Polish reformers with the revolutionary French National Assembly were seen by Poland 's neighbors as evidence of a conspiracy and a threat to their absolute monarchies . Prussian statesman Ewald von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives : " The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution " , elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition ; a similar sentiment was later expressed by Prussian Foreign Minister Friedrich Wilhelm von Schulenburg @-@ Kehnert . Russia 's wars with the Ottomans and Sweden having ended , Catherine was furious over the adoption of the Constitution , which threatened Russian influence in Poland . One of Russia 's chief foreign policy authors , Alexander Bezborodko , upon learning of the Constitution , commented that " the worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw : the Polish king has become almost sovereign . " = = = = War in Defense of the Constitution and end of the Commonwealth = = = = Shortly thereafter , conservative Polish nobility formed the Targowica Confederation to overthrow the Constitution , which they saw as a threat to the traditional freedoms and privileges they enjoyed . The confederates aligned themselves with Russia 's Catherine the Great , and the Russian army entered Poland , marking the start of the Polish – Russian War of 1792 , also known as the War in Defense of the Constitution . The Sejm voted to increase the Polish Army to 100 @,@ 000 men , but due to insufficient time and funds this number was never achieved . Poniatowski and the reformers could field only a 37 @,@ 000 @-@ man army , many of them untested recruits . This army , under the command of the King 's nephew Józef Poniatowski and Tadeusz Kościuszko , managed to defeat the Russians or fight them to a draw on several occasions . Following the victorious Battle of Zieleńce , in which Polish forces were commanded by his nephew , the king founded a new order , the Order of Virtuti Militari , to reward Poles for exceptional military leadership and courage in combat . Despite Polish requests , Prussia refused to honor its alliance obligations . In the end , the numerical superiority of the Russians was too great , and defeat looked inevitable . Poniatowski 's attempts at negotiations with Russia proved futile . In July 1792 , when Warsaw was threatened with siege by the Russians , the king came to believe that surrender was the only alternative to total defeat . Having received assurances from Russian ambassador Yakov Bulgakov that no territorial changes would occur , a cabinet of ministers called the Guard of Laws ( or Guardians of Law , Polish : Straż Praw ) voted eight to four in favor of surrender . On 24 July 1792 , Poniatowski joined the Targowica Confederation . The Polish Army disintegrated . Many reform leaders , believing their cause lost , went into self @-@ exile , although they hoped that Poniatowski would be able to negotiate an acceptable compromise with the Russians , as he had done in the past . Poniatowski had not saved the Commonwealth , however . He and the reformers had lost much of their influence , both within the country and with Catherine . Neither were the Targowica Confederates victorious . To their surprise , there ensued the Second Partition of Poland . With the new deputies bribed or intimidated by the Russian troops , the Grodno Sejm took place . On 23 November 1793 , it annulled all acts of the Great Sejm , including the Constitution . Faced with his powerlessness , Poniatowski once again considered abdication ; in the meantime he tried to salvage whatever reforms he could . = = = Final years = = = Poniatowski 's plans were ruined by the Kościuszko Uprising . The king did not encourage it , but once it began he supported it , seeing no other honorable option . Its defeat marked the end of the Commonwealth . Poniatowski tried to govern the country in the brief period after the defeat of the Uprising , but on 2 December 1794 , Catherine demanded that he leave Warsaw , a request to which he acceded on 7 January 1795 , leaving the capital under Russian military escort and settling briefly in Grodno . On 24 October 1795 , the act of the final , Third Partition of Poland was signed ; one month and one day later , on 25 November , Poniatowski signed his abdication . Catherine died on 17 November 1796 , succeeded by Paul I of Russia . On 15 February 1797 , Poniatowski left for Saint Petersburg , Russia . He hoped to be allowed to travel abroad , but was not able to secure permission to do so . A virtual prisoner in St. Petersburg 's Marble Palace , he subsisted on a pension granted to him by Catherine . Despite financial troubles , he still supported some of his former allies , and he tried to represent the Polish case at the Russian court . He also worked on his memoirs . Poniatowski died after a stroke on 12 February 1798 . Paul I sponsored a royal state funeral , and on 3 March he was buried at the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg . In 1938 , when the Soviet Union planned to demolish the Church , his remains were transferred to the Second Polish Republic , and put in a church at Wołczyn , his birthplace . This was done in secret , and it caused a controversy in Poland when the issue became known . In the 1990 , due to poor state of the Wołoczyn Church ( then in Belarus ) , his body was transferred to Poland once more , to St. John 's Cathedral in Warsaw , where , on 3 May 1791 , he had celebrated the adoption of the Constitution he had co @-@ authored and endorsed . A final funeral ceremony was held on 14 February 1995 . = = Legacy = = = = = Patron of culture = = = Poniatowski may have been the most important patron of the arts of the Polish Enlightenment . His political goals included the overthrow of the myth of the Golden Freedoms and the reform of the backwards culture of sarmatism , and many of his artistic projects aimed to eradicate the negative qualities he associated with them . The " Thursday Dinners " he hosted were considered the most brilliant social functions in the Polish capital . He founded the Warsaw National Theatre , the first Polish public theatre , and sponsored many of its expenses , actors and an associated ballet school . He remodeled the Ujazdów Castle and the Royal Castle in Warsaw , and erected the elegant Royal Baths in Warsaw 's most romantic park . He was deeply involved with the details of the architectural projects , and his eclectic style became known as the Stanisław August style , a term coined by Polish art historian Władysław Tatarkiewicz . His chief architects included Domenico Merlini and Jan Kamsetzer . He was also a patron of numerous painters , many of them on personal retainer . They included Poles Anna Rajecka , Franciszek Smuglewicz , Jan Bogumił Plersch , Józef Wall and Zygmunt Vogel , as well as foreign painters , namely Marceli Bacciarelli , Bernardo Canalatto , Jean Pillement , Louis Marteau and Per Krafft the Elder . His retinue of sculptors was led by Andrzej Le Brun , and included Giacomo Monaldi , Franciszek Pinck and Tommaso Righi . Jan Filip Holzhaeusser was his court engraver and designer of many commemorative medals . According to a 1795 inventory , his art collection , spread throughout numerous buildings , contained 2 @,@ 889 pieces , including ones by Rembrandt , Rubens , van Dyck and others . His plan to create a large painting gallery in Warsaw was interrupted by the dismembering of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ; nonetheless , most of the paintings he ordered can now be seen at the Dulwich Picture Gallery in London . Poniatowski also planned to fund an Academy of Fine Arts , but this dream was also never realized . Poniatowski accomplished much in the realm of education and literature . He established the School of Chivalry ( also called the " Corps of Cadets " ) , which functioned from 1765 to 1794 and whose alumni included Tadeusz Kościuszko ; he supported the creation of the Commission of National Education , considered to be the world 's first Ministry of Education . In 1765 he helped found the Monitor , one of the first Polish newspapers and the leading periodical of the Polish Enlightenment . He sponsored many articles that appeared in the Monitor ( and perhaps even wrote some himself ) . Writers and poets who received his patronage included Stanisław Trembecki , Franciszek Salezy Jezierski , Franciszek Bohomolec and Franciszek Zabłocki . He also supported publishers , including Piotr Świtkowski , and library owners such as Józef Lex . He supported the development of the sciences , particularly cartography ; he hired a personal cartographer ( Karol de Perthees ) even before his election as king . A plan he initiated to map the entire territory of the Commonwealth , however , was never finished . At the Royal Castle in Warsaw , he organized an astronomical observatory and supported astronomers Jan Śniadecki and Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt . He also sponsored historical studies , including the collection , cataloging and copying of historical manuscripts . He encouraged publications of biographies of famous Polish historical figures , and sponsored their paintings and sculptures . For his contributions to the arts and sciences , Poniatowski was awarded membership in 1766 to the Royal Society , where he was the first royal member outside the British royalty . In 1778 , he was awarded membership to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences , and in 1791 to the Berlin Academy of Sciences . He also supported the development of industry and manufacturing , fields in which the Commonwealth lagged behind most of Western Europe . Among the endeavors in which he invested were the manufacture of cannons and firearms and the mining industry . Poniatowski himself left several literary works : his memoirs , some political brochures and recorded speeches from the Sejm . He was considered a great orator and a skilled conversationalist . = = = Conflicting assessments = = = King Stanisław August remains a controversial figure . In Polish historiography and popular works , he has been criticized or marginalized by Szymon Askenazy , Joachim Lelewel , Jerzy Łojek ( whom Andrzej Zahorski describes as Poniatowski 's most vocal critic among modern historians ) , Tadeusz Korzon , Karol Zyszewski and Krystyna Zienkowska , whereas more neutral or positive views have been expressed by Paweł Jasienica , Walerian Kalinka , Władysław Konopczyński , Stanisław Mackiewicz , Emanuel Rostworowski and Stanisław Wasylewski . When elected to the throne , he was seen by many as a simple " instrument for displacing the somnolent Saxons from the throne of Poland " , yet as Norman Davies notes , " he turned out to be an ardent patriot , and a convinced reformer . " Still , according to many , his reforms did not go far enough , leading to accusations that he was being overly cautious , even indecisive , a fault to which he himself admitted . His decision to rely on Russia has been often criticized . Poniatowski saw Russia as a " lesser evil " – willing to support the independence of a weak Poland within the Russian sphere of influence ; however in the end Russia chose to support the partitions of Poland rather than reform . He was accused by others of weakness and subservience , even of treason , especially in the years following the Second Partition ; during the Kościuszko Uprising , some rumors claimed that Polish Jacobins were planning a coup d 'état and his assassination . Another line of criticism alleged poor financial planning on his part . Poniatowski had little personal wealth ; most of his income came from royal lands and monopolies . His patronage of the arts and sciences was a major drain on his treasury ; he also supported numerous public initiatives , and attempted to use the royal treasury to cover the country 's expenses when tax revenue was insufficient . The Sejm promised to compensate him several times , with little practical effect . Nonetheless the accusation of being a spendthrift was frequently levied at him by his contemporary critics . Andrzej Zahorski dedicated a book to the discussion of Poniatowski , The Dispute over Stanisław August ( Spór o Stanisława Augusta , Warsaw , 1988 ) . He notes that the discourse concerning Poniatowski is significantly colored by the fact that he was the last king of Poland – the king who failed to save the country . This failure , and his prominent position , made him a convenient scapegoat for many . Zahorski argues that Poniatowski made an error by joining the Targowica Confederation ; he wanted to preserve the Polish state , but it was too late for that – he only succeeded in damaging his reputation for centuries to come . = = = Remembrance = = = Poniatowski has been the subject of numerous biographies and many works of art . Voltaire , who saw Poniatowski as a model reformist , modeled King Teucer in his drama Les Lois de Minos ( 1772 ) after him . At least 58 contemporary poems were dedicated to him or praised him . Since then , he has been a major character in many works of Józef Ignacy Kraszewski , in the Rok 1794 trilogy by Władysław Stanisław Reymont , in the novels of Tadeusz Łopalewski , and in the dramas of Ignacy Grabowski , Tadeusz Miciński , Roman Bradstaetter and Bogdan Śmigielski . He is discussed in Luise Mühlbach 's novel Joseph II and His Court , and appears in Jane Porter 's Thaddeus of Warsaw . On screen he has been played by Wieńczysław Gliński in the 1976 3 Maja directed by Grzegorz Królikiewicz . He will appear in an upcoming Russian TV series . He has been a subject of numerous portraits , medals and coins . Poniatowski is prominent figure in Jan Matejko 's 1891 painting , Constitution of 3 May 1791 . Matejko also portrayed him on another large painting , Rejtan , and in his series of portraits of Polish monarchs . His bust was unveiled in Łazienki in 1992 . Numerous cities in Poland have streets named after him , including Warsaw and Kraków . = = Family = = Poniatowski was the son of Stanisław Poniatowski ( 1676 – 1762 ) and Princess Konstancja Czartoryska ( 1700 – 1759 ) ; brother of Michał Jerzy Poniatowski ( 1736 – 94 ) , Kazimierz Poniatowski ( 1721 – 1800 ) , Andrzej Poniatowski , ( 1734 – 1773 ) ; and uncle to Józef Poniatowski ( 1763 – 1813 ) . He never married . In his youth , he had loved his cousin Elżbieta Czartoryska , but her father August Aleksander Czartoryski disapproved because he did not think him influential or rich enough . When this was no longer an issue , she was already married . His pacta conventa specified that he should marry a Polish noblewoman , although he himself always hoped to marry into some royal family . Upon his accession to the throne , he had hopes of marrying Catherine II , writing to her on 2 November 1763 in a moment of doubt , " If I desired the throne , it was because I saw you on it . " When she made it clear through his envoy Rzewuski that she would not marry him , there were hopes of an Austrian archduchess . A few historians believe that he later undertook a secret marriage to Elżbieta Szydłowska . However , according to Wirydianna Fiszerowa , a contemporary who knew them both , this rumour only spread after the death of Poniatowski , was generally disbelieved , and moreover , was circulated by Elżbieta herself , so the marriage is considered by most to be unlikely . He had several notable lovers , two of whom bore him children . Magdalena Agnieszka Sapieżyna ( Lubomirska ) ( 1739 – 1780 ) bore Konstancja Żwanowa ( 1768 – 1810 ) and Michał Cichocki ( 1770 – 1828 ) . Elżbieta Szydłowska ( 1748 – 1810 ) bore him Stanisław Konopnicy @-@ Grabowski ( 1780 – 1845 ) , Michał Grabowski ( 1773 – 1812 ) , Kazimierz Grabowski ( 1770- ? ) , Konstancja Grabowska and Izabela Grabowska ( 1776 – 1858 ) . It is also very likely that Anna Petrovna ( 1757 – 1758 ) , Catherine the Great 's second child , was his daughter . = = = Ancestors = = = = = = Issue = = = = Elgato = Elgato is a brand of consumer technology products . The manufacturer , also called Elgato , was founded in 1992 by Markus Fest and is headquartered in Munich , Germany . Elgato is best known for a line of video @-@ recording products called EyeTV , which record video from over @-@ the @-@ air antennas , satellite TV , or mobile devices . The first EyeTV product was introduced in November 2002 . More recently , Elgato introduced a line of " smart " products , such as a key fob that track 's the user 's distance from their car or purse and provides notifications to help them find it . In 2014 , it introduced a home monitoring system called Eve , which provides alerts to users regarding things like air pressure , temperature and water use . Elgato also developed light bulbs that can respond to programming on a mobile device and respond to commands over Bluetooth and it produces two Thunderbolt products : a dock for MacBooks and an external hard drive . = = EyeTV = = = = = History = = = The first EyeTV hardware device was introduced in November 2002 . It was a small USB @-@ powered device that contained a cable tuner and hardware encoder in order to convert television video into an MPEG @-@ 1 format for watching on a computer . It also had coaxial and RCA plugs to connect it with a VCR or camcorder . A 2002 article in Macworld said it was the " first step " in bridging computers and television , but at this point still had " some kinks " . The next iteration was released in 2004 and called EyeTV 200 . EyeTV 200 introduced a digital remote control and converted video programming into the higher @-@ quality MPEG @-@ 2 format . A Macworld review gave it 4 out of 5 stars for " very good " and emphasized the video quality and ease @-@ of @-@ use . A story in the Washington Post said it was more expensive than some alternatives , but worked on a Mac and had good @-@ quality recordings . Also in 2004 the first EyeTV product for satellite television was introduced with the EyeTV 310 , which was later discontinued and replaced with EyeTV Sat . That same year a home media server called EyeHome was introduced . It had recording features similar to other EyeTV products , but was also intended for steaming a computer display to a television . It connected Mac computers and televisions that share the same home network . A review in Macworld gave it three stars or a " good " rating , saying that it was easy to install and worked well with Apple applications , but some aspects were quirky or frustrating . Sound and Vision Magazine said it was " pretty darn cool " and an easy , inexpensive way to get media server functionality , though there were some user interface quirks . It gave the product an 89 out of 100 rating . By 2005 , several other EyeTV products had been introduced , such as the EyeTV for DTT , the EyeTV EZ and the EyeTV Wonder . The EyeTV for DTT ( digital terrestrial TV ) is a small USB @-@ powered device with an antenna for receiving free over @-@ the @-@ air television broadcasts . It received a 4 out of 5 rating in TechRadar . A review in The Register gave it an 85 percent rating . The Eye TV Wonder was only available from July 2005 to January 2006 , before being discontinued and replaced with the Eye TV EZ . The EZ was a basic , entry @-@ level product with an analog tuner for watching TV on a Mac computer . In 2006 , version 2 @.@ 1 of the EyeTV software was introduced with a new user @-@ interface , an integrated TV guide from TitanTV and compatibility with Apple remotes . The interface was similar to that of other Apple products . An article in Macworld praised the update and especially the new editing features , but said it had some quirks , such as a difficult @-@ to @-@ find Edit button . Some of the iHome software , which plays video content from a computer onto a television , was released in 2006 as a universal binary . Version 2 @.@ 4 of the EyeTV software was released in 2007 and added an export tool for Apple TV . = = = = Exit from the ATSC tuner market = = = = As of February 2015 , Elgato no longer sells ATSC tuners . ( ATSC is the digital television standard used in the United States , Canada , South Korea , Mexico and the Dominican Republic . ) The Elgato web site explicitly declines to give a reason : " Elgato Technical Support is not able to comment on this business decision . " = = = Current products = = = = = = = Over the air = = = = The EyeTV Diversity is a USB @-@ powered device with dual tuners for receiving over the air television broadcasts . The tuners can be used simultaneously for an optimized signal , or one tuner can be used to record a channel , while another is used to watch a separate show . Diversity was first introduced in November 2006 . A driver in 2009 added compatibility with Windows 7 . A review in TechRadar gave EyeTV Diversity five out of five stars . PC advisor and Pocket @-@ Lint both gave it four out of five stars . EyeTV Hybrid , which can pick up digital or analog television broadcasts , was first released in early 2009 . A CNET review said the device was easy and effective to use , but that buffering was often too slow to make watching live TV practical . Macworld said EyeTV 's " core strength " was recording scheduled TV shows . A review in PC Magazine gave the product 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . The review said it " works exceptionally well " but doesn 't come with Windows software . = = = = Satellite = = = = In June 2010 , the EyeTV HD product for recording high @-@ definition cable and satellite programming was introduced . Because cable and satellite signals are encoded , the device must be connected to a tuner from a television provider . Then it provides remote controls , recording and DVR @-@ functionality from a connected computer . A Macworld review gave the product four out of five stars . A review in Laptop Magazine gave EyeTV HD 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . It said the interface was intuitive and the video quality was good , but noted it was only compatible with Macs . The EyeTV Netstream 4Sat has four satellite tuners , allowing four channels to be watched simultaneously from different devices . It was introduced in 2014 . A review in Macworld gave it 5 out of 5 stars . The review said Elgato had addressed some of the limitations of prior EyeTV satellite tuners like Netstream Sat / DTT . Pocket @-@ Lint gave it 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars CNET gave it five stars . The EyeTV Sat product , which receives free @-@ to @-@ air television , was introduced in Europe in late 2009 . The Register gave it an 80 % rating , saying that it " works well " and that the documentation did not make it clear how to install the Apple and Windows versions of the software . = = = = Software = = = = The EyeTV software was updated to version 3 @.@ 0 in 2008 . 3 @.@ 0 made user interface improvements , such as being able to mark favorites or automatically record shows in a series . A review in TechRadar gave it 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . The review noted that EyeTV was the de facto software for TV and computer video integration and praised its new features , but said it was expensive when purchased separately . A 2007 article in MacLife said their " top picks " for USB @-@ powered tuners were those using the EyeTV software , such as the EyeTV hybrid or EyeTV 250 . In addition to Elgato 's EyeTV line of consumer devices , other brands such as Terratec and Miglia use the EyeTV software in their products through licensing agreements with Elgato . = = = = Mobile = = = = The EyeTV W was introduced in November 2013 . It is a small 44 gram device that receives free digital over @-@ the @-@ air television broadcasts and makes it available to portable devices through a wireless hot spot . A review in Macworld said it was portable , easy to use and had good battery life , but noted that users can 't connect to other wi @-@ fi networks and watch TV at the same time . It gave the product 4 out of 5 stars . An EyeTV Mobile device for iPads was announced at the 2011 International Franchise Conference as the first tuner for the new Freeview system in the United Kingdom . Subsequently the EyeTV Mobile and EyeTV Micro products were released for iPhones and Android respectively . The Micro and Mobile allow users to watch or record free over @-@ the @-@ air television programming from their smartphone . Reviews of the mobile products ranged from 2 out of 5 stars by CNET 4 out of 5 stars in Macworld and 3 out of 5 stars in PC Magazine . There is also an EyeTV iPhone app that allows the user to watch their recorded shows on their iPhone , control their EyeTV recordings or watch live TV while connected to Wi @-@ Fi . A compact version for laptops , the EyeTV GO , was introduced in May 2014 . = = Smart product line = = = = = Smart key = = = Elgato manufactures and markets a smart @-@ key system . The system comes with a small 10 @-@ gram device that is placed on a key ring , in a purse , inside a car , or somewhere else . Then it communicates with an Elgato app on an iOS device . If it is set up for keys , the app will alert the user when they are 10 meters away from their keys , indicating that they may have forgotten them . It takes advantage of the " Smart Bluetooth " Apple implemented in iOS 7 . A review in TheNextWeb said it was " money well spent " and worked " exactly as described " , but that the beeping of the device could be louder and users will still need to supplement it with the Find my Phone app . A review in Macworld gave it 4 out of 5 stars . = = = Smart home = = = In September 2014 , Elgato announced a home monitoring system called Eve , which monitors a home 's air pressure , water usage , temperature , air quality and other factors . Elgato said the product won 't be available until the HomeKit software , which is expected to come with Apple iOS 8 , is released . It also introduced smart light bulbs , which communicate with iOS devices through Bluetooth and allow users to adjust home lighting from their mobile device . = = = Smart power = = = In late 2014 , Elgato introduced the Smart Power battery backup for mobile devices . It communicates with the user 's bluetooth @-@ enabled device to provide notifications and calendar reminders when it needs to be charged . = = Thunderbolt = = = = = Thunderbolt dock = = = Elgato introduced a Thunderbolt docking station in June 2014 . A computer is plugged into the dock using a Thunderbolt port in order to gain access to the dock 's three USB ports , audio jacks , HDMI and ethernet . It is typically used to plug a Macbook into an office setting ( printer , monitor , keyboard ) or to provide additional ports not available in the Macbook Air . A review in The Register said it was compact and useful , but Windows users should consider a USB 3 @.@ 0 dock . The Register and CNET disagreed on whether it was competitively priced . Reviews in TechRadar and Macworld gave it 4 out of 5 stars . = = = Thunderbolt SSD = = = Elgato introduced two firewire external hard drives in September 2012 called Thunderbolt Drive . Benchmark tests by MacWorld and Tom 's Hardware said that the hard drive was slower than other products they tested , despite being connected through a faster Thunderbolt port , rather than Firewire . The following year , in 2013 , Elgato replaced them with similar drives identified as " Thunderbolt Drive + " , which added USB 3 @.@ 0 support and was claimed to be faster than the previous iteration . A CNET review of a Thunderbolt Drive + drive gave it a 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 star rating . It said the drive was " blazing fast " and " the most portable drive to date " but was also expensive . An article in The Register explained that the original drives introduced in 2012 didn 't perform well in benchmark tests , but the newer " plus " version had impressive speed results during testing . = = Gaming = = Game Capture HD , which connects to gaming consoles to record gameplay , was introduced in 2012 . It was created in response to gamers that were hacking EyeTV products for gameplay recording . The device connects between a gaming console and the TV and is powered by a USB connection . It captures video as the console sends it to the television , compresses and stores it . A review in iPhone Life gave it 4 out of 5 stars and noted that it could also be used to record iPad games with the right setup . In October 2014 Elgato released a new version called HD 60 . It recorded in 60 frames per second and 1080p high definition video , whereas typical low @-@ end video game recording devices capture in 720p and 30 frames per second . The Telegraph gave it four out of five stars . A review in Gizmodo said that it captured extremely high @-@ quality footage , but it may be higher @-@ end than needed for many gamers that would be satisfied with the recording features built @-@ in to the console . = Hurricane Juliette ( 1995 ) = Hurricane Juliette was the strongest hurricane and final tropical cyclone of the inactive 1995 Pacific hurricane season . The tenth named storm of the season , Juliette formed on September 16 from a tropical wave off the southwest coast of Mexico . For the majority of its track , the storm moved toward the west @-@ northwest , and Juliette quickly intensified to major hurricane status . On September 20 , the hurricane reached peak winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . Later it turned toward the northeast , briefly threatening the Baja California Peninsula , although the hurricane never affected land . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa behind Hurricane Luis on August 31 . Strong outflow from Luis prevented development of the wave , and it continued westward until crossing into the eastern Pacific Ocean on September 12 . Convection increased as it moved through the Gulf of Tehuantepec , and the cloud pattern organized sufficiently to warrant Dvorak classifications for the system on September 15 . Based on the development of a low @-@ level circulation , it is estimated the system organized into Tropical Depression Eleven @-@ E on September 16 while located around 290 miles ( 465 km ) south of Manzanillo , Mexico . Due to the tropical depression moving over an area of warm water temperatures with favorable upper level outflow , the National Hurricane Center forecast the tropical depression to slowly intensify to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) winds within 72 hours the forecast early on September 16 . The tropical depression was small in size , and moving to the west @-@ northwest , intensified into a tropical storm on September 17 . Juliette quickly organized with a well @-@ defined band of convection drawn into the circulation . The storm quickly intensified , and subsequent to the development of a small eye Juliette attained hurricane status on September 18 , just 42 hours after developing . The eye became better defined as the hurricane moved to the west @-@ northwest , a motion caused by a weak ridge to its north , and Juliette attained major hurricane status early on September 19 . Possibly due to increased northeasterly wind shear from an upper @-@ level trough , Juliette stopped its intensification trend , though as it turned to the west it again re @-@ organized . On September 20 , while located 420 miles ( 680 km ) southwest of Cabo San Lucas , Juliette attained a peak strength of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) , the strongest tropical cyclone of the season and a Category 4 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . After maintaining its peak intensity for less than 12 hours , Juliette began to weaken due to an eyewall replacement cycle . After turning to the west @-@ northwest , the winds of the hurricane dropped to 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) by September 22 , and the eyewall expanded to about 80 miles ( 130 km ) in diameter . The eyewall contracted to about 40 miles ( 65 km ) , and as a result Juliette re @-@ strengthened to attain winds of 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) . An eastward moving trough of low pressure turned the hurricane to the north @-@ northeast into an area of cooler water temperatures and increased wind shear . Juliette quickly weakened to a tropical storm late on September 24 . The eastward moving trough moved past the storm , resulting in the motion of Juliette turning to a southeast drift . The convection waned and disappeared on September 25 , and on September 26 Juliette dissipated while located 450 miles ( 730 km ) west of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . = = Preparations and impact = = When the motion of Juliette turned to the northeast , some computer models predicted it to continue northeastward and strike Baja California Sur . As a result , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch as a precautionary measure for portions of the state . When the storm weakened rapidly and turned from the coast , the watch was canceled . Juliette remained away from land masses for its lifetime , and as a result there were no reports of damage or deaths . In southern California , however , the hurricane produced high waves that created dangerous surfing conditions . These waves wiped out a fishing derby . The remnants of Hurricane Juliette moved into New Mexico and western Texas , producing scattered showers and thunderstorms . = Debut ( Björk album ) = Debut is the first international solo studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk . The album was released in July 1993 on One Little Indian and Elektra Records , and was produced by Björk in collaboration with artist Nellee Hooper . Her first recording following the dissolution of her previous band the Sugarcubes , the album departed from the from the rock @-@ oriented style of her previous work and instead drew on an eclectic variety of styles across electronic pop , house music , jazz and trip hop . Debut received widespread critical acclaim from British music critics , though United States reviewers doled out more mixed reviews . Upon its initial release , the album sold far greater than her label predicted , charting at number three in the United Kingdom and 61 in the United States . It was certified gold in Canada and platinum in the United States , where it remains her best @-@ selling album to date . Five singles were released from Debut : " Human Behaviour " , " Venus as a Boy " , " Play Dead " , " Big Time Sensuality " and " Violently Happy " . All five singles charted in the United Kingdom with only " Human Behaviour " , " Violently Happy " and " Big Time Sensuality " charting on dance and modern rock charts in the United States . = = Background and production = = While still performing as the vocalist of Icelandic alternative rock group the Sugarcubes , Björk approached both Ásmundur Jónsson of Bad Taste and producer Derek Birkett of One Little Indian Records with a demo cassette of her own songs on which she had been working . These demos included versions of songs that would appear on Debut , including " The Anchor Song " and " Aeroplane " . After the Sugarcubes went on hiatus , she moved to London , England , where she and Birkett worked on the details of what would become Debut . Björk has admitted that The Sugarcube 's music was not her taste , and that her contact with London 's underground club culture of the late 1980s / early 1990s helped her find her own musical identity . She said : " ... as a music nerd , I just had to follow my heart , and my heart was those beats that were happening in England . And maybe what I 'm understanding more and more as I get older , is that music like Kate Bush has really influenced me . Brian Eno . Acid . Electronic beats . Labels like Warp . " Many of the songs on the album were written years before Björk moved to London , including " Human Behaviour " which was written when the singer was a teenager . Björk had put aside these songs stating that " I was in punk bands and [ the songs ] weren 't punk . " Björk had already written half the songs for Debut in some form , but had nothing recorded . With no producer in line to work with , she continued to compose songs with 808 State member Graham Massey in a friend 's home in Manchester where she would write songs that would be included on later albums , including " Army of Me " and " The Modern Things " . While creating more electronic based tracks with Massey , Björk developed a desire to work with a jazz producer . Wanting to work with a harpist , producer Paul Fox who had previously worked with the Sugarcubes , introduced her to jazz harpist Corky Hale . Hale was going to politely refuse to work with Björk until her stepson , who was a Sugarcubes fan , insisted that she take the job . Björk recorded a handful of jazz standards with Hale including " I Remember You " and an early version of " Like Someone in Love " . Fox also introduced Björk to Oliver Lake and the pair recorded another jazz standard , " Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries " , with Lake 's jazz group for the John Hughes film Curly Sue . Hughes turned down the idea of the recording for the film , but it led to the idea of Debut being produced by Fox and arranged by Oliver Lake . Björk contracted Lake for working with some session saxophonists in London for Debut . Lake 's contributions to the album are heard on tracks including " Aeroplane " and " The Anchor Song " . Björk was intending to have several producers work on the album , but this idea never came to fruition . Björk was then going to have the album produced with Paul Fox until she was introduced to producer Nellee Hooper by her boyfriend Dominic Thrupp . Hooper had previously produced albums by Soul II Soul , Sinéad O 'Connor and Massive Attack , which made Björk skeptical about working with him , stating that " I thought Nellee was too ' good taste ' for my liking . But then I met him , got to know him , [ and ] got to hear about his fabulous ideas ... " Björk and Hooper 's recording ideas were very similar , which led to the decision to end production work with Massey and Fox . Hooper introduced Björk to studio technology and studio programmer Marius de Vries who gave Debut a modern style with the use of keyboards and synthesizers . Hooper produced the first ten tracks on the album , while Björk co @-@ produced " Like Someone in Love " with Hooper and produced " The Anchor Song " solely herself . Björk and Hooper spent many sessions in the studio working on Debut until the album was finished in early 1993 . = = Composition = = The music of Debut draws on an eclectic variety of sources . Treblezine described the album as " [ melding ] alternative dance and electronic with a graceful flow . " It is said that the album " [ shook ] the status quo " of the contemporary musical climate , in the sense that its eclectic experimental pop leanings distanced it from the music " primarily being made by men with guitars " that was popular at the time , like grunge and the burgeoning britpop . Michael Cragg of The Guardian has described it as an " indefinable conflation of electronic pop , trip @-@ hop , world music and otherworldly lyrics " . AllMusic described the album 's style as " creative , tantalizing electronic pop . " The The New York Times review stated that " Debut often recalls the early 70 's jazz @-@ fusion of bands like Weather Report . But where these fusionists combined jazz harmony with funk and acid rock , Björk marries her scat @-@ vocalese and off @-@ kilter melodies with the futuristic textures and programmed percussion of today 's techno and acid house . Furthermore , The Face 's Mandi James felt Debut was " a delightful fusion of thrash metal , jazz , funk and opera , with the odd dash of exotica thrown in for good measure . " The singer also took influence from the music of Bollywood and " the buzz of London nightlife . " A main element of Debut 's sound is its incorporation of dance music , reflecting the contemporary styles of London 's club culture , with which the singer had established close ties . While the echoes of subgenres such as Euro @-@ house , acid jazz , worldbeat and IDM can be noted , " they hadn ’ t yet broken free from the primal thump of four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor house music . " Tom Breihan of Stereogum asserts that " even as dance music took on all these new sounds , that basic pulse was still the most important thing about it , and that pulse reverberates all through Debut . " Björk said : " A lot of the songs on my record have dance beats , but I think they ’ re beats that are more reflective of daily life — like life in the middle of the day in a city , as opposed to the night life of the clubs . " The " four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor " style — typical of house music — is mostly evident in songs such as " Human Behaviour " , " Crying " , " Big Time Sensuality " , " There 's More to Life Than This " and " Violently Happy " . Björk felt house music was " the only pop music that [ was ] truly modern , " stating in 1993 that it was " the only music where anything creative is happening today . " Her departure from the guitar @-@ driven rock of her previous works stemmed from the feeling that it was outdated , arguing that " as soon as any form becomes traditional , like the guitar , bass and drums , then people start to behave traditionally , " and that " it 's really difficult to get a band to stay on the edge using typical bass , guitar and drums set @-@ up because it tends to lapse into a predictable form . " Being a fan of dance music since the early days of acid house , she thus used it as the framework for her songs . However , in a Rolling Stone interview she also stated that " [ she ] was more influenced by ambient music than what you 'd call dance music , and by things that were happening way back in Chicago and Detroit that were sensual and daring and groundbreaking in their time ; " also adding : " Ninety @-@ five percent of the dance music you hear today is crap . It 's only that experimental five percent that I 'm into — the records that get played in clubs after 7 o 'clock in the morning , when the DJs are playing stuff for themselves , rather than trying to please people . " Björk 's embracement of England 's dance culture also extended to her looks , with her style at the time now considered a representative of 1990s acid house fashion . Björk 's adoption of " the contemporary musical environment of London " also included the burgeoning trip @-@ hop scene of bands like Portishead and Massive Attack . Co @-@ producer Nellee Hooper had been a member of Bristol 's " Wild Bunch " collective , a group that took from acid jazz , funk and hip hop and catalyzed the appearance of trip @-@ hop . Thus , the electronically backed songs of the album that are not dance @-@ oriented have a more trip @-@ hop style sound . These non @-@ dance tracks have been described as having a " more delicate atmosphere " . i @-@ D noted that Debut — and Björk 's following album , Post — also integrate ambient techno and jungle , stating that they " couldn 't have existed without Aphex Twin , Black Dog , A Guy Called Gerald , LFO and all the other producers who reshaped the language of music since 1988 . " Also present are elements of jazz , with WUOG stating that " while many see Debut as Björk ’ s clubbiest album , it may also be her jazziest . " Likewise , Brad Shoup of Stereogum wrote that " though her electronic bent gets the most attention , it 's her interest in jazz that courses through the set . " Tim Perlich of Now felt Debut " bridges jazz and pop " , and Simon Reynolds characterized it as " jazzy love songs tinged with an oceanic feeling . " = = = Songs = = = For the most part , the lyrics of Debut are concerned with love . The love themes range from " flesh @-@ and @-@ blood passion " for another person to the love of life itself . According to i @-@ D , with a couple of exceptions , the songs of Debut fell into two types : " those where Björk addressed the listener as someone in pain and told them fireworks would light their nights and all would be well ; " and " songs where she sang about her own pain . " The Face stated that the album 's lyrics " [ consolidated ] her love affair with language , " while The Sunday Times felt that Björk " rigorously [ avoided ] the obvious " by using lyrics that do not rhyme . Album opener " Human Behaviour " features a " bouncing riff " sampled from Antônio Carlos Jobim , with " its syncopated beat consigned to a venerable orchestral instrument , the timpani . " Its lyrics refer to Björk 's experience as a child , finding the behaviour of adults " rather chaotic and nonsensical , " instead finding harmony with other children , nature and animals . Inspired by naturalist David Attenborough , she sings from the point of view of an animal , with its opening line being " If you ever get close to a human / And human behaviour / Be ready , be ready to get confused " . Following track " Crying " shows a contradiction between its " bubbly , shiny @-@ surfaced acid disco @-@ pop " sound and lyrics that describe the turmoil of feeling alienated in a big city . " Venus as a Boy " — considered an ambient track by Rolling Stone — reflected Björk 's newly found interest in Bollywood , having befriended people of Indian origin in London , most notably Talvin Singh . In a spontaneous fashion , the song 's strings — and also those of " Come to Me " — were recorded by a fim studio orchestra in India . The lyrics of the track are about the sensitivity of her then boyfriend Dominic Thrupp , with lyrics that have been described as " sweet and just the slightest bit naughty . " In the dancefloor @-@ oriented " There 's More to Life Than This " , Björk leaves romance behind , with " her mischievous side [ coming ] to the fore " . Its lyrics were inspired by a party she attended and promptly left . " Like Someone in Love " is one of the several jazz standards the singer recorded with Corky Hale , with her voice " cradled in harp and swoony strings . " " Like Someone in Love " is followed by the techno @-@ tinged " Big Time Sensuality " in an " intentionally startling " leap . An " anthem to emotional bravery , " it contains lyrics described as " simple but passionate " , concerning Björk 's relationship with her co @-@ producer Nellee Hooper . The songs " The Anchor Song " , " One Day " , and " Aeroplane " draw on what Björk refers to as her more " academic , clever side " . " One Day " also presents a sudden shift of mood , featuring a " gently pulsing bass " that builds into an " itchily impassioned , housey pop euphoria . " " Aeroplane " is one of Debut 's most musically complicated pieces with off @-@ kilter arrangement from Oliver Lake ; its backdrop is inspired by exotica music . This song is also about Thrupp , written when he was living in the United Kingdom and Björk still lived in Iceland . " Come to Me " features a " hazy musical backdrop of raindrop synths , padded drums and sweeping strings " ; lyrically , it explores a " sensually intense need to nurture . " " Violently Happy " is the most hardcore techno track on the album . In the song , over " brisk house beats " Björk sings in a stammering fashion , as she " struggles to express feelings of excitement so intense she seems on the brink of leaping out of her skin . " As a gesture to inexpressible feelings , the song samples one syllable and " [ turns ] it into a stuttering vocal tic . " Closing track " The Anchor Song " is the only one in the album solely produced by Björk . One of the three songs to appear on her first demo cassette of 1990 , it features Oliver Lake playing the saxophone , in an arrangement that replicated the " ebb and tide of an ocean 's peaking tops , an image reinforced by Björk 's fiercely patriotic lyrics . " = = Release	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 11 were the 41 @,@ 214 vehicles daily between Kalamazoo and Breton avenues in Grand Rapids ; the lowest counts were the 8 @,@ 153 vehicles per day in Ottawa County . All of M @-@ 11 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = = = = Previous designations = = = The first M @-@ 11 originally ran along Lake Michigan between the Indiana state line near New Buffalo and Mackinaw City on July 1 , 1919 . On November 11 , 1926 , the New Buffalo – Benton Harbor segment was used for US 12 and the Watervliet – Mackinaw City section was used for US 31 ; between Benton Harbor and Watervliet , M @-@ 11 was used for a concurrent US 12 / US 31 . Streets are still designated as Old M @-@ 11 in places such as Chikaming Township . Immediately after the debut of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 , M @-@ 11 was designated from M @-@ 50 at Napoleon to US 112 in Saline . The last section of this highway was fully paved between Bridgewater and Saline in late 1948 or early 1949 . In the middle of 1954 , M @-@ 92 was extended southward from Chelsea to Manchester . From there , that highway replaced M @-@ 11 west to Bridgewater before turning south to Clinton ; at the same time , the remainder of M @-@ 11 was removed from the state highway system and the designation was decommissioned . = = = Current designation = = = The modern M @-@ 11 was added to the state highway system as a component of M @-@ 114 c . 1930 . By 1942 , the trunkline was completed and reassigned a Bypass US 16 designation , until the mainline US 16 was rerouted over the bypass in 1953 . In the latter half of 1961 , the M @-@ 11 designation was first assigned in the Grand Rapids area along the current routing when US 16 was moved to the newly opened I @-@ 96 freeway . The routing has remained unchanged since . = = = Memorial designations = = = The current M @-@ 11 follows Remembrance Road , Wilson Avenue and 28th Street . The first two of these names were chosen to memorialize the roadway in honor of local people . Remembrance Road was dedicated in 1923 on the initiative of the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution . They planted 231 elms in a double row on each side of the highway and erected a boulder bearing a bronze plaque dedicated to the veterans of Kent County . Wilson Avenue was named for Samuel H. Wilson , a local realtor . He had developed a series of local residential subdivisions in the area up until his 1931 death , In 1942 , the county road commission named Wilson Avenue in his honor to comply with a state law requiring roads that benefitted from state funds to have proper names . = = Major intersections = = = Wessagusset Colony = Wessagusset Colony ( sometimes called the Weston Colony or Weymouth Colony ) was a short @-@ lived English trading colony in New England located in present @-@ day Weymouth , Massachusetts . It was settled in August 1622 by between fifty and sixty colonists who were ill @-@ prepared for colonial life . The colony was settled without adequate provisions , and was dissolved in late March 1623 after harming relations with local Native Americans . Surviving colonists joined Plymouth Colony or returned to England . It was the second settlement in Massachusetts , predating the Massachusetts Bay Colony by six years . Historian Charles Francis Adams , Jr. referred to the colony as " ill @-@ conceived , " ill @-@ executed , [ and ] ill @-@ fated " . It is best remembered for the battle ( some say massacre ) there between Plymouth troops led by Miles Standish and an Indian force led by Pecksuot . This battle scarred relations between the Plymouth colonists and the natives and was fictionalized two centuries later in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's 1858 poem The Courtship of Miles Standish . In September 1623 , a second colony led by Governor @-@ General Robert Gorges was created in the abandoned site at Wessagusset . This colony was rechristened as Weymouth and was also unsuccessful , and Governor Gorges returned to England the following year . Despite that , some settlers remained in the village and it was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . = = Origins = = The colony was coordinated by Thomas Weston , a London merchant and ironmonger . Weston was associated with the Plymouth Council for New England which , fifteen years earlier , had funded the short @-@ lived Popham Colony in modern Maine . During the period when the Pilgrims were in the Netherlands , Weston helped to arrange the colonists ' passage to the New World with help from the Merchant Adventurers . Historian Charles Francis Adams , Jr. writing in the 1870s glowingly called him a " sixteenth century adventurer " in the mold of John Smith and Walter Raleigh and that his " brain teemed with schemes for deriving sudden gain from the settlement of the new continent " . In later years , Plymouth Governor William Bradford called him " a bitter enemy unto Plymouth upon all occasions . " The primary purpose of Weston 's new colony was profit , rather than the religious reasons of the Plymouth settlers , and this dictated how the colony would be assembled . Weston believed that families were a detriment to a well @-@ run plantation and so he selected able @-@ bodied men only but not men experienced in colonial life . In total , there were several advanced scouts and fifty to sixty other colonists . The final complement also included one surgeon and one lawyer . The party was outfitted with enough supplies to last the winter . = = First Wessagusset colony = = An advance team of several settlers arrived at the Plymouth Colony in May 1622 . They had voyaged to the new world on board the Sparrow , an English fishing @-@ vessel which was sailing to the coast of modern @-@ day Maine . After arriving at the coast of Maine , they traveled the final 150 miles ( 240 km ) in a shallop with three members of the Sparrow 's crew . These colonists stayed only briefly in Plymouth before scouting the coast in their shallop to find a site for their colony . After finding one , they negotiated with the sachem Aberdecest for the land and returned to Plymouth , sending the shallop and her small crew back to the Sparrow , and awaited the remainder of the colonists . The main body of colonists set off from London in April 1622 on board two ships , the Charity and the Swan . Richard Greene , Thomas Weston 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , was the initial leader of the group . The group arrived in Plymouth in late June and moved into their settlement the following month . By the end of September , the colony was established , the Swan moored in Weymouth Fore River , and the Charity returned to England . At first , the relationship between the two groups was cordial and the men of the Wessagusset assisted Plymouth with their harvest , but they were accused of stealing from the elder colony . Shortly after relocating to Wessagusset , angry Indians complained to Plymouth that the colonists were stealing their corn . In response , Plymouth could only send a " rebuke " to the new colony . Because of the disorder of the colony , as subsequently reported by Plymouth 's Governor Bradford , Wessagusset was consuming food too quickly and it became apparent that they would run out before the end of the winter . In addition , Plymouth was also low on supplies due to spending additional time during the growing season building fortifications , rather than growing crops . To prevent hunger or famine for both colonies , Plymouth and Wessagusset colonists organized a joint trading mission with the natives with goods brought by the Wessagusset colonists . That trading mission was somewhat successful and the two colonies split the proceeds . In November , Greene died and John Sanders was made governor of the colony . By January , the colonists continued to trade with the natives for food , but at a severe disadvantage . This drove up the barter @-@ price of corn and they were forced to trade their clothes and other needed supplies . Some colonists entered a form of servitude , building canoes and performing other labors for the natives , in exchange for food . Ten colonists died . After an incident where one settler was caught stealing by the natives , the colonists hanged him in their view as a show of good faith . However , sources disagree whether the man hanged was the culprit and the colonists may have hanged an older , possibly dying man , instead . The legend that the Wessagusset colonists hanged an innocent man was later popularized by a satirical depiction of this event in Samuel Butler 's 1660s poem Hudibras . In February , Sanders petitioned to Plymouth for a joint attack on the natives , but this was rejected by Plymouth 's governor . = = = Killings at Wessagusset = = = Throughout the winter , tensions continued to build between the settlers at Wessagusset and Plymouth and the natives . Perhaps in response to the Wessagusset thefts against them , there was at least once instance where a native was caught stealing from Plymouth . Near the end of the winter , the natives near Wessagusset moved some of their huts to a swamp near the colony . At least some of the colonists felt that they were under siege . One colonist at Wessagusset , seeing these signs and other indications of hostility , fled to Plymouth to bring word of an imminent attack . Adding to his desperation and the perception of imminent hostility , he was pursued by natives during his flight . Arriving at Plymouth on March 24 , he met with the Governor and town council . It is unclear whether this colonist 's report was the tipping point , or whether Plymouth had already decided to mount a preemptive attack . Plymouth 's Edward Winslow had recently been warned by Massasoit , a sachem whose life he saved using English medicine , of a conspiracy of several tribes against Wessagusset and Plymouth . The threatening tribes , he was told , was led by the Massachusett but also included the Nauset , Paomet , Succonet , Mattachiest , Agowaywam , and Capawack tribes from as far away as Martha 's Vineyard . In either case , Plymouth colony sent a small force under Miles Standish to Wessagusset . They arrived there on March 26 . Standish called all of the Wessagusset colonists into the stockade for defense . The following day , several natives including the local chief , Pecksuot , were at Wessagusset . Historical sources give different accounts of the killings . In some manner , four of the natives , including the local chief , were in the same room as Standish and several of his men . One source , from the 1880s , suggests that it was the natives that arranged to be alone with Standish to allow them to attack the colonist . Others sources state that it was Standish who had invited the natives into the situation on peaceful pretenses . When four of them , including the local chief , were in a room within the village , Standish gave the order to strike , quickly killing Pecksuot with his own knife . Several other natives in the village were attacked next ; only one escaped to raise the alarm . As many as five Englishmen were also killed in the brief battle and one native 's head was cut off , to be displayed in Plymouth as a warning to others . In 1858 , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow included a fictionalized depiction of the killings in his epic poem , The Courtship of Miles Standish . In his version , the Indians are depicted as begging for weapons to use against other tribes . Standish responds by offering them bibles . After being the target of boasts and taunts by the Indians , Standish attacks first : = = = Aftermath = = = Following the brief conflict , Standish offered to leave several soldiers to defend the colony , but the offer was rejected . Instead , the colonists divided : some , including John Sanders , returned to England in the Swan , while others remained behind and joined the Plymouth colony . By spring of 1623 , the village was empty and the colony was dissolved . Thomas Weston arrived in Maine several months later , seeking to join his colony , only to discover that it was already failed . Some of his former settlers apparently had gone north to Maine , and were living on House Island in Casco Bay in a home built by explorer Capt. Christopher Levett , who had been granted land to found an English colony . ( Levett 's settlement also failed , and the fate of Weston 's men is uncertain . ) Due to the fighting at Wessagusset , Plymouth trade with the Indians was devastated for years . Local tribes which had previously been favorable to Plymouth , began to forge bonds with other tribes in defense against the English . This latent hostility would eventually boil over during the Pequot War and later , King Philip 's War . Historians differ on whether the conflict could have been avoided or the colony saved . Some historians saw the preemptive strike as a necessary one , " saving the lives of hundreds " , while others see it as a sad misunderstanding . Speaking shortly after the 150th anniversary of the colony , historian Charles Francis Adams summarized the Wessagusset experience as " ill @-@ conceived , " ill @-@ executed , [ and ] ill @-@ fated " . = = Second Wessagusset colony = = At approximately the same time , the Plymouth Council for New England was sponsoring a new colony for New England . A patent for a settlement covering 300 square miles ( 780 km2 ) of what is now north @-@ east of Boston Bay was given to an English captain and son of Sir Ferdinando Gorges , Robert Gorges . This settlement was intended to be a spiritual and civil capital of the council 's New England colonies . Gorges was commissioned as Governor @-@ General with authority over Plymouth and presumably future colonies . His government was also to consist of a leadership council , of which Plymouth 's Governor Bradford would be a member . Unlike Weston , who had brought only working men , Gorges brought families intending for a permanent settlement . And unlike the Puritans , Gorges brought the Church of England with him , in the form of two clergymen who would oversee the spiritual health of the region . Gorges arrived in Massachusetts in September 1623 , only four months after Weston 's colony collapsed . Instead of founding his colony at the location described in the patent , he instead chose the abandoned settlement at Wessagusset for his site . It was rechristened Weymouth after Weymouth , Dorset , the town where the expedition began . Over the following weeks , he visited Plymouth and ordered the arrest of Thomas Weston who had arrived in that colony in the Swan . This was his only official act as Governor @-@ General . Weston was charged with neglect in his colony and with selling weapons were supposed to have been used for the defense of the colony . Weston denied the first charge , but confessed to the second . After consideration , Gorges released Weston " on his word " and he eventually settled as a politician in Virginia and Maryland . After wintering in Weymouth , Gorges abandoned his new colony in the spring of 1624 due to financial difficulties . Most of his settlers returned to England , but some remained in as colonists in Weymouth , Plymouth , or Virginia . The remaining Weymouth settlers were supported by Plymouth until they were made part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . Massachusetts Bay Governor John Winthrop visited the settlement in 1632 . In time , the location of the original settlement was lost to history and development . The location of the original fort was not rediscovered until 1891 . = Craig Nelthorpe = Craig Robert Nelthorpe ( born 10 June 1987 ) is an English semi @-@ professional footballer who plays for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Matlock Town . His favoured positions are either at left back or on the left wing . Nelthorpe played for Brodsworth Miners Welfare and Frickley Athletic before joining Doncaster Rovers in 2004 and he made his first team debut in 2005 . He was loaned out on six occasions , playing for Hucknall Town , Kidderminster Harriers , Gateshead , Halifax Town and Darlington . He joined Oxford United in 2009 and after being released by them he joined York City . Having left York after a season he rejoined Gateshead . = = Career = = = = = Doncaster Rovers = = = Born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire , Nelthorpe played for Brodsworth Miners Welfare before joining Northern Premier League Premier Division side Frickley Athletic in April 2004 . He made his debut as a 74th minute substitute in a 2 – 1 defeat at Vauxhall Motors on 3 April 2004 . He made three appearances for Frickley before he joined the Doncaster Rovers youth system . He made his first team debut as a 56th @-@ minute substitute for Steve Foster in a 3 – 3 draw against Luton Town in League One on 7 May 2005 . His first appearance of the 2005 – 06 season came after being introduced as an 80th @-@ minute substitute for Jonathan Forte against Cambridge United in the Football League Trophy , which Doncaster lost 3 – 2 . He joined Conference North team Hucknall Town on work experience on 23 November 2005 and he made his debut in a 4 – 0 victory over Redditch United , during which he scored two goals . He made five appearances for Hucknall , with his final appearance coming in a 2 – 0 defeat to Stafford Rangers , before returning to Doncaster in January 2006 . He made one more appearance for Doncaster this season , against Tranmere Rovers on 6 May 2006 , which he finished with two appearances for the club . Nelthorpe signed a professional contract with Doncaster on 28 June 2006 and he joined Conference National team Kidderminster Harriers on a one @-@ month loan on 10 October . He made his debut the same day in a 0 – 0 draw with Oxford United , and he nearly scored for Kidderminster during the first half . He scored his first career goal against Droylsden in the FA Cup , and after Kidderminster decided against extending his loan spell , he returned to Doncaster in November after making six appearances . This was followed by a loan spell at Northern Premier League Premier Division team Gateshead , after joining in November , where he made 19 appearances and scored eight goals . While at Gateshead he still appeared for Doncaster and he had a run of seven appearances , which started after coming on during the 3 – 2 victory over Crewe Alexandra in the Football League Trophy at the Keepmoat Stadium on 13 February 2007 . In the final game of the 2006 – 07 season on 5 May 2007 , Nelthorpe scored his first goal for Doncaster against Northampton Town , which finished as a 2 – 2 draw . He had a trial with recently relegated League Two side Chesterfield in May 2007 , with a view to him joining on loan . After making four appearances for Doncaster during the 2007 – 08 season , he joined Conference Premier club Halifax Town on a one @-@ month loan on 10 January 2008 . Nelthorpe scored four minutes into his Halifax debut against Northwich Victoria on 26 January 2008 , which finished as a 2 – 2 draw , and he netted three minutes into his next appearance , a 2 – 2 draw with Rushden on 9 February . He finished the loan spell in March , after making 10 appearances and scoring 3 goals , after which he joined League Two team Darlington on loan until the end of the season on 27 March 2008 . He made his debut in a 3 – 1 defeat at Bradford City on 29 March 2008 and entered the play @-@ off semi @-@ final second leg tie against Rochdale on 17 May 2008 as an 88th @-@ minute substitute for Clark Keltie , which finished as a 5 – 4 defeat in a penalty shoot @-@ out . He finished the loan spell with eight appearances . Nelthorpe was handed a new one @-@ year contract at Doncaster in July 2008 . He rejoined Gateshead on a three @-@ month loan in August 2008 , which he completed in November with 15 appearances and one goal . = = = Oxford United = = = He was released by Doncaster at his own request on 13 January 2009 and joined Conference Premier team Oxford United the next day on a contract until the end of the 2008 – 09 season . He made his debut in a 1 – 0 victory over Altrincham on 17 January 2009 and scored his first goal four days later with a shot into the top @-@ left corner of the goal , which gave Oxford a 1 – 0 victory against Mansfield Town . Nelthorpe was named on standby for the England C team , who represent England at non @-@ League level , in February 2009 , for a friendly against Malta under @-@ 21s . He was sent off against Torquay United after clashing with Mustapha Carayol , which resulted in a three @-@ match suspension , and following this he said he was looking to use his aggression more effectively . He made his return in a 2 – 1 victory over Kettering Town on 19 March 2009 , during which he opened the scoring with a 20 yard free kick and assisted the second goal with a corner kick that was headed in by Chris Willmott . He finished the season with 16 appearances and 2 goals for Oxford . = = = York City = = = Nelthorpe was released by Oxford at the end of the season and he subsequently signed for fellow Conference Premier team York City on 19 May 2009 . He suffered from illness during much of York 's pre @-@ season , and during a friendly against FC Halifax Town he was sent off for jumping dangerously with his arm raised . He made his debut as a stoppage time substitute in a 2 – 1 defeat to former club Oxford on 8 August 2009 . After failing to start any games for York , he requested a loan move away from the club in October 2009 . On 10 November 2009 , he joined league rivals Barrow on loan until 1 January 2010 . He made his debut in a 2 – 2 with AFC Wimbledon on 14 November 2009 , assisting Jason Walker 's goal through a corner kick . He scored his first goal for Barrow in a 2 – 2 draw with Grays Athletic on 24 November 2009 with a free kick and finished the loan spell with six appearances and two goals . He joined Conference Premier rivals Luton Town on trial in January 2010 , starting a reserve team match against Peterborough United , before signing on loan until the end of the 2009 – 10 season on 22 January . He made his debut a day later as an 83rd @-@ minute substitute for Tom Craddock in a 1 – 0 victory over Gateshead . His loan period at Luton came to an end on 7 May 2010 , having made eight appearances for the club . He finished the season with eight appearances for York and was released by the club on 18 May 2010 . = = = Gateshead = = = He signed for former club Gateshead , now playing in the Conference Premier , on 21 June 2010 . He made his debut in the opening game of the 2010 – 11 season , a 0 – 0 draw with Kettering on 14 August 2010 . Nelthorpe 's first goal came after scoring a 90th @-@ minute winner in a 1 – 0 victory over Southport , turning in Josh Gillies ' cross from six yards . He made 41 appearances for Gateshead during the 2010 – 11 season , scoring 5 goals , before he was released on 4 May 2011 . = = = Later career = = = Nelthorpe signed with Conference North side Gainsborough Trinity on June 2011 . However , he was released by the club in November alongside defender Rory Coleman , with manager Steve Housham claiming " they haven 't lived up to expectations " . Later that month he turned out for Winterton Rangers of the Northern Counties East League Premier Division . He then signed for Matlock Town of the Northern Premier League Premier Division and made his debut on 3 December 2011 in a 2 – 2 draw away at Bradford Park Avenue , in which he was substituted after half an hour due to a hamstring injury . He then joined Conference North club Eastwood Town in early March 2012 but stayed less than a month , joining Northern Premier League Division One South side Brigg Town . He left soon after , re @-@ signing for Frickley of the Northern Premier League Premier Division , a club he had played for earlier in his career , in late March 2012 . His debut came on 24 March 2012 as a 72nd @-@ minute substitute in a 1 – 0 defeat at home Marine , and was sent off after nine minutes for a needless challenge on Neil Harvey . Shortly after that appearance , he was released by the club on 3 April 2012 . Nelthorpe returned to Gainsborough Trinity in August 2012 . In May 2013 Nelthorpe signed with Harrogate Town to become their first signing of the summer . He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division team Buxton on a one @-@ month loan in February 2015 , before he emigrated to Australia with his family . Here he joined Mornington , an amateur club in the Victoria State League 1 . Nelthorpe returned to England later that year , and re @-@ joined Matlock in October 2015 , scoring the winning goal less than a minute into his debut in a 1 – 0 home victory over Rushall Olympic . = = Style of play = = Nelthorpe is left footed and is able to play either as a left back or as a left winger . He has also been played at left wingback , although he has stated his preference in playing a more attacking role , saying " I ’ m not really the best defensively – I ’ d sooner go at people " . While playing as a winger , he is " adventurous " and has a " willingness to run at defenders " . His skills have been praised as being " deft and quick " and his set pieces have been described as being " excellent " . = = Personal life = = Nelthorpe has two children with his girlfriend . He was arrested along with York players Michael Gash , Michael Ingham and Michael Rankine in August 2009 following an incident involving two other men at a Subway outlet on a night out . The four appeared at York Magistrates ' Court on 14 January 2010 after being charged with affray . Nelthorpe pleaded guilty to the charge of affray after appearing at York Crown Court on 1 September 2010 . = = Career statistics = = As of match played 14 November 2015 . = Sitric Cáech = Sitric Cáech , also known as Sitric Gále , ( Old Norse : Sigtryggr , died 927 ) was a Viking leader who ruled Dublin and then Viking Northumbria in the early 10th century . He was a grandson of Ímar and a member of the Uí Ímair . Sitric was most probably among those Vikings expelled from Dublin in 902 , whereafter he may have ruled territory in the eastern Danelaw in England . In 917 , he and his kinsman Ragnall ua Ímair sailed separate fleets to Ireland where they won several battles against local kings . Sitric successfully recaptured Dublin and established himself as king , while Ragnall returned to England to become King of Northumbria . In 919 , Sitric won a victory at the Battle of Islandbridge over a coalition of local Irish kings who aimed to expel the Uí Ímair from Ireland . Six Irish kings were killed in the battle , including Niall Glúndub , overking of the Northern Uí Néill and High King of Ireland . In 920 Sitric left Dublin for Northumbria , with his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair succeeding him as king . That same year he led a raid on Davenport , Cheshire , perhaps as an act of defiance against Edward the Elder , King of the Anglo @-@ Saxons . In 921 Ragnall ua Ímair died , with Sitric succeeding him as King of Northumbria . Though there are no written accounts of conflict , numismatic evidence suggests there was a Viking reconquest of a large part of Mercia in the following few years . An agreement of some sort between the Vikings of Northumbria and the Anglo @-@ Saxons was achieved in 926 when Sitric married a sister of Æthelstan , perhaps Edith of Polesworth . Sitric also converted to Christianity , though this did not last long and he soon reverted to paganism . He died in 927 and was succeeded by his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair . Sitric 's son Gofraid later reigned as King of Dublin , his son Aralt as King of Limerick , and his son Amlaíb Cuarán as king of both Dublin and Northumbria . = = Background = = The ruling Vikings of Dublin were expelled from the city in 902 by a joint force led by Máel Finnia mac Flannacán , overking of Brega and Cerball mac Muirecáin , overking of Leinster . Those Vikings that survived the capture of the city split into different groups ; some went to France , some to England , and some to Wales . Archaeological evidence suggests Dublin remained occupied in the years immediately following this expulsion , perhaps indicating only the ruling elite were forced to leave . However , Viking raids on Irish settlements continued , and in 914 , a large Viking fleet travelled to Waterford . The arrival of this fleet marked the re @-@ establishment of Viking rule over parts of Ireland , and was followed by more Vikings settling in Limerick the following year . The main historical sources for this period are the Norse sagas and the Irish annals . Some of the annals , such as the Annals of Ulster , are believed to be contemporary accounts , whereas the sagas were written down at dates much later than the events they describe and are considered far less reliable . A few of the annals such as the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland and the Annals of the Four Masters were also complied at later dates , in part from more contemporary material and in part from fragments of sagas . According to Downham : " apart from these additions [ of saga fragments ] , Irish chronicles are considered by scholars to be largely accurate records , albeit partisan in their presentation of events " . = = Biography = = Sitric is presumed to have left Dublin with the rest of the ruling Vikings in 902 . Coins dating from the period bearing the legend " Sitric Comes " ( Earl Sitric ) , and the mintmark " Sceldfor " ( Shelford ) , have been found as part of the Cuerdale Hoard , perhaps indicating that he ruled territory in the eastern Danelaw during his exile from Ireland . The Anglo @-@ Saxons conquered all of the Danelaw south of the Humber by 918 , but there is no mention of Earl Sitric in English sources , suggesting he was no longer ruling there at the time . The earliest mention of Sitric in the Irish Annals is in 917 when he and Ragnall , another grandson of Ímar , are described as leading their fleets to Ireland . Sitric sailed his fleet to Cenn Fuait in Leinster , and Ragnall sailed his fleet to Waterford . Niall Glúndub , overking of the Northern Uí Néill saw these Vikings as a threat , and he marched an army south to repel them . The Vikings fought against the men of the Uí Néill at Mag Femen in County Tipperary and claimed victory , though only through timely reinforcement by Ragnall and his army . This was followed by another at the Battle of Confey ( also known as the Battle of Cenn Fuait ) , against Augaire mac Ailella , overking of Leinster , who died in the battle . Augaire 's death marked the end of effective opposition to the Vikings ' return to Ireland . Sitric led his men on a triumphant return to Dublin , where he established himself as king , while Ragnall returned to England and soon became King of Northumbria . According to Downham , the departure of Ragnall and his contingent of warriors may have emboldened Niall Glúndub to try to expel the Uí Ímair from Ireland once again . In 919 Niall led a coalition of northern Irish kings south to Dublin . The forces of Sitric and Niall met near Islandbridge in modern @-@ day County Dublin ( dated 14 September by the Annals of Ulster ) . The resulting Battle of Islandbridge was an overwhelming victory for Sitric and his forces , with Niall falling in battle alongside one of his kinsmen . Five other kings , and a kinsman of the ruler of the Southern Uí Néill also died fighting against Sitric 's army . In 920 the Annals of Ulster report that Sitric left Dublin " through the power of God " . Sitric travelled to Northumbria where he assumed the kingship of Northumbria , succeeding his kinsman Ragnall who died the following year . Sitric was followed as King of Dublin by his brother or cousin Gofraid ua Ímair . In 920 Ragnall had submitted to Edward the Elder , King of the Anglo @-@ Saxons . That same year , following his departure from Dublin , Sitric led a raid in Davenport , Cheshire , in violation of the terms of submission agreed between Ragnall and Edward . Smyth has suggested that this was an act of defiance by Sitric , indicating to Edward that he would not submit to him like Ragnall . Neither the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle nor Æthelweard 's Chronicon makes mention of Sitric in the years 921 – 924 , i.e. between his installation as King of Northubmria and the death of Edward the Elder . However , there are coins in existence which were minted at Lincoln during the period that bear Sitric 's name . These are an important piece of evidence since they suggest Sitric ruled a large area south of the Humber , a claim contradicted by the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle which says that all the ' Danes ' in Mercia ( i.e. south of the Humber ) submitted to Edward in 918 . These coins might indicate Viking reconquest of a large area in the years 921 – 924 , which if it did happen went unremarked upon by the Chronicle . Edward 's control of Mercia likely stretched the kingdom 's resources to breaking point , allowing Sitric to exploit the ill @-@ will towards Edward that existed among the populace there , with Edward being unable to effectively oppose Sitric . Downham suggests that the silence of the Chronicle might be due to Edward 's failing power in the latter years of his reign , and its tendency to only record successes and not failures . His death in 924 is not recorded by a number of important Frankish , Welsh and Irish annals , suggesting a fall in importance and standing from the zenith of his power in 920 . Edward the Elder 's successor , Æthelstan , met with Sitric at Tamworth in 926 . The Chronicle does not mention the reason for the meeting , but it reports that an unnamed sister of Æthelstan was married to Sitric . Several years previously , in 918 , Æthelstan 's predecessor had used a royal marriage to bring Mercia under Wessex control . According to Smyth , the fact the marriage between Sitric and Æthelstan 's sister occurred at the old Mercian royal centre at Tamworth reinforces the suggestion that this marriage was supposed to perform as a similar function to the one in 918 . The agreement reached at Tamworth seems to have necessitated Sitric 's conversion to Christianity , though he soon reverted to paganism . Sitric died the following year and was succeeded by his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair . The Annals of Ulster describe his death : = = Family = = In the annals Sitric is sometimes identified by the use of one of his epithets , or by the use of " ua Ímair " , meaning " grandson of Ímar " , but never with a patronymic . As such , it is not possible to identify which of the three known sons of Ímar ( Bárid , Sichfrith or Sitriuc ) - if any - was the father of Sitric . One possible reason for the lack of a patronym might be that Sitric was the child of a son of Ímar who never ruled Dublin , or who spent most of his time outside Ireland , thus making Sitric 's legitimacy to rule Dublin dependent the identity of his grandfather , not his father . Another possibility is that Sitric was a grandson of Ímar through a daughter , again with his right to rule dependent on his grandfather . Sitric 's kinsmen Ímar , Ragnall , Amlaíb and Gofraid are the other known grandsons of Ímar identified by the use of " ua Ímair " . All except for Amlaíb ruled as either King of Dublin or King of Northumbria at one time or another . The Annals of Clonmacnoise mention two sons of Sitric , Auisle and Sichfrith , falling at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937 . Another son , Aralt , ruled as King of Limerick for an unknown length of time until his death in battle in 940 . Sitric 's son Amlaíb Cuarán ( d . 981 ) reigned twice each as King of Dublin and King of Northumbria , and may have been the basis of the Middle English romance character Havelok the Dane . Gofraid ( d . 954 ) may have been another son though his father his only named as " Sitric " so it is not possible to say conclusively he was a son . According to the Orkneyinga saga , a daughter of Sitric named Gytha was married to Olaf Tryggvason , King of Norway . According to Hudson , this is unlikely to be correct , since the marriage is said to have occurred sixty @-@ three years after Sitric 's death . It is much more likely that Gytha was actually a granddaughter of Sitric through his son Amlaíb Cuarán . Sitric married an unnamed sister of Æthelstan in 926 . Historians generally describe her as Æthelstan 's only full sister , but Maggie Bailey points out that this rests on the late testimony of William of Malmesbury , and the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle makes no such distinction when recording her marriage to Sitric . William did not know her name , but traditions first recorded at Bury in the early twelfth century identify her as Saint Edith of Polesworth . The truth of his identification is debated , but regardless of her name but it is likely that she entered a nunnery in widowhood . According to some late sources , such as the chronicler John of Wallingford , Amlaíb Cuarán was the son of Sitric and this West Saxon princess . = = = Family tree = = = = Mykola Leontovych = Mykola Dmytrovych Leontovych ( LE @-@ ən @-@ TOH @-@ vich , Ukrainian : Микола Дмитрович Леонтович ; sometimes spelled Leontovich ; Dec 13 [ O.S. Dec 1 ] 1877 – January 23 , 1921 ) was a Ukrainian composer , choral conductor , and teacher of international renown . His music was inspired by Mykola Lysenko and the Ukrainian national music school . Leontovych specialized in a cappella choral music , ranging from original compositions , to church music , to elaborate arrangements of folk music . Leontovych was born and raised in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire ( present @-@ day Ukraine ) . He was educated as a priest in the Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Theological Seminary and later furthered his musical education at the Saint Petersburg Court Capella and private lessons with Boleslav Yavorsky . With the independence of the Ukrainian state in the 1917 revolution , Leontovych moved to Kiev where he worked at the Kiev Conservatory and the Mykola Lysenko Institute of Music and Drama . He is recognized for composing " Shchedryk " in 1904 ( which premiered in 1916 ) , known to the English @-@ speaking world as " Carol of the Bells " or " Ring , Christmas Bells " . He is known as a martyr in the Eastern Orthodox Ukrainian Church , where he is also remembered for his liturgy , the first liturgy composed in the vernacular , specifically in the modern Ukrainian language . He was assassinated by a Soviet agent in 1921 . During his lifetime Leontovych 's compositions and arrangements became popular with professional and amateur groups alike across Ukraine . Performances of his works in western Europe and North America earned him the nickname " the Ukrainian Bach " in France . Apart from his very popular Shchedryk , Leontovych 's music is performed primarily in Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora . = = Biography = = = = = Early life and education = = = Mykola Leontovych was born on Dec 13 [ O.S. Dec 1 ] 1877 in the Monastyrok community , near the village of Selevyntsi , in the Podolia region of Ukraine ( then a part of the Russian Empire ) . His father , grandfather , and great grandfather were village priests . His father , Dmytro Feofanovych Leontovych , was skilled at singing and playing cello , double bass , harmonium , violin , and guitar , in addition to directing a school choir . Leontovych received his first musical lessons from him . His mother , Mariya Yosypivna Leontovych , was also a singer . Other members of Leontovych 's family also grew up to have careers in music . His younger brother became a professional singer , his sister Mariya studied singing in Odessa , his sister Olena studied fortepiano at the Kiev Conservatory , and his sister Victoriya also knew how to play several musical instruments . In the summer of 1879 Dmytro Leontovych was moved to a new parish located in the village Shershni where he would spend his childhood . Then in 1887 Leontovych was admitted to Nemyriv gymnasium . Due to financial problems a year later , however , his father transferred him to the Sharhorod Spiritual Beginners School , whose pupils received full financial support . At the school Leontovych mastered singing , and was able to freely read difficult passages from religious choral texts . = = = Theological seminary = = = In 1892 , Leontovych began his studies at the theological seminary in Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi , which both his father and grandfather had attended . His younger brother Oleksandr was enrolled as well , graduating two years after Mykola . During his studies there , Leontovych continued to advance his skills on the violin and learned to play a variety of other instruments . He also participated in the seminary ’ s choir , and when an orchestra was formed during his third year of study , Leontovych joined , playing the violin until his graduation . Leontovych studied music theory and started writing choral arrangements as a student at the seminary . When the seminary ’ s choir director died , the school administration requested that Leontovych take over this position . As the conductor of the choir , Leontovych added secular music to the repertoire of traditional church music . This included Ukrainian folk songs arranged by Mykola Lysenko , Profyriy Demutskiy , and himself . Leontovych graduated from the Kamianets @-@ Podilskiy Theological Seminary in 1899 and broke the family tradition by becoming a music teacher instead of a priest . = = = Early musical career and family = = = At the time , a career in music in Ukraine meant having an unstable income , causing Leontovych to seek employment wherever he could find it . Leontovych worked in Kiev , Yekaterinoslav , and Podolia guberniyas over the next few years in order to remain gainfully employed . His first position after graduating was in a secondary school in the village of Chukiv ( present @-@ day Vinnytsia Oblast ) as a vocal and math teacher . During this time Leontovych continued to transcribe and arrange folk songs . He completed his " First compilation of songs from Podolia " and began working on his second compilation . He also inspired the children at the school to sing in the choir and play in the orchestra . He would later write a book about this as a professor at the Kiev Conservatory , titled " Як я організував оркестр у сільській школі " ( How I organized an orchestra in a village school ) . After several conflicts with the school 's administration , Leontovych got a new job as a teacher of church music and calligraphy at the Theological College in Tyvriv . Besides working with the college choir , Leontovych organized an amateur orchestra that often performed at college events . As he did earlier with choirs , Leontovych included arrangements of folk songs among the usual religious works sung in theological schools . These included arrangements by Mykola Lysenko , his own choral arrangements of folk songs , and entirely original works . One such work was based on a poem by Taras Shevchenko titled “ Зоре моя вечірняя ” ( Oh my evening star ) . During this period Leontovych met a Volynhian girl named Claudia Feropontivna Zhovtevych , whom he married on March 22 , 1902 . The young couple 's first daughter , Halyna , was born in 1903 . They later had a second daughter named Yevheniya . Financial hardships prompted Leontovych to accept an offer to move to the city of Vinnytsia to instruct at the Church @-@ Educators ' College . Again he organized a choir and , later , a concert band , with which he performed both secular and spiritual music . In 1903 he published his “ Second compilation of songs from Podolia ” which he dedicated to Mykola Lysenko . In 1903 and 1904 , during his vacation from the Church @-@ Educators ' College , Leontovych traveled to Saint Petersburg . There he attended lectures held at the St. Petersburg Court Capella , which was associated with composers Maksym Berezovsky , Dmytro Bortniansky , and Mikhail Glinka . He studied music theory , harmony , and polyphony with Semen Barmotin , and choral performance with Puzarevskiy , both of whom were well known at the time . On April 22 , 1904 , he earned his credentials as a choirmaster of church choruses . Again , disputes with the administration of the college resulted in Leontovych seeking new employment . In the spring of 1904 , he left Podolia and moved to the Donbas region in eastern Ukraine , where he became a teacher of vocal and instrumental music in a school for railroad workers ' children . During the Russian Revolution of 1905 , Leontovych organized a choir of workers that performed in meetings . These works included arrangements of Ukrainian , Jewish , Armenian , Russian , and Polish folk songs . Leontovych 's activity caught the attention of local authorities , and in the spring of 1908 he was forced to move back to his native Podolia region to the city of Tulchyn . = = = Tulchyn period = = = Leontovych 's move to Tulchyn marked the beginning of a period of compositional maturity and major artistic achievements in the life of the composer . In Tulchyn , Leontovych taught vocal and instrumental music at the Tulchyn Eparchy Women 's college to the daughters of village priests . There he met composer Kyrylo Stetsenko who was a student of Mykola Lysenko and also specialized in choral music . Stetsenko lived in a nearby village at the time where he was working as a priest , and their acquaintance developed into a lasting friendship that influenced Leontovych 's music . Stetsenko was the first critic of Leontovych 's music , saying , " Leontovych is a famous music expert from Podolia . He recorded many folk songs ... These songs are harmonized for mixed choir . These harmonizations have revealed the author to be a great expert of both choral singing and theoretical studies " . Leontovych also transitioned to more renowned music during his choir performances , such as Russian composers Mikhail Glinka , Alexey Verstovsky , and Peter Tchaikovsky in addition to Ukrainian composers Mykola Lysenko , Kyrylo Stetsenko , and Petro Nishchynskyi . From 1909 , he studied under musical theoretic Boleslav Yavorsky , whom he periodically visited in Moscow and Kiev over the next twelve years . Leontovych also became involved with theatrical music in Tulchyn and its community life by taking charge of a local organization called " Prosvita " , meaning " Englightenment " . This period in his career was among the most productive , as he created numerous choral arrangements . These included his famous " Shchedryk " , as well as " Піють півні " ( The roosters are singing ) , " Мала мати одну дочку " ( A mother had one daughter ) , " Дударик " ( Little Dudka player ) , " Ой зійшла зоря " ( Oh , the star has risen ) , and others . In 1914 Stetsenko convinced Leontovych to have his music performed by the student choir of the Kiev University under the leadership of Alexander Koshetz . On December 26 , 1916 , the performance of his arrangement of " Shchedryk " brought Leontovych great success from the public in Kiev and raised the interest of intellectuals . = = = Career in Kiev = = = During the October Revolution and the establishment of the Ukrainian People 's Republic in 1918 , Leontovych relocated without his family to Ukraine 's capital Kiev , where he was active as both a conductor and composer . Several of his pieces gained popularity among professional and amateurs groups alike , who added them to their repertoire . In the beginning of 1919 the rest of his family also relocated to Kiev . During this period Leontovych also began teaching choir conducting alongside Hryhoriy Veryovka at the Kiev Conservatory , and also taught at the Mykola Lysenko Institute of Music and Drama . Leontovych was one of the organizers of the first Ukrainian State Orchestra . He participated in the founding of the Ukrainian Republic Capella of which he was the commissioner . = = = Move back to Tulchyn and assassination = = = During the conquest of Kiev on August 31 , 1919 , the Denikin Army persecuted the Ukrainian intelligentsia . Because of this , Leontovych returned to Tulchyn with his family . There he started the city 's first music school , since the college where he had worked was closed down by the Bolsheviks . He also began to work on his first major symphonic work , the opera Na Rusalchyn Velykden ' ( On the water nymph 's Great Day ) . During the night of January 22 – 23 , 1921 , Mykola Leontovych was murdered by Chekist ( Soviet state security ) agent Afanasy Grishchenko . Leontovych was staying at the home of his parents , whom he was visiting for the Orthodox Feast of the Nativity ( December 25 of the Julian calendar – which on the Gregorian calendar , adopted by the USSR only in 1918 , falls in January ) . The undercover Chekist had also asked to stay the night at the house and shared a room with Mykola . At dawn he shot the composer ( who died of blood loss a few hours later ) after robbing his family . Several facts point to a political motive behind the assassination . Leontovych 's participation in the independence movement , such as commissioning Ukrainian Republic Capella , aimed at promoting Ukraine as an independent state , earned him many enemies . His older daughter Halyna later recalled her father saying , shortly before his death , that he had documents to leave the country to Romania , and that he had these documents with him among his sheet music during a concert . However , after returning from tea following the concert , Leontovych noticed that someone had gone through his papers . His plans to leave the country , along with the fact that he was killed by a Soviet agent , also indicate political reasons for his death . = = Character = = Mykola Leontovych was highly critical of himself . According to his first biographer Oles ' Chapkivskyi , a contemporary of the composer , Leontovych would sometimes work on one choral setting without letting anyone else see it for up to four years . After the publication of his " Second Compilation of Songs from Podolia " , he changed his mind and was not fully satisfied with it , and as a result he bought all 300 copies and had them destroyed . Chapkivskyi also described Leontоvych as having a shy personality , saying " He abstained from fame , feared attention and advertisement . " On the other hand , Chapkivskyi claimed that Leontovych 's jealousy , fear of competition , and fear of non @-@ acceptance from the established musical society , caused the music of Leontovych to be little known . Zynoviy Yaropud of the Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi State Pedagogical University writes that " all of [ Leontovych 's ] contemporaries called him a quiet , gentle person . He was not an active leader of the national @-@ revolutionary movement , which revealed in the years of 1917 @-@ 1921 a whole handful of prominent fighters for the Ukrainian republic , " revealing that the composer was politically quiet , but not indifferent . Leontovych 's friend , O. Buzhanskiy , recalls that the composer was " always full of humor ; spoke so that everyone was laughing to tears , but he remained serious and stayed calm . " Stetsenko also described Leontovych to be a " witty storyteller " and that his students at the Church Educator 's School in Tulchyn were " in love with him " because of his storytelling . = = = Religious views = = = Mykola Leontovych grew up in a highly religious environment . He was a member of the Orthodox Church , descended from a line of village priests . He was also a graduate of the Podollia Theological Seminary in Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi , which for the most part trained Orthodox Christian clergy . As a person with a professional theological education , Leontovych kept up with the movement of the establishment and recognition of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , which was reestablished in 1918 . The composer 's output during this period became rich in new sacred music , following the examples of Kyrylo Stetsenko ( a close friend of Leontovych , also an orthodox priest and composer ) and Alexander Koshetz . Leontovych 's works form this time included " На воскресіння Христа " ( On the Resurrection of Christ ) , " Хваліте ім ’ я Господнє " ( Praise ye the name of the Lord ) , and " Світе тихий " ( Oh quiet light ) , among others . A milestone in the development of Ukrainian spiritual music was the composition of his liturgy , which was first performed in the Mykolaiv Cathedral at the Kiev Pechersk Lavra on May 22 , 1919 . = = Commemoration = = On February 1 , 1921 , nine days after Leontovych 's death , a large number of artists , professors , and students of the Mykola Lysenko Institute of Music and Drama in Kiev gathered to commemorate him , as is expected according to Christian tradition . They established the Committee for the Memory of Mykola Leontovych , which later became the All @-@ Ukrainian Mykola Leontovych Music Society , and promoted Ukrainian music until 1928 . Ukrainian writer and politician of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , Pavlo Tychyna , was an admirer of Leontovych and wrote about the composer 's death in prose . Poets Maksym Rylskyi and Mykola Bazhan also dedicated poetry to him . The name of Leontovych is carried by musical groups , such as the Leontovych Bandurist Capella , and by educational institutions such as the Vinnytsia College of Arts and Culture . Streets in Kiev and other cities have been named after him . There is a memorial museum dedicated to him in the city of Tulchyn , and another was established in 1977 in the village of Markivka where he was buried . In 2002 , to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the composer 's birth , the city of Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi held an all @-@ Ukrainian scientific conference entitled " Mykola Leontovych and modern education and science , " with guests from the Ukrainian ministry of education and science , the Ukrainian composers ' Union , and many local authorities . During this event the city held a ceremonial opening of a memorial plaque to the composer , placed next to the old building formerly used by the Podollia Theological Seminary . = = Music = = Mykola Leontovych specialized in a cappella choral music . He is remembered today mostly through the musical works he left behind , which include over 150 choral compositions . These range from artistic arrangements of folk songs , religious works ( including his liturgy ) , cantatas , and choral compositions set to the words of various Ukrainian poets . His two most famous works are the choral miniatures " Schedryk " and " Dudaryk " . Leontovych also commenced work on an opera ( Na rusalchyn velykden ’ - On the Water Nymph 's Easter ) based on Ukrainian myths and the works of Borys Hrinchenko . By the end of 1920 he had finished the first of three acts . However , Leontovych was murdered before he could complete the opera . Attempts to complete and edit the opera were made by Ukrainian composer Mykhailo Verykivsky . Composer Myroslav Skoryk and poet Diodor Bobyr used the musical material of the unfinished opera to make a one act operetta ; this premiered in 1977 at the Kiev State Opera and Ballet Theatre , one hundred years after Leontovych 's birth . The North American premiere took place in Toronto on April 11 , 2003 . One of the largest influences in Mykola Leontovych 's music is that of Mykola Lysenko who is considered " the father of Ukrainian classical music " . Leontovych admired Lysenko 's music ever since he was a student at the Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Theological Seminary , when he had the seminary 's choir perform the composer 's music . Since then he would perform Lysenko 's music in concerts wherever he worked . = = = Shchedryk / Carol of the Bells = = = Mykola Leontovych 's " Shchedryk " is the composer 's most well @-@ known piece . In its English version as a Christmas carol , it is known as the holiday favorite " Carol of the Bells " . It is famous for its four @-@ note ostinato motif and has been arranged over 150 times since 2004 . The original Ukrainian text of " Shchedryk " used hemiola , a shifting of accents within each measure between 6 / 8 and 3 / 4 , which is lost in the English versions . The most popular English adaptation was composed in 1936 by Peter J Wilhousky who was influenced by the culture of his Eastern European parents and the traditional Christian story of carols ringing out at the birth of Jesus , although other English adaptations of the song were also made in 1947 by M. L. Holman , 1957 and 1972 . The song has been used many times in the soundtracks for films and television . For example , it was used in the box office hits The Santa Clause and Home Alone , Will Vinton 's award @-@ winning A Claymation Christmas Celebration , and as a parody called " Carol of the Meows " in The O.C. show 's " The Chrismukkah That Almost Wasn 't " . It has also been arranged and performed by many groups , regardless of singing style or genre , ranging from classical ( Vienna Boys Choir ) , to traditional music groups ( Celtic Woman ) , to pop singers and groups ( Jessica Simpson , Destiny 's Child ) . = = = Musical style = = = Leontovych had an original style . Many of his works have " deft use of imitative counterpoint " and impressionistic harmony . He had a strong desire for his music to arouse the senses , especially sight , saying , " I 'm interested in which colors you used for high tones , and which for the low ones . I myself often think about that , to combine sound and color . " His choral compositions feature rich harmony , vocal polyphony , and imitation . His earlier choral arrangements of folk songs were primarily strophic arrangements of the melody . As the composer gained more experience , the structure of his choral compositions and arrangements of folk songs became more frequently intertwined with text . Leontovych arranged many Ukrainian folk songs , creating artistically independent choral compositions based on their melodies and lyrics . He followed the traditions of improvisation of Ukrainian kobzars , who would interpret every new strophe differently . He also employed humming and the variability in timbre of singers ' voices as techniques in reaching a desired emotional or sensual effect . A central topic of Leontovych 's work is choral music about everyday life . His music frequently reflect actual actions and events . An example of this is his shchedrivka “ Ой там за горою ” ( Oh there behind the mountain ) in which a tenor initially starts the song with a solo and the rest of the voices of the choir gradually come in , reflecting carolling when new groups of singers join in . Then , a switching of parts begins between different groups of the choir , recreating the clamorous atmosphere of the New Year 's Eve . = = = Reception and popularity = = = For most of his career , Leontovych kept his music to himself , only performing it during his own concerts . This was because of the composer 's highly self @-@ critical and shy personality . Leontovych 's first critic was his friend and fellow priest and composer Kyrylo Stetsenko , who described him to be " a great expert of both choral singing and theoretical studies " . He also convinced Leontovych to publish his music and have it performed by the Kiev University . The successful debut of " Shchedryk " earned Leontovych popularity among specialists and fans of choral music in Kiev . Leontovych 's mentor @-@ turned @-@ coworker at the Kiev Conservatory , Boleslav Yavorsky , also positively evaluated his newly written works . During another concert , Leontovych 's " Lehenda " , set to a poem by Mykola Voronyi , gained great popularity . After reviewing Leontovych 's " Second Compilation of Songs from Podolia " , Lysenko wrote : " Leontovych has an original , illustrious gift . In his arrangements I found separate passages , movement of voices , which later developed in a geniously weaved musical network . " The increase in popularity of Leontovych 's music was aided by the head of the Ukrainian National Republic , Symon Petliura , who created and sponsored two choirs that would promote the awareness of and the culture of Ukraine . One choir headed by Kyrylo Stetsenko toured across Ukraine , while the Ukrainian Republic Capella headed by Alexander Koshetz toured Europe and the Americas . Performances by the Ukrainian Republic Capella made Leontovych known throughout the western world . In France Leontovych earned the nickname , " Ukrainian Bach " . On October 5 , 1921 the Capella performed " Shchedryk " in the Carnegie Hall in New York City . In 1936 , ethnically Ukrainian Peter J. Wilhousky , who worked for radio NBC , wrote his own lyrics for the song , which became known as the " Carol of the Bells " . Apart from " Shchedryk " , or the Carol of the Bells , Leontovych 's music is currently performed mostly in Ukraine and few recordings are dedicated to him exclusively . The Ukrainian diaspora remember him and perform his works . For example , the Olexander Koshetz Choir based in Winnipeg , Canada performs music of Ukrainian composers including Leontovych and have made a recording of his music . = The Boat Race 1964 = The 110th Boat Race took place on 28 March 1964 . Held annually , the event is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The Oxford crew was the heaviest in Boat Race history . The race was won by Cambridge by six @-@ and @-@ half lengths . Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race by five lengths , while Cambridge led overall in the event with 60 victories to Oxford 's 48 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . This year 's women 's race was the first to be held since 1952 . Writing in the Financial Times , Joseph Mallalieu noted that the Boat Race was subsidised by The Varsity Match every year . Despite Oxford being " firm favourites " upon their arrival at the Tideway , Cambridge put in better performances in training , and by the time of the race were considered the favourites themselves . The main race was umpired for the eighth and final time by the former Olympian Kenneth Payne who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races . = = Crews = = Although it was the heaviest Cambridge crew ever , they weighed an average of 13 st 4 @.@ 75 lb ( 84 @.@ 5 kg ) , almost 3 pounds ( 1 @.@ 4 kg ) per rower less than Oxford , who were the heaviest crew in Boat Race history . Oxford saw two former Blues return in Miles Morland and Duncan Spencer , while Cambridge 's crew included four Boat Race veterans in Donald Legget , Mike Bevan , John Lecky and Christopher Davey . Lecky was a Canadian international rower who had won a silver medal in the men 's eight at the 1960 Summer Olympics . Six of Oxford 's crew came from Keble College , five of those schooled at Eton College . = = Race = = Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . With a " calm , following wind " , the race commenced at 2.20pm , and within a minute , Cambridge had a quarter @-@ length lead before Oxford closed the gap at Craven Cottage . The Light Blues reached the Mile Post three seconds ahead and crossed over to the midstream . By Harrods Furniture Depository they had extended their lead out to two lengths and passed below Hammersmith Bridge a further half @-@ length ahead . Despite a surge from Oxford , Cambridge were sixteen seconds ahead at Chiswick Steps and increased the gap to twenty seconds by Barnes Bridge . Cambridge won by six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 18 seconds , 23 seconds ahead of Oxford . The victory was Cambridge 's 61st in the contest , taking the overall score to 61 – 48 . The Cambridge boat club president and stroke Christopher Davey said : " Everything went as planned , but Oxford hung on more than I would have liked at the end . I would have liked to have taken it to 10 lengths if possible but Oxford kept going splendidly at the end . " In the 20th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , their third consecutive victory . = Social Credit Board = The Social Credit Board was a committee in Alberta , Canada from 1937 until 1948 . Composed of Social Credit backbenchers in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta , it was created in the aftermath of the 1937 Social Credit backbenchers ' revolt . Its mandate was to oversee the implementation of social credit in Alberta . To this end , it secured the services of L. Dennis Byrne and George Powell , two lieutenants of social credit 's British founder , C. H. Douglas . After requiring all Social Credit Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) to sign loyalty oaths to it , the Social Credit Board proceeded to recommend radical legislation regulating banking , taxing banks , and restricting freedom of the press and access to courts . Most of this legislation was either disallowed by the federal government or ruled ultra vires ( beyond the powers of ) the province by the Supreme Court of Canada ; these defeats and the advent of World War II made the Social Credit Board increasingly irrelevant . In its later years it became highly anti @-@ Semitic , and it was dissolved by the government of Ernest Manning in 1948 . = = Beginnings = = William Aberhart 's Social Credit League won the 1935 Alberta general election on a platform of ending the Great Depression by implementing social credit , a new economic theory that posited that poverty could be ended by increasing citizens ' purchasing power . By 1937 , many Social Credit backbenchers in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta were becoming frustrated with the government 's lack of progress . This frustration became the 1937 Social Credit backbenchers ' revolt . As a condition of regaining the rebels ' support , Aberhart agreed to create the Social Credit Board , to be composed of five Social Credit MLAs and responsible for the implementation of social credit in Alberta . The chair of the Social Credit Board was Glenville MacLachlan ; he and three other members had been insurgents during the revolt , while the fifth member , Floyd Baker , had remained loyal to Aberhart . The Social Credit Board was tasked with the appointment of a Social Credit commission , composed of experts on social credit , to advise on the implementation of social credit in Alberta . Most Social Crediters hoped that C. H. Douglas , the British founder of the social credit movement , would agree to head this commission . Douglas refused MacLachlan 's entreaties to do so , but sent two representatives , George Frederick Powell and L. Dennis Byrne , in his stead . One of Powell 's first acts was to demand that all Social Credit MLAs sign an oath of loyalty to the Social Credit Board , which almost all did . = = Proposals , disallowance , and judicial defeat ( 1937 – 1938 ) = = The first round of legislation recommended by the commission and subsequently passed by the legislature included the Credit of Alberta Regulation Act , which required every bank and all their employees to be licensed by the provincial government and to be overseen by a Social Credit Board @-@ appointed directorate , the Bank Employees Civil Rights Act , which prohibited unlicensed banks and their employees from initiating legal proceedings , and amendments to the Judicature Act prohibiting court actions alleging that any of Alberta 's legislation was unconstitutional . Lieutenant @-@ Governor of Alberta John Campbell Bowen , asked to give royal assent to these bills , asked Attorney @-@ General John Hugill if he considered them to be valid under the Canadian constitution . Hugill responded in the negative and , after being asked to do so by Aberhart , resigned . Aberhart appointed himself Attorney @-@ General and told Bowen that it was his opinion that the laws were constitutional . Bowen provided royal assent , but all three acts were subsequently disallowed by the federal government . In 1937 's Bankers ' Toadies incident , Powell ( along with Social Credit whip Joe Unwin ) was convicted of criminal libel , sentenced to six months hard labour , and deported to the United Kingdom . The charges stemmed from a pamphlet listing nine men as " bankers ' toadies " and advocating their " extermination " . The Social Credit Board 's second round of bills included a rewritten version of the Credit of Alberta Regulation Act . The previous version had been disallowed partly on the basis that , under the British North America Act , 1867 , banking was a responsibility of the federal government , and the government of Alberta therefore lacked the authority to regulate it . In an attempt to address this concern , the new version substituted the words " credit institutions " for " banks " . The Social Credit Board 's proposals also included the Bank Taxation Act , which imposed extremely high taxes on banks operating in Alberta , and the Accurate News and Information Act , which severely restricted freedom of the press . All of these bills were passed by the legislature . Bowen , not wishing to have more laws to which he had assented disallowed , reserved assent from all three until the Supreme Court of Canada could comment on their constitutional validity . It did so in 1938 's Reference re Alberta Statutes , which found all three to be unconstitutional . The Social Credit Board 's major initiatives had failed . = = Decline and dissolution ( 1939 – 1948 ) = = World War II further reduced the Social Credit Board 's importance , as implementation of social credit took a backseat to the war effort . Instead of proposing new policy , the board devoted itself to propaganda ; its members spoke across the province about social credit , and it distributed vast numbers of pamphlets and leaflets ( 272 @,@ 900 in 1939 ) . When Aberhart died in 1943 , he was replaced by Ernest Manning , who was by this time considerably less open to radical social credit proposals than Aberhart had been . He soon transferred many of the Social Credit Board 's responsibilities to the new department of Economic Affairs , of which L. D. Byrne was the deputy minister . Byrne , the remaining Douglas lieutenant after Powell 's deportation , shared both Douglas 's economic theories and his antisemitism . Under his influence , the Social Credit Board began to propagate anti @-@ Jewish conspiracy theories , including those espoused by the Russian forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . Its 1943 report alleged " a plot , world @-@ wide in scope , deliberately engineered by a small number of ruthless international financiers " , most of whom were Jewish . Its 1947 report repeated these allegations , and also proposed a new voting system in which voters would state their choices publicly , and be taxed only for those government programs they supported during the election . Political parties were to be abolished in favour of " leagues of electors " , and all farmland was to be appropriated by the government . Manning , benignly neglectful of the Social Credit Board to this point , took this as " a direct challenge to his leadership , a shot across the bow " . He quickly introduced a resolution in the legislature to " condemn , repudiate , and completely dissociate " the legislature from " any statements or publications which are incompatible with the established British ideals of democratic freedom , or which endorse , excuse , or incite anti @-@ Semitism or racial or religious intolerance in any form " . In November 1947 he announced that the Social Credit Board would cease to exist effective March 1948 , and in February 1948 he asked for and received Byrne 's resignation as deputy minister of Economic Affairs . Despite its beginnings as a vehicle of intended economic revolution , the board achieved nothing of lasting importance . Once its early efforts were foiled by the federal government and the courts , it ceased to have much influence . By 1948 , the dire conditions that had sparked Albertans ' enthusiasm for radical economic reform had vanished , and with it their interest in social credit . While the Social Crediters remained in government until 1971 , the revolutionary spirit of the 1930s was all but forgotten : as Athabasca University historian Alvin Finkel notes , post @-@ war Social Credit " had been transformed from a mass , eclectic movement for social reform led by monetary reformers to a relatively small government party that enjoyed considerable support from various sectors of the Alberta population for its judicious combination of right @-@ wing rhetoric and social service and road @-@ building programs . " The Social Credit Board , with its reform mandate and its direct pipeline to Douglas , was no longer needed . = Farewell ( Rihanna song ) = " Farewell " is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna , from her sixth studio album Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . The song was written by Ester Dean and Alexander Grant , with production helmed by Grant under his production name Alex da Kid . Instrumentation consists of a piano . Music critics were divided in their response to " Farewell " . Rihanna 's vocal performance was praised and criticized alike , with some critics citing the song as her best vocal performance to date , while others wrote it lacked any sense of feeling . It also received comparisons to Beyoncé 's " Halo " and Adele 's " Someone like You " , as well as Rihanna 's own " Fire Bomb " ( from her album Rated R ) . Upon the release of Talk That Talk , the song debuted at number 69 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart and number 155 on the UK Singles Chart . = = Composition and lyrics = = The song was written by Ester Dean and Alexander Grant , with production helmed by Grant under his production name Alex da Kid . " Farewell " contains lyrics that revolve around saying goodbye to a lover who is not able to be physically present in the relationship for long periods of time . Instrumentation consists of a piano . The song was composed in the key of G major and set in common time signature , and has a moderately slow tempo of 88 beats per minute . Rihanna 's vocals span from the low note of G3 to the high note of D5 . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine noted that the song 's structure was similar to Beyoncé Knowles ' song " Halo " , while Priya Elan for NME wrote that the song was reminiscent of Rihanna 's song " Fire Bomb " , from her fourth studio album , Rated R ( 2009 ) . Lipshutz also noted that Rihanna delivered the bridge with " powerhouse " vocals . A reviewer for Flavour Magazine wrote that Rihanna displayed " great vocals " in the lyric " Somebody 's gonna miss you ... Farewell . " Melissa Maerz for Entertainment Weekly wrote that Rihanna " wails " the lyrics " ' Even though it kills me that you have to go / I know I 'd be sadder if you didn 't hit the road . " = = Critical reception = = Music critics were divided on " Farewell " ; Rihanna 's vocal performance was praised as well as criticized . Kyle Jamon for Parlé Magazine wrote that " Farewell " is a " fitting finish to an album that presents a brand new Rihanna . " He praised the song for not incorporating a " morbid " feel or " dark " tones , which were prominent on Rated R. T 'Cha Dunlevy for The Montreal Gazette described the song as " epic , " and is a " stark contrast " to the songs which appear before it on the album , specifically " Roc Me Out " and " Watch n ' Learn " . A reviewer for Flavour Magazine described the song as " epic " and " heart @-@ curdling " . The reviewer concluded by writing that " Farewell " is a " winning end " to Talk That Talk . Pip Ellwood for Entertainment @-@ Focus wrote that the song " puts paid to any criticism concerning Rihanna 's vocal ability . " Claire Suddath for Time Entertainment did not praise nor criticize " Farewell , " but simply wrote that it is an " obligatory torch ballad that every female pop singer is required to include on an album these days . " Andy Kellman from Allmusic was critical of the ballads " Farewell " and " We All Want Love " , labeling the former as " bombastic " and the latter " drippy . " Jon Caramanica for The New York Times called " Farewell " the most " bombastic " song on Talk That Talk , and cited his reason as " it 's tough to tell if the words have feeling , because Rihanna 's voice doesn 't . " Nathan Slavik for DJ Booth was critical of the song , writing that it lacked any originality . Slavik continued to write that the song is not necessarily bad , but it is " not good in any meaningful way . " Simon Price of The Independent slated " Farewell " , writing that it is a " shameless rewrite " of Adele 's " Someone like You " . = = Track listing = = Album version " Farewell " – 4 : 16 = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Sofitel Paris Le Faubourg , Room 538 ; Fasthalle Venue Dressing Room , Frankfurt , Germany . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Talk That Talk , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records . = = Charts = = Upon the release of Talk That Talk , " Farewell " charted in South Korea and the United Kingdom on the strength of digital download sales . The song debuted on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 69 on November 26 , 2011 , with sales of 6 @,@ 547 digital downloads . It also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 155 in the chart issue December 3 , 2011 . = Octopus card = The Octopus card is a reusable contactless stored value smart card for making electronic payments in online or offline systems in Hong Kong . Launched in September 1997 to collect fares for the territory 's mass transit system , the Octopus card system is the second contactless smart card system in the world , after the Korean Upass , and has since grown into a widely used payment system for all public transport in Hong Kong , leading to the development of Oyster Card in London . The Octopus card has also grown to be used for payment in many retail shops in Hong Kong , from convenience stores , supermarkets , fast @-@ food restaurants , on @-@ street parking meters , car parks , to other point @-@ of @-@ sale applications such as service stations and vending machines . The Octopus card won the Chairman 's Award of the World Information Technology and Services Alliance 's 2006 Global IT Excellence Award for , among other things , being the world 's leading complex automatic fare collection and contactless smartcard payment system . According to Octopus Cards Limited , operator of the Octopus card system , there are more than 20 million cards in circulation , nearly three times the population of Hong Kong . The cards are used by 95 % of the population of Hong Kong aged 16 to 65 , generating over 12 million daily transactions worth a total over HK $ 130 million . Octopus Card Limited 's and the cards ' slogan is Making Everyday Life Easier , which is also part of the corporation 's mission statement . = = History = = Previously , Hong Kong 's Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) adopted a system to recirculate magnetic plastic cards as fare tickets when it started operations in 1979 . Another of the territory 's railway networks , the Kowloon @-@ Canton Railway ( KCR ) , adopted the same magnetic cards in 1984 , and the stored value version was renamed Common Stored Value Ticket . In 1989 , the Common Stored Value Ticket system was extended to Kowloon Motor Bus ( KMB ) buses providing a feeder service to MTR and KCR stations and to Citybus , and was also extended to a limited number of non @-@ transport applications , such as payments at photobooths and for fast food vouchers . The MTR Corporation eventually decided to adopt more advanced technologies , and in 1993 announced that it would move towards using contactless smartcards . To gain wider acceptance , it partnered with four other major transit companies in Hong Kong to create a joint @-@ venture business to operate the Octopus system in 1994 , then known as Creative Star Limited . The Octopus system was launched after three years of trials on 1 September 1997 . Three million cards were issued within the first three months of the system 's launch . The quick success of the system was compelled by the fact that MTR and KCR required all holders of Common Stored Value Tickets to replace their tickets with Octopus cards in three months or have their tickets made obsolete , which drove commuters to switch quickly . Another reason was the coin shortage in Hong Kong in 1997 . With the transfer of Hong Kong away from British rule , there was a belief that the older Queen 's Head coins in Hong Kong would rise in value , so many people hoarded these older coins and waited for their value to increase . The Octopus system was quickly adopted by other Creative Star joint venture partners , and KMB reported that by 2000 , most bus journeys were completed using an Octopus card , with few coins used . Boarding a bus in Hong Kong without using the Octopus card requires giving exact change , making it cumbersome compared to using the Octopus card . By November 1998 , 4 @.@ 6 million cards were issued , and this rose to 9 million by January 2002 . In 2000 , the Hong Kong Monetary Authority granted a deposit @-@ taking company license to the operator , removing previous restrictions that prohibited Octopus from generating more than 15 percent of its turnover from non @-@ transit @-@ related functions . This allowed the Octopus card to be widely adopted for non @-@ transit @-@ related sales transactions . On 29 June 2003 , the Octopus card found another application when the Hong Kong Government started to replace all its 18 @,@ 000 parking meters with a new Octopus card @-@ operated system . The replacement was completed on 21 November 2004 . = = Etymologies and logo = = The Cantonese name for the Octopus card , Baat Daaht Tùng ( Chinese : 八達通 ) , translates literally as " eight @-@ arrived pass " ( though in Chinese it was accepted as " go @-@ everywhere pass " ) , where Baat Daaht may translate as " reaching everywhere " . It was selected by the head of the MTR Corporation , the parent company of Octopus Cards Limited , in a naming competition held in 1996 . The number eight refers to the cardinal and ordinal directions , and the four @-@ character idiom sei tùng baat daaht ( Chinese : 四通八達 ) , a common expression loosely translated as " reachable in all directions " . It is also considered a lucky number in Chinese culture , and the phrase baat daaht can possibly be associated with the similar @-@ sounding faat daaht , which means " getting wealthy " ( Chinese : 發達 ) in Cantonese . The English name Octopus card was also selected from the naming competition . Coincidentally , the English name coincides with the number eight in the Chinese name , since an octopus has eight tentacles . The logo used on the card features a Möbius strip in the shape of an infinity symbol . The slogan of Octopus Card Limited and its products ( the cards ) is Making Everyday Life Easier , which is part of the mission statement of the corporation . = = Card usage = = The Octopus card was originally introduced for fare payment on the MTR ; however , the use of the card quickly expanded to other retail businesses in Hong Kong . The card is now commonly used in most major public transport , fast food restaurants , supermarkets , vending machines , convenience stores , photo booths , parking meters , car parks and many other retails business where small payments are frequently made by customers . With over 20 million Octopus cards in circulation in 2010 , the card has become very popular among Hong Kongers . Notable businesses that started accepting Octopus cards at a very early stage include PARKnSHOP , Wellcome , Watsons , 7 @-@ Eleven , Starbucks , McDonald 's , and Circle K. As of 21 November 2004 , all parking meters in Hong Kong were converted . They no longer accept coins and Octopus became the only form of payment accepted . Octopus cards also double as access control cards in buildings and for school administrative functions . At certain office buildings , residential buildings , and schools , use of an Octopus card is required for entry . = = = Payments = = = Making or recording a payment using the card for public transport or purchases at Octopus @-@ enabled retailers can be done by holding the card against or waving it over an Octopus card reader from up to a few centimetres away . The reader will acknowledge payment by emitting a beep , and displaying the amount deducted and the remaining balance of the card . Standard transaction time for readers used for public transport is 0 @.@ 3 seconds , while that of readers used for retailers is 1 second . When using the MTR system , the entry point of commuters is noted when a passenger enters , and the appropriate amount based on distance traveled will be deducted when the users validate their cards again at the exit point . The MTR usually charges less for journeys made using an Octopus card instead of conventional single @-@ journey tickets . For example , the adult fare of a single journey from Chai Wan to Tung Chung is HK $ 25 @.@ 20 with an Octopus card , and HK $ 28 with a single journey ticket . Other public transport operators also offer intermittent discounts for using Octopus cards on higher fares and round @-@ trip transits on select routes . On 6 November 2005 , Octopus Cards Limited launched Octopus Rewards , a program that allows cardholders to earn rewards at merchants that are partners in the program . Participating merchants provide consumers with tailor @-@ made offers and privileges . The rewards that the program offers are in the form of points , or reward dollars , stored on the card . Once a card is registered for the program , the cardholder may accumulate reward points by making purchases at participating merchants , and payments may be made in the form of cash , credit cards , or Octopus cards themselves . The rate at which reward points are earned per dollar @-@ amount purchase differs by the merchant at which that the purchases are made . At Wellcome , for example , one point is earned for every purchase of HK $ 200 ; and at Watsons , points are earned at a rate of 0 @.@ 5 percent per dollar amount of a purchase . Once these reward dollars are accumulated , they may be redeemed as payment for purchases at partner merchants for at least HK $ 1 per reward dollar . To redeem the accumulated reward dollars , cardholders must use the entire value amount in whole , and may not elect to use it partially . If the purchase price is lower than the amount of reward dollars available , the amount difference remains stored on the card . Founding partners for the Octopus Rewards program include HSBC , UA Cinemas and Wellcome . = = = Balance enquiries , reloading and refunds = = = In MTR stations , enquiry machines can be found where cardholders can place their Octopus cards on the machines and the machines will display the balance along with a history of last ten usages . Money can be credited to the card through a number of ways . " Add Value Machines " , located at MTR stations , can be used to top up the balance of the cards . The machines accept cash , and selected machines are also able to accept the electronic transfer of funds . Alternatively , cards may be topped up with cash at authorised service providers	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
that a retiring Chief Justice would be replaced with the Attorney General . = = = = Court of High Commission = = = = Coke 's changed position from Attorney General to Chief Justice allowed him to openly attack organisations he had previously supported . His first target was the Court of High Commission , an ecclesiastical court established by the monarch with near unlimited power ; it administered a mandatory ex officio oath that deliberately trapped people . The High Commission was vastly unpopular among both common lawyers and Members of Parliament , as the idea of " prerogative law " challenged both authorities . The appointment of Richard Bancroft as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1604 caused the issue to grow in importance ; according to P.B. Waite , a Canadian historian , Bancroft 's zeal and strictness " could hardly fail to produce an atmosphere in which principles and issues would crystallize , in which logic would supplant reasonableness " . The judges , particularly Coke , began to unite with Parliament in challenging the High Commission . In 1607 Parliament openly asked for Coke 's opinion on the High Commission 's practices ; he replied that " No man ecclesiastical or temporal shall be examined upon secret thoughts of his heart or of his secret opinion " . During this period a " notorious suit " ran through the courts , known as Fuller 's Case after the defendant , Nicholas Fuller . A barrister , Fuller had several clients fined by the High Commission for non @-@ conformity , and stated that the High Commission 's procedure was " popish , under jurisdiction not of Christ but of anti @-@ Christ " . For this , Fuller was held in custody for contempt of court . The Court of King 's Bench argued that this was a lay matter , while the High Commission claimed it fell under their jurisdiction . Coke had no official role , other than acting as a mediator between the two , but in the end Fuller was convicted by the High Commission . This was a defeat for the common law , and in response Coke spent the summer issuing writs of prohibition to again challenge Bancroft and the High Commission . On 6 November 1608 , the common law judges and members of the High Commission were summoned before the king and told that they would argue and allow him to decide . Finding themselves unable to even argue coherently , instead " [ standing ] sullen , merely denying each others ' statements " , the group was dismissed and reconvened a week later . Coke , speaking for the judges , argued that the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts was limited to cases where no temporal matters were involved and the rest left to the common law . At this point the king 's own position in relation to the law , and his authority to decide this matter , was brought up , in what became known as the Case of Prohibitions . James stated that " In cases where there is not express authority in law , the King may himself decide in his royal person ; the Judges are but delegates of the King " . Coke challenged this , saying " the King in his own person cannot adjudge any case , either criminal – as treason , felony etc , or betwixt party and party ; but this ought to be determined and adjudged in some court of justice , according to the Law and Custom of England " . Coke further stated that " The common law protecteth the King " , to which James replied " The King protecteth the law , and not the law the King ! The King maketh judges and bishops . If the judges interpret the laws themselves and suffer none else to interpret , they may easily make , of the laws , shipmen 's hose ! " . Coke rejected this , stating that while the monarch was not subject to any individual , he was subject to the law . Until he had gained sufficient knowledge of the law , he had no right to interpret it ; he pointed out that such knowledge " demanded mastery of an artificial reason ... which requires long study and experience , before that a man can attain to the cognizance of it " . Coke was only saved from imprisonment by Cecil , who pleaded with the king to show leniency , which he granted . After the conclusion of this dispute , Coke freely left , and continued to issue writs of prohibition against the High Commission . = = = = Dr. Bonham 's Case = = = = Thomas Bonham v College of Physicians , commonly known as Dr. Bonham 's Case was a decision of the Court of Common Pleas under Coke in which he ruled that " in many cases , the common law will controul Acts of Parliament , and sometimes adjudge them to be utterly void : for when an Act of Parliament is against common right and reason , or repugnant , or impossible to be performed , the common law will controul it , and adjudge such Act to be void " . Coke 's meaning has been disputed over the years ; some interpret his judgment as referring to judicial review of statutes to correct misunderstandings which would render them unfair , while others argue he meant that the common law courts have the power to completely strike down those statutes they deem to be repugnant . Whatever Coke 's meaning , after an initial period of application , Bonham 's Case was thrown aside in favour of the growing doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty . Initially written down by William Blackstone , this theory makes Parliament the sovereign law @-@ maker , preventing the common law courts from not only throwing aside but also reviewing statutes in the fashion Coke suggested . Parliamentary sovereignty is now the universally @-@ accepted judicial doctrine in England and Wales . Bonham 's Case met a mixed reaction at the time , with the king and Lord Ellesmere both deeply unhappy with it . Nineteenth and twentieth century academics are scarcely more favourable , calling it " a foolish doctrine alleged to have been laid down extra @-@ judicially " , and an " abortion " . In the United States , Coke 's decision met with a better reaction . During the legal and public campaigns against the writs of assistance and Stamp Act 1765 , Bonham 's Case was given as a justification for nullifying the legislation . Marbury v. Madison , the American case which forms the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution , uses the words " void " and " repugnant " , seen as a direct reference to Coke . Some academics , such as Edward Samuel Corwin , have argued that Coke 's work in Bonham 's Case forms the basis of judicial review and the declaration of legislation as unconstitutional in the United States . Gary L. McDowell calls this " one of the most enduring myths of American constitutional law and theory , to say nothing of history " , pointing out that at no point during the Constitutional Convention was Bonham 's Case referenced . = = = King 's Bench = = = Coke was transferred from the Common Pleas , where he was succeeded by Hobart , to the Court of King 's Bench on 25 October 1613 , on the advice of Bacon , presumably because Bacon and the king felt that if he was moved from a court dedicated to protecting the rights of the people to one dedicated to the rights of the king , " his capacity for harm would be diminished " . From Bacon 's point of view , the King 's Bench was a far more precarious position for someone loyal to the common law rather than the monarch . Coke 's first case of note there was Peacham 's Case , in which he dictated that the writing of a sermon by Thomas Peacham which advocated the death of the king – a sermon which was never preached or published – could not constitute treason . The king was unwilling to accept this decision and instead had him tried by Coke 's opponents on the bench , who " not surprisingly " found him guilty . Refusing to admit his guilt , Peacham was tortured on the rack , but " before torture , between torture and after torture ; nothing could be drawn from him " . In 1616 , two years after Peacham 's Case , the case of commendams arose . The in commendam writ was a method of transferring ecclesiastical property , which James used in this case to allow Richard Neile to hold his bishopric and associated revenues without actually performing the duties . On 25 April 1616 the courts , at Coke 's bidding , held that this action was illegal , writing to the king that " in case any letters come unto us contrary to law , we do nothing by such letters , but certify your Majesty thereof , and go forth to do the law notwithstanding the same " . James called the judges before him and , furious , ripped up the letter , patronisingly telling them that " I well know the true and ancient common law to be the most favourable to Kings of any law in the world , to which law I do advise you my Judges to apply your studies " . While all the other judges " succumbed to royal pressure and , throwing themselves on their knees , prayed for pardon " , Coke defended the letter and stated that " When the case happens I shall do that which shall be fit for a judge to do " . This was the last straw ; on advice from Bacon , who had long been jealous of Coke , James I suspended Coke from the Privy Council , forbade him from going on circuit and , on 14 November , dismissed him from his post as Chief Justice of the King 's Bench . This was greeted by deep resentment in the country , which saw the king 's actions as tampering with justice . Coke himself reacted by sinking into a deep depression . James I then ordered Coke to spend his time " expunging and retracting such novelties and errors and offensive conceits as are dispersed in his Reports " . Bacon , now in royal favour , became Lord Chancellor on 3 March 1617 and set up a commission to purge the Reports , also using his authority to expand the powers of the High Commission . With James unable to declare Coke incompetent , some of what Humphry William Woolrych describes as " colorable excuses " were produced to justify Coke 's dismissal ; he was accused of concealing £ 12 @,@ 000 , uttering " high words of contempt " as a judge , and declaring himself Chief Justice of England . = = Return to politics = = Now out of favour and with no chance of returning to the judiciary , Coke was re @-@ elected to Parliament as an MP , ironically by order of the king , who expected Coke to support his efforts . Elected in 1620 , Coke sat for Liskeard in the 1621 Parliament , which was called by the king to raise revenues ; other topics of discussion included a proposed marriage between the Prince of Wales and Maria Anna of Spain , and possible military support for the king 's son @-@ in @-@ law , Frederick V , Elector Palatine . Coke became a leading opposition MP , along with Robert Phelips , Thomas Wentworth and John Pym , campaigning against any military intervention and the marriage of the Prince of Wales and Maria Anna . His position at the head of the opposition was unsurprising given his extensive experience in both local and central government , as well as his ability to speak with authority on matters of economics , parliamentary procedure and the law . He subsequently sat as MP for Coventry ( 1624 ) , Norfolk ( 1625 ) and Buckinghamshire ( 1628 ) . In June 1614 , the University of Cambridge by unanimous vote elected Coke High Steward , honorary office next below Chancellor of the University . Through Cecil , ( previously High Steward and then Chancellor of Cambridge ) , Coke had procured for the University the right to send its own two representatives to Parliament , a matter of much practical benefit . A fervent Cantabrigian , Coke had a habit of naming Cambridge first , including in Parliament . When reminded that precedence belonged to Oxford " by vote of the House , " Coke persisted in giving Cambridge primacy . A Privy Councilor , Sir Thomas Edmondes , interrupted with a rebuke . It was reported that Coke suggested Edmondes not bother worrying about the primacy of Oxford or Cambridge , given that he had not attended either university . = = = Monopolies = = = Coke used his role in Parliament as a leading opposition MP to attack patents , a system he had already criticised as a judge . Historically , English patent law was based on custom and the common law , not on statute . It began as the Crown granted patents as a form of economic protection to ensure high industrial production . As gifts from the Crown , there was no judicial review , oversight or consideration , and no actual law concerning patents . To boost England 's economy , Edward II began encouraging foreign workmen and inventors to settle in England , offering letters of protection that protected them from guild policy on the condition that they train English apprentices and pass on their knowledge . The letters did not grant a full monopoly ; rather they acted as a passport , allowing foreign workers to travel to England and practice their trade . This process continued for three centuries , with formal procedures set out in 1561 to issue letters patent to any new industry , allowing monopolies . The granting of these patents was highly popular with the monarch because of the potential for raising revenue ; a patentee was expected to pay heavily for the patent , and unlike a tax raise ( another method of raising Crown money ) any public unrest as a result of the patent was normally directed at the patentee , not the monarch . Over time , this system became more and more problematic ; instead of temporary monopolies on specific , imported industries , long @-@ term monopolies came about over more common commodities , including salt and starch . These monopolies led to a showdown between the Crown and Parliament , in which it was agreed in 1601 to turn the power to administer patents over to the common law courts ; at the same time , Elizabeth revoked a number of the more restrictive and damaging monopolies . Even given a string of judicial decisions criticising and overruling such monopolies , James I , when he took the throne , continued using patents to create monopolies . Coke used his position in Parliament to attack these patents , which were , according to him , " now grown like hydras ' heads ; they grow up as fast as they are cut off " . Coke succeeded in establishing the Committee of Grievances , a body chaired by him that abolished a large number of monopolies . This was followed by a wave of protest at the patent system . On 27 March 1621 , James suggested the House of Commons draw up a list of the three most objectionable patents , and he would remove them , but by this time a statute was already being prepared by Coke . After passing on 12 May it was thrown out by the House of Lords , but a Statute of Monopolies was finally passed by Parliament on 25 May 1624 . In response to both this and Coke 's establishment of a sub @-@ committee to establish freedom of speech and discuss the rights of the Commons , James announced that " you usurp upon our prerogative royal and meddle with things far above your reach " . He first adjourned Parliament and then forbade the Commons from discussing " matters of state at home or abroad " . Ignoring this ban , Parliament issued a " Remonstrance to the King " on 11 December 1621 , authored by Coke , in which they restated their liberties and right to discuss matters of state , claiming that such rights were the " ancient and undoubted birthright and inheritance of the subjects of England " . After a debate , it was sent to James , who rejected it ; the Commons instead resolved to enter it into the Journal of the Commons , which required no royal authorisation . In the presence of Parliament , the king reacted by tearing the offending page from the Journal , declaring that it should be " razed out of all memories and utterly annihilated " , then dissolved Parliament . Coke was then imprisoned in the Tower of London on 27 December , but released nine months later . = = = Liberty and the Resolutions = = = James died on 27 March 1625 and was succeeded by his son , who became Charles I of England . Coke was made High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire by the king in 1625 , which prohibited him from sitting in Parliament until his term expired a year later . Following his father 's example , Charles raised loans without Parliament 's sanction and imprisoned without trial those who would not pay . The judges of the Court of Common Pleas and King 's Bench declared this to be illegal , and the Chief Justice Sir Ranulph Crewe was dismissed ; at this , the remaining judges succumbed to the king 's pressure . More and more people refused to pay , leading to Darnell 's Case , in which the courts confirmed that " if no cause was given for the detention ... the prisoner could not be freed as the offence was probably too dangerous for public discussion " . The result of this was that wealthy landowners refused to pay the loan and the Crown 's income fell below Charles 's expectations , forcing him to call a fresh Parliament in March 1627 . With popular anger at Charles 's policies , many MPs were opposed to him , including Pym , Coke and a young Oliver Cromwell . Martial law was then declared , with continued imprisonment for a failure to pay the forced loans and soldiers billeted in the homes of private citizens to intimidate the population – something which led to Coke 's famous declaration that " the house of an Englishman is to him as his castle " . The Commons responded to these measures by insisting that the Magna Carta , which expressly forbade the imprisonment of freemen without trial , was still valid . Coke then prepared the Resolutions , which later led to the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 . These declared that Magna Carta was still in force , and that furthermore : no freeman is to be committed or detained in prison , or otherwise restrained by command of the King or the Privy Council or any other , unless some lawful cause be shown ... the writ of habeas corpus cannot be denied , but should be granted to every man who is committed or detained in prison or otherwise restrained by the command of the King , the Privy Council or any other ... Any freeman so committed or detained in prison without cause being stated should be entitled to bail or be freed . In addition , no tax or loan could be levied without Parliament 's permission , and no private citizen could be forced into accepting soldiers into his home . Coke , John Selden and the rest of the Committee for Grievances presented the Resolutions to the House of Lords , with Coke citing seven statutes and 31 cases to support his argument . He told the Lords that " Imprisonment in law is a civil death [ and ] a prison without a prefixed time is a kind of hell " . The Lords , supportive of the king , were not swayed , and Charles himself eventually rejected the Resolutions , insisting that the Commons trust him . = = = Petition of Right = = = Coke undertook the central role in framing and writing the Petition of Right . The ongoing struggles over martial law and civil liberties , along with the rejection of the Resolutions seriously concerned the Commons . Accordingly , Coke convinced the Lords to meet with the Commons in April 1628 in order to discuss a petition to the king confirming the rights and liberties of royal subjects . The Commons immediately accepted this , and after a struggle , the Lords agreed to allow a committee chaired by Coke to draft the eventual document . Hearing of this , the king sent a message to Parliament forbidding the Commons from discussing matters of state . The resulting debate led to some MPs being unable to speak due to their fear that the king was threatening them with the destruction of Parliament . Coke , despite the fear in Parliament , stood and spoke , citing historical precedents supporting the principle that members of the Commons could , within Parliament , say whatever they wished – something now codified as Parliamentary privilege . The Petition of Right was affirmed by the Commons and sent to the Lords , who approved it on 17 May 1628 ; the document 's publication was met with bonfires and the ringing of church bells throughout England . As well as laying out a long list of statutes which had been broken , it proclaimed various " rights and liberties " of free Englishmen , including a freedom from taxation without Parliamentary approval , the right of habeas corpus , a prohibition on soldiers being billeted in houses without the owner 's will , and a prohibition on imposing martial law on civilians . It was later passed into formal law by the Long Parliament in 1641 and became one of the three constitutional documents of English civil liberties , along with the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 . = = Retirement = = When Parliament was dissolved in 1629 , Charles decided to govern without one , and Coke retired to his estate at Stoke Poges , Buckinghamshire , about 20 miles west of London , spending his time making revisions to his written works . He made no attempt to return to politics , stating that the Petition of Right would be left as his " greatest inheritance " ; his desire to complete his writings , coupled with his advanced age , may also have been factors . Despite his age , Coke was still in good health , and exercised daily . Following an accident in which his horse fell on him , he refused to consult doctors , saying that he had " a disease which all the drugs of Asia , the gold of Africa , nor all the doctors of Europe could cure – old age " , and instead chose to remain confined to the house without medical treatment . As he was on his deathbed the Privy Council ordered that his house and chambers be searched , seizing 50 manuscripts , which were later restored ; his will was permanently lost . Coke died on 3 September 1634 , aged 82 , and lay in state for a month at his home in Godwick to allow for friends and relatives to view the body . He was buried in St Mary 's Church , Tittleshall . His grave is covered by a marble monument with his effigy lying on it in full judicial robes , surrounded by eight shields holding his coat of arms . A Latin inscription on the monument identifies him as " Father of twelve children and thirteen books " . A second inscription , in English , gives a brief chronicle of his life and ends by stating that " His laste wordes [ were ] thy kingdome come , thye will be done . Learne , reader to live so , that thou may 'st so die " . Coke 's estates , including Holkham Hall , passed to his son Henry . = = Personal life = = On 13 August 1582 Coke married Bridget , the daughter of John Paston , a Counsellor from Norwich . Paston came from a long line of lawyers and judges – his great grandfather , William Paston , was a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas . Having grown up nearby Coke knew the family , and asked for Bridget 's hand immediately after she turned eighteen . At the time he was a thirty @-@ one @-@ year @-@ old barrister with a strong practice , and her father had no qualms about accepting his offer . Six months after they married John Paston died , leaving his daughter and son @-@ in @-@ law his entire estate and several of his clients . Bridget maintained a diary , which reveals that she mainly ran the household . Despite this she was an independent woman , travelling without her husband and acting as a helpmate to Coke . Bridget was noted by Woolrych as an " incomparable " woman who had " inestimable value clearly manifested by the eulogies which are lavished on her character " . The couple settled at the manor of Huntingfield , described by Catherine Drinker Bowen as " enchanting , with a legend for every turret ... A splendid gallery ran the length of the house , the Great Hall was built around six massive oaks which supported the roof as they grew " . The couple had ten children – seven sons and three daughters . The sons were Edward , Robert , Arthur , John , Henry , Clement and Thomas . Edward died young , Robert became a Knight Bachelor and married Theophile , daughter of Thomas Berkeley , Arthur married Elizabeth , heir of Sir George Walgrave , John married Meriel , daughter of Anthony Wheately , bringing Holkham Hall into the Coke family , Henry married Margaret , daughter of Richard Lovelace , and inherited the manor at Holkham from his brother John ( who had seven daughters but no son ) , Clement married Sarah , heiress of Alexander Redich , and Thomas died as an infant . The daughters were Elizabeth , Anne and Bridget . Elizabeth died young , Anne married Ralph Sadleir , son and heir of Sir Thomas Sadleir , and Bridget married William Skinner , son and heir of Sir Vincent Skinner . Coke 's descendants through Henry include the Earls of Leicester , particularly Coke of Norfolk , a landowner , Member of Parliament and agricultural reformer . Following his first wife 's death in 1598 , Coke married Elizabeth Hatton , a desirable marriage due to her wealth ; when he found out that Bacon was also pursuing her hand , Coke acted with all speed to complete the ceremony . It was held at a private house at the wrong time , rather than at a church between 8 and 12 in the morning ; all involved parties were prosecuted for breaching ecclesiastical law , and Coke had to beg for a pardon . It is said that Coke first suggested marrying Hatton to Sir Robert Cecil , Hatton 's uncle , at the funeral of Lord Burghley , Coke 's patron ; he needed to ensure that he would continue his rise under Burghley 's son , Cecil , and did this by marrying into the family . Hatton was 26 years younger than Coke , hot @-@ tempered and articulate ; Boyer wrote that " if she and Coke were not compatible , at least they were well @-@ matched " . Their marriage having broken down in 1604 , Hatton went on to become a formidable protagonist and thorn in his side . Coke was buried beside his first wife , who was called his " first and best wife " by his daughter Anne ; his second wife died in 1646 . Coke had two children with his second wife , both daughters : Elizabeth and Frances . Frances married John Villiers , 1st Viscount Purbeck . = = Writings = = Coke is best known for his written work – thirteen volumes of law reports , and the four @-@ volume Institutes of the Lawes of England . John Marshall Gest , writing in the Yale Law Journal , notes that " There are few principles of the common law that can be studied without an examination of Coke 's Institutes and Reports which summed up the legal learning of his time " , although " the student is deterred by the too common abuse of Coke 's character and the general criticism of his writings as dry , crabbed , verbose and pedantic " . John Campbell , in The Lives of the Chief Justices of England , said that " His reasoning ... is narrow minded ; [ he had ] utter contempt for method and style in his compositions " , and says that Coke 's Reports were " tinctured with quaintness and pedantry " . Gest , noting this criticism , points out that : Coke , like every man , was necessarily a product of the age in which he lived . His faults were the faults of his time , his excellencies those of all time . He was diffuse ; he loved metaphor , literary quibbles and verbal conceits ; so did Bacon , and so did Shakespeare . So did all the writers of his day . They were creative , not critical . But Coke as a law writer was as far superior in importance and merit to his predecessors , at least if we except Bracton , as the Elizabethan writers in general were superior to those whom they succeeded , and , as the great Elizabethans fixed the standard of our English tongue , so Coke established the common law on its firm foundation . A modern lawyer who heaps his abuse on Coke and his writings seems as ungrateful as a man who climbs a high wall by the aid of the sturdy shoulders of another and then gives his friend a parting kick in the face as he makes the final leap . = = = Reports = = = His Law Reports , known as Coke 's Reports , were an archive of judgements from cases he had participated in , watched or heard of . They started with notes he made as a law student in the winter of 1572 , with full reporting of cases from October 1579 . The Reports were initially written down in seven notebooks , four of which are lost ; the first notebook contains not only law reports , but also a draft version of Coke 's first Institutes of the Lawes of England . Coke began reporting cases in the traditional manner , by copying out and repeating cases found in earlier law reports , such as those of Edmund Plowden . After being called to the Bar in 1578 he began attending court cases at Westminster Hall , and soon drew the attention of court officials – many early reports have notes that he was told " by old Plowden " or " by Wray CJ " . The original reports were kept in a generally chronological order , interspersed with personal memos , obituaries and notes on court practices . They are not entirely chronological ; during his career , Coke took note of earlier cases he had heard of or which had drawn his attention . These were written down with the plea roll reference and the year in which Coke recorded them , but later editions failed to include the plea roll reference and led to inaccuracies . The Reports have gained significant academic acclaim ; writing in the Cornell Law Quarterly , Theodore Plucknett describes them as works of " incomparable richness " with a " profound influence upon the literature , and indeed the substance , of English law " . John Baker has described them as " perhaps the single most influential series of named reports " , and even Francis Bacon , Coke 's rival , wrote in praise of them , saying " Had it not been for Sir Edward Coke 's Reports ( which though they may have errors , and some peremptory and extrajudicial resolutions more than are warranted , yet they contain infinite good decisions and rulings over of cases ) , for the law by this time had been almost like a ship without ballast ; for that the cases of modern experience are fled from those that are adjudged and ruled in former time " . Although loaned to friends and family , and therefore in slight public circulation , Coke 's Reports were never formally used during his lifetime . Select cases were published in 1600 , containing the most famous of his decisions and pleadings , while a second volume in 1602 was more chronological in nature . The third part , published in the same year , was also chronological , while the fourth , published in 1604 , was arranged by subject . The fifth part , published in 1605 , is arranged similarly , as is the sixth , published in 1607 . Five more volumes were published until 1615 , but Coke died before he could publish a single bound copy . No trace has been found of the draft manuscript . Some academics have questioned the accuracy of the Reports . Coke 's famous Case of Proclamations , and his speech there , was first brought into the public consciousness through its inclusion in Volume 12 of his Reports , and Roland G. Usher , writing in the English Historical Review , notes that " Certain manuscripts at Hatfield House and elsewhere seem to throw some doubt upon this famous account of a famous interview " . One of the reasons given for possible inaccuracies in the later volumes of the Reports is that they were published posthumously . In July 1634 , officials acting on order of the king had seized Coke 's papers , but a 1641 motion in the House of Commons restored the extant papers to Coke 's eldest son . The twelfth and thirteenth volumes of the reports were based on fragments of notes several decades old , not on Coke 's original manuscript . = = = Institutes = = = Coke 's other main work was the Institutes of the Lawes of England , a four @-@ volume treatise described as his " masterwork " . The first volume , the Commentary upon Littleton , known as Coke on Littleton , was published in 1628 . It is ostensibly a commentary on Sir Thomas Littleton 's Treatise on Tenures , but actually covered many areas of the law of his time . The other three volumes were all published after his death , and covered 39 constitutional statutes of importance ( starting with the Magna Carta ) , the law relating to criminal law , and constitutional and administrative law respectively . While the Reports were intended to give an explanation of the law chronologically , Coke 's intentions with the Institutes were to provide an English language tutorial for students studying law at the Inns of Court . This served as an alternative to the Roman law lectures at university , which were based on Latin ; according to Bowen it was " a double vision ; the Institutes as authority , the Reports as illustration by actual practise " . Part one , the Commentary upon Littleton , was undoubtedly the most famous ; copies were exported to the United States early in the colonial era . The work was first printed in an American edition in 1812 , by which point the English version was in its sixteenth edition , and had been commented on itself by various later legal authorities . As with the Reports , Coke 's Institutes became a standard textbook in the United States , and was recorded in the law libraries of Harvard College in 1723 and Brown University in 1770 ; John Jay , John Adams , Theophilus Parsons and Thomas Jefferson were all influenced by it . John Rutledge later wrote that " Coke 's Institutes seems to be almost the foundations of our law " , while Jefferson stated that " a sounder Whig never wrote more profound learning in the orthodox doctrine of British liberties " . The Third Institutes has been described as " the first really adequate discussion of treason , a work which went far towards offering the remedy of a humanized common law to the injustices of trial procedures " . The work had its detractors , with some writers criticising it for " repulsive pedantry " and " overbearing assertions " , as well as incorrect citations to works that were later discredited . There are also factual inaccuracies ; Kenyon Homfray in the Ecclesiastical Law Journal notes that despite being considered the supreme legal authority on the subject of consecration , which Coke covered in the third volume of the Institutes , he offered no legal support for his opinion and ignored those pieces of case law which rejected his interpretation . = = = Jurisprudence = = = Coke 's jurisprudence centres on the hierarchy of the judges , the monarch , and Parliament in making law . Coke argued that the judges of the common law were those most suited to making law , followed by Parliament , and that the monarch was bound to follow any legal rules . This principle was justified by the idea that a judge , through his professional training , internalised what political historian and theorist Alan Cromartie referred to as " an infinity of wisdom " , something that mere politicians or laypersons could not understand due to the complexity of the law . Coke 's Commentary on Littleton has been interpreted as deliberately obtuse , with his aim being to write what Cromartie called " a sort of anti @-@ textbook , a work whose very form denied that legal knowledge could be organised . The original edition could not be used for reference purposes , as Coke had published it without an index ... It is a book to be ' read in ' and lived with , rather than consulted , a monument to the uselessness of merely written knowledge unless it is internalised in a trained professional mind " . This theory – that judges were the natural arbiters of the law – is known as the " appeal to reason " , with " reason " referring not to rationality but the method and logic used by judges in upholding and striking down laws . Coke 's position meant that certainty of the law and intellectual beauty was the way to see if a law was just and correct , and that the system of law could eventually become sophisticated enough to be predictable . John Selden similarly thought that the common law was the proper law of England . He argued that this did not necessarily create judicial discretion to alter it , and that proper did not necessarily equal perfect . The law was nothing more than a contract made by the English people ; this is known as the " appeal to contract " . Thomas Hobbes and Francis Bacon argued against Coke 's theory . They were proponents of natural law , created by the king 's authority , not by any individual judge . Hobbes felt that there was no skill unique to lawyers , and that the law could be understood not through Coke 's " reason " ( the method used by lawyers ) , but through understanding the king 's instructions . While judges did make law , this was only valid because it was " tacitly confirmed ( because not disapproved ) by the [ king ] " . = = Legacy = = Coke 's challenge to the ecclesiastical courts and their ex officio oath is seen as the origin of the right to silence . With his decision that common law courts could issue writs of prohibition against such oaths and his arguments that such oaths were contrary to the common law ( as found in his Reports and Institutes ) , Coke " dealt the crucial blow to the oath ex officio and to the High Commission " . The case of John Lilburne later confirmed that not only was such an oath invalid , but that there was a right to silence , drawing from Coke 's decisions in reaching that conclusion . In the trial of Sir Roger Casement for treason in 1916 , Coke 's assertion that treason is defined as " giving aide and comfort to the King 's enemies within the realme or without " was the deciding factor in finding him guilty . His work in Slade 's Case led to the rise of modern contract law , and his actions in the Case of Proclamations and the other pleadings which led to his eventual dismissal went some way towards securing judicial independence . The Statute of Monopolies is considered one of the first steps towards the eventual English Civil War , and also " one of the landmarks in the transition of [ England 's ] economy from the feudal to the capitalist " . Coke was particularly influential in the United States both before and after the American War of Independence . During the legal and public campaigns against the writs of assistance and Stamp Act 1765 , Bonham 's Case was given as a justification for nullifying the legislation , and in the income tax case of 1895 , Joseph Hodges Choate used Coke 's argument that a tax upon the income of property is a tax on the property itself to have the Supreme Court of the United States declare the Wilson – Gorman Tariff Act unconstitutional . This decision ultimately lead to the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment . The castle doctrine originates from Coke 's statement in the Third Institutes that " A man 's home is his castle – for where shall he be safe if it not be in his house ? " , which also profoundly influenced the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; the Third Amendment , on the other hand , was influenced by the Petition of Right . Coke was also a strong influence on and mentor of Roger Williams , an English theologian who founded the Rhode Island colony in North America and was an early proponent of the doctrine of separation of church and state . = = Character = = Coke was noted as deriving great enjoyment from and working hard at the law , but enjoying little else . He was versed in the Latin classics and maintained a sizeable estate , but the law was his primary concern . Francis Bacon , his main competitor , was known as a philosopher and man of learning , but Coke had no interest in such subjects . Notably , when given a copy of the Novum Organum by Bacon , Coke wrote puerile insults in it . Coke 's style and attitude as a barrister are well documented . He was regarded , even during his life , as the greatest lawyer of his time in both reputation and monetary success . He was eloquent , effective , forceful , and occasionally overbearing . His most famous arguments can be read in Complete State Trials Volume I and II . Most early lawyers were not noted for their eloquence , with Thomas Elyot writing that " [ they ] lacked elocution and pronunciation , two of the principal parts of rhetorike " , and Roger Ascham saying that " they do best when they cry loudest " , describing a court case where an advocate was " roaring like a bull " . In court , Coke was insulting to the parties , disrespectful to the judges and " rough , blustering , overbearing " ; a rival once wrote to him saying " in your pleadings you were wont to insult over misery and to inveigh bitterly at the persons , which bred you many enemies " . Coke was pedantic and technical , something which saw him win many cases as a barrister , but when he became Attorney General " he showed the same qualities in a less pleasing form ... He was determined to get a conviction by every means in his power " . Francis Watt , writing in the Juridical Review , portrays this as Coke 's strongest characteristic as a lawyer : that he was a man who " having once taken up a point or become engaged in a case , believes in it with all his heart and soul , whilst all the time conscious of its weakness , as well as ready to resort to every device to bolster it up " . Writers have struggled to reconcile his achievements as a judge surrounding the rejection of executive power and the rights of man with his tenure as Attorney General , with Gerald P. Bodet noting that his early career as a state prosecutor was one of " arrogance and brutality " . Coke made a fortune from purchasing estates with clouded titles at a discount , whereupon , through his knowledge of the intricacies of property law , he would clear the titles on the acquired properties to his favor . About the year 1615 , his amassed property acquisitions attracted the attention of the government . James I claimed that Coke " had already as much land as it was proper a subject should possess . " Coke requested the King 's permission to just " add one acre more " to his holdings and upon approval proceeded to purchase the fine estate of Castle Acre Priory in Norfolk , one of the most expensive " acres " in the land . = Coprinopsis variegata = Coprinopsis variegata , commonly known as the scaly ink cap or the feltscale inky cap , is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae . Distributed in eastern North America , it has a medium @-@ sized , bell @-@ shaped to flattened cap up to 7 @.@ 5 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter , with felt @-@ like , patchy scales . The gills , initially white , turn black in maturity and eventually dissolve into a black " ink " . Fruit bodies grow in clusters or groups on leaf litter or rotted hardwood , although the wood may be buried , giving the appearance of growing in the soil . The fungus is found in the United States , in areas east of the Great Plains . Coprinus ebulbosus and Coprinus quadrifidus are names assigned by Charles Horton Peck to what he believed were species distinct from C. variegata ; they were later shown to represent the same species , and are now synonyms . The mushroom is not recommended for consumption , and has been shown to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals . = = History and taxonomy = = American mycologist Charles Horton Peck described three similar species over the course of a 24 @-@ year time period . The first , Coprinus variegata ( 1873 ) , followed later by C. ebulbosus ( 1895 ) , and finally C. quadrifidus ( 1897 ) . C. ebulbosus was initially considered a variety of the European species Coprinus picaceus ( Bull. ex Fr . ) S.F.Gray ( currently known as Coprinopsis picacea ) . Four years later , Peck published a more complete description of var. ebulbosus and raised it to species rank , having found it to differ consistently from C. picaceus in its smaller stature , lack of a bulbous stem base , and much smaller spores . The three species described by Peck were distinguished on the basis of physical features that were later found to be somewhat overlapping . In terms of microscopic characters , spore sizes were not sufficiently different between them to be used as discriminating taxonomic characters . Subsequent investigators of North American mushroom flora had difficulties in interpreting Peck 's concepts of these three taxa and in confirming their presence in their regional investigations . For example , McIlvaine ( 1902 ) , Hard ( 1908 ) , and McDougall ( 1925 ) reported ( as variety or species ) only C. ebulbosus . Bisby ( 1938 ) , Christensen ( 1946 ) , Smith ( 1958 ) , and Groves ( 1962 ) mentioned only C. quadrifidus . Both Kauffman ( 1918 ) and Graham ( 1944 ) described C. ebulbosus and C. quadrifidus ; Graham , however , only included C. quadrifidus in his key to his descriptions of Coprinus species . In 1979 , W. Patrick published a comparative analysis of the three taxa from material collected by Peck , and , after concluding that the three were not sufficiently distinct to be considered separate species , reduced them to synonymy with Coprinopsis variegata , the earliest name . The specific epithet variegata derives from the Latin passive verb participle variegatus meaning " to have different colors , to variegate " . The synonym name quadrifidus refers to the four segments into which the cap frequently split when mature , while ebulbosus means " not being bulbous " . The mushroom is commonly known as the " scaly ink cap " or the " feltscale inky cap " . = = Description = = The cap of C. variegata is thin , initially oval @-@ shaped then bell @-@ shaped , and then flattened with the margin turned upward ; it reaches diameters of up to 12 in ( 30 @.@ 5 cm ) . When young , the surface of the cap is covered with a woolly whitish or yellowish veil that breaks up into short @-@ lived flakes or scales ; this process reveals the radially striate ( grooved ) gray to grayish @-@ brown cap surface . The gills are broad , thin , crowded closely together , and free from attachment to the stem . They are initially white but turn to dark purplish @-@ brown as the spores mature . The stem is 4 to 12 in ( 10 @.@ 2 to 30 @.@ 5 cm ) and up to 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) thick , hollow , and whitish . It is roughly the same width throughout the length of the stem , and may have a wispy , cotton @-@ like ring present near the base . Clusters of fruit bodies have a mass of rhizomorphs at the base called an ozonium . In deposit , the spores are dark brown . A light microscope may be used to reveal more features of the spores , including smooth surfaces , a dark brown color , an ellipsoid shape in face view and an egg shape in side view , and dimensions of 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 5 by 4 – 4 @.@ 5 µm . The apex of the spore appears truncated because of the presence of a germ pore . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are hyaline ( translucent ) , with dimensions of 14 – 16 by 6 @.@ 5 – 7 @.@ 5 µm . The paraphyses are 9 – 11 by 8 – 10 µm , hyaline , and collapse readily . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia present on the gill face ) are abundant , roughly cylindrical , hyaline , and measure 100 – 150 by 20 – 35 µm . Cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the edge of an gill ) are present in young specimens , and are roughly ellipsoid , measuring 50 – 80 by 15 – 25 µm . Clamp connections are abundant in the hyphae in all tissues through the fruit body . The edibility of Coprinopsis variegata has not been clearly established , and opinions differ as to its desirability . One 1987 field guide to North American species warns against consumption , calling it " not recommended " , a conclusion shared in a 2006 field guide to Pennsylvanian and mid @-@ Atlantic mushrooms , but not before describing it as " the best of the inky caps , with a richer flavor and better texture than the famous shaggy mane " . The bitter @-@ tasting mushroom is not considered poisonous . However , the fruit bodies are suspected to contain the Antabuse @-@ like chemical coprine , which causes a poisoning reaction when consumed with alcohol . Additionally , cases of allergic reactions against extracts from mushroom tissues have been reported in skin tests . = = = Similar species = = = Coprinopsis atramentaria is a cosmopolitan species that is roughly similar in size , color , and stature , but does not have patchy woolly tufts on the cap like C. variegata . = = Ecology , habitat and distribution = = The species is saprobic — deriving nutrients by decomposing and digesting organic matter — and grows in clusters or in groups on decaying leaf litter or well @-@ decayed wood . It typically fruits in a narrow window from June to July ; this spring and early summer fruiting distinguishes it from the more common Coprinus comatus and Coprinopsis atramentaria , which produce fruit bodies in late autumn . It is found in the United States , in areas east of the Great Plains . Coprinopsis variegata can attack soil bacteria , such as species of Pseudomonas and Agrobacterium , and use them as nutrient sources . The fungus achieves this by growing specialized hyphae in the direction of the bacteria , sensing them with some chemoattractive mechanism not yet fully understood . The fungus then secretes compounds to digest the bacteria while growing assimilative hyphae to absorb the nutrients . The process is relatively rapid , and bacterial colonies can be assimilated in less than 24 hours . = Edward Wright ( mathematician ) = Edward Wright ( baptised 8 October 1561 ; died November 1615 ) was an English mathematician and cartographer noted for his book Certaine Errors in Navigation ( 1599 ; 2nd ed . , 1610 ) , which for the first time explained the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection , and set out a reference table giving the linear scale multiplication factor as a function of latitude , calculated for each minute of arc up to a latitude of 75 ° . This was in fact a table of values of the integral of the secant function , and was the essential step needed to make practical both the making and the navigational use of Mercator charts . Wright was born at Garveston and educated at Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge , where he became a fellow from 1587 to 1596 . In 1589 the College granted him leave after Elizabeth I requested that he carry out navigational studies with a raiding expedition organised by the Earl of Cumberland to the Azores to capture Spanish galleons . The expedition 's route was the subject of the first map to be prepared according to Wright 's projection , which was published in Certaine Errors in 1599 . The same year , Wright created and published the first world map produced in England and the first to use the Mercator projection since Gerardus Mercator 's original 1569 map . Not long after 1600 Wright was appointed as surveyor to the New River project , which successfully directed the course of a new man @-@ made channel to bring clean water from Ware , Hertfordshire , to Islington , London . Around this time , Wright also lectured mathematics to merchant seamen , and from 1608 or 1609 was mathematics tutor to the son of James I , the heir apparent Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , until the latter 's very early death at the age of 18 in 1612 . A skilled designer of mathematical instruments , Wright made models of an astrolabe and a pantograph , and a type of armillary sphere for Prince Henry . In the 1610 edition of Certaine Errors he described inventions such as the " sea @-@ ring " that enabled mariners to determine the magnetic variation of the compass , the sun 's altitude and the time of day in any place if the latitude was known ; and a device for finding latitude when one was not on the meridian using the height of the pole star . Apart from a number of other books and pamphlets , Wright translated John Napier 's pioneering 1614 work which introduced the idea of logarithms from Latin into English . This was published after Wright 's death as A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithmes ( 1616 ) . Wright 's work influenced , among other persons , Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snellius ; Adriaan Metius , the geometer and astronomer from Holland ; and the English mathematician Richard Norwood , who calculated the length of a degree on a great circle of the earth using a method proposed by Wright . = = Family and education = = The younger son of Henry and Margaret Wright , Edward Wright was born in the village of Garveston in Norfolk , East Anglia , and was baptised there on 8 October 1561 . It is possible that he followed in the footsteps of his elder brother Thomas ( died 1579 ) and went to school in Hardingham . The family was of modest means , and he matriculated at Gonville and Caius College , University of Cambridge , on 8 December 1576 as a sizar . Sizars were students of limited means who were charged lower fees and obtained free food and / or lodging and other assistance during their period of study , often in exchange for performing work at their colleges . Wright was conferred a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in 1580 – 1581 . He remained a scholar at Caius , receiving his Master of Arts ( M.A. ) there in 1584 , and holding a fellowship between 1587 and 1596 . At Cambridge , he was a close friend of Robert Devereux , later the Second Earl of Essex , and met him to discuss his studies even in the weeks before Devereux 's rebellion against Elizabeth I in 1600 – 1601 . In addition , he came to know the mathematician Henry Briggs ; and the soldier and astrologer Christopher Heydon , who was also Devereux 's friend . Heydon later made astronomical observations with instruments Wright made for him . = = Foreign expedition = = In 1589 , two years after being appointed to his fellowship , Wright was requested by Elizabeth I to carry out navigational studies with a raiding expedition organised by the Earl of Cumberland to the Azores to capture Spanish galleons . The Queen effectively ordered Caius to grant him leave of absence for this purpose , although the College expressed this more diplomatically by granting him a sabbatical " by Royal mandate " . Wright participated in the confiscation of " lawful " prizes from the French , Portuguese and Spanish – Derek Ingram , a life fellow of Caius , has called him " the only Fellow of Caius ever to be granted sabbatical leave in order to engage in piracy " . Wright sailed with Cumberland in the Victory from Plymouth on 8 June 1589 ; they returned to Falmouth on 27 December of the same year . An account of the expedition is appended to Wright 's work Certaine Errors of Navigation ( 1599 ) , and while it refers to Wright in the third person it is believed to have been written by him . In Wright 's account of the Azores expedition , he listed as one of the expedition 's members a " Captaine Edwarde Carelesse , alias Wright , who in S. Frauncis Drakes West @-@ Indian voiage was Captaine of the Hope " . In another work , The Haven @-@ finding Art ( 1599 ) ( see below ) , Wright stated that " the time of my first employment at sea " was " now more than tenne yeares since " . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography asserts that during the expedition Wright called himself " Captain Edward Carelesse " , and that he was also the captain of the Hope in Sir Francis Drake 's voyage of 1585 – 1586 to the West Indies , which evacuated Sir Walter Raleigh 's Colony of Virginia . One of the colonists was the mathematician Thomas Harriot , and if the Dictionary is correct it is probable that on the return journey to England Wright and Harriot became acquainted and discussed navigational mathematics . However , in a 1939 article , E.J.S. Parsons and W.F. Morris note that in Capt. Walter Bigges and Lt. Crofts ' book A Summarie and True Discourse of Sir Frances Drakes West Indian Voyage ( 1589 ) , Edward Careless was referred to as the commander of the Hope , but Wright was not mentioned . Further , while Wright spoke several times of his participation in the Azores expedition , he never alluded to any other voyage . Although the reference to his " first employment " in The Haven @-@ finding Art suggests an earlier venture , there is no evidence that he went to the West Indies . Gonville and Caius College holds no records showing that Wright was granted leave before 1589 . There is nothing to suggest that Wright ever went to sea again after his expedition with the Earl of Cumberland . Wright resumed his Cambridge fellowship upon returning from the Azores in 1589 , but it appears that he soon moved to London for he was there with Christopher Heydon making observations of the sun between 1594 and 1597 , and on 8 August 1595 Wright married Ursula Warren ( died 1625 ) at the parish church of St. Michael , Cornhill , in the City of London . They had a son , Samuel ( 1596 – 1616 ) , who was himself admitted as a sizar at Caius on 7 July 1612 . The St. Michael parish register also contains references to other children of Wright , all of whom died before 1617 . Wright resigned his fellowship in 1596 . = = Mathematician and cartographer = = = = = Certaine Errors in Navigation = = = Wright helped the mathematician and globe maker Emery Molyneux to plot coastlines on his terrestrial globe , and translated some of the explanatory legends into Latin . Molyneux 's terrestrial and celestial globes , the first to be manufactured in England , were published in late 1592 or early 1593 , and Wright explained their use in his 1599 work Certaine Errors in Navigation . He dedicated the book to Cumberland , to whom he had presented a manuscript of the work in 1592 , stating in the preface it was through Cumberland that he " was first moved , and received maintenance to divert my mathematical studies , from a theorical speculation in the Universitie , to the practical demonstration of the use of Navigation " . The most significant aspect of the book was Wright 's method for dividing the meridian ; an explanation of how he had constructed a table for the division ; and the uses of this information for navigation . Essentially , the problem that occupied Wright was how to depict accurately a globe on a two @-@ dimensional map according to the projection used by Gerardus Mercator in his map of 1569 . Mercator 's projection was advantageous for nautical purposes as it represented lines of constant true bearing or true course , known as loxodromes or rhumb lines , as straight lines . However , Mercator had not explained his method . On a globe , circles of latitude ( also known as parallels ) get smaller as they move away from the Equator towards the North or South Pole . Thus , in the Mercator projection , when a globe is " unwrapped " on to a rectangular map , the parallels need to be stretched to the length of the Equator . In addition , parallels are further apart as they approach the poles . Wright compiled a table with three columns . The first two columns contained the degrees and minutes of latitudes for parallels spaced 10 minutes apart on a sphere , while the third column had the parallel 's projected distance from the Equator . Any cartographer or navigator could therefore lay out a Mercator grid for himself by consulting the table . Wright explained : I first thought of correcting so many gross errors ... in the sea chart , by increasing the distances of the parallels , from the equinoctial towards the poles , in such sort , that at every point of latitude in the chart , a part of the meridian might have the same proportion to the like part of the parallel , that it has in the globe . While the first edition of Certaine Errors contained an abridged table six pages in length , in the second edition which appeared in 1610 Wright published a full table across 23 pages with figures for parallels at one @-@ minute intervals . The table is remarkably accurate – American geography professor Mark Monmonier wrote a computer program to replicate Wright 's calculations , and determined that for a Mercator map of the world 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) wide , the greatest discrepancy between Wright 's table and the program was only 0 @.@ 00039 inches ( 0 @.@ 0099 mm ) on the map . In the second edition Wright also incorporated various improvements , including proposals for determining the magnitude of the Earth and reckoning common linear measurements as a proportion of a degree on the Earth 's surface " that they might not depend on the uncertain length of a barley @-@ corn " ; a correction of errors arising from the eccentricity of the eye when making observations using the cross @-@ staff ; amendments in tables of declinations and the positions of the sun and the stars , which were based on observations he had made together with Christopher Heydon using a 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) quadrant ; and a large table of the variation of the compass as observed in different parts of the world , to show that it is not caused by any magnetic pole . He also incorporated a translation of Rodrigo Zamorano 's Compendio de la Arte de Navegar ( Compendium of the Art of Navigation , Seville , 1581 ; 2nd ed . , 1588 ) . Wright was prompted to publish the book after two incidents of his text , which had been prepared some years earlier , being used without attribution . He had allowed his table of meridional parts to be published by Thomas Blundeville in his Exercises ( 1594 ) and in William Barlow 's The Navigator 's Supply ( 1597 ) , although only Blundeville acknowledged Wright by name . However , an experienced navigator , believed to be Abraham Kendall , borrowed a draft of Wright 's manuscript and , unknown to him , made a copy of it which he took on Sir Francis Drake 's 1595 expedition to the West Indies . In 1596 Kendall died at sea . The copy of Wright 's work in his possession was brought back to London and wrongly believed to be by Kendall , until the Earl of Cumberland passed it to Wright and he recognised it as his work . Also around this time , the Dutch cartographer Jodocus Hondius borrowed Wright 's draft manuscript for a short time after promising not to publish its contents without his permission . However , Hondius then employed Wright 's calculations without acknowledging him for several regional maps and in his world map published in Amsterdam in 1597 . This map is often referred to as the " Christian Knight Map " for its engraving of a Christian knight battling sin , the flesh and the Devil . Although Hondius sent Wright a letter containing a faint apology , Wright condemned Hondius 's deceit and greed in the preface to Certaine Errors . He wryly commented : " But the way how this [ Mercator projection ] should be done , I learned neither of Mercator , nor of any man els . And in that point I wish I had beene as wise as he in keeping it more charily to myself " . The first map to be prepared according to Wright 's projection was published in his book , and showed the route of Cumberland 's expedition to the Azores . A manuscript version of this map is preserved at Hatfield House ; it is believed to have been drawn about 1595 . Following this , Wright created a new world map , the first map of the globe to be produced in England and the first to use the Mercator projection since Gerardus Mercator 's 1569 original . Based on Molyneux 's terrestrial globe , it corrected a number of errors in the earlier work by Mercator . The map , often called the Wright – Molyneux Map , first appeared in the second volume of Richard Hakluyt 's The Principal Navigations , Voiages , Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation ( 1599 ) . Unlike many contemporary maps and charts which contained fantastic speculations about unexplored lands , Wright 's map has a minimum of detail and blank areas wherever information was lacking . The map was one of the earliest to use the name " Virginia " . Shakespeare alluded to the map in Twelfth Night ( 1600 – 1601 ) , when Maria says of Malvolio : " He does smile his face into more lynes , than is in the new Mappe , with the augmentation of the Indies . " Another world map , larger and with updated details , appeared in the second edition of Certaine Errors ( 1610 ) . Wright translated into English De Havenvinding ( 1599 ) by the Flemish mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin , which appeared in the same year as The Haven @-@ Finding Art , or the Way to Find any Haven or Place at Sea , by the Latitude and Variation . He also wrote the preface to physician and scientist William Gilbert 's great work De Magnete , Magneticisque Corporibus , et de Magno Magnete Tellure ( The Magnet , Magnetic Bodies , and the Great Magnet the Earth , 1600 ) , in which Gilbert described his experiments which led to the conclusion that the Earth was magnetic , and introduced the term electricus to describe the phenomenon of static electricity produced by rubbing amber ( called ēlectrum in Classical Latin , derived from ' ήλεκτρον ( elektron ) in Ancient Greek ) . According to the mathematician and physician Mark Ridley , chapter 12 of book 4 of De Magnete , which explained how astronomical observations could be used to determine the magnetic variation , was actually Wright 's work . Gilbert had invented a dip @-@ compass and compiled a table recording the dip of the needle below the horizon . Wright believed that this device would prove to be extremely useful in determining latitude and , with the help of Blundeville and Briggs , wrote a small pamphlet called The Making , Description and Use of the Two Instruments for Seamen to find out the Latitude ... First Invented by Dr. Gilbert . It was published in 1602 in Blundeville 's book The Theoriques of the Seuen Planets . That same year he authored The Description and Use of the Sphære ( not published till 1613 ) , and in 1605 published a new edition of the widely used work The Safegarde of Saylers . = = = Surveying = = = Wright also developed a reputation as a surveyor on land . He prepared " a plat of part of the waye whereby a newe River may be brought from Uxbridge to St. James , Whitehall , Westminster [ , ] the Strand , St Giles , Holbourne and London " , However , according to a 1615 paper in Latin in the annals of Gonville and Caius College , he was prevented from bringing this plan to fruition " by the tricks of others " . Nonetheless , early in the first decade of the 17th century , he was appointed by Sir Hugh Myddelton as surveyor to the New River project , which successfully directed the course of a new man @-@ made channel to bring clean water from Chadwell Spring at Ware , Hertfordshire , to Islington , London . Although the distance in a straight line from Ware to London is only slightly more than 20 miles ( 32 km ) , the project required a high degree of surveying skill on Wright 's part as it was necessary for the river to take a route of over 40 miles following the 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) contour line on the west side of the Lea Valley . As the technology of the time did not extend to large pumps or pipes , the water flow had to depend on gravity through canals or aqueducts over an average fall of 5 @.@ 5 inches a mile ( approximately 8 @.@ 7 centimetres per kilometre ) . Work on the New River started in 1608 – the date of a monument at Chadwell Spring – but halted near Wormley , Hertfordshire , in 1610 . The stoppage has been attributed to factors such as Myddelton facing difficulties in raising funds , and landowners along the route opposing the acquisition of their lands on the ground that the river would turn their meadows into " bogs and quagmires " . Although the landowners petitioned Parliament , they did not succeed in having the legislation authorising the project repealed prior to Parliament being dissolved in 1611 ; the work resumed later that year . The New River was officially opened on 29 September 1613 by the Lord Mayor of London , Sir John Swinnerton , at the Round Pond , New River Head , in Islington . It still supplies the capital with water today . = = = Other mathematical work = = = For some time Wright had urged that a navigation lectureship be instituted for merchant seamen , and he persuaded Admiral Sir William Monson , who had been on Cumberland 's Azores expedition of 1589 , to encourage a stipend to be paid for this . At the beginning of the 17th century , Wright succeeded Thomas Hood as a mathematics lecturer under the patronage of the wealthy merchants Sir Thomas Smyth and Sir John Wolstenholme ; the lectures were held in Smyth 's house in Philpot Lane . By 1612 or 1614 the East India Company had taken on sponsorship of these lectures for an annual fee of £ 50 ( about £ 6 @,@ 500 as of 2007 ) . Wright was also mathematics tutor to the son of James I , the heir apparent Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , from 1608 or 1609 until the latter 's death at the age of 18 on 6 November 1612 . Wright was described as " a very poor man " in the Prince 's will and left the sum of £ 30 8s ( about £ 4 @,@ 300 in 2007 ) . To the Prince , who was greatly interested in the science of navigation , Wright dedicated the second edition of Certaine Errors ( 1610 ) and the world map published therein . He also drew various maps for him , including a " sea chart of the N.-W. Passage ; a paradoxall sea @-@ chart of the World from 30 ° Latitude northwards ; [ and ] a plat of the drowned groundes about Elye , Lincolnshire , Cambridgeshire , & c " . Wright was a skilled designer of mathematical instruments . According to the 1615 Caius annals , " [ h ] e was excellent both in contrivance and execution , nor was he inferior to the most ingenious mechanic in the making of instruments , either of brass or any other matter " . For Prince Henry , he made models of an astrolabe and a pantograph , and created or arranged to be created out of wood a form of armillary sphere which replicated the motions of the celestial sphere , the circular motions of the sun and moon , and the places and possibilities of them eclipsing each other . The sphere was designed for a motion of 17 @,@ 100 years , if the machine should last that long . In 1613 Wright published The Description and Use of the Sphære , which described the use of this device . The sphere was lost during the English Civil War , but found in 1646 in the Tower of London by the mathematician and surveyor Sir Jonas Moore , who was later appointed Surveyor General of the Ordnance Office and became a patron and the principal driving force behind the establishment of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich . Moore asked the King to let him have it , restored the instrument at his own expense and deposited it at his own house " in the Tower " . The Caius annals also report that Wright " had formed many other useful designs , but was hindered by death from bringing them to perfection " . The 1610 edition of Certaine Errors contained descriptions of the " sea @-@ ring " , which consisted of a universal ring dial mounted over a magnetic compass that enabled mariners to determine readily the magnetic variation of the compass , the sun 's altitude and the time of day in any place if the latitude was known ; the " sea @-@ quadrant " , for the taking of altitudes by a forward or backward observation ; and a device for finding latitude when one was not on the meridian using the height of the pole star . In 1614 Wright published a small book called A Short Treatise of Dialling : Shewing , the Making of All Sorts of Sun @-@ dials , but he was mainly preoccupied with John Napier 's Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio ( Description of the Wonderful Rule of Logarithms ) , which introduced the idea of logarithms . Wright at once saw the value of logarithms as an aid to navigation , and lost no time in preparing a translation which he submitted to Napier himself . The preface to Wright 's edition consists of a translation of the preface to the Descriptio , together with the addition of the following sentences written by Napier himself : But now some of our countreymen in this Island well affected to these studies , and the more publique good , procured a most learned Mathematician to translate the same into our vulgar English tongue , who after he had finished it , sent the Coppy of it to me , to bee seene and considered on by myselfe . I having most willingly and gladly done the same , finde it to bee most exact and precisely conformable to my minde and the originall . Therefore it may please you who are inclined to these studies , to receive it from me and the Translator , with as much good will as we recommend it unto you . While working on the translation , Wright died in late November 1615 and was buried on 2 December 1615 at St. Dionis Backchurch in the City of London . The Caius annals noted that although he " was rich in fame , and in the promises of the great , yet he died poor , to the scandal of an ungrateful age " . Wright 's translation of Napier , which incorporated tables that Wright had supplemented and further information by Henry Briggs , was completed by Wright 's son Samuel and arranged to be printed by Briggs . It appeared posthumously as A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithmes in 1616 , and in it Wright was lauded in verse as " [ t ] hat famous , learned , Errors true Corrector , / England 's great Pilot , Mariners Director " . According to Parsons and Morris , the use of Wright 's publications by later mathematicians is the " greatest tribute to his life 's work " . Wright 's work was relied on by Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snellius , noted for the law of refraction now known as Snell 's law , for his navigation treatise Tiphys Batavus ( Batavian Tiphys , 1624 ) ; and by Adriaan Metius , the geometer and astronomer from Holland , for Primum Mobile ( 1631 ) . Following Wright 's proposals , Richard Norwood measured a degree on a great circle of the earth at 367 @,@ 196 feet ( 111 @,@ 921 m ) , publishing the information in 1637 . Wright was praised by Charles Saltonstall in The Navigator ( 1642 ) and by John Collins in Navigation by the Mariners Plain Scale New Plain 'd ( 1659 ) , Collins stating that Mercator 's chart ought " more properly to be called Wright 's chart " . The Caius annals contained the following epitaph : " Of him it may truly be said , that he studied more to serve the public than himself " . = = Works = = = = = Authored = = = Wright , Edward ( 1599 ) , Certaine Errors in Navigation , arising either of the Ordinarie Erroneous Making or Vsing of the Sea Chart , Compasse , Crosse Staffe , and Tables of Declination of the Sunne , and Fixed Starres Detected and Corrected . ( The Voyage of the Right Ho . George Earle of Cumberl. to the Azores , & c . ) , London : Printed ... by Valentine Sims . Another version of the work published in the same year was entitled Wright , Edward ( 1599 ) , Errors in nauigation 1 Error of two , or three whole points of the compas , and more somtimes [ sic ] , by reason of making the sea @-@ chart after the accustomed maner ... 2 Error of one whole point , and more many times , by neglecting the variation of the compasse . 3 Error of a degree and more sometimes , in the vse of the crosse staffe ... 4 Error of 11 @.@ or 12 @.@ minures [ sic ] in the declination of the sunne , as it is set foorth in the regiments most commonly vsed among mariners : and consequently error of halfe a degree in the place of the sunne . 5 Error of halfe a degree , yea an whole degree and more many times in the declinations of the principall fixed starres , set forth to be obserued by mariners at sea . Detected and corrected by often and diligent obseruation . Whereto is adioyned , the right H. the Earle of Cumberland his voyage to the Azores in the yeere 1589 @.@ wherin were taken 19 . Spanish and Leaguers ships , together with the towne and platforme of Fayal , London : Printed ... [ by Valentine Simmes and W. White ] for Ed . Agas . Later editions and reprints : Wright , Edward ( 1610 ) , Certaine Errors in Navigation , Detected and Corrected with Many Additions that were not in the Former Edition ... [ with an Addition Touching the Variation of the Compasse ] , London : [ s.n. ] . Wright , Edward ( 1657 ) , Certaine Errors in Navigation Detected and Corrected , with Many Additions that were not in the Former Edition .. ( 3rd ed . ) , London : J [ oseph ] Moxon . Wright , Edward ( 1974 ) , Certaine errors in navigation ; the voyage of ... George Earle of Cumberl. to the Azores , Amsterdam ; Norwood , N.J. : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ; Walter J. Johnson . Photoreprint of the 1599 edition . Chapter 12 of book 4 of Gilbert , William ( 1600 ) , De Magnete , magneticisque corporibus , et de magno magnete tellure ; Physiologia nova , plurimis & argumentis , & experimentis demonstrata [ The Magnet , Magnetic Bodies , and the Great Magnet the Earth ; New Natural Science , Demonstrated by Many Arguments and Experiments ] , London : Excudebat Petrus Short ( Latin ) . The Making , Description and Use of the Two Instruments for Seamen to find out the Latitude ... First Invented by Dr. Gilbert , published in Blundeville , Thomas ; Briggs , Henry ; Wright , Edward ( 1602 ) , The Theoriques of the Seuen Planets shewing all their Diuerse Motions , and all other Accidents , called Passions , thereunto Belonging . Now more Plainly set forth in our Mother Tongue by M. Blundeuile , than euer they haue been heretofore in any other Tongue whatsoeuer , and that with such Pleasant Demonstratiue Figures , as euery Man that hath any Skill in Arithmeticke , may easily Vnderstand the same . ... VVhereunto is added by the said Master Blundeuile , a Breefe Extract by him made , of Maginus his Theoriques , for the Better Vnderstanding of the Prutenicall Tables , to Calculate thereby the Diuerse Motions of the Seuen Planets . There is also hereto added , the Making , Description , and Vse , of Two Most Ingenious and Necessarie Instruments for Sea @-@ men ... First Inuented by M. Doctor Gilbert ... and now here Plainely set downe in our Mother Tongue by Master Blundeuile , London : Printed by Adam Islip . Wright , Edward ( 1613 ) , The Description and Vse of the Sphære . Deuided into Three Principal Partes : whereof the First Intreateth especially of the Circles of the Vppermost Moueable Sphære , and of the Manifould Vses of euery one of them Seuerally : the Second Sheweth the Plentifull Vse of the Vppermost Sphære , and of the Circles therof Ioyntly : the Third Conteyneth the Description of the Orbes whereof the Sphæres of the Sunne and Moone haue beene supposed to be Made , with their Motions and Vses . By Edward Wright . The Contents of each Part are more particularly Set Downe in the Table , London : Printed [ by E. Allde ] for Iohn Tap dwelling at S. Magnus corner . Later editions and reprints : Wright , Edward ( 1627 ) , The Description and Use of the Sphære . Deuided into Three Principall Parts . Whereof the First Intreateth especially of the Circles of the Vppermost Moueable Sphære , and of the Manifold Vses of euery one of them Seuerally . The Second Sheweth the Plentifull Vse of the Vppermost Sphære , and of the Circles thereof Joyntly . The Third Contayneth the Description of the Orbes whereof the Sphære of the Sunne and Moone haue been supposed to bee Made , with their Motions and Vses . By Edvvard Wright . The Contents of each Part are more particularly Set Downe in the Table , London : Printed by B [ ernard ] A [ lsop ] and T [ homas ] Fawcet for Iohn Tap , and are to bee sold at his shop at S. Magnus corner . Wright , Edward ( 1969 ) , The Description and Use of the Sphære . London 1613 , Amsterdam ; New York , N.Y. : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ; Da Capo Press . Wright , Edward ( 1614 ) , A Short Treatise of Dialling Shewing , the Making of All Sorts of Sun @-@ dials , Horizontal , Erect , Direct , Declining , Inclining , Reclining ; vpon any Flat or Plaine Superficies , howsoeuer Placed , with Ruler and Compasse onely , without any Arithmeticall Calculation , London : Printed by Iohn Beale for William Welby . = = = Edited and translated = = = Stevin , Simon ; Wright , Edward , transl . ( 1599 ) , The Hauen @-@ finding Art , or The VVay to Find any Hauen or Place at Sea , by the Latitude and Variation . Lately Published in the Dutch , French , and Latine Tongues , by Commandement of the Right Honourable Count Mauritz of Nassau , Lord High Admiral of the Vnited Prouinces of the Low Countries , Enioyning all Seamen that Take Charge of Ships vnder his Iurisdiction , to Make Diligent Obseruation , in all their Voyages , according to the Directions Prescribed herein : and now Translated into English , for the Common Benefite of the Seamen of England [ by E. Wright ] etc , London : Imprinted by G. B [ ishop ] R. N [ ewberry ] and R. B [ arker ] . Reprinted as : Stevin , Simon ( 1968 ) , The Haven @-@ finding Art , Amsterdam ; New York , N.Y. : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ; Da Capo Press . Norman , Robert , transl . ( 1605 ) , Wright , Edward , ed . , The Safegarde of Saylers , or Great Rutter . Contayning the Courses , Dystances , Deapths , Soundings , Flouds and Ebbes , with the Marks for the Entring of Sundry Harboroughs both of England , Fraunce , Spaine , Ireland . Flaunders , and the Soundes of Denmarke , with other Necessarie Rules of Common Nauigation . Translated out of Dutch ... by Robert Norman ... Newly corrected and augmented by E [ dward ] W [ right ] , London : By E. Allde for H. Astley . Napier , John ; Wright , E [ dward ] , transl . ( 1616 ) , A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithmes : With a Declaration of the ... Use thereof . Invented and Published in Latin by ... L. John Nepair ... and Translated into English by ... Edward Wright . With an Addition of an Instrumentall Table to Finde the Part Proportionall , Invented by the Translator , and Described in the Ende of the Booke by Henry Brigs , etc , London : N. Okes . Later editions and reprints : Napier , John ; Wright , E [ dward ] , transl . ( 1618 ) , A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithmes : With a Declaration of the Most Plentifull , Easie and Speedy Use thereof in both kinds of Trigonometry , as also in all Mathematicall Calculations . Invented and Published inn Latine by that Honourable Lord John Nepair , Baron of Marchiston , and translated into English by the late learned and famous Mathematician , Edward Wright . With an Addition of the Instrumentall Table to finde the part of the Proportionall , intended by the Translator , and described in the end of the Booke by Henrie Brigs Geometry @-@ reader at Gresham House in London . All Perused and Approved by the Authour , and Published since the Death of the Translator . Whereunto is added New Rules for the Ease of the Student ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Printed for Simon Waterson . Napier , John ( 1969 ) , A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithmes , London 1616 , Amsterdam ; New York , N.Y. : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ; Da Capo Press . = = = Articles = = = Edward Wright 's World Chart 1599 , Terrae Incognitae , The Journal of the Society for the History of Discoveries , Volume 46 @.@ 1 , April 2014 , pp 3 – 15 . Pumfrey , Stephen ; Dawbarn , Frances ( 2004 ) , " Science and Patronage in England , 1570 – 1625 : A Preliminary Study " ( PDF ) , History of Science 42 : 137 – 188 . Wallis , P.J. ( 1976 ) , " Edward Wright " , in Gillespie , Charles Coulston , Dictionary of Scientific Biography 14 , New York , N.Y. : Charles Scribner 's Sons , pp. 513 – 515 . = = = Books = = = Taylor , E [ va ] G [ ermaine ] R [ imington ] ( 1954 ) , The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor & Stuart England , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 181 – 182 . Venn , John , comp . ( 1897 ) , Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College , 1349 – 1897 : Containing a List of All Known Members of the College 1 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 88 – 89 . = The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes = The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1911 . Timmy Tiptoes is a squirrel believed to be a nut @-@ thief by his fellows , and imprisoned by them in a hollow tree with the expectation that he will confess under confinement . Timmy is tended by Chippy Hackee , a friendly , mischievous chipmunk who has run away from his wife and is camping @-@ out in the tree . Chippy urges the prisoner to eat the nuts stored in the tree , and Timmy does so but grows so fat he cannot escape the tree . He regains his freedom when a storm topples part of the tree . The tale contrasts the harmonious marriage of its title character with the less than harmonious marriage of the chipmunk . The book sold well at release , but is now considered one of Potter 's weakest productions . Potter never observed the tale 's indigenous North American mammals in nature , and , as a result , her depictions are thought stiff and unnatural . Other elements in the story have come under fire : the rhymes , for example , reveal nothing about the characters nor do they provide an amusing game for the child reader in the manner of the rhymes in The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin . The storm in the finale is viewed as a weak plot device introduced solely to hurry the tale to its conclusion , and the marriage of the chipmunks has been described as " abrasive and shocking " and an impediment to the flow of the tale . The tale 's disappointing qualities have been ascribed to Potter 's growing lack of interest in writing for children , to pressure from her publisher for yet another book , and to Potter 's desire to exploit the lucrative American market . Potter 's artistically successful books were written for specific children ; Timmy Tiptoes however was composed for Potter 's amorphous , ill @-@ defined American fanbase . By 1911 , the demands of her aging parents and the business operations at her working farm , Hill Top , occupied much of Potter 's time and attention to the exclusion of nearly everything else , and are accounted as some of the reasons for the author 's declining artistry and her lack of interest in producing children 's books . Characters from the tale have been reproduced as porcelain figurines , enamelled boxes , music boxes , and various ornaments by Beswick Pottery , Crummles , Schmid , and ANRI . = = Background = = Helen Beatrix Potter was born on July 28 , 1866 to barrister Rupert William Potter and his wife Helen ( Leech ) Potter in London . She was educated by governesses and tutors , and passed a quiet childhood reading , painting , drawing , tending a nursery menagerie of small animals , and visiting museums and art exhibitions . Her interests in the natural world and country life were nurtured with holidays in Scotland , the Lake District , and Camfield Place , the Hertfordshire home of her paternal grandparents . Potter 's adolescence was as quiet as her childhood . She matured into a spinsterish young woman whose parents groomed her to be a permanent resident and housekeeper in their home . She continued to paint and draw , and experienced her first professional artistic success in 1890 when she sold six designs of humanized animals to a greeting card publisher . She hoped to lead a useful life independent of her parents , and tentatively considered a career in mycology , but the all @-@ male scientific community regarded her as nothing more than an amateur and she abandoned fungi . In 1900 , Potter revised a tale about a humanized rabbit she had written for a child friend in 1893 , fashioned a dummy book of it in imitation of Helen Bannerman 's 1899 bestseller The Story of Little Black Sambo , and privately published her tale for family and friends in December 1901 after several publishers ' rejections . Frederick Warne & Co. had earlier rejected the tale , but , eager to compete in the lucrative small format children 's book market , reconsidered and accepted the " bunny book " ( as the firm called it ) on the recommendation of their prominent children 's book artist L. Leslie Brooke . Potter agreed to colour the pen and ink illustrations of her privately printed edition , chose the then @-@ new Hentschel three @-@ colour process for reproducing her watercolours , and in October 1902 The Tale of Peter Rabbit was released . Potter continued to publish with Warnes , and , in August 1905 , used sales profits and a small legacy from an aunt to buy Hill Top , a working farm of 34 acres ( 13 @.@ 85 ha ) at Sawrey in the Lake District . In the years immediately following its purchase , she produced tales and illustrations inspired by the farm , its woodland surroundings , and nearby villages . Potter produced two books per annum for Warne , but by 1910 she was juggling the demands of aging parents with the business of operating Hill Top , and her literary and artistic productivity began to decline . The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse was the only book Potter published in 1910 . She wrote a friend on New Year 's Day 1911 : " I did not succeed in finishing more than one book last year ... I find it very difficult lately to get the drawings done . I do not seem to be able to go into the country for a long enough time to do a sufficient amount of sketching and when I was at Bowness last summer I spent most of my time upon the road going backwards & forwards to the farm – which was amusing , but not satisfactory for work . " She intended to follow Mrs. Tittlemouse with a tale about a pig in a large format book similar to the original Ginger and Pickles , but was forced to abandon the project after several unproductive attempts at composition . Instead , she occupied the winter of 1910 – 11 with supervising the production of Peter Rabbit 's Painting Book , and composing Timmy Tiptoes , a tale about indigenous North American mammals . = = Production = = Potter completed the text of Timmy Tiptoes but decided it was too long . She was also uncertain exactly how to put the bird calls into print . She revised the text , and wrote publisher Harold Warne : " I have compressed the words in the earlier pages , but it seems unavoidable to have a good deal of nuts . The songs of the little birds will be easier to judge as to spelling when one sees it in type . " The illustrations presented another problem . For her earlier productions , Potter was able to observe the species concerned in the wild , and kept specimens at home as pets and models . For Timmy Tiptoes however , she was unable to do so . Instead , she relied on specimens in the London Zoological Gardens as models , and checked photographs in reference books including one from the firm of taxidermist Rowland Ward . " The book obtained from Rowland Ward will be very useful , " she wrote . At the end of July 1911 , she sent the text and most of the illustrations to Warne from Lindeth Howe , her parents ' summering place in Windermere . An embarrassed Harold Warne wrote her suggesting a few minor alterations , but she was unperturbed . " There is no need to apologize for criticism , " she wrote , " But there is no doubt the animals strongly resemble rabbits , the head which you question was copied from a photograph in the book . " The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes was released in October 1911 to popular and commercial success . In Beatrix Potter : A Life in Nature ( 2007 ) , biographer Linda Lear describes Timmy Tiptoes as " the least satisfactory " of Potter 's books , and ascribes its literary and artistic shortcomings to the author 's desire to satisfy her publisher 's demand for yet another book , to court her American fans with a tale about North American animals , and to make quick money in the American market . Potter 's output decreased strikingly after Timmy Tiptoes and the length of time between books increased . Two books that followed Timmy Tiptoes , The Tale of Mr. Tod ( 1912 ) and The Tale of Pigling Bland ( 1913 ) , have been described as the culmination of Potter 's well @-@ structured , imaginative art rather than a continuation of that art . Potter had become tired of writing for children and increasingly unfamiliar with them . The Moore children ( for whom she had written several tales early in her career ) were grown , and Potter had not replaced them with other children , although she continued to write letters to child fans who had written her . She was out of touch with the interests of American children . Her marriage to William Heelis on October 15 , 1913 effectively ended her literary and artistic career . Although she published sporadically in the years following her marriage , her works depended principally upon decades @-@ old concepts filed away in her publisher 's offices and ageing illustrations tucked away in her portfolio . Only The Tale of Johnny Town @-@ Mouse ( 1918 ) brought forth a completely new set of illustrations from the artist . She devoted herself to marriage and farming , and avoided publicity and fans . = = Plot = = The tale is set in a forest and begins with " once upon a time " . Timmy Tiptoes is " a little fat comfortable grey squirrel " living in a nest thatched with leaves in the top of a tall tree with his little wife , Goody . Over the course of several days , the two collect nuts in their little sacks for the coming winter and spring , and store the nuts in hollow tree stumps near their home . Timmy wears a red jacket he removes while working , and his wife wears a pink dress and apron . When the stumps are full , the couple make use of a tree @-@ hole that once belonged to a woodpecker . The nuts rattle " down – down – down inside " , and Goody wonders how they will ever retrieve them . Timmy reminds her he will be much thinner by springtime and will be able to pass through the little hole . In an aside , the narrator tells the reader that the couple had great quantities of nuts because they never lost them , noting that most squirrels lose half their	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
8 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 1934 Massillon Washington ( Ohio ) 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 0 1935 Massillon Washington ( Ohio ) 10 @-@ 0 @-@ 0 State & National Champion 1936 Massillon Washington ( Ohio ) 10 @-@ 0 @-@ 0 State & National Champion 1937 Massillon Washington ( Ohio ) 8 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 1938 Massillon Washington ( Ohio ) 10 @-@ 0 @-@ 0 State Champion 1939 Massillon Washington ( Ohio ) 10 @-@ 0 @-@ 0 State & National Champion 1940 Massillon Washington ( Ohio ) 10 @-@ 0 @-@ 0 State & National Champion = = = College = = = = = = Professional = = = = John Treloar ( museum administrator ) = John Linton Treloar , OBE ( 10 December 1894 – 28 January 1952 ) was an Australian archivist and the second director of the Australian War Memorial ( AWM ) . During World War I he served in several staff roles and later headed the First Australian Imperial Force 's ( AIF ) record @-@ keeping unit . From 1920 Treloar played an important role in establishing the AWM as its director . He headed an Australian Government department during the first years of World War II , and spent the remainder of the war in charge of the Australian military 's history section . Treloar returned to the AWM in 1946 , and continued as its director until his death . Treloar 's career was focussed on the Australian military and its history . Prior to World War I he worked as a clerk in the Department of Defence and , after volunteering for the AIF in 1914 , formed part of the Australian Army officer Brudenell White 's staff for most of the war 's first years . He was appointed commander of the Australian War Records Section ( AWRS ) in 1917 . In this position , he improved the AIF 's records and collected a large number of artefacts for later display in Australia . Treloar was appointed the director of what eventually became the AWM in 1920 , and was a key figure in establishing the Memorial and raising funds for its permanent building in Canberra . He left the AWM at the outbreak of World War II to lead the Australian Government 's Department of Information , but was effectively sidelined for much of 1940 . In early 1941 he was appointed to command the Australian military 's Military History and Information Section with similar responsibilities to those he had held during World War I. He attempted to intervene in the management of the AWM during his absence , however , to the increasing frustration of its acting director . Treloar worked intensely in all his roles and suffered periods of ill @-@ health as a result . Following the war , he returned to the Memorial in 1946 but his performance deteriorated over time , possibly due to exhaustion . He died in January 1952 . Treloar continues to be regarded as an important figure in Australian military history . His principal achievements are seen as gathering and classifying Australia 's records of the world wars and successfully establishing the AWM . The street behind the Memorial and its main storage annex were named in Treloar 's honour following his death . = = Early life = = Treloar was born in Melbourne on 10 December 1894 . His father was a sales representative for Carlton & United Breweries and his mother was a strict Methodist . Treloar was educated at Albert Park State School and became a trained Sunday school teacher . He was not able to attend university , but sought self @-@ education in Melbourne 's museums and libraries . Treloar also participated in his school 's cadet unit , and believed that the military offered a means to follow his ambition for a career in a field other than small business . He was also a capable footballer , cricket player , and athlete and was invited to train with the South Melbourne Football Club . He took his father 's advice to wait until he was 21 before playing senior games , however , and instead took a job with the Department of Defence after he left school in 1911 . In this position he worked as a clerk for Brudenell White , who was later a leading Australian staff officer of World War I and the commander of the Australian Army during the early months of World War II . = = World War I = = On 16 August 1914 , shortly after the outbreak of World War I , Treloar enlisted in the First Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) and became a staff sergeant working for White in the headquarters of the 1st Division . He landed at Anzac Cove with the rest of the 1st Division 's Headquarters during the morning of 25 April 1915 , and subsequently participated in the Gallipoli Campaign . Treloar 's duties were mainly clerical , and included typing reports , orders and dispatches from senior officers . He frequently worked from 7 am to midnight , and this took a toll on his health . He contracted typhoid in late August , and was evacuated to Egypt on 4 September . Treloar came close to dying from this disease , and was returned to Australia to recuperate . He arrived in Melbourne on 4 December 1915 . During his convalescence , Treloar resumed a pre @-@ war friendship with Clarissa Aldridge and the couple became engaged . When he recovered his health , Treloar returned to the military . An attempt to rejoin Brudenell White 's staff was unsuccessful , and he instead was posted to the Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) with the rank of lieutenant . In February 1916 , Treloar was assigned to No. 1 Squadron AFC in Egypt and served as its equipment officer until July 1916 , when he was transferred to France to become White 's confidential clerk in the headquarters of I Anzac Corps . At the time of the Battle of Pozières in late July Treloar was in charge of the corps headquarters ' Central Registry , which was responsible for communications within the headquarters as well as distributing orders to its subordinate units . During his staff roles Treloar gained a good understanding of military record @-@ keeping . In May 1917 , he was selected by White to command the newly established Australian War Records Section ( AWRS ) , and was promoted to the rank of captain . At the time he knew nothing of the Section 's role , and was unable to find any information about it . Treloar assumed command of the AWRS on 16 May 1917 . At this time the Section comprised four enlisted soldiers and occupied two rooms in the British Public Record Office 's ( PRO ) building in London . Established upon the urging of the official Australian war correspondent Charles Bean , the unit was responsible for gathering records to serve as source material for the official histories that were to be written after the war . At this stage Australia did not have a national archive or public records office , and the AWRS was the first organisation set up to preserve any Commonwealth Government records . Treloar 's first challenge was to improve the quality of the war diaries kept by AIF units . These diaries were meant to be maintained by each element of the AIF as a record of its activities for later use by historians , but at the time most units recorded few details . To this end , Treloar met with many of the officers responsible for units ' war diaries and frequently provided written advice and feedback on the quality of the records submitted to the Section ; these methods had previously been used by the Canadian military . Treloar also sought to motivate relevant personnel by demonstrating that the diaries were valued and would be important in ensuring that their unit received recognition for its achievements after the war . In August 1917 the AWRS expanded its activities to include collecting artefacts from the French battlefields . Its tasks increased further in September when it took over responsibility for supervising the official war artists as well as producing and keeping records of non @-@ official publications such as regimental magazines . Individual soldiers were encouraged to contribute artefacts and records , and the AWRS provided museum labels to combat units to encourage them to record the significance and origins of items they submitted . The AWRS established field offices in France and Egypt , and reached a strength of about 600 soldiers and civilians in November 1918 . From November 1917 until August 1918 the war correspondent Henry Gullett commanded the AWRS subsection in Cairo ; in this role he reported directly to Treloar . As a result of the AWRS ' expansion , in March 1918 its headquarters moved from the PRO building to a larger office on Horseferry Road opposite the main offices of the AIF Administrative Headquarters . As commander of the AWRS , Treloar worked enthusiastically and at times had to be ordered to take holidays . He told Bean that he was motivated " to do something really worthwhile for Australia " by bringing together the records covering Australia 's role in the war . He actively pursued records and artefacts covering a wide range of the AIF 's activities . While Bean was impressed by Treloar 's achievements , he believed that the young man was pushing himself too hard and was in danger of a breakdown . Although they shared accommodations in London for a period in 1918 , the two men were not close . Treloar was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) on 3 June 1918 for " services in connection with the war " and was promoted to major in December 1918 . While this promotion recognised his achievements as commander of the AWRS , it was mainly intended to improve his status when he attended meetings of the War Trophies Commission ; the British representative on this commission was a major general . Treloar arranged for Clarissa Aldridge to travel to Britain in 1918 , and they were married in London on 5 November . The couple eventually had two daughters and two sons . Following the war , Treloar continued to organise the records the AWRS had collected . In the months after the war the Section was assigned a large number of soldiers to assist with this task . The AWRS also continued to gather artefacts , and by February 1919 it had a collection of over 25 @,@ 000 items ; Treloar regarded this as " a good collection " but still not sufficient . He sought to collect records and memorabilia relevant to all aspects of Australia 's experience in World War I , including material concerning the worst aspects of the Australian military . In doing so , Treloar deliberately did not make judgments on the historical value of the records and items submitted to the AWRS as he believed that this task should be left to others . On 3 June 1919 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) , for " valuable services rendered in connexion with the war " . Treloar arrived back in Australia on 18 July 1919 . The large quantity of artefacts and records which the AWRS had gathered were also returned to Australia in 1919 , though work on organising them into an archive was not completed until 1932 . The Australian War Museum was formed in 1919 on the basis of the Section 's collection , and Treloar joined the Museum at some stage during the year . Henry Gullett was appointed the War Museum 's first director on 11 August 1919 after Bean turned down the position so that he could focus on editing and writing the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 – 1918 . Treloar was appointed the Museum 's deputy director on the same date . Bean , Gullet and Treloar were subsequently the key figures in the establishment of the AWM . = = Establishing the War Memorial = = Treloar became the acting director of the Australian War Museum in 1920 after Gullett resigned from the position and became head of the Australian Immigration Bureau . Gullet later wrote the official history of Australia 's involvement in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . Treloar was 26 years of age at the time he became director of the Museum and was responsible for the difficult task of establishing the institution . Between 1920 and 1922 he personally undertook much of the work associated with developing the Museum 's first major exhibition , which opened in Melbourne 's Royal Exhibition Building on Anzac Day 1922 . During this period the staff of the Australian War Museum were also responsible for providing administrative support for a program to distribute captured German equipment as war trophies to the Australian states . Treloar was a member of the committee overseeing this effort , and the associated administrative load came close to overwhelming him . Treloar continued to expand the Australian War Museum 's collections during the 1920s . For instance , in 1921 he wrote to all the Australian Victoria Cross recipients of World War I or their families to ask that they donate their wartime diaries or other personal items . The Museum also actively sought the wartime diaries and letters written by other members of the AIF ; Treloar hoped that these records would allow a psychological study to be conducted on the men who had joined the AIF . Taking up an idea of Bean 's , Treloar also oversaw the development of several dioramas depicting key Australian battles of the war and engaged professional artists to make the models . Several of the dioramas produced in the 1920s remain on display in the AWM and are among its most popular exhibits . Treloar also oversaw the completion of the artworks which had been commissioned from the official war artists during World War I and , in collaboration with Bean , ordered additional works . During its early years the AWM existed in a parlous state , and Treloar raised funds and advocated construction of a permanent building to house its records and collection of artefacts . Treloar and Bean convinced the Museum 's governing committee that it needed to raise funds so that the Museum was not entirely dependent on Government funding for its permanent building . To this end , Treloar established a sales section in the Museum in 1921 and recruited salesmen to sell books , reproductions of artworks and photographs as well as surplus items from the collection such as German helmets and rifle cartridges . The Government was slow to commit to building a permanent home for the Museum 's collection , however , and Treloar considered resigning in July 1922 to take up a position in the Department of Immigration . He ultimately decided against doing so , however . In mid @-@ 1923 he was temporarily released from the Museum and travelled to London as the secretary of Australia 's contribution to the British Empire Exhibition . He returned to Australia in early 1925 . During Treloar 's absence the Museum moved to Sydney , where its collection was housed in the Sydney Exhibition Building from April 1925 . The institution was renamed the Australian War Memorial during this year , and following the passage of the Australian War Memorial Act by the Parliament of Australia in September was formally established as the national memorial to the Australians killed during World War I. This act specified that the Memorial would be overseen by a twelve @-@ person Board of Management whose members were appointed by the Governor General of Australia . Treolar reported to this board , but it generally allowed him to run the Memorial as he saw fit . Treloar travelled to London again in 1927 to work on the British Empire Exhibition scheduled for that year , but returned after a few months when it was cancelled . On 8 December 1927 Treloar and the rest of the War Memorial 's staff were appointed permanently to their positions ; prior to this date they had been employed under temporary arrangements and Treloar had technically been a member of the Army 's headquarters . Treloar took a brief leave of absence in 1931 to help organise the Empire Exhibition that was planned for Sydney . The construction of a permanent building for the Memorial was delayed by the Great Depression . In January 1924 the Commonwealth Government 's Cabinet approved a proposal to construct the War Memorial at the foot of Mount Ainslie in Canberra . An architectural competition was subsequently held , and Treloar was responsible for selecting the final designs to be considered after the judging panel had reduced the number of entries from 69 to 29 . None of these designs met all the necessary criteria , but two of the architects responsible for highly placed designs agreed to collaborate to produce a final design . Plans for the Memorial building were approved by the Commonwealth Parliament in 1928 , but funds for construction work were not available due to the impact of the Great Depression . Work finally began on the building in 1933 , and it was completed in 1941 . Until 1935 , Treloar and the Memorial 's administrative staff were located in Melbourne while the collection was split between Sydney and Melbourne . In that year , Treloar , along with 24 other Memorial staff , moved into the uncompleted building in Canberra and the Memorial in Sydney was closed to enable the collection to be relocated . Treloar continued to seek commercial opportunities to raise funds for the Memorial during the 1920s and 1930s . As well as selling guidebooks , reproductions of artworks and surplus items , the Memorial raised substantial amounts of money from placing an admission fee on Will Longstaff 's painting Menin Gate at Midnight when it went on display in 1929 . This painting proved so popular that Treloar engaged ex @-@ servicemen to sell reproductions of it door to door . In 1931 Treloar ensured that the Memorial took over responsibility for the publication and distribution of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 – 1918 when the project suffered financial difficulties due to poor sales . As sales continued to be slow , Treloar actively promoted the series to RSL branches and members of the Australian Public Service ; a scheme he developed in which public servants purchased the books through regular pay deductions proved particularly successful . Treloar also engaged more salesmen to sell the series to households . These efforts led to a large increase in sales , and Bean remarked that not only had Treloar been more successful in selling the books than Angus & Robertson , its original publisher , but that " he would do better than [ the department store ] David Jones selling shirts " . This sales work was in addition to Treloar 's regular duties as the Memorial 's director , and he received an honorarium for it . Treloar would typically work for six days each week , and normally stayed until late at night . In accordance with his Methodist beliefs , he did not work on Sundays . He continued to expand the Memorial 's collections by encouraging individuals to donate letters and diaries to supplement the official records . Treloar also placed an emphasis on safeguarding the collection ; in 1933 he personally investigated the theft of the German cruiser Emden 's bell from the Memorial in Sydney after the New South Wales Police broke off its investigation . With Treloar 's assistance the bell was recovered later that year . In May 1937 Treloar was among the senior public servants who were awarded a Coronation Medal to mark King George VI 's accession to the throne . Despite his enthusiasm , Treloar became frustrated by the repeated delays in opening the Memorial during the 1930s and believed that it would not be as successful as he had hoped . As a result , he began actively looking for a new career at the end of 1938 , starting by applying to be the secretary of the Melbourne Cricket Club . = = World War II = = Shortly before the outbreak of World War II Treloar wrote to the members of the AWM 's board to with proposals for how the Memorial should respond to another major war . This letter suggested that if hostilities occurred , the Memorial should suspend most of its activities and reorient its focus to become a memorial to all the wars in which Australia had taken part rather than just World War I. He further proposed that the Memorial building be used as a store and for government offices during the war , and that its staff establish a war records section similar to the AWRS . These proposals " ran counter to all that had been planned in the preceding years " and were rejected by the AWM board in October 1939 . The board did decide , however , to offer the Department of Defence assistance with collecting records and artefacts . Accordingly , work continued on the Memorial throughout World War II , though in February 1941 the board decided to extend its scope to include the new war . Treloar left his position at the Memorial for the duration of World War II . In September 1939 Treloar 's close friend Henry Gullett , who at the time was the Minister for Information , appointed him the inaugural secretary of the Department of Information ( DOI ) . The DOI was the first of 17 new Australian Government departments to be established during the war , and was responsible for both censorship and disseminating government propaganda . Treloar ran the department in line with traditional Australian Public Service practices and took steps to prevent the its work from being politicised . To achieve this , he implemented tight internal controls over the DOI 's procedures and information dissemination functions and instructed subordinates to not defend the government from criticism . He remained the departmental secretary after Gullett was moved to a different ministry in March 1940 , but lost status when Keith Murdoch was appointed to the new position of Director @-@ General of Information in June that year . Murdoch 's appointment was part of a government campaign to generate public support for increased armaments production following the fall of France , and he placed a stronger emphasis on generating propaganda . Treloar was troubled by the use of the DOI 's photographers to produce publicity photographs instead of images with historical value . Gullet was killed in the Canberra air disaster on 13 August 1940 . Treloar regained full control of the DOI in December that year when Murdoch resigned , though its photographers were still mainly tasked with taking publicity photos . At some point in 1940 or early 1941 , Treloar requested that he be appointed to command the War Records Section , which formed part of the Second Australian Imperial Force 's administrative headquarters . The Cabinet agreed to this during February 1941 . Treloar 's responsibilities in this role were to coordinate and control the collection of material to be included in the AWM as well as to supervise the official war artists and photographers ; these duties were similar to those he and Bean had undertaken during World War I. While Treloar was appointed to the rank of lieutenant colonel , he primarily worked for the AWM , which reimbursed the Army for his salary and allowances . This arrangement gave Treloar less influence with the Army than he had enjoyed as head of the AWRS during World War I. General Thomas Blamey , the commander of the AIF , subsequently redesignated the War Records Section the Military History and Information Section ( MHIS ) on the grounds that its original name had not adequately described the unit 's role . In contrast to the DOI 's propaganda activities , the MHIS focused on collecting records , images and items that would be useful to historians . After assuming his new position , Treloar was sent to AIF Headquarters in the Middle East where Australian forces were engaged in the North African Campaign . While en route to the Middle East he visited Malaya . Conditions in North Africa proved more challenging than those in World War I , however , as the combat was fast @-@ moving and the Australian troops felt less motivation to collect artefacts than those of the First AIF . Treloar was supported by a small staff , but fell out with his second in command who questioned both how he administered the unit and his personal efficiency . He also lacked a patron in the AIF and was handicapped by his relatively junior rank . Due to his absence from the Memorial , Treloar had only limited input into the design of its galleries and he was unable to attend its official opening in November 1941 . Following the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941 , most elements of the AIF were returned to Australia . While MHIS teams accompanied the 6th and 7th Divisions when they departed the Middle East in early 1942 , Treloar remained in Egypt until May that year as he was initially unable to secure space on board ships for the Section 's extensive collections . He eventually reached Australia in mid @-@ 1942 and was based in Melbourne for the remainder of the war . At the time , the front line of the Pacific War was in the islands just to the north of Australia . As Treloar argued in a letter to Blamey , Australia had the " opportunity and responsibility to provide the world with the most nearly complete and authoritative ' source ' record " of the fighting . Blamey accepted this view , and in July 1942 , the MHIS was renamed the Military History Section ( MHS ) in recognition of its emphasis on military history rather than propaganda . On 26 June 1942 Treloar received a Mention in Despatches for his service in October 1941 . The MHS continued the MHIS ' role of facilitating the production of high @-@ quality paper records and photographs of the war and collecting the resulting documents and images . The section had two field teams in April 1943 ( one in Australia and the other in New Guinea ) , and was expanded to nine teams by the end of 1944 . Treloar also focused on the official war artist program , and succeeded in fostering a high @-@ quality collection from a range of artistic styles . He placed a relatively low emphasis on collecting artefacts , however , and did not visit New Guinea even though it was the main Australian battlefield for most of the Pacific War . This concerned Bean , who wrote an unanswered letter to Treloar in July 1943 offering to help organise the collection of more items . In August 1943 Treloar 's son Ian was reported missing while serving as a Royal Australian Air Force warrant officer attached to the Royal Air Force . It was determined after the war that he had been killed in action . Treloar 's other son , Alan , served in the Second AIF and won a Rhodes Scholarship after the war . By early 1944 Treloar was overworked and unhappy to be in Melbourne instead of at the Memorial . He was also uncomfortable with the way in which Bean and the AWM 's acting director Arthur Bazley were running the Memorial in his absence , and sought to intervene in its management . This degree of intervention frustrated Bazley , and led to increasing conflict between the two men who had worked together since 1917 . Their relationship worsened in 1945 , and the Memorial 's board was eventually forced to make a ruling on what Bazley and Treloar 's responsibilities were . In 1946 , Bazley left the Memorial to take a job in the Department of Immigration due to continuing tensions with Treloar . One of Treloar 's duties throughout much of the war was to compile and edit service annual books , which were compilations of articles written by military personnel and published by the AWM . He first proposed this in mid @-@ 1941 as an equivalent of The Anzac Book , which was a collection of anecdotes written by Australian soldiers during the Gallipoli Campaign . The first of these books , entitled Active Service , was printed during late 1941 and early 1942 and eventually sold 138 @,@ 208 copies . Seventeen service annual books were produced during and after the war , with combined sales of 1 @,@ 907 @,@ 446 copies . These books were sold at a profit and earned the Memorial large amounts of money . Treloar 's editorial role came on top of his full @-@ time duties as head of the MHS and was one of the main causes of his exhaustion and anxiety in the final years of the war . = = Post @-@ war years = = Treloar returned to the AWM on 2 September 1946 and was formally discharged from the Army in 1947 . At the time he believed he was suffering from bad health , but wanted to resume his work at the Memorial rather than enter hospital . While Clarissa Treloar remained in Melbourne , their daughter Dawn moved to Canberra and took up a position in the Memorial 's library . Treloar continued to work long hours in the years after the war . He lived in a cubby hole next to his office and signed the attendance book while walking from bed to his desk . Bean later claimed that Treloar had personally managed all areas of the Memorial other than its library . While Dawn provided him with company , family members and AWM staff believed that Treloar was lonely and did not have a social life . His letters to the official artists engaged by the AWM were frequently relaxed , however , and he became friends with Leslie Bowles and William Dargie . While Treloar was a teetotaler and non @-@ smoker , he occasionally shared wine and cigarettes with Dargie . The main challenges for the Memorial in the post @-@ war years were integrating the World War II collections with those from World War I and securing funding to expand its building . Treloar did not seek to increase the Memorial 's holdings of World War II artefacts beyond supporting the completion of works commissioned from the official war artists . As a result , the Memorial 's collection of World War II memorabilia was inferior to that assembled during and after World War I , and many of its best @-@ known items such as the bomber G for George were acquired as donations from the Government rather than through Treloar 's efforts . It was not until October 1948 that the Government agreed to fund an expansion of the AWM after lobbying by Treloar and the Memorial 's board . Treloar experienced difficulties managing the Memorial and its staff in the years after World War II . While the AWM had few difficulties recruiting staff , it struggled to retain them due to housing shortages in Canberra and the way in which the Memorial was run . Treloar 's working style contributed to these problems ; although he was personally friendly and took an interest in the wellbeing of his employees , he did not delegate tasks and it was difficult for AWM staff to meet with him in person to discuss their responsibilities . This made it difficult for staff to complete urgent tasks , and contributed to delays in key projects such as the construction of the Memorial 's Hall of Memory . Tom Hungerford , who worked for the AWM between 1948 and 1949 , wrote in his memoirs that Treloar was " most dedicated , most incredibly hard @-@ working , most unfailingly kind and most ineffectual " . Treloar increasingly obsessed over relatively minor details and gained a reputation for indecisiveness . Treloar 's work patterns took a toll on his health , and the deterioration in his performance after 1946 was possibly the result of exhaustion . Despite this , the Memorial 's board did not intervene in the institution 's management and allowed Treloar to remain in his position . In January 1952 , Dawn found him ill in bed after noticing that he had not signed the attendance book . Treloar was subsequently admitted to the Canberra Community Hospital where he died on 28 January as a result of an intestinal haemorrhage . His funeral was held two days later at Reid Methodist Church in Canberra , and he was subsequently buried in the returned soldiers section of Woden Cemetery . Treloar 's death left the AWM in a state of crisis . Due to his close control over the Memorial , none of its staff knew what his plans had been and it was unclear how to continue key tasks such as completing the Roll of Honour , classifying and displaying items collected during World War II and managing the Memorial 's finances . In addition , two fifths of the AWM 's staff positions were vacant as Treloar had chosen to delay filling these vacancies . Jim McGrath , who had been the Memorial 's Assistant Director ( Administration ) since May 1951 , became acting director when Treloar was hospitalised and was confirmed in this position on 15 May 1952 ; Bazley had also applied for this job but lost to McGrath despite having Bean 's support . Under the direction of Bean , who had been appointed the Chairman of the Memorial 's Board in June 1951 , McGrath established a committee to develop strategies for both completing and further developing the Memorial . Bean also personally reviewed the Memorial 's collection of World War I artefacts during 1952 and 1953 , and found that the register of these items was inadequate and it was not possible to locate many of them . He attributed this to the movement of the collection between Melbourne , Sydney and Canberra and the changes of directorship during periods in which Treloar was absent . = = Legacy = = Following his death , Treloar was praised for the personal sacrifices he had made to establish the AWM , as well as for the high quality of the Memorial . The Memorial 's storage and display annex at Mitchell , Australian Capital Territory , was subsequently named in Treloar 's honour and a commemorative plaque was located outside the AWM 's archival research centre until 1985 . In 1956 the street behind the Memorial 's main building was named Treloar Crescent . In addition , the AWM named a grant it provided to researchers the ' John Treloar Grant ' . Treloar continues to be regarded as an important figure in Australian military history . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History states that " there is little doubt that the Australian War Memorial would have foundered had it not been for Treloar 's tireless and selfless labours , which almost certainly shortened his life " and that he was " Australia 's first great museum professional " . The collection of World War I records he organised is still used by historians and researchers , and is labelled an " archival record of remarkable detail and accessibility " in his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry . In 1993 Alan Treloar published the diary his father had kept during World War I. = Østhorn ( station ) = Østhorn ( until 1939 Korsvoll ) is a station on the Sognsvann Line ( line 6 ) of the Oslo Metro in Norway . It is located 7 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 4 mi ) from Stortinget station between Tåsen and Holstein stations . As one of the original stations on the line , Østhorn was opened on 10 October 1934 . Nordberg was formerly the next northbound station , but it was closed in 1992 , when the Sognsvann Line was upgraded to metro standard . Østhorn is located near a hill named Havnabakken , where local residents toboggan at winter 's time . = = History = = Korsvoll station opened on 10 October 1930 , when Akersbanerne had finished the Songsvann Line from Majorstuen to Sognsvann station . The line was double @-@ tracked from Majorstuen to Korsvoll , and single @-@ tracked from there to Sognsvann . In 1939 , the section Korsvoll – Sognsvann was upgraded to double tracks , and the station Korsvoll had its name changed to Østhorn . The name " Østhorn " owes its origins to a crag by the same name that was demolished during the construction of the Sognsvann Line . The station is now positioned inside the remains of the crag , with metal nest put up to prevent any crumbling of the surrounding crag . Østhorn was part of Holmenkolbanen 's operating network until 1975 , when the municipality of Oslo bought all the company 's stock . In 1993 , the stations on the Sognsvann Line were upgraded to metro standard , which involves a heightening and lengthening of the platforms , and installation of third rail power supply and a new signaling system . During the upgrade , Tåsen station was moved 150 metres ( 490 ft ) further north , and Nordberg station was closed . Many local residents opposed the new station upgrades , arguing that Nordberg had served the area well with its close connection to the elderly center Nordberghjemmet . Many wanted to rather close Østhorn or Holstein than Nordberg , since the latter was the most used station in the area . Oslo Sporveier stated that the access roads to Nordberg were very steep and dangerous , and referred to a case in the 1950s where some local youth had been tobogganing over the rail intersection at Nordberg , and hit a truck near the station . They also argued that the 200 metres ( 660 ft ) distance between Nordberg and Holstein was too close for having two stations , and promised to build a walkway from Nordberg to Holstein . = = Service = = Østhorn is served by the line 3 on the Sognsvann Line , operated by Oslo T @-@ banedrift on contract with Ruter . The rapid transit serves the station every 15 minutes , except in the late evening and on weekend mornings , when there is a 30 @-@ minute headway . Travel time along the 7 @.@ 1 @-@ kilometre ( 4 @.@ 4 mi ) portion to Stortinget in the city center is 13 minutes . The station provides correspondence to the bus lines 22 and 25 on the top of Havnabakken , a five @-@ minute walk away . = = Facilities = = Østhorn has two platforms , each with a wooden shed . The sheds are designed by Arne Henriksen in a minimalist and standardised style with constructions of wood and steel . Østhorn serves the residential areas Korsvoll and Nordberg . The station is located at the bottom of a small hill named Havnabakken , where local residents toboggan at winter 's time . = Taurus ( constellation ) = Taurus ( Latin for " the Bull " ; symbol : , Unicode : ♉ ) is one of the constellations of the zodiac , which means it is crossed by the plane of the ecliptic . Taurus is a large and prominent constellation in the northern hemisphere 's winter sky . It is one of the oldest constellations , dating back to at least the Early Bronze Age when it marked the location of the Sun during the spring equinox . Its importance to the agricultural calendar influenced various bull figures in the mythologies of Ancient Sumer , Akkad , Assyria , Babylon , Egypt , Greece , and Rome . A number of features exist that are of interest to astronomers . Taurus hosts two of the nearest open clusters to Earth , the Pleiades and the Hyades , both of which are visible to the naked eye . At first magnitude , the red giant Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation . In the northwest part of Taurus is the supernova remnant Messier 1 , more commonly known as the Crab Nebula . One of the closest regions of active star formation , the Taurus @-@ Auriga complex , crosses into the northern part of the constellation . The variable star T Tauri is the prototype of a class of pre @-@ main @-@ sequence stars . = = Characteristics = = Taurus is a big and prominent constellation in the northern hemisphere 's winter sky , between Aries to the west and Gemini to the east ; to the north lie Perseus and Auriga , to the southeast Orion , to the south Eridanus , and to the southwest Cetus . In September and October , Taurus is visible in the evening along the eastern horizon . The most favorable time to observe Taurus in the night sky is during the months of December and January . By March and April , the constellation will appear to the west during the evening twilight . This constellation forms part of the zodiac , and hence is intersected by the ecliptic . This circle across the celestial sphere forms the apparent path of the Sun as the Earth completes its annual orbit . As the orbital plane of the Moon and the planets lie near the ecliptic , they can usually be found in the constellation Taurus during some part of each year . The galactic plane of the Milky Way intersects the northeast corner of the constellation and the galactic anticenter is located near the border between Taurus and Auriga . Taurus is the only constellation crossed by all three of the galactic equator , celestial equator , and ecliptic . A ring @-@ like galactic structure known as the Gould 's Belt passes through the Taurus constellation . The recommended three @-@ letter abbreviation for the constellation , as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 , is " Tau " . The official constellation boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a polygon of 26 segments . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 03h 23.4m and 05h 53.3m , while the declination coordinates are between 31 @.@ 10 ° and − 1 @.@ 35 ° . Because a small part of the constellation lies to the south of the celestial equator , this can not be a completely circumpolar constellation at any latitude . = = Notable features = = During November , the Taurid meteor shower appears to radiate from the general direction of this constellation . The Beta Taurid meteor shower occurs during the months of June and July in the daytime , and is normally observed using radio techniques . In October , between the 18th and the 29th , both the Northern Taurids and the Southern Taurids are active ; though the latter stream is stronger . However , between November 1 and 10 , the two streams equalize . The brightest member of this constellation is Aldebaran , an orange @-@ hued , spectral class K5 III giant star . Its name derives from الدبران al @-@ dabarān , Arabic for " the follower " , probably from the fact that it follows the Pleiades during the nightly motion of the celestial sphere across the sky . Forming the profile of a Bull 's face is a V or A @-@ shaped asterism of stars . This outline is created by prominent members of the Hyades , the nearest distinct open star cluster after the Ursa Major Moving Group . In this profile , Aldebaran forms the bull 's bloodshot eye , which has been described as " glaring menacingly at the hunter Orion " , a constellation that lies just to the southwest . The Hyades span about 5 ° of the sky , so that they can only be viewed in their entirety with binoculars or the unaided eye . It includes a naked eye double star , Theta Tauri , with a separation of 5 @.@ 6 arcminutes . In the northeastern quadrant of the Taurus constellation lie the Pleiades ( M45 ) , one of the best known open clusters , easily visible to the naked eye . The seven most prominent stars in this cluster are at least visual magnitude six , and so the cluster is also named the " Seven Sisters " . However , many more stars are visible with even a modest telescope . Astronomers estimate that the cluster has approximately 500 @-@ 1 @,@ 000 stars , all of which are around 100 million years old . However , they vary considerably in type . The Pleiades themselves are represented by large , bright stars ; also many small brown dwarfs and white dwarfs exist . The cluster is estimated to dissipate in another 250 million years . The Pleiades cluster is classified as a Shapley class c and Trumpler class I 3 r n cluster , indicating that it is irregularly shaped and loose , though concentrated at its center and detached from the star field . In the northern part of the constellation to the northwest of the Pleiades lies the Crystal Ball Nebula , known by its catalogue designation of NGC 1514 . This planetary nebula is of historical interest following its discovery by German @-@ born English astronomer William Herschel in 1790 . Prior to that time , astronomers had assumed that nebulae were simply unresolved groups of stars . However , Herschel could clearly resolve a star at the center of the nebula that was surrounded by a nebulous cloud of some type . In 1864 , English astronomer William Huggins used the spectrum of this nebula to deduce that the nebula is a luminous gas , rather than stars . To the west , the two horns of the bull are formed by Beta ( β ) Tauri and Zeta ( ζ ) Tauri ; two star systems that are separated by 8 ° . Beta is a white , spectral class B7 III giant star known as El Nath , which comes from the Arabic phrase " the butting " , as in butting by the horns of the bull . At magnitude 1 @.@ 65 , it is the second brightest star in the constellation , and shares the border with the neighboring constellation of Auriga . As a result , it also bears the designation Gamma Aurigae . Zeta Tauri is an eclipsing binary star that completes an orbit every 133 days . A degree to the northwest of ζ Tauri is the Crab Nebula ( M1 ) , a supernova remnant . This expanding nebula was created by a Type II supernova explosion , which was seen from Earth on July 4 , 1054 . It was bright enough to be observed during the day , and is mentioned in Chinese historical texts . At its peak the supernova reached magnitude − 4 , but the nebula is currently magnitude 8 @.@ 4 and requires a telescope to observe . North American peoples also observed the supernova , as evidenced from a painting on a New Mexican canyon and various pieces of pottery that depict the event . However , the remnant itself was not discovered until 1731 , when John Bevis found it . The star Lambda ( λ ) Tauri is an eclipsing binary star . This system consists of a spectral class B3 star being orbited by a less massive class A4 star . The plane of their orbit lies almost along the line of sight to the Earth . Every 3 @.@ 953 days the system temporarily decreases in brightness by 1 @.@ 1 magnitudes as the brighter star is partially eclipsed by the dimmer companion . The two stars are separated by only 0 @.@ 1 astronomical units , so their shapes are modified by mutual tidal interaction . This results in a variation of their net magnitude throughout each orbit . Located about 1 @.@ 8 ° west of Epsilon ( ε ) Tauri is T Tauri , the prototype of a class of variable stars called T Tauri stars . This star undergoes erratic changes in luminosity , varying between magnitude 9 to 13 over a period of weeks or months . This is a newly formed stellar object that is just emerging from its envelope of gas and dust , but has not yet become a main sequence star . The surrounding reflection nebula NGC 1555 is illuminated by T Tauri , and thus is also variable in luminosity . To the north lies Kappa Tauri , a visual double star consisting of two A7 @-@ type components . The pair have a separation of just 5 @.@ 6 arc minutes , making them a challenge to split with the naked eye . This constellation includes part of the Taurus @-@ Auriga complex , or Taurus dark clouds , a star @-@ forming region containing sparse , filamentary clouds of gas and dust . This spans a diameter of 98 light @-@ years ( 30 parsecs ) and contains 35 @,@ 000 solar masses of material , which is both larger and less massive than the Orion Nebula . At a distance of 490 light @-@ years ( 150 parsecs ) , this is one of the nearest active star forming regions . Located in this region , about 10 ° to the northeast of Aldebaran , is an asterism NGC 1746 spanning a width of 45 arcminutes . = = History and mythology = = The identification of the constellation of Taurus with a bull is very old , certainly dating to the Chalcolithic , and perhaps even to the Upper Paleolithic . Michael Rappenglück of the University of Munich believes that Taurus is represented in a cave painting at the Hall of the Bulls in the caves at Lascaux ( dated to roughly 15 @,@ 000 BC ) , which he believes is accompanied by a depiction of the Pleiades . The name " seven sisters " has been used for the Pleiades in the languages of many cultures , including indigenous groups of Australia , North America and Siberia . This suggests that the name may have a common ancient origin . Taurus marked the point of vernal ( spring ) equinox in the Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age , from about 4000 BC to 1700 BC , after which it moved into the neighboring constellation Aries . The Pleiades were closest to the Sun at vernal equinox around the 23rd century BC . In Babylonian astronomy , the constellation was listed in the MUL.APIN as GU4.AN.NA , " The Bull of Heaven " . As this constellation marked the vernal equinox , it was also the first constellation in the Babylonian zodiac and they described it as " The Bull in Front " . The Akkadian name was Alu . In the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh , one of the earliest works of literature , the goddess Ishtar sends Taurus , the Bull of Heaven , to kill Gilgamesh for spurning her advances . Some locate Gilgamesh as the neighboring constellation of Orion , facing Taurus as if in combat , while others identify him with the sun whose rising on the equinox vanquishes the constellation . In early Mesopotamian art , the Bull of Heaven was closely associated with Inanna , the Sumerian goddess of sexual love , fertility , and warfare . One of the oldest depictions shows the bull standing before the goddess ' standard ; since it has 3 stars depicted on its back ( the cuneiform sign for " star @-@ constellation " ) , there is good reason to regard this as the constellation later known as Taurus . The same iconic representation of the Heavenly Bull was depicted in the Dendera zodiac , an Egyptian bas @-@ relief carving in a ceiling that depicted the celestial hemisphere using a planisphere . In these ancient cultures , the orientation of the horns was portrayed as upward or backward . This differed from the later Greek depiction where the horns pointed forward . To the Egyptians , the constellation Taurus was a sacred bull that was associated with the renewal of life in spring . When the spring equinox entered Taurus , the constellation would become covered by the Sun in the western sky as spring began . This " sacrifice " led to the renewal of the land . To the early Hebrews , Taurus was the first constellation in their zodiac and consequently it was represented by the first letter in their alphabet , Aleph . In Greek mythology , Taurus was identified with Zeus , who assumed the form of a magnificent white bull to abduct Europa , a legendary Phoenician princess . In illustrations of Greek mythology , only the front portion of this constellation are depicted ; this was sometimes explained as Taurus being partly submerged as he carried Europa out to sea . A second Greek myth portrays Taurus as Io , a mistress of Zeus . To hide his lover from his wife Hera , Zeus changed Io into the form of a heifer . Greek mythographer Acusilaus marks the bull Taurus as the same that formed the myth of the Cretan Bull , one of The Twelve Labors of Heracles . Taurus became an important object of worship among the Druids . Their Tauric religious festival was held while the Sun passed through the constellation . Among the arctic people known as the Inuit , the constellation is called Sakiattiat and the Hyades is Nanurjuk , with the latter representing the spirit of the polar bear . Aldebaran represents the bear , with the remainder of the stars in the Hyades being dogs that are holding the beast at bay . In Buddhism , legends hold that Gautama Buddha was born when the Full Moon was in Vaisakha , or Taurus . Buddha 's birthday is celebrated with the Wesak Festival , or Vesākha , which occurs on the first or second Full Moon when the Sun is in Taurus . = = = Astrology = = = As of 2008 , the Sun appears in the constellation Taurus from May 13 to June 21 . In tropical astrology , the Sun is considered to be in the sign Taurus from April 20 to May 20 . = = = Space exploration = = = The space probe Pioneer 10 is moving in the direction of this constellation , though it will not be nearing any of the stars in this constellation for many thousands of years , by which time its batteries will be long dead . = = = Solar eclipse of May 29 , 1919 = = = Several stars in Hyades cluster include Kappa Tauri were photographed during Solar eclipse of May 29 , 1919 by the expedition of Arthur Eddington in Príncipe and others in Sobral , Brazil that confirmed Albert Einstein 's prediction of the bending of light around the Sun from his general theory of relativity which he published in 1915 . = = Book references = = = L 'incoronazione di Poppea = L 'incoronazione di Poppea ( SV 308 , The Coronation of Poppaea ) is an Italian opera by Claudio Monteverdi , with a libretto by Giovanni Francesco Busenello , first performed at the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo in Venice during the 1643 carnival season . One of the first operas to use historical events and people , it describes how Poppaea , mistress of the Roman emperor Nero , is able to achieve her ambition and be crowned empress . The opera was revived in Naples in 1651 , but was then neglected until the rediscovery of the score in 1888 , after which it became the subject of scholarly attention in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Since the 1960s , the opera has been performed and recorded many times . The original manuscript of the score does not exist ; two surviving copies from the 1650s show significant differences from each other , and each differs to some extent from the libretto . How much of the music is actually Monteverdi 's , and how much the product of others , is a matter of dispute . None of the existing versions of the libretto , printed or manuscript , can be definitively tied to the first performance at the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo , the precise date of which is unknown . Details of the original cast are few and largely speculative , and there is no record of the opera 's initial public reception . Despite these uncertainties , the work is generally accepted as part of the Monteverdi operatic canon , his last and perhaps his greatest work . In a departure from traditional literary morality , it is the adulterous liaison of Poppea and Nerone which wins the day , although this triumph is demonstrated by history to have been transitory and hollow . In Busenello 's version of the story all the major characters are morally compromised . Written when the genre of opera was only a few decades old , the music for L 'incoronazione di Poppea has been praised for its originality , its melody , and for its reflection of the human attributes of its characters . The work helped to redefine the boundaries of theatrical music and established Monteverdi as the leading musical dramatist of his time . = = Historical context = = Opera as a dramatic genre originated around the turn from the 16th to the 17th centuries , although the word itself was not in use before 1650 . Precursors of musical drama included pastoral plays with songs and choruses , and the madrigal comedies of the late 16th century . Monteverdi had already established himself as a leading composer of madrigals before writing his first full @-@ length operas in the years 1606 – 08 , while he was in the service of Vincenzo Gonzaga , Duke of Mantua . These works , L 'Orfeo and L 'Arianna , deal respectively with the Greek myths of Orpheus and Ariadne . After a disagreement in 1612 with Vincenzo 's successor , Duke Francesco Gonzaga , Monteverdi moved to Venice to take up the position of director of music at St Mark 's Basilica , where he remained until his death in 1643 . Amid his official duties at Venice , Monteverdi maintained an interest in theatrical music and produced several stage works , including the substantial Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda ( The battle of Tancred and Clorinda ) for the 1624 – 25 carnival . When the first public opera house in the world opened in Venice in 1637 , Monteverdi , by then in his 70th year , returned to writing full @-@ scale opera . He may have been influenced by the solicitations of Giacomo Badoaro , an aristocratic poet and intellectual who sent the elderly composer the libretto for Il ritorno d 'Ulisse in patria ( The return of Ulysses ) . For the 1639 – 40 carnival season , Monteverdi revived L 'Arianna at the Teatro San Moisè and later produced his setting of Il ritorno at the Teatro San Cassiano . For the following season he wrote Le nozze d 'Enea in Lavinia ( The marriage of Aeneas to Lavinia ) , now lost , which was performed at the third of Venice 's new opera theatres , Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paulo . Another wealthy poet @-@ librettist in the Venice milieu was Giovanni Francesco Busenello ( 1598 – 1659 ) , like Badoaro a member of the intellectual society Accademia degli Incogniti . This group of free @-@ thinking intellectuals had significant influence on the cultural and political life of Venice in the mid @-@ 17th century , and was particularly active in the promotion of musical theatre . Busenello had worked with Monteverdi 's younger contemporary Francesco Cavalli , providing the libretto for Didone ( 1641 ) , and according to theatre historian Mark Ringer was " among the greatest librettists in the history of opera " . It is unclear how and when Busenello met Monteverdi , though both had served in the Gonzaga court . Ringer speculates that they drew joint inspiration from their experiences of the Gonzaga style of rule , " a mixture of artistic cultivation and brutality " , and thus developed a shared artistic vision . = = Creation = = = = = Libretto = = = The main sources for the story told in Busenello 's libretto are the Annals of Tacitus ; book 6 of Suetonius 's history The Twelve Caesars ; books 61 – 62 of Dio Cassius 's Roman History ; and an anonymous play Octavia ( once attributed to the real life Seneca ) , from which the opera 's fictional nurse characters were derived . The main story is based on real people and events . According to the analyst Magnus Schneider , the character of Drusilla was taken from Girolamo Bargagli 's 16th @-@ century comedy The Pilgrim Woman . Busenello condensed historical events from a seven @-@ year period ( AD 58 to AD 65 ) into a single day 's action , and imposed his own sequence . He was open about his intention to adapt history for his own purposes , writing in the preface to his libretto that " here we represent these actions differently . " Thus he gave his characters different attributes from those of their historical counterparts : Nerone 's cruelty is downplayed ; the wronged wife Ottavia is presented as a murderous plotter ; Seneca , whose death in reality had nothing to do with Nerone 's liaison with Poppea , appears as more noble and virtuous than he was ; Poppea 's motives are represented as based on genuine love as much as on a lust for power ; the depiction of Lucano as a drunken carouser disguises the real life poet Lucan 's status as a major Roman poet with marked anti @-@ imperial and pro @-@ republican tendencies . The libretto has survived in numerous forms — two printed versions , seven manuscript versions or fragments , and an anonymous scenario , or summary , related to the original production . One of the printed editions relates to the opera 's 1651 Naples revival ; the other is Busenello 's final version published in 1656 as part of a collection of his libretti . The manuscripts are all from the 17th century , though not all are specifically dated ; some are " literary " versions unrelated to performances . The most significant of the manuscript copies is that discovered in Udine , Northern Italy , in 1997 by Monteverdi scholar Paolo Fabbri . This manuscript , according to music historian Ellen Rosand , " bristles with the immediacy of a performance " , and is the only copy of the libretto that mentions Monteverdi by name . This , and other descriptive details missing from other copies , leads Rosand to speculate that the manuscript was copied during the course of a performance . This impression is reinforced , she says , by the inclusion of a paean of praise to the singer ( Anna di Valerio according to Schneider ) who played the role of Poppea . Although its dating is uncertain , the manuscript 's affinity with the original scenario has led to speculation that the Udine version may have been compiled from the first performance . = = = Composition = = = Two versions of the musical score of L 'incoronazione exist , both from the 1650s . The first was rediscovered in Venice in 1888 , the second in Naples in 1930 . The Naples score is linked to the revival of the opera in that city in 1651 . Both scores contain essentially the same music , though each differs from the printed libretto and has unique additions and omissions . In each score the vocal lines are shown with basso continuo accompaniment ; the instrumental sections are written in three parts in the Venice score , four parts in the Naples version , without in either case specifying the instruments . Conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt , a leading Monteverdi interpreter , refers to the contemporary practice of leaving much of a score open , to allow for differing local performance conditions . Another convention made it unnecessary to write down detail that performers would take for granted . Neither Venice nor Naples score can be linked to the original performance ; although the Venice version is generally regarded as the more authentic , modern productions tend to use material from both . The question of authorship — essentially of how much of the music is Monteverdi 's — is a contentious one , which Rosand acknowledges might never be entirely resolved . Virtually none of the contemporary documentation mentions Monteverdi , and music by other composers has been identified in the scores , including passages found in the score of Francesco Sacrati 's opera La finta pazza . A particular style of metric notation used in some passages of the L 'incoronazione scores suggests the work of younger composers . The most debated areas of authorship are parts of the prologue , Ottone 's music , the flirtation scene between Valetto and Damigella , and the coronation scene including the final " Pur ti miro " duet . Modern scholarship inclines to the view that L 'incoronazione was the result of collaboration between Monteverdi and others , with the old composer playing a guiding role . Composers who may have assisted include Sacrati , Benedetto Ferrari and Francesco Cavalli . Ringer suggests that Monteverdi 's age and health may have prevented him from completing the opera without help from younger colleagues ; he speculates about an arrangement resembling " the workshop of Rubens , who might design a painting and handle the important details himself but leave the more mundane aspects ... to younger apprentice artists . " The musicologist Alan Curtis believes that only a single collaborator was involved , and published his 1989 edition of L 'incoronazione under the joint authorship of Monteverdi and Sacrati . The musical analyst Eric Chafe 's study of Monteverdi 's tonal language supports the collaboration theory and postulates that some of the sections in question , including the prologue , the coronation scene and the final duet , reflect Monteverdi 's intentions and may have been written under his direct supervision . = = = Morality = = = L 'incoronazione di Poppea is frequently described as a story in which virtue is punished and greed rewarded , running counter to the normal conventions of literary morality . The musicologist Tim Carter calls the opera 's characters and their actions " famously problematic " , and its messages " at best ambiguous and at worst perverted " , while Rosand refers to an " extraordinary glorification of lust and ambition " . The critic Edward B. Savage asserts that despite the lack of a moral compass in virtually all the main characters , Busenello 's plot is itself essentially moral , and that " this morality is sustained by the phenomenon of dramatic irony " . From their knowledge of Roman history , audiences in Venice would have recognised that the apparent triumph of love over virtue , celebrated by Nerone and Poppea in the closing duet , was in reality hollow , and that not long after this event Nerone kicked the pregnant Poppea to death . They would have known , too , that Nerone himself committed suicide a few years later , and that others — Ottavia , Lucano , Ottone — also met untimely deaths . Seventeenth @-@ century Rome , under autocratic papal rule , was perceived by republican Venetians as a direct threat to their liberties . Rosand has suggested that Venetian audiences would have understood the Poppea story in the context of their own times as a moral lesson demonstrating the superiority of Venice , and that " such immorality was only possible in a decaying society , not [ in ] a civilized nation " . Rosand concludes that the opera 's broad moral compass places it first in a long tradition of operatic works that embraces Mozart 's Don Giovanni and Verdi 's Don Carlos . Music analyst Clifford Bartlett writes that " Monteverdi 's glorious music goes beyond Busenello 's cynical realism , and presents human behaviour in a better light " . = = Roles = = The score for L 'incoronazione features 28 singing characters , including 7 ensemble parts , of which the two Amori may only have appeared in the 1651 Naples production . The original Venetian production evidently made use of extensive role @-@ doubling , allowing the opera to be staged with no more than 11 singers : two female sopranos , three male sopranos ( castratos ) , two contraltos ( castratos ) , two tenors and two basses . Schneider has suggested the following reconstruction of the cast and the doubling plan from the 1643 premiere on the basis of an examination of , first , contemporary casting and doubling practices , secondly , the recently discovered correspondence of the impresario Marquess Cornelio Bentivoglio , and finally the libretto for La finta savia , which preceded Poppea on the stage of the Santi Giovanni e Paolo in the 1643 Carnival and was written for the same cast . = = Synopsis = = The action takes place in Imperial Rome around AD 60 , in and around Poppea 's villa and in various locations within the imperial palace . = = = Prologue = = = The goddesses of Fortune and Virtue dispute which of them has the most power over humankind . They are interrupted by the god of Love , who claims greater power than either : " I tell the virtues what to do , I govern the fortunes of men . " When they have heard his story , he says , they will admit his superior powers . = = = Act 1 = = = Ottone arrives at Poppea 's villa , intent on pursuing his love . Seeing the house guarded by the Emperor Nerone 's soldiers he realises he has been supplanted , and his love song turns to a lament : " Ah , ah , perfidious Poppea ! " He leaves , and the waiting soldiers gossip about their master 's amorous affairs , his neglect of matters of state and his treatment of the Empress Ottavia . Nerone and Poppea enter and exchange words of love before Nerone departs . Poppea is warned by her nurse , Arnalta , to be careful of the empress 's wrath and to distrust Nerone 's apparent love for her , but Poppea is confident : " I fear no setback at all . " The scene switches to the palace , where Ottavia bemoans her lot ; " Despised queen , wretched consort of the emperor ! " Her nurse suggests she take a lover of her own , advice which Ottavia angrily rejects . Seneca , Nerone 's former tutor , addresses the empress with flattering words , and is mocked by Ottavia 's page , Valleto , who threatens to set fire to the old man 's beard . Left alone , Seneca receives a warning from the goddess Pallade that his life is in danger . Nerone enters and confides that he intends to displace Ottavia and marry Poppea . Seneca demurs ; such a move would be divisive and unpopular . " I care nothing for the senate and the people , " replies Nero , and when the sage persists he is furiously dismissed . Poppea joins Nerone , and tells him that Seneca claims to be the power behind the imperial throne . This so angers Nerone that he instructs his guards to order Seneca to commit suicide . After Nero leaves , Ottone steps forward and after failing to persuade Poppea to reinstate him in her affections , privately resolves to kill her . He is then comforted by a noblewoman , Drusilla ; realising that he can never regain Poppea he offers to marry Drusilla , who joyfully accepts him . But Ottone admits to himself : " Drusilla is on my lips , Poppea is in my heart . " = = = Act 2 = = = In his garden , Seneca learns from the god Mercurio that he is soon to die . The order duly arrives from Nerone , and Seneca instructs his friends to prepare a suicide bath . His followers try to persuade him to remain alive , but he rejects their pleading . " The warm current of my guiltless blood shall carpet with royal purple my road to death . " At the palace Ottavia 's page flirts with a lady @-@ in @-@ waiting , while Nerone and the poet Lucano celebrate the death of Seneca in a drunken , cavorting song contest , and compose love songs in honour of Poppea . Elsewhere in the palace Ottone , in a long soliloquy , ponders how he could have thought to kill Poppea with whom he remains hopelessly in love . He is interrupted by a summons from Ottavia , who to his dismay orders him to kill Poppea . Threatening to denounce him to Nerone unless he complies , she suggests that he disguise himself as a woman to commit the deed . Ottone agrees to do as she bids , privately calling on the gods to relieve him of his life . He then persuades Drusilla to lend him her clothes . In the garden of Poppea 's villa , Arnalta sings her mistress to sleep while the god of Love looks on . Ottone , now disguised as Drusilla , enters the garden and raises his sword to kill Poppea . Before he can do so , Love strikes the sword from his hand , and he runs away . His fleeing figure is seen by Arnalta and the now awakened Poppea , who believe that he is Drusilla . They call on their servants to give chase , while Love sings triumphantly " I protected her ! " = = = Act 3 = = = Drusilla muses on the life of happiness before her , when Arnalta arrives with a lictor . Arnalta accuses Drusilla of being Poppea 's assailant , and she is arrested . As Nerone enters , Arnalta denounces Drusilla , who protests her innocence . Threatened with torture unless she names her accomplices , Drusilla decides to protect Ottone by confessing her own guilt . Nerone commands her to suffer a painful death , at which point Ottone rushes in and reveals the truth : that he had acted alone , at the command of the Empress Ottavia , and that Drusilla was innocent of complicity . Nerone is impressed by Drusilla 's fortitude , and in an act of clemency spares Ottone 's life , ordering him banished . Drusilla chooses exile with him . Nerone now feels entitled to act against Ottavia and she is exiled , too . This leaves the way open for him to marry Poppea , who is overjoyed : " No delay , no obstacle can come between us now . " Ottavia bids a quiet farewell to Rome , while in the throne room of the palace the coronation ceremony for Poppea is prepared . The Consuls and Tribunes enter , and after a brief eulogy place the crown on Poppea 's head . Watching over the proceedings is the god of Love with his mother , Venere and a divine chorus . Nerone and Poppea sing a rapturous love duet ( " I gaze at you , I possess you " ) as the opera ends . = = Reception and performance history = = = = = Early performances = = = L 'incoronazione di Poppea was first performed at the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo , Venice , as part of the 1642 – 43 carnival season . The theatre , opened in 1639 , had earlier staged the première of Monteverdi 's opera Le Nozze d 'Enea in Lavinia , and a revival of the composer 's Il ritorno d 'Ulisse in patria . The theatre was later described by an observer : " ... marvellous scene changes , majestic and grand appearances [ of the performers ] ... and a magnificent flying machine ; you see , as if commonplace , glorious heavens , deities , seas , royal palaces , woods , forests ... " . The theatre held about 900 people , and the stage was much bigger than the auditorium . The date of the first performance of L 'incoronazione and the number of times the work was performed are unknown ; the only date recorded is that of the beginning of the carnival , 26 December 1642 . A surviving scenario , or synopsis , prepared for the first performances , gives neither the date nor the composer 's name . The identity of only one of the première cast is known for certain : Anna Renzi , who played Ottavia . Renzi , in her early twenties , is described by Ringer as " opera 's first prima donna " and was , according to a contemporary source , " as skillful in acting as she [ was ] excellent in music " . On the basis of the casting of the opera which shared the theatre with L 'incoronazione during the 1642 – 43 season , it is possible that Poppea was played by Anna di Valerio , and Nerone by the castrato Stefano Costa . There are no surviving accounts of the opera 's public reception , unless the encomium to the singer playing Poppea , part of the libretto documentation discovered at Udine in 1997 , relates to the first performance . There is only one documented early revival of L 'incoronazione , in Naples in 1651 . The fact that it was revived at all is noted by Carter as " remarkable , in an age where memories were short and large @-@ scale musical works often had limited currency beyond their immediate circumstance . " Thereafter there are no records of the work 's performance for more than 250 years . = = = Rediscovery = = = After two centuries in which Monteverdi had been largely forgotten as a composer of opera , interest in his theatrical works revived in the late 19th century . A shortened version of Orfeo was performed in Berlin in 1881 ; a few years later the Venice score of L 'incoronazione was rediscovered , leading to a surge of scholarly attention . In 1905 , in Paris , the French composer Vincent d 'Indy directed a concert performance of L 'incoronazione , limited to " the most beautiful and interesting parts of the work . " D 'Indy 's edition was published in 1908 , and his version was staged at the Théâtre des Arts , Paris , on 5 February 1913 , the first recorded theatrical performance of the work since 1651 . The work was not received uncritically ; the dramatist Romain Rolland , who had assisted d 'Indy , wrote that Monteverdi had " sacrifice [ d ] freedom and musical beauty to beauty of line . Here we no longer have the impalpable texture of musical poetry that we admire in Orfeo . " In April 1926 the German @-@ born composer Werner Josten directed the opera 's first American performance , at Smith College , Massachusetts where he was professor of music . His production was based on d 'Indy 's edition . The following year , on 27 October , L 'incoronazione received its British première , with a performance at Oxford Town Hall by members of the Oxford University Opera Club using a score edited by Jack Westrup . In the 1930s several editions of the opera were prepared by leading contemporary musicians , including Gustav Mahler 's son @-@ in @-@ law Ernst Krenek , Hans Redlich , Carl Orff ( who left his version incomplete ) , and Gian Francesco Malipiero . Malipiero 's edition was used to stage performances in Paris ( 1937 ) and Venice ( 1949 ) . The Redlich edition was performed at Morley College , London in 1948 , under the direction of Michael Tippett . Richard Strauss made reference to L 'incoronazione in the Act III music lesson scene of his 1935 opera , Die schweigsame Frau , completely recomposing the Act 2 , Scene 5 duet " Sento un certo non so che " in his own florid and late @-@ Romantic idiom as one of many uses of preexisting musical material to set an appreciably antique atmosphere by the standards of the time . In that scene , the duet is used as an excuse for the title role to flirt with her husband , in disguise as a singing teacher . Until the 1960s performances of L 'incoronazione were relatively rare in commercial opera theatres , but they became increasingly frequent in the decade that saw the quatercentenary of Monteverdi 's birth . The 1962 Glyndebourne Festival anticipated the quatercentenary with a lavish production using a new edition by Raymond Leppard . This version , controversially , was adapted for a large orchestra , and though it was enthusiastically received it has subsequently been described by Carter as a " travesty " , and its continuing use in some modern productions as indefensible . A version by Erich Kraack was conducted by Herbert von Karajan at the Vienna State Opera in 1963 ; the following decades saw performances at Lincoln Center in New York , Turin , Venice and a revival of the Leppard version at Glyndebourne . The Venice performance at La Fenice on 5 December 1980 was based on Alan Curtis 's new edition , described by Rosand as " the first to attempt a scholarly collation and rationalization of the sources " . The Curtis edition was used by Santa Fe Opera in August 1986 , in a production which according to The New York Times " gave music precedence over musicology " , resulting in a performance that was " rich and stunningly beautiful " . = = = Recent revivals = = = The 350th anniversary of Monteverdi 's death , celebrated in 1993 , brought a further wave of interest in his works , and since that time performances of L 'incoronazione have been given in opera houses and music festivals all over the world . In April 1994 the Juilliard School in New York presented a version based on Curtis 's edition , with an orchestra that mixed baroque and modern elements . The New York Times 's Allen Kozinn wrote that this production had done well to resolve daunting problems arising from Monteverdi 's having left instrumentation and scoring details open , and from the numerous competing versions of the score . In 2000 the work was chosen by Opéra de Montréal as the company 's first venture into baroque opera , with a performance directed by Renaud Doucet . Opera Canada reported that Doucet had found " a perfect rhetoric for a modern crowd , creating an atmosphere of moral ambivalence that the courtiers of Monteverdi 's day would have taken for granted . " Less successful , in the critics ' eyes , was the innovative English National Opera ( ENO ) production directed by Chen Shi @-@ Zheng in October 2007 . According to The London Evening Standard critic Fiona Maddocks the cast was strong , but they all seemed to be playing in the wrong roles . For unexplained reasons much of the action took place underwater ; at one point " a snorkeller flip @-@ flops across the stage in a harness . " Seneca " wore green Wellington boots and pushed a lawnmower " . At the end of 2007 , in his opera review of the year , The Daily Telegraph 's Rupert Christiansen compared ENO 's production unfavourably with a punk musical version of the opera that had been staged during that year 's Edinburgh Festival . In May 2008 L 'incoronazione returned to Glyndebourne in a new production by Robert Carsen , with Leppard 's large @-@ scale orchestration replaced by the period instruments of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment under Emmanuelle Haïm . The Organ 's reviewer praised the vocal quality of the performers , found Haim 's handling of the orchestra " a joy throughout " and declared the whole production " a blessed relief " after the previous year 's ENO staging . On 19 August the Glyndebourne singers and the orchestra , led by Haim , presented a semi @-@ staged version of the opera at the 2008 BBC Proms , at the Royal Albert Hall . Elsewhere the French @-@ based ensemble Les Arts Florissants , under its director William Christie , presented the Monteverdi trilogy of operas ( L 'Orfeo , Il ritorno d 'Ulisse and L 'incoronazione ) in the period 2008 – 10 , with a series of performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid . = = Music = = Written early in the history of opera , L 'incoronazione di Poppea broke new ground in matching music to stage action , and in its musical reproductions of the natural inflections of the human voice . Monteverdi uses all the means for vocal expression available to a composer of his time — aria , arioso , arietta , ensemble , recitative — although Ringer comments that in this work the boundaries between these forms are more than usually porous . These elements are woven into a continuous fabric which ensures that the music always serves the drama , while maintaining a tonal and formal unity throughout . The characters have	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
rup 's for the 1927 Oxford Town Hall performance ) have not been published . The following are the main published editions since 1904 . Years of publication often postdate the first performances from these editions . = Apothecaries ' system = The apothecaries ' system of weights is a historical system of mass units that were used by physicians and apothecaries for medical recipes , and also sometimes by scientists . The English version of the system is closely related with the English troy system of weights , the pound and grain being exactly the same in both . It divides a pound into 12 ounces , an ounce into 8 drachms , and a drachm into 3 scruples or 60 grains . This exact form of the system was used in the United Kingdom ; in some of its former colonies it survived well into the 20th century . The apothecaries ' system of measures is a similar system of volume units based on the fluid ounce . For a long time , medical recipes were written in Latin , often using special symbols to denote weights and measures . The use of different measure and weight systems depending on the purpose was an almost universal phenomenon in Europe between the decline of the Roman Empire and metrication . This was connected with international commerce , especially with the need to use the standards of the target market and to compensate for a common weighing practice that caused a difference between actual and nominal weight . In the 19th century , most European countries or cities still had at least a " commercial " or " civil " system ( such as the English avoirdupois system ) for general trading , and a second system ( such as the troy system ) for precious metals such as gold and silver . The system for precious metals was usually divided in a different way from the commercial system , often using special units such as the carat . More significantly , it was often based on different weight standards . The apothecaries ' system often used the same ounces as the precious metals system , although even then the number of ounces in a pound could be different . The apothecaries ' pound was divided into its own special units , which were inherited ( via influential treatises of Greek physicians such as Dioscorides and Galen , 1st and 2nd century ) from the general @-@ purpose weight system of the Romans . Where the apothecaries ' weights and the normal commercial weights were different , it was not always clear which of the two systems was used in trade between merchants and apothecaries , or by which system apothecaries weighed medicine when they actually sold it . In old merchants ' handbooks the former system is sometimes referred to as the pharmaceutical system , and distinguished from the apothecaries ' system . = = English @-@ speaking countries = = The traditional English apothecaries ' system of weights is as shown in the table , the pound , ounce and grain being identical to the troy pound , ounce and grain . In the United Kingdom , a reform in 1824 made the troy pound the primary weight unit ( a role in which it was superseded half a century later by the Avoirdupois pound ) , but this had no effect on apothecaries ' weights . However , the Medicinals Act of 1858 completely abolished the apothecaries ' system in favour of the standard Avoirdupois system . The confusing variety of definitions and conversions for pounds and ounces is covered elsewhere in a table of pound definitions . In the United States , the apothecaries ' system remained official until it was abolished in 1971 in favour of the metric system . From the pound down to the scruple , the English apothecaries ' system was a subset of the Roman weight system except that the troy pound and its subdivisions were slightly heavier than the Roman pound and its subdivisions . Similar systems were used all over Europe , but with considerable local variation described below under Variants . The English @-@ speaking countries also used a system of units of fluid measure , or in modern terminology volume units , based on the apothecaries ' system . A volume of liquid that was approximately that of an apothecaries ' ounce of water was called a fluid ounce , and was divided into fluid drachms and sometimes also fluid scruples . The analogue of the grain was called a minim . The Imperial and US systems differ in the size of the basic unit ( the gallon or the pint , one gallon being equal to eight pints ) , and in the number of fluid ounces per pint . Apothecaries ' systems for volumes were internationally much less common than those for weights . Before introduction of the Imperial Units in the UK , all apothecaries ' measures were based on the wine gallon , which survived in the US under the name liquid gallon or wet gallon . The wine gallon was abolished in Britain in 1824 , and this system was replaced by a new one based on the newly introduced Imperial gallon . Since the Imperial gallon is 20 % more than the liquid gallon , the same is true for the Imperial pint in relation to the liquid pint . This explains why the number of fluid ounces per gallon had to be adjusted in the new system so that the fluid ounce was not changed too much by the reform . Even so , the modern UK fluid ounce is 4 % less than the US fluid ounce , and the same is true for the smaller units . For some years both systems were used concurrently in the UK . Apothecaries ' measures eventually fell out of use in the UK and were officially abolished in 1971 . In the US , they are still occasionally used , for example with prescribed medicine being sold in four ounce ( ℥ iv ) bottles . = = Medical recipes = = Until around 1900 , medical recipes and most European pharmacopoeias were written in Latin . Here is a typical example from the middle of the 19th century . The use of Latin ensured that the recipes could be read by an international audience . There was a technical reason why 3 ʒ was written ʒiij , and 1 ⁄ 2 ʒ as ʒß or ʒss : The letters " ss " are an abbreviation for the Latin " semis " meaning " half " , which were sometimes written with a sharp S. In Apothecaries ' Latin , numbers were generally written , in Roman numerals , immediately following the symbol . Since only the units of the apothecaries ' system were used in this way , this made it clear that the civil weight system was not meant . = = Variants = = = = = Diversity of local standards = = = The basic form of the apothecaries ' system is essentially a subset of the Roman weight system . An apothecaries ' pound normally consisted of 12 ounces . ( In France this was changed to 16 ounces , and in Spain the customary unit was the marco , a mark of 8 ounces . ) In the south of Europe and in France , the scruple was generally divided into 24 grains , so that one ounce consisted of 576 grains . Nevertheless , the subdivision of an ounce was somewhat more uniform than that of a pound , and a common feature of all variants is that 12 ounces are roughly 100 drachms ( 96 – 128 drachms ) and a grain is roughly the weight of a physical grain . It is most convenient to compare the various local weight standards by the metric weights of their ounces . The actual mass of an ounce varied by ± 17 % ( 5 g ) around the typical value of 30 g . The table only shows approximate values for the most important standards ; even the same nominal standard could vary slightly between one city and its neighbour . The range from 25 g to 31 g is filled with numerous variants , especially the Italian range up to 28 g . But there is a relatively large gap between the troy ounces of 31 g and the Habsburg ounce of 35 g . The latter is the product of an 18th @-@ century weight reform . Even in Turkey a system of weights similar to the European apothecaries ' system was used for the same purpose . For medical purposes the tcheky ( approx . 320 g ) was divided in 100 drachms , and the drachm in ( 16 killos or ) 64 grains . This is close to the classical Greek weight system , where a mina ( corresponding roughly to a Roman libra ) was also divided into 100 drachms . With the beginning of metrication , some countries standardized their apothecaries ' pound to an easily remembered multiple of the French gramme . E.g. in the Netherlands the Dutch troy pound of 369 @.@ 1 g was standardized in 1820 to 375 @.@ 000 g , to match a similar reform in France . The British troy pound retained its value of 373 @.@ 202 g until in 2000 it was legally defined in metric terms , as 373 @.@ 2417216 g . ( At this time its use was already illegal for all purposes except trading precious metals . ) = = = Basic variants = = = In the Romance speaking part of Europe the scruple was divided in 24 grains , in the rest of Europe in 20 grains . Notable exceptions were Venice and Sicily , where the scruple was also divided in 20 grains . The Sicilian apothecaries ' ounce was divided in 10 drachms . Since the scruple was divided in only 20 grains , like in the northern countries , an ounce consisted of 600 grains . This was not too different from the situation in most of the other mediterranean countries , where an ounce consisted of 576 grains . In France , at some stage the apothecaries ' pound of 12 ounces was replaced by the larger civil pound of 16 ounces . The subdivisions of the apothecaries ' ounce were the same as in the other Romance countries , however , and were different from the subdivisions of the otherwise identical civil ounce . = = Origins = = = = = Roman weight system = = = The basic apothecaries ' system consists of the units pound , ounce and scruple from the classical Roman weight system , together with the originally Greek drachm and a new subdivision of the scruple into either 20 ( " barley " ) or 24 ( " wheat " ) grains ( Latin : grana ) . In some countries other units of the original system remained in use , for example in Spain the obolo and siliqua . In some cases the apothecaries ' and civil weight systems had the same ounces ( " an ounce is an ounce " ) , but the civil pound consisted of 16 ounces . Siliqua is Latin for the seed of the carob tree . Many attempts were made to reconstruct the exact mass of the Roman pound . One method for doing this consists in weighing old coins ; another uses the fact that Roman weight units were derived from Roman units of length similarly to the way the kilogramme was originally derived from the metre , i.e. by weighing a known volume of water . Nowadays the Roman pound is often given as 327 @.@ 45 g , but one should keep in mind that ( apart from the other uncertainties that come with such a reconstruction ) the Roman weight standard is unlikely to have remained constant to such a precision over the centuries , and that the provinces often had somewhat inexact copies of the standard . The weight and subdivision of the pound in the Holy Roman Empire was reformed by Charlemagne , but in the Byzantine Empire it remained essentially the same . Since Byzantine coins circulated up to Scandinavia , the old Roman standard continued to be influential through the Middle Ages . = = = Weight system of Salerno = = = The history of mediaeval medicine started roughly around the year 1000 with the school of medicine in Salerno , which combined elements of Latin , Greek , Arabic and Jewish medicine . Galen and Dioscorides ( who had used the Graeco @-@ Roman weight system ) were among the most important authorities , but also Arabic physicians , whose works were systematically translated into Latin . According to De ponderibus et mensuris , a famous 13th century text that exists in numerous variations and is often ascribed to Dino di Garbo , the system of weights used in Salerno was different from the systems used in Padua and Bologna . As can be seen from the table , it was also different from the Roman weight system used by Galenus and Dioscorides and from all modern apothecaries ' systems : The ounce was divided into 9 drachms , rather than 8 drachms . Centuries later , the region around Salerno was the only exception to the rule that ( except for skipping units that had regionally fallen out of use ) the apothecaries ' ounce was subdivided down to the scruple in exactly the same way as in the Roman system : It divided the ounce into 10 drachms . = = Romance countries = = While there will naturally have been some changes throughout the centuries , this section only tries to give a general overview over the situation that was recorded in detail in numerous 19th century merchants ' handbooks . Iberian Peninsula On the Iberian Peninsula , apothecaries ' weights in the 19th century were relatively uniform , with 24 grains per scruple ( 576 grains per ounce ) , the standard in Romance countries . The weight of an apothecaries ' pound was 345 @.@ 1 g in Spain and 344 @.@ 2 g in Portugal . As in Italy , some of the additional subdivisions of the Roman system , such as the obolo , were still in use there . It was standard to use the marco , defined as 8 ounces , instead of the pound . France In 18th century France , there was a national weight standard , the marc de Paris of 8 ounces . The civil pound of 16 ounces was equivalent to 2 marks , and it was also used as the apothecaries ' pound . With 30 @.@ 6 g , the ounces were considerably heavier than other apothecaries ' ounces in Romance countries , but otherwise the French system was not remarkable . Its history and connections to the English and Flemish standards are discussed below under Weight standards named after Troyes . Italy Due in part to the political conditions in what would become a united Kingdom of Italy only in 1861 , the variation of apothecaries ' systems and standard weights in this region was enormous . ( For background information , see History of Italy during foreign domination and the unification . ) The libbra ( pound ) generally consisted of the standard twelve ounces , however . The civil weight systems were generally very similar to the apothecaries ' system , and since the libbra ( or the libbra sottile , where different systems were in use for light and heavy goods ) generally had a suitable weight for an apothecaries ' pound it was often used for this purpose . Extreme cases were Rome and Genoa , where the same system was used for everything , including medicine . On the other hand , there were relatively large differences even between two cities in the same state . E.g. Bologna ( in the Papal States ) had an apothecaries ' pound that was less than the local civil pound , and 4 % lighter than the pound used in Rome . The weight of an apothecaries ' pound ranged generally between 300 g and 320 g , slightly less than that of a pound in the Roman Empire . An important exception to this rule is that the Kingdom of Lombardy – Venetia was under rule of the Habsburg monarchy 1814 – 1859 and therefore had the extremely large Habsburg apothecaries ' pound of 420 g . ( See below under Habsburg standard . ) E.g. in the large city of Milan the apothecaries ' system based on a pound of 326 @.@ 8 g was officially replaced by the metric system as early as 1803 , because Milan was part of the Napoleonic Italian Republic . Since the successor of this little state , the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy , fell to Habsburg in 1814 ( at a time when even in France the système usuel had been introduced because the metric system was not accepted by the population ) , an apothecaries ' system was officially introduced again , but now based on the Habsburg apothecaries ' pound , which weighed almost 30 % more . The apothecaries ' pound in Venice had exactly the same subdivisions as those in the non @-@ Romance countries , but its total weight of 301 g was at the bottom of the range . During the Habsburg reign of 1814 – 1859 an exception was made for Venice ; as a result the extreme weights of 301 g and 420 g coexisted within one state and in immediate proximity . The Venice standard was also used elsewhere , for example in Udine . In Dubrovnik ( called " Ragusa " until 1909 ) its use was partially continued for a long time in spite of the official Habsburg weight reform . The measure and weight systems for the large mainland part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies were unified in 1840 . The area consisted of the southern half of the Italian Peninsula and included Naples and Salerno . The subdivision of apothecaries ' weight in the unified system was essentially the same as that for gold , silver , coins and silk . It was the most excentric variant in that the ounce was divided in 10 drachms , rather than the usual 8 . The scruple , like in Venice but unlike in the rest of the Romance region , was divided into 20 grains . The existence of a unit called aureo , the equivalent of 1 ½ dramme , is interesting because 6 aurei were 9 dramme . In the original Salerno weight system an ounce was divided into 9 drachms , and so an aureo would have been ⅙ of an ounce . = = Troyes , Nuremberg and Habsburg = = = = = Weight standards named after Troyes = = = As early as 1147 in Troyes in Champagne ( in the Middle Ages an important trading town ) a unit of weight called marc de Troyes was used . The national French standard until 1799 was based on a famous artefact called the Pile de Charlemagne , which probably dates back to the second half of the 15th century . It is an elaborate set of nesting weight pieces , with a total metric weight of 12 @.@ 238 kg . The set is now shown in the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris . The total nominal value of the set is 50 marcs de Troyes or marcs de Paris , a mark being 8 ounces . The ounce poids de marc had therefore a metric equivalent of 30 @.@ 59 g . The poids de marc was used as a national French standard for trading , for gold , silver and jewels , and for weighing medicine . It was also used in international communications between scientists . In the time before the French Revolution , the civil pound also played the role of the apothecaries ' pound in the French apothecaries ' system , which otherwise remained a standard system of the Romance ( 24 grains per scruple ) type . In Bruges , Amsterdam , Antwerpen and other Flemish cities , a " troy " unit ( " trooisch pond " ) was also in use as a standard for valuable materials and medicine . As in France , the way in which the Flemish troy ounce was subdivided depended on what was weighed . Unlike the French , the Flemish apothecaries divided the scruple in 20 grains . The Flemish troy pound became the standard for the gold and apothecaries ' system in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands ; it was also used in this way in Lübeck . ( The London troy pound was referred to as the ' trooisch pond ' , after metrification . ) The Dutch troy mark consisted of 8 Flemish troy ounces , with each ounce of 20 engels , and each engel divided into 32 assen . The Amsterdam Pound of two marks , used in commerce , weighed 10 @,@ 280 assen , while the Amsterdam Troy pound weighed 10 @,@ 240 assen , i.e. exactly two troy marks . In 1414 , six years before the Treaty of Troyes , a statute of Henry V of England gave directions to the goldsmiths in terms of the troy pound . ( In 1304 it had apparently not yet been introduced , since it did not appear in the statute of weights and measures . ) There is evidence from the 15th century that the troy pound was used for weighing metals and spices . After the abolishment of the Tower pound in 1527 by Henry VIII of England , the troy pound was the official basis for English coin weights . The British apothecaries ' system was based on the troy pound until metrication , and it survived in the United States and Australia well into the 20th century . Since the modern ( English , American and Imperial ) troy ounces are roughly 1 @.@ 5 % heavier than the late Paris ounce , the exact historical relations between the original marc de Troyes , the French poids de marc , the Flemish trooisch pond and the English troy pound are unclear . It is known , however , that the numerical relation between the English and French troy ounces was exactly 64 : 63 in the 14th century . = = = Nuremberg standard = = = In the Middle Ages the Imperial Free City of Nuremberg , an important trading place in the south of Germany , produced large amounts of nesting weight pieces to various European standards . In the 1540s , the first pharmacopoeia in the modern sense was also printed there . In 1555 , a weight standard for the apothecaries ' pound of 12 ounces was set in Nuremberg . Under the name Nuremberg pharmaceutical weight ( German : Nürnberger Medizinalgewicht ) it would become the standard for most of the north @-@ east of Europe . However , some cities kept local copies of the standard . As of 1800 all German states and cities except Lübeck ( which had the Dutch troy standard ) followed the Nuremberg standard . It was also the standard for Denmark , Norway , the Russian Empire and most cantons of Switzerland . Poland and Sweden had their own variants of the standard , which differed from each other by 0 @.@ 6 % . In 1811 , Bavaria legally defined the apothecaries ' pound as 360 @.@ 00 g ( an ounce of 30 @.@ 00 g ) . In 1815 , Nuremberg lost its status as a free city and became part of Bavaria . From now on the Nuremberg apothecaries ' pound was no longer the official apothecaries ' pound in Nuremberg ; but the difference was only 0 @.@ 6 % . In 1836 the Greek apothecaries ' pound was officially defined by this standard , four years after Otto , the son of the king of Bavaria , became the first king of Greece . But only few German states followed the example of Bavaria , and with a long delay . The apothecaries ' pound of 360 g was also adopted in Lübeck , where it was official as of 1861 . Austria and the states of the Habsburg monarchy officially had a different standard since 1761 , and Prussia , followed by its neighbours Anhalt , Lippe and Mecklenburg , would diverge in the opposite direction with a reform in 1816 . But in both cases apothecaries continued to use the Nuremberg standard unofficially for a long time after it became illegal . In Russia the apothecaries ' system survived well into the 20th century . The Soviet Union officially abolished it only in January 1927 . = = = Habsburg standard = = = Empress Maria Theresia of Austria reformed the measures and weights of the Habsburg monarchy in 1761 . The weight of an apothecaries ' pound of 12 ounces was increased to a value that was later ( after the kilogramme was defined ) found to be 420 @.@ 009 g ; this was called the libra medicinalis major . It was defined as 3 / 4 of the unusually heavy Habsburg civil pound ( defined as 6 / 5 of the civil pound of Cologne ) and corresponded to a record ounce weight of 35 g . Before the reform , in the north of the empire the Nuremberg standard had been in effect , and in Italy the local standards had been even lighter . It is not surprising that an increase by 17 % and more met with some inertia . The 1770 edition of the pharmacopoeia Dispensatorium Austriaco @-@ Viennense still used the Nuremberg standard libra medicinalis minor , indicating that even in the Austrian capital Vienna it took some time for the reform to become effective . In 1774 , the Pharmacopoea Austriaco @-@ provincialis used the new standard , and in 1783 all old apothecaries ' weight pieces that were still in use were directed to be destroyed . Venice was not part of these reforms and kept its standard of approximately 25 g per ounce . When Austria started producing scales and weight pieces to the new standard with an excellent quality / price ratio , these were occasionally used by German apothecaries as well . = = Metrication = = = = = Early metrication = = = At the time of the Industrial Revolution , the fact that each state had its own system of weights and measures became increasingly problematic . Serious work on a " scientific " system was started in France under Louis XVI , and completed in 1799 ( after the French Revolution ) with its implementation . The French population , however , was initially unhappy with the new system . In 1812 , Napoleon Bonaparte reintroduced some of the old measures and weights , but in a modified form that was defined with respect to the metric system . This système usuel was finally abolished in 1837 and became illegal in 1840 . Due to the large expansion of the First French Empire under Napoleon I , French metrication also affected what would be ( parts of ) France 's neighbour countries after the Congress of Vienna . The Netherlands were partially metricated when they were French , in the years 1810 – 1813 . With full metrication , effective January 1821 , the Netherlands reformed the trooisch pond . The apothecaries ' new pound was 375 @.@ 00 g . Apart from rounding issues concerning the subdivisions , this corresponded exactly to the French système usuel . ( The reform was not followed in the north German city of Lübeck , which continued to use the trooisch pond . ) In Belgium , apothecaries ' weight was metricized effective 1856 . Between 1803 and 1815 all German regions west of the River Rhine were French , organised in the départements Roer , Sarre , Rhin @-@ et @-@ Moselle , and Mont @-@ Tonnerre . As a result of the Congress of Vienna these became part of various German states . A large part of the Palatinate fell to Bavaria , but having the metric system it was excepted from the Bavarian reform of weights and measures . = = = Prussia 's path to metrication = = = In Prussia , a reform in 1816 defined the Prussian civil pound in terms of the Prussian foot and distilled water . It also redefined the apothecaries ' pound as 12 ounces , i.e. 3 / 4 , of the civil pound : 350 @.@ 78 g . This reform was not popular with apothecaries , because it broke the uniformity of the apothecaries ' pound in Germany at a time when a German national state was beginning to form . It seems that many apothecaries did not follow this reduction by 2 % . Another reform in 1856 increased the civil pound from 467 @.@ 711 g to 500 @.@ 000 g ( the German civil pound defined by the Zollverein ) , as a first step towards metrication . As a consequence the official apothecaries ' pound was now 375 @.@ 000 g , i.e. it was increased by 7 % , and it was now very close to the troy standards . § 4 of the law that introduced this reform said : " Further , a pharmaceutical weight deviating from the civil weight does not take place . " But this paragraph was suspended until further notice . The abolishment of the apothecaries ' system meant that doctors ' prescriptions had to take place in terms of the current civil weight : grammes and kilograms . This was considered unfeasible by many , and the state received numerous protests and asked for expertises . Nevertheless , by 1868 § 4 of the earlier reform was finally put into force . = = = Metrication in countries using the troy and avoirdupois systems = = = Britain was initially involved in the development of the metric system , and the US was among the 17 initial signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875 . Yet in spite of enthusiastic support for the new system by intellectuals such as Charles Dickens , these two countries were particularly slow to implement it . To unify all weight systems used by apothecaries , the Irish pharmacopœia of 1850 introduced a new variant of the apothecaries ' system which subdivided a new apothecaries ' pound of 12 avoirdupois ounces instead of the troy pound . To allow effective use of the new system , new weight pieces were produced . Since an avoirdupois ounce corresponds to 28 @.@ 35 g , the proposed system was very similar to that in use in Portugal and Spain , and in some locations in Italy . But it would have doubled the value of the avoirdupois drachm ( an existing unit , but by then only used for weighing silk ) . Therefore , it conflicted with other non @-@ standard variations that were based on that nearly obsolete unit . The Irish proposal was not widely adopted , but British legislation , in the form of the Medicinals Act 1858 , was more radical : It prescribed the use of the avoirdupois system for the United Kingdom ( then including Ireland ) , with none of the traditional subdivisions . This innovation was first used in the united British pharmacopœia of 1864 . In practice the old apothecaries ' system based on the troy pound was still widely used , however , until it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act of 1976 . Since then it can only be used to measure precious metals and stones . ( The troy pound was already declared illegal for most other uses by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878 . ) In the US , the metric system replaced the apothecaries ' system in the United States Pharmacopoeia of 1971 . = First Ward Wardroom = The First Ward Wardroom is a historic meeting hall at 171 Fountain Street in Pawtucket , Rhode Island . It is a single @-@ story red brick building , with a low @-@ pitch gable @-@ over @-@ hipped roof . Basically rectangular , an enclosed entry pavilion projects from the main block . The building , designed by William R. Walker & Son and built in 1886 , is one of only three ward halls ( structures built by the city and used as polling places and meeting halls ) to survive in the state . Since about 1920 it has been the Major Walter G. Gatchell Post No. 306 of the Veterans of Foreign Wars . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . = = Design = = Designed by William R. Walker & Son and constructed by S. Mason & H. A. Smith in 1886 , the one story red brick Queen Anne style building is basically rectangular with a low @-@ pitched gable @-@ over @-@ hipped roof . The red bricks are laid in dark red mortar and is contrasted by the granite sill course and the now painted grey brownstone stringcourse , window sills and lintels and the lintels of the doors . The enclosed entry pavilion projects from the main block with two porches oriented to face Fountain Street and Blake Street . Three arched double hung windows with two @-@ over @-@ two sash run along the sides of the building with three smaller windows are in the entry pavilion . At the time of the National Register of Historic Places nomination , these smaller windows were boarded up and the porch oriented to Fountain Street was bricked in with the buildings original materials . One original eight @-@ panel door remained on the Blake Street entry porch , but the rest of the exterior details were extant , including the boarded pavilion pediment with " 1st Ward " in raised lettering . National Register of Historic Places nomination states that the interior of the building originally opened into a large meeting hall with some auxiliary service rooms at the rear of the building , but did not disclose any alterations made to the interior . = = Use = = The Fifth Ward Wardroom was constructed and used as a polling place and meeting hall in a critical time when Pawtucket was incorporated as a city before becoming the Major Walter G. Gatchell Post No. 306 of the Veterans of Foreign Wars . Since about 1920 , the Gatchell Post has occupied the First Ward Wardroom , but the property is owned by the City of Pawtucket . In 2013 , the building was in need of significant roof repairs and the Gatchell Post reached out to the community to help raise the necessary funds . = = Significance = = The First Ward Wardroom is significant as a historical reminder of the pivotal time in which Pawtucket was incorporated as a city and gave up its town @-@ meeting form of governance . The building is also architecturally significant as a rare type of building , wardrooms , and is one of three extant examples in Rhode Island . William R. Walker & Son constructed three such structures in Pawtucket with the Fifth Ward Wardroom being extant and the third example having been demolished . Though both constructed by William R. Walker & Son , the two Pawtucket wardrooms are related , but not identical in construction and show variations by the firm . Another wardroom , with a bungalow style , is located in the Cato Hill Historic District in Woonsocket , Rhode Island . The First Ward Wardroom was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 18 , 1983 . = Half @-@ Life 2 : Episode One = Half @-@ Life 2 : Episode One is a first @-@ person shooter video game , the first in a series of episodes that serve as the sequel to the 2004 Half @-@ Life 2 . It was developed by Valve Corporation and released on June 1 , 2006 . Originally called Half @-@ Life 2 : Aftermath , the game was later renamed to Episode One after Valve became confident in using an episodic structure for the game . Similar to Half @-@ Life 2 , Episode One also uses the Source game engine . The game debuted new lighting and animation technologies , as well as AI sidekick enhancements . The game 's events take place immediately after those in Half @-@ Life 2 , in and around war @-@ torn City 17 . Episode One follows scientist Gordon Freeman and his companion Alyx Vance as they fight in humanity 's continuing struggle against the alien civilization known as the Combine . When the story begins , Gordon wakes up outside the enemy 's base of operations , the Citadel , after being left unconscious from the concluding events of Half @-@ Life 2 . During the course of the game , Gordon travels with Alyx as they attempt to evacuate the city . As the game comes to an end , Gordon and Alyx are caught in a major accident , and their fates are revealed in the sequel , Episode Two . Valve views episodes One through Three as tantamount to a standalone release . Episode One is available as part of a bundle package known as The Orange Box , which also includes Half @-@ Life 2 , Episode Two , Team Fortress 2 , and Portal . Episode One received a generally positive critical reaction , and the co @-@ operative aspects of the gameplay received particular praise , although the game 's short length was criticized . = = Gameplay = = In Episode One players make their way through a linear series of levels and encounter various enemies and allies . The gameplay is broken up between combat @-@ oriented challenges and physics @-@ based puzzles . Episode One integrates tutorial @-@ like tasks into the story to familiarize the player with new gameplay mechanics without breaking immersion . A head @-@ up display appears on the screen to display the character 's health , energy , and ammunition . Throughout the course of the game , the player accesses new weapons and ammunition that are used to defend the character from enemy forces . Unlike in Half @-@ Life 2 , where Gordon 's initial weapon is the crowbar , Gordon first acquires the Gravity Gun , which plays a crucial role in the game by allowing the player to use physics to manipulate objects at a distance in both combat and puzzle @-@ solving scenarios . The AI for Alyx Vance , Gordon 's companion , was designed specifically for co @-@ operative play in Episode One to complement the player 's abilities . The developers described Alyx 's programming for Episode One as a " personality code " as opposed to an " AI code " , emphasizing the attention they gave to make Alyx a unique and believable companion . For part of the code , she was specifically programmed to avoid performing too many mechanical or repetitive actions , such as repeating lines of dialogue or performing certain routines in combat situations . Examples of this co @-@ operative gameplay include combat in underground levels . In this scenario , the player can conserve their ammunition by using a flashlight to help Alyx spot and kill oncoming enemies . Similarly , Alyx will often take up strategic positions and provide covering fire to keep the player safe while they travel to a certain area or perform certain actions . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = The original Half @-@ Life takes place at a remote laboratory called the Black Mesa Research Facility . The player takes on the role of Gordon Freeman , a scientist involved in an accident that opens an inter @-@ dimensional portal to the world of Xen and floods the facility with hostile alien creatures . After the player guides him in an attempt to escape the facility and close the portal , the game ends with a mysterious figure who offers Freeman employment . The protagonist is subsequently put into stasis by this mysterious character known as the G @-@ Man . Half @-@ Life 2 picks up the story , in which the G @-@ Man takes Freeman out of stasis and inserts him on a train en route to City 17 an indeterminate number of years after the events of the first game , with Earth now enslaved by the transhuman forces of the Combine . The player guides Gordon to aid in humanity 's struggle against the Combine and its human representative , Dr. Wallace Breen . He oversees the occupation from his base of operations in the Citadel , a monolithic building at the heart of City 17 . Fighting alongside Gordon is an underground resistance led by former colleague Dr. Eli Vance , as well other allies including Dr. Vance 's daughter Alyx Vance and the enigmatic Vortigaunts , an alien species . Half @-@ Life 2 ends with a climactic battle atop the Citadel that inflicts critical damage to its dark fusion reactor . When it seems as if Alyx and Gordon are to be engulfed by the explosion , the G @-@ Man appears once more . After giving a cryptic speech , he extracts Gordon from danger and places him in stasis once again . = = = Plot = = = After the explosion of the Citadel reactor from which Gordon was extracted by the G @-@ Man and where Alyx Vance was left behind , time suddenly freezes . Several Vortigaunts appear and rescue Alyx from the blast . After she is rescued , the Vortigaunts appear before the G @-@ Man and stand between him and Gordon . They teleport Gordon away from the scene , much to the G @-@ Man 's displeasure . D0g retrieves Gordon out from under some junk outside the Citadel , and Gordon reunites with Alyx , who is relieved to see him . Alyx contacts Eli Vance and Isaac Kleiner , who have escaped the city , and is informed the Citadel 's core is at risk of exploding at any moment . Kleiner states the explosion could be large enough to level the whole of City 17 , and the only way for them to survive is to re @-@ enter the Citadel and slow the core 's progression toward meltdown . Eli reluctantly agrees when he sees no other option . Alyx and Gordon re @-@ enter the now @-@ decaying Citadel to try to stabilize the core ; Gordon is successful in re @-@ engaging the reactor 's containment field , which delays the explosion . Alyx discovers the Combine are deliberately accelerating the destruction of the Citadel to send a " transmission packet " to the Combine 's homeworld . She downloads a copy of the message , which causes the Combine to prioritize them as targets . Alyx also downloads a transmission from Dr. Judith Mossman , in which she mentions a " project " she has located , before she is cut off by a Combine attack . Afterwards , Alyx and Gordon board a train to escape the Citadel . The train derails en route , forcing the duo to proceed on foot . As they fight through the disorganized Combine forces and rampant alien infestations , Kleiner appears on the screens Breen once used to pass out propaganda , and gives out useful updates to the evacuating citizens about the latest turn of events as well as reiterating the Citadel 's imminent collapse . Alyx and Gordon eventually meet up with Barney Calhoun and a group of other survivors who are preparing to move on a train station to escape City 17 . Alyx and Gordon provide cover for the passengers as they board . To keep the survivors safe , Alyx and Gordon opt to take a different train . They manage to escape just as the reactor begins to detonate ; the energy sends out the Combine 's message . Several pods containing Combine Advisors are ejected from the Citadel as it detonates . The resulting shockwave catches the train , derailing it . = = Development = = Half @-@ Life 2 : Episode One is the first in a trilogy of episodes serving as the sequel of the 2004 first @-@ person shooter video game Half @-@ Life 2 . In February 2006 , Valve announced that they would be releasing a trilogy of episodes covering the same story arc . While the plots and dialogue of Half @-@ Life and Half @-@ Life 2 were written solely by Valve 's in @-@ house writer Marc Laidlaw , the Half @-@ Life 2 Episodes were collaboratively written by Laidlaw , Chet Faliszek , and Erik Wolpaw , with Laidlaw retaining overall leadership of the group . Valve explained that the focus of Episode One was character development , in particular that of Gordon 's female sidekick and friend Alyx , because she accompanies the player for virtually the entire game . Project lead Robin Walker discussed the reasoning behind this approach in an article announcing the game in the May 2005 issue of PC Gamer UK , saying , " It 's kind of ironic that despite so much of the theme of Half @-@ Life 2 being about other characters and other people , you spent most of the game alone . " Lead writer Marc Laidlaw expanded further on the game 's premise , saying , Episode One deals with the events and issues set in motion during Half @-@ Life 2 . You 've done critical damage to the Citadel . The whole place is going to go up , taking out City 17 and what 's in its immediate radius . You and Alyx are leading the flight from the city getting up close and personal with some of the creatures and sights from the end of the game . It was later confirmed that players would reprise the role of Gordon Freeman , unlike the original Half @-@ Life expansion packs , which all dealt with different characters . Valve decided to develop Episode One in @-@ house , as opposed to working with outside contractors as with previous expansions , because the company was already comfortable with the technology and construction tools of Half @-@ Life 2 . Because of Alyx 's significant involvement in the game , Valve made modifications to her AI that allowed her to react to the player 's actions . Modifications include commentating on objects the player manipulates or obstacles they have overcome . She also acts as an important device in both plot exposition and directing the player 's journey , often vocalizing what the player is required to do next to progress . The developers explained that a large part of their focus was creating not only a believable companion for the player , but also one that did not obstruct the player 's actions . They wanted to allow the player to dictate his / her own pace and method of overcoming any challenges faced without being hindered . This meant that Valve often had to scale back Alyx 's input and dialogue during the player 's journey so they would not feel pressured to progress and consequently object to her presence . The developers also placed what they described as hero moments throughout the game , which allow the player to single @-@ handedly overcome obstacles such as particularly challenging enemies , during which Alyx takes the role of an observer and gives the player praise and adulation for their heroic feats . Play testers were used extensively by the developers throughout the entirety of the game 's creation in order for Valve to continually gauge the effectiveness of in @-@ game scenarios as well as the difficulty . The game runs on an upgraded version of Valve 's proprietary Source engine , and features both the engine 's advanced lighting effects , and a new version of its facial animation / expression technology . Upgrades to enemy AI allow Combine soldiers to utilize tactics previously unavailable to them . For example , Combine soldiers were given the ability to crouch while being fired upon in order to duck underneath the player 's line of fire . The game 's soundtrack was composed by Kelly Bailey . The music is used sparingly throughout ; it plays primarily during scenes of major plot developments or particularly important action sequences such as large battles or when encountering a new enemy . While no new locales were introduced in Episode One , large alterations were made to the appearance of both City 17 where the game takes place and the Citadel from the end of Half @-@ Life 2 to reflect the changing shape of the world and remind the player that their actions have major effects on the story line . The Citadel has degenerated from the cold , alien , and imposing fortress of the previous game into an extremely unstable state . This provides a visual cue to the player of the catastrophic damage they inflicted , and it allows for the introduction of new gameplay elements that accentuate the dangers which come with the Citadel 's imminent collapse . In addition , it serves a thematic purpose by highlighting the weakening of the Combine 's dominance in City 17 . Likewise , City 17 has been altered to reflect the aftermath of the resistance 's open rebellion , with vast swathes of destroyed buildings , and the introduction of foes previously kept outside its confines in Half @-@ Life 2 to emphasize the scale of the uprising . = = Release and reception = = Upon release , Episode One was sold in both retail stores and Valve 's online Steam distribution system , where it was sold at a discount price . The game was also distributed by Electronic Arts as both a standalone release and as part of Half @-@ Life 2 : Platinum Collection . It was available for pre @-@ load and pre @-@ purchase through Steam on May 1 , 2006 , with Half @-@ Life Deathmatch : Source and Half @-@ Life 2 : Deathmatch immediately available for play as part of the package . Episode One is available as part of a bundle package known as The Orange Box , which also includes Half @-@ Life 2 , Episode Two , Team Fortress 2 , and Portal ; and is available for Mac , PC , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 . About 1 @.@ 4 million retail copies of Episode One were sold by 2008 . Response to Episode One was generally positive , and reviewers praised the game for having more intricate , well @-@ paced gameplay than Half @-@ Life 2 . The game 's interactivity , particularly in the form of Alyx and her reactions to the player 's actions and the events of the game , was also singled out for praise . PC Gamer commented that " while this inaugural episode may not be the essential FPS that Half @-@ Life 2 is , I can 't imagine any shooter fan who 'd want to miss it . " In its review , PC Gamer UK directed particular praise to the balance between puzzle @-@ oriented and action @-@ oriented challenges throughout the game . In Australia , the magazine PC PowerPlay awarded the game 10 out of 10 . Edge praised the " deftness " with which the game was able to direct the player 's eyes , and the strength of Alyx as a companion , concluding , " In an interactive genre bound to the traditions of the pop @-@ up gun and invisible hero , it simply doesn 't get more sophisticated than this . " Episode One earned a scores of 87 / 100 and 85 @.@ 59 % on review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings respectively . IGN awarded Episode One with the title of " Best PC FPS of 2006 " and described it as a " great bang for the buck using Valve 's new episodic plan " , although it did not offer " the complete experience that Half @-@ Life 2 was " . GameSpy ranked Episode One ninth on its 2006 " Games of the Year " list , and it also noted the implementation of Alyx as a believable and useful companion . A common criticism of the game is its short length . Episode One takes roughly 4 – 6 hours to complete , which raises the issue of whether the game justifies its price . Computer Games Magazine argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature ; as the first part of a three @-@ part story arc , it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product . Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons . = Pilot whale = Pilot whales are cetaceans belonging to the genus Globicephala . The two extant species are the long @-@ finned pilot whale ( G. melas ) and the short @-@ finned pilot whale ( G. macrorhynchus ) . The two are not readily distinguished at sea , and analysis of the skulls is the best way to tell the difference between them . Between the two species , pilot whales range in waters nearly worldwide , with long @-@ finned pilot whales living in cold waters and short @-@ finned pilot whales living in tropical and subtropical waters . Pilot whales are among the largest of the oceanic dolphins , exceeded in size only by the killer whale . They and other large members of the dolphin family are also known as blackfish . Pilot whales are primarily squid eaters , but will feed on fish , as well . They are also highly social , and studies suggest that both males and females remain in their mothers ' pods , an unusual trait among mammals , also found in certain killer whale communities . Short @-@ finned pilot whales are also one of the few mammal species where females go through menopause , and postreproductive females may contribute to the survival of younger members of their pods . Pilot whales are notorious for stranding themselves on beaches , and are among the most common cetacean stranders . Several theories have been proposed to account for this behavior . The status of both species is not understood , and they have been subject to direct and indirect catches by fisheries . Whalers in a few countries continue to hunt pilot whales . = = Taxonomy and naming = = Pilot whales are classified into two species : Long @-@ finned pilot whale ( Globicephala melas ) Short @-@ finned pilot whale ( Globicephala macrorhynchus ) . The short @-@ finned pilot whale was described , from skeletal materials only , by John Edward Gray in 1846 . He presumed from the skeleton that the whale had a large beak . The long @-@ finned pilot whale was first classified by Thomas Stewart Traill in 1809 as Delphinus melas . Its scientific name was eventually changed to Globicephala melaena . Since 1986 , the specific name of the long @-@ finned pilot whale was changed to its original form melas . Other species classifications have been proposed but only two have been accepted . There exist geographic forms of short @-@ finned pilot whales off the east coast of Japan , which comprise genetically isolated stocks . Fossils of an extinct relative , Globicephala baereckeii , have been found in Pleistocene deposits in Florida . Another Globicephala dolphin was discovered in Pliocene strata in Tuscany , Italy , and was named G. eturia . The pilot whales were also close relatives of the extinct blunt @-@ snouted dolphin . Close living relatives of the pilot whales are the melon @-@ headed whale , the pygmy killer whale , the false killer whale , and Risso 's dolphin . Evolution of Tappanaga , the endemic , larger form of short @-@ finned pilots found in northern Japan have been indicated that the geniture of this form could be caused by the extinction of Long @-@ finned pilots in north Pacific in the 12th century where Magondou , the smaller , southern type possibly filled the former niches of Long @-@ finned pilots , adapting and colonizing into colder waters . Some claims that the Tappanaga , alternatively called Shiogondou are not adapted form of Short @-@ finned pilots but a distinctive species of their own . Today , Tappanaga and Magondou differentiate their respective distributions by the border at around the oceanic front off Chōshi , Chiba . The animals were named " pilot whales " because pods were believed to be " piloted " by a leader . They are also called " pothead whales " and " blackfish " . The genus name is a combination of the Latin words globus ( " round ball " or " globe " ) and kephale ( " head " ) . Melas is Greek for " black " and macrorhynchus comes from the Greek words macro ( " enlarged " ) and rhynchus ( " snout " or " beak " ) . = = Description = = Pilot whales are mostly dark grey , brown , or black , but have some light areas such as a grey saddle patch behind the dorsal fin . Other light areas are an anchor @-@ shaped patch under the chin , a faint blaze marking behind the eye , a large marking on the belly , and a genital patch . The dorsal fin is set forward on the back and sweeps backwards . A pilot whale is more robust than most dolphins , and has a distinctive large , bulbous melon . Pilot whales ' long , sickle @-@ shaped flippers and tail stocks are flattened from side to side . Male long @-@ finned pilot whales develop more circular melons than females , although this does not seem to be the case for short @-@ finned pilot whales off the Pacific coast of Japan . Long - and short @-@ finned pilot whales are so similar , it is difficult to tell the two species apart . They were traditionally differentiated by the length of the pectoral flippers relative to total body length and the number of teeth . The long @-@ finned pilot whale was thought to have 9 – 12 teeth in each row and flippers one @-@ fifth of total body length , compared to the short @-@ finned pilot whale with its 7 – 9 teeth in each row and flippers one @-@ sixth of total body length . Studies of whales in the Atlantic showed much overlap in these characteristics between the species , making them clines instead of distinctive features . Thus , biologists have since used skull differences to distinguish the two species . The skull of the short @-@ finned pilot whale has a shorter and broader rostum with a premaxilla that covers more of the maxilla . By contrast , the long @-@ finned pilot whale 's skull has a more elongated rostum and a more exposed maxilla . The size and weight depend on the species , as long @-@ finned pilot whales are generally larger than short @-@ finned pilot whales . Their lifespans are about 45 years in males and 60 years in females for both species . Both species exhibit sexual dimorphism . Adult long @-@ finned pilot whales reach a body length of approximately 6 @.@ 5 m , with males being 1 m longer than females . Their body mass reaches up to 1 @,@ 300 kg in females and up to 2 @,@ 300 kg in males . For short @-@ finned pilot whales , adult females reach a body length of about 5 @.@ 5 m , while males reach 7 @.@ 2 m and may weigh up to 3 @,@ 200 kg . = = Behavior and ecology = = = = = Distribution and habitat = = = Pilot whales can be found in oceans nearly worldwide , but data about current population sizes is deficient . The long @-@ finned pilot whale prefers slightly cooler waters than the short @-@ finned , and is divided into two populations . The smaller group is found in a circumpolar band in the Southern Ocean from about 20 to 65 ° S. It may be sighted off the coasts of Chile , Argentina , South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . An estimated more than 200 @,@ 000 individuals were in this population in 2006 . The second , much larger , population inhabits the North Atlantic Ocean , in a band from South Carolina in the United States across to the Azores and Morocco at its southern edge and from Newfoundland to Greenland , Iceland , and northern Norway at its northern limit . This population was estimated at 778 @,@ 000 individuals in 1989 . It is also present in the western half of the Mediterranean Sea . The short @-@ finned pilot whale is less populous . It is found in temperate and tropical waters of the Indian , Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . Its population overlaps slightly with the long @-@ finned pilot whale in the temperate waters of the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans . About 150 @,@ 000 individuals are found in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean . More than 30 @,@ 000 animals are estimated in the western Pacific , off the coast of Japan . Pilot whales are generally nomadic , but some populations stay year @-@ round in places such as Hawaii and parts of California . They prefer the waters of the shelf break and slope . Once commonly seen off of Southern California , short @-@ finned pilot whales disappeared from the area after a strong El Niño year in the early 1980s , according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . In October 2014 , crew and passengers on several boats spotted a pod of 50 @-@ 200 off Dana Point , California . = = = Foraging and parasites = = = Both species eat primarily squid . The whales make seasonal inshore and offshore movements in response to the dispersal of their prey . Fish that are consumed include Atlantic cod , Greenland turbot , Atlantic mackerel , Atlantic herring , hake , and spiny dogfish in the northwest Atlantic . In the Faroe Islands , whales mostly eat squid , but will also eat fish species such as greater argentine and blue whiting . However , Faroe whales do not seem to feed on cod , herring , or mackerel even when they are abundant . Pilot whales generally take several breaths before diving for a few minutes . Feeding dives may last over ten minutes . They are capable of diving to depths of 600 meters , but most dives are to a depth of 30 – 60 m . Shallow dives tend to take place during the day , while deeper ones take place at night . When making deep dives , pilot whales often make fast sprints to catch fast @-@ moving prey such as squid . Compared to sperm whales and beaked whales , foraging short @-@ finned pilot whales are more energetic at the same depth . When they reach the end of their dives , pilot whales will sprint , possibly to catch prey , and then make a few buzzes . This is unusual considering deep @-@ diving , breath @-@ holding animals would be expected to swim slowly to conserve oxygen . The animal 's high metabolism possibly allows it to sprint at deep depths , which would also give it shorter diving periods than some other marine mammals . This may also be the case for long @-@ finned pilot whales . Pilot whales are often infested with whale lice , cestodes , and nematodes . They also can be hosts to various pathogenic bacteria and viruses , such as Streptococcus , Pseudomonas , Escherichia , Staphylococcus , and influenza . One sample of Newfoundland pilot whales found the most common illness was an upper respiratory tract infection . = = = Social structure and life history = = = Both species live in groups of 10 – 30 , but some groups may number 100 or more . Data suggest the social structures of pilot whale pods are similar to those of " resident " killer whales . The pods are highly stable and the members have close matrilineal relationships . Pod members are of various age and sex classes , although adult females tend to outnumber adult males . They have been observed making various kin @-@ directed behaviors , such as providing food . Numerous pods will temporarily gather , perhaps to allow individuals from different pods to interact and mate , as well as provide protection . Both species are loosely polygynous . Data suggest both males and females remain in mother 's pod for life ; despite this , inbreeding within a pod does not seem to occur . During aggregations , males will temporarily leave their pods to mate with females from other pods . Male reproductive dominance or competition for mates does not seem to exist . After mating , a male pilot whale usually spends only a few months with a female , and an individual may sire several offspring in the same pod . Males return to their own pods when the aggregations disband , and their presence may contribute to the survival of the other pod members . No evidence of " bachelor " groups has been found . Pilot whale pods off southern California have been observed in three different groups : traveling / hunting groups , feeding groups and loafing groups . In traveling / hunting groups , individuals position themselves in chorus lines stretching two miles long , with only a few whales underneath . Sexual and age @-@ class segregation apparently occurs in these groups . In feeding groups , individuals are very loosely associated , but may move in the same direction . In loafing groups , whales number between 12 and 30 individuals resting . Mating and other behavior may take place . Pilot whales have one of the longest birth intervals of the cetaceans , calving once every three to five years . Most matings and calvings occur during the summer for long @-@ finned pilot whales . For short @-@ finned pilot whales of the Southern Hemisphere , births are at their highest in spring and autumn , while in Northern Hemisphere , the time in which calving peaks can vary by population . For long @-@ finned pilot whales , gestation lasts 12 – 16 months , and short @-@ finned pilot whales have a 15 @-@ month gestation period . The calf nurses for three years , although lactation usually lasts longer , allowing for extensive mother @-@ calf bonds . Short @-@ finned pilot whale females will go though menopause , but this is not as common in females of long @-@ finned pilot whales . Postreproductive females possibly play important roles in the survival of the young . Postreproductive females will continue to lactate and nurse young . Since they can no longer bear young of their own , these females invest in the current young . Short @-@ finned pilot whales grow more slowly than long @-@ finned pilot whales . For the short @-@ finned pilot whale , females become sexually mature at 9 years old and males at about 13 – 16 years . For the long @-@ finned pilot whale , females reach maturity at around eight years and males at around 12 years . = = = Vocalizations = = = Pilot whales emit echolocation clicks for foraging and whistles and burst pulses as social signals ( e.g. to keep contact with members of their pod ) . With active behavior , vocalizations are more complex , while less @-@ active behavior is accompanied by simple vocalizations . Differences have been found in the calls of the two species . Compared with short @-@ finned pilot whales , long @-@ finned pilot whales have relatively low @-@ frequency calls with narrow frequency ranges . In one study of North Atlantic long @-@ finned pilot whales , certain vocalizations were heard to accompany certain behaviors . When resting or " milling " , simple whistles are emitted . Surfacing behavior is accompanied by more complex whistles and pulsed sounds . The number of whistles made increases with the number of subgroups and the distance in which the whales are spread apart . A study of short @-@ finned pilot whales off the southwest coast of Tenerife in the Canary Islands has found the members of a pod maintained contact with each other through call repertoires unique to their pod . A later study found , when foraging at around 800 m deep , short @-@ finned pilot whales make tonal calls . The number and length of the calls seem to decrease with depth despite being farther away from conspecifics at the surface . As such , the surrounding water pressure affects the energy of the calls , but it does not appear to affect the frequency levels . When in stressful situations , pilot whales produce " shrills " or " plaintive cries " , which are variations of their whistles . = = = Stranding = = = Of the cetaceans , pilot whales are among the most common stranders . Because of their strong social bonds , whole groups of pilot whales will strand . Single stranders have been recorded and these are usually diseased . Group stranding tends to be of mostly healthy individuals . Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain group strandings . When using magnetic fields for navigation , the whales have been suggested to get perplexed by geomagnetic anomalies or they may be following a sick member of their group that got stranded . The pod also may be following a member of high importance that got stranded and a secondary social response makes them keep returning . Researchers from New Zealand have successfully used secondary social responses to keep a stranding pod of long @-@ finned pilot whales from returning to the beach . In addition , the young members of the pod were taken offshore to buoys , and their distress calls lured the older whales back out to sea . = = Human interaction = = The IUCN lists both species as " Data Deficient " in the Red List of Threatened Species . Long @-@ finned pilot whales in the North and Baltic Seas are listed in Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS ) . Those from northwest and northeast Atlantic may also need to be included to Appendix II of CMS . The short @-@ finned pilot whale is listed on Appendix II of CITES . = = = Hunting = = = The long @-@ finned pilot whale has traditionally been hunted by " driving " , which involves many hunters and boats gathering in a semicircle behind a pod of whales close to shore , and slowly driving them towards a bay , where they become stranded and are then slaughtered . This practice was common in both the 19th and 20th centuries . At the Faroe Islands , pilot whale hunting started at least in the 16th century , and continued into the modern times , as thousands were killed during the 1970s and 1980s . In other parts of the North Atlantic , such as Norway , West Greenland , Ireland and Cape Cod , pilot whales have also been hunted , but to a lesser extent . Iceland , . One fishery at Cape Cod harvested 2 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 whales per year during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Newfoundland 's long @-@ finned pilot whale fishery was at its highest in 1956 , but declined shortly after and is now defunct . In the Southern Hemisphere , exploitation of long @-@ finned pilot whales has been sporadic and low . Currently , long @-@ finned pilot whales are only hunted at the Faroe Islands and Greenland . The short @-@ finned pilot whale has also been hunted for many centuries , particularly by Japanese whalers . Between 1948 and 1980 , hundreds of whales were exploited at Hokkaido and Sanriku in the north and Taiji , Izu , and Okinawa in the south . These fisheries were at their highest in the late 1940s and early 1950s ; 2 @,@ 326 short @-@ finned pilot whales were harvested in the mid- to late 1980s . This had decreased to about 400 per year by the 1990s . Pilot whales have also fallen victim to bycatches . In one year , around 30 short @-@ finned pilot whales were caught by the squid round @-@ haul fishery in southern California . Likewise , California 's drift gill net fishery took around 20 whales a year in the mid @-@ 1990s . In 1988 , 141 whales caught on the east coast of the US were taken by the foreign Atlantic mackerel fishery , which forced it to be shut down . = = = Pollution = = = As with other marine mammals , pilot whales are susceptible to certain pollutants . Off the Faroes , France , the UK , and the eastern US , pilot whales were found to have been contaminated with high amounts of DDT and PCB . The Faroes whales have also been contaminated with cadmium and mercury . However , pilot whales from Newfoundland and Tasmania were found to have had very low levels of DDT . Short @-@ finned pilot whales off the west coast of the US have had high amounts of DDT and PCB in contrast to the low amounts found in whales from Japan and the Antilles . = = = Cuisine = = = Pilot whale meat is available for consumption in very few areas of Japan , mainly along the central Pacific coast , and also in other areas of the world , such as the Faroe Islands . The meat is high in protein ( higher than beef ) and low in fat . Because a whale 's fat is contained in the layer of blubber beneath the skin , and the muscle is high in myoglobin , the meat is a dark shade of red . In Japan , where pilot whale meat can be found in certain restaurants and izakayas , the meat is sometimes served raw , as sashimi , but just as often pilot whale steaks are marinated , cut into small chunks , and grilled . When grilled , the meat is slightly flaky and quite flavorful , gamey , though similar to a quality cut of beef , with distinct yet subtle undertones recalling its marine origin . = = = = Health concerns = = = = In both Japan and the Faroe Islands , the meat is contaminated with mercury and cadmium , causing a health risk for those who frequently eat it , especially children and pregnant women . In November 2008 , an article in New Scientist reported that research done on the Faroe Islands resulted in two chief medical officers recommending against the consumption of pilot whale meat , considering it to be too toxic . In 2008 , the local authorities recommended that pilot whale meat should no longer be eaten due to the contamination . This has resulted in reduced consumption , according to a senior Faroese health official . = = = Captivity = = = Pilot whales , mostly short @-@ finned pilot whales , have been kept in captivity . Since 1973 , some long @-@ finned pilot whales from New England waters were taken and temporarily kept in captivity . Short @-@ finned pilot whales off southern California , Hawaii and Japan have been kept in aquariums and oceanariums . Several pilot whales from southern California and Hawaii were taken into captivity during the 1960s and early 1970s , two of which were placed at SeaWorld in San Diego . During the 1970s and early 1980s , six pilot whales were captured alive by drive hunts and taken for public display . Pilot whales have historically had low survival rates in captivity , with the average annual survival being 0 @.@ 51 during the mid @-@ 1960s to early 1970s . = Cook Islands at the 2008 Summer Olympics = On behalf of the Cook Islands , the Cook Islands Sports and National Olympic Committee sent a team to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , marking its sixth consecutive appearance at the Olympics since its debut in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . The country sent four athletes to the Games across three sports and four distinct events ( Gordon Heather and Tereapii Tapoki in track and field , Petero Okotai in swimming , and Sam Pera , Jr. in weightlifting ) . No athlete of the Cook Islander delegation progressed past the first rounds in their events ( with the exception of weightlifting , where the first round was the only round ) and did not go on to win medals . Pera was the nation 's flag bearer at the ceremonies . = = Background = = The Cook Islands are a collection of fifteen islands lying in the South Pacific Ocean that are governed under a single parliamentary entity . Some 10 @,@ 000 people live in the dependency . The country is in a free association with New Zealand , who handles the nation 's external affairs . The Cook Islands became self @-@ governing in 1965 . 23 years later , the Cook Islands sent their first delegation to the Olympics at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . Between 1988 and 2008 , the Cook Islands sent delegations to all six Summer Olympic games . The size of the Cook Islander delegation was largest in 1988 , when it reached seven athletes . The size of the nation 's delegation has not risen past four since then as of the Beijing Olympics . At Beijing , four athletes competed for the Cook Islands . Of those competitors , three were men ( Heather , Okotai , Pera ) and one was a woman ( Tapoki ) . They competed across three sports ( track and field , swimming and weightlifting ) and four distinct events ( men 's 100 meters and women 's discus throw in track and field , men 's 100 meters breaststroke in swimming , and men 's heavyweight in weightlifting ) . As of the 2008 Olympics , there had not been a Cook Islander who has won a medal at the Olympics . Sam Pera , Jr . , a weightlifter , was the flagbearer for the Cook Islands at the ceremonies . = = Athletics = = = = = Men 's competition = = = Gordon Heather was the sole male Cook Islander participating in a track event at the Beijing Olympics , marked by his competition in the men 's 100 meters dash . Born on Rarotonga , the most populous of the Cook Islands and the home to its capital city ( district ) , Heather was 18 years old when he participated in the Beijing Olympic . He had not previously competed in any Olympic games . During the 14 August qualification round , Heather participated in the ninth heat , which included eight athletes . He finished the dash in 11 @.@ 41 seconds , placing last in the heat . Micronesia 's Jack Howard placed ahead of Heather ( 11 @.@ 03 seconds ) in seventh place . Heather 's heat was led by Qatar 's Samuel Adelebari Francis ( 10 @.@ 40 seconds ) and Trinidad and Tobago 's Marc Burns ( 10 @.@ 46 seconds ) . Overall , 80 athletes competed in the event 's qualification round , and the Cook Islander sprinter ranked 75th . He did not advance to further rounds . = = = Women 's competition = = = Tereapii Tapoki was the only female Cook Islander participating in a track and field event in Beijing , and was the only Cook Islander in her nation 's delegation during those games . Born in Oiretumu , a settlement on the island of Mauke , Tapoki 's debut at the Olympics was in the 2004 Athens games when she was 20 years old ; she represented the Cook Islands in the same event during those games . Tapoki was placed in the first heat during the 15 August qualification round , which included 19 athletes . The athletes were given three opportunities to throw the discus . During the first attempt , Tapoki threw the discus 46 @.@ 77 meters , placing 12th out of the 19 competitors in her heat . Her second attempt landed 44 @.@ 11 meters away , placing her 15th out of those who attempted the discus during that round . She marked her highest score , 48 @.@ 35 meters , on her third and final attempt . Of those in her heat , this placed her in 19th place . 37 athletes registered marks during the qualifying round , with Tapoki ranking last . She did not advance to later rounds . = = = Summary = = = Key Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record N / A = Round not applicable for the event Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round Men Women = = Swimming = = Petero Okotai participated on the Cook Islands ' behalf in the men 's 100 meters breaststroke . He was the only Cook Islander participating in the event , or in any swimming event in general in Beijing . Okotai was 27 years old at the time of his participation at the 2008 Summer Olympics , and had not previously participated in any Olympic games . During the preliminary rounds , which took place on 9 August , the Cook Islander participated in the first heat , which included three people . Of those three , Okotai ranked third after finishing the event in 1 : 20 @.@ 20 . Oman 's Mohammed Al @-@ Habsi ranked ahead of Okotai ( 1 : 12 @.@ 28 ) , while Qatar 's Osama Mohammed Ye Alarag took first in the heat ( 1 : 10 @.@ 83 ) . Of the 63 athletes who finished the qualification heats , Okotai ranked last . He did not advance to later rounds . = = Weightlifting = = Sam Pera , Jr. was the only Cook Islander participating in weightlifting during the Beijing Olympics . Born on the island of Rarotonga , the most populous Cook Island , Pera is the son of Sam Nunuke Pera , who competed for the Cook Islands in the same event in 1992 ( Barcelona ) , 1996 ( Atlanta ) and 2004 ( Athens ) . Sam Pera , Jr. participated in men 's _ 105kg ( heavyweight ) at age 19 , which marked the first time he competed in any Olympic games . The event occurred on 19 August , and included 14 competitors in all . The snatch phase of the event occurred first , and Pera was given three tries . On the first , he successfully lifted 148 kilograms ; on the second , he unsuccessfully attempted to lift 155 kilograms ; and on the third and final , he lifted the 155 kilograms with success . The clean and jerk phrase followed , and Pera was again given three attempts . He successfully lifted 188 kilograms on his first and second tries , and successfully lifted 195 kilograms on his third attempt . Because his highest score during the snatch round was 155 kilograms and his highest during clean and jerk was 195 kilograms , the total of the two equaled his total score of 350 points . Overall , Pera ranked twelfth of the thirteen finishing athletes . Tonga 's Maamaloa Lolohea ranked behind him ( 313 points ) , while Finland 's Antti Everi ranked ahead ( 366 points ) . The year 's gold medalist , Matthias Steiner , earned 461 points . = Some Enchanted Evening ( The Simpsons ) = " Some Enchanted Evening " is the thirteenth episode of The Simpsons ' first season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 13 , 1990 . Although it was the first episode produced , it aired as the season finale due to significant animation problems . The episode is the last to feature the original opening sequence starting from " Bart the Genius " . After resolving a marital dilemma , Homer and Marge want to spend a night on the town so they need a babysitter to look after their children , so they hire Ms. Botz ( voiced by former Laverne & Shirley star Penny Marshall ) through a babysitting service . Ms. Botz is later revealed to be the " Babysitter Bandit " and after restraining the eldest children , she robs the family . The episode features cultural references to such films as The Night of the Hunter and Psycho as well as a musical reference to A Star Is Born . It received mixed reception : some critics deemed it the best episode of the season while others regarded it as the weakest . = = Plot = = Marge is depressed that Homer takes her for granted . She calls Dr. Marvin Monroe 's radio call @-@ in therapy show and the doctor urges her to confront Homer , who hears the call on a radio at work , feels bad and wonders how to change the way Marge feels about him . He goes to Moe 's Tavern after work and , on Moe 's advice , brings home a single rose and a box of chocolates . Marge 's mood immediately softens , and Homer tells Marge he will take her to a dinner at a fancy restaurant , dancing , and spend a night at a motel . Marge and Homer now need a babysitter and hire Ms. Botz through the local " Rubber Baby Buggy Bumper babysitting service " ( however , they have to call themselves the " Samsons " , since their kids have a rather bad reputation with the babysitting service , and are effectively blacklisted ) . On Marge 's advice , Ms. Botz puts Maggie to bed and has Bart and Lisa watch The Happy Little Elves . When Bart tries to suggest alternate viewing , Ms. Botz quickly puts him in his place because she dealt with troubled children like him before . After Ms. Botz leaves the room Bart tunes into a station airing America 's Most Armed and Dangerous ( a parody of America 's Most Wanted ) , which profiles a wanted burglar nicknamed " The Babysitter Bandit . " A mug shot of the suspect shows Bart and Lisa that Ms. Botz is " The Babysitter Bandit . " Ms. Botz enters the living room and realizes that her cover has been blown . Bart and Lisa try to hide , but she easily finds them , ties them up and forces them to watch The Happy Little Elves as she continues packing the family 's possessions into her suitcases . Maggie eventually wakes up and goes downstairs to discover that her siblings are tied up and watching TV . Maggie frees Bart and Lisa , and Bart is able to knock out Ms. Botz with a baseball bat . After tying up Ms. Botz , the kids find all their telephones disabled ( which Ms. Botz had done earlier ) and go to a nearby payphone to alert the authorities . Meanwhile , Marge tries to call home to check up on the kids but because there is no answer , she and Homer decide to cancel their motel reservation and go home . They find Ms. Botz bound and gagged in front of the TV . Homer , thinking his children have gotten the best of another babysitter and unaware of her true identity , frees her and pays her handsomely . After advising Homer to keep both eyes on Bart , Ms. Botz makes a clean getaway , just seconds before the kids arrive with the police and news media to arrest her . As Bart tries to lead the police to the house , Homer attempts to berate him for his behavior towards Ms. Botz , only to be informed by a news reporter about Ms. Botz 's true identity and that he just freed her . Realizing his mistake , a humiliated Homer attempts to save face by claiming he fought Botz and she escaped , then warning her on camera never to show her face to him again . Later that night , Homer moans about his blunder on TV , but Marge cheers him up by saying that if he raised three children who can hogtie a perfect stranger , he must be doing something right . = = Production = = Even though this episode aired as the last episode of the first season , it was the first episode in production and was intended to be the first episode to air from the half @-@ hour show . The series is a spin @-@ off from The Tracey Ullman Show in which the family already appeared in a series of animated one @-@ minute shorts . The characters were already created , but had to be further developed in order to carry a half @-@ hour show . The episode was therefore meant as an introduction to the characters . The Simpsons creator Matt Groening and writer / producer Sam Simon ( of such television series as Cheers ) wrote the script for the episode . Both Groening and Simon are credited with developing the series along with executive producer James L. Brooks . The name of Ms. Botz was based on a real person that once babysat Matt Groening . The episode was first directed by Kent Butterworth . Klasky @-@ Csupo , the animation studio that produced the earlier Simpsons shorts , was in charge of the animation , with one exception . During the years of producing the shorts , everything was created in @-@ house . As a budgetary consideration production was subcontracted to South Korean animation studio AKOM . While character and background layout was done in Los Angeles , inbetweening , coloring and filming is done by the overseas studio . A debacle erupted when this episode , the first to return from Korea , was screened in front of the production staff at the Gracie Films bungalow . Brooks ' initial reaction to the animation was " This is shit . " Afterwards the room almost cleared . A heated argument ensued between Brooks and Klasky @-@ Csupo animation studio head Gabor Csupo , who denied that there was anything wrong with the animation and suggested that the real problem was the quality of the show 's writing . The producers felt the animation did not exhibit a distinct style envisioned for the show . At the time there were only a few choices for animation style . Usually , they would follow the style of either Disney , Warner Bros. , or Hanna @-@ Barbera . Disney and Warner Bros. cartoons had a universe that was bendy and the characters seemed to be made of rubber . The producers wanted a realistic environment in which the characters and objects could not do anything that was not possible in the real world . One example with the early animation being cartoonish was that the doors behaved liked rubber when slammed . The style of Hanna @-@ Barbera featured the use of cartoon sounds , which they did not want either . The producers considered aborting the series if the next episode , " Bart the Genius " , turned out as this episode , but fortunately it turned out to suffer only a few , easily fixable problems . Afterwards , the producers entreated Fox to postpone the series premiere for several months . The premiere then switched to " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " , which had to be aired in December , being a Christmas special . This ensured that more time could be spent fixing the animation problems and rewriting much of this episode . Directorial retakes were handled by David Silverman , who already had considerable experience directing the shorts . Silverman estimates that about 70 % of everything had to be redone . Most of these retakes consisted of changing the backgrounds . The result is an episode where the animation is uneven , because it shifts between the early animation and the retakes . It is still possible to see the doors slam like they were made of rubber . The Fox censors wanted to replace the sentence " the blue thing with the things " , which they believed to be too sexual . Due to the fledgling position of the Fox network , Jim Brooks had obtained an unusual contractual provision that ensured the network could not interfere with the creative process by providing show notes , so the producers simply ignored the censors . The episode featured a few early character designs . Moe Szyslak has black hair in this episode , which was later changed to grey . Barney Gumble has yellow hair , which was later changed to brown in order to differentiate the character 's hair color from that of his skin . Because of the delayed airing , there are also a few continuity errors . Santa 's Little Helper for example does not appear in this episode , despite being introduced in " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " . Hank Azaria was at the time credited as a guest star for portraying Moe Szyslak . In this episode Moe was originally voiced by Christopher Collins , but when Azaria came with his version , they decided to overdub Collins ' voice . Azaria became a regular cast member in the second season . = = Cultural references = = Ms. Botz 's pursuit of Bart into the cellar is reminiscent of Robert Mitchum 's pursuit of a young boy in the film The Night of the Hunter . Moe 's Tavern plays " The Man That Got Away " from the 1954 remake of A Star Is Born directed by George Cukor and starring Judy Garland and James Mason . Homer hums a song from La Dolce Vita ( Patricia ) as he shaves . The song also plays as Homer and Marge dance in the French restaurant . The babysitting service 's name , " Rubber Baby Buggy Bumper " is a line from one of the Tom Slick series of cartoons produced by Jay Ward . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Some Enchanted Evening " finished 12th for the week in the Nielsen ratings with a rating of 15 @.@ 4 , being seen by approximately 14 @.@ 2 million homes . Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , said : " It 's quite a shock to discover that this confident , fully rounded episode was the first to be made . The perfect template . " Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide said in a review that he " thought “ Evening ” was a reasonably good episode . " and added that " Still , it ’ s an awkward piece , and not one I enjoyed a great deal . To be sure , “ Evening ” was generally entertaining , but it ’ s nothing special . " In a DVD review of the first season , David B. Grelck gave the episode a rating of 1 @.@ 5 / 5 . Another DVD review from The Digital Bits calls the behind the scenes story more interesting than the actual episode . According to Al Jean , viewers thought this episode was the best episode of the first season after the season ended . However in 2006 , IGN.com named " The Crepes of Wrath " the best episode of the first season . Penny Marshall , who played Ms. Botz , ranked on AOL 's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars . = Standing Liberty quarter = The Standing Liberty quarter was a 25 @-@ cent coin struck by the United States Mint from 1916 to 1930 . It succeeded the Barber quarter , which had been minted since 1892 . Featuring the goddess of Liberty on one side and an eagle in flight on the other , the coin was designed by sculptor Hermon Atkins MacNeil . In 1915 , Director of the Mint Robert W. Woolley set in motion efforts to replace the Barber dime , quarter , and half dollar , as he mistakenly believed that the law required new designs . MacNeil submitted a militaristic design that showed Liberty on guard against attacks . The Mint required modifications to the initial design , and MacNeil 's revised version included dolphins to represent the oceans . In late 1916 , Mint officials made major changes to the design without consulting MacNeil . The sculptor complained about the changes after receiving the new issue in January 1917 . The Mint obtained special legislation to allow MacNeil to redesign the coin as he desired . One change made by the sculptor was the addition of a chain mail vest that covered Liberty 's formerly bare breast . In circulation , the coin 's date wore away quickly , and Mint engravers modified the design to address the issue in 1925 . The Standing Liberty quarter was discontinued in 1931 , a year in which no quarters were struck . By Congressional act the Washington quarter , featuring the first president 's profile was introduced in 1932 to celebrate the bicentennial of his birth . = = Inception = = On September 26 , 1890 , the United States Congress passed an act providing : The Director of the Mint shall have power , with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury , to cause new designs ... to be prepared and adopted ... But no change in the design or die of any coin shall be made oftener than once in twenty @-@ five years from and including the year of the first adoption of the design ... But the Director of the Mint shall nevertheless have power , with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury , to engage temporarily the services of one or more artists , distinguished in their respective departments of art , who shall be paid for such service from the contingent appropriation for the mint at Philadelphia . The Barber coinage had been introduced in 1892 ; dimes , quarter dollars , and half dollars with similar designs by Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber . The Barber coinage , after its release , attracted considerable public dissatisfaction . Beginning in 1905 , successive presidential administrations had attempted to bring modern , beautiful designs to United States coins . Following the redesign of the double eagle , eagle , half eagle and quarter eagle in 1907 and 1908 , as well as the cent and nickel redesigns of 1909 and 1913 respectively , advocates of replacing the Barber coins began to push for the change when the coins ' minimum term expired in 1916 . As early as 1914 , Victor David Brenner , designer of the Lincoln cent , submitted unsolicited designs for the silver coins . He was told , in response , that Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo was completely occupied with other matters . On January 2 , 1915 , an interview with Philadelphia Mint Superintendent Adam M. Joyce appeared in the Michigan Manufacturer and Financial Record : So far as I know ... there is no thought of issuing new coins of the 50 @-@ cent , 25 @-@ cent , and 10 @-@ cent values . If , however , a change is made we all hope that more serviceable and satisfactory coins are produced than the recent Saint @-@ Gaudens double eagle and eagle and the Pratt half and quarter eagle . The buffalo nickel and the Lincoln penny are also faulty from a practical standpoint . All resulted from the desire by the government to mint coins to the satisfaction of artists and not practical coiners . In January 1915 , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury William P. Malburn sent McAdoo a memorandum about the silver subsidiary coinage , noting that " the present silver half dollar , quarter , and dime were changed in 1892 , and a new design may , therefore , be adopted in 1916 . This can be done any time in the year . " In reply , McAdoo wrote " [ l ] et the mint submit designs before we try anyone else . " on the memorandum . In April 1915 , Robert W. Woolley took office as Mint Director . On April 14 , he asked Superintendent Joyce to request Chief Engraver Barber , then in his 36th year in office , to prepare new designs . The same day , Malburn requested the opinion of the Treasury Department 's Solicitor concerning the Mint view that it could strike new designs for the three denominations in 1916 . On April 17 , the Solicitor 's Office responded that the Mint could change the designs . At the time , the Mint was intensely busy producing the Panama @-@ Pacific commemorative coin issue , and immediate action was not taken . In October , Barber was summoned to Washington to discuss coin designs with Woolley , though it is uncertain whether or not he had already prepared sketches for the new coinage . On December 3 , Woolley met with the Commission of Fine Arts . Woolley asked the Commission to view sketches produced by the Mint 's engraving department . Barber was present to explain the coinage process to the Commission members . Woolley suggested to the members that if they did not like the Mint 's work , they should select sculptors to submit designs for the new pieces . It was Woolley 's intent to have distinct designs for the dime , quarter and half dollar — previously , the three pieces had been nearly identical . The director informed the Commission that as the existing coinage had been in use for 25 years , it would have to be changed — something which numismatic historian David Lange calls a " misinterpretation of the coinage laws " . The Commission disliked the sketches from the Mint ( submitted by Barber ) and selected sculptors Adolph Weinman , Hermon MacNeil and Albin Polasek to submit proposals for the new coins . The sculptors could submit multiple sketches . Although the Mint could decide to use a design on a denomination not intended by its sculptor , the designs were not fully interchangeable — by statute , an eagle had to appear on the reverse of the quarter and half dollar , but could not appear on the dime . Woolley hoped that each sculptor would be successful with one piece . The three sculptors submitted design sketches in mid @-@ February , and on February 23 met with Woolley in New York so the artists could make presentations of the work to him and answer his questions . After discussions between Woolley and McAdoo , Weinman was notified on February 28 that five of his sketches had been selected — for the dime and half dollar , and the reverse of the quarter . The same day , Woolley wrote to MacNeil to tell him he would sculpt the quarter 's obverse , and to Polasek to inform him of his lack of success . Members of the Commission persuaded Woolley that so much should not be entrusted to a single artist , and MacNeil was allowed to design both sides of the quarter , subject to the sculptor producing a design satisfactory to Woolley . On March 3 , the new coins were publicly announced , with the Treasury noting , " [ d ] esigns of these coins must be changed by law every 25 years and the present 25 year period ends with 1916 . " The press release indicated that the Treasury hoped production of the new coins would begin in about two months , once the designs were finalized . The same day , Woolley wrote to Mint Engraver Barber , telling him that his sketches were rejected , and that models from Weinman and MacNeil would arrive at the Philadelphia Mint no later than May 1 . According to numismatic historian Walter Breen , Barber became " sullen and totally uncooperative " . Lange notes that " numerous delays were encountered as the artists fine @-@ tuned their models while simultaneously avoiding obstacles thrown in their path by Barber . While his observations regarding many aspects of practical coinage were quite accurate , they clearly could have been presented in a more constructive manner . " In his book on Mercury dimes , Lange notes that Barber , by then aged 75 , had been " compelled over the past ten years to participate in the systematic undoing of a lifetime 's achievements " ; he had to participate in the process which resulted in coins designed by others replacing ones designed by him . With the new pieces , all American coins would have had a recent change of design ( the Morgan dollar was not then being struck . ) According to a column in The Art World magazine later in 1916 @,@ Since that day [ the 19th century ] much artistic progress has taken place in our coinage . Sculptors of reputation have been employed with admirable results ... And now we are to have a new half dollar and a new dime by Weinman and a new quarter by McNeill [ sic ] . Altogether , in the retrospect , it seems an incredible achievement . = = Design = = The identity of the model for the obverse of the quarter is uncertain . As early as May 1917 , the model for the depiction of Liberty was reported to be Doris Doscher , who would later become a silent film actress under the name Doris Doree . This was accepted for many years . Doscher became well known as " the girl on the quarter " ; she died in 1970 at age 88 . In 1972 , however , a quarter @-@ century after MacNeil 's death , newspapers reported that the actual model was Broadway actress Irene MacDowell , then aged 92 ( she died the following year ) whose name was said to have been concealed because her husband ( one of MacNeil 's tennis partners ) disapproved . In an article in the December 2003 edition of The Numismatist , Timothy B. Benford Jr. suggests that the supposed deception was to fool MacNeil 's wife , who saw MacDowell as a potential romantic rival . In 1982 , however , Doscher 's widower stated that despite the MacDowell claim , his wife had posed for the quarter . MacNeil submitted two designs for the obverse , the one which was successful and another , showing a standing Liberty facing right , which he would later resubmit in modified form in the Peace dollar design competition of 1921 , again unsuccessfully . In the rejected design , MacNeil 's Liberty leans forward , an olive branch extended in her left hand , but her right hand holding the hilt of a broadsword . According to Burdette , the design was intended to send a message to the belligerents in World War I that America wanted peace , but was ready to fight . MacNeil 's accepted obverse is only slightly less militaristic ; his Liberty faces to the viewer 's right ( heraldic east ) in the direction of the European war , and her shield faces in that direction as well . She holds an olive branch as she strides through a gate in a wall which is inscribed , " In God We Trust " , with the " U " in " Trust " shaped as a V. MacNeil stated that the obverse depicted Liberty " stepping forward in ... the defense of peace as her ultimate goal " . According to art historian Cornelius Vermeule , " Liberty is presented as the Athena of the Parthenon pediments , a powerful woman striding forward " and states that , but for the Stars and Stripes on her shield , " everything else about this Amazon calls to mind Greek sculpture of the period between Pheidias to Praxiteles , 450 to 350 BC . " Vermeule suggested that the flying eagle on the reverse is simply that of the 1836 Gobrecht dollar , seen flying from left to right instead of the opposite way , as on the earlier piece . He applauded the 1917 change to the reverse , feeling that it made it less cluttered . Vermeule noted that the reverse marked the beginning of the end ( at least for that era ) for naturalistic depictions of eagles on US coins , stating in 1970 that those after 1921 tended to present a heraldic appearance instead . = = Preparation = = In a letter to Woolley , MacNeil had promised to " try and produce something that shall be of use to you " . The sculptor had been awarded the reverse of the quarter only provisionally , and he prepared a series of studies for the reverse to show Woolley when he visited his studio in College Point , New York . At that time , Woolley selected a reverse similar to that eventually coined , showing an eagle in flight , wings extended and shown almost in full . Other designs which were shown to Woolley included similar eagle designs , but from different angles . The Mint 's original schedule called for the designers of the three new coins to complete their models by April 15 , 1916 . This would allow production of the new pieces to begin about July 1 . However , the Mint quickly revised the submission deadline to May 1 ; this proved optimistic as MacNeil did not submit his models , in the form of bronze casts , until May 18 . Even so , he was faster than Weinman , who did not ship the last of his casts to the Mint until June 6 . Woolley formally approved the designs for the quarter by letter dated May 23 , 1916 . Despite the delays , the Mint attempted to meet the July 1 start date . On June 21 , Woolley wrote to Superintendent Joyce , The model of the obverse on the half dollar will have to be made over and Mr. Weinman informs me he is now at work on it . The same is true of the quarter dollar . The reverse of both the quarter dollar and the half dollar , as shown on the coins struck from the polished dies , are satisfactory ... Everyone to whom the coins have been shown here thinks they are beautiful . No records of Woolley 's objections to the quarter 's obverse are known to exist , but numismatic author Roger Burdette suggests that his major concern was that when experimental pattern coins were struck in June , the obverse was indistinct , making even brand new coins appear worn . MacNeil was given permission to do further work on his design by Woolley in late June , and in mid @-@ August turned in a revised obverse different in detail from the original . " In God We Trust " was displayed on the sash which Liberty holds , a complex chain motif surrounded the design , and two dolphins , emblematic of the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans , lay at Liberty 's feet . Liberty 's shield bore an eagle , rather than the Stars and Stripes . Treasury Secretary McAdoo immediately approved the design changes , acting on August 19 . On July 18 , Woolley wrote to a numismatic enquirer that the new quarters would begin to be struck about September 1 . By the time of that letter , he had resigned as Mint Director to become head of publicity for President Wilson 's reelection campaign ; Fred H. Chaffin became acting director . On August 18 , Wilson nominated Woolley 's successor , Friedrich Johannes Hugo von Engelken , who was promptly confirmed by the Senate . Von Engelken was supposed to be sworn in on the 21st ; his swearing in was delayed until September 1 by President Wilson 's failure to sign his commission . One of von Engelken 's first acts as Mint Director was to inform MacNeil of McAdoo 's acceptance of the design changes , telling him he could place his monogram ( a small " M " ) on the coin ; it appears on the wall , to the right of the two low steps which Liberty descends . The bronze casts were made by the Medallic Art Company ; on September 6 , MacNeil wrote to von Engelken that they would shortly be shipped to the Philadelphia Mint . By this time , the Mint had experienced considerable difficulties in initiating production of both the dime and half dollar . In the hope of heading off similar problems with the quarter , Mint officials decided to reexamine MacNeil 's designs , and subsequently , to adjust them . A number of pattern coins were struck , and von Engelken decided to abandon the dolphins version . By mid @-@ October , patterns with a modified version of MacNeil 's original obverse were being struck . On the reverse , the eagle was lowered in position , and a pair of olive branches framing the eagle was replaced by stars . According to Burdette , by making major changes in the design without consulting the designer , Mint officials had " duplicated design versions already rejected by MacNeil , wasted government time , alienated one of the country 's best sculptors , and flagrantly bastardized artistic creativity . " MacNeil , who had no idea the Mint was changing his designs , requested permission to visit the Mint on October 24 to discuss the conversion of his approved models into actual coins . Chaffin ( again briefly acting director in von Engelken 's absence ) declined to pay for his journey , and MacNeil did not come . According to Burdette , " the action saved the government less than $ 20 in October , but may have cost many times that amount before the revised quarter design was accepted the following year . " Von Engelken viewed sample coins about that time . He objected to two leaves of the olive branch on the obverse that lay within the angle of the " L " in " Liberty " and asked that they be removed ; this was done . The Mint Director then met with Secretary McAdoo to view coins struck from the modified dies . McAdoo felt that the figure of Liberty was indistinct , but von Engelken persuaded him that could not be changed without considerable delay . They did decide that the Mint could make the shield clearer , and approved the design with that instruction . Feeling it was impossible to make the change in time to strike coins in 1916 , von Engelken instructed Joyce that beginning in 1917 , the figure of Liberty should be sharpened . By the time dies were finally made , the year 1916 was almost over , and only 52 @,@ 000 quarters were struck . This was done as proof that the Barber design had been replaced in the 25th year , as Mint officials believed was required . = = Modification = = Throughout late 1916 , the Mint was intensely busy first sharpening the design to be used in 1917 , and then in large @-@ scale preparation of dies to begin striking the new quarters on a massive scale once the new year began . Small change was in great demand : Mint officials had hoped not to strike any Barber pieces in 1916 , but eventually had to do so in large quantities to satisfy the need . Once new quarters were struck , fearing the new pieces would be hoarded ( especially the low @-@ mintage 1916 coin ) , von Engelken instructed that no pieces be released without his order . Small quantities of the new quarters were available , however , to officials and to prominent numismatists . MacNeil , who had not heard from the Mint about his coins since the formal acceptance of his dolphin design , read in the newspaper in early January that the Mint was starting to strike his quarters . He wrote to von Engelken on January 6 , enclosing a $ 5 money order , and was sent 20 of the new pieces . After seeing what the Mint had done to his designs , MacNeil wrote again to von Engelken , criticizing the artistic nature of the changes in such strong terms that the Mint Director continued his embargo on the coins ' release . The sculptor pointed out , for example , that the lower position of the eagle made it appear about to land — with its talons in a position only assumed at great heights . Von Engelken feared that should the sculptor 's objections become public and not be addressed , the Mint would be exposed to ridicule . MacNeil visited the Philadelphia Mint and its engraving department on January 10 . No records of his visit are extant , but von Engelken telephoned from Washington to Philadelphia the same day to ensure that the new quarters did not leave the Mint . After receiving MacNeil 's letter , von Engelken conferred with sculptor and Commission of Fine Arts member Herbert Adams , and with Commission Chairman Charles Moore . Von Engelken agreed that the design of the quarter could be modified to meet MacNeil 's wishes . Although no correspondence is known to exist , it appears that the Mint Director and sculptor spoke by telephone over the next several days , as on January 17 , von Engelken sent Secretary McAdoo a letter asking for discretion to allow MacNeil to modify the design . McAdoo summoned MacNeil to Washington for a meeting , and then ordered von Engelken to provide MacNeil with all the facilities and help he would need at the Philadelphia Mint — von Engelken had intended that the redesign take place at the sculptor 's expense . On January 17 , the Mint released the first Standing Liberty quarters , dated both 1916 and 1917 , into circulation . On January 30 , 1917 , von Engelken instructed Joyce to give MacNeil full facilities , and told the Mint Superintendent , " see that Mr. Barber keeps his objections to himself while Mr. MacNeil is there " . George T. Morgan , who had worked under Barber for the Engraver 's entire 37 @-@ year tenure , was assigned to assist MacNeil . MacNeil hoped to take what he considered to be the best elements of the two versions of the obverse which had been accepted by the Mint the previous year . The figure of Liberty would be taken from the second version ; all other elements would come from the first . No change was to be made to Liberty 's bare right breast , but the dolphins would not regain their place . However , Morgan proved unable , given engraving technology at the time , to combine the two obverses , meaning the coin would have to be entirely redone by MacNeil . His new version , completed in mid @-@ February , for the first time covered Liberty 's breast , giving her a chain mail shirt . Burdette suggests that this change was not unusual for MacNeil , who was increasingly cladding female figures in garments which covered their breasts , as with his statue Intellectual Development , sculpted around that time , and also reflected the deterioration of the international situation in February 1917 , as the United States moved towards war with Germany . The reverse saw modifications to the eagle , which was raised in its position on the coin ; three of the thirteen stars on the reverse were placed between the bird and the words " Quarter Dollar " . Also a dot between the words " QUARTER DOLLAR " and between the words " UNITED STATES " was removed . The redesign of the obverse has led to an enduring myth that the breast was covered up out of prudishness , or in response to public outcry . Breen stated that " through their Society for the Suppression of Vice , the guardians of prudery at once began exerting political pressure on the Treasury Department to revoke authorization for these ' immoral ' coins " . Ron Guth and Jeff Garrett , in their book on US coins by type , aver that the covering up of Liberty was " a change never authorized by MacNeil " . Numismatic historian David Lange concedes that there is no evidence of outcry from the public , but suggests that the decision to change the coin was " more likely prompted by objections from the Treasury Department " . Numismatist Ray Young , in his 1979 article in Coins magazine about the quarter , suggested that the redesign " came from the symbolism . If Liberty was going to stand up to her foes , she should do so fully @-@ protected — not ' naked to her enemies . ' Thus the war probably had much more to do with the change than any alleged ' public indignation . ' " Von Engelken had wanted to be president of the Federal Land Bank for the Third District . He was appointed to that post on February 8 , 1917 , but remained as Mint Director until February 20 ; his successor , Raymond T. Baker was nominated on February 10 . Work on the new quarter was briefly interrupted by the death of Chief Engraver Barber at the age of 77 on February 18 . One of von Engelken 's final acts in office was to recommend the appointment of Barber 's successor , Morgan , who was subsequently nominated by Wilson and confirmed by the Senate . Upon taking office in February 1917 , Baker familiarized himself with the redesign of the quarter . After conferring with other Treasury officials , he decided that the redesign would be in violation of the 1890 act , and would require legislation from Congress . McAdoo concurred , and wrote to Representative William A. Ashbrook ( Democrat @-@ Ohio ) on April 16 , 1917 . Ashbrook was not only chairman of the House Committee on Coinage , Weights and Measures , he was a noted coin collector . McAdoo explained the need for the redesign , " since the original dies were made the artist has found that they are not true to the original design and that a great improvement can be made in the artistic value and appearance of the coin by making the slight changes the act contemplates " . Legislation to authorize a change was debated in the Senate on April 30 , 1917 ; Oklahoma Senator Robert L. Owen represented that the change was needed because the coins would not stack . Wyoming Senator Francis E. Warren complained that the Mint had needed legislation to adjust coin designs in the past and it would be simpler if officials would ensure that coins would stack before releasing them into circulation . Nevertheless , the bill passed . The matter was brought up in the House of Representatives on June 25 , led by Congressman Ashbrook , who told his colleagues both that the issued design was not true to the artist 's concept , and that the coins would not stack well . Debate in the House focused on the fact that the legislation gave the Mint until July 1918 to effect the change as Ashbrook had stated that the Mint , having prepared the new design , was only waiting for the bill to pass to commence production . One congressman offered an amendment to change the date to 1917 , and others spoke in favor of that , but they desisted when they realized that making a change would require the Senate to act again . The bill passed the House , and became law on July 9 , 1917 . In August , MacNeil wrote to Joyce requesting samples of the revised coin and expressing his pleasure it was being struck according to his design . = = Production and collecting = = The Standing Liberty quarter was struck at the Philadelphia Mint from 1916 to 1930 with the exception only of 1922 , when no quarters were struck at any mint . It was produced less regularly at Denver and San Francisco beginning in 1917 . The mint mark " D " for Denver or " S " for San Francisco may be found at the base of the wall , just to the left of Liberty 's visible foot . While the key date in the series is the 1916 with a mintage of 52 @,@ 000 ( it catalogs for $ 3 @,@ 250 even in worn Good @-@ 4 condition ) , the 1921 issue from Philadelphia and the 1923 struck at San Francisco ( 1923 @-@ S ) are also expensive , with costs in the hundreds of dollars even for a circulated specimen . The Standing Liberty quarter is the only 20th @-@ century regular issue U.S. coin for which no proof coins were struck . However , a handful of specimen examples of the 1917 Type 1 issue ( that is , the coins struck early in 1917 before MacNeil revised the design ) exist . Breen reported six known , all with exceptionally sharp central details . It had long been a practice at the Mint to recut unused dies at the end of the year to show the following year 's date . During the 18th and 19th centuries , die cutting was difficult and expensive . As making dies became cheaper and easier , the practice mostly died out around the turn of the 20th century . However , a 1917 @-@ S Type 2 die , unused by the San Francisco Mint , was recut and used to strike several thousand 1918 @-@ S quarters . Few are known , and the coins command prices in the low thousands even in well @-@ circulated conditions . By late 1924 , Mint officials realized there was a problem with the quarter in circulation . Quarters were returning to the Mint with the date completely worn off . Unwilling to seek another act of Congress , Mint officials made the step on which the date appears recessed into the design , rather than raised from it . This change solved the problem ; quarters from 1925 and after are more common and cheaper in lower grades as they have survived with their dates intact . This action was among the last acts of the Engraver 's Department under Morgan , who died on January 4 , 1925 and was succeeded by John R. Sinnock . The modification meant that the 1927 @-@ S , with a mintage of 396 @,@ 000 is much cheaper in circulated grades than the 1923 @-@ S , with a mintage of 1 @,@ 360 @,@ 000 , though the 1927 @-@ S is more expensive in uncirculated grades . No quarters were struck in 1931 ; there was no call for them in commerce due to the Depression . Since 1930 , there had been an effort among those organizing the commemoration of the bicentennial of George Washington 's 1732 birth to seek a Washington half dollar , to be struck as the regular issue for 1932 . When a bill for a Washington commemorative was introduced to Congress in February 1931 , it changed the quarter rather than the half dollar . While the reasons for the change were not recorded , the House Coinage Committee issued a memorandum stating that " the new design would replace the present type of quarter dollar " , was on " a popular denomination " and " would replace an unsatisfactory design now being issued " . Congress passed the act on March 4 , 1931 , and the new Washington quarter began to be struck in 1932 , ending the Standing Liberty series . Nevertheless , many Standing Liberty quarters remained in circulation until silver coins began to be hoarded by the public in 1964 , prompting the change to base @-@ metal pieces . The United States Mint in 2015 announced plans to restrike for collectors , in gold , the three silver coins first issued in 1916 . The quarter will have its weight and fineness inscribed on the obverse . The quarter is to be the original 1916 , with the bared breast . = Square Enix = Square Enix Holdings Co . , Ltd . ( 株式会社スクウェア・エニックス・ホールディングス , Kabushiki @-@ gaisha Sukuwea Enikkusu Hōrudingusu ) is a Japanese video game developer , publisher , and distribution company that is best known for its role @-@ playing video game franchises , which include Final Fantasy , Dragon Quest , and Kingdom Hearts . Several of its franchises have sold over 10 million copies , with the Final Fantasy franchise selling over 100 million , and the company as a whole made over ¥ 150 billion in revenue in fiscal year 2014 . The Square Enix headquarters are in the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku , Tokyo , and the company employs over 3800 employees worldwide . The original Square Enix Co . , Ltd. was formed as the result of a merger between Square Co . , Ltd. and Enix Corporation on April 1 , 2003 . Each share of Square 's common stock was exchanged for 0 @.@ 85 shares of Enix 's common stock . At the time , 80 % of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees . As part of the merger , former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed president of the new corporation , while former Enix president Keiji Honda was named its vice president , and the founder of Enix , Yasuhiro Fukushima , the largest shareholder of the combined corporation , became its honorary chairman . The company owns Taito , best known for arcade games such as Space Invaders , Bubble Bobble and Bust @-@ a @-@ Move , and game publisher Eidos Interactive , which has been absorbed into Square Enix Europe . Square Enix now publishes all of Eidos 's intellectual property and runs Eidos 's development studios . Eidos was most well known for publishing the Tomb Raider , Hitman , Deus Ex , Legacy of Kain , and Thief series of games . = = Corporate history = = = = = Square = = = Square was founded in Yokohama in September 1983 by Masashi Miyamoto after he graduated from Waseda , one of Japan 's top universities . At that time , Square was a computer game software division of Den @-@ Yu @-@ Sha , a power line construction company owned by Miyamoto 's father . While at the time game development was usually conducted by only one programmer , Miyamoto believed that it would be more efficient to have graphic designers , programmers and professional story writers working together on common projects . In September 1986 , Square spun off from Den @-@ Yu @-@ Sha and became an independent company officially named Square Co . , Ltd . After releasing several unsuccessful games for the Famicom , Square relocated to Ueno , Tokyo in 1987 and developed a role @-@ playing video game titled Final Fantasy , which was inspired by Enix 's success in the genre with Dragon Quest ( released in North America as Dragon Warrior until 2005 ) . With 400 @,@ 000 copies sold , Final Fantasy spawned multiple sequels over the years and became Square 's main franchise . Buoyed by the success of their Final Fantasy franchise , Square developed many other widely known games such as Chrono Trigger , Chrono Cross , Secret of Mana , Legend of Mana , Xenogears , Brave Fencer Musashi , Parasite Eve , Parasite Eve 2 , Saga Frontier , Romancing Saga , Vagrant Story , Kingdom Hearts ( done in collaboration with Disney Interactive ) , and Super Mario RPG ( done under the guidance of Shigeru Miyamoto ) . By late 1994 they had developed a reputation as a producer of high quality role @-@ playing video games ( RPGs ) . Square was one of the many companies that had planned to develop and publish their games for the Nintendo 64 , but with the cheaper costs associated with developing games on CD @-@ based consoles such as the Sega Saturn and the Sony PlayStation , Square decided to develop titles for the latter system . Final Fantasy VII was one of these games , and it sold 9 @.@ 8 million copies , making it the second @-@ best @-@ selling game for the PlayStation . = = = Enix = = = Enix was founded on September 22 , 1975 as Eidansha Boshu Service Center by Japanese architect @-@ turned @-@ entrepreneur Yasuhiro Fukushima . Enix focused on publishing games , often by companies who exclusively partnered with the company , and is perhaps most famous for publishing the Dragon Quest series of console games developed by Chunsoft . Key members of the developer 's staff consisted of director Koichi Nakamura , writer Yuuji Horii , artist Akira Toriyama , and composer Koichi Sugiyama , among others . The first game in the Famicom @-@ based RPG series was released in 1986 , and would eventually sell 1 @.@ 5 million copies in Japan , establishing Dragon Quest as the company 's most profitable franchise . Despite the announcement that Enix 's long @-@ time competitor Square would develop exclusively for Sony PlayStation , Enix announced in January 1997 that it would release games for both Nintendo and Sony consoles . This caused a significant rise in stock for both Enix and Sony . By November 1999 , Enix was listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange 's 1st section , indicating it as a " large company " . = = = Merger = = = A merger between Square and Enix was in consideration since at least 2000 ; however , the financial failure in 2001 of Square 's first movie , Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within , made Enix reluctant to proceed while Square was losing money . With the company facing its second year of financial losses , Square approached Sony for a capital injection and on October 8 , 2001 , Sony Corp purchased 18 @.@ 6 % stake in Square . Following the success of both Final Fantasy X and Kingdom Hearts , the company 's finances stabilized , and it recorded the highest operating margin in its history in fiscal year 2002 . It was announced on November 25 , 2002 , that Square and Enix 's previous plans to merge were to officially proceed , with the goal to mutually decrease development costs and to compete with foreign developers . As described by Yoichi Wada , Square 's president and CEO : " Square has also fully recovered , meaning this merger is occurring at a time when both companies are at their height . " Some shareholders expressed concerns about the merger , notably Square 's original founder and largest shareholder , Masashi Miyamoto , who would find himself holding a significantly smaller percentage of the combined companies . Other criticism came from Takashi Oya of Deutsche Securities who expressed doubts about the benefits of such a merger : " Enix outsources game development and has few in @-@ house creators , while Square does everything by itself . The combination of the two provides no negative factors but would bring little in the way of operational synergies . " Miyamoto 's concerns were eventually resolved by altering the exchange ratio of the merger so that each Square share would be exchanged for 0 @.@ 85 Enix shares rather than 0 @.@ 81 shares , and the merger was greenlit . The merger was set for April 1 , 2003 , on which date the newly merged entity Square Enix came into being . At the time of the merger , 80 % of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees . As part of the merger , former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed president of the new corporation , while former Enix president Keiji Honda became its vice president . The founder of Enix and the largest shareholder of the newly combined corporation , Yasuhiro Fukushima , was made its honorary chairman . In July of that year , the Square Enix headquarters were moved to Yoyogi , Shibuya , Tokyo , as part of the process of combining the two companies . = = = Acquisitions and subsidiaries = = = Since its foundation , Square Enix has acquired a number of companies , as well as creating several subsidiary companies . To strengthen its wireless market , Square Enix acquired mobile application developer UIEvolution in March 2004 , though it was sold in December 2007 , and the company instead founded its own Square Enix MobileStudio in January 2008 to focus on mobile products . In January 2005 Square Enix founded Square Enix China , expanding their interests in the People 's Republic of China . In September of that year Square Enix bought the gaming developer and publisher Taito , renowned for their arcade hits such as Space Invaders and the Bubble Bobble series ; Taito 's home and portable console games divisions were merged into Square Enix itself by March 2010 . In August 2008 , Square Enix made plans for a similar expansion by way of a friendly takeover of video game developer Tecmo by purchasing shares at a 30 percent premium , but Tecmo rejected the proposed takeover . Instead , in February 2009 , Square Enix announced a takeover deal for Eidos plc , the holding company for Eidos Interactive , the UK @-@ based publisher of the Tomb Raider , Hitman , Deus Ex , Thief and Legacy of Kain franchises , along with its multiple subsidiary development studios which developed the games . The acquisition of Eidos was completed in April 2009 , and in November the publisher was merged with Square Enix 's European publishing organization to form Square Enix Europe . In March 2011 Square Enix founded another mobile development studio , Hippos Lab , followed by another in 2012 , Square Enix Montreal . A third mobile studio was founded in Indonesia in June 2013 , Smileworks , but was closed in January 2015 . The latest subsidary company to be created was Shinra Technologies , a cloud gaming company , but it was only in existence from September 2014 to January 2016 . In 2015 , Square created a new studio known as Tokyo RPG Factory to develop what was then dubbed Project Setsuna . = = Corporate structure = = On October 1 , 2008 , Square Enix transformed into a holding company and was renamed to Square Enix Holdings . At the same time the gaming , contents and publishing businesses were transferred to a spin @-@ off named Square Enix , sharing the same corporate leadership and offices with the holding . The primary offices for Square Enix and Square Enix Holdings are in the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku , Tokyo . = = = Development organization = = = After the merger in 2003 , Square Enix 's development department was organized into eight Square and two Enix Product Development Divisions ( 開発事業部 , kaihatsu jigyōbu ) , each focused on different groupings of games . The divisions were spread around different offices ; for example , Product Development Division 5 had offices both in Osaka and Tokyo . According to Yoichi Wada , the development department was reorganized away from the Product Development Division System by March 2007 into a project @-@ based system . Until 2013 , the teams in charge of the Final Fantasy and Kingdom Hearts series were still collectively referred to as the 1st Production Department ( 第1制作部 , dai @-@ ichi seisakubu ) . The 1st Production Department was formed from the fall 2010 combination of Square Enix 's Tokyo and Osaka development studios , with Shinji Hashimoto as its corporate executive . As of December 2013 , Square Enix 's development was restructured into several Business Divisions . The former Twitter account of the 1st Production Department is now used to distribute information on the games developed by Business Divisions 1 to 4 . Yoshinori Kitase is the Head of Business Division 1 , Hajime Tabata is the Head of Business Division 2 , Shinji Hashimoto is the Head of Business Division 3 , Ichiro Hazama is the Head of Business Division 4 and Naoki Yoshida is the Head of Business Division 5 @,@ = = = Business model = = = The business model of Square Enix is centered on the idea of " polymorphic content " , which consists of developing franchises on multiple potential hardware or media rather than being restricted by a single gaming platform . An early example of this strategy is Enix 's Fullmetal Alchemist manga series , which has been adapted into two anime TV series , two movies , and several novels and video games . Other polymorphic projects include Compilation of Final Fantasy VII , Code Age , World of Mana , Ivalice Alliance and as of 2016 the ongoing Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy series . According to Yoichi Wada , " It 's very difficult to hit the jackpot , as it were . Once we 've hit it , we have to get all the juice possible out of it " . Similar to Sony 's Greatest Hits program , Square Enix also re @-@ releases their best selling games at a reduced price under a label designated " Ultimate Hits " . The standard game design model Square Enix employs is to establish the plot , characters and art of the game first . Battle systems , field maps and cutscenes are created next . According to Taku Murata , this process became the company 's model for development after the success of Square 's Final Fantasy VII in 1997 . The team size for Final Fantasy XIII in 2012 peaked at 180 artists , 30 programmers , and 36 game designers , but analysis and restructuring were done to outsource large scale development in the future . = = Properties = = = = = Video games = = = Square Enix 's main concentration is on video gaming , and it is primarily known for its role @-@ playing video game franchises . Of its properties , the Final Fantasy franchise , begun in 1987 , is the best @-@ selling , with a total worldwide sales of over 110 million units as of June 2014 . The Dragon Quest franchise , begun in 1986 , is also high @-@ selling ; it is considered one of the most popular game series in Japan and new installments regularly outsell other games at the times of their release , with a total worldwide sales of over 64 million units as of June 2014 . More recently , the Kingdom Hearts series ( developed in collaboration with Disney 's Buena Vista Games beginning in 2002 ) has become popular , with over 20 million units sold as of March 2014 . Other popular series developed by Square Enix include the SaGa series with nearly 10 million copies sold since 1989 , the Mana series with over 6 million sales since 1991 , and the Chrono series with over 5 million sold since 1995 . In addition to their sales numbers , many Square Enix games have been highly reviewed ; 27 Square Enix games were included in Famitsu magazine 's 2006 " Top 100 Games Ever " , with 7 in the top 10 and Final Fantasy X claiming the number 1 position . The company also won IGN 's award for Best Developer of 2006 for the PlayStation 2 . Square and Enix initially targeted Nintendo home consoles with their games , but Square Enix currently develops games for a wide variety of systems . In the seventh generation of video game consoles , Square Enix released new installments from its major series across all three systems , including Final Fantasy XIII on both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , and Dragon Quest X on the Wii . Square Enix has also developed titles for handheld game consoles , including the Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita . In addition , they have published games for Microsoft Windows @-@ based personal computers , and for various models of mobile phones and modern smartphones . Square Enix mobile phone games became available in 2004 on the Vodafone network in some European countries , including Germany , United Kingdom , Spain , and Italy . Before its launch , Michihiro Sasaki , senior vice president of Square Enix , spoke about the PlayStation 3 , saying " We don 't want the PlayStation 3 to be the overwhelming loser , so we want to support them , but we don 't want them to be the overwhelming winner either , so we can 't support them too much . " Square Enix continued to reiterate their devotion to multi @-@ platform publishing in 2007 , promising more support for the North American and European gaming markets where console pluralism is generally more prevalent than in Japan . Their interest in multi @-@ platform development was made clear in 2008 when the previously PlayStation 3 @-@ exclusive game Final Fantasy XIII was announced for release on the Xbox 360 . In 2008 , Square Enix released their first game for the iPod , Song Summoner : The Unsung Heroes . Square Enix made a new brand for younger children gaming that same year , known as Pure Dreams . Pure Dreams ' first two games , Snoopy DS : Let 's Go Meet Snoopy and His Friends ! and Pingu 's Wonderful Carnival were released that year . After acquiring Eidos in 2009 , Square Enix combined it with its European publishing wing to create Square Enix Europe , which continues to publish Eidos franchises such as Tomb Raider ( 45 million sales ) , Hitman ( 15 million ) , Deus Ex ( 4 million ) , Thief ( 2 @.@ 5 million ) and Legacy of Kain ( 3 @.@ 5 million ) . Square Enix has also served as the Japanese publisher for Ubisoft games since 2009 . = = = Game engines = = = Square Enix does not usually use other companies ' game engines , preferring to code from scratch . Square Enix has developed two notable in @-@ house game engines . In 2004 , Square Enix began to work on a " common 3D format " which would allow the entire company to develop titles without being restricted to a specific platform : this led to the creation of a game engine named Crystal Tools , which is compatible with the PlayStation 3 , the Xbox 360 , Windows @-@ based PCs and to some extent the Wii . It was first shown off at a tech demo shown off at E3 2005 , and was later used for Final Fantasy XIII based on the demo 's reception . Crystal Tools was also used for Final Fantasy Versus XIII before its re @-@ branding as Final Fantasy XV and shift onto next @-@ gen platforms . Refinement of the engine continued through the development of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 , and it underwent a major overhaul for Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII . No new titles have been announced for the engine , and it is believed that development of the engine has halted permanently in favor of the Square Enix Luminous Studio engine . The second major in @-@ house engine is Luminous Studio , intended for eighth @-@ generation consoles , which was originally unveiled at E3 2012 through a tech demo titled Agni 's Philosophy . The first major console title to be developed with Luminous Studio was Final Fantasy XV ; the engine 's development was done in tandem with the game , and the game 's development helped the programming team optimize the engine . In addition to their two major cross @-@ platform engines and the custom engines made for individual games and platforms before and since , Square Enix uses and continues to consider other companies ' engines and programming languages for their video game properties . Known examples are licensing Epic Games ' Unreal Engine in 2007 for use in The Last Remnant , and using the Squirrel language for the WiiWare title Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : My Life as a King . = = = Online gaming = = = Before the merger , Enix published its first online game Cross Gate in Japan , mainland China , and Taiwan in 2001 , and Square released Final Fantasy XI in Japan in 2002 for the PlayStation 2 and later the personal computer . With the huge success of Final Fantasy XI , the game was ported to the Xbox 360 two years later , and was the first MMORPG on the console . All versions of the game used PlayOnline , a cross @-@ platform internet gaming platform and internet service developed by Square Enix . The platform was used as the online service for many games Square Enix developed and published throughout the decade . Due to the success of their MMORPG , Square Enix began a new project called Fantasy Earth : The Ring of Dominion . GamePot , a Japanese game portal , got the license to publish Fantasy Earth in Japan and it was released in Japan as " Fantasy Earth ZERO . " In 2006 , however , Square Enix dropped the Fantasy Earth Zero project , and sold it to GamePot . Square Enix released Concerto Gate , the sequel to Cross Gate , in 2007 . A next @-@ gen MMORPG code named Rapture was developed by the Final Fantasy XI team using the company 's Crystal Tools engine . It was unveiled at E3 2009 that the MMO , Final Fantasy XIV , for PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows , would be released on September 30 , 2010 . Dragon Quest X was announced in September 2011 as an MMORPG being developed for Nintendo 's Wii and Wii U consoles , which released on August 2 , 2012 , and March 30 , 2013 , respectively . Like XIV , it used Crystal Tools . Square Enix also made browser games and Facebook games , like Legend World , Chocobo 's Crystal Tower and Knights of the Crystals , and online games for Yahoo ! Japan , such as Monster x Dragon , Sengoku Ixa , Bravely Default : Praying Brage , Star Galaxy	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
children , although later attempts in 2009 in twelve other states failed to pass . These laws can be temporarily suspended , but vaccine advocates doubt their utility given the lack of evidence for danger with thiomersal in vaccines . Vaccine advocates are also concerned that passage of such laws help fuel a backlash against vaccination and contribute to doubts about the safety of vaccines that are unwarranted . During the period of time of removal of thiomersal , the CDC and AAP asked doctors to delay the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in children not at risk for hepatitis . This decision , though following the precautionary principle , nevertheless sparked confusion , controversy and some harm . Approximately 10 % of hospitals suspended the use of hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns , and one child born to a Michigan mother infected with hepatitis B virus died of it . Similarly , a study found that the number of hospitals who failed to properly vaccinate infants of hepatitis B seropositive mothers rose by over 6 times . This is a potential negative outcome given the high probability that infants who acquire hepatitis B infection at birth will develop the infection in a chronic form and possibly liver cancer . The notion that thiomersal causes autism has led some parents to have their children treated with costly and potentially dangerous therapies such as chelation therapy , which is typically used to treat heavy metal poisoning , due to parental fears that autism is a form of " mercury poisoning " . As many as 2 to 8 % of autistic children in the U.S. , numbering as many as several thousand children per year , receive mercury @-@ chelating agents . Although critics of using chelation therapy as an autism treatment point to a lack of any evidence to support its use , hundreds of doctors prescribe these medications despite possible side effects including nutritional deficiencies as well as damage to the liver and kidney . The popularity of this therapy caused a " public health imperative " that led the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) to commission a study about chelation in autism by studying DMSA , a chelating agent used for lead poisoning , despite worries from critics that there would be no chance it would show positive results and it would be unlikely to convince parents to not use the therapy . Ultimately , the study was halted due to ethical concerns that there would be too much risk to children with autism who did not have toxic levels of mercury or lead due to a new animal study showing possible cognitive and emotional problems associated with DMSA . A 5 @-@ year @-@ old autistic boy died from cardiac arrest immediately after receiving chelation therapy treatment using EDTA in 2005 . The notion has also diverted attention and resources away from efforts to determine the causes of autism . The 2004 Institute of Medicine report committee recommended that while it supported " targeted research that focuses on better understanding the disease of autism , from a public health perspective the committee does not consider a significant investment in studies of the theoretical vaccine @-@ autism connection to be useful at this time . " Alison Singer , a senior executive of Autism Speaks , resigned from the group in 2009 in a dispute over whether to fund more research on links between vaccination and autism , saying , " There isn 't an unlimited pot of money , and every dollar spent looking where we know the answer isn 't is one less dollar we have to spend where we might find new answers . " = = Court cases = = From 1988 until August 2010 , 5 @,@ 632 claims relating to autism were made to Office of Special Masters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims ( commonly known as the " Vaccine Court " ) which oversees vaccine injury claims , of which one case has received compensation , 738 cases have been dismissed with no compensations made , and with the remaining cases pending . In the one case which received compensation , the U.S. government agreed to pay for injury to a child that had a pre @-@ existing mitochondrial disorder who developed autism @-@ like symptoms after multiple vaccinations , some of which included thiomersal . Citing the inability to rule out a role of these vaccinations in exacerbating her underlying mitochondrial disorder as the rationale for payment , CDC officials cautioned against generalizing this one case to all autism @-@ related vaccine cases as most patients with autism do not have a mitochondrial disorder . In February 2009 , this court also ruled on three autism @-@ related cases , each exploring different mechanisms that plaintiffs proposed linked thiomersal @-@ containing vaccines with autism . Three judges independently found no evidence that vaccines caused autism and denied the plaintiffs compensation . Since these same mechanisms formed the basis for the vast majority of remaining autism @-@ related vaccine injury cases , the chance for compensation in any of these cases has significantly decreased . In March 2010 , the court ruled in three other test cases that thiomersal @-@ containing vaccines do not cause autism . = Tute = Tute ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈtute ] ) is a trick @-@ taking card game for two to four players . Originating in Italy , where it was known as Tutti , during the 19th century the game spread in Spain , becoming one of the most popular card games in the country . The name of the game was later modified by Spanish speakers , who started calling the game Tute . The game is played with a deck of traditional Spanish playing cards , or naipes , that is very similar to the Italian 40 @-@ card deck . The classic version of the game is Two @-@ player Tute , while the most played is Tute in Pairs , where four players form two teams . The object of the game is to score the most points in the baza ( a pile next to a player that contains the cards that the player gets after winning a trick ) and by declarations ( holding certain combinations of cards ) . Due to its wide popularity , several variations of the game exist . = = Overview = = Tute originated in Italy . The game belongs to the same family as Brisca and has similar rules in gameplay and final count of points . The name of the game originated from the Italian word Tutti ( all ) , the declaration that a player announces when holding the four kings . The game spread to Spain during the 19th century , brought back by Spanish troops who returned from missions in Italy . As the popularity of the game increased , its name was modified over time by Spanish speakers , who started calling the game Tute . The game became one of the most popular in Spain , leading to the later appearance of regional variations of the game . The game is played with a Spanish deck of cards , which is divided into four suits : Oros ( coins ) , Espadas ( spades ) , Copas ( cups ) and Bastos ( clubs ) . The 8s and 9s of each suit are excluded , leaving forty cards in the deck . The object of the game is to score the most points in the baza and from declarations ( see Scoring below ) . = = Gameplay = = = = = Two @-@ player Tute = = = During the deal , each player receives eight cards . After the last card is dealt , one more card is drawn . It indicates which suit becomes the trump . The card is placed perpendicular to the stock , at the bottom . The first player chooses a card to play . If the second player has one or more cards of higher value of the same suit as this card , one of them must be played , and the second player wins the trick . If the second player has cards of the same suit , but only ones of less value than the first card , one of these must be played ; in this case , the second player loses the trick . If the second player does not have any cards of the same suit but has one or more trump cards , one of these must be played ; the second player wins the trick . If the second player has no cards of the same suit and no trumps , any other card can be played , and the second player loses the trick . The winning player takes both cards of the trick , and places them face down in an individual pile on the table , called the baza . These cards are out of play until scores are calculated , at the end of the round . The winner of the trick takes the first card from the stock , and the loser the second ; thus , until the stock runs out , they each hold ten cards at the start of every trick . When the trump card at the bottom of the deck is superior to a 7 ( Ace , Three , King , Knight , or Knave ) , the player that holds the 7 of the trump suit is able to exchange it for any of these . The 7 , and cards of lesser value ( 6 , 5 , and 4 ) , can later be exchanged only by a 2 . The trump exchanges are allowed anytime in the game until only the last two cards are left in the stock . After a player makes the first baza , that player is allowed to announce declarations . Declaring is allowed until the last two cards are left in the stock ( the last faced @-@ down card , and the faced @-@ up trump below it ) . After these final two cards are picked up , all of the cards the players hold must be played in order to finish the round . When the round is over , the players start to count their scores ( see Scoring below ) . After the counting ends , and their scores are calculated , the cards in the bazas are mixed again in a single stock to be dealt at the start of the next round . = = = Tute in pairs = = = Tute in Pairs is played by four players — two teams of two players each — and every player receives ten cards ( since there are 40 cards , this means that all of the cards in the deck are dealt ) . The last card to be dealt is shown to the rest of the players and becomes the trump . This card belongs to the player it was dealt to . The four people sit in a circle , with opponent players to the right and left of each player , and players sitting opposite their team members . One person plays a card , and the player to the right of this person , from the opponent team , plays a card . As with Two @-@ player Tute , if the second player has one or more higher cards of the same suit as the first player 's card , one of these must be played . If the second player has cards of the same suit , but only ones of less value than the first card , one of these must be played . If the second player does not have any cards of the same suit but has one or more trump cards , one of these must be played . If the second player has no cards of the same suit and no trumps , any other card can be played . Now , the next player to the right plays a card following the same rules as the second player : if possible , a card of the same suit as the first player 's card must be played , higher than the first two cards if possible ; or if this is not possible , then lower ; if no card of the same suit is held , then if possible , a trump card must be played ; if no trump card is held , then any card may be played . The fourth player likewise plays a card following these same rules . When all four cards of the trick are on the table , the pair that played the card with the strongest card wins the hand . The trump suit beats the other three suits , with the ranking of trump cards from strongest to weakest as follows : Ace @-@ 3 @-@ King @-@ Knight @-@ Knave @-@ 7 @-@ 6 @-@ 5 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 . The next strongest suit is the one the first player played , again with the card rankings being Ace @-@ 3 @-@ King @-@ Knight @-@ Knave @-@ 7 @-@ 6 @-@ 5 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 . Cards of the other two suits always lose to trumps and the first player 's suit . The winning team places the four cards from the trick into their baza . The rules for the declarations are similar to Two @-@ player Tute , but it is mandatory to declare the cards after a player or the partner begins a baza . Only the scoring team can declare . To declare their cards , the opposing team has to begin a baza . Declaring cards in the plays that follow the beginning of a baza is not allowed . After the hand is over , the counting starts ( see Scoring below ) . When the counting ends , and after the score is calculated , the cards in the bazas are mixed again in a single stack to be dealt at the start of the next round . The deal of cards rotates counter @-@ clockwise during the subsequent hands . = = Scoring = = Tute games are played until an established number of game points is reached . Each time one of the competitors wins a round , one point is added to the total score of the player or pair . New rounds are played until a player or pair reaches the game points goal ( three and six point games are the most common ) . When the number is reached the player or pair wins . The winner ( or the pair of winners ) of the round is determined by the total of round points each player ( or pair ) collects . These points are calculated as the sum of card values in baza , bonus points for declarations and the final trick bonus . = = = Card values = = = The values of cards are associated with their ranks : The rest of the cards ( 7 @-@ 6 @-@ 5 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 ) are called cartas blancas ( white cards ) because their value is zero round points . = = = Declarations = = = A player ( or a pair ) , who wins at least one trick receives an ability to gain more round points upon declaring the card combinations . In Tute in Pairs the declarations can be performed until the end of round ; in Two @-@ player Tute this ability persists until only two cards are left in the deck . The player , who collected all the four Kings , is entitled to declare tute ( all ) , which automatically ends the round with a collector 's victory . Having both King and Knight of the trump suit , one can declare las cuarenta ( forty ) , scoring additional 40 round points . The combination of King and Knight of any other suit can be declared as veinte ( twenty ) ; it adds 20 round points to the player 's score . If possible , a player can declare several combination . In such cases the declarations with the higher round point value must be made first . For example , after declaring veinte the player loses right to declare las cuarenta , though declaring another veinte is still allowed . In Two @-@ player games the declaration order rule only applies to declarations between each trick is played , so the player can declare las cuarenta after veinte if the combination is collected by picking the previously missing card from the stock . The total of the round points the player ( or pair ) has gained is calculated as the sum of values of the cards collected in the baza and the values of the declared combinations . The winner of the last trick also receives ten bonus round points . The total value of the deck ( and thus the maximum amount of round points ) is 230 points . = = Variants = = Due to the popularity of the game in Spain , modifications to the traditional rules have appeared regionally , creating variations . The variants are played with similar rules to normal Tute , but differing in the number of cards , rules for declarations , and other minor modifications of the traditional rules . = Mass Rapid Transit ( Singapore ) = The Mass Rapid Transit , or MRT , is a rapid transit system forming the major component of the railway system in Singapore , spanning the entire city @-@ state . The initial section of the MRT , between Yio Chu Kang and Toa Payoh , opened on 7 November 1987 , making it the second @-@ oldest metro system in Southeast Asia , after Manila 's LRT System . The network has since grown rapidly in accordance with Singapore 's aim of developing a comprehensive rail network as the backbone of the public transport system in Singapore , with an average daily ridership of 3 @.@ 031 million in 2015 ( including the Light Rail Transit ( LRT ) ) , approximately 78 % of the bus network 's 3 @.@ 891 million in the same period . The MRT network encompasses 170 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 106 @.@ 1 mi ) of route , with 102 stations in operation , on standard gauge . The lines are built by the Land Transport Authority , a statutory board of the Government of Singapore , which allocates operating concessions to the profit @-@ based corporations , SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit . These operators also run bus and taxi services , thus facilitating full integration of public transport services . The MRT is complemented by a small number of local LRT networks in Bukit Panjang , Sengkang and Punggol that link MRT stations with HDB public housing estates . = = History = = The origins of the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) are derived from a forecast by city planners in 1967 which stated the need for a rail @-@ based urban transport system by 1992 . Following a debate on whether a bus @-@ only system would be more cost @-@ effective , Ong Teng Cheong , came to the conclusion that an all @-@ bus system would be inadequate , as it would have to compete for road space in a land @-@ scarce country . The initial S $ 5 billion construction of the Mass Rapid Transit network was Singapore 's largest public works project at the time , starting on 22 October 1983 at Shan Road . The network was built in stages , with the North South Line given priority because it passed through the Central Area that has a high demand for public transport . The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation ( MRTC ) , later renamed as SMRT Corporation — was established on 14 October 1983 ; it took over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority . On 7 November 1987 , the first section of the North South Line started operations , consisting of five stations over six kilometres . Fifteen more stations were opened later , and the MRT system was officially launched on 12 March 1988 by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew . Another 21 stations were subsequently added to the system ; the opening of Boon Lay on the East West Line on 6 July 1990 marked the completion of the system two years ahead of schedule . The MRT has subsequently been expanded . The first expansion was in 1996 . This was a S $ 1 @.@ 2 billion expansion of the North South Line into Woodlands , merging the Branch Line into the North South Line and joining Yishun and Choa Chu Kang Stations . The concept of having rail lines that bring people almost directly to their homes led to the introduction of the Light Rail Transit ( LRT ) lines connecting with the MRT network . On 6 November 1999 , the first LRT trains on the Bukit Panjang LRT went into operation . In 2002 , the Changi Airport and Expo stations were added to the MRT network . The North East Line , the first line operated by SBS Transit , opened on 20 June 2003 , one of the first fully automated heavy rail lines in the world . On 15 January 2006 , after intense lobbying by the public , Buangkok station was opened . The Boon Lay Extension of the East West Line , consisting of Pioneer and Joo Koon stations , began revenue service on 28 February 2009 . The Circle Line opened in four stages from 28 May 2009 to 14 January 2012 . Stage 1 of Downtown Line opened on 22 December 2013 with its official opening made on 21 December 2013 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong . Stage 2 opened on 27 December 2015 , with its official opening on 26 December by Prime Minister Lee . = = Infrastructure = = = = = Network = = = The following table lists the Mass Rapid Transit lines that are currently operational : = = = Facilities and services = = = Except for the partly at @-@ grade Bishan , the entirety of the MRT is elevated or underground . Most below @-@ ground stations are deep and hardened enough to withstand conventional aerial bomb attacks and to serve as bomb shelters . Mobile phone and 3G service is available in every part of the network . Underground stations and the trains themselves are air @-@ conditioned , while above @-@ ground stations have ceiling fans installed . Every station is equipped with General Ticketing Machines ( GTMs ) , a Passenger Service Centre and LED or plasma displays that show train service information and announcements . All stations are equipped with restrooms and payphones ; some restrooms are located at street level . Some stations , especially the major ones , have additional amenities and services , such as retail shops and kiosks , supermarkets , convenience stores , automatic teller machines , and self @-@ service automated kiosks for a variety of services . Heavy @-@ duty escalators at stations carry passengers up or down at a rate of 0 @.@ 75 m / s , 50 % faster than conventional escalators . The older stations on the North South and East West lines were originally built with no accessibility facilities , such as lifts , ramps , tactile guidance systems ( Braille tactiles on the floor surface ) , wider fare gates , or toilets for passengers with disabilities ; authorities in the past actively discouraged use of their system by the disabled . Now , these facilities are being progressively installed as part of a programme to make all stations accessible to the elderly and to those with disabilities . All stations are now barrier @-@ free , although works are still ongoing to provide stations with additional barrier @-@ free facilities . The installation of lifts at pedestrian overhead bridges next to six MRT stations and additional bicycle racks at 20 stations is slated to be completed by the end of 2013 . = = = Hours of operation = = = MRT lines operate from 5 : 30am to before 1 : 00am daily , with the exception of selected periods such as New Year 's Eve , Chinese New Year , Deepavali , Hari Raya , Christmas , eves of public holidays , and special occasions such as the state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew ( 2015 ) , when most of the lines stay open throughout the night or extended till later . MRT serves as an essential purpose of transport owing to the support from various organisations and being a car @-@ lite society . When train services operate 24 hours , operators cannot carry out maintenance and engineering works to be done overnight . = = = Rolling Stock = = = The following table lists the rolling stock of the network : At present , all Singapore lines run with fixed length trains between three and six cars , with the future Thomson @-@ East Coast Line using four cars . Since the system 's conception in 1987 , all train lines have been powered by the 750 volt DC third rail , with the exception of the North East Line which is powered by 1500 volt DC overhead lines . The North South and East West lines uses an automatic train operation system that is similar to London Underground 's Victoria line . No rolling stock has been completely scrapped since service began , with the oldest C151 trains operating since the inauguration of the MRT System in 1987 . Older trains have been renewed over the years under refurbishment schemes to enhance their lifespan as well as to adhere to updated safety and usability codes . Refurbished and new trains sport sleeker designs , improved passenger information systems , more grab poles , wider seats , more space near the doors , spaces for wheelchairs and CCTV cameras . As a trial run , luggage racks were installed on the C751B trains to serve travellers on the Changi Airport branch line . However , the scheme was subsequently withdrawn in June 2002 and the luggage racks removed . All trains are contracted by open tender , with their contract numbers forming the most recognised name of the stock . Official sources occasionally refer to the trains of the North South and East West lines as numbered generation trains , with the C151 train being the first and the newest C151C train being the Sixth . = = = Signalling = = = All Mass Rapid Transit Lines are able to run automatically , and with exception of the North South Line and the East West Line , are fully driverless and automated . The following list documents the systems : = = = Depots = = = SMRT Corporation has four train depots : Bishan Depot is the central maintenance depot with train overhaul facilities , while Changi Depot and Ulu Pandan Depot inspect and house trains overnight . In March 2012 , it was announced the new Tuas Depot would be ready in 2016 for the East West Line . The underground Kim Chuan Depot houses trains for the Circle Line and Downtown Line , now jointly managed by the two operators . SBS Transit has two depots : Sengkang Depot houses trains for the North East Line , the Sengkang LRT and the Punggol LRT . Kim Chuan Depot is currently jointly operated with SMRT for the Downtown Line . Major operations will eventually be shifted to the main Gali Batu Depot by end 2015 although it will continue to operate on a minor capacity . In August 2014 , plans for the world 's first four @-@ in @-@ one train and bus depot were announced . It will be built at Tanah Merah beside the original Changi Depot site to serve the East West , Downtown , and Thomson @-@ East Coast lines . The new 36ha depot can house about 220 trains and 550 buses and integrating the depot for both buses and trains will help save close to 66 @.@ 12 acres ( 26 @.@ 76 ha ) , or 60 football fields ' worth , of land space . = = = Architecture and art = = = Early stages of the MRT 's construction paid relatively scant attention to station design , with an emphasis on functionality over aesthetics . This is particularly evident in the first few stages of the North South and East West lines that opened between 1987 and 1988 from Yio Chu Kang to Clementi . An exception to this was Orchard , chosen by its designers to be a " showpiece " of the system and built initially with a domed roof . Architectural themes became a more important issue only in subsequent stages , and resulted in such designs as the cylindrical station shapes on all stations between Kallang and Pasir Ris except Eunos , and west of Boon Lay , and the perched roofs at Boon Lay , Lakeside , Chinese Garden , Bukit Batok , Bukit Gombak , Choa Chu Kang , Khatib , Yishun and Eunos stations . Art pieces , where present , are seldom highlighted ; they primarily consist of a few paintings or sculptures representing the recent past of Singapore , mounted in major stations . The opening of the Woodlands Extension introduced bolder pieces of artwork , such as a 4 @,@ 000 kg sculpture in Woodlands . With the opening of the North East Line , more series of artworks created under a programme called " The Art In Transit " were commissioned by the Land Transport Authority . Created by 19 local artists and integrated into the stations ' interior architecture , these works aim to promote the appreciation of public art in high @-@ traffic environments . The artwork for each station is designed to suit the station 's identity . All stations on the North East , Circle and Downtown Lines come under this programme . An art contest was held by the authorities in preparation for a similar scheme to be implemented for the Circle Line . The Expo station , located on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line , is adjacent to the 100 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ metre Singapore Expo exhibition facility . Designed by Foster and Partners and completed in January 2001 , the station features a large , pillarless , titanium @-@ clad roof in an elliptical shape that sheathes the length of the station platform . This complements a smaller 40 @-@ metre reflective stainless @-@ steel disc overlapping the titanium ellipse and visually floats over a glass elevator shaft and the main entrance . The other station with similar architecture is Dover . Changi Airport , the easternmost station on the MRT network , has the widest platform in any underground MRT station in Singapore . It is rated 10 out of 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world in 2011 . Two Circle Line stations — Bras Basah and Stadium — were commissioned through the Marina Line Architectural Design Competition , which was jointly organised by the Land Transport Authority and the Singapore Institute of Architects . The competition did not require any architectural experience from competitors , and is acknowledged by the industry as one of the most impartial competitions held in Singapore to date . The winner of both stations was WOHA . In 2009 , " Best Transport Building " was awarded to the designers at WOHA Architects at the World Architecture Festival . = = Expansion = = The MRT system relied on its two main lines , the North South and East West lines , for more than a decade until the opening of the North East Line in 2003 . While plans for these lines as well as those currently under construction were formulated long before , the Land Transport Authority 's publication of a White Paper titled " A World Class Land Transport System " in 1996 galvanised the government 's intentions to greatly expand the system . It called for the expansion of the 67 kilometres of track in 1995 to 360 in 2030 . It was expected that daily ridership in 2030 would grow to 6 @.@ 0 million from the 1 @.@ 4 million passengers at that time The following table lists Mass Rapid Transit lines and stations that are currently under testing , construction , or that are in the planning stages : = = = Downtown Line = = = The 42 @-@ kilometre , 36 station fully underground Downtown Line , will connect the northwestern and eastern regions of Singapore to the new downtown at Marina Bay in the south and to the Central Business District . Similar to the Circle Line , three @-@ car trainsets will run on the Downtown Line with line capacity projected for 500 @,@ 000 commuters daily . The Downtown Line is slated to be completed in three stages . Stage 1 from Bugis to Chinatown began operations on 22 December 2013 . Stage 2 from Bukit Panjang to Rochor began operations on 27 December 2015 . Stage 3 from Fort Canning to Expo will begin operations in 2017 and Stage 3e from Expo to Sungei Bedok in 2024 respectively . = = = Thomson @-@ East Coast Line = = = The 43 @-@ kilometre , 31 station fully underground Thomson @-@ East Coast Line will connect the northern region of Singapore to the south , running parallel to the existing North South Line passing through Woodlands , Sin Ming , Upper Thomson and Marina Bay before turning east and running through Tanjong Rhu , Siglap , Marine Parade and Bedok . The line will commence operation in five stages , with the first three stages starting from Woodlands North to Gardens by the Bay commencing operations between 2019 and 2021 respectively , Stage 4 from Tanjong Rhu to Bayshore in 2023 and Stage 5 from Bedok South to Sungei Bedok in 2024 . The northern terminus of Woodlands North is also expected to interchange with the Singapore @-@ Johor rail link to provide access to Johor Bahru and the future Johor Bahru Rapid Transit System . = = = Jurong Region Line = = = First proposed as a LRT line when originally announced in 2001 , the Jurong Region Line has since been upgraded to be a medium capacity line after the project was revived in 2013 . The new configuration will serve West Coast , Tengah and Choa Chu Kang and Jurong . Details will be announced once Tengah New Town development is up , and the completion will be by 2025 . = = = Cross Island Line = = = The 50 @-@ kilometre Cross Island Line will span the island of Singapore , passing through Tuas , Jurong , Sin Ming , Ang Mo Kio , Hougang , Punggol , Pasir Ris and Changi . The addition of the new line brings commuters with another alternative for East @-@ West travel to the current East West Line . It will also connect to all the other major lines to serve as a key transfer line , complementing the role currently fulfilled by the orbital Circle Line . This line will even have a longer timeframe due to the environmental study aspects , with the completion by 2030 . = = = Tuas West extension = = = The Tuas West Extension is an extension of the East West Line from Joo Koon to Tuas Link . The stations — Gul Circle , Tuas Crescent , Tuas West Road and Tuas Link — will extend MRT connectivity to the Tuas area and are expected to serve more than 100 @,@ 000 commuters daily . Construction began in 2012 and is planned to be completed in 2016 . = = = Circle Line Stage 6 = = = To be completed by 2025 , the 4 @-@ kilometre extension will run from Marina Bay through Keppel , ending at HarbourFront . On 29 October 2015 , the LTA announced the 3 station locations for the ' Circle Line Stage 6 ' . The stations are Keppel Station , Cantonment Station and Prince Edward Station . = = = Downtown Line 3 extension = = = To be completed by 2024 , the additional 2 @.@ 2 km extension will run from Expo via Xilin and interchange with Sungei Bedok of the Thomson @-@ East Coast Line . A commuter who lives along the corridor of the Thomson @-@ East Coast Line ( TEL ) will be able to access key employment nodes along the Downtown Line 3 corridor in a single train ride . The Downtown Line 3 Extension also brings direct connectivity along the corridor it serves . = = = North East Line extension = = = To be completed by 2030 , the 2 @-@ kilometre extension will run from Punggol through Punggol North including the new Punggol Downtown . The extension is for future residents in Punggol North to have train access to the city centre as well as other parts of Singapore . = = Fares and ticketing = = Stations are divided into two areas , paid and unpaid , which allow the rail operators to collect fares by restricting entry only through the fare gates , also known as access control gates . These gates , connected to a computer network , can read and update electronic tickets capable of storing data , and can store information such as the initial and destination stations and the duration for each trip . General Ticketing Machines sell tickets for single trips or allow the customer to buy additional value for stored @-@ value tickets . Tickets for single trips , coloured in green , are valid only on the day of purchase , and have a time allowance of 30 minutes beyond the estimated travelling time . Tickets that can be used repeatedly until their expiry date require a minimum amount of stored credit . As the fare system has been integrated by TransitLink , commuters need to pay only one fare and pass through two fare gates ( once on entry , once on exit ) for an entire journey , even when transferring between lines operated by different companies . Commuters can choose to extend a trip mid @-@ journey , and pay the difference when they exit their destination station . = = = Fares = = = Because the rail operators are government @-@ assisted , profit @-@ based corporations , fares on the MRT system are pitched to at least break @-@ even level . The operators collect these fares by selling electronic data @-@ storing tickets , the prices of which are calculated based on the distance between the start and destination stations . These prices increase in fixed stages for standard non @-@ discounted travel . Fares are calculated in increments based on approximate distances between stations , in contrast to the use of fare zones in other subway systems , such as the London Underground . Although operated by private companies , the system 's fare structure is regulated by the Public Transport Council ( PTC ) , to which the operators submit requests for changes in fares . Fares are kept affordable by pegging them approximately to distance @-@ related bus fares , thus encouraging commuters to use the network and reduce its heavy reliance on the bus system . Fare increases over the past few years have caused public concern , the latest one having taken effect from 1 October 2008 . There were similar expressions of disapproval over the slightly higher fares charged on SBS Transit 's North East Line , a disparity that SBS Transit justified by citing higher costs of operation and maintenance on a completely underground line , as well as lower patronage . = = = Ticketing = = = The ticketing system uses the EZ @-@ Link and NETS FlashPay contactless smart cards based upon the Symphony for e @-@ Payment ( SeP ) system for public transit built on the Singapore Standard for Contactless ePurse Application ( CEPAS ) system . This system allows for up to 4 card issuers in the market . The EZ @-@ Link card was introduced on 13 April 2002 as a replacement for the original TransitLink farecard , while its competitor the NETS FlashPay card entered the smartcard market on 9 October 2009 . A stored value adult EZ @-@ Link or NETS FlashPay branded CEPAS card may be purchased at any TransitLink Ticket Office or Passenger Service Centre . The CEPAS card may be used for the payment of MRT , LRT and bus fares . The CEPAS card may also be used for payment for goods and services at selected merchants , Electronic Road Pricing tolls , and Electronic Parking System carparks . Additional credit may be purchased via cash or NETS at any General Ticketing Machine ( GTM ) , Add Value Machine , TransitLink Ticket Office , Passenger Service Centre , AXS Station , DBS / POSB / OCBC / UOB Automatic Teller Machines , online via a card reader purchased separately , or selected merchants . Additional credit of a predetermined value may also be automatically credited into the card when the card value runs low via an automatic recharge service provided by Interbank GIRO or credit card . An Adult Monthly Travel Card for unlimited travel on MRT , LRT and buses may also be purchased and is non @-@ transferable . A Standard Ticket contactless smart card for single or return journeys may also be purchased at the GTM for the payment of MRT and / or LRT fares . A S $ 0 @.@ 10 deposit will be levied on top of the fare to be paid . The deposit will be automatically refunded through an offset of the fare to be paid for the third journey on the same ticket while an additional discount of S $ 0 @.@ 10 will be given for the sixth journey on the same ticket . No refund of the deposit is provided if the card is used for fewer than 3 journeys . The ticket can be used for the purchase of single or return journeys to and from pre @-@ selected stations up to a maximum of six journeys over 30 days . Fares for the Standard Ticket are always higher than those charged for the stored @-@ valued CEPAS ( EZ @-@ Link and NETS FlashPay ) cards for the same distance traveled . The ticket is retained by the user after each journey and does not need to be returned to any GTM or Passenger Service Centre . Identical to the usage of CEPAS cards , the ticket is tapped onto the faregate reader upon entry and exit . For tourists , a Singapore Tourist Pass contactless smartcard may be purchased . The card may be bought at selected TransitLink Ticket Offices and Singapore Visitors Centres . The tourists may retrieved their deposit by returning the card to the ticket offices or visitors centres within 5 days from the date of issue . = = Safety and security = = = = = Safety = = = Operators and authorities state that numerous measures had been taken to ensure the safety of passengers , and SBS Transit publicised the safety precautions on the driverless North East Line before and after its opening . Safety campaign posters are highly visible in trains and stations , and the operators frequently broadcast safety announcements to passengers and to commuters waiting for trains . Fire safety standards are consistent with the strict guidelines of the US National Fire Protection Association . There were calls for platform screen doors to be installed at above @-@ ground stations after several incidents in which passengers were killed by oncoming trains when they fell onto the railway tracks at above @-@ ground stations . Underground stations already featured platform screen doors since 1987 . The authorities initially rejected the proposal by casting doubts over functionality and concerns about the high installation costs , but made an about @-@ turn when the government announced plans to install half @-@ height platform screen doors on the above @-@ ground stations in January 2008 , citing lower costs due to it becoming a more common feature worldwide . They were first installed at Jurong East , Pasir Ris and Yishun stations in 2009 under trials to test their feasibility . By 14 March 2012 , all elevated stations have been retrofitted with the doors and are operational . These doors prevent suicides and unauthorised access to restricted areas . Under the Rapid Transit Systems Act , acts such as smoking , eating or drinking in stations and trains , the misuse of emergency equipment and trespassing on the railway tracks are illegal , with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment . There were a few major accidents in the history of the MRT that raised safety concerns among the public . On 5 August 1993 , two trains collided at Clementi station because of an oil spillage on the track , which resulted in 132 injuries . During the construction of the Circle Line on 20 April 2004 , a tunnel being constructed under Nicoll Highway collapsed and led to the deaths of four people . The overall reliability of the ageing North South and East West lines were questioned by the public after multiple major train disruptions in December 2011 led to a Committee of Inquiry , which uncovered serious shortcomings in SMRT Corporation 's maintenance regime . Since then , every MRT line had been plagued with disruptions of various degrees of severity . On 7 July 2015 , train services on the North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line in Singapore were suspended in both directions following a major power trip . The disruption lasted for more than 3 hours , affecting 250 @,@ 000 commuters . This was considered the worst disruption to the MRT network since it first began operations in 1987 . Independent experts from Sweden and Japan were hired to conduct investigation into the cause of the disruption . The cause was identified as damage to a third rail insulator due to a water leak at Tanjong Pagar station . Consequently , a program was implemented to replace insulators liable to similar failure . = = = Security = = = Security concerns related to crime and terrorism were not high on the agenda of the system 's planners at its inception . However , after the Madrid train bombings in 2004 and the foiled plot to bomb the Yishun MRT Station in 2001 , the operators deployed private , unarmed guards to patrol station platforms and conduct checks on the belongings of commuters , especially those carrying bulky items . Recorded announcements are frequently made to remind passengers to report suspicious activity and not to leave their belongings unattended . Digital closed @-@ circuit cameras ( CCTVs ) have been upgraded with recording @-@ capability at all stations and trains operated by SMRT Corporation . Trash bins and mail boxes have been removed from station platforms and concourse levels to station entrances , to eliminate the risk of bombs planted in them . Photography without permission was also banned in all MRT stations since the Madrid bombings , but it was not in the official statement in any public transport security reviews . On 14 April 2005 the Singapore Police Force announced plans to step up rail security by establishing a specialised security unit for public transport , the unit today is known as the Public Transport Security Command or more commonly known as TRANSCOM . These armed officers began overt patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005 , conducting random patrols in pairs in and around rail stations and within trains . They are trained and authorised to use their firearms at their discretion , including deadly force if deemed necessary . On 8 January 2006 , a major civil exercise involving over 2 @,@ 000 personnel from 22 government agencies , codenamed Exercise Northstar V , simulating bombing and chemical attacks at Dhoby Ghaut , Toa Payoh , Raffles Place and Marina Bay MRT stations was conducted . Thirteen stations were closed and about 3 @,@ 400 commuters were affected during the three @-@ hour exercise . Security concerns were brought up by the public when two incidents of vandalism at train depots occurred within two years . In both incidents , graffiti on the affected trains were discovered after they entered revenue service . The first incident , on 17 May 2010 , involved a breach in the perimeter fence of Changi Depot and resulted in the imprisonment and caning of a Swiss citizen , and an Interpol arrest warrant for his accomplice . The train involved was a C151 train . SMRT Corporation received a S $ 50 @,@ 000 fine by the Land Transport Authority for the first security breach . Measures were put in place by the Public Transport Security Committee to enhance depot security in light of the first incident , but works were yet to be completed by SMRT Corporation when the second incident , on 17 August 2011 , occurred at Bishan Depot . On 22 November 2012 , the Land Transport Authority carried out a ground deployment exercise with SMRT to test their incident management plans in the event of a train service disruption . In total , about 135 personnel including representatives from the Singapore Police Force 's Transport Command ( TransCom ) and SBS Transit participated in the exercise . Train service continued as per normal and commuters were not affected by the exercise . Codenamed ' Exercise Greyhound ' , the exercise went through the scenario of a broken rail on the East West Line at Buona Vista . SMRT had also activated their Rail Incident Management Plan . On 22 August 2013 , ‘ Exercise Greyhound 2013 ’ was carried out by the Land Transport Authority with SBS Transit to validate the procedures of SBST ’ s Operations Control Centre ( OCC ) and the workability of its contingency plans for bus bridging , free bus service and deployment of Goodwill Ambassadors ( GAs ) during a simulated prolonged train service disruption . About 300 personnel including representatives from LTA , SBST , SMRT , the Singapore Police Force ’ s Transport Command ( TransCom ) , Traffic Police and Singapore Civil Defence Force ( SCDF ) participated in the exercise . Train service continued as per normal and commuters were not affected by the exercise . = = = General = = = = = = Academic publications = = = = = = Corporate and governmental sources = = = = A Meeting by the River = A Meeting by the River is an album recorded by Ry Cooder and Vishwa Mohan Bhatt ; it was recorded in September 1992 and released in April 1993 through the record label Water Lily Acoustics . This improvised , collaborative album features Cooder on slide guitar and Bhatt on the Mohan veena , a stringed instrument created by Bhatt . A Meeting by the River was produced by Kavichandran Alexander and Jayant Shah , engineered by Alexander , and mastered by Kevin Michael Gray and Paul Stubblebine . It peaked at number four on Billboard 's Top World Music Albums chart , and earned Cooder and Bhatt Grammy Awards for Best World Music Album at the 36th Grammy Awards ( 1994 ) . The album is included in Tom Moon 's 2008 book 1 @,@ 000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die . = = Composition = = A Meeting by the River was recorded in September 1992 ; it features Cooder solely on slide guitar and Bhatt on the Mohan veena , a stringed instrument he created . Allmusic 's Daniel Gioffre described the instrument as a hybrid between a guitar and a vichitra veena ; it is played with a metal slide moving across steel rods along the neck . Cooder had heard a recording of Hindustani classical music performed by Bhatt and was impressed by his playing and the " haunting clarity " of the Mohan veena . Cooder and Bhatt met for the first time less than one hour before recording began ; they improvised much of the set ; the album 's liner notes state , " this recording was unplanned and unrehearsed " . The album was produced by Kavichandran Alexander , founder of Water Lily Acoustics , and Jayant Shah . It was engineered by Alexander , and was mastered by Kevin Michael Gray and Paul Stubblebine . Cooder and Bhatt are accompanied by Cooder 's fourteen @-@ year @-@ old son Joachim on dumbek , a Middle Eastern drum , and by Sukhvinder Singh Namdhari on tabla . The collaboration between Cooder and Bhatt is Alexander 's first attempt to record musicians of different cultures together , one of his goals when he founded the record label . Author George Plasketes described Bhatt 's playing as " highly nuanced " and said , Cooder performs in a more " loose @-@ jointed , slip ' n ' slide style " . According to Gioffre , Cooder and Bhatt use improvisation and " voice @-@ like " phrasing , showing melodic performances in an alternating fashion and in unison . The album contains four tracks , three of which are credited to Cooder and Bhatt ; tracks range in duration from approximately seven @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes to twelve minutes . " Longing " has a structure similar to a raga . Author Tom Moon said Cooder takes the lead on the hymn " Isa Lei " as Bhatt contributes " elaborate squiggling asides " and " swooping nosedives " . In 2011 , Bhatt performed " A Meeting by the River " at a music festival in honor of guru Kelucharan Mohapatra . Bhatt said of the song , " Music has no religion and no geographical or linguistic barrier . It speaks a universal language . My composition – ' A Meeting by the River ' – aims at explaining this . " Bhatt has said he considers working with Cooder his " most special " collaboration . = = Reception = = Gioffre wrote a positive review of the album and called Cooder and Bhatt " genuine masters " of their respective instruments . He described the musical interplay between the musicians as " nothing short of astounding " and the album as a rare instance in which a combination of genres works . Gioffre also wrote , " this album is masterfully recorded ; each instrument is clear , distinct , and three @-@ dimensional sounding . A Meeting by the River is a must @-@ own , a thing of pure , unadulterated beauty , and the strongest record in Cooder 's extensive catalog . " Peter Margasak of the Chicago Tribune awarded the album four stars out of four , describing Cooder 's performance as " arresting " and Bhatt 's as " haunting " . Margasak wrote that the fusion revealed a " rare , often transcendental beauty " as the two artists " gently and intuitively " found common ground . Rolling Stone called the album " fruitful " and awarded it three stars out of five . = = Chart performance and recognition = = A Meeting by the River reached a peak position of number four on Billboard 's Top World Music Albums chart . In 1994 , the album earned Cooder and Bhatt Grammy Awards for Best World Music Album . Bhatt became one of a few Indian musicians to have received a Grammy Award until A. R. Rahman won at the 52nd Grammy Awards in 2010 . Previous Indian award winners had been recognized jointly with Western artists . The February 25 , 1995 , issue of Billboard , which featured the annual " Indies Spotlight " and covered independent music between the January 29 , 1994 , and January 21 , 1995 , issues of the magazine included A Meeting by the River at number ten on its list of the " Top Indie World Music Albums " . The album is included in Tom Moon 's 2008 book 1 @,@ 000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die : A Listener 's Life List . = = Track listing = = All tracks by Ry Cooder and Vishwa Mohan Bhatt unless noted otherwise . " A Meeting by the River " – 10 : 03 " Longing " – 11 : 56 " Ganges Delta Blues " – 9 : 57 " Isa Lei " ( Caten ) – 7 : 39 Track listing adapted from Allmusic . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from Allmusic . = Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Jamaica = In early July 2005 , Hurricane Dennis brushed Jamaica , bringing torrential rain and damaging floods to the island nation . Forming from a tropical depression on July 4 , Dennis began impacting Jamaica three days later . Approximately 6 @,@ 000 people evacuated from coastal and flood @-@ prone areas prior to the storm 's arrival while relief agencies allocated resources for recovery operations . Passing northeast of the island , impact from Dennis stemmed primarily from rainfall — accumulations peaked at 24 @.@ 54 in ( 623 mm ) and reached 1 @-@ in @-@ 50 year event levels . Widespread flooding and landslides damaged homes and isolated communities . Saint Thomas and Portland Parishes were hardest @-@ hit ; hundreds required evacuation as multiple rivers burst their banks . Overall , 209 @,@ 000 people were affected with 6 @,@ 000 households requesting assistance . A week after Dennis , Hurricane Emily brought further rain to the island , exacerbating damage . Their combined effects damaged or destroyed 440 homes with total losses reaching J $ 5 @.@ 976 billion ( US $ 96 @.@ 87 million ) , of which at least J $ 2 @.@ 128 billion ( US $ 34 @.@ 5 million ) can be attributed to Dennis alone . One person died due to flooding . Relief operations began before the hurricane subsided , and international communities provided further aid . The overall effects of Dennis were limited and the nation 's economy sustained no major ramifications . = = Background and preparations = = On July 4 , 2005 , the National Hurricane Center classified a tropical depression near the Windward Islands . This system moved briskly to the west @-@ northwest , becoming Tropical Storm Dennis the following day . Taking advantage of highly favorable environmental factors , such as low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures , Dennis rapidly intensified . By July 6 , the system reached hurricane strength as it began traversing the Jamaica Channel . Around 18 : 00 UTC on July 7 , the hurricane passed 30 mi ( 45 km ) northeast of Port Antonio — 60 mi ( 95 km ) northeast of Kingston — with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) — a Category 3 on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The system subsequently struck Cuba as a Category 4 twice before moving over the Gulf of Mexico . It ultimately moved inland over Florida as a Category 3 on July 10 and dissipated over the Great Lakes eight days later . Late on July 5 , the Government of Jamaica issued a hurricane watch for the nation as Dennis intensified over the eastern Caribbean . This was upgraded to a hurricane warning early on July 6 . The warning remained in place for 48 hours as the hurricane brushed the island , being discontinued on July 8 as Dennis moved over northern Cuba and no longer posed a direct threat to Jamaica . Following the issuance of the hurricane warning , Jamaica 's National Emergency Operations Center and Parish Emergency Operations Center were activated . At the behest of Jamaica 's Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management , the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency allocated resources to assist the nation following the passage of Dennis . The Jamaican Red Cross also notified its branches of the storm , placing personnel and volunteers on standby on July 7 . The Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard assisted with evacuations of Pedro Bank and Morant Cays . Shelters prepped for opening by the evening of July 6 and Norman Manley International Airport ceased operations at 04 : 00 UTC ( 11 : 00 p.m. local time ) and Sangster International Airport following soon thereafter . By July 7 , 30 shelters opened across five parishes , with at least 793 people using their services . Some officials complained that residents refused to evacuate . However , as the storm impacted the island this number dramatically increased to 6 @,@ 000 people with shelters open in all parishes . Approximately J $ 25 million ( US $ 405 @,@ 000 ) was made available for relief operations through the nation 's Disaster Mitigation Programme . An additional J $ 20 million ( US $ 324 @,@ 000 ) was allocated for clearing drains in preparation for heavy rain . = = Impact = = Hurricane Dennis brought torrential rainfall to most of Jamaica , which already experienced above @-@ average rainfall since April , as it brushed the island to the northeast . Many places recorded over 12 in ( 300 mm ) of rain , with the highest totals occurring across the Blue Mountains ; accumulations peaked at 24 @.@ 54 in ( 623 mm ) in Mavis Bank . One @-@ hour rainfall rates reached 2 @.@ 6 in ( 65 mm ) in this location with a twenty @-@ four @-@ hour peak of 19 @.@ 59 in ( 497 @.@ 6 mm ) . The latter value equates to a 1 @-@ in @-@ 50 year event for the town and was 1 @,@ 005 % of the 30 @-@ year mean . Rainfall in Constant Spring reached 1 @-@ in @-@ 25 year levels . Sustained winds in Montego Bay peaked at 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) , equivalent to a strong tropical storm . Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston observed peak winds of 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) with a gust to 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . These winds downed trees and power lines , leaving roughly 100 @,@ 000 customers without electricity ; however , overall wind damage was minimal . Several homes and business lost their roofs . Saint Thomas Parish suffered widespread flooding as multiple rivers burst their banks . The first to flood was the Yallahs River . A bridge spanning the river was severely damaged . The nearby Mundicot River prompted multiple evacuations in Yallahs while Johnson River flooded much of Seaforth . Evacuations also took place in Bull Bay where graves were unearthed . Sixty @-@ seven homes in the Taylor Land subdivision of Bull Bay were affected , prompting a proposal to relocate residents elsewhere to avoid future damage . Overflow from tributaries of the Cane River inundated multiple villages , leaving many isolated . One person drowned after being swept away in the Negro River ; his body was recovered three days later . Approximately 200 homes in the parish suffered inundation — including several illegally built structures which were destroyed — with residents reporting maximum flood depths of 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) . The community of Eight Miles remained under 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) a day after the hurricane 's passage . The severity of flooding was blamed on poor building and maintenance of retaining walls along gullies . Landslides in Portland Parish rendered roads impassable and damaged many homes . A bridge spanning the Rio Grande , connecting eastern and western sides of the parish , was severely damaged . The severed connection left 500 people temporarily isolated . Elsewhere along the river , three homes and two stores were swept away . A landslide in Mill Bank destroyed eight homes . Agriculture sustained significant damage , with effects compounded by the quick succession of Dennis and Emily a week apart . Along the Rio Grande , the entire banana crop was lost . The two storms wrecked 626 ha ( 1 @,@ 550 acres ) of crops and killed 4 @,@ 330 livestock , mostly chickens , at a cost of J $ 250 million ( US $ 4 @.@ 05 million ) . Two homes along the Mamee River in Saint Andrew Parish were swept away while other residents in mountainous areas of the parish were stranded by landslides . Multiple residents became trapped within Gordon Town and hazardous weather hampered their rescue . A bridge in Mahoneyvale was destroyed . During the pre @-@ dawn hours of July 9 , the Annotto , Pencar , and Motherford rivers burst their banks in Saint Mary Parish ; more than 500 people relocated from their homes in Annotto Bay . Flooding took place across much of Saint Catherine Parish with eight people requiring rescue . The Cobrun Gully submerged several homes in Bushy Park . Eastern areas of Clarendon Parish experienced significant flooding , with several communities cut @-@ off or inundated . A sink hole in Halse Hall engulfed 35 homes . An oil tank overflowed due to heavy rain at a Petrojam Refinery in Kingston Harbour resulting in a minor oil spill . Petrojam crews cleaned the spill within a day . Some streets in downtown Kingston were flooded . Effects in Trelawny Parish were relatively limited , with J $ 16 million ( US $ 259 @,@ 000 ) in agricultural damage . In all , an estimated 209 @,@ 000 people were affected to varying degrees across 121 communities in the nation . Approximately 6 @,@ 000 households — an estimated 22 @,@ 000 people — reported need for assistance ; the combined effects of Dennis and Emily left 49 homes destroyed and 391 damaged . Associated losses reached J $ 100 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 62 million ) from Dennis . The agricultural industry sustained extensive losses , with 610 ha ( 1 @,@ 500 acres ) damaged and nearly 160 @,@ 000 livestock , primarily chickens , killed . The rapid succession of Dennis and Emily makes differentiating damage between them difficult . Collectively , the two storms wrought J $ 5 @.@ 976 billion ( US $ 96 @.@ 87 million ) in damage , primarily stemming from infrastructure , of which at least J $ 2 @.@ 128 billion ( US $ 34 @.@ 5 million ) can be attributed to Dennis alone . = = Aftermath = = Distribution of relief supplies began on July 7 . Isolated communities across Saint Andrew , Saint Thomas , and Portland Parishes received airlifted aid the following day . Residents in Cascade required evacuation by airlift and Mill Bank was declared a disaster area . A previously defunct railway bridge — the 500 ft ( 150 m ) St. Margaret 's Bay bridge — in Portland Parish , not in use since the 1980s , was repaired at a cost of J $ 26 million ( US $ 421 @,@ 000 ) and re @-@ opened on July 30 to enable travel after the Rio Grande bridge was damaged . Residents in the parish were also advised to temporarily boil or bleach water to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases due to contaminated supplies . The Salvation Army assisted with relief efforts . Efforts to repair and restore damaged roadways reached J $ 405 million ( US $ 6 @.@ 56 million ) . The Leader of the Opposition party requested the Jamaican government release J $ 500 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 1 million ) for immediate relief ; however , Prime Minister P. J. Patterson rejected the proposal . Joseph Hibbert further criticized the government for inadequately maintaining roads , citing a lack of maintenance contracts which is how such work is carried out in the nation . Although the Government of Jamaica indicated it would not request international assistance , the Government of Cuba provided 11 tons of supplies and Venezuela offered support . WINDALCO reported a loss of 10 @,@ 000 tons of aluminum due to flooding . Manufacturing companies reported J $ 18 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 296 @,@ 000 ) in losses , primarily from suspended operations . In November , the Jamaica Labour Party sought J $ 3 @.@ 2 billion ( US $ 51 @.@ 8 million ) in additional funding to repair roads damaged by Hurricanes Ivan , Dennis , Emily , and Wilma . The following month , the Jamaica Agricultural Society received J $ 5 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 88 @,@ 266 ) from the Japanese embassy to assist 500 farmers in Portland Parish . The long @-@ term effects of Dennis were limited , with nearly every economic sector returning to normal within a few months . The only exceptions were exports of banana and coffee crops , both of which were still recovering from Hurricane Ivan in 2004 . Overall implications to the nation 's gross domestic product were negligible , merely flat @-@ lining growth rather than causing decline . However , in combination with the effects of a drought early in 2005 , inflation values required adjustment upwards from 9 % to 14 @.@ 3 % . = The Boat Race 1846 = The 8th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 3 April 1846 . Umpired by Charles Jasper Selwyn , Cambridge won in a time of 21 minutes 5 seconds , with a winning margin of three lengths . The race was held on the ebb tide , starting in Mortlake and ending in Putney . For the first time , outriggers were used by both crews . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Following their ten @-@ length defeat in the previous year 's race , Oxford sent their challenge to Cambridge in February 1846 , proposing that the race should take place at Easter . The umpire for the race was Charles Jasper Selwyn . Cambridge went into the race leading the contest overall , with five wins to Oxford 's two since the inaugural race in 1829 . On one of only a handful of occasions , the race was rowed on the ebb tide , from Mortlake to Putney . For the first time in the history of the race , both boats used outriggers . Cambridge " rowed in an outrigger built by Searle , 60 ft in length , 2 ft 8 in in breadth " , while Oxford 's boat was " expressly built for this match by King of Oxford " and 58 ft 6 in long . Both crews had professional coaches : Oxford used John Noulton while Cambridge were trained by Robert Coombes , a champion sculler . It marked the start of the debate over the use of professional coaches which was not resolved until the 1852 race . = = Crews = = The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 11 st 8 @.@ 375 lb ( 73 @.@ 5 kg ) , 3 @.@ 25 pounds ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) more per rower than their opponents . Oxford saw three Blues return from the 1845 race in Royds , Stapylton and Milman ; Harkness and Hill returned for Cambridge . = = Race = = Conditions for the race were described by MacMichael as " very fine , and the little wind there was with the tide . " The race commenced shortly after 11.10am , started by Edward Searle . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing Cambridge the Middlesex side of the river . Despite taking an early lead , Oxford were soon caught and Cambridge drew away , holding a third @-@ of @-@ a @-@ length lead by Chiswick . As the long bend began to favour Oxford , Cambridge slowed in shallow water allowing the Dark Blues to close some of the discrepancy , but by Hammersmith Bridge , Cambridge were back to a half @-@ length lead . A final surge from Oxford once again closed the gap , but Cambridge pulled away to take the victory in a record time of 21 minutes 5 seconds and by a margin of three lengths . = Cultural depictions of dinosaurs = Cultural depictions of dinosaurs have been numerous since the word dinosaur was coined in 1842 . The dinosaurs featured in books , films , television programs , artwork , and other media have been used for both education and entertainment . The depictions range from the realistic , as in the television documentaries of the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century , or the fantastic , as in the monster movies of the 1950s and 1960s . The growth in interest in dinosaurs since the Dinosaur Renaissance has been accompanied by depictions made by artists working with ideas at the leading edge of dinosaur science , presenting lively dinosaurs and feathered dinosaurs as these concepts were first being considered . Cultural depictions of dinosaurs have been an important means of translating scientific discoveries to the public . Cultural depictions have also created or reinforced misconceptions about dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals , such as inaccurately and anachronistically portraying a sort of " prehistoric world " where many kinds of extinct animals ( from the Permian animal Dimetrodon to mammoths and cavemen ) lived together , and dinosaurs living lives of constant combat . Other misconceptions reinforced by cultural depictions came from a scientific consensus that has now been overturned , such as the alternate usage of dinosaur to describe something that is maladapted or obsolete , or dinosaurs as slow and unintelligent . = = History of depictions = = = = = Early human history to 1900 : Early depictions = = = The classical folklorist Adrienne Mayor has proposed that the griffin of mythology is based on dinosaur skeletons found in the Gobi Desert . She noted that griffins were said to inhabit the Scythian steppes that reached from the modern Ukraine to central Asia . Mayor draws a connection to Protoceratops , a frilled dinosaur that was commonly found in the Gobi . This dinosaur has features associated with griffins : they share sharp beaks , four legs , claws , similar size , and large eyes ( or eye sockets in the case of the fossils ) , and the neck frill of Protoceratops , with large open holes , is consistent with descriptions of large ears or wings . However , the palaeontologist Mark Witton notes that the suggestion ignores pre @-@ Mycenaean accounts , and has not found favour with archaeologists including N. Wyatt and T.F. Tartaron . The scientific study of dinosaurs began in the 1820s of England . In 1842 , Richard Owen coined the term dinosaur , which under his vision were elephantine reptiles . An ambitious scientist who used dinosaurs and other fossils to promote his beliefs , Owen was the driving force for the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures , the first large @-@ scale dinosaur reconstructions that were accessible to the public ( 1854 ) . These sculptures , which can still be seen today , immortalized a very early stage in the perception of dinosaurs . The Crystal Palace sculptures were successful enough that Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins , Owen 's collaborator , sold models of his sculptures and planned a second exhibition , Paleozoic Museum , for Central Park in Manhattan in the late 1860s ; it was never completed due to the interference of local politics and " Boss " William Marcy Tweed . In the same period , dinosaurs first appeared in popular literature , with a passing mention of an Owen @-@ style Megalosaurus in Charles Dickens 's Bleak House ( 1852 – 1853 ) . However , depictions of dinosaurs were rare in the 19th century , possibly due to incomplete knowledge . Despite the well @-@ publicized " Bone Wars " of the late 19th century between the American palaeontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh , dinosaurs were not yet ingrained in culture . Marsh , although a pioneer of skeletal reconstructions , did not support putting mounted skeletons on display , and derided the Crystal Palace sculptures . = = = 1900 to the 1930s : New media = = = As study caught up to the wealth of new material from western North America , and venues for depictions proliferated , dinosaurs gained in popularity . The paintings of Charles R. Knight were the first influential representations of these finds . Knight worked extensively with the American Museum of Natural History and its director , Henry Fairfield Osborn , who wanted to use dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals to promote his museum and his ideas on evolution . Knight ’ s work , found in museums around the country , helped popularize dinosaurs and influenced generations of paleoartists . Interestingly , his early work showing fighting " Laelaps " ( = Dryptosaurus ) depicted dinosaurs as much more lively than they would be presented for much of the 20th century . At the same time , improvements in casting allowed dinosaur skeletons to be reproduced and shipped across the world for display in far @-@ flung museums , bringing them to the attention of a wider audience ; Diplodocus was the first such dinosaur reproduced in this way . Dinosaurs began appearing in films soon after the introduction of cinema , the first being the good @-@ natured animated Gertie the Dinosaur in 1914 . However , lovable dinosaurs were quickly replaced by monsters as moviemakers recognized the potential of huge frightening monsters . D. W. Griffith in 1914 ’ s Brute Force provided the first example of a threatening cinematic dinosaur , a Ceratosaurus who menaced cavemen . This film enshrined the fiction that dinosaurs and early humans lived together , and set up the cliché that dinosaurs were bloodthirsty and attacked anything that moved . The now @-@ common trope of dinosaurs existing in isolated locations in today ’ s world appeared at the same time , with Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1912 book The Lost World and the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs as pioneers . The Lost World crossed into the movies in 1925 , setting heights for special effects and attempts at scientific accuracy . It is unusual , even today , for attempting to portray dinosaurs as something other than monsters that spent their lives in combat . The stop @-@ motion techniques of Willis O 'Brien went on to bring dinosaurs to life in the 1933 film King Kong , which merged the tropes of dinosaur combat and dinosaurs in a lost world . His protégé Ray Harryhausen would continue to refine this method , but most later dinosaurs movies until the advent of CGI would eschew such expensive effects for cheaper methods , such as humans in dinosaur suits , modern reptiles enlarged by cinematography , and reptiles with dinosaur decorations . Dinosaur depictions diversified in the 1930s , spreading to newspaper comic strips in Alley Oop and to advertising for Sinclair Oil . = = = The 1930s to 1970s : Moribund dinosaurs to renaissance = = = The Great Depression and World War II combined to sink the study of dinosaurs into a decades @-@ long lull . Scientists considered dinosaurs a group of unrelated animals that left no descendants , and dinosaurs were presented as stupid , slow , stuck in swamps , and doomed to extinction . Scientific dinosaur artwork , primarily from Rudolph F. Zallinger and Zdeněk Burian , reflected and reinforced the conception of dinosaurs as slow and static ( one artistic quirk that became commonplace in representations of Mesozoic landscapes , the presence of a volcano , was a hallmark of Zallinger 's ) . From such ideas came the alternate definition of “ dinosaur ” as something out of date . Films of the time typically used dinosaurs as monsters , with the added element of atomic fears in the early Cold War . Thus , The Beast from 20 @,@ 000 Fathoms ( 1953 ) and Godzilla ( 1954 ; American release 1956 ) portray monstrous dinosaur @-@ like prehistoric reptiles that go on rampages after being awakened by atomic bomb tests . An alternative appears in Disney ’ s animated Fantasia ( 1940 ) , in its The Rite of Spring sequence , which attempted to portray dinosaurs with some scientific accuracy ( although it has the common error of showing prehistoric animals from many different time periods living at the same time ) . In 1956 , Oliver Butterworth authored a children 's book , The Enormous Egg . The book and a movie adaptation televised in 1968 by the NBC Children 's Theatre tell the story of a boy who finds an enormous egg laid by a hen that hatches a baby Triceratops . The dinosaur , named Uncle Beazley , becomes too big , so the boy brings him to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. Beasley is first kept at National Museum of Natural History , but is eventually transferred to the National Zoo 's Elephant House because there is a law against stabling large animals in the District of Columbia . Dinosaurs gained a home in television in the 1960s animated sitcom The Flintstones , in another example of dinosaurs shown as coexisting with humans ( for comedic effect in this case ) . Dinosaurs also entered comic books in this period in such series as Tor and Turok , where prehistoric humans fought anachronistic dinosaurs . For those wanting more scientific accounts of dinosaurs , there were the first nontechnical dinosaur books . Ned Colbert ’ s The Dinosaur Book ( 1945 ) was the first such book , and its status as the only such book for many years made Colbert an important figure for the coming generations of paleontologists and dinosaur enthusiasts . In the 1960s , paleontologist John Ostrom began work on the theropod Deinonychus . His findings , which were expanded upon by his student Robert T. Bakker , contributed to the Dinosaur Renaissance , a revolution in the study of dinosaurs . Of particular importance were a reevaluation of the origin of birds that showed them to be closely related to coelurosaurian dinosaurs , reappraisal of dinosaur physiology that suggested they weren ’ t the sluggish cold @-@ blooded animals they ’ d long been assumed to be , and a recognition that dinosaurs formed a natural group . Soon thereafter came new evidence on dinosaur social behavior , with nests of Maiasaura suggesting parental care . These findings were reflected in the work of a new generation of paleoartists . One milestone was Sarah Landry 's feathered dinosaur in Bakker 's 1975 Scientific American article , Dinosaur Renaissance . Louis Paul Jonas created the first full sized dinosaur sculptures for the 1964 New York World 's Fair in the " Dinoland " area , which was sponsored by the Sinclair Oil Corporation , whose logo featured a dinosaur . Jonas consulted with paleontologists Barnum Brown , Edwin H. Colbert and John Ostrom in order to create nine sculptures that were as accurate as possible . After the Fair closed , the dinosaur models toured the country on flatbed trailers as part of a company advertising campaign . Most of the statues are now on display at various museums and parks . In 1967 , the Sinclair Oil Corporation gave one of its dinosaurs , a fiberglass model of a Triceratops , to the Smithsonian Institution . The model , which appeared in the The Enormous Egg television movie in 1968 as Uncle Beazley , is now on display at the National Zoo . From the 1970s to 1994 , the statue was located on the National Mall in front of the National Museum of Natural History . ( Some sources state that the Kentucky Science Center in Louisville ( formerly named the " Louisville Museum of Natural History and Science " and the " Louisville Science Center " ) now owns the Triceratops model ) . = = = The 1980s to the present : Dinosaurs reconsidered = = = The reevaluation of dinosaurs spurred public interest , with the new generation of paleoartists quick to respond . Artists such as Mark Hallett , Doug Henderson , John Gurche , Gregory S. Paul , William Stout , and Bob Walters illustrated the new findings in response to the demand . By the latter half of the 1980s and into the 1990s , other media were showing the influence of the increased popularity , with diverse depictions aimed at a variety of ages and interests . In 1990 the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of Natural History in Washington , D.C. , featured an exhibition of dinosaur sculpture by Jim Gary that drew more visitors than any of its previous exhibits . His Twentieth Century Dinosaurs , popular since the 1960s , began being featured in textbooks , encyclopedias , and videos as well as later , by the likes of National Geographic , in their publications for children in 1975 . For preschoolers , there was the educational television show Barney & Friends starting in 1992 ; their older siblings had the 1988 animated movie The Land Before Time and its increasing line of direct to video sequels ( 12 by 2008 ) . Dinosaurs , a television sitcom , parodied humans and other television shows . Of particular note is Michael Crichton ’ s 1990 novel , Jurassic Park , the popularity of which led to a series of films and other media . The first of these , Jurassic Park , married advanced CGI with advances in scientific knowledge of dinosaurs . Dinosaur was the most expensive movie in 2000 , but was a box @-@ office success . The falling cost of computer @-@ generated effects also has recently allowed the increased production of documentaries for television ; the award @-@ winning 1999 BBC series Walking with Dinosaurs , the 2001 When Dinosaurs Roamed America , the 2009 Animal Armageddon , and the 2011 Planet Dinosaur are notable examples . In April 2016 , a proposal was submitted to the Unicode committee to encode three pictures of heads of three dinosaur species considered exemplary as emoji . = = Public perception of dinosaurs = = The popular ideals of dinosaurs have many misconceptions , reinforced by films , books , comics , television shows , and even theme parks . Typical errors include : prehistoric humans living with dinosaurs ; dinosaurs as monsters that did little else but fight ; the portrayal of a kind of " prehistoric world " where all prehistoric animals are shown to exist ; dinosaurs as all large ; dinosaurs as stupid and slow ; dinosaurs as being lizard @-@ like and all scaled ( non @-@ feathered ) ; the inclusion of many prehistoric animals ( such as Dimetrodon , ichthyosaurs , mosasaurs , pterosaurs , and plesiosaurs ) as dinosaurs ; and dinosaurs as failures . Reports in the news media of dinosaur finds and dinosaur science are often inaccurate and sensationalistic , and popular dinosaur books usually lag scientific understanding . Dinosaur toys and models are often inaccurate , packaged indiscriminately with other prehistoric animals , or have fictitious additions like the large sharp teeth in some rubber Triceratops toys . The pejorative use of " dinosaur " as something behind the times has been applied to people , styles , and ideas that are perceived to be out of date , and on the wane . For example , members of the punk movement derided the " progressive " bands that preceded them as " dinosaur bands " . However , some popular depictors have strived for accuracy and presented up @-@ to @-@ date information ; Michael Crichton and Bill Watterson ( of Calvin and Hobbes ) are two recent examples . Paleoartists and illustrators in particular have kept up with research . Popular conceptions of dinosaurs have also been important in stimulating the interest and imagination of young people , and have been responsible for introducing many who would later become paleontologists to the field . In addition , popular depictions have the freedom to be more imaginative and speculative than technical works . = = = Usage = = = The typical use of dinosaurs in popular culture has been as vicious monsters . There are several distinct genres of dinosaur depictions commonly used : " lost worlds " on modern Earth ; time travel stories ; educational works for children ; prehistoric world stories ( often with cavemen ) ; and dinosaurs running amok in the modern world . = = = Appeal = = = The appeal of dinosaurs , as suggested by author , researcher , and dinosaur enthusiast Donald F. Glut , has multiple factors . Dinosaurs were " monsters , " yet are safely extinct , allowing for vicarious thrills . They appeal to the imagination , and there are many ways to approach them intellectually . Finally , they appeal to adults nostalgic for what they enjoyed as children . Children have been particularly drawn to dinosaurs over the years . = Adolfo Farsari = Adolfo Farsari ( Italian pronunciation : [ aˈdolfo farˈsaːri ] ; 11 February 1841 – 7 February 1898 ) was an Italian photographer based in Yokohama , Japan . His studio , the last notable foreign @-@ owned studio in Japan , was one of the country 's largest and most prolific commercial photographic firms . Largely due to Farsari 's exacting technical standards and his entrepreneurial abilities it had a significant influence on the development of photography in Japan . Following a brief military career , including service in the American Civil War , he became a successful entrepreneur and commercial photographer . His photographic work was highly regarded , particularly his hand @-@ coloured portraits and landscapes , which he sold mostly to foreign residents and visitors to the country . Farsari 's images were widely distributed , presented or mentioned in books and periodicals , and sometimes recreated by artists in other media ; they shaped foreign perceptions of the people and places of Japan and to some degree affected how Japanese saw themselves and their country . = = Early years = = Adolfo Farsari was born in Vicenza , Lombardy @-@ Venetia ( then part of the Austrian Empire , now in Italy ) . He began a career in the Italian military in 1859 but emigrated to the United States in 1863 and , a fervent abolitionist , Farsari served with the Union Army as a New York State Volunteer Cavalry trooper until the end of the American Civil War . He married an American , but the marriage failed and in 1873 he left his wife and two children and moved to Japan . Based in Yokohama , Farsari formed a partnership with E. A. Sargent . Their firm , Sargent , Farsari & Co . , dealt in smokers ' supplies , stationery , visiting cards , newspapers , magazines and novels , Japanese and English conversation books , dictionaries , guidebooks , maps , and photographic views of Japan . The creator of these photographs remains unknown , but Farsari was the maker of at least some of the maps , notably of Miyanoshita ( in the Hakone resort area ) and Yokohama . After his partnership with Sargent ended , the company , now A. Farsari & Co . , published successive editions of Keeling 's Guide to Japan and Farsari himself wrote and published Japanese Words and Phrases for the Use of Strangers . The firm was among the most prolific publishers of materials to aid travellers , having produced its first guidebook to Japan by July 1880 . = = Photographic career and studio = = Farsari expanded his business interests into commercial photography and taught himself photography in 1883 . In 1885 he formed a partnership with photographer Tamamura Kozaburō to acquire the Stillfried & Andersen studio ( also known as the Japan Photographic Association ) , which had some 15 Japanese employees . The studio 's stock included images by Felice Beato that it had acquired along with Beato 's studio in 1877 . It is not clear how long the partnership of Tamamura and Farsari lasted , for within a few years they were in competition with each other . Farsari further expanded his business in 1885 when the Yokohama Photographic Company ( owned by David Welsh ) folded and Farsari acquired its premises ( next door to his own ) and moved in . In addition to his Yokohama studio , Farsari likely had agents in Kobe and Nagasaki . By the end of 1886 , Farsari and Chinese photographer Tong Cheong were the only foreign commercial photographers still operating in Japan , and by the following year even Tong Cheong had gone . In February 1886 a fire destroyed all of Farsari 's negatives , and he then toured Japan for five months taking new photographs to replace them . He reopened his studio in 1887 . Despite his losses in the fire , by 1889 Farsari 's stock comprised about 1 @,@ 000 Japanese landscapes and genre portraits . Following the innovations of Felice Beato and Baron Raimund von Stillfried , Farsari further developed the trade in photograph albums . His studio generally produced sepia monochrome albumen prints that were hand @-@ coloured and mounted on album leaves . These pages were often hand decorated and bound between covers of silk brocade or lacquer boards inlaid with ivory , mother @-@ of @-@ pearl and gold . Like his contemporaries , Farsari usually captioned and numbered his photographs in the images , often in white lettering on a black background . Farsari sold many of these photograph albums , particularly to foreign residents and visitors . He employed excellent artists who each produced high @-@ quality work at a pace of two or three hand @-@ coloured prints per day . Farsari ensured that the colours were true to life and that the best materials were used . Accordingly , his work was expensive , yet popular and often praised by clients and visitors to Japan , even receiving a glowing reference by Rudyard Kipling following his 1889 visit to Yokohama . That same year , Farsari presented a deluxe photograph album to the King of Italy . By the 1890s , the studio 's high reputation earned it exclusive rights to photograph the Imperial Gardens in Tokyo . Prospective colourists at A. Farsari & Co. were interviewed by Farsari himself , who ensured they were familiar with Japanese painting techniques . Once hired , they were given unpaid instruction for several months , and then a basic salary that steadily increased as Farsari became satisfied with their work . A capable and loyal colourist could earn twice the rate offered at other Yokohama studios and double his own daily rate for work on Sundays . Colourists also received regular bonuses and gifts . On the other hand , Farsari complained in a letter to his sister that to motivate his employees he had to rage , swear and beat them , which he did according to a fixed schedule . By 1891 A. Farsari & Co. had 32 employees , 19 of whom were hand @-@ colouring artists . In 1885 Farsari had a daughter , Kiku , by a Japanese woman whom he may not have married . He described himself as living like a misanthrope , associating with very few people outside of business , and his correspondence indicates that he increasingly hoped to return to Italy . He tried to regain the Italian citizenship lost when he emigrated to the United States , and he even hoped to be made a cavaliere and thereby join the Italian aristocracy . His success in these endeavours is not clear . Nevertheless , in April 1890 he and his daughter left Japan for Italy . On 7 February 1898 Farsari died in his family home in Vicenza . Following Farsari 's departure from Japan in 1890 , his studio continued to operate and even listed him as proprietor until 1901 , when Tonokura Tsunetarō became the owner . Tonokura , whom Farsari had known since the mid @-@ 1870s , had long managed the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of the studio . In 1904 Tonokura left the business to start his own studio and another of Farsari 's former employees , Watanabe Tokutarō , became the new owner , only to be succeeded by the former secretary , Fukagawa Itomaro . The business was finally registered as a Japanese company in 1906 and it continued to operate until at least 1917 and possibly as late as 1923 , the year in which Yokohama was largely destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake . A. Farsari & Co. was the last notable foreign @-@ owned photographic studio to operate in Japan . = = Farsari and Yokohama shashin = = Farsari expressed his view of photography in a letter to his sister , writing , " taking pictures is just a mechanical thing . " In describing his development as a photographer , he wrote , " I have had no real teachers , I have learned everything from books . I bought all the necessary equipment and with no help from anyone , I printed , took photographs and so on . Then I taught others . " Farsari did not work in isolation . The works ( particularly those that were hand @-@ coloured ) and practices of the many foreign and Japanese commercial photographers who operated in Yokohama from the 1860s to the 1880s have been termed Yokohama shashin ( literally , " Yokohama photographs " or " photography " ) . Farsari and its other practitioners – notably Beato , Stillfried , Tamamura , Kusakabe Kimbei , Ogawa Kazumasa , and Uchida Kuichi – produced works that in their subject matter , composition and colouring present a striking combination of the conventions and techniques of Western photography with those of Japanese artistic traditions , particularly ukiyo @-@ e . These photographers also provided the key images by which Meiji @-@ era Japan and the Japanese were known to people in other countries . Their images also changed the ways in which Japanese saw their own country . Through their images , foreign photographers publicised sites that interested them , sometimes drawing Japanese attention to hitherto neglected locations . One was the now @-@ important " Daibutsu " ( great Buddha ) at Kōtoku @-@ in , Kamakura . In a similar vein , Farsari 's and others ' photographs of the mausoleums of Tōshō @-@ gū made the once restricted site familiar to a wider audience . Farsari and other 19th @-@ century commercial photographers generally concentrated on two types of subject matter : the scenery of Japan and the " manners and customs " of its inhabitants . Such subjects , and the ways in which they were literally and figuratively framed , were chosen to appeal to foreign taste ; and the reason for this , apart from the photographer 's individual aesthetics , vision and preconceptions , had much to do with economics . Photographs were expensive to make and accordingly expensive to buy . In 1870s Japan , a portrait photograph usually cost half a ryō " per head " , about a month 's pay for an artisan . Given such pricing , few Japanese could afford photographs and a photographer 's clientele was largely drawn from the foreign residents of the European and American enclaves : colonial administrators , missionaries , merchants and the military . By the early 1870s , tourists had joined their number . To appeal to this clientele , photographers often staged and contrived the scenes they photographed , particularly the portraits depicting " manners and customs " . In 1885 , Charles J. S. Makin used some of Farsari 's views to illustrate his travel account Land of the Rising Sun , Being a Short Account of Japan and the Japanese . As photomechanical printing was still in its infancy , it was common for artists and illustrators to create works derived from photographs . For example , Charles Wirgman 's numerous engravings for the Illustrated London News were made from views by Wirgman 's friend and sometime partner Felice Beato . Occasionally the link between a work of art and its photographic source material was less overt : Louis @-@ Jules Dumoulin 's 1888 oil painting Boys ' Festival from the Bluff , Yokohama [ sic ] ( now called Carp Banners in Kyoto ) draws heavily from Farsari 's photograph Gionmachi , Kioto ( now often called View of Shijō @-@ dōri , Kyoto ) ; although the painted image strongly resembles the photographic source , the location of the subject has been changed in the title . During the era of the collodion process , before the arrival of less demanding photographic technology ( the gelatin silver process , photographic film , and smaller cameras ) and the consequent rise of amateur photography , commercial photographers like Farsari had a particular importance for recording events and views . In Japan before 1899 such photographers were even more significant because the government required foreigners to obtain passes to journey to the interior , and commercial photographers based in Japan could more easily gain access and provide rare images of restricted areas . By 1889 , however , Farsari estimated that about half of all visitors to Yokohama were amateur photographers ; even if this was an exaggeration , the presence of increasing numbers of amateur photographers was obviously having an impact on the commercial photography business . To encourage amateur photographers to visit his studio and possibly buy his merchandise , Farsari provided free use of a darkroom . Attribution is often difficult with Farsari 's photographs because 19th @-@ century photographers frequently acquired each others ' images and sold them under their own names . This may be due to the commonplace exchange of stock and negatives between various commercial photographers , or due to the number of freelance amateurs who sold their work to more than one studio . Thus a photograph identified as by Farsari might actually be by Beato , Stillfried & Andersen or Kusakabe . A case in point is the photograph of an Officer 's Daughter , variously attributed to Farsari , Stillfried , Kusakabe or even Suzuki Shin 'ichi . The lifetime of A. Farsari & Co. spanned the transition of Japanese photography from the early involvement and influence of foreign photographers to the emergence of an independent , native Japanese photographic identity . Coming after the first generation of photographers , the firm made significant contributions to the development of commercial photography in Japan by emphasising the excellence of materials , refining the practice of presenting photographs in albums ( which became art objects in themselves ) , and making effective use of Farsari 's own tourist @-@ oriented publications to promote his photographic studio 's work – an early , minor example of vertical integration . = = Evaluations of his work = = In its time , the work of A. Farsari & Co. was highly regarded and popular . Besides Kipling 's endorsement , photographer and prolific photography writer W. K. Burton published an appraisal in an 1887 article : " I have seen no better work in the way of coloured photographs anywhere than some of Farsari 's productions " . In the same year , an admiring review of Farsari 's work appeared in the journal Photographic Times and American Photographer , describing it as " technically almost perfect " and showing " artistic proportion " in the selection of subjects , depicting Japanese life and providing images of the natural beauty of a country that was admittedly unfamiliar to Americans . Later opinions have been divided . In a 1988 article , art and photography historian Ellen Handy described A. Farsari & Co. as having become " well @-@ known for issuing albums of landscape views in great quantity , but without regard for print quality and delicacy of hand @-@ colouring " . Terry Bennett , a specialist in the early photography of Asia , refers to Farsari 's work as " inconsistent and lacking the quality found in the photography of Beato , Stillfried or Kusakabe . " But Bennett also notes that Farsari employed excellent artists , used the best paper and produced some " stunningly coloured photographs " . For historian Sebastian Dobson , the artistic and historical significance of the work of Farsari ( and other Yokohama photographers of his era , particularly Kusakabe and Tamamura ) is rightly undergoing re @-@ evaluation after many years in which it was dismissed as tourist kitsch and " perceived by some as pandering to nineteenth @-@ century Western notions of exoticism " . Farsari 's photographs and albums are included in numerous museums and private collections around the world , and a selection of his works was exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston in 2004 . = = Selected photographs and other items = = Photographs are indicated by Farsari 's titles , followed by the date of exposure , the photographic process , and a descriptive title . = Subterranean Jungle = Subterranean Jungle is the seventh studio album by the American punk rock band the Ramones , released by Sire Records in February 1983 . The album appealed to a hardcore punk rock style rather than featuring several pop oriented pieces ; this is because guitarist Johnny Ramone received more leeway with steering the overall genre with his hard rock influenced riffs . The recording sessions saw disputes between band members , mainly because many of the band members were dealing with alcohol addiction , or in bassist Dee Dee Ramone 's case , cocaine . The album begins with two cover songs , and features a third on Side 2 . Lyrics circle various themes , while the structuring of the songs shifted towards hard rock , psychedelic rock . The album was deemed by critics to be an attempt to retreat to the band 's roots and received mostly positive reviews . Subterranean Jungle was not very successful commercially , peaking at number 83 on the US Billboard 200 and failing to chart internationally . The singles released from the album did not chart either . This is the last album by the band to feature Marky Ramone on drums until the 1989 album Brain Drain . = = Conception = = Unlike previous albums , Subterranean Jungle shifted the band 's sound output focus towards getting back to their punk rock roots , rather than trying to expand fan @-@ base by releasing more pop @-@ oriented songs . This change is due to guitarist Johnny Ramone obtaining more priority over the style choice . Johnny felt as though the band needed to " be focused and stop worrying about getting played [ on the radio ] and just make a good record . " Since lead singer Joey Ramone was not given as much stylistic freedom , the album lacks the sense of pop @-@ influence which previous releases had contained and instead was shaped mostly by Johnny 's hard rock background . Johnny obtained more control over the musical style because the band members experienced conflict amongst themselves , specifically rooted in each member — excluding Johnny — facing issues with addiction . Both Joey and drummer Marky Ramone were dealing with alcoholism , while bassist Dee Dee Ramone was severely addicted to cocaine and was undergoing psychotherapeutic treatment . Since the Ramones ' previous two releases had producers which proved disappointing to the members , they were skeptical of the upcoming producer ; this would be Ritchie Cordell , with whom they also had issues with . Marky relates : " I hated the production , I hated the producer . " The artwork for Subterranean Jungle features an image of the band inside a subway car . The photograph was taken by George DuBose at the subway station on 57th Street and Sixth Avenue in Manhattan . This cover concept was deemed by Dubose , who suggested that since the B Sixth Avenue Express train stopped at the empty station for about 20 minutes . In the photograph , Marky is featured peering out the subway window — Marky was positioned this way after Johnny asked DuBose to do so because " they were kicking him out of the band , but he didn 't know it yet . " Marky recalled that he " liked that shot , but [ he ] knew something was up . " " I was lying on my bed , watching Kojak when Joey calls me and says , ' Mark , I feel bad about this , but , uh , you can 't be in the band anymore . ' I deserved it . Joey was okay about it , but the others , forget it . No one called me after that . If it was today , Joey would 've said , ' Why don 't we take off for a month and you get sober ? ' But I didn 't want to tell Joey or the band about my being in rehab , because I would 've been admitting my guilt . " The internal conflicts during recording sessions would cause band members to fire Marky during the album 's recording , consequently substituting him with drummer Billy Rogers on " Time has Come Today . " Johnny recounts , " We were having trouble with Mark because his drinking problem was really bad . So we did " Time Has Come Today " with a different drummer , Billy Rogers , from Walter Lure 's band . " = = Compositions and lyrics = = The album opens with two cover songs ; the first , " Little Bit O ' Soul , " was originally written by John Carter and Ken Lewis and the second , " I Need Your Love , " was first performed by Bobby Dee Waxman . Subterranean Jungle is the first Ramones ' release to begin with a song not written by the band — this track list structure was criticized by author Everett True , who said that it was " disorientating . " Johnny also thought that the fact that the album featured three covers was a bad idea , saying , " we shouldn 't have , but I was happy with the guitar sound on it . " The album 's third track , " Outsider , " was written by Dee Dee and , in 2002 , it was covered by Green Day on Shenanigans . " What 'd Ya Do ? " was track number four , and was described by music journalist Chuck Eddy as " crudely metallic . " Eddy also deemed the next track , " Highest Trails Above , " as " AOR @-@ mystic . " " Somebody Like Me " was called a " full @-@ on rock anthem " by Everett True , who went on to say that the lyrics contained " no @-@ nonsense lines . " Side B of the album begins with " Psycho Therapy , " which was written by both Johnny and Dee Dee ; the song has since grown into one of the most popular Ramones ' song . Dee Dee recalled : " I knew we needed a real ' Ramones song ' for the album , and I knew [ Johnny ] was depressed about how things were going . He needed that song to get excited about the band again . " The next track is another cover song , " Time Has Come Today , " which was originally recorded by the soul music group The Chambers Brothers . The Ramones ' version of the song featured a psychedelic rock influence , and was said by Eddy to have more of a " garage " feel to it , as compared to the original . " My @-@ My Kind of a Girl " was directed specifically toward the band 's female fandom . The lyrics were written by Joey about meeting a girl on 8th Street in Manhattan and wanting to spend his life with her . In Vanity Fair , the song was regarded as a " lingering affection for Phil Spector 's pop grandeur . " Dee Dee 's " Time Bomb , " which was track number eleven , was said by True to be " more ridiculous than frightening . " The album concludes with " Everytime I Eat Vegetables It Makes Me Think of You , " which was said by author Todd Anderson to be a " sing along . " = = Release and reception = = Subterranean Jungle was released by Sire Records in February 1983 . In a contemporary review for The Village Voice , music journalist Robert Christgau wrote that despite containing two inferior pieces ( " Highest Trails Above " and " I Need Your Love " ) , the album is " more worthy of an audience than anything they 've done in the ' 80s . " Stereo Review magazine strongly recommended it to " headbangers of all ages " as " a textbook Ramones album " whose unintellectual lyrics about mental illness and drug abuse " can actually be refreshing . " The album peaked at number 83 in on the Billboard 200 in the US , but failed to chart elsewhere . Neither of the album 's singles — " Psycho Therapy " and " Time Has Come Today " — charted . In a retrospective review for AllMusic , author Stephen Thomas Erlewine called Subterranean Jungle the band 's " most enjoyable record since Rocket to Russia , " and said that the producers " steered the Ramones back toward the ' 60s pop infatuation that provided the foundation for their early records . " He ended his review by stating that it may not be defined as the " strictest sense " of punk rock ; however , he strongly suggested that the band had not sounded so " alive " since their earlier days . Douglas Wolk , writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , was less enthusiastic and called it an " attempt at radio @-@ friendly production , " with a series of cover songs that " almost recasts the group as an oldies act . " In a 2004 interview for New York magazine , Johnny Ramone graded the album a " B " and said that he was pleased with its guitar sound , despite the three cover songs , while remarking " I was watching the Brewers @-@ Cardinals World Series when we were recording it . " = = Track listing = = The following track listing can be verified through the Subterranean Jungle expanded edition liner notes . = = Personnel = = The following credits are adapted from AllMusic . Ramones Joey Ramone – lead vocals ( all but track 11 ) Johnny Ramone – Lead guitar Dee Dee Ramone – bass guitar , backing vocals , lead vocals on track 11 Marky Ramone – drums ( all but track 8 ) Additional musicians Walter Lure - extra guitar Billy Rogers - drums on track 8 Production Ritchie Cordell – producer Glen Kolotkin – producer Ron Cote – engineer George DuBose – photography Tony Wright – cover art = Newcastle United F.C. = Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne . Following the club 's most recent relegation from the top @-@ flight during the 2015 – 16 season , Newcastle returned to the Football League 's 2nd tier , the Championship for the 2016 – 17 campaign . The club was founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End , and has played at its current home ground , St James ' Park , ever since . The ground was developed into an all @-@ seater stadium in the mid @-@ 1990s and now has a capacity of 52 @,@ 405 . The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but two years of the competition 's history , and has never dropped below English football 's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893 . The club has been owned by Mike Ashley since 2007 , succeeding long term chairman and owner Sir John Hall . They have won four League Championship titles , six FA Cups and a Charity Shield , as well as the 1969 Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Newcastle United has the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club . The club 's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910 , when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles . The club is the seventeenth richest club in the world in terms of annual revenue , generating € 169.3m in 2015 . Historically , Newcastle 's highest placing was in 1999 when they were the fifth richest in the world , and second in England only behind Manchester United . The club were highly successful in the Premier League in the 1990s and early 2000s , but have been mostly struggling since the 2006 – 07 season , and were relegated in 2009 and 2016 . They have a fierce local rivalry with Sunderland , and the two clubs have engaged in the Tyne – Wear derby since 1898 . The club 's traditional kit colours are black and white striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Their traditional crest takes elements of the city coat of arms , which features two grey seahorses . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = The first record of football being played on Tyneside dates from 3 March 1877 at Elswick Rugby Club . Later that year , Newcastle 's first football club , Tyne Association , was formed . The origins of Newcastle United Football Club itself can be traced back to the formation of a football club by the Stanley Cricket Club of Byker in November 1881 . This team was renamed Newcastle East End F.C. in October 1882 , to avoid confusion with the cricket club in Stanley , County Durham . Rosewood F.C. of Byker merged with Newcastle East End a short time later . In 1886 , Newcastle East End moved from Byker to Heaton . In August 1882 , Newcastle West End F.C. formed from West End Cricket Club , and in May 1886 , the club moved into St James ' Park . The two clubs became rivals in the Northern League . In 1889 , Newcastle East End became a professional team , before becoming a limited company the following March . However , on the other hand , Newcastle West End were in serious financial trouble and approached East End with a view to a take over . Newcastle West End were eventually dissolved , and a number of their players and backroom staff joined Newcastle East End , effectively merging the two clubs , with Newcastle East End taking over the lease on St James ' Park in May 1892 . With only one senior club in the city for fans to support , development of the club was much more rapid . Despite being refused entry to the Football League 's First Division at the start of the 1892 – 93 season , they were invited to play in their new Second Division . However , with no big names playing in the Second Division , they turned down the offer and remained in the Northern League , stating " gates would not meet the heavy expenses incurred for travelling " . In a bid to start drawing larger crowds , Newcastle East End decided to adopt a new name in recognition of the merger . Suggested names included Newcastle F.C. , Newcastle Rangers , Newcastle City and City of Newcastle , but Newcastle United was decided upon on 9 December 1892 , to signify the unification of the two teams . The name change was accepted by the Football Association on 22 December , but the club was not legally constituted as Newcastle United Football Club Co . Ltd. until 6 September 1895 . At the start of the 1893 – 94 season , Newcastle United were once again refused entry to the First Division and so joined the Second Division , along with Liverpool and Woolwich Arsenal . They played their first competitive match in the division that September against Woolwich Arsenal , with a score of 2 – 2 . Turnstile numbers were still low , and the incensed club published a statement stating , " The Newcastle public do not deserve to be catered for as far as professional football is concerned " . However , eventually figures picked up by 1895 – 96 , when 14 @,@ 000 fans watched the team play Bury . That season Frank Watt became secretary of the club , and he was instrumental in promotion to the First Division for the 1898 – 99 season . However , they lost their first game 4 – 2 at home to Wolves and finished their first season in thirteenth place . In 1903 – 04 , the club built up a promising squad of players , and went on to dominate English football for almost a decade , the team known for their " artistic play , combining team @-@ work and quick , short passing " . Long after his retirement , Peter McWilliam , the team 's defender at the time , said " The Newcastle team of the 1900s would give any modern side a two goal start and beat them , and further more , beat them at a trot . " Newcastle United went on to win the League on three occasions during the 1900s ; 1904 – 05 , 1906 – 07 and 1908 – 09 . In 1904 – 05 , they nearly did the double , losing to Aston Villa in the 1905 FA Cup Final . They were beaten again the following year by Everton in the 1906 FA Cup Final . They reached the final again in 1908 where they lost to Wolves . In 1908 the team suffered a record 9 – 1 home defeat to local rivals Sunderland in the league but still won that season 's league title . They finally won the FA Cup in 1910 when they beat Barnsley in the final . They lost again the following year in the final against Bradford City . The team returned to the FA Cup final in 1924 , in the second final held at the then new Wembley Stadium . They defeated Aston Villa , winning the club 's second FA Cup . Three years later they won the First Division championship a fourth time in 1926 – 27 , with Hughie Gallacher , one of the most prolific goal scorers in the club 's history , captaining the team . Other key players in this period were Neil Harris , Stan Seymour and Frank Hudspeth . In 1930 , Newcastle United came close to relegation , and at the end of the season Gallacher left the club for Chelsea , and at the same time Andy Cunningham became the club 's first team manager . In 1931 – 32 , the club won the FA Cup a third time . However , a couple of years later , at the end of the 1933 – 34 season , the team were relegated to the Second Division after 35 seasons in the top . Cunningham left as manager and Tom Mather took over . The club found it difficult to adjust to the Second Division and were nearly further relegated in the 1937 – 38 season , when they were spared on goal averages . However , when World War II broke in 1939 , Newcastle had a chance to regroup , and in the War period , they brought in Jackie Milburn , Tommy Walker and Bobby Cowell . They were finally promoted back to the First Division at the end of the 1947 – 48 season . During the 1950s , Newcastle won the FA Cup trophy on three occasions within a five @-@ year period , beating Blackpool in 1951 , Arsenal in 1952 , and Manchester City in 1955 . However , after this last FA Cup victory the club fell back into decline and were relegated to the Second Division once again at the end of the 1960 – 61 season under the management of Charlie Mitten . Mitten left after one season in the Second Division and was replaced by former player Joe Harvey . Newcastle returned to the First Division at the end of the 1964 – 65 season after winning the Second Division title . Under Harvey , the club qualified for European competition for the first time after a good run in the 1967 – 68 season and the following year won the 1969 Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup Final , triumphing 6 – 2 over two legs against Hungary 's Újpest in the final . = = = The 70s and 80s = = = Harvey bought striker Malcolm Macdonald in the summer of 1971 , for a club record transfer fee of £ 180 @,@ 000 . He was an impressive goal scorer , who led United 's attack to Wembley in their 1974 FA Cup Final defeat at the hands of Liverpool . The club also had back to back triumphs in the Texaco Cup in 1974 and 1975 . Harvey left the club in 1975 , with Gordon Lee brought in to replace him . Lee took the team to the 1976 Football League Cup Final against Manchester City , but failed to bring the trophy back to Tyneside . However , he sold Macdonald to Arsenal at the end of the season , a decision of which Macdonald later said " I loved Newcastle , until Gordon Lee took over " . Lee left for Everton in 1977 , and was replaced by Richard Dinnis . United dropped once again to the Second Division at the end of the 1977 – 78 season . Dinnis was replaced by Bill McGarry , and then he was replaced by Arthur Cox . Cox steered Newcastle back to the First Division at the end of the 1983 – 84 season , with players such as Peter Beardsley , Chris Waddle , and ex @-@ England captain Kevin Keegan the fulcrum of the team . However , with a lack of funds , Cox left for Derby County and Keegan retired . With managers such as Jack Charlton and then Willie McFaul , Newcastle remained in the top @-@ flight , until key players such as Waddle , Beardsley and Paul Gascoigne were sold , and the team was relegated once more in 1989 . McFaul left the managerial post , and was replaced by Jim Smith . Smith left at the start of the 1991 – 92 season and the board appointed Osvaldo Ardiles his replacement . = = = The 90s = = = Sir John Hall became the club 's chairman in 1992 , and replaced Ardiles with Keegan , who managed to save the team from relegation to the Third Division . Keegan was given more money for players , and he brought in Rob Lee , Paul Bracewell and Barry Venison and the club won the then First Division Championship at the end of the 1992 – 93 season , earning promotion to the then new Premier League . At the end of the 1993 – 94 season , their first year back in the top flight they finished in third , their highest league finish since 1927 . The attacking philosophy of Keegan led to the team being labelled " The Entertainers " by Sky Sports . Keegan took Newcastle to two consecutive runners @-@ up finishes in the league in 1995 – 96 and 1996 – 97 , coming very close to winning the title in the former season . This success was in part due to the talent of players like David Ginola , Les Ferdinand and Alan Shearer , who was signed on 30 July 1996 for a then world record fee of £ 15 million . Keegan left Newcastle in January 1997 and was replaced by Kenny Dalglish , however the club endured a largely unsuccessful season with a 13th @-@ place finish in the 1997 – 98 FA Premier League , failure to progress beyond the group stages of the 1997 – 98 UEFA Champions League despite beating Barcelona and group winners Dynamo Kiev at St James Park as well as coming from 2 – 0 down to draw 2 – 2 with Valery Lobanovsky 's team in Ukraine and defeat in the 1998 FA Cup Final . Dalglish was replaced as manager early in the following season by Ruud Gullit . The club once again finished thirteenth in the league and lost the 1999 FA Cup Final . Gullit fell into disagreements with the squad and chairman Freddy Shepherd , and quit the club four games into the 1999 – 2000 season with the team bottom of the table to be replaced by Bobby Robson . The club managed to reach an FA Cup Semi @-@ final and to stay in the Premier League . = = = 2000s = = = A title challenge emerged during the 2001 – 02 season , and Newcastle 's fourth @-@ place finish saw them qualify for the Champions League . The following season , Robson guided the team to another title challenge and finished third in the League , and the second group stage of the Champions League . Newcastle finished fifth in the league at the end of the 2003 – 04 season , and exited the Champions League in the qualifying rounds , but despite this Robson was sacked in August 2004 following a series of disagreements with the club . Graeme Souness was brought in to manage by the start of the 2004 – 05 season . In the time he managed , he broke the club 's transfer record by signing Michael Owen , however he was sacked in February 2006 after a bad start to the 2005 – 06 season . Glenn Roeder took over , initially on a temporary basis , before being appointed full @-@ time manager at the end of the season . Shearer retired at the end of the 2005 – 06 season as the club 's all @-@ time record goal scorer , with a total of 206 goals . = = = = Decline and relegation = = = = Despite finishing the 2005 – 06 season in seventh , Roeder 's fortunes changed in the 2006 – 07 season , with a terrible injury run to the senior squad , and he left the club by mutual consent on 6 May 2007 . Sam Allardyce was appointed Roeder 's replacement as manager on 15 May 2007 . On 7 June , Freddy Shepherd 's final shares in the club were sold to Mike Ashley and Shepherd was replaced as chairman by Chris Mort on 25 July . Allardyce departed the club on in January 2008 by mutual consent after a bad start to the 2007 – 08 season , and Kevin Keegan was reappointed as Newcastle manager . Mort stepped down as chairman in June and was replaced by Derek Llambias , a long @-@ term associate of Ashley . Newcastle finished the 2007 – 08 season in twelfth place , but as the season drew to a close , Keegan publicly criticised the board , claiming they were not providing the team enough financial support . In September 2008 Keegan resigned as manager , stating " It 's my opinion that a manager must have the right to manage and that clubs should not impose upon any manager any player that he does not want " . Former Wimbledon manager Joe Kinnear was appointed as his replacement , but in February 2009 , due to his heart surgery , Alan Shearer was appointed interim manager in his absence . Under Shearer , the club were relegated to the Football League Championship at the end of the 2008 – 09 season , the first time the club had left the Premier League since joining it in 1993 . Following their relegation , the club was put up for sale in June 2009 , with an asking price of £ 100 million . Chris Hughton was given the manager job on a caretaker basis before taking over full @-@ time on 27 October 2009 . On the same day , Ashley announced that the club was no longer for sale . = = = 2010s = = = Hughton led Newcastle to win the 2009 – 10 Football League Championship , securing automatic promotion on 5 April 2010 with five games remaining , and securing the title on 19 April ; Newcastle were promoted back to the Premier League after just one season away . Under Hughton , Newcastle enjoyed a strong start to the 2010 – 11 season , but he was sacked on 6 December 2010 . The club 's board stated that they felt " an individual with more managerial experience [ was ] needed to take the club forward . " Three days later , Alan Pardew was appointed as manager with a five @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract . Further controversy was caused on 31 January 2011 , when striker Andy Carroll was sold to Liverpool for a club record of £ 35 million . Despite this turbulence , Newcastle were able to finish 12th at the end of the season , with one particular highlight being a 4 – 4 home draw against Arsenal that saw Newcastle come back from four goals down to claim a point . The start of the 2011 – 12 season saw an overhaul in the first team , with the sale of influential first team players Kevin Nolan , Joey Barton and José Enrique during the summer and the elevation of Tim Krul as first choice goalkeeper and centre back Fabricio Coloccini as captain . Signings such as Yohan Cabaye , Italian international Davide Santon and Senegalese striker Demba Ba in cut @-@ price deals saw Newcatle adopt a new transfer policy , one which would be met with success in the season . They went on to enjoy one of their strongest openings to a season , playing 11 consecutive games unbeaten. before losing away to Manchester City . Another Senegalese striker , Papiss Cissé , joined in the January transfer window , and Newcastle had a strong second half of the season , eventually securing a place in the 2012 – 13 Europa League . Newcastle finished in fifth place , their highest league position since the Bobby Robson days . Further honours were to come as Pardew won both the Premier League Manager of the Season and the LMA Manager of the Year awards , captain Coloccini was named in the PFA Team of the Year , and Cissé won the Goal of the Season award for a goal against Chelsea . The 2012 – 13 season saw Newcastle regain European football for the first time since 2007 . Newcastle made few acquisitions in the summer and suffered injuries over the season , including layoffs to key midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Hatem Ben Arfa , and defenders Steven and Ryan Taylor . As a result , the first half of the season was marred by a run of ten losses in 13 games , which saw the club sink near the relegation zone . In January , Newcastle signed five French players , and advanced to the Europa League quarter @-@ finals before bowing out to eventual finalists Benfica . Domestically , Newcastle struggled , and stayed up after a 2 – 1 victory over already @-@ relegated Queens Park Rangers on the penultimate game of the season . The 2014 – 15 season saw Newcastle fail to win any of their first seven games , prompting fans to start a campaign to get Pardew sacked as manager before a six @-@ game winning run in all competitions ( including knocking holders Manchester City out of the Capital One Cup ) saw them climb to fifth in the table . After they ended Chelsea 's unbeaten start to the season , Pardew left for Crystal Palace . On 26 January 2015 , his assistant John Carver was put in charge for the remainder of the season but came close to relegation , staying up on the final day with a 2 – 0 home win against West Ham , with Jonás Gutiérrez , who beat testicular cancer earlier in the season , scoring the team 's second goal . On 9 June 2015 , Carver and his assistant Steve Stone were both sacked and replaced by Steve McClaren the following day . McClaren subsequently signed Georginio Wijnaldum for £ 14 @.@ 5 million from PSV Eindhoven along with both Aleksandar Mitrović and Chancel Mbemba from Belgian club Anderlecht for £ 13 million and £ 8 million , respectively . Newcastle failed to win any of their first eight Premier League games of the 2015 – 16 season , a run which included a 0 – 1 home defeat against Sheffield Wednesday in the third round of the League Cup . In January 2016 , the club signed midfielders Jonjo Shelvey and Andros Townsend for a combined total of £ 24 million as well as midfielder Henri Saivet . However , the club continued to struggle and a 1 – 3 defeat to Bournemouth on 5 March left Newcastle with its lowest points total after 28 games in its Premier League history . On 11 March McClaren was sacked after nine months as manager , with Newcastle in 19th place in the Premier League and the club winning six of 28 Premier League games during his time at the club . He was replaced by Rafael Benítez on the same day , who signed a three @-@ year deal , but was not able to prevent the club from being relegated . = = Colours and badge = = The club 's home colours are a black and white striped shirt . Shorts and socks are usually black with white trim , though white socks are sometimes worn under some managers who consider them " lucky " . Newcastle 's colours at the outset was generally the home kit of Newcastle East End F.C. , comprising plain red shirts with white shorts and red socks . In 1894 , the club adopted the black and white striped shirts , which had been used as the reserve team 's colours . These colours were chosen for the senior team because they were not associated with either of the two teams United were merged from . They played in grey shorts until 1897 , and between 1897 and 1921 , they played in blue shorts before adopting the black shorts they play in now . United 's away colours have changed a number of times over the years . They played in white shirts and black shorts from 1914 until 1961 , and then white shorts until 1966 . They then played in yellow shirts and blue shorts for the 1967 – 68 season , but from 1969 to 1974 played in all red with an all blue third kit . In 1974 , they returned to a yellow shirt , which they played with various coloured shorts until 1983 . They played in all grey from 1983 to 1988 , before once again returning to the yellow kit until 1993 . Since 1995 , the away kit has changed consistently and has not been the same for more than a single season . The club 's shirt sponsor has been Newcastle based bank Northern Rock since 2003 , but prior to this , they had been sponsored at different times by ntl : Telewest , Newcastle Brown Ale and Greenall 's . Through owner Mike Ashley , the club also has a relationship with the Sports Direct retail chain which he founded . On 4 January 2012 , Virgin Money , who had just bought Northern Rock , signed a two @-@ year deal to sponsor Newcastle United . In January 2010 , Puma became the official supplier and licensee of replica merchandise for Newcastle . The deal meant Puma supplied the team kit , replica kit and training equipment for the 2010 – 11 and 2011 – 12 seasons . The current club crest was first used in the 1988 – 89 season . The crest includes elements from the coat of arms of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne — the two sea horses representing Tyneside 's strong connections with the sea , the castle representing the city 's Norman keep . The city 's coat of arms were first embroidered on the team 's shirts in 1969 and worn as standard until 1976 . A scroll at the bottom featured the city 's motto in Latin ; fortiter defendit triumphans which translates into English as " triumphing by brave defence . " From 1976 until 1983 , the club wore a specific badge which was developed to wear in place of the city 's coat of arms . The design was of a circular shape , which featured the club 's name in full , it contained a magpie standing in front of the River Tyne with the historic Norman castle of Newcastle in the background . A more simplistic design followed in 1983 , featuring the initials of the club 's name , NUFC with the small magpie used in the previous crest within the horizontally laid " C , " this logo was relatively short lived and was discontinued after 1988 . On 16 May 2013 , Newcastle released the away shirt for the 2013 – 14 season which for the first time features the Wonga.com logo , which has attracted criticism from many Newcastle supporters ; the shirt is navy blue with light blue bands . The shirt received mixed reviews from Newcastle supporters , who described the shirt as both " awesome " and " bland , " as quoted in the Newcastle daily Evening Chronicle . In July 2013 , Newcastle striker and practicing Muslim Papiss Cissé refused to wear any official kit or training wear with reference to Wonga.com , subsequently failing to travel to the team 's 2013 pre @-@ season tour of Portugal . The matter has since been resolved . Previous kit sponsors include Newcastle Breweries ( 1980 – 86 ) , Greenall 's Beers ( 1986 – 90 ) , McEwan 's Lager and Newcastle Brown Ale ( 1990 – 2000 ) , NTL ( 2000 – 03 ) , Northern Rock ( 2003 – 12 ) , and Virgin Money ( 2012 – 13 ) Newcastle 's current kit manufacturers are Puma , in a deal that started in 2010 . Previous kit manufacturers include Bukta ( 1974 – 75 , 1976 – 80 ) , Umbro ( 1975 – 76 , 1980 – 86 ) , Asics ( 1993 – 95 ) and Adidas ( 1995 – 2010 ) . = = Stadium = = Throughout Newcastle United 's history , their home venue has been St James ' Park , the oldest and largest football stadium in North East England , as well as the sixth @-@ largest football stadium in the United Kingdom . It has hosted ten international football matches at senior level , the first in 1901 and the most recent in 2005 . It was used as a venue for both the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Football had been played at St James ' Park as early as 1880 , the ground being occupied by Newcastle Rangers , before becoming the home of Newcastle West End F.C. in 1886 . Its lease was then bought by Newcastle East End F.C. in 1892 , before they changed their name to Newcastle United . At the turn of the 19th century , the ground 's capacity was given as 30 @,@ 000 before being redeveloped between 1900 and 1905 , increasing the capacity to 60 @,@ 000 and making it the biggest stadium in England for a time . For most of the 20th century , the stadium changed very little , despite various plans for development of the ground . The old West Stand was replaced with the Milburn Stand in 1987 , the Sir John Hall Stand replacing the Leazes End in 1993 , and the rest of the ground renovated making the ground a 37 @,@ 000 capacity all @-@ seater stadium . Between 1998 and 2000 , double tiers were added to the Milburn and John Hall stands to bring the venue up to its current capacity of 52 @,@ 420 . There were plans to build a new 90 @,@ 000 seater stadium in Leazes park , just behind St James ' with Newcastle Falcons taking over St James ' Park , but due to protests the plans were dropped . St James ' Park currently seats 52 @,@ 420 people , but club owner Mike Ashley would consider taking the roof off The Gallowgate end and adding another 6 @,@ 000 seats making the total capacity to 58 @,@ 420 , but only if the team manage to finish in the top six places of the Premier League . In October 2009 , Mike Ashley announced that he planned to lease the name of the ground in a bid to increase revenue , and in November the stadium was temporarily renamed sportsdirect.com @ St James ' Park Stadium . This name was only supposed to be used until the end of the 2009 – 10 season , but lasted until November 2011 . On 10 November 2011 , the club officially changed the name of the stadium to the Sports Direct Arena , although this will most likely be an interim name , as it is only being used to showcase the sponsorship capabilities of the stadium . The company , owned by Ashley , are not paying anything for the deal . However , if another company purchases the naming rights , they will be expected to pay between £ 8 million and £ 10 million . Many fans voiced their anger at the renaming , but Managing Director Derek Llambias has said that it is necessary to give Newcastle extra money so that they compete with the bigger clubs in the league . Since 1982 , the stadium is served by St James Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro . The station is decorated in a black and white colour scheme , with archive photographs of the club 's players . The club 's current training ground is located at Darsley Park , which is north of the city at Benton . The facility was opened in July 2003 and is also used by the Newcastle Falcons rugby team . = = Ownership = =	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
占 ) from the 2nd @-@ century @-@ BCE Mawangdui Silk Texts and Zhang Heng 's ( 78 – 139 CE ) Spiritual Constitution of the Universe ( Lingxian 靈憲 ) published in 120 CE . Aside from the biographies found in the Standard Histories , it became popular amongst gentrymen to write stylistic essays and commission private biographies on other gentlemen . These privately published biographies focused either on gentrymen from one 's locality or more well known figures who held national prominence . = = = Poetry and rhapsodies = = = The rhapsody , known as fu in Chinese , was a new literary genre . The poet and official Sima Xiangru ( 179 – 117 BCE ) wrote several rhapsodies , yet his largest and most influential was the " Rhapsody on the Son of Heaven on a Leisurely Hunt " ( Tianzi Youlie Fu 天子遊獵賦 ) written in debate form . Sima 's rhapsodies incorporated literary elements found in the Songs of Chu — an anthology of poems attributed to Qu Yuan ( 340 – 278 BCE ) and Song Yu ( fl . 3rd century BCE ) — such as flying with heavenly immortals . Yang Xiong was the other prominent fu writer of Western Han , and although he at first praised Sima 's work , he later criticized it as an example of the genre 's shortcomings . In Eastern Han , Ban Gu wrote a rhapsody comparing the capital cities Chang 'an and Luoyang , in which he concluded that Luoyang was the better of the two ( which was a subtle praise of the current emperor , hinting that his virtue surpassed the rulers of Western Han ) . The court astronomer and inventor Zhang Heng ( 78 – 139 CE ) also wrote rhapsodies on the capital cities which were inspired by those of Ban Gu . Zhang also penned the rhapsody " Returning to the Fields " , which fused Daoist and Confucian ideals as well as laid the groundwork for later metaphysical nature poetry . Zhang Heng also wrote " Lyric Poems on Four Sorrows " ( 四愁詩 ) , which represent the earliest heptasyllabic shi poems in Chinese literature . The government 's Music Bureau also produced folk songs and yuefu , a lyrical form of verse that became a standard subgenre of shi poetry . These poems focused largely on issues of morality that Confucian scholars found acceptable and in @-@ line with Zhou dynasty traditions . Poets of the Jian 'an ( 建安 ) period ( 196 – 220 CE ) usually attended the same social events to compose poems on a given topic in one another 's company . = = Laws and customs = = By the Han dynasty , written law had matured from its archaic form based largely on natural law and social customs into a rational corpus influenced by politics and based on positive law . However , the Han dynasty law code established by Chancellor Xiao He ( d . 193 BCE ) was largely an extension of an existing Qin dynasty law code . Evidence for this includes archaeological finds at Qin @-@ era Shuihudi and Han @-@ era Zhangjiashan . The nine chapters of the law code consisted of statutes which dealt with criminality , while two of these chapters dealt with court procedure . Although it survives only in small fragments , it was allegedly a massive written work on 960 written scrolls . The code had 26 @,@ 272 articles written in 7 @,@ 732 @,@ 200 words that outlined punishments . There were 490 articles on the death penalty alone which contained 1 @,@ 882 offenses and 3 @,@ 472 analogies or pieces of case law . The county magistrate and commandery administrator were the official court judges of the county and commandery , respectively . Their jurisdictions overlapped , yet the commandery administrator only interfered in county court cases when necessary ; it was generally agreed that whoever arrested a criminal first would be the first to judge him or her . If a commandery @-@ level court case could not be resolved , the central government 's Commandant of Justice was the final authority of appeal before the emperor . Yet he most often dealt with cases of political rebels and regicide in regards to kings , marquesses , and high officials . Above the Commandant was the emperor , the supreme judge and lawgiver . As with previous codes , Han law distinguished what should be considered murderous killings ( with malice and foresight ) , wittingly killing , killing by mistake , and killing by accident . Although a father was the undisputed head of the family , he was not allowed to mutilate or kill any of its members as punishment ; if he did , he would be tried for physical assault or murder , respectively . Yet not all murders were given the same sentence , since relation and circumstance were considered in the sentencing . For example , A father would be given a much less severe sentence for murdering a son than if a son murdered his father . Women had certain rights under Han law . It was against the law for husbands to physically abuse their wives . Rape cases were also commonly filed in court and were punished by Han law . Women could level charges against men in court , while it was commonly accepted in Han jurisprudence that women were capable of telling the truth in court . Sometimes criminals were beaten with the bastinado to gain confessions , but Han scholars argued that torture was not the best means of gaining confession , while court conferences were called into session to decide how many strokes should be given and what size the stick should be so as not to cause permanent injury . Imprisonment was an unheard of form of punishment during Han ; common punishments were the death penalty by beheading , periods of forced hard labor for convicts , exile , or monetary fines . Mutilating punishments also existed in early Han , borrowed from previous practice in Qin . This included tattooing the face , cutting off the nose , castration , and amputation of one or both feet , yet by 167 BCE these were abolished in favor of lengthy floggings with the bastinado . Further reforms were implemented by the first year of Emperor Jing 's ( r . 154 – 141 BCE ) reign which decreased the amount of strokes a prisoner could receive from the bastinado . Starting in 195 BCE , those aged seventy and older were exempt from mutilating punishments . Further reforms exempted those aged seventy and older from harsh interrogation methods in cases other than false accusation and murder . Although modern scholars know of some surviving cases where Han law dealt with commerce and domestic affairs , the spheres of trade ( outside the monopolies ) and the family were still largely governed by age @-@ old social customs . Many ways in which family relations were conducted during the Han were already stipulated in the ancient Confucian canon , especially in the Book of Rites . This became accepted as the mainstream guide to ethics and custom . In terms of private commercial contracts , they usually entailed information on the goods transferred , the amount paid , the names of the buyer and seller , the date of transfer and the signatures of witnesses . = = Arts and crafts = = Artists were classified as artisans since they were nonagricultural laborers who manufactured and decorated objects . The philosopher Wang Fu argued that urban society exploited the contributions of food @-@ producing farmers while able @-@ bodied men in the cities wasted their time ( among other listed pursuits ) crafting miniature plaster carts , earthenware statues of dogs , horses , and human figures of singers and actors , and children 's toys . However , during Eastern Han some scholar @-@ officials began engaging in crafts originally reserved for artisans , such as mechanical engineering . Emperor Ling commissioned the official Cai Yong ( 132 – 192 CE ) to paint portraits and produce eulogies for five generations of the prominent Yang clan of officials and military officers . This is the first recorded instance in China where a scholar @-@ official was commissioned to write eulogies and paint portraits in conjunction , instead of relying on skilled artisans to do the painting . Han luxury items furnished the homes of wealthy merchants , officials , nobles , and royalty . Such goods were often highly decorated by skilled artisans . These include red @-@ and @-@ black lacquerwares in various shapes and sizes , bronze items such as raised @-@ relief decorated mirrors , oil lamps in the shape of human figures , and gilded bronzewares , glazed ceramic wares with various incised designs , and ornaments and jewelry made of jade , opal , amber , quartz , gold , and silver . Besides domestic decoration , Han artwork also served an important funerary function . Han artists and craftsmen decorated the wall bricks lining underground tombs of the deceased with mural paintings and carved reliefs ; the purpose of this artwork was to aid the deceased in traveling through their afterlife journey . Stamping artistic designs into tile and brick was also common . Human figurine sculptures found in Han tombs were placed there to perform various functions for the deceased in the afterlife , such as dancing and playing music for entertainment , as well as serving food . A common type of ceramic figurine found in Han tombs is a female entertainer sporting long , flowing silk sleeves that are flung about while dancing . Some ceramic human figures — both male and female — have been found naked , all with clearly distinguished genitalia and missing arms . This is because they once had wooden or cloth arms which were attached to holes in the shoulders by pegs , as well as miniature clothes made of perishable materials such as silk . During the Western Han , grave goods were usually wares and pieces of art that were used by the tomb occupant when he or she was alive . By the Eastern Han , new stylistic goods , wares , and artwork found in tombs were usually made exclusively for burial and were not produced for previous use by the deceased when they were alive . These include miniature ceramic towers — usually watchtowers and urban residential towers — which provide historians clues about lost wooden architecture . In addition to towers , there are also miniature models of querns , water wells , pigsties , pestling shops , and farm fields with pottery pigs , dogs , sheep , chickens , ducks . Although many items placed in tombs were commonly used wares and utensils , it was considered taboo to bring objects specified for burial into living quarters or the imperial palace . They could only be brought into living quarters once they were properly announced at funerary ceremonies , and were known as mingqi ( 明器 / 冥器 ) ( " fearsome artifacts , " " objects for the dead , " or " brilliant artifacts " ) according to Cary Y. Liu ( Ph.D. from Princeton University , licensed architect and museum curator ) . = = Clothing and cuisine = = The most common agricultural food staples during Han were wheat , barley , rice , foxtail millet , proso millet , and beans . People of the Han also consumed sorghum , Job 's tears , taro , mallow , mustard green , melon , bottle gourd , bamboo shoot , the roots of lotus plants , and ginger . Some of the fruits the Han ate included the chestnut , jujube , pear , peach , plum ( including the plum of Prunus salicina and Prunus mume ) , melon , apricot , red bayberry , and strawberry . The Han Chinese domesticated and ate chickens , Mandarin ducks , geese , camels , cows , sheep , pigs , and dogs . The type of game animals hunted during the Han included rabbit , sika deer , turtle dove , goose , owl , Chinese bamboo partridge , magpie , common pheasant , and cranes , while fish and turtles were taken from streams and lakes . Beer — which could be an unfermented malt drink with low alcohol content or a stronger brew fermented with yeast — was commonly consumed alongside meat , but virtually never consumed alongside grains such as rice . Wine was also regularly consumed . The 2nd @-@ century @-@ BCE tomb of the Lady Dai contained not only decayed remnants of actual food , such as rice , wheat , barley , two varieties of millet , and soybeans , but also a grave inventory with recipes on it . This included vegetable and meat stews cooked in pots , which had combinations such as beef and rice stew , dog meat and celery stew , and even deer , fish , and bamboo shoot stew . Seasonings mentioned in the recipes include sugar , honey , soy sauce , and salt . Recipes in the Han usually called for meat stuffed in cereals , cakes , and other wrappings . Like their modern counterparts , the Han @-@ era Chinese used chopsticks as eating utensils . For drinking beverages , wealthy people during Han often used cups with golden handles and inlaid with silver . For the poor , hemp was the common item used to make clothing , while the rich could afford silk clothes . Silk clothes found in Han tombs include padded robes , double @-@ layered robes , single @-@ layered robes , single @-@ layered skirts , shoes , socks , and mittens . The wealthy also wore fox and badger furs , wild duck plumes , and slippers with inlaid leather or silk lining ; those of more modest means could wear wool and ferret skins . Large bamboo @-@ matted suitcases found in Han tombs contained clothes and luxury items such as patterned fabric and embroidery , common silk , damask and brocade , and the leno ( or gauze ) weave , all with rich colors and designs . The Han also had tools for ironing clothes . = = Religion , cosmology , and metaphysics = = = = = Ancestor worship , deities , and the afterlife = = = Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices ( usually involving animals and foodstuffs ) to various deities , spirits , and ancestors . Deceased ancestors were thought to require food and drink in the afterlife , so living family members were routinely obligated to offer food and wine to the ancestors in a family shrine or temple . Wealthy families who could afford to bury their dead in large tombs often placed the food items at the entrances of such complexes . Han @-@ era Chinese believed that a person had two souls , the hun and po . The spirit @-@ soul ( hun 魂 ) was believed to travel to the paradise of the immortals ( xian 仙 ) while the body @-@ soul ( po 魄 ) remained on earth in its proper resting place so long as measures were taken to prevent it from wandering to the netherworld . The body @-@ soul could allegedly utilize items placed in the tomb of the deceased , such as domestic wares , clothes , food and utensils , and even money in the form of clay replicas . It was believed that the bipartite souls could also be temporarily reunited in a ceremony called " summoning the hun to return to the po " ( zhao hun fu po 招魂復魄 ) . However , Han beliefs in the afterlife were not uniform across the empire and changed over time . Not only were there many different burial customs and views on how one journeyed through the afterlife , but even the names hun and po for spirit @-@ soul and body @-@ soul could be substituted with demon ( gui 鬼 ) and spirit ( shen 神 ) . Demons , or gui , were thought to be partial manifestations of the deceased which lacked their essential vital energy ( qi 氣 ) that had to be exorcised when they maliciously caused the living to become ill ; however , a demon could also be considered a neutral ' ghost ' . Spirits , or shen , were usually associated with the animalistic spirits embodying certain places , such as the Earl of the Yellow River ( He Bo 河伯 ) . If proper sacrifices were made to these spirits , it was believed to bring good fortune ; if ritual sacrifices were neglected , the spirit could inflict bad fortune on individuals and local communities . In the Western Han , texts left behind in tombs illustrate that the living took a more sympathetic view towards the dead than in the Eastern Han , when spirits were generally more feared as dangers to the living . The Western Han ' letters informing the underground ' ( gaodishu 告地書 ) were written to ' inform the Ruler of the Underground ' 告地下王 about the deceased 's wants and needs for clothing , vessels , and implements . However , ' tomb @-@ quelling texts ' ( zhenmuwen 鎮墓文 ) that appeared during the 1st century CE acted as passports for the dead so that they did not disturb or bring danger to the living . Both Western Han and Eastern Han tombs contained ' land contracts ' ( diquan 地券 ) which stated that the deceased owned the land they were buried in . Since the emperor fulfilled the role of the highest priest in the land , he was obligated to offer ritual sacrifices to Heaven , the supreme deities , and spirits of the mountains and rivers . The Qin court had made sacrifices to and worshipped four main deities , to which Emperor Gaozu added one in 205 BCE to make Five Powers ( Wudi 五帝 ) . However , Emperor Cheng ( r . 33 – 7 BCE ) cancelled state worship of the Five Powers in favor of ceremonies dedicated to Heaven ( Tian 天 ) and the supreme god ( Shangdi 上帝 ) , who the kings of the Zhou dynasty ( c . 1050 – 256 BCE ) had worshipped and traced their legitimacy to . One of the underlying reasons for this shift in state policy was Emperor Cheng 's desire to gain Heaven 's direct favor and thus become blessed with a male heir . The court 's exclusive worship of Heaven continued throughout the rest of Han . = = = Yin @-@ yang and five phases = = = The Han Chinese believed that three realms of Heaven , Earth , and Mankind were inextricably linked and subject to natural cycles ; if man could understand these cycles , they could understand the hidden secrets of the three realms . One cycle was yin and yang , which corresponded to yielding and hard , shade and sunlight , feminine and masculine , and the Moon and Sun , respectively , while it was thought to govern the three realms and changing of seasons . The five phases was another important cycle where the elements of wood ( mu 木 ) , fire ( huo 火 ) , earth ( tu 土 ) , metal ( jin 金 ) , and water ( shui 水 ) succeeded each other in rotation and each corresponded with certain traits of the three realms . For example , the five phases corresponded with other sets of five like the five organs ( i.e. liver , heart , spleen , lungs and kidneys ) and five tastes ( i.e. sour , bitter , sweet , spicy , and salty ) , or even things like feelings , musical notes , colors , planets , calendars and time periods . It was accepted during the Qin dynasty that whoever defeated his rivals in battle would have legitimacy to rule the land . Yet by the time of Wang Mang 's usurpation it was commonly believed that Heaven , which was now given greater prominence in state worship , designated which individual and hereditary house had the right to rule , a concept known as the Mandate of Heaven . Michael Loewe ( retired professor from the University of Cambridge ) writes that this is consistent with the gradually higher level of emphasis given to the cosmic elements of Five Phases , which were linked with the future destiny of the dynasty and its protection . Dong Zhongshu stressed that a ruler who behaved immorally and did not adhere to proper conduct created a disruption in the natural cycles governing the three realms , which resulted in natural calamities such as earthquakes , floods , droughts , epidemics , and swarms of locusts . This idea became fully accepted at court ( and in later dynasties ) , as emperors often implemented reforms to the legal system or granted amnesties to restore nature 's balance . At the beginning of the Han dynasty , the Liu family associated its dynasty with the water phase as the previous Qin dynasty had done . By 104 BCE , to accompany the installment of the new Taichu Calendar ( 太初历 ) , the Han court aligned itself with the earth phase to legitimately supplant the Qin 's element . Yet by 26 CE ( shortly after the downfall of Wang Mang ) the new Eastern Han court made a retrospective argument that Han 's element had always been fire . = = = Daoism and Buddhism = = = After Huang @-@ Lao thought became eclipsed by other ideologies explaining the cosmos during the 2nd century BCE , the sage philosopher Laozi replaced the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor and originator of the teachings of Daoism . As written by Wang Chong in the 1st century CE , Daoists were chiefly concerned with obtaining immortality . Valerie Hansen writes that Han @-@ era Daoists were organized into small groups of people who believed that individual immortality could be obtained through " breathing exercises , sexual techniques , and medical potions . " However , these were the same practices of Daoists who followed Zhuangzi ( fl . 4th century BCE ) centuries before . The Han @-@ era Chinese believed that the Queen Mother of the West ruled over a mountainous realm of immortal semi @-@ human creatures who possessed elixirs of immortality that man could utilize to prolong his life . Besides the Queen Mother 's mountain to the west , Mount Penglai in the east was another mythological location where the Han @-@ era Chinese believed one could achieve immortality . Wang Chong stated that Daoists , organized into small groups of hermits largely unconcerned with the wider laity , believed they could attempt to fly to the lands of the immortals and become invincible pure men . His criticism of such groups is the best known source of his century to describe Daoist beliefs . However , a major transformation in Daoist beliefs occurred in the 2nd century CE , when large hierarchical religious societies formed and viewed Laozi as a deity and prophet who would usher in salvation for his followers . The first mentioning of Buddhism in China occurred in 65 CE . This was in regards to Liu Ying ( d . 71 CE ) , a half @-@ brother of Emperor Ming , who allegedly paid homage to the Buddha . At this point , the Chinese heavily associated Buddhism with Huang @-@ Lao Daoism . Emperor Ming also had the first known Buddhist temple constructed in China , the White Horse Temple of Luoyang . It was allegedly built in honor of the foreign monks Jiashemoteng ( 迦葉摩騰 ) ( Kāśyapa Mātanga ) and Zhu Falan ( 竺法蘭 ) ( Dharmaratna the Indian ) . A popular myth asserted that these two monks were the first to translate the Sutra of Forty @-@ two Chapters into Chinese , although it is now known that this work was not translated into Chinese until the 2nd century CE . The Parthian monk An Shigao from the Parthian Empire came to Han China in 148 CE . He translated Buddhist works on the Hinayana into Chinese , as well as works on yoga that Han @-@ era Chinese associated with Daoist exercises . Another foreign monk , Lokaksema from Kushan @-@ era Gandhara , India , traveled and stayed in Han China from around 178 – 198 CE . He translated the Perfection of Wisdom , Shurangama Sutra , and Pratyutpanna Sutra , and introduced to China the concepts of Akshobhya Buddha , Amitābha Buddha ( of Pure Land Buddhism ) , and teachings about Manjusri . = = = Religious societies and rebel movements = = = The Daoist religious society of the Five Pecks of Rice was initiated by Zhang Daoling in 142 CE . Zhang was raised in what is now Jiangsu where he studied Daoist beliefs in immortality . He moved to what is now Sichuan province and claimed to have a revelation where the deified Laozi appointed him as his earthly representative and Celestial Master . The movement spread rapidly , particularly under Zhang 's sons , Zhang Heng and Zhang Lu . Instead of money , followers were asked to contribute five pecks of rice to the religious society and banned the worship of ' unclean ' gods who accepted sacrificial offerings of meat . Initiated members of the group were called ' libationers ' , a title associated with village elders who took the first drink at feasts . The laity were told that if they obeyed the rules of the religious society , they would be rewarded with good health . Illness was thus seen as the result of violating religious rules and committing personal sins , which required confession to libationers charged with overseeing the recovery of sinners . They believed that chanting parts of the Daodejing would bring about cures for illnesses . Zhang Daoling 's second successor Zhang Lu initiated a rebellion in 184 CE that allowed him to retain complete control over Ba and Hanzhong commanderies ( of modern Sichuan and southern Shanxi ) for three decades . He even modelled his ' charity houses ' after Han postal stations , yet his establishments offered grain and meat to followers . Although Zhang Lu surrendered to Chancellor Cao Cao ( 155 – 220 CE ) in 215 CE , Cao was still wary of his influence over the people , so he granted Zhang and his sons fiefs to placate them . The widespread Yellow Turban Rebellion also occurred in 184 CE , its leaders claiming that they were destined to bring about a utopian era of peace . Like the Five Pecks of Rice society , the Yellow Turbans of the Huai and Yellow River valleys also believed that illness was a sign of wrongdoing that necessitated confession to church leaders and faith healers . However , the Yellow Turbans typically utilized holy water as a ramification for sickness ; if this did not cure the sick , the latter 's sins were deemed too great to be exculpated . Since the year 184 CE was the first ( and very auspicious ) year of a new sexagenary cycle , the Yellow Turban 's supreme leader Zhang Jue ( d . 184 CE ) chose the third month of that year as the time to rebel ; when this was leaked to the Han court , Zhang was forced to initiate the rebellion prematurely . Although the Yellow Turbans were able to muster hundreds of thousands of troops , they were overpowered by the combined force of imperial troops and independent generals . By the end of the year their leadership — including Zhang Jue — had been killed and only scattered groups remained until they were amalgamated into the forces of Cao Cao in 192 CE . = Boom Box ( No Doubt album ) = Boom Box is a limited @-@ edition box set album by the American rock band No Doubt , released on November 25 , 2003 through Interscope Records . It compiled The Singles 1992 – 2003 , The Videos 1992 – 2003 , Everything in Time , and Live in the Tragic Kingdom . The Singles 1992 – 2003 was also released on a separate CD on the same date . Everything in Time was released as a separate CD later on October 12 , 2004 . The Videos 1992 – 2003 was released as a separate DVD on May 4 , 2004 . At the time of Boom Box 's release , Live in the Tragic Kingdom had already been released on VHS and it was re @-@ released on DVD on June 13 , 2006 . The Singles 1992 – 2003 and The Videos 1992 – 2003 are compiled from the singles released from four of the band 's five studio albums , No Doubt , Tragic Kingdom , Return of Saturn and Rock Steady , with tracks from the last three heavily represented . Everything in Time is an album of B @-@ sides , rare songs and remixes , taken mainly from the recording sessions of Return of Saturn . Live in the Tragic Kingdom is a recording of a concert filmed during the band 's tour for Tragic Kingdom . The release of Boom Box received very little coverage from music critics because it was not a studio album . The few reviews it received were positive . The album charted at number 206 on the Top Internet Albums . However , in its separate release , The Singles 1992 – 2003 was reviewed widely and positively , and it charted highly across North America and Europe , peaking at number 2 in the U.S. and number 5 in the UK . Everything in Time , in its separate release , charted on the U.S. Billboard 200 at number 182 . = = Background = = No Doubt released five studio albums throughout its career before going into hiatus . Their debut album , No Doubt , was released on March 17 , 1992 . It sold only 30 @,@ 000 copies on its initial release , and the band 's record company , Interscope Records , refused to fund the release of a single from it . No Doubt therefore financed the production of a music video for the song " Trapped in a Box " , which was received local airplay in Orange County , California but did not attract mainstream attention . No Doubt recorded their second album , The Beacon Street Collection , in March 1995 . It was released independently , because No Doubt had recorded many songs that they knew would not make it onto Tragic Kingdom and were frustrated by a lack of attention from their label . They released two singles from it : " Squeal " and " Doghouse " . The Beacon Street Collection sold 100 @,@ 000 copies . No Doubt 's independence shocked their company representative and ensured that the label would finance a third album . The band 's third album , Tragic Kingdom , was released shortly after The Beacon Street Collection , on October 10 , 1995 under Interscope Records . Work began on the album in 1993 but Interscope rejected most of the material , leading to the release of Beacon Street . The band was introduced to Paul Palmer , who had his own label Trauma Records , which was already associated with Interscope . Palmer mixed the record and was allowed to release Tragic Kingdom under Trauma Records . The album produced seven singles : " Just a Girl " , " Spiderwebs " , " Don 't Speak " , " Excuse Me Mr. " , " Happy Now ? " , " Sunday Morning " , and " Hey You ! " . In total , Tragic Kingdom sold over 16 million copies worldwide , and was certified diamond in the United States and Canada , and platinum in the United Kingdom . No Doubt 's fourth studio album was Return of Saturn , released on April 11 , 2000 after two and a half years of touring to promote Tragic Kingdom . The album spawned four singles — " New " , a song from the soundtrack to the movie Go , " Ex @-@ Girlfriend " , " Simple Kind of Life " , and " Bathwater " . Return of Saturn sold 1 @.@ 4 million copies upon its release . No Doubt released its fifth studio album , Rock Steady , in December 2001 . Four singles were released from it — " Hey Baby " , " Hella Good " , " Underneath It All " , and " Running " — between 2001 and 2003 . The album sold 3 million copies upon its release and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Later , in April 2003 , No Doubt went into hiatus to take a break to spend time with their families before starting to compile Everything in Time ; The Singles 1992 – 2003 ; The Videos 1992 – 2003 ; and Boom Box , containing all of the above and Live in the Tragic Kingdom , which was originally recorded in 1997 . They would all be released on the same date . The main reason to go into hiatus was that , in early 2003 , lead singer Gwen Stefani started work on her 1980s @-@ inspired new wave / dance @-@ pop music side project , under which she released two solo albums : Love . Angel . Music . Baby. on November 22 , 2004 and The Sweet Escape on December 4 , 2006 . Live in the Tragic Kingdom had previous been released on VHS on November 11 , 1997 and was later released as a separate DVD on June 13 , 2006 . Everything in Time was later released as a separate CD on October 12 , 2004 . The Videos 1992 – 2003 was released on a separate DVD on May 4 , 2004 . = = Music = = Boom Box compiles four albums : Everything in Time , The Singles 1992 – 2003 , The Videos 1992 – 2003 , and Live in the Tragic Kingdom . The Singles 1992 – 2003 is a greatest hits collection of No Doubt 's singles , containing tracks from four of their five studio albums : No Doubt , Tragic Kingdom , Return of Saturn , and Rock Steady . Tracks from No Doubt 's second album , The Beacon Street Collection , were not included because the album was produced and released independently by the band . The Videos 1992 – 2003 is a DVD containing No Doubt 's music videos , including those of all the tracks on The Singles 1992 – 2003 as well as a video of the band 's cover of " Oi to the World ! " , a song originally by Californian punk rock band The Vandals from their album of the same name . Everything in Time is a CD collection of B @-@ sides , rare songs , and remixes . Live in the Tragic Kingdom is a DVD filmed at one of the concerts in No Doubt 's Tragic Kingdom tour and contains performances of the seven songs released as singles from Tragic Kingdom , along with other tracks from the album and cover versions of songs by other bands . Boom Box spans mostly No Doubt 's later musical style . The two greatest hits discs , The Singles 1992 – 2003 and The Videos 1992 – 2003 , take 13 of their 15 or 16 tracks from Tragic Kingdom , Return of Saturn and Rock Steady . Their earlier musical style , in which the songs were written by keyboard player Eric Stefani , who left the band before Tragic Kingdom was recorded , is represented by only one song — " Trapped in a Box " from No Doubt . The band 's musical style changed later when Gwen Stefani started writing the songs ; the tracks on Tragic Kingdom , which are heavily represented on Boom Box , are built on the themes of Gwen Stefani 's femininity and the breakup of her relationship with fellow band member Tony Kanal . The B @-@ sides and rare songs on Everything in Time were mainly recorded in the sessions for the band 's fourth album , Return of Saturn , but two of the three remixes were of the song " Rock Steady " , from No Doubt 's album , Rock Steady . Boom Box was given a Parental Advisory : Explicit Content sticker in the United States because of the content in Live in the Tragic Kingdom , which also received the sticker upon its release . = = Critical reception = = Because Boom Box was not one of No Doubt 's official studio albums , it lacked much attention from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave the album four stars out of five , although criticizing the mix of songs , saying that only " hardcore No Doubt fans ... would want any of this material . " He called the set 's appearance of being " a generous gift to [ No Doubt 's ] fans " " deceiving " and the album not as " carefully assembled " as the standalone The Singles 1992 – 2003 . He said that the packaging " feels as if it was done on the cheap " and criticized the lack of special features on the DVDs . However , he praised The Singles 1992 – 2003 and Everything in Time , calling them " very good " and that they displayed what a " dynamic singles band No Doubt was " , summarizing the album as " something worthwhile for the fans " . However , The Singles 1992 – 2003 and Everything in Time from Boom Box were released separately and were reviewed as separate albums . The Singles 1992 – 2003 was well received by critics and was described as " a real joy " and a " stellar collection " . Its mixture of styles was both praised as " sheer diversity " and criticised as having a " hotch @-@ potch feel " . The album charted well across Europe , Oceania and North America . In the United States , it sold 2 @.@ 2 million copies , peaked at number 2 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified gold , platinum and 2 × platinum . It peaked in the top ten of the album charts of Canada , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Denmark , the Netherlands , Finland , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland ; and in the top forty of the album charts of Germany , Australia , Belgium and Portugal . Everything in Time peaked at number 182 on the Billboard 200 . = = Track listing = = = = = Disc one = = = = = = Disc two = = = = = = Disc three = = = = = = Disc four = = = = = Credits = = = = Chart positions = = = Dragon Quest VII = Dragon Quest VII : Fragments of the Forgotten Past ( ドラゴンクエストVII エデンの戦士たち , Doragon Kuesuto Sebun Eden no Senshi @-@ tachi , lit . " Dragon Quest VII : Warriors of Eden " ) is a Japanese role @-@ playing video game developed by Heartbeat and ArtePiazza , and published by Enix for the PlayStation in 2000 . It was released in North America in 2001 under the title Dragon Warrior VII . The game received a remake on the Nintendo 3DS on February 7 , 2013 in Japan , and it was announced that the game would be released in North America and Europe for the Nintendo 3DS under the title Dragon Quest VII : Fragments of the Forgotten Past in 2016 . A version of the game for Android and iOS was also released in Japan on September 17 , 2015 . Dragon Quest VII : Fragments of the Forgotten Past is the seventh installment of the popular Dragon Quest series of role playing games , and is the successor to 1995 's Dragon Quest VI for the Super Famicom . An immediate success upon release , Dragon Warrior VII 's sales have totalled 4 @.@ 06 million , making it the best @-@ selling PlayStation game in Japan by April 6 , 2001 , and is an Ultimate Hits title . It was the first main series Dragon Quest title to be released outside Japan since the release of Dragon Quest IV in North America in 1992 , and the last Dragon Quest title to be released in North America with the Dragon Warrior name . The game was produced by Yuji Horii , who has presided over the Dragon Quest series since its inception . Artwork and character designs were once again provided by Akira Toriyama , the artist responsible for all previous Dragon Quest games and a famous manga artist . The game follows the Hero and his friends as they discover secrets about the mysterious islands surrounding their home of Estard . Through some ancient ruins , they are transported to the pasts of various islands and must defeat evil in each new location . Game mechanics are largely unchanged from previous games in the series , although an extensive Class system allows players to customize their characters . = = Gameplay = = Dragon Warrior VII is best known for its huge size . Without completing the game 's side quests , a single game of Dragon Warrior VII can take a hundred hours or more . In terms of gameplay , not much has changed from previous installments ; battles are still fought in a turn @-@ based mode from a first person perspective . Although non @-@ battle sequences are rendered in 3D , battles themselves are still portrayed two dimensionally . The ability to talk with the party characters in and outside of battles was added to this game . They offer advice about battle strategies and plot points , or simply comment on how they feel at a given moment . There are four ways and means of locomotion : feet , boat , magic carpet , and skystone . Each of these can move across different terrain . The main flow of the game is different from the other Dragon Quest games ; instead of exploring one large world , the party goes to separate continents by placing stone shards into their appropriate pedestals in Estard Fane . Once all of the missing shards are located and placed for a particular pedestal , the party is transported to the trapped location in the past . After solving whatever problems plague the location , the party then travels back to Estard , the beginning island . From there , they can travel via boat , carpet , or skystone to the modern version of the location they just saved . These saved lands appear on the main map , although the originals ( from the past ) can be revisited through the ruins . Like most of the other Dragon Quest games , this game has several mini @-@ games to participate in . The Immigrant Town , similar to the one in Dragon Quest IV , lets the player recruit people from various towns . They then live in the town , which changes depending on the type of people living there ( e.g. several merchants will bring more stores to the town ) . A prominent feature in most Dragon Quest games is the casino . Poker , slot machines , and luck panel can all be played in Dragon Warrior VII . The Ranking Association allows the player to compete for the highest stats , like the Beauty Competition from Dragon Quest VI . The player can also catch monsters , although they are only displayed in the Monster Park , unlike in Dragon Quest V , where monsters fought in the party . Blueprints are found to add new environments to the park . = = = Class system = = = Dragon Warrior VII uses a class system for learning abilities , similar to that of Dragon Quest VI . Some available classes include Warrior , Fighter , Cleric , Mage , Bard , Dancer , Jester , Thief , Idol , Pirate , Ranger , Dragoon , Paladin , Summoner , God Hand , and Hero , some of which are unlocked by mastering other classes . The game also includes monster classes , which can be unlocked by using the appropriate monster heart or mastering pre @-@ requisite monster classes . Characters generally stop learning character specific spells and skills around experience level 15 ; however , around this time in the game , players will reach Dharma Island , where they can give their characters certain classes . Each non @-@ monster class belongs to one of three tiers ( Basic , Intermediate , and Advanced ) , while monster classes have more tiers . Characters gain levels in classes by fighting a certain number of battles , as opposed to gaining experience points . Characters learn different spells and skills when they reach another class level and their stats are affected by what class they are . Once a character reaches the 8th and final level of a class , it is considered " mastered " , if a character masters certain classes , higher tier classes will become available to them . For example , if a character masters the Mage and Cleric classes , which are both Basic , then the Intermediate class Sage will be available to them . If that character was to then master the Teen Idol class , the Advanced Summoner class would open up . = = Plot and setting = = = = = Story = = = The story begins when the father of the protagonist brings home a map fragment from a fishing trip ; this map suggests to the protagonist and his friend that the world had , at some point in its past , many continents , though now there is only the small island of Estard ( エスタード , Esutādo ) . The two of them find a way to travel back to the past , when the continents still existed . The continents are facing serious problems that threaten their existence ; the protagonist and his growing party work to resolve the problems , and when they do , the continents reappear in the present . When all the continents are finally restored , the Demon Lord , who is responsible for the loss of many of the continents , appears and seals away many of the continents again . He then raises up his Dark Palace , where the party face the Demon Lord in a final showdown . = = = Characters = = = Hero ( 主人公 , Shujinkō ) — The Hero has no default name ; as is traditional in the Dragon Quest series , the name is supplied by the player ( however , he is called Arus in the official manga and was given the name Auster in the 3DS English translation ) . The Hero is a lifelong native of the town of Fishbel on Estard Island . He is good friends with Maribel , daughter of the mayor of Fishbel , and Kiefer , prince of Estard Castle . In particular , he has a fondness for going out on impromptu " adventures " with Kiefer . It is one such adventure than begins the story of the game . In terms of gameplay , the Hero is a well @-@ rounded character who is one of the strongest fighters in the game . He also lays claim to a variety of healing magics , and has fairly average statistical growth . Kiefer ( キーファ・グラン , Kīfa Guran ) — Kiefer is a prince of Estard , and the presumptive heir to the throne . Far from anticipating his elevation to kingship , however , Kiefer seems to resent his royal blood , and is a source of endless worry and frustration to his family and advisors . Kiefer , for his part , spends much of his time in search of excitement and adventure , and has found a kindred spirit in the Hero , whom he considers his closest friend . Kiefer is incredibly strong , with a high physical attack statistic and naturally high hit points ( HP ) . He is the most powerful character available early on in the game . On one trip to an ancient land , Kiefer falls in love , and remains behind . Upon returning to the present , the hero finds out that Kiefer became a famous guardian of the Dejan tribe , and is the biological ancestor of almost an entire culture / continent . Kiefer is also the main character of the game Dragon Quest Monsters : Caravan Heart . Maribel ( マリベル , Mariberu ) — A friend of both the Hero and Kiefer , Maribel is the daughter of the mayor of Fishbel . Unlike Kiefer , who has steadfastly refused to let his social status influence how he looks upon other people , Maribel tends to be a bit condescending , even bossy . Despite this , she gets along well with her friends , and occasionally accompanies them on their adventuring , even if she sometimes has to pressure them into letting her tag along . Maribel is primarily a magic user : with low starting physical statistics , and an early lack of powerful weapons available for her use , it takes a good deal of time before she can do anything approaching the amount of physical damage inflicted by some of the other characters . On the other hand , Maribel has access to a variety of damaging attack spells relatively early on . Unlike Kiefer , she does rejoin the Hero after leaving . Gabo ( ガボ ) known as Ruff in the 3DS English translation — Although he appears normal , Gabo is actually a white wolf pup who was irrevocably turned into a boy . As such , he retains a number of obvious lupine characteristics , and can be somewhat animalistic at times . He agrees to travel with the heroes hoping to protect his family , but remains with the group out of a sense of loyalty . In contrast to Maribel , Gabo 's specialty is in physical combat . Despite his diminutive size , he can easily become as powerful as the Hero , Melvin , and Aira through mastery of the class system . Melvin ( メルビン , Merubin ) known as Mervyn in the 3DS English translation — A skilled paladin of generations past , Melvin fought on the side of God against the Demon Lord many years ago . Melvin excelled at his work , and distinguished himself in both skill and honor . As such , Melvin was petrified in stone by God , so that , should the need arise , he could be reawakened to once again take up the fight against evil . The party finds Melvin , who joins their adventure , although his age and unfamiliarity with the present day often leave other characters somewhat befuddled . Melvin is proficient at both magic and physical combat , though his magic casting abilities are slightly superior to his physical attack skills . Aira ( アイラ ) known as Aishe in the 3DS English translation — Aira is the lead ritual dancer of the Deja tribe , an ancient race of people charged with the stewardship of a temple necessary in the act of calling forth God . Raised and trained at swordsmanship , Aira is a more than capable fighter , as well . But , for all her skills , Aira harbors a secret from her past that weighs heavily upon her soul . Aira is a powerful fighter and magic user . Although capable of doing both significant physical and significant magical damage , Aira stands in contrast to Melvin , in that her magic skills tend to lag slightly behind her physical statistics . = = Development and release = = Dragon Warrior VII was designed by series creator Yuji Horii and directed by Manabu Yamana . Shintaro Majima signed on as art director , while series veterans Akira Toriyama and Koichi Sugiyama designed the characters and composed the music respectively . The game was officially announced in 1996 and originally planned for the Nintendo 64DD . On January 15 , 1997 , it was announced that development had been moved to the PlayStation . By the next day , both stock in Sony and Enix rose significantly in Japan . By 2000 , Dragon Quest VII was predicted to be so successful in Japan that it would " create a 50 billion yen effect on the Japanese economy " , said research firm DIHS . Dragon Warrior VII would go on to be released on August 26 , 2000 and sold 4 @.@ 06 million games in Japan alone , becoming one of the highest selling games of all time . The game was delayed numerous times before its actual release . Work on the game was extended because the development staff wanted to perfect the game due to high expectations from the fans and because the team only consisted of about 35 people . Before its release , it was ranked as the most wanted game in Japan and Square , knowing about Dragon Warrior VII 's release , moved Final Fantasy IX to come out on a later date . Horii stated in an interview that the team focused more on puzzle solving than the game 's story . Being the first game in the series to include 3D graphics , the team was also initially reluctant to include CG movies and cinematics due to letters written to Enix by fans fearing that doing so would change the overall feeling of the series . The English language localization of Dragon Warrior VII began directly after the game 's Japanese release . Enix of America was tasked with translating over 70 @,@ 000 pages of text via 20 translators and 5 copy editors . No effort was made to edit or censor the context of the Japanese script . Weeks prior to the game 's US release , Enix released new information about the game 's different mechanics on their website weekly to introduce players to the game . Paul Handelman , president of Enix America , commented on the game that " All the talk this month about new systems with the latest technological wizardry doesn 't diminish the fact that at the end of the day , compelling game play is what it 's all about , and Dragon Warrior VII provides just that . " Dragon Warrior VII was released in the US on November 1 , 2001 and was the last game in the series to have Warrior in its title instead of Quest . In 2003 , Square Enix registered the Dragon Quest trademark in the US , with the intent to retire the Dragon Warrior name . Soon after the game 's release , developer Heartbeat went on hiatus . Justin Lucas , product manager of Enix America , commented on the hiatus , saying that the developer merely " worked their tails off on Dragon Warrior 7 and Dragon Warrior 4 . They decided to take a sabbatical for a while and rest up " , noting that it had nothing to do with the game 's US sales . The back of the Dragon Warrior VII manual in North America contained an advertisement for Dragon Warrior IV , an enhanced remake for the PlayStation of a Nintendo game of the same name . The localization was later cancelled , due to Heartbeat 's closure . = = = Remake = = = On October 30 , 2012 Square Enix announced that they were remaking Dragon Quest VII exclusively for the Nintendo 3DS and that it would be released in Japan in February 2013 . Later that day , Square Enix confirmed that the release date would be February 7 , 2013 for Japan . Similarly to Dragon Quest IX , the game features visible enemy encounters instead of random encounters , unique backgrounds and enemies that have individual attack characteristics . In the November 2015 Nintendo Direct , it was shown that Dragon Quest 7 will be coming outside Japan in 2016 . = = Other media = = = = = Soundtrack = = = As with nearly every Dragon Quest game , Koichi Sugiyama composed the musical score . As was done for Dragon Quest VI , the original sound version was bundled with the symphonic suite in a two @-@ disc set called Dragon Quest VII : Eden no Senshitachi Symphonic Suite + OST . The entire first disc and the opening track of the second disc consists of the symphonic suite , while the rest of the second disc is the original sound version . The Symphonic Suite was released alone on Super Audio CD later that year , and re @-@ released in 2009 . A disc titled Dragon Quest VII : Eden no Senshitachi on Piano was also released , and contained 27 piano @-@ arranged tracks . The Symphonic Suite was later re @-@ recorded in 2006 along with the rest of the music from the series . An original soundtrack for the 3DS remake was released on March 19 , 2014 , and features the original recordings by the Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra from the remake . All songs written and composed by Koichi Sugiyama . All songs written and composed by Koichi Sugiyama . = = = Manga = = = The manga adaptation of Dragon Quest VII was published by Enix 's Monthly Gangan in Japan . It was illustrated by Kamui Fujiwara , who also worked on another franchise @-@ related manga , Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō . Fourteen volumes were released between 2001 and 2006 , though the series is currently on hiatus . In this adaptation , the hero is given the name " Arus " . The manga follows the game story while adding in new characters and more detailed relationships , as the original hero was silent and a personality needed to be added for the comic version . = = Reception = = Dragon Warrior VII was very well received in Japan both commercially and critically . It was the best @-@ selling PlayStation game of 2000 in the region at 3 @.@ 78 million copies sold . As most of the units were sold mere weeks after the game 's release , the game established itself for having the largest annual shipment of any independently sold game for the original PlayStation . Shipment of Dragon Quest VII reached four million copies on January 5 , 2001 , and the game became the sixth best @-@ seller video game of all platforms at that time . Worldwide , sales of the game have surpassed 4 @.@ 1 million units as of February 2004 . Dragon Warrior VII won the grand prize in Digital ( Interactive ) Art Division at the 4th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2000 , where the game was praised for being " ... engaging without depending on a high degree of realism ... " and " ... well refined and artfully executed . " The game also won four awards from the 5th Japan Entertainment Software Awards by the Computer Entertainment Supplier 's Association ( CESA ) , including Best Prize , Scenario Prize , Sales Prize , and Popularity Prize . In 2006 , the readers of Famitsu magazine voted Dragon Warrior VII the 9th best video game of all time . Sales of the North American version of Dragon Warrior VII reached about 200 @,@ 000 copies according to The Magic Box , which was not nearly as stellar as its Japanese counterpart . Enix of America still expressed their satisfaction with the sales figures . Dragon Warrior VII met with mostly positive reviews from North American critics . IGN noted that all " 100 + hours " of the game are enjoyable despite the dated visuals and clunky presentation . GameZone.com praised the game 's concept and nostalgia factor and cited it as " what role @-@ playing games were meant to be . " They also noted the game 's high difficulty , which , instead of making the game frustrating , they say , " make it that much more of an accomplishment when you complete a quest . " IGN described the game 's class system as " one of the best class systems seen outside a strategy RPG . " Other critics were not as pleased with Dragon Warrior VII . GameShark.com described the first two hours of the game as " some of the most boring hours you will ever play in a video game . " XenGamers.com also pointed out that in order to play the game , the player needs " the patience of a rock " . Game Informer even went as far as to say that " four million Japanese can be wrong " , referring to the game 's immense popularity in Japan . Because of the game 's delay in being developed , its release was after the PlayStation 2 's release , which created some negative feedback , particularly about the game 's graphics . IGN commented on this , calling the game " a game that makes only a bare minimum of concessions to advancing technology , but more than makes up for this with its deep gameplay , massive quest , and sheer variety . " GameSpot called the graphics " not good " and warned readers that if the " most rewarding things " they " got out of Final Fantasy VII were the full @-@ motion video interludes , you definitely won 't be wowed by anything you see in Dragon Warrior VII . " Sales of the Nintendo 3DS remake exceeded 800 @,@ 000 copies the first week in Japan . As of March 17 , 2013 , the remake has sold 1 @,@ 174 @,@ 077 copies . Famitsu rated the remake a 35 / 40 , praising the new orchestrated score as well as the improved graphics , intro and first dungeon . = Operation Goodwood ( naval ) = Operation Goodwood was a series of unsuccessful British carrier air raids conducted against the German battleship Tirpitz at her anchorage in Kaafjord , Norway , during late August 1944 . It formed the last of several major attacks made by the Home Fleet during 1944 which sought to eliminate the potential threat Tirpitz posed to Allied shipping by badly damaging or sinking the warship . While each of the previous raids on Kaafjord conducted by Fleet Air Arm aircraft had involved only a single air strike , Operation Goodwood involved repeated attacks over a week . The Royal Navy hoped that these raids would wear down the formidable German defences . The British fleet departed its base on 18 August , and launched the first raid against Kaafjord on the morning of the 22nd . This major attack was unsuccessful , and a small raid that evening inflicted little damage . Two further major strikes were conducted on 24 and 29 August , but without success . Tirpitz was struck by two bombs during the raid on 24 August , but neither caused significant damage . British losses during Operation Goodwood were 17 aircraft to all causes , and a frigate sunk by a submarine . An escort carrier was also badly damaged . German forces suffered the loss of 12 aircraft and damage to 7 ships . Following Operation Goodwood , responsibility for attacking Tirpitz was transferred to the Royal Air Force in late August 1944 . In three heavy bomber raids conducted during September and October 1944 , the battleship was first crippled and then sunk . Historians regard Operation Goodwood as a significant failure for the Fleet Air Arm , and attribute its results to shortcomings with the force 's aircraft and their armament . = = Background = = From early 1942 , Tirpitz posed a significant threat to the Allied convoys transporting supplies through the Norwegian Sea to the Soviet Union . Stationed in fjords on the Norwegian coast , the battleship was capable of overwhelming the close @-@ escort forces assigned to the Arctic convoys or breaking out into the North Atlantic . To counter this threat , the Allies needed to keep a powerful force of warships with the British Home Fleet , and capital ships accompanied most convoys part of the way to the Soviet Union . Several air and naval attacks were launched against Tirpitz in 1942 and 1943 . On 6 March 1942 , torpedo bombers flying from the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious attacked the battleship while she was attempting to intercept Convoy PQ 12 but did not achieve any hits . Bombers from the Royal Air Force and Soviet Air Forces also attempted to strike Tirpitz in her anchorages several times in 1942 and 1943 but failed to inflict any damage . On 23 September 1943 , two British X @-@ class midget submarines penetrated the defences around the battleship 's main anchorage at Kaafjord in northern Norway during Operation Source , and placed explosive charges in the water beneath her . This attack caused extensive damage to Tirpitz , putting her out of service for six months . Following Operation Source , the task of attacking Tirpitz was assigned to the Home Fleet 's aircraft carriers . Following months of preparations , a successful attack ( Operation Tungsten ) involving two strike forces of 20 Fairey Barracuda dive bombers escorted by 40 fighters was conducted on 3 April 1944 . While Tirpitz 's crew suffered heavy casualties during this operation , the battleship was not badly damaged . Nevertheless , she was placed out of action for several additional months while repairs were completed . The Home Fleet initiated a further four raids against Tirpitz between April and July 1944 , though the battleship was only attacked during the last of these operations . These attacks were hindered by the transfer of many of the Home Fleet 's airmen to other units following Operation Tungsten , as the replacement aircrew were less experienced . The first raid ( Operation Planet ) began on 21 April but cancelled three days later when agents stationed near Kaafjord reported bad weather over the target area . The Home Fleet put to sea to attack Tirpitz again in mid @-@ May in what was designated Operation Brawn . A strike force of 27 Barracudas escorted by Vought F4U Corsair and Supermarine Seafire fighters took off from the carriers HMS Furious and Victorious on 15 May , but returned to the ships without attacking after they encountered heavy cloud over Kaafjord . The next raid , Operation Tiger Claw , was initiated in late May but cancelled due to bad weather on the 28th of the month . The subsequent attack ( Operation Mascot ) was timed for mid @-@ July , before the resumption of the Arctic convoys , which had been suspended since April 1944 to free up ships for the Normandy landings . The strike force of 44 Barracudas and 40 fighters dispatched on 17 July reached the target area , but found Tirpitz cloaked in a protective smokescreen and the attack failed to inflict any damage on the battleship . = = Preparations = = In the weeks after Operation Mascot , Tirpitz continued to prepare for potential combat operations . Following trials in the sheltered waters of Altafjord , she put to sea on 31 July and 1 August to train with her protective destroyers . Additional smoke generators were also installed around Kaafjord to improve the area 's already strong defences . These activities were reported by spies , and the British Admiralty interpreted them to mean that Tirpitz was being readied for a raid against Allied shipping . To defend against this threat , it was decided to conduct further attacks against the battleship at her anchorage in Kaafjord at the time of the next series of Arctic convoys . In reality , the German Navy was not planning to use Tirpitz offensively as she would be very vulnerable to the superior Allied naval and air forces if she put to sea . Instead , the battleship was being maintained in active service to tie down Allied warships and aircraft . The failure of Operation Mascot convinced the commander of the Home Fleet , Admiral Sir Henry Moore , that the Fleet Air Arm 's main strike aircraft , the Fairey Barracuda dive bomber , was not suited to operations against Kaafjord . As the dive bombers ' slow speed gave the defenders of Kaafjord enough time to cover Tirpitz in a smoke screen between the time incoming raids were detected and their arrival over the target area , Moore concluded that further attacks using these aircraft would be futile . However , the Admiralty judged that repeatedly striking Kaafjord with Barracudas over a 48 @-@ hour period might wear down the German defences and exhaust the supply of fuel for Tirpitz 's protective smoke generators . Consideration was also given to flying fast and long @-@ ranged de Havilland Mosquito bombers off the carriers in an attempt to achieve surprise , but none of these land @-@ based aircraft could be spared from supporting the Allied bombing of Germany . Despite his misgivings , Moore agreed to make another attempt to strike Tirpitz . As proposed by the Admiralty , Moore 's plans for the new attack on Kaafjord involved the Home Fleet 's aircraft attacking the region over several days . While the fighter aircraft involved in the previous raids had used only their machine guns to strafe German defences in order to reduce the threat they posed to the Barracudas , it was decided to use some of these aircraft as dive bombers during Operation Goodwood . In preparation , the two squadrons of Corsairs and single squadron of Grumman F6F Hellcats selected to participate in the attack received training in dive @-@ bombing tactics during the period between Operations Mascot and Goodwood . Another new element of the plans was a decision to use Fleet Air Arm aircraft to drop mines near Tirpitz and the entrance to Kaafjord . The mines dropped near the battleship were to be fitted with time @-@ delay fuses , and it was hoped that the explosions of these devices would cause Tirpitz 's captain to try to move the warship into safer waters and pass through the minefield at the fjord 's entrance . During the period before Operation Goodwood , the Home Fleet 's flying squadrons conducted training exercises using a target range at Loch Eriboll in northern Scotland ; the terrain in this area is comparable to that around Kaafjord , and the loch had also been used for this purpose as part of the preparations for Operation Tungsten . = = Opposing forces = = The Operation Goodwood attack fleet was divided into three groups . Admiral Moore embarked on board the battleship HMS Duke of York , which sailed with the fleet aircraft carriers HMS Indefatigable ( the flagship of Rear Admiral Rhoderick McGrigor , commander of the 1st Cruiser Squadron ) , Formidable and Furious as well as two cruisers and fourteen destroyers . The second force comprised the escort carriers HMS Nabob and Trumpeter , cruiser HMS Kent and a group of frigates . A pair of fleet oilers escorted by four corvettes sailed separately to support the two attack groups . The aircraft carriers embarked the largest group of Fleet Air Arm aircraft assembled up to that point in the war . Their main striking element was the 35 Barracudas assigned to 820 , 826 , 827 , and 828 Naval Air Squadrons which operated from the three fleet carriers . The two units of 6 Naval Fighter Wing , 1841 and 1842 Squadrons , flew 30 Corsairs from Formidable . A total of 48 Seafires were assigned to 801 , 880 , 887 and 894 Squadrons on board Indefatigable and Furious . In addition , 1770 and 1840 Squadrons operated 12 Fairey Firefly and 12 Hellcat fighters respectively from Indefatigable . The two escort carriers embarked a total of 20 Grumman TBF Avengers ( which had responsibility for the mine @-@ dropping element of Operation Goodwood ) and 8 Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters ; these aircraft were split between 846 Squadron on board Trumpeter and 852 Squadron on Nabob . Tirpitz 's anchorage at Kaafjord was heavily defended . Prior to Operation Tungsten , eleven batteries of anti @-@ aircraft guns , several anti @-@ aircraft warships and a system of smoke generators capable of hiding Tirpitz from aircraft were located around the fjord . After the attack , additional radar stations and observation posts were established and the number of smoke generators was increased . Tirpitz 's air defences were strengthened by fitting her with additional 20 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) cannons , modifying the 150 @-@ millimetre ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns so they could be used to attack aircraft , and supplying anti @-@ aircraft shells for her 380 @-@ millimetre ( 15 in ) main guns . The German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) had few fighters stationed at airfields near Kaafjord , and their operations were constrained by a lack of fuel . = = Attacks = = = = = 22 August = = = The Operation Goodwood attack force sailed on 18 August . The timing of the operation was set to allow the Home Fleet to also protect Convoy JW 59 , which had departed from Scotland on 15 August bound for the Soviet Union . After an uneventful journey north , the attack forces arrived off Norway on 20 August . While the first attack against Kaafjord had been planned to take place on 21 August , weather conditions that day were unsuitable for flying operations , and Moore decided upon a 24 @-@ hour postponement . The Germans were first alerted to the presence of the British fleet on 21 August when radio messages from the carriers were detected . The first strike against Kaafjord was launched on 22 August . While flying conditions were poor due to low cloud , Moore decided to attack that day as some of his ships were starting to run low on fuel and would soon need to move away from Norway to refuel . At 11 : 00 am a force comprising 32 Barracudas , 24 Corsairs , 11 Fireflies , 9 Hellcats and 8 Seafires was launched from the three fleet carriers . No Avengers were dispatched as the cloudy conditions were unsuitable for the execution of their task . Because few mines were available and the Avengers could not safely land while still carrying these weapons , the mine @-@ dropping element of the plan would fail if the aircraft were unable to locate Tirpitz and had to dump their loads into the sea . As the strike force neared the coast , heavy cloud was sighted covering the hills near Kaafjord . Because the clouds prevented accurate bombing , the Barracudas and Corsairs returned to the carriers without attacking . The Hellcat and Firefly fighters continued on , and approached the fjord below the cloud base . These aircraft achieved surprise , and Tirpitz was not obscured by smoke when they arrived over Kaafjord . The Fireflies initiated the attack at 12 : 49 pm by strafing German anti @-@ aircraft guns on and around Tirpitz . Two minutes later nine Hellcats attacked the battleship with 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) bombs but did not achieve any hits . As the strike force returned to the carriers it destroyed two of Tirpitz 's seaplanes in Bukta harbour and badly damaged the submarine U @-@ 965 at Hammerfest . At Ingøy , north of Hammerfest , three Hellcats strafed a German radio station . The attack set the station 's buildings ablaze and damaged the aerials . The eight Seafires made diversionary attacks on the Banak area and a nearby seaplane base , destroying five German seaplanes . Three British aircraft were lost during the attack on the morning of 22 August ; one Hellcat and a Seafire were shot down , and one of the Barracudas was forced to ditch into the sea during its return flight . After the strike force was recovered , much of the Home Fleet sailed away from the Norwegian coast to refuel . A group comprising Formidable , Furious , two cruisers and several destroyers set a course for the two fleet oilers , and the escort carrier group withdrew so that the carriers could refuel their escorts . At 5 : 25 pm , Nabob was struck by a torpedo fired from U @-@ 354 . The carrier suffered serious damage and 21 fatalities but was able to continue limited flight operations . Shortly afterwards U @-@ 354 torpedoed the frigate HMS Bickerton as the latter searched for Nabob 's attacker . Nabob was forced to return to the Home Fleet 's base at Scapa Flow that evening , escorted by Trumpeter , a cruiser and several destroyers . Formidable and Furious covered their withdrawal ; during this period Furious also refuelled from the Home Fleet 's tankers . The departure of both escort carriers meant that the mine @-@ dropping component of Operation Goodwood had to be cancelled . Bickerton 's stern was wrecked by the torpedo , and she could have potentially been salvaged . However , the force 's commander did not want to have to protect two crippled ships , and the frigate was scuttled at around 8 : 30 pm on 22 August . Shortly after the attacks on Nabob and Bickerton , Seafires from 894 Naval Air Squadron shot down two German Blohm & Voss BV 138 reconnaissance aircraft . During the evening of 22 August , a force of eight Fireflies and six bomb @-@ armed Hellcats from Indefatigable raided Kaafjord again . This was the first in what was intended to be a series of small harassing attacks conducted to wear down the German defences . German forces did not detect the aircraft before they arrived over Kaafjord at 7 : 10 pm , and the Fireflies ' strafing attacks on German gun positions killed one member of Tirpitz 's crew and wounded ten . However , the Hellcats ' bombs failed to inflict any damage on the battleship . The British fighters also attacked German ships and radar stations on their return flight , damaging two tankers , a supply ship and a patrol boat . No British aircraft were lost during this raid . = = = 24 August = = = Fog cancelled Indefatigable 's flying operations on 23 August , including a planned diversionary attack against German shipping in Langfjord . The other two carriers and their escorts rejoined Moore and Indefatigable off Norway during the morning of 24 August . While conditions that day were initially foggy , the weather cleared enough in the afternoon to permit a strike against Kaafjord . The attacking force comprised 33 Barracudas carrying 1 @,@ 600 @-@ pound ( 730 kg ) armour @-@ piecing bombs , 24 Corsairs ( including 5 armed with a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ pound [ 450 kg ] bomb ) , 10 Hellcats , 10 Fireflies and 8 Seafires . In an attempt to achieve surprise , the aircraft flew off from the carriers from a point further to the south of those used in previous raids . The strike aircraft then flew parallel to the coast , before making landfall and approaching Kaafjord from the south . A German radar station detected the force at 3 : 41 pm , and immediately alerted Tirpitz . The British attack began at 4 : 00 pm . It was initiated with attacks on German gun positions by the Hellcats and Fireflies , which were flying five minutes ahead of the Barracudas and Corsairs . Tirpitz 's protective smokescreen was not fully in place at the start of the raid , but by the time the Barracudas and Corsairs arrived she was completely covered by smoke . As a result , these aircraft had to blind bomb the ship , releasing their weapons from altitudes between 5 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 and 1 @,@ 200 m ) . Only two bombs hit Tirpitz . The first was a 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) weapon dropped by a Hellcat that exploded on the roof of her " Bruno " main gun turret . The explosion destroyed the quadruple 20 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) anti @-@ aircraft gun mount located on top of the turret , but did not cause any significant damage to the turret itself . The second bomb to strike the ship was a 1 @,@ 600 @-@ pound ( 730 kg ) armour @-@ piercing weapon which penetrated through five decks , killed a sailor in a radio room and lodged near an electrical switch room . This bomb failed to explode , and German bomb disposal experts later determined that it had been only partially filled with explosives . The German report on the attack judged that if the bomb had gone off it would have caused " immeasurable " damage . British fighters also attacked other German ships and facilities in the Kaafjord area , damaging two patrol boats , a minesweeper and a radar station , as well as destroying an ammunition dump and three guns of an anti @-@ aircraft battery . Tirpitz 's last remaining Arado Ar 196 seaplane was attacked in Bukta harbour and damaged beyond repair . Four Corsairs and two Hellcats were shot down during the raid , and the battleship 's crew suffered 8 fatalities and 18 men wounded . Casualties among the anti @-@ aircraft units stationed around Kaafjord were heavy . At 7 : 30 pm on 24 August , a pair of Fireflies conducted a photo @-@ reconnaissance sortie over Kaafjord to gather intelligence on the results of the attack ; their presence caused the Germans to generate a smoke screen over the fjord and fire an intensive anti @-@ aircraft barrage . In a separate action that day , U @-@ 354 was sunk off Bear Island by Fairey Swordfish operating from the escort carrier HMS Vindex which was escorting Convoy JW59 . The German command at Kaafjord judged that the attacks on 24 August had been " undoubtedly the heaviest and most determined so far " , and requested that fighter units be transferred from northern Finland to bolster the area 's defences . Due to the other demands on Germany 's fighter force at this time , the request was turned down on 26 August by the Luftwaffe 's headquarters . Gales and fog prevented the British from conducting further attacks between 25 and 28 August . On 25 August Indefatigable , Formidable , two cruisers and seven destroyers refuelled from the oilers . Both of the cruisers later detached from the force and returned to Scapa Flow . Duke of York , Furious , a cruiser and five destroyers also sailed to the Faroe Islands to load supplies . Before leaving the fleet , Furious transferred two Barracudas and a pair of Hellcats to Indefatigable . As the elderly Furious was judged to be no longer capable of combat operations , she proceeded from the Faroe Islands to Scapa Flow with the cruiser and several destroyers . On 29 August Duke of York and the remaining destroyers rejoined the main body of the Home Fleet off north Norway . During this period , the flying squadrons ' maintenance personnel worked to repair aircraft which had been damaged during the 24 August attacks . Convoy JW59 completed its journey on 25 August , with most of its ships docking at Kola in northern Russia . The convoy had been repeatedly attacked by U @-@ boats from 20 to 24 August , and its escorting warships and aircraft sank two submarines . All of the merchant vessels arrived safely , with the only Allied loss being the sloop HMS Kite which was torpedoed and sunk by U @-@ 344 on 21 August . = = = 29 August = = = The final attack of Operation Goodwood was made on 29 August . The strike force comprised 26 Barracudas , 17 Corsairs ( of which 2 were armed with 1 @,@ 000 @-@ pound [ 450 kg ] bombs ) , 10 Fireflies and 7 Hellcats . Seven Seafires also conducted a diversionary raid on Hammerfest . In an attempt to give the bombers accurate aiming points once the artificial smokescreen was generated around Tirpitz , four of the Hellcats were armed with target indicator bombs . The aircraft began launching at 3 : 30 pm . The British aircraft failed to achieve surprise . German radar stations had been tracking the Home Fleet 's routine anti @-@ submarine and fighter patrols , and the Seafires were detected at 4 : 40 pm when they were 54 miles ( 87 km ) from Kaafjord . In response to this report , the smoke generators around Kaafjord were activated and the fjord 's defenders went to their battle positions . The arrival of the main body of British aircraft over Kaafjord was delayed by stronger than expected winds and a navigational error , and they did not reach the target area until 5 : 25 pm . By this time Tirpitz was covered in a very thick smokescreen , and none of the British airmen sighted the ship . The Barracudas and Corsairs were forced to blind @-@ bomb Kaafjord , and while no hits were achieved on the battleship , six members of her crew were wounded by bomb fragments from near misses . German ships and gun positions were once again strafed by the fighters , but no significant damage was inflicted . Heavy anti @-@ aircraft gunfire from Tirpitz , which was directed by a party of observers stationed on a mountain near Kaafjord , shot down a Corsair and a Firefly . Following the raid on 29 August , the Home Fleet sailed west to cover Convoy RA59A which had sailed from northern Russia on 28 August bound from the UK . Due to fuel shortages , Indefatigable and three destroyers detached later that day to return to Scapa Flow and Formidable with two destroyers followed 24 hours later . Duke of York and six destroyers remained on station in the Arctic Sea until 11 : 00 am on 1 September when the convoy was judged to be safe from attack . Overall , Fleet Air Arm casualties during Operation Goodwood were 40 airmen killed and 17 aircraft destroyed . Nabob was also judged to be beyond economical repair , and was withdrawn from service . On the German side , Tirpitz suffered only superficial damage . = = Aftermath = = Following the 29 August raid , the British learned from Ultra signals intelligence that Tirpitz had not sustained any significant damage during Operation Goodwood . In public statements the Royal Navy claimed to have damaged or sunk 19 German warships during the attacks on Kaafjord , but did not report damage to Tirpitz . During the final days of Operation Goodwood Royal Navy planners decided not to order further Fleet Air Arm operations against Kaafjord . The planners accepted that the Germans were now able to cover Tirpitz in smoke before Barracudas could reach the battleship , and these aircraft could not carry bombs large enough to inflict heavy damage . Further consideration was given to attacking Kaafjord using Mosquitos launched from aircraft carriers , but the light bombers continued to be in short supply and it was judged that they were not well suited to the task . Moreover , there was a growing need to transfer the carriers to the Pacific to strengthen Britain 's contribution to the war against Japan . As Tirpitz was still considered a threat to shipping , the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force General Dwight D. Eisenhower decided in late August to conduct further attacks against her using Royal Air Force heavy bombers . On 15 September , a force of Avro Lancasters attacked Kaafjord after refuelling at bases in northern Russia and inflicted irreparable damage on the battleship . Following this raid she was towed to an anchorage near Tromsø to be used as an immobile coastal defence battery . Another heavy bomber attack on 29 October caused only minor damage , but in a third raid mounted on 12 November , Tirpitz was struck by several Tallboy bombs and capsized , sinking with heavy loss of life . Historians have judged Operation Goodwood to have been a failure . Writing in 1961 , the British official historian Stephen Roskill stated that the attacks marked the end of a " series of operations whose results can only be classed as intensely disappointing " , and concluded that the possibility of sinking Tirpitz had been " remote " due to the shortcomings of the Barracudas and their armament . Similarly , Norman Polmar argued in 1969 that Operation Goodwood was " perhaps the most striking failure of the F.A.A. [ Fleet Air Arm ] during World War II and can be directly attributed to the lack of effective aircraft – the Barracudas were too slow and could not carry large enough bombs to make effective attacks " . More recently , Mark Llewellyn Evans judged the results of Operation Goodwood to have been " pathetic " , and Mark Bishop concluded that " the Fleet Air Arm 's greatest operation of the war ... ended in failure " . = Jenny Morris ( musician ) = Jennifer " Jenny " Patricia Morris ( born 29 September 1956 in Tokoroa ) OAM is a New Zealand @-@ born Australian pop , rock singer @-@ songwriter . Her first success came with New Zealand band The Crocodiles , who had a top 20 hit single with " Tears " . Re @-@ locating to Sydney , Australia in February 1981 , she was a backing vocalist for various groups and formed a trio , QED , in 1983 . Morris provided backing vocals for INXS on their 1983 album , The Swing . She then recorded a duet with lead singer , Michael Hutchence , on a cover of Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood 's hit " Jackson " ; it was included as a bonus track on the April 1984 ( cassette only ) INXS EP , Dekadance , which reached number two on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart . Morris worked on their 1985 – 1986 Listen Like Thieves World Tour . Her solo career includes top five Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Albums with Shiver in 1989 and Honeychild in 1991 , and her top five ARIA Singles are " She Has to Be Loved " and " Break in the Weather " . These albums and singles also peaked in the top ten on the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) charts . Morris has won two ARIA Music Awards for ' Best Female Artist ' in 1987 and 1988 and was nominated for the same award in 1992 . In 2003 , on Australia Day ( 26 January ) , Morris became an Australian citizen and in 2010 she received the Medal of the Order of Australia . = = Life and music career = = = = = Early years and The Crocodiles = = = Jenny Morris was born in Tokoroa , New Zealand and grew up in Hamilton with three brothers ( Alistair , Rhys and Tam ) and four sisters ( Maxine , Bronte , Joanne and Shanley ) . Morris wrote a poem on the Vietnam War when she was 12 and used her sister 's guitar to put it to music . Morris has stated that her influences include Aretha Franklin and Dusty Springfield . Her first professional performance was at age fifteen , at Andersons Theatre Restaurant , in Hamilton . In 1976 she became a singer with How 's Your Father , who were finalists in the ' National Battle of the Bands ' . She began working as a Home Economics teacher for two years at a high school near Wellington . Late in 1978 Morris joined an all @-@ girl group , Wide Mouthed Frogs in Wellington , performing lead vocals . Fellow members were Kate Brockie on lead vocals , Andrea Gilkison on guitar , Tina Matthews on bass guitar , Bronwyn Murray on keyboards and Sally Zwartz on drums . In 1979 they released the track , " Some Day " for the compilation album , Home Grown Volume One ; " Some Day " was cowritten with Tony Backhouse , guitarist of fellow Wellington band , The Spats , which also had a track , " Young Ladies in Hot Cars " , on the compilation . Wide Mouthed Frogs worked with The Spats ' members : drummer Bruno Lawrence sometimes played saxophone for them and keyboardist Peter Dasent became their musical director . By 1980 , The Spats had evolved into The Crocodiles , under the mentorship of US producer Kim Fowley , and featured Backhouse , Dasent , Fane Flaws ( guitar , vocals ) , Mark Hornibrook ( bass guitar ) , Lawrence , and songwriter Arthur Baysting . Morris was asked to join and soon after , Hornibrook departed and was replaced by Matthews . The Crocodiles were managed by Mike Chunn ( ex @-@ Split Enz bassist ) and regularly performed in Auckland . In January 1980 they played the high profile Sweetwaters Music Festival and in April that year , they released their debut album , Tears , produced by Glyn Tucker Jnr , and its lead single , " Tears " , both reached number 17 on the respective New Zealand albums and singles charts . Lawrence left and was replaced on drums by Ian Gilroy ( ex @-@ Whizz Kids ) , then Flaws left , although he continued to write material for the second album . Released in November 1980 , Looking at Ourselves , was produced by Ian Morris . That year they won ' Best Group ' and ' Most Promising Group ' at the New Zealand Music Awards . The line @-@ up went through further changes , Gilroy left to join The Swingers , then Matthews and Dasent left . In February 1981 , following a repeat performance at the Sweetwaters Festival , The Crocodiles moved to Sydney , at the behest of their manager , Chunn , with new band members , Barton Price ( drums ) , Rick ' Rikki ' Morris ( guitar ) and Jonathan Zwartz ( bass ) only to disband in July . Price went on to join Models . Morris explained why The Crocodiles left : New Zealand is not particularly supportive of its local music industry . [ Going to Australia ] was something people had done before and been successful , so we decided to do it too and maybe get some extra information from the trip . = = = QED and " Jackson " = = = Morris began her solo career with the single , " Puberty Blues " in December 1981 on Mushroom Records ; it was the title track from the 1981 film Puberty Blues , which was a local box @-@ office success . The song was written by Tim Finn and performed by Sharon O 'Neill in the film . The B @-@ side was " Adolescent Angst " , which Morris recorded with The Morris Majors . " Puberty Blues " reached the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart top 100 . The follow @-@ up single , " Little By Little " — a cover of The Springfields 1960 's song — was released in 1982 but failed to chart . During 1982 – 1984 , Morris continued as a session backing vocalist , contributing to releases by ex @-@ manager Chunn 's brother Geoff ( also ex @-@ Split Enz ) ; ex @-@ band mate Flaws ' project and album , I Am Joe ’ s Music ; the 1983 Models ' album The Pleasure of Your Company ; and New Zealand outfit D.D. Smash ’ s 1984 album The Optimist , she went on to tour with D.D. Smash front man Dave Dobbyn , and the New Zealand version of The Party Boys . Morris was credited for Dropbears ' 1984 mini @-@ LP , Untitled , before contributing backing vocals to INXS ' first number 1 album The Swing . In late 1983 , Morris formed QED in Sydney with guitarist Rex Goh ( ex @-@ Air Supply ) and bassist Ian Belton ( ex @-@ Dave Dobbyn , Renée Geyer ) . The trio signed with EMI Australia and their recordings were produced by Mark Moffatt ( The Saints , Mondo Rock , Tim Finn ) and Ricky Fataar ( Geyer , Finn , Kids in the Kitchen ) . Morris was now managed by Chris Murphy , who also handled INXS . QED recorded their versions of The Crocodiles ' material including , " Everywhere I Go " , " Animal Magic " and " You 're So Hip " ; Morris also co @-@ wrote new songs with Goh . QED 's debut single , " Everywhere I Go " , was released in December , and performed on national television pop music show , Countdown , on 1 April 1984 ; it peaked at number 19 on the national chart . The follow @-@ up single " Solo and More " was issued in March , but failed to chart . The third single , " This One " , appeared in August and reached top 50 . Additional musicians for QED ’ s first album , Animal Magic , included keyboardist Amanda Vincent ( Eurogliders , later joined the Jenny Morris band ) , drummer Steve Fearnly , saxophonist Tony Buchanan , and Fataar on drums . EMI released it in November , but sales remained low and the album did not chart . QED only released one album and disbanded by 1985 , Morris continued session and touring work with other artists , Belton went on to Mondo Rock , and Goh to Eurogliders . Morris recorded a duet with INXS lead singer , Michael Hutchence , on a cover of Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood 's hit " Jackson " , it was included as a bonus track on the April 1984 ( cassette only ) INXS EP , Dekadance , which reached number two on the charts . Morris and INXS performed " Jackson " live at the 1984 Countdown Music and Video Awards held on 19 May 1985 . At Murphy 's suggestion she teamed with INXS as a backing singer on their 1985 Australian tour — originally just for a few weeks — and stayed on for eighteen months on their 1985 – 1986 Listen Like Thieves World Tour . Morris recorded and , in November 1985 , released her first single for Warner Entertainment Australia ( WEA ) , " Get Some Humour " , with a contribution from Dave Dobbyn , which reached the top 100 . = = = Solo success : 1986 – 1994 = = = During the US leg of the Listen Like Thieves World Tour , in January 1986 , Morris recorded " You ’ re Gonna Get Hurt " , which was written and produced by INXS songwriter and keyboardist , Andrew Farriss . Recorded with backing from INXS ' Andrew and Jon Farriss and Garry Gary Beers , together with guitarist Ian Moss ( ex @-@ Cold Chisel ) , it was released in September and peaked at number 24 . The next single " Body and Soul " — composed by Morris — reached the top 100 in mid @-@ 1987 . In 1986 she performed on The Rock Party 's Everything to Live For , a charity project initiated by The National Campaign Against Drug Abuse ( NCADA ) , which included many Australasian musicians such as Big Pig 's Sherine Abeyratne ; Crowded House 's Neil Finn , Tim Finn , Paul Hester , Eddie Rayner and Nick Seymour ; Dynamic Hepnotics ' Robert Susz ; GANGgajang 's Mark Callaghan , Robbie James and Geoff Stapleton ; Paul Kelly & the Coloured Girls ' Michael Barclay and Paul Kelly ; Mental As Anything 's Reg Mombassa and Martin Plaza ; Models ' Sean Kelly ; The Promise 's Greg Herbert ; Rockmelons ' Mary Azzopardi , Peter Blakeley and Danny De Costa ; The Venetians ' Rick Swinn ; The Vitabeats ' Andrew Barnum and Lissa Barnum ; and Deborah Conway , Spencer P. Jones , and John Kennedy . In July 1987 , Morris released her first solo album , Body and Soul , produced by Moffatt and Fataar and mixed by Tim Kramer . It sold over 70 @,@ 000 copies in Australia ( platinum status ) reaching number 13 on the album charts in Australia and number 21 in New Zealand . The album spawned two further hits in " You I Know " — written by Neil Finn — which reached number 13 in Australia and number 30 in New Zealand , and " Light @-@ hearted " peaked in the top 100 in both countries . Morris also hit the road with her backing band , including Vincent , Jehan Lindsay ( ex @-@ Richard Clapton Band ) , Paul Burton ( ex @-@ Mark Williams Band ) , and Roger Mason ( ex @-@ Models ) . Morris won back @-@ to @-@ back ARIA Awards for ' Best Female Artist ' in 1987 and 1988 . In 1988 , Morris and photographer , Paul Clarke , were married . Her next single " Saved Me " was released in July 1989 — reached top 40 in Australia and New Zealand — it featured a distinctly Latin @-@ Spanish feel permeated by funk undertones , with the promo video shot in Nicaragua by Richard Lowenstein . Morris ' second solo album Shiver , followed in August and was produced by Farriss , with Morris writing ten of the eleven tracks . In between recording the album , she gave birth to her son , Hugh . The second single was " She Has to Be Loved " , a song which melded funk rhythms with a pop hook . In addition , it featured a strong feminist theme , and quickly became a favourite among Morris 's female fans . " She Has to Be Loved " became Morris ' first Australasian top ten hit reaching number five in Australia and number three in New Zealand during October 1989 . Shiver continued to chart over the Southern Hemisphere summer of 1989 – 1990 , peaking at number five on the Australian album charts and number six in New Zealand , it established Morris as one of the best selling female artists in Australia . The track " Aotearoa " — Māori term for ' Land of the Long White Cloud ' or New Zealand — received a special single release in New Zealand and reached top 40 . The album eventually sold over 250 @,@ 000 copies , achieving double platinum status in Australia . It spawned two more singles ; " Street of Love " written by Australian songsmith Paul Kelly , which reached the top 100 in Australia ; and the reggae inspired " Self Deceiver " , penned by Morris and Kelly , which reached top 100 in Australia . As one of Australia 's leading female singer @-@ songwriters , Morris toured extensively locally and internationally , first by backing Tears for Fears on the European leg of their 1989 Sowing the Seeds of Love Tour , then on Prince 's 1990 Nude Tour in Denmark , Germany and France , — with Dweezil Zappa as her lead guitarist — and again with INXS on their X @-@ Factor tour . In 1990 she released a cover of " Piece of my Heart " — popularised by Janis Joplin — which peaked in the Australian top 40 in early 1991 . She recorded her third album , Honeychild , with producers Nick Launay ( Midnight Oil , Killing Joke ) and Mark Forrester . The first single from the album , " Break in the Weather " , was co @-@ written by Morris and her youngest brother Tam , appeared in September 1991 , it reached number two in Australia and number five in New Zealand . Honeychild was released in October and became her second consecutive top ten album , peaking at number five in Australia and New Zealand . Her session musicians , included Wendy Matthews and Midnight Oil ’ s Jim Moginie . Honeychild spawned three more singles ; " I ’ ve Had You " , another Morris and Kelly collaboration , which reached top 50 in Australia and New Zealand ; the funk laden " Zero " , featuring the rhythm section of drummer Sly Dunbar and bassist Robbie Shakespeare , which peaked top 100 in Australia and top 40 in New Zealand ; and " Crackerjack Man " , which failed to reach the top 100 ARIA chart in Australia . On 28 March 1992 Morris performed at the Concert for Life at Centennial Park in Sydney — a fund raiser for the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Centre — with Crowded House , Def FX , Diesel , INXS , Ratcat and Yothu Yindi . Due to inclement weather an expected attendance of 100 @,@ 000 never eventuated and , with the event only raising $ 500 @,@ 000 , scandal was expressed in the media over funding distribution . In November , The Best of Jenny Morris : The Story So Far , a best @-@ of compilation was released , it included " Jackson " which was performed as a duet with Michael Hutchence and INXS on a 1985 Countdown episode , and a re @-@ recorded version of an old The Crocodiles ' hit " Tears " . The album sold steadily and peaked at number four in New Zealand and number 12 on the Australian charts during May 1993 , after Morris had supported Paul McCartney on the Australian leg of his The New World Tour . 1994 saw the birth of her daughter , Bella . Morris ' next single , " The Price I Pay " , a Billy Bragg cover , was her last appearance on the Australian ARIA top 100 singles chart . = = = Later years : 1995 – current = = = Morris ' next four singles " Only We Can Hear " , " Rhythm and Flow " , " In Too Deep " , and " What Do I Do Now " , were released over eighteen months , from mid @-@ 1994 to early 1996 . Salvation Jane was released in July 1995 , nearly four years after her last album , and featured some of her strongest vocal work , including the languid " Rhythm and Flow , " with its Aboriginal influences . Issued on the rooArt label , it was produced by Andrew Farriss and Moffatt , together with Electric Hippies ' duo Steve Balbi and Justin Stanley . The album featured songs from a song writing retreat held at Miles Copeland 's castle in Bordeaux , France . Here , Morris co @-@ wrote a number of songs with other international songwriters . Also in 1995 , Morris became a non @-@ executive writer director on the Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) Board and as of 2009 is still on the Board . Morris made an appearance in the television drama , Water Rats , in 1997 she continued her gigs , worked for environmental causes and maintained her family life . In October 2000 she performed with Vika and Linda Bull and Jodi Phillis , at a sold @-@ out Carole King tribute show , Tapestry : the songs of Carole King , held at the Sydney Opera House ; it then toured the other Australian capital cities in August – September 2001 . In August 2002 , Morris ' released her next album , Hit & Myth , co @-@ produced by Nick Wales ( Coda ) , was released on 8 May 2002 by Yep ! Records . The album features classical musicians ( Renaissance Players , Winsome Evans ) , pop musicians ( Davey Lane , Jodi Phillis ( ex Clouds ) ) and jazz ( PROP ) musicians . I had people playing on the album from different backgrounds – classical musicians , programmers , jazz musicians , pop . The songs have been crafted so long and so hard , they ’ re not throw away but they ’ re not inaccessible . It ’ s lush , lots of strings beautifully arranged and then groove and beats and really modern sounds and classical guitars as well . It ’ s a collage of all my influences really . Morris wrote or co @-@ wrote nine of the eleven songs on the album , the others , " Guiding Star " , was written by Neil Finn and " The Blacksmith " is a traditional folk song — the first one she learnt on guitar . Neither the album nor the singles " Home " , released 29 October 2001 , and " Downtime " , released 15 July 2002 , managed to chart . The music video for " Downtime " featured a number of well @-@ known Australian actors , including Hugo Weaving , Bryan Brown , Matt Newton and Peter Fenton , miming the words to the song . Also in 2002 , a portrait of Morris by artist Jan Williamson was entered in the Archibald Prize . The portrait did not win the main prize , but won both the popular awards , the " Packing Room Prize " and " The People 's Choice Award " . In February , Morris appeared on the SBS TV documentary , Mum 's the Word , where high profile women talked about being a working mother . She sang , " Little Little " an ode to her ( then ) unborn child written for her 1989 album , Shiver . In October Morris appeared in Finding Joy , a low budget independent Australian feature film , in a cameo role ( Tracey ) . She sings part of a song called " Educated Kind of Thing " . In November 2002 she performed at the Candlelight AIDS Memorial , in Darlinghurst , marking the beginning of AIDS awareness week . In March 2003 , Port Fairy 's 27th Annual Folk Festival was staged with Archie Roach , John Williamson , Renée Geyer , Morris and emerging Australian band The Waifs were among the popular performers . In October she joined the board of Nordoff @-@ Robbins Music Therapy Australia , and is an active member of their Fundraising Committee . In April 2004 , Listen : The Very Best of Jenny Morris a repackaging of her 1992 compilation , The Story So Far , was issued with new artwork and a bonus track , " Little Little " , an ode to her then unborn baby . In May 2005 , the Alive DVD was released , it was recorded in Sydney at The Basement and features Morris playing her hits with her band : Steve Balbi ( Noiseworks ) ; Paul Searles ( Skunkhour ) ; James Hasselwood ( The Dissociatives ) ; Jared Underwood ( Coda ) and actor Josh Quong Tart , with special guest appearances from Ian Moss , Andrew Farriss and Midnight Oil drummer Rob Hirst . The DVD was released with a bonus CD . Clear Blue in Stormy Skies , her next album , was released by Liberation Music in June 2006 and includes a dozen remodelled versions of her radio hits of the 1980s and 1990s , together with some new material , a cover of the INXS song , " This Time " , in tribute to Michael Hutchence , and a new song , " The Time " . In September 2009 , Morris toured Afghanistan to Tarin Kowt and Kandahar and played for occupying troops . In October , she appeared on the SBS TV quiz show , RocKwiz , which included a performance of the Crowded House classic , " It 's Only Natural " , with Don McGlashan . She performed at the closing ceremony of the 2009 World Masters Games in Sydney , together with Dragon and The Choirboys . In January 2010 Morris received the Order of Australia with a citation , " for service to the arts , particularly music , and to the community through charitable organisations " . Morris was glad that her charity , Nordoff @-@ Robbins was recognised . Morris appeared at the 2010 New Zealand International Arts Festival in Wellington on 13 March . On February 22 , 2016 The Australian Taxation Office initiated insolvency proceedings for her company Aymsolo Pty Ltd ( aka Jenny Morris Band . ) = = = Personal life = = = Morris married photographer , Paul Clarke , in 1986 and they have had two children , Hugh and Bella . She has two brothers : Tam ( a storyboard artist and musician ) and Rhys ( a graphic designer and web developer ) , and four sisters : Maxine , Bronte , Joanne and Shanley . Younger sister , Shanley Del has also won an ARIA Award – as a country music artist in 1998 . Her youngest brother , Tam Morris , co @-@ wrote , " Break in the Weather " with Jenny ; he is also in the group Tracky Dax as a singer @-@ songwriter . In 2003 , on Australia Day ( 26 January ) , Morris became an Australian citizen . In 2005 Morris noticed the effects of a health disorder , spasmodic dysphonia , which affects both her speaking and singing voice . Subsequently she has stopped publicly singing and in October 2015 appeared on Australian Story episode " Raise You Voice " to publicise the disorder . = = Discography = = = = = The Crocodiles = = = = = = QED = = = = = = Solo = = = Body and Soul Shiver Honeychild Salvation Jane Hit & Myth Clear Blue in Stormy Skies = = Awards and recognition = = = Final Resolution ( 2005 ) = Final Resolution ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , which took place on January 16 , 2005 from the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the first annual event under the Final Resolution chronology . Nine matches were featured on the event 's card . The main event was a standard wrestling match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship , in which the champion , Jeff Jarrett , defeated the challenger , Monty Brown to retain the championship . The TNA X Division Championship was contested in an Ultimate X match , in which A.J. Styles defeated Chris Sabin and the champion , Petey Williams . The event 's undercard featured different varieties of matches . America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) defeated Team Canada ( Bobby Roode and Eric Young ) for the NWA World Tag Team Championship on the undercard . Monty Brown defeated Diamond Dallas Page and Kevin Nash in a Three Way Elimination match to challenge Jeff Jarrett for the NWA Championship in the main event . The professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer website rated the entire event an 8 out of 10 , which was higher than the 2006 event 's rating . = = Background = = The event featured nine professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds , plots , and storylines . Wrestlers were portrayed as either villains or heroes in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches . The main event at Final Resolution was a standard wrestling match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between the champion , Jeff Jarrett , and the challenger , Monty Brown . On the December 24 episode of TNA 's primary television program , TNA Impact ! , authority figure Dusty Rhodes announced a Three Way Elimination match for Final Resolution involving Brown , Kevin Nash , and Diamond Dallas Page ( DDP ) . The winner of said match would challenge Jarrett for the NWA Championship in the main event . A Three Way Elimination match involves three competitors fighting to eliminate each man by pinfall , submission , or throwing one another over the top rope and down to the floor until there is one left . Brown defeated Nash and DDP at Final Resolution to gain the opportunity to challenge Jarrett . Also on the event 's card , the TNA X Division Championship was contested for in an Ultimate X match , with the participants being the champion , Petey Williams , and the two challengers being , A.J. Styles and Chris Sabin . In an Ultimate X match , four pillars are set up at ringside with steel red ropes attached at the top , which are criss @-@ crossed to form an " X " over the center of the ring . The championship belt is hung on the center " X " with the objective being to remove it and fall to the mat below to win . On the December 17 episode of Impact ! , Rhodes announced that there was going to be an Ultimate X match at Final Resolution for the TNA X Division Championship . Styles and Williams were scheduled to be in the match after it was announced with Sabin being the only one having to earn the right to be in the match . Sabin defeated Christopher Daniels on the January 14 episode of Impact ! to gain entry . In the tag team division , America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) ( AMW ) challenged Team Canada ( Bobby Roode and Eric Young ) for the NWA World Tag Team Championship . On the December 24 episode of Impact ! , AMW defeated Team Canada to earn the chance to challenge for the championship at Final Resolution . = = Event = = = = = Pre @-@ Show = = = Two matches aired during the thirty @-@ minute pre @-@ show . The first encounter pitted The Naturals ( Chase Stevens and Andy Douglas ) against Johnny B. Badd and Sonny Siaki . The Naturals won the bout after Stevens bashed Siaki over the head with steel folding chair and then pinned him . A standard wrestling match between Chris Candido and Cassidy Riley followed . Candido was victorious in the bout by pinning Riley after a diving headbutt off the top of a padded turnbuckle . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The first contest was a Six Man Tag Team match between the team of Ron Killings , Konnan , and B.G. James — The 3Live Kru ( 3LK ) — and the team of Christopher Daniels , Michael Shane , and Kazarian . The 3LK were the winners by pinfall after Killings kicked Shane in the face . Elix Skipper fought Sonjay Dutt in the second encounter . Skipper defeated Dutt in the match after he performed a move he calls the Play of the Day , in which he laid his leg on Dutt 's head and neck , grabbed Dutt 's near arm , and then spun and slammed Dutt to the mat . The third match was between Dustin Rhodes and Kid Kash . Rhodes claimed victory after grabbing Kash 's head and jumping forward to land on his butt to perform a bulldog . Raven fought Erik Watts in the next contest . Watts won the match by pinfall , after he lifted Raven up by the neck and slammed him down to perform a chokeslam . Roddy Piper was Special Guest Referee for a bout between Jeff Hardy and Scott Hall , which was the following contest . After the two fought for a few minutes , Hardy gained the pinfall victory after he jumped off the top rope and performed a Swanton Bomb , a high @-@ angle front flip from the top rope , onto Hall who was laying flat against the mat . Abyss attacked Hardy after the match finished , and lifted Hardy up onto his shoulders and then dropped to a seated position , a move which Abyss dubbed the Shock Treatment . = = = Main event matches = = = The sixth scheduled bout was a Three Way Elimination match between DDP , Kevin Nash , and Monty Brown . The winner of this match would go on to challenge Jeff Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in the main event . DDP eliminated Nash by performing a dropkick , which caused Nash to fall over the top rope and down to the floor . With Nash eliminated , it was down to Brown and DDP . After the two fought back and forth for a few minutes , Brown threw DDP against the ropes while he ran against the opposite ropes and performed a running shoulder block in the center of the ring to complete a move he named the Pounce . America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) challenged Team Canada ( Bobby Roode and Eric Young ) , who were accompanied by Coach D 'Amore , for the NWA World Tag Team Championship in the seventh match . Johnny Devine interfered mid @-@ way through by hitting Storm with a kendo stick , which led to a pinfall attempt by Young , however Stormed kicked out at two . Later , Young went to grab a chair from Devine who had his back turned to the ring . This caused Devine to panic and hit Young in the head with the chair . Storm immediately followed by grabbing Young and pinning his shoulders to the mat with a school boy type pin attempt for the victory . The TNA X Division Championship was defended in an Ultimate X match , which involved A.J. Styles , Chris Sabin , and the champion , Petey Williams , who was accompanied by Coach D 'Amore . D 'Amore was banned from ringside in the opening minutes of the contest . Styles at one point was climbing across the cables to retrieve the championship , when Sabin springboarded off the far top rope and performed a dropkick in mid @-@ air to Styles . This caused Styles to perform a front @-@ flip in mid @-@ air and land on his back in the center of the ring . The finish of the match saw Williams and Sabin both hanging on the ropes , each holding one end of the belt . Styles then springboarded off the far top rope and grabbed the belt in mid @-@ flight . After he landed on the mat , he was declared the official winner . Jeff Jarrett defended the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Monty Brown in the main event . Near the closing minutes , Brown grabbed a guitar , which Jarrett had tried to use earlier , and bashed Jarrett over the head with it . Jarrett retained the championship in the bout after performed a maneuver he named the Stroke three times by grabbing Brown 's head , and tucking his leg between Brown 's two . He follows by extending Brown 's near arm and tripping him to force his face into the mat . Jarrett then pinned Brown to end the match . = = Aftermath = = After Final Resolution , Jeff Jarrett went on to be challenged by Kevin Nash for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Against All Odds . Their match was announced on the episode of Impact ! that followed Final Resolution . At Against All Odds , Jarrett defeated Nash to retain the championship . Newly crowned TNA X Division Champion , A.J. Styles , went on to defend his championship against Christopher Daniels in a 30 @-@ minute Iron Man match at Against All Odds . Styles had to defend the championship against Daniels at the event as per a pre @-@ match stipulation to their bout on the January 21 episode of Impact ! , in which if Styles failed to defeat Daniels in under 10 minutes , then he would have to give Daniels a title shot . Styles failed to win the contest in under ten minutes , which granted Daniels a title match . Dusty Rhodes then made the match a 30 @-@ minute Iron Man match . Styles went on to defeat Daniels at Against All Odds 2 to 1 in falls during over @-@ time . America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) ( AMW ) went on to Against All Odds to defend their newly won NWA World Tag Team Championship against Kid Kash and Lance Hoyt . This feud was built on a challenge made by Kash and Hoyt directed towards AMW on the January 21 episode of Impact ! to defend their championship at Against All Odds against them , which AMW accepted . At the event , AMW retained the championship . = = = Reception = = = The Canadian Online Explorer 's writer Jason Clevett rated the entire event an 8 out of 10 , which was higher than the 2006 event 's rating of 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 . The NWA World Tag Team Championship bout was rated a 9 out of 10 . The Ultimate X match for the TNA X Division Championship was rated a 10 out of 10 . The Three Way Elimination match for a chance to challenge Jeff Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship was rated a 5 out of 10 , while main event was rated a 6 out of 10 . Clevett stated in his review that he felt " the crowd went home happy after the stellar Ultimate X bout " . When commenting on the NWA World Tag Team Championship match he stated it was " an awesome , awesome tag team match with insane crowd heat " . He thought the main event was a " decent match that was marred once again by an abundance of overbooking B.S. that seems to plague the main event scene of TNA . " The event was released on DVD on November 15 , 2005 by TNA Home Video . = = Results = = = = = Three @-@ way elimination match = = = = SMS Victoria Louise = SMS Victoria Louise was the lead ship of her class of protected cruisers , built for the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) in the late 1890s . She was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in 1895 , launched in March 1897 , and commissioned into the German fleet in February 1899 . She was named after Princess Victoria Louise , the daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II . The ship was armed with a battery of two 21 cm guns and eight 15 cm guns and had a top speed of 19 @.@ 2 knots ( 35 @.@ 6 km / h ; 22 @.@ 1 mph ) . Victoria Louise served with the fleet for the first seven years of her career . During this time , she represented Germany during the funeral of Queen Victoria in 1901 . In 1906 , she was modernized and after 1908 , used as a training ship for naval cadets . In 1909 , she visited the United States , and at the outbreak of World War I , was mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group . She was attacked unsuccessfully by the British submarine HMS E1 in October 1914 , and at the end of the year she was withdrawn from service . She was used as a minelayer and barracks ship based in Danzig for the rest of the war . Victoria Louise was sold in 1919 and converted into a freighter the following year , though she served in this capacity until 1923 , when she was broken up for scrap . = = Design = = Victoria Louise was ordered under the contract name " L " and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1895 . She was launched on 29 March 1897 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the German navy on 20 February 1899 . The ship was 110 @.@ 60 meters ( 362 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 17 @.@ 40 m ( 57 ft 1 in ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 58 m ( 21 ft 7 in ) forward . She displaced 6 @,@ 491 t ( 6 @,@ 388 long tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of three vertical 4 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines powered by twelve coal @-@ fired Dürr boilers . Her engines provided a top speed of 19 @.@ 2 knots ( 35 @.@ 6 km / h ; 22 @.@ 1 mph ) and a range of approximately 3 @,@ 412 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 319 km ; 3 @,@ 926 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . She had a crew of 31 officers and 446 enlisted men . The ship was armed with two 21 cm SK L / 40 guns in single turrets , one forward and one aft . The guns were supplied with 58 rounds of ammunition each . They had a range of 16 @,@ 300 m ( 53 @,@ 500 ft ) . Victoria Louise also carried eight 15 cm SK L / 40 guns . Four were mounted in turrets amidships and the other four were placed in casemates . These guns had a range of 13 @,@ 700 m ( 44 @,@ 900 ft ) . She also carried ten 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 35 guns . The gun armament was rounded out by machine guns . She was also equipped with three 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes , two launchers were mounted on the broadside and the third was in the bow , all below the waterline . = = Service history = = Victoria Louise joined the squadron , commanded by Prince Heinrich , that went to Britain to participate in the funeral of Queen Victoria in 1901 . Along with Victoria Louise , Baden , Hagen , and Nymphe represented Germany at Spithead . In 1902 , Victoria Louise was assigned to the Cruiser Division of the I Squadron of the German home fleet . The Division consisted of the armored cruiser Prinz Heinrich , the flagship , Freya , and the light cruisers Hela , Amazone , and Niobe . The Division participated in the summer fleet maneuvers of August – September 1902 . In 1906 , the ship went into dock for modernization in the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel . After emerging from the drydock in 1908 , Victoria Louise served as a training ship for naval cadets and cabin boys . In September – October 1909 , Victoria Louise , Hertha , Dresden , and Bremen traveled to the United States to represent Germany during the Hudson @-@ Fulton Celebration . In 1912 , Theodor Krancke served aboard the ship as a cadet ; he would go on to command the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer in World War II . She served as a school ship until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . She was briefly mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group , which was tasked with training cadets in the Baltic Sea . Shortly after 0900 on 17 October , the British submarine HMS E1 , commanded by Noel Laurence , attempted to torpedo Victoria Louise at a range of 460 m ( 1 @,@ 510 ft ) . The torpedo ran too deep , however , and missed . By the end of 1914 , however , the ships were again removed from service . She was put into service as a coastal defense ship . After 1915 , she was withdrawn from front @-@ line duty again and employed as a minelayer and barracks ship in Danzig . In 1916 , Victoria Louise was disarmed . She remained in service in Danzig until 1 October 1919 , when she was stricken from the naval register . She was sold to the Norddeutscher Tiefbau company and rebuilt in 1920 into a freighter . She was renamed Flora Sommerfeld and operated by Danziger Hoch- und Tiefbau GmbH . She served in this capacity only briefly ; she was broken up for scrap in 1923 in Danzig . = LW1 ( classification ) = LW1 is a para @-@ Alpine standing skiing classification for people with severe lower extreme disabilities in both extremities . It includes both skiers with amputations and cerebral palsy . International classification is done through International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing , and national classification through local national sport federations . LW1 classified skiers use outriggers , and two skis or one ski with a prosthesis . Other equipment is used during training such as ski @-@ tips , ski @-@ bras ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
and short skis . As this classification includes skiers with cerebral palsy and amputations , there are different skiing techniques used specific to these disability types . For skiers with amputations falling is an important skill to learn , while addressing balance is an important thing for skiers with cerebral palsy to master . A factoring system is used to allow LW1 competitors to fairly compete against skiers in other standing classifications . At events such as the 1990 Disabled Alpine World Championships , this class had its own medal events . In later events such as the 2002 Winter Paralympics , it was grouped with other classes for a single medal event . Skiers in this class include New Zealanders Adam Hall and Kevin O 'Sullivan . = = Definition = = LW1 is a standing classification used in para @-@ Alpine skiing but not para @-@ Nordic skiing . LW stands for Locomotor Winter , and the classification is for people with severe lower extreme disabilities in both extremities . They may have cerebral palsy and be classified as CP5 or CP6 , or have spina bifida . The International Paralympic Committee explicitly defined this class as " Competitors with severe disabilities in both lower limbs ... The typical disability profile of the class is double above @-@ knee amputation . " In 2002 , Australian Paralympic Committee defined this classification as a standing skiing classification with " Two skis , two poles , disability in both legs above the knees . " For international competitions , classification is done through International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing . A national federation such as Alpine Canada handles classification for domestic competitions . When being assessed into this classification , a number of things are considered including reviewing the skiers medical history and medical information on the skier 's disability , having a physical and an in person assessment of the skier training or competing . = = Equipment = = LW1 classified skiers use outriggers , and two skis or one ski with a prosthesis . International Ski Federation rules for ski boots and binding heights are modified for this class and are not the same rules used for able @-@ bodied skiers . Skiers in this class are allowed to use ski @-@ tips in competition , using a setup sometimes called a Four Track . In training , they may use additional equipment . For example , skiers with cerebral palsy may use cants , wedges , ski @-@ bras , outriggers or short skis depending on the nature of their disability . Skiers with an amputation may use a prosthesis . As skiers in this classification improve , they require less use of this equipment . Ski bras are devices clamped to the tips of skis , which result in the skis being attached to each other . Outriggers are forearm crutches with a miniature ski on a rocker at the base . Cants are wedges that sit under the binding that are intended to more evenly distribute weight , and are customised for the specific needs of the skier . In the Biathlon , athletes with amputations can use a rifle support while shooting . = = Technique = = As this classification includes skiers with cerebral palsy and amputations , there are different skiing techniques used specific to these disability types . While skiing , competitors have a wider turning radius as a result of their disability . For skiers in this class with above the knee amputations , how to fall properly is an important skill . They are taught to try to prevent the stump of their leg from hitting the snow as it can cause more damage to that leg than the one that is not partially missing . When working on side stepping , the skier is supported to keep the stump of their leg on the uphill side . Elite skiers are taught to avoid using outriggers as crutches . They are taught to turn using their leg instead of their ski poles . In getting on ski lifts , skiers in this classification with amputations are taught to lift their outriggers off the ground and point them forward . Some skiers with cerebral palsy have better balance while using skis than they would otherwise . This presents challenges for coaches who are working with the skier . Compared to other skiers in the class , the skier with cerebral palsy may tire more quickly . In teaching skiers with cerebral palsy , instructors are encouraged to delay the introduction ski poles as skiers may overgrip them . Use of a ski bra is also encourage as it helps the skier learn correct knee and hip placement . Some skiers with cerebral palsy in this class have difficulty with the snowplough technique . The American Teaching System is one learning method for competitors with cerebral palsy in this classification . Skiers first learn about their equipment , and how to put it on , before learning how to position their body in a standing position on flat terrain . After this , the skier learns how to side step , and then how to fall down and get back up again . The skier then learns how to do a straight run , and then is taught how to get on and off the chair lift . This is followed by learning wedge turns and weight transfers , wedge turns , wide track parallel turns , how to use ski poles , and advanced parallel turns . Skiers with cerebral palsy in this classification have difficulty walking in ski boots , and sometimes require assistance when walking in them . To go up hill , skiers often point their weaker side upwards . In the Biathlon , all Paralympic athletes shoot from a prone position . = = Sport = = In disability skiing events , this classification is grouped with standing classes who are seeded to start after visually impaired classes and before sitting classes in the Slalom and Giant Slalom . In downhill , Super @-@ G and Super Combined , this same group competes after the visually impaired classes and sitting classes . The skier is required to have their ski poles or equivalent equipment planted in the snow in front of the starting position before the start of the race . A factoring system is used in the sport to allow different classes to compete against each other when there are too few individual competitors in one class in a competition . The factoring system works by having a number for each class based on their functional mobility or vision levels , where the results are calculated by multiplying the finish time by the factored number . The resulting number is the one used to determine the winner in events where the factor system is used . In 2005 , the men 's Slalom alpine factor was 0 @.@ 7999898 . The LW1 factoring during the 2011 / 2012 skiing season was 0 @.@ 838 for Slalom , 0 @.@ 8233 for Giant Slalom , 0 @.@ 8203 for Super @-@ G and 0 @.@ 8462 for downhill . = = Events = = This class competed at its own medal events at competitions in the 1990s , before being grouped with other classes . LW1 was not grouped with other classes at the 1990 Disabled Alpine World Championships for disciplines that included the downhill . At the 1992 Winter Paralympics and 1994 Winter Paralympics , it was grouped with LW2 for men 's para @-@ Alpine events . For the 1996 Disabled Alpine World Championships , in Lech , Austria , it was grouped with LW3 and LW5 for medal events . At the 1998 Winter Paralympics , the women 's LW1 , LW3 , LW4 , LW5 and LW6 classes competed in one group , with LW1 , LW3 and LW5 grouped for men 's medal events . At the 2002 Winter Paralympics , the LW1 , LW4 , LW5 and LW6 classes were combined for the women 's downhill , Giant Slalom and Slalom events , while on the men 's side , LW1 , LW3 , LW5 and LW9 were combined for the downhill and Giant Slalom events . There were no competitors from this class competing at the para @-@ Alpine 2009 World Championships on either the men 's side or the women 's side . = = Competitors = = Skiers in this class include : Austria : Helmut Falch Canada : Wayne Burton , Stephen Ellefson Japan : Tsutomu Mino New Zealand : Adam Hall , Kevin O 'Sullivan and Devin Shanks Switzerland : Edwin Zurbriggen United States : Dan Ashbaugh , Andy Fasth , Rod Hernley , Mark Godfrey = The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) = " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " is a song by English musician George Harrison , released on his 1973 album Living in the Material World . Like the album 's title track , it was inspired by the teachings of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada , founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON ) , more commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement . The song is an uptempo rock track with elements of blues and gospel . Some commentators have described it as the musical highpoint of Living in the Material World , with Harrison 's slide guitar playing singled out as being among the finest performances of his career . The composition originated during a period marked by Harrison 's devotion to a Hindu @-@ aligned ascetic life and the height of his public association with the Hare Krishna movement , which included his donation of Bhaktivedanta Manor for use as an ISKCON temple . In his lyrics , Harrison sings of the falsehood of striving for wealth or power in the material world and advocates a direct relationship with one 's deity as a genuine life goal . In doing so , he belittles the role of political leaders , as well as his own status as a celebrated rock musician . The song 's Krishna Conscious message was also reflected in Harrison 's choice of artwork for the Material World album , specifically the reproduction of a painting from a Prabhupada @-@ published edition of the Bhagavad Gita . Harrison recorded " The Lord Loves the One " between October 1972 and March 1973 with session musicians Nicky Hopkins , Klaus Voormann , Jim Keltner and Jim Horn . While the music has invited critical praise , the devout assertions in Harrison 's lyrics typified what some reviewers in 1973 viewed as an overly didactic message on much of the parent album . Among reviewers in the 21st century , the composition continues to divide opinion . Although some commentators consider it an obvious choice as a live track , Harrison performed " The Lord Loves the One " only once in concert – on the opening night of his 1974 North American tour with Ravi Shankar . = = Background = = In his 1980 autobiography , I , Me , Mine , George Harrison credits the influence for " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " to A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada , founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON ) , also known as the Hare Krishna movement . Harrison 's association with ISKCON began in December 1968 , when he befriended a small group of devotees that Prabhupada had sent to London to establish what became the Radha Krishna Temple . The Gaudiya Vaishnava teachings of Prabhupada , based on Hindu texts such as the Bhagavad Gita , resonated with Harrison , whose quest for an ego @-@ less , God @-@ conscious existence amid the false reality of Beatlemania had first taken him to India in September 1966 . Harrison provided the devotees with financial assistance , in addition to producing their hit recording of the 5000 @-@ year @-@ old Hare Krishna mantra , to help spread the message of Krishna Consciousness . He then met Prabhupada in England in September 1969 and was impressed by the acharya 's declaration that he was merely " the humble servant of the servant of the servant " of the Hindu god Krishna . In line with Prabhupada 's contention that the chanting of Sanskrit mantras led to a direct connection with God , Harrison adopted the practice , counting out each mantra on Hindu prayer beads stored inside a cloth bag that he wore over his shoulder . Further Harrison @-@ produced recordings by the Radha Krishna Temple followed their " Hare Krishna Mantra " single , culminating in an eponymous album released on Apple Records in May 1971 . By that time , the devotees were regular guests at Harrison 's Friar Park estate , and he subsequently bought permanent accommodation for the growing UK arm of ISKCON , at what became known as Bhaktivedanta Manor . When Prabhupada died in November 1977 , he bequeathed one of the rings he was wearing to Harrison , referring to him as the Hare Krishna movement 's " archangel " . = = Composition = = Author Dale Allison writes of the lyrical themes in " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " : " this song preaches karma , warns about judgment at death , and exalts love as our most important aspiration . " Harrison wrote the song over 1971 – 72 , a period of heightened devotion on his part , as well as one of frustration due to the legal and business issues afflicting his Concert for Bangladesh aid project . The idea for the composition came about after a conversation with Prabhupada , when the latter visited Harrison at Friar Park . The song begins with a riff over the chords of B major and B7 , which is then followed by a chorus , rather than a verse . Author Simon Leng describes the musical mood as " mean , dirty blues – funky and low @-@ down " , accompanying a " most uncompromising lyric " . In Allison 's view , the lyrics to the chorus equate love received from one 's deity with " human love " ( in that it " grows as it is reciprocated " ) , while also serving as a statement on karmic retribution : The Lord loves the one that loves the Lord And the law says if you don 't give , then you don 't get loving Now the Lord helps those that help themselves And the law says whatever you do 's gonna come right back on you . The first verse reflects Harrison and Prabhupada 's discussion that day – although the reference to political leaders " acting like big girls " is an example of Harrison reverting to " Scouse parlance " , according to author Alan Clayson . The latter also notes the antipathy that Harrison felt towards politicians following the Bangladesh aid project , when the American and British governments continued to withhold funds intended for the millions of starving Bangladeshi refugees . The lyric centres on maya , or the illusory nature of human existence , as Harrison sings of humankind behaving as if " we own this whole world " , oblivious to the consequences and the end that awaits the individual in this life . Allison summarises the message to mean : " karma is the law of our existence ; substituting ego for God is our problem ; we must prepare ourselves for death . " As with another Prabhupada @-@ inspired track that he wrote during this period , " Living in the Material World " , Harrison expresses his belief that the pursuit of fame and riches – particularly in the music industry – is meaningless . In the second verse of " The Lord Loves the One " , he sings : " We all fool around , with objectives in mind / To become rich or famous , with our reputations signed ... " While author Joshua Greene compares Harrison 's songs from this period to Vedic sutras , Allison specifies this verse @-@ two message to a passage from the Katha Upanishad , which reads : " Intoxicated , deluded by the glamour of riches , the childish do not see that they must pass away . They think , ' This is the world and there is no other . ' " As with the ISKCON @-@ inspired " Awaiting on You All " , Allison views the conditions that Harrison imposes in the song 's choruses as a rare exception within the singer 's work . Elsewhere , Allison continues , Harrison 's songwriting reveals " a strong belief in the efficacy of unmerited divine grace " . In a 1982 interview , Harrison described his statement on God rewarding those who first look to God as a " flexible " one , adding : " In one way , I 'm never going to get out of here [ i.e. , escape the constant cycle of reincarnation ] unless it 's by His grace , but then again … [ t ] he amount of grace I would expect from God should be equal to the amount of grace I can gather or earn . " Among other Harrison biographers ' interpretations of the lyrics , Ian Inglis writes of Harrison 's unwelcome " evangelical " message regarding " the consequences of a life of selfishness and greed which finds no place for ' the Lord ' " . In contrast , Leng views the verses as " the singer 's inner conversation " , in which Harrison acknowledges the futility of his own existence , at a time when he felt overwhelmed by his success as a solo artist following the Beatles ' break @-@ up in 1970 . Of the apparent sermonising in the choruses , Leng concludes : " ' The Lord Loves the One ' conveys the same basic message as ' what you put in is what you get out , ' so , at one level , it 's more a matter of common sense than divine revelation . " = = Recording = = Harrison began sessions for his Living in the Material World album in October 1972 , at Apple Studio in London . As a result of the problems associated with the Bangladesh project , author Peter Doggett writes , " [ e ] verything connected with the physical world seemed to annoy him . " The studio manager at the time , former Beatles engineer Geoff Emerick , recalls Harrison wearing his Hindu prayer bag and " mumbling away , chanting his mantra " , often unable to reply to questions put to him . As for all the tracks on the album , the recording engineer on " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " was Phil McDonald , who had also worked in that capacity for the Beatles . The recording opens with Harrison 's acoustic guitar and an electric piano riff that creates " a sense of foreboding " , according to Inglis , who likens the intro to Three Dog Night 's 1970 hit single " Mama Told Me Not to Come " . Along with Harrison , the musicians on the basic track were Jim Keltner ( drums ) , Nicky Hopkins ( electric piano ) and Klaus Voormann ( bass ) . Part of Harrison 's guide vocal from the basic track was retained for the official release . Among the overdubs , which were completed by the end of February 1973 , Harrison added slide guitar and Jim Horn played various saxophone parts that Leng describes as " a straight lift from Harrison 's favorite ' Savoy Truffle ' model " , with baritone saxophone prominent in the mix . Assisting Horn on " The Lord Loves the One " , Voormann played one of the tenor saxophone parts , a role he had recently provided on Harry Nilsson 's Son of Schmilsson album ( 1972 ) , to which Harrison and Hopkins also contributed . = = Release = = Apple released Living in the Material World in May 1973 in the United States ( June 1973 in Britain ) , with " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " sequenced as the first track on side two of the LP . According to authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , Harrison had considered an alternative running order , whereby the album opener , " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " , began side two . The UK cassette format followed the latter sequence , which also placed " The Lord Loves the One " as the second track on side one , following " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " . As with eight other songs on Material World , Harrison donated the copyright to " The Lord Loves the One " to the Material World Charitable Foundation , which he launched in April 1973 with a stated aim " to encourage the exploration of alternative life views and philosophies " . Reflecting the lyrical content of songs such as " The Lord Loves the One " and " Living in the Material World " , Tom Wilkes 's design for the album artwork contrasted a devout spiritual existence with life in the material world . The front of the inner @-@ sleeve insert reproduced a painting from a Prabhupada @-@ published edition of the Bhagavad Gita , depicting Krishna and the warrior prince Arjuna driving a chariot . Part of this image was also used on the LP 's side @-@ one face label ; in addition , it appeared opposite the words to " The Lord Loves the One " in the lyrics section of the Material World songbook , published by the Charles Hansen sheet music company . Writing in 1977 , author Nicholas Schaffner described the combination of these " color representations of the Hindu scriptures " and the album @-@ wide message espoused by Harrison in " The Lord Loves the One " as " a luxuriant rock devotional designed to transform his fans ' stereo equipment into a temple " . In a 1982 interview with ISKCON 's Mukunda Goswami , Harrison discussed the song 's lyrics and referred to his use of the Krishna and Arjuna picture , along with the credit he gave Prabhupada 's book , as a " plug " for the Hare Krishna movement . = = Reception = = = = = Contemporary reviews = = = The song , if not the title alone , was a source of irritation for those critics who deemed Living in the Material World overly preachy and didactic . In a full @-@ page album review in Melody Maker , Michael Watts summarised his impression of Harrison 's spiritual message : " One gets this feeling of George , somewhat remote and rarefied , indicting the world for being what it is , although if anybody could change the world it would be an old Beatle . " While noting the song as an autobiographical statement on the singer 's " struggle to retain personal dignity and peace of mind " , Watts wrote : " He 's dealing in lofty sentiments and abstractions ; not everyone will want to drink of the cup . " In his 1973 album review for the NME , Tony Tyler described Material World as " so damn holy I could scream " . Two years later , he and his Beatles : An Illustrated Record co @-@ author Roy Carr remarked of Harrison 's religious beliefs : " it 's difficult to see why he travelled all the way to India to import a God who , by the sound of him ( ' The Lord Loves the One [ That ] Loves the Lord ' ) is as intractable and selfish as the petulant Jehovah of Victorian Sunday schools . " To Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone , the track was " a compelling gospel @-@ flavored rocker ... a stunning achievement that carries the authority of pop scripture " . On an album that he considered " a pop religious ceremony for all seasons , one in which Harrison acts as priest , deliberately placing his gifts and his legend into public service for God " , Holden added of the song : " I hope that Aretha Franklin gets her hands on it , and soon . " = = = Retrospective reviews and legacy = = = Among reviewers in the 21st century , Zeth Lundy of PopMatters and Music Box editor John Metzger highlight " The Lord Loves the One " as one of the standout tracks on Living in the Material World . As with " The Day the World Gets ' Round " , Simon Leng sees the lyrics ' spiritual framework as a distraction from the true message of the song , which in this case is the " bankruptcy " of the music business . While noting that the media and anyone else associated with " the rock circus " had a vested interest in upholding its importance , Leng comments on the hostile reception afforded the song originally : " In 1973 , no one dared point out that the emperor had no clothes on – except Harrison . " Author Robert Rodriguez describes " The Lord Loves the One " as " not the sanctimonious rant that some characterized it as " , but a revelation of Harrison 's inner conflict between his " earthly " status as a rock star and that role 's " utter triviality in the Grand Scheme of things " . Conversely , writing for Rough Guides , Chris Ingham finds the song 's " ' law says ' finger @-@ wagging " the exception on an album that otherwise " conveys his struggle " between the physical and spiritual worlds " with restraint and , in places , considerable grace and beauty " , while former Mojo editor Mat Snow commented in 2006 of this and the majority of the songs on Material World : " The rest is Hari Georgeson at his most preachy , but it 's never less than musical and often light on its feet . " Also writing for Mojo , John Harris pairs " The Lord Loves the One " with " Give Me Love " , as two tracks that support Material World 's standing as " a Hindu concept album … a pleasing fusion of Eastern religion , gospel , and the ghost of ' For You Blue ' " . In his unfavourable assessment of the song , Ian Inglis contrasts it with the " impressive set of lyrics " on " Living in the Material World " and criticises Harrison for his " turgid proselytizing " , which he likens to " the imprecations of an evangelical preacher " . Inglis concludes : " Harrison 's impressive guitar work helps to compensate for the absence of a clear melody , but the song is ultimately undermined by some of his least @-@ effective lyrics ; the description of political leaders as ' big girls ' is puerile and sexist . " Another Harrison biographer , Elliot Huntley , describes " The Lord Loves the One " as a " polished foot @-@ tapper " , on which " the drums push the song along nicely but the excessively wordy libretto somehow struggles to fit " . Terry Staunton of Record Collector considers Living in the Material World to be " sloganeering with slide guitars " but lacking in any " out @-@ and @-@ out protest " message , such that " the more generalised , universally religious themes of The Lord Loves The One ( That Loves The Lord ) tend to sound a tad diluted . " Leng praises the track 's musical accompaniment , highlighting Horn 's sax arrangement and particularly Harrison 's slide @-@ guitar playing , which includes a solo that he views as " one of the best of his career " . Similar sentiments come from Bruce Eder of AllMusic , who writes : " ' The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) ' , despite its title , is the high point of the record , a fast , rollicking , funky , bluesy jewel with a priceless guitar break ( maybe the best of Harrison 's solo career ) ... " In a 2011 article for The Huffington Post , coinciding with the release of Martin Scorsese 's documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Steve Rabey describes Harrison as " perhaps the most explicitly and consistently theological rock star of the last half @-@ century " . Rabey refers to the song among Harrison 's " mini @-@ sermons illustrating Hindu concepts " ( in this case , karma ) and concludes : " While he failed to convert everyone to his beliefs , he nudged his [ Beatles ] bandmates – and his listener fans – a bit further to the East , encouraging audiences to open themselves to new ( or very old ) spiritual influences . " = = Performance = = Harrison performed " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " at the start of his 1974 North American tour with Ravi Shankar . In addition to Jim Horn , the horn players on this live version were Tom Scott and Chuck Findley . Consistent with his perception of an anti @-@ stardom message in the song , Leng writes of there being an " immense [ paradox ] " in Harrison 's attitude to this highly publicised tour , since : " here was one of the world 's most famous musicians telling a leading writer from Rolling Stone that he 'd ' gladly kiss it all good @-@ bye ' and purse his utterly sincere spiritual quest . " On the first show of the tour , at Vancouver 's Pacific Coliseum on 2 November , Harrison played the song following his opening instrumental , " Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) " . In Rolling Stone , Ben Fong @-@ Torres began his feature article with the words " Holy Krishna ! What kind of an opening night for George Harrison is this ? " , before writing of Harrison 's performance of " The Lord Loves the One " : " he sang off key , and the voice , in its first flight , instantly sounded tired . " With Shankar 's segments having been poorly received , Harrison then reworked the show 's setlist , with the result that " The Lord Loves the One " and another Material World track , " Who Can See It " , were dropped for the rest of the tour . Leng writes of the song 's removal as " a fate the heavy @-@ funky arrangement did not deserve " , and Eder similarly considers that " The Lord Loves the One " belonged at " the heart " of any Harrison concert setlist . Later on during the West Coast leg of his 1974 tour , Harrison donated the profits from one concert to the Haight @-@ Ashbury Free Medical Clinic in San Francisco . As recorded in Fong @-@ Torres 's article , Harrison then visited the clinic and sang the chorus of " The Lord Loves the One " to the grateful staff , as a way to illustrate his point : " Don 't thank me ... it 's something else over us that acts through people like me . I 'm just an instrument . " = = Personnel = = George Harrison – vocals , acoustic guitar , slide guitars , backing vocals Nicky Hopkins – electric piano Klaus Voormann – bass , tenor saxophone Jim Keltner – drums , percussion Jim Horn – saxophones , horn arrangement = Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark = Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark ( 1796 ) is a personal travel narrative by the eighteenth @-@ century British feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft . The twenty @-@ five letters cover a wide range of topics , from sociological reflections on Scandinavia and its peoples to philosophical questions regarding identity . Published by Wollstonecraft 's career @-@ long publisher , Joseph Johnson , it was the last work issued during her lifetime . Wollstonecraft undertook her tour of Sweden , Norway , and Denmark in order to retrieve a stolen treasure ship for her lover , Gilbert Imlay . Believing that the journey would restore their strained relationship , she eagerly set off . However , over the course of the three months she spent in Scandinavia , she realized that Imlay had no intention of renewing the relationship . The letters , which constitute the text , drawn from her journal and from missives she sent to Imlay , reflect her anger and melancholy over his repeated betrayals . Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark is therefore both a travel narrative and an autobiographical memoir . Using the rhetoric of the sublime , Wollstonecraft explores the relationship between self and society in the text . She values subjective experience , particularly in relation to nature ; champions the liberation and education of women ; and illustrates the detrimental effects of commerce on society . Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark was Wollstonecraft 's most popular book in the 1790s — it sold well and was reviewed favorably by most critics . Wollstonecraft 's future husband , philosopher William Godwin , wrote : " If ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author , this appears to me to be the book . " It influenced Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge , who drew on its themes and its aesthetic . While the book initially inspired readers to travel to Scandinavia , it failed to retain its popularity after the publication of Godwin 's Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1798 , which revealed Wollstonecraft 's unorthodox private life . = = Biographical background = = In 1790 , at the age of thirty @-@ one , Wollstonecraft made a dramatic entrance onto the public stage with A Vindication of the Rights of Men , a work that helped propel the British pamphlet war over the French revolution . Two years later she published what has become her most famous work , A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Anxious to see the revolution firsthand , she moved to France for about two years , but returned in 1795 after revolutionary violence increased and the lover she met there , American adventurer Gilbert Imlay , abandoned her and their illegitimate daughter , Fanny Imlay . Shortly after her return to Britain , Wollstonecraft attempted suicide in May ; Imlay , however , managed to save her . One month after her attempted suicide , Wollstonecraft agreed to undertake the long and treacherous journey to Scandinavia in order to resolve Imlay 's business difficulties . Not only was her journey to Scandinavia fraught with peril ( she was a woman travelling alone during a time of war ) , it was also laced with sorrow and anger . While Wollstonecraft initially believed that the trip might resurrect their relationship , she eventually recognized that it was doomed , particularly after Imlay failed to meet her in Hamburg . Wollstonecraft 's despair increased as her journey progressed . On her return to Britain in September , Wollstonecraft tried to commit suicide a second time : she attempted to drown herself in the River Thames but was rescued by passersby . Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , which draws its material from her journal and the letters she sent Imlay during the three @-@ month tour , was published in January 1796 by Wollstonecraft 's close friend and career @-@ long publisher , Joseph Johnson . Written after her two suicide attempts , Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark frequently returns to the topic of death ; it recreates Wollstonecraft 's mental state while she was in Scandinavia and has been described as a suicide note addressed to Imlay , although he is never referred to by name in the published text . It is the last work by Wollstonecraft published within her lifetime : she died in childbirth just one year later . = = = Scandinavian journey and Imlay 's business interests = = = Although Wollstonecraft appears as only a tourist in Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , during her travels she was actually conducting delicate business negotiations on behalf of Imlay . For almost two hundred years , it was unclear why she had travelled to Scandinavia , but in the 1980s historian Per Nyström uncovered documents in local Swedish and Norwegian archives that shed light on the purpose of her trip . He revealed that Wollstonecraft was searching for a ship and cargo that had been stolen from Imlay . Imlay had authorized her to conduct his business dealings , referring to her in legal documents as " Mrs. Mary Imlay , my best friend and wife " , although the two were not married . The intricate details of Imlay 's business dealings are laid out clearly by Nyström . On 18 June 1794 , Peder Ellefsen , who belonged to a rich and influential Norwegian family , bought a ship called the Liberty from agents of Imlay in Le Havre , France . It would later become clear that Ellefsen never owned the ship but rather engaged in a pro @-@ forma sale on behalf of Imlay . He renamed the ship the Maria and Margaretha ( presumably after Mary and her maid Marguerite ) and had the Danish Consulate in Le Havre certify it so that the ship could pass through the British blockade of France ( Imlay was a blockade runner ) . Carrying silver and gold Bourbon plate , the ship sailed from France under a Danish flag and arrived at Copenhagen on 20 August 1794 . Although Ellefsen supposedly ordered the ship to continue on to Gothenburg , it never reached its destination . Imlay engaged in several fruitless attempts to locate the ship and its valuable cargo and then dispatched Wollstonecraft to negotiate an agreement with Ellefsen , who had subsequently been arrested for stealing the ship and its contents . Wollstonecraft 's success or failure in the negotiations is unknown as is the ultimate fate of the ship and its treasure . To engage in these negotiations , Wollstonecraft travelled first to Gothenburg , where she remained for two weeks . Leaving Fanny and her nurse Marguerite behind , she embarked for Strömstad , Sweden , where she took a short detour to visit the fortress of Fredriksten , and then proceeded to Larvik , Norway . From there she travelled to Tønsberg , Norway , where she spent three weeks . She also visited Helgeroa , Risør , and Kristiania ( now Oslo ) and returned by way of Strömstad and Gothenburg , where she picked up Fanny and Marguerite again . She returned to England by way of Copenhagen and Hamburg , finally landing at Dover in September 1795 , three months after she had left her home country . = = Structure , genre , and style = = Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark consists of twenty @-@ five letters that address an extensive range of contentious political topics , such as prison reform , land rights , and divorce laws , as well as less controversial subjects , such as gardening , salt works , and sublime vistas . Wollstonecraft 's political commentary extends the ideas she had presented in An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution ( 1794 ) ; her discussion of prison reform , for example , is informed by her own experiences in revolutionary France and those of her friends , many of whom were jailed . While at first glance Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark appears to be a travel narrative , it is actually a " generic hybrid " . The nature of this hybridity , however , is not altogether agreed upon by scholars . Some emphasize Wollstonecraft 's fusion of the travelogue with the autobiography or memoir ( a word used by Wollstonecraft in the book 's advertisement ) , while others see it as a travelogue cum epistolary novel . The text , which reveals Wollstonecraft 's thought processes , flows seamlessly from autobiographical reflections to musings on nature to political theories . However , it is unified by two threads : the first is Wollstonecraft 's argument regarding the nature and progress of society ; the second is her increasing melancholy . Although Wollstonecraft aims to write as a philosopher , the image of the suffering woman dominates the book . = = = Travel narrative : " the art of thinking " = = = One @-@ half of the " generic hybridity " of Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark is the epistolary travel narrative . Wollstonecraft 's conception of this genre was shaped by eighteenth @-@ century empirical and moral travel narratives , particularly Oliver Goldsmith 's The Traveller , or a Prospect of Society ( 1764 ) , Laurence Sterne 's A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy ( 1768 ) , Samuel Johnson 's A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland ( 1775 ) , James Boswell 's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides ( 1785 ) , and Arthur Young 's travel books . After reviewing twenty @-@ four travel books for Joseph Johnson 's periodical , the Analytical Review , Wollstonecraft was well @-@ versed in the genre . This extensive reading solidified her ideas of what constituted a good travel book ; in one review , she maintained that travel writers should have " some decided point in view , a grand object of pursuit to concentrate their thoughts , and connect their reflections " and that their books should not be " detached observations , which no running interest , or prevailing bent in the mind of the writer rounds into a whole " . Her reviews praised detailed and engaging descriptions of people and places , musings on history , and an insatiable curiosity in the traveller . " The art of travel is only a branch of the art of thinking " , Wollstonecraft wrote . Her journey and her comments on it are , therefore , not only sentimental but also philosophical . She uses the two modes to continue the critique of the roles afforded women and the progress of civilization that she had outlined in A Vindication of the Rights of Men ( 1790 ) , A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) , and An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution . After overturning the conventions of political and historical writing , Wollstonecraft brought what scholar Gary Kelly calls " Revolutionary feminism " to yet another genre that had typically been considered the purview of male writers , transforming the travel narrative 's " blend of objective facts and individual impressions ... into a rationale for autobiographical revelation " . As one editor of the Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark writes , the book is " nothing less than a revolution in literary genres " ; its sublimity , expressed through scenes of intense feeling , made " a new wildness and richness of emotional rhetoric " desirable in travel literature . One scholar has called Wollstonecraft the " complete passionate traveler " . Her desire to delve into and fully experience each moment in time was fostered by the works of Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , particularly his Reveries of a Solitary Walker ( 1782 ) . Several of Rousseau 's themes appear in the Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , such as " the search for the source of human happiness , the stoic rejection of material goods , the ecstatic embrace of nature , and the essential role of sentiment in understanding " . However , while Rousseau ultimately rejects society , Wollstonecraft celebrates both domesticity and industrial progress . = = = Letter = = = In one of the most influential interpretations of Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , Mary Favret has argued that Wollstonecraft 's letters must not only be viewed as personal correspondence but also as business correspondence , a genre that would have been ideologically ambiguous for her . According to Favret , Wollstonecraft attempts to reclaim the impersonal genre of the business letter and imbue it with personal meaning . One way she does this is through extensive use of " imaginative " writing that forces the reader to become a participant in the events narrated . Favret points out that Wollstonecraft 's Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark is quite different from the despondent and plaintive love letters she actually sent to Imlay ; the travel narrative much more closely resembles the personal journal in which she recorded her thoughts regarding the people she encountered and the places she visited . While her letters to Imlay contain long passages focused almost exclusively on herself , the Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark offers social commentary and sympathizes with the victims of disaster and injustice . To Imlay , Wollstonecraft represents herself as laid low by doubts , but to the world she depicts herself as overcoming all of these fears . She ruminates on them and transforms them into the basis of a letter akin to the open political letter popular during the last quarter of the eighteenth century , using her personal experience as the foundation for a discussion of national political reform . = = = Autobiography = = = Heavily influenced by Rousseau 's frank and revealing Confessions ( 1782 ) , Wollstonecraft lays bare her soul in Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , detailing not only her physical but also her psychological journey . Her personal disclosures , like those of other female autobiographers , are presented as " unpremeditated self @-@ revelations " and often appear to be " circuitous " . However , as Wollstonecraft scholar Mitzi Myers has made clear , Wollstonecraft manages to use this style of writing to articulate a stable and comprehensible self for the reader . Increasingly confident in her ability as a writer , she controls the narrative and its effect on readers to a degree not matched in her other works . She transforms the individual sorrows of her trip , such as the dissolution of her relationship with Imlay , into the stuff of gripping literature . = = = Sublimity = = = Wollstonecraft relies extensively on the language of the sublime in Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark . She draws on and redefines Edmund Burke 's central terms in A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful ( 1757 ) . Burke privileges the sublime ( which he associates with masculinity , terror , awe , and strength ) over the beautiful ( which he associates with femininity , passivity , delicacy , and weakness ) , while Wollstonecraft ties the sublime to sterility and the beautiful to fertility . For her , the beautiful is connected to the maternal ; this aesthetic shift is evident , for example , in the many passages focusing on the affectionate tie between Wollstonecraft and little Fanny , her daughter . She thus claims the feminine category of the " beautiful " for the most virtuous and useful of women : mothers . Wollstonecraft also revises the conventional negative associations between the sublime and death ; thoughts of death , prompted by a waterfall , for example , lead her to contemplate rebirth and immortality as well : Reaching the cascade , or rather cataract , the roaring of which had a long time announced its vicinity , my soul was hurried by the falls into a new train of reflections . The impetuous dashing of the rebounding torrent from the dark cavities which mocked the exploring eye , produced an equal activity in my mind : my thoughts darted from earth to heaven , and I asked myself why I was chained to life and its misery ? Still the tumultuous emotions this sublime object excited , were pleasurable ; and , viewing it , my soul rose , with renewed dignity , above its cares – grasping at immortality – it seemed as impossible to stop the current of my thoughts , as of the always varying , still the same , torrent before me – I stretched out my hand to eternity , bounding over the dark speck of life to come . Like her other manipulations of the language of the sublime , this passage is also heavily inflected by gender . As one scholar puts it , " because Wollstonecraft is a woman , and is therefore bound by the legal and social restrictions placed on her sex in the eighteenth century , she can only envisage autonomy of any form after death " . = = Themes = = = = = Reason , feeling , and imagination = = = Often categorized as a rationalist philosopher , Wollstonecraft demonstrates her commitment to and appreciation of feeling in Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark . She argues that subjective experiences , such as the transcendent emotions prompted by the sublime and the beautiful , possess a value equal to the objective truths discovered through reason . In Wollstonecraft 's earlier works , reason was paramount , because it allowed access to universal truths . In Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , however , reason serves as a tool for reflection , mediating between the sensual experiences of the world and an abstract notion of truth ( not necessarily universal truth ) . Maturation is not only the acquisition of reason — the view Wollstonecraft had adopted in Original Stories from Real Life ( 1788 ) — but also an understanding of when and how to trust one 's emotions . Wollstonecraft 's theories regarding reason , emotion , and the imagination are closely tied together . Some scholars contend that Wollstonecraft uses the imagination to liberate the self , especially the feminine self ; it allows her to envision roles for women outside the traditional bounds of eighteenth @-@ century thought and offers her a way to articulate those new ideas . In contrast , others view Wollstonecraft 's emphasis on the power of the imagination as detrimental , imprisoning her in an " individualized , bourgeois desire " which can never truly embrace sociality . Favret has argued that Wollstonecraft uses the imagination to reconcile " masculine understanding " and " female sensibility " . Readers must imaginatively " work " while reading : their efforts will save them from descending into sentimentality as well as from being lured into commercial speculation . Even more importantly , readers become invested in the story of the narrator . Wollstonecraft 's language demands that they participate in the " plot " : 'they ' rescue the writer from the villain ; ' they ' accompany her on her flight from sorrow ... With the readers ' cooperation , the writer reverses the standard epistolary plot : here the heroine liberates herself by rejecting her correspondent and by embracing the ' world ' outside of the domestic circle . In giving the imagination the power to reshape society ( a power suggested through numerous allusions to Shakespeare 's The Tempest ) , Wollstonecraft reveals that she has become a Romantic . = = = Individual and society = = = Throughout Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , Wollstonecraft ponders the relationship between society and the individual . While her earlier works largely focus on society 's failings and responsibilities , in this work she turns inward , explicitly arguing for the value of personal experience . In the advertisement for the work , also published as a preface , she explains her role as the " hero " of the text : In writing these desultory letters , I found I could not avoid being continually the first person – ' the little hero of each tale . ' I tried to correct this fault , if it be one , for they were designed for publication ; but in proportion as I arranged my thoughts , my letter , I found , became stiff and affected : I , therefore , determined to let my remarks and reflections flow unrestrained , as I perceived that I could not give a just description of what I saw , but by relating the effect different objects had produced on my mind and feelings , whilst the impression was still fresh . Throughout the book , Wollstonecraft ties her own psychic journey and maturation to the progress of civilizations . Nations , like individuals , she maintains have , as Wollstonecraft scholar Mary Poovey describes it , " a collective ' understanding ' that evolves organically , ' ripening ' gradually to fruition " . However , Wollstonecraft still views civilization 's tragedies as worthier of concern than individual or fictional tragedies , suggesting that , for her , sympathy is at the core of social relations : I have then considered myself as a particle broken off from the grand mass of mankind ; — I was alone , till some involuntary sympathetic emotion , like the attraction of adhesion , made me feel that I was still a part of a mighty whole , from which I could not sever myself — not , perhaps , for the reflection has been carried very far , by snapping the thread of an existence which loses its charms in proportion as the cruel experience of life stops or poisons the current of the heart . = = = Nature = = = Wollstonecraft dedicates significant portions of Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark to descriptions of nature and her emotional responses to it . One of her most effective tactics is to associate a set of thoughts and feelings with a specific natural formation , such as the waterfall passage quoted above . Nature , Wollstonecraft assumes , is " a common reference point " between readers and herself , therefore her letters should generate a sense of social sympathy with them . Many of the letters contain these " miniature Romantic excursus " which illustrate Wollstonecraft 's ideas regarding the connections between nature , God , and the self . The natural world becomes " the necessary ground of speculation and the crucial field of experience " . = = = Gender : " Hapless woman ! what a fate is thine ! " = = = All of Wollstonecraft 's writings , including the Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , address the concerns of women in eighteenth @-@ century society . As in previous works , she discusses concrete issues such as childcare and relationships with servants , but unlike her more polemical books such as Thoughts on the Education of Daughters ( 1787 ) or the Rights of Woman , this text emphasizes her emotional reactions to nature and maternity . Yet she does not depart from her interest in promoting women 's education and rights . In Letter 19 , the most explicitly feminist letter , Wollstonecraft anticipates readers ' criticisms : " still harping on the same subject , you will exclaim – How can I avoid it , when most of the struggles of an eventful life have been occasioned by the oppressed state of my sex : we reason deeply , when we forcibly feel . " Wollstonecraft comes to the realization that she has always been forced to experience the world as a woman — it is the defining feature of her sense of self . Throughout Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , Wollstonecraft comments on the precarious position women occupy in society . She defends and sympathizes with Queen Caroline of Denmark , for example , who had been accused of " licentiousness " for her extra @-@ marital affair during her marriage to the insane Christian VII . ( Wollstonecraft herself had had unorthodox love affairs and an illegitimate child . ) Wollstonecraft describes this royal , who was also a progressive social reformer , as a woman of courage who tried to revolutionize her country before it was prepared . Such examples fuel Wollstonecraft 's increasing despair and melancholy . At one point , she laments the fate of her daughter : You know that as a female I am particularly attached to her – I feel more than a mother 's fondness and anxiety , when I reflect on the dependent and oppressed state of her sex . I dread lest she should be forced to sacrifice her heart to her principles , or principles to her heart . With trembling hand I shall cultivate sensibility , and cherish delicacy of sentiment , lest , whilst I lend fresh blushes to the rose , I sharpen the thorns that will wound the breast I would fain guard – I dread to unfold her mind , lest it should render her unfit for the world she is to inhabit – Hapless woman ! what a fate is thine ! Wollstonecraft 's anger and frustration over the secondary status afforded women compels her to define herself in antithesis to conventional images of femininity . In the first letter she proudly announces " at supper my host told me bluntly that I was a woman of observation , for I asked him men 's questions " ( emphasis Wollstonecraft 's ) . Wollstonecraft casts the female imagination as the productive counterpoint to destructive masculine commerce , a feat she achieves primarily through her use of the genre of the letter . While the Rights of Woman argued that women should be " useful " and " productive " , importing the language of the market into the home , Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark adopts the values of the domestic space for the larger social and political world . = = = Commercialism = = = Although Wollstonecraft spends much of Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark musing on nature and its connection to the self , a great deal of the text is actually about the debasing effects of commerce on culture . She argues , for example , that the damage done to Hamburg and France by mercenaries and an increasingly commercial culture is far greater than the damage caused by the violence of the French revolution , writing that " the sword has been merciful , compared with the depredations made on human life by contractors , and by the swarm of locusts who have battened on the pestilence they spread abroad " . Wollstonecraft believed that commerce " embruted " the mind and fostered a selfish disposition in its practitioners . Commerce should be , she thought , " regulated by ideas of justice and fairness and directed toward the ideals of independence and benevolence " . Wollstonecraft had become disenchanted with Imlay not only because of his dismissive attitude towards her but also because of his greed . Throughout Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , she attaches criticisms of commerce to the anonymous lover who has betrayed her : A man ceases to love humanity , and then individuals , as he advances in the chase after wealth ; as one clashes with his interest , the other with his pleasures : to business , as it is termed , every thing must give way ; nay , is sacrificed ; and all the endearing charities of citizen , husband , father , brother , become empty names . Throughout the text , she contrasts the constructive , creative imagination with destructive commerce . By associating commercialism with the anonymous lover in the text , Wollstonecraft was also directly censuring Imlay , who she believed cared more for his business speculations than for her and their child . = = = Revolution and progress = = = Wollstonecraft spends several large sections of Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark speculating about the possibilities of social and political revolution and outlining a trajectory for the progress of civilization . In comparing Norway with Britain and France , for example , she argues that the Norwegians are more progressive because they have a free press , embrace religious toleration , distribute their land fairly , and have a politically active populace . However , her description of Norway 's " golden age " becomes less rhapsodic after she discovers that the country has no universities or scientists . In many ways Norwegian society embodied the British radical ideal of " a small @-@ producer society , its wealth sufficiently dispersed to ensure rough equality " , similar to what Wollstonecraft had outlined in A Vindication of the Rights of Men ( 1790 ) . After careful consideration of how to improve the social and political problems in the places she visited , Wollstonecraft came to the conclusion that social progress must occur at a measured and " natural " rate . She argues that each country has to find its own way to improve , that democratic revolution cannot be foisted upon a people . She believed that the lower classes and the yeomen were the most promising " potential source of revolutionary social transformation " . Implicit in her assessment , however , was a bourgeois condescension ; she viewed the lower classes as a group separate from herself , at one point describing their behavior as " picturesque " . = = Reception and legacy = = Wollstonecraft was prompted to publish Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark because she was heavily in debt . The successful sales of this , her most popular book in the 1790s , came at an opportune moment . Well @-@ received by reviewers , the work was translated into German , Dutch , Swedish , and Portuguese ; published in America ; and reissued in a second edition in 1802 . Amelia Alderson praised the work , separating the philosopher from the woman : " As soon as I read your Letters from Norway , the cold awe which the philosopher had excited was lost in the tender sympathy call 'd forth by the woman . " William Godwin , Wollstonecraft 's future husband , wrote in his Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman that reading Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark caused him to fall in love with Wollstonecraft : If ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author , this appears to me to be the book . She speaks of her sorrows , in a way that fills us with melancholy , and dissolves us in tenderness , at the same time that she displays a genius which commands all our admiration . Affliction had tempered her heart to a softness almost more than human ; and the gentleness of her spirit seems precisely to accord with all the romance of unbounded attachment . Connecting the work to Wollstonecraft 's first novel , Mary : A Fiction ( 1788 ) , he celebrates its sensibility and " eroticizes the condition of feminine sorrow " ; for Godwin , the work was an epistolary romance , not a work of political commentary . After Wollstonecraft 's death in 1797 , Godwin published her original letters to Imlay ( destroying the originals in the process ) . He deleted all references to contemporary political events and her business negotiations , emphasizing the romantic connection between the two sets of letters . Favret contends that Godwin wanted the public to see Wollstonecraft 's affair as a sentimental romance akin to that between Charlotte and Werther in Goethe 's Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) . For a woman , a one @-@ year @-@ old child , and a maid to travel to Scandinavia without the protection of a man was unprecedented in the eighteenth century . The book resulting from the trip also seemed highly unusual to readers at the time : details of Wollstonecraft 's travels to a rarely visited area of the world , what one editor of the Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark describes as " a boreal wilderness " , intrigued and even shocked contemporary readers . The unorthodox theology of the book also alienated some readers . The Monthly Magazine and American Review wrote : [ She ] discarded all faith in christianity . [ sic ] ... From this period she adored [ God ] ... not as one whose interposing power is ever silently at work on the grand theatre of human affairs , causing eventual good to spring from present evil , and permitting nothing but for wise and benevolent purposes ; but merely as the first great cause and vital spring of existence . Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark retreated from Wollstonecraft 's earlier focus on God as judge to God as mere creator , shocking some conservative readers who were not prepared to accept anything akin to deism . Worried more about Wollstonecraft 's promotion of sensibility , fellow feminist and author Mary Hays criticized the book 's mawkishness . A professor of moral philosophy , Thomas Brown , published a poetic response to the book , The Wanderer in Norway ( 1816 ) . Rather than rejoicing in the freedom that Wollstonecraft argued the connection between nature and emotion offered , however , Brown represented her work as a failure and Wollstonecraft as a tragic victim . He read the book as a cautionary tale , whereas Wollstonecraft had intended it as a description of the possibilities of social and personal reform . As Favret argues , almost all of the responses to Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark placed the narrator / Mary in the position of a sentimental heroine , while the text itself , with its fusion of sensibility and politics , actually does much to challenge that image . After the publication of Godwin 's Memoirs , which revealed and endorsed Wollstonecraft 's love affairs and illegitimate child , her works were scorned by the majority of the public . Nevertheless , " the book was to arouse a passion for travel among cultivated people in Europe " . Intrepid nineteenth @-@ century British female travel writers such as Isabella Bird and Mary Kingsley still read it and were inspired by Wollstonecraft 's pioneering efforts . Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark was republished at the end of the nineteenth century and Robert Louis Stevenson , the author of Treasure Island , took a copy on his trip to Samoa in 1890 . Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark was a powerful influence on Wollstonecraft 's daughter , Mary Shelley . In 1817 , Shelley would publish History of a Six Weeks ' Tour , a narrative of her travels through Europe and to Lake Geneva which was modeled after her mother 's work . = = = Romanticism = = = The Romantic poets were more profoundly affected by Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark than anyone , except perhaps Godwin . The poet Robert Southey , for example , wrote to his publisher : " Have you met with Mary Wollstonecraft 's [ travel book ] ? She has made me in love with a cold climate , and frost and snow , with a northern moonlight . " The book 's combination of progressive social views with the advocacy of individual subjective experience influenced writers such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Wollstonecraft 's " incarnational theory of the creative imagination " paved the way for Wordsworth 's thorough treatment of the imagination and its relation to the self in Book V of The Prelude ( 1805 ; 1850 ) . Her book also had a significant influence on Coleridge 's Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( 1797 – 99 ) and Percy Shelley 's Alastor ( 1815 ) ; their depictions of " quest [ s ] for a settled home " strongly resemble Wollstonecraft 's . The most striking homage to Wollstonecraft 's work , however , is in Coleridge 's famous poem " Kubla Khan " ( 1797 ; 1816 ) . Not only does much of his style descend from the book , but at one point he alludes to Wollstonecraft as he is describing a cold wasteland : = = Modern editions = = Wollstonecraft , Mary . The Complete Works of Mary Wollstonecraft . Ed . Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler . 7 vols . London : William Pickering , 1989 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 9225 @-@ 1 . Wollstonecraft , Mary and Godwin , William . A Short Residence in Sweden , Norway and Denmark and Memoirs of the Author of ' The Rights of Woman ' . Ed . Richard Holmes . London : Penguin Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 043269 @-@ 8 . Wollstonecraft , Mary . Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark . Ed . Carol H. Poston . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1976 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 0862 @-@ 6 = Henry Percy , 2nd Earl of Northumberland = Henry Percy , 2nd Earl of Northumberland ( 3 February 1393 – 22 May 1455 ) was an English nobleman and military commander in the lead up to the Wars of the Roses . He was the son of Henry " Hotspur " Percy , and the grandson of Henry Percy , 1st Earl of Northumberland . His father and grandfather were killed in different rebellions against Henry IV in 1403 and 1408 respectively , and the young Henry spent his minority in exile in Scotland . Only after the death of Henry IV in 1413 was he reconciled with the Crown , and in 1416 he was created Earl of Northumberland . In the following years , Northumberland occasionally served with the king in France , but his main occupation was the protection of the border to Scotland . At the same time , a feud with the Neville family was developing , particularly with Richard Neville , Earl of Salisbury . This feud became entangled with the conflict between the Duke of York and the Duke of Somerset over control of national government . The conflict culminated in the first battle of the Wars of the Roses , at St Albans , where both Somerset and Northumberland were killed . = = Family @-@ background = = Henry Percy was the son of another Henry Percy , known as " Hotspur " , and Elizabeth Mortimer . Elizabeth was the daughter of Edmund Mortimer , Earl of March and Philippa , granddaughter of Edward III . Hotspur 's father – the young Henry 's grandfather – was also called Henry Percy , and in 1377 became the first of the Percy family to hold the title of Earl of Northumberland . Both Hotspur and his father were early and active supporters of Henry Bolingbroke , who usurped the throne from Richard II in 1399 , and became King Henry IV . They were initially richly rewarded , but soon grew disillusioned with the new regime . Hotspur rose up in rebellion , and was killed at Shrewsbury on 21 July 1403 . Earl Henry was not present at the battle , but there is little doubt that he participated in the rebellion . After a short imprisonment , he was pardoned , and in June 1404 he delivered his grandson into the king 's custody at Doncaster . By May 1405 , however , the earl was involved in another rebellion . His plans failed , and he was forced to flee to Scotland , taking his grandson with him . The following years were marked by an itinerant life and further plotting , while the young Henry remained in the custody of the Duke of Albany . On 19 February 1408 , the first earl of Northumberland was killed in the Battle of Bramham Moor , leaving the young Henry Percy as heir apparent to the earldom . Henry remained in Scotland until the accession of Henry V in 1413 , when he tried to claim his grandfather 's title . His cause was aided by the king 's aunt , Joan Beaufort , Countess of Westmorland , who arranged his marriage to her daughter Eleanor . It was in Henry V 's interest to reconcile with the Percys , with their vast network in the north of England ; in 1416 Henry Percy was created Earl of Northumberland . = = Service to the king = = Northumberland served occasionally in Henry V 's wars in France over the following years . He joined the king on an expedition to the Continent in 1416 , and sent a minor contingent of soldiers the next year . His main task , however , was the defence of the Scottish Borders , and on 16 December 1416 he was appointed Warden of the East March . In late August 1417 , the Scots invaded northern England ; while Albany laid siege to Berwick Castle , the Earl of Douglas attempted to take Roxburgh Castle . Percy lifted the siege of Berwick , and forced both Albany and Douglas across the border . At the same time , he was also involved in national political affairs , and acted as steward at the coronation of Henry 's queen Catherine on 24 February 1421 . When Henry V died in 1422 , Northumberland was appointed member of the council appointed to govern during the minority of Henry VI . He might have been involved in an embassy to the Council of Siena in 1423 , but still his main area of responsibility lay in the border region . In the council , he seems to have belonged to the circle around Bishop Henry Beaufort , and he followed Beaufort – now cardinal – to peace negotiations at Berwick in 1429 . As Warden of the East March , he was constantly occupied with peace negotiations and defence of northern England , but his efforts were constantly frustrated , and in 1434 he resigned his commission . The next year , Richard Neville , Earl of Salisbury , equally exasperated by the lack of royal support , gave up his commission as Warden of the West March . Northumberland was appointed joint warden with the earl of Huntingdon of both marches for one year , during which time , although suffering defeat by the Earl of Angus at the Battle of Piperdean , he was able to repel a siege on Roxburgh by James I of Scotland . In 1440 he was once more appointed Warden of the West March , and this time held the position until his death . = = Feud with Neville family = = Initially , Northumberland 's relations with the other great northern family , the Nevilles , were friendly . He was already connected to the Neville Earls of Westmorland through his marriage with Eleanor Neville , and in 1426 he married his sister Elizabeth to the young Ralph Neville , 2nd Earl of Westmorland . In the early 1440s , Northumberland was involved in other disputes . A conflict over land with the Archbishop of York escalated into open violence . The king intervened on the archbishop 's side , though Northumberland remained in favour at court . Nevertheless , he spent less time involved in central affairs at Westminster in the later 1440s . In the early 1450s , the relationship between the Percy family and Salisbury – who belonged to a cadet branch of the Westmorland Neville family – started to deteriorate . What triggered the conflict was the marriage between Salisbury 's son Thomas and Maud Stanhope , niece and heiress of Lord Cromwell . By this marriage Wressle Castle , which had traditionally been in the possession of the Percy family , would pass to the Nevilles . At the same time , the Neville @-@ Cromwell wedding had led Huntingdon ( now Duke of Exeter ) to join the cause of the Percys , because of a territorial dispute with Cromwell . Northumberland himself , who was nearing sixty , did not take action at the time , but one of his younger sons did . Thomas Percy had been created Baron Egremont in 1449 , relating to his possessions in the Neville @-@ dominated county of Cumberland . On 24 August 1453 , Thomas attacked the Neville @-@ Cromwell wedding party at Heworth near York with a force of over 700 men . No one was killed in the skirmish , and the wedding party escaped intact . The conflict , however , continued over the following years . On 8 October , Northumberland and Salisbury were summoned to court and ordered to end the conflict , but the warnings were ignored . Instead , the collective forces of the Percy and Neville families gathered at their Yorkshire strongholds of Topcliffe and Sand Hutton respectively , only a few miles apart . Both sides had ignored royal commands to disband , and battle seemed inevitable , but eventually a truce ensued and the forces withdrew . Then , in October 1454 , Thomas Percy and his brother Richard were captured by the Nevilles in a battle at Stamford Bridge . The conflict was escalating , and converging with events in national politics . = = Towards civil war = = Discontent was brewing in England against the personal rule of Henry VI , who had been declared of age in 1437 . The main antagonists were Richard , Duke of York , and Edmund Beaufort , Duke of Somerset . Somerset enjoyed great influence over the king , but after Henry had been incapacitated by mental illness in 1453 , York was appointed protector in 1454 . The Nevilles were by this time closely associated with York , so the natural option for Northumberland was to side with Somerset and the king . Attempts were made to reconcile Northumberland and Salisbury in the north , but little was accomplished . In December , the king rallied sufficiently to resume control of government , and York 's protectorate was terminated . With Somerset back at the centre of power , civil war seemed imminent . In May 1455 , Northumberland was travelling with the king and Somerset to a great council at Leicester , when the party was intercepted by York and the Nevilles . On 22 May 1455 , at the First Battle of St Albans , the royal forces clashed with the forces loyal to the Duke of York , in what has been described as the first battle of the Wars of the Roses . The battle was a complete victory for the Yorkist side , and led to another reversal of the political situation . The king was taken captive , and Somerset was killed . Northumberland was also among the casualties , and was buried at the nearby St Albans Abbey . A suggestion made by a contemporary chronicler , and supported by modern @-@ day historians , said that the true purpose of the battle was to settle personal scores . Once York and Salisbury had killed Somerset and Northumberland respectively , the battle was effectively over . = = Estates and family = = The Percy estates were primarily located in the northern counties of Yorkshire , Northumberland , and Cumberland . Even though the title was restored in 1416 , and the Percy estates were officially regranted , this did not mean the immediate return of all the family possessions . Protracted legal battles followed , particularly with John , Duke of Bedford . Even at the time of his death , Northumberland had not recovered all the estates once held by his grandfather . Northumberland 's marriage to Eleanor Neville produced at least ten children . Henry Percy was succeeded by his son Henry Percy , 3rd Earl of Northumberland , who himself died fighting in the Wars of the Roses , at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 . = = Ancestry = = = Azumanga Daioh = Azumanga Daioh ( Japanese : あずまんが大王 , Hepburn : Azumanga Daiō , lit . " Great King Azumanga " ) is a Japanese yonkoma comedy manga series written and illustrated by Kiyohiko Azuma , which was serialized in MediaWorks ' Dengeki Daioh magazine between 1999 and 2002 . Three additional chapters were published in Shogakukan 's Monthly Shōnen Sunday in May 2009 to celebrate the manga 's tenth anniversary . The manga was first released in English by ADV Manga , and was later re @-@ issued by Yen Press . A television anime adaptation titled Azumanga Daioh : the Animation was produced by J.C.Staff and aired in Japan between April and September 2002 , consisting of 130 five @-@ minute segments compiled into 26 episodes . The compiled episodes were released on DVD and Universal Media Discs ( UMDs ) by Starchild Records , and an English @-@ language version was produced by ADV Films . Prior to the series , a theatrical short and an original net animation were also produced . Several soundtrack albums were released , as well as three Azumanga Daioh video games . Both the manga and anime have been praised for their humor driven by eccentric characters , with Azuma acclaimed as a " master of the four @-@ panel form " for both his art style and comic timing . = = Title = = The series title has no particular significance to the story . " Azumanga " is a portmanteau of the author 's name " Azuma " and " manga " , while " Daioh " comes from the magazine in which it was originally published , Dengeki Daioh . In the anime , " daioh " is mentioned during the next episode previews , used in context with the meaning " great king " . " Azumanga " is also used as a general term for Kiyohiko Azuma 's other comics and illustrations . Two previous collections of Azuma 's works , including official tie @-@ in comics of Pioneer animations , were published as Azumanga and Azumanga 2 in 1998 and 2001 , respectively . Azumanga was later republished in a reduced @-@ size edition called Azumanga Recycle . = = Plot = = Azumanga Daioh chronicles the everyday life in an unnamed Japanese high school of six girls and two of their teachers : child prodigy Chiyo Mihama and her struggle to fit in with girls five years older ; reserved Sakaki and her obsession with the cute animals who seem to hate her ; spacey Ayumu " Osaka " Kasuga with a skewed perspective on the world ; Koyomi " Yomi " Mizuhara 's aggravation at an annoying best friend ; Tomo Takino , whose energy is rivaled only by her lack of sense ; sporty Kagura and her one @-@ sided athletics rivalry with Sakaki ; their homeroom teacher Yukari Tanizaki ; and her friend , physical education teacher Minamo " Nyamo " Kurosawa . Secondary characters include Kimura @-@ sensei , a creepy male teacher with an obsession with teenage girls , and Kaorin , a female classmate with a crush on Sakaki . The story covers three years of tests , talking between classes , culture festivals , and athletic events at school , as well as time spent traveling to and from school , studying at Chiyo 's house , and vacations at Chiyo 's summer beach home and the fictional theme park Magical Land , concluding with the graduation of the main cast . It is generally realistic in tone , marked by occasional bursts of surrealism and absurdity , such as Osaka imagining Chiyo 's ponytails being " unscrewed " from her head and an episode featuring the characters ' New Year 's dreams . = = Media = = = = = Manga = = = Azumanga Daioh was written and illustrated by Kiyohiko Azuma , largely in yonkoma ( four @-@ panel ) format . The unnumbered chapters were serialized by MediaWorks ' in the monthly magazine Dengeki Daioh from February 1999 to May 2002 . The series was collected in four tankōbon volumes . Each of the four volumes covers about a year in the characters ' lives . A new edition in three volumes was released in Japan by Shogakukan to commemorate the manga 's 10th anniversary , with volume one , covering the first year of high school , being published June 11 , 2009 . The reprint edition contains three additional 16 @-@ page chapters serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sunday starting in May 2009 under the title Azumanga Daioh : Supplementary Lessons ( あずまんが大王 · 補習編 , Azumanga Daiō Hoshūhen ) . The series was licensed in English in North America and the United Kingdom by ADV Manga , which released all four volumes between 2003 and 2004 . ADV later reprinted the series in an omnibus edition ( ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4139 @-@ 0364 @-@ 5 ) on November 7 , 2007 . In 2009 , Yen Press acquired the North American and UK license of Azumanga Daioh , and released a new translation in December 2009 in an omnibus volume . In Europe , Azumanga Daioh is licensed in French by Kurokawa , in German by Tokyopop , in Spanish by Norma Editorial , and in Finnish by Punainen jättiläinen . In Asia , the series has been licensed in Korean by Daiwon C.I. , in Thai by Negibose Comics , in Vietnam by TVM Comics , and in Chinese by Tong Li Publishing . It was the first yonkoma manga translated in France . = = = Anime = = = The anime television series , Azumanga Daioh : the Animation , was produced by J.C.Staff and aired from the week of April 8 , 2002 until the week of September 30 , 2002 . It was broadcast on TV Tokyo , TV Aichi , TV Osaka , and AT @-@ X in five @-@ minute segments every weekday , then repeated as a 25 @-@ minute compilation that weekend , for a total of 130 five @-@ minute segments collected in 26 episodes . For the compilation episodes , the respective opening and ending themes were " Soramimi Cake " ( 空耳ケーキ , Soramimi Kēki , Cake of Mishearing ) and " Raspberry Heaven " , both performed by Oranges & Lemons . The compilation episodes , which were the only versions to include the title and credits sequences , were released on 6 DVDs in 2003 and 9 Universal Media Discs between 2005 and 2006 by Starchild Records , and a DVD box set of all episodes was released on June 24 , 2009 ; the five @-@ minute segments can be distinguished by their individual titles . Besides the anime television series , there have been two other animated adaptations : The Very Short Azumanga Daioh Movie , a six @-@ minute trailer released to movie theaters to publicize the upcoming television series , and Azumanga Web Daioh , a shorter original net animation made available for paid streaming on chara @-@ ani.com beginning from December 28 , 2000 , then offered as a paid download for a limited time . Azumanga Web Daioh was originally intended to gauge whether there was enough interest to create a web @-@ released anime adaptation ; because of overwhelming demand , the original plan for web @-@ release was changed to a television release . It featured different voice actors and music from the regular series . In the United States , the anime television series was released in six DVDs on September 9 , 2005 , and then later in a five DVD volume " Thinpak " set , both by ADV Films . The sixth DVD volume included The Very Short Azumanga Daioh Movie . In 2009 , Nokia offered the first five episodes of Azumanga Daioh on its Ovi phone service . Madman Entertainment licensed the series for release in Australia and New Zealand . As of September 1 , 2009 , all of ADV 's former catalog are transferred to AEsir Holdings , with distribution from Section23 Films . The series was later re @-@ licensed in 2016 by Sentai Filmworks . = = = Soundtracks = = = Several soundtrack albums for the anime of Azumanga Daioh were released by Lantis , including two volumes of the Azumanga Daioh Original Soundtrack , collecting the show 's score and themes ; two tribute albums ; and Vocal Collection , collecting character image songs . One single was released for the opening and closing theme of the anime , and eight singles of image songs were released for the main cast members . Most of the releases charted on the Japanese Oricon charts , with the highest ranking album being Tribute to Azumanga Daioh at number 68 , and the highest ranking single being Soramimi no Cake / Raspberry Heaven , the opening and closing themes , at 36th . The opening and closing theme single Soramimi no Cake / Raspberry Heaven was released on April 22 , 2002 , and peak ranked 36th on the Oricon singles chart . The two volumes of the soundtrack were released on June 26 , 2006 and October 23 , 2002 , and peak ranked 72nd and 99th on the Oricon albums chart , respectively . The soundtrack albums were re @-@ released as a two @-@ disc set on June 24 , 2009 in conjunction with the 10th anniversary release of the DVD box set . Azumanga Daioh Original Soundtrack Volume 1 was released in the United States by Geneon . Azumanga Daioh : Vocal Collection collects the character image songs performed by the voice actors in the personas of the characters they played , and the opening and the closing theme songs . It was released on December 25 , 2002 in Japan , Eight image song singles were released as Azumanga Daioh Characters Songs Volumes 1 through 8 , which focused in order on Chiyo , Sakaki , Osaka , Tomo , Kagura , Yomi , Sensei , and Kaorin . Volumes 1 and 2 were released May 22 , 2002 , Volume 3 on June 26 , 2002 , Volumes 4 and 5 on July 27 , 2002 , Volume 6 and 7 on September 4 , 2002 , and Volume 8 on September 25 , 2002 . Azumanga Daioh Characters Songs Volumes 3 through 8 peak ranked 63rd , 80th , 79th , 70th , 75th , and 49th on the Oricon singles chart , respectively . Azumanga Daioh : Vocal Collection was released in the United States by Geneon on July 5 , 2005 . Two tribute albums , Tribute to Azumanga Daioh and Tribute to Live Azumanga Daioh , were released on October 2 , 2002 and December 10 , 2003 . Tribute to Azumanga Daioh peak ranked 68th on the Oricon albums chart . Tribute to Live Azumanga Daioh is the live album of the concert held on October 4 , 2003 at the public hall of Toshima , Tokyo . = = = Other media = = = Two art books for the anime were published under the titles Azumanga Daioh the Animation Visual Book 1 ( あずまんが大王 THE ANIMATION ビジュアルブック ( 1 ) ) ( ISBN 4 @-@ 8402 @-@ 2203 @-@ 7 ) and Azumanga Daioh the Animation Visual Book 2 ( あずまんが大王 THE ANIMATION ビジュアルブック ( 2 ) ) ( ISBN 4 @-@ 8402 @-@ 2290 @-@ 8 ) were published by MediaWorks on August 26 , 2002 and December 10 , 2002 , respectively . Three Azumanga Daioh video games were released . Azumanga Donjyara Daioh , a puzzle game similar to mahjong , was released by Bandai for the PlayStation on April 18 , 2002 . Azumanga Daioh Puzzle Bobble was released by Taito Corporation as an arcade @-@ only Puzzle Bobble spin @-@ off in December , 2002 . Azumanga Daioh Advance , a card @-@ playing game , was released by King Records for the Game Boy Advance on April 25 , 2003 . = = Reception = = In Japan , the Azumanga Daioh manga was named a jury recommended work of the sixth Japan Media Arts Festival in 2002 . The manga was named as one of the top 25 manga at the 2006 Japan Media Arts Festival . English reviewers have commented positively about Azumanga Daioh . In Manga : The Complete Guide , Jason Thompson refers to it as a " charming comedy " and a " quiet master of the four @-@ panel form " , praising the series comedic timing and use of running gags . He felt one of the series ' best points was its " character @-@ driven writing " , but does warn that its moe nature and the jokes that revolve around the " vaguely pedophilic teacher " might disturb some newer readers of manga . He later said that Azumanga Daioh was an " almost totally innocent " kind of moe , centered around " peep [ ing ] at the chaste world of girls " , in which " adorable girls do adorable things " . The French manga dictionary Dicomanga noted that despite being a moe series targeted at otaku , it also appealed to female readers for celebrating " friendships between girls as well as [ its ] comedy . " Marc Hairston describes Azumanga Daioh as being " slightly disjointed " , with " frequently oblique " and " culturally biased " humour , and says it is both " lighter " and " more wry " than Maria @-@ sama ga Miteru . He describes the characters of Azumanga as being " individuals with slightly offbeat personalities " . Mark Thomas , writing for Mania.com , says that each character has " a defining personality trait that is ramped up to abnormal levels " and that each has a foil , which highlights these traits and prevents them from becoming too annoying or unbelievable as characters . Thomas said that the yonkoma format does not lend itself to " complex story arcs " , and the story is presented as " quick snapshots of random moments in their daily routines " , noting that the narrative is character @-@ driven . Patrick King , writing for Anime Fringe , considered it to be " one of the funniest , most adorable manga series I 've read " . IGN noted the lack of background art , but said that the expressive faces of the characters made up for it . Fred Patton of Animation World Magazine described the anime as " delightfully witty and even an educational window onto what Japanese high school life is really like . " Chris Beveridge of Anime on DVD , stated that " There 's a lot to laugh with here and a cast of characters that grow quickly on you as you start finding those you favor and those you don 't . " Andrew Shelton from Anime Meta explains that " The character of the girls is extremely well brought out . The superb observation , and ability to capture expression , makes the anime incredibly fun to watch in addition to meeting the story requirements . The action , and very rich comedy , are also wonderfully represented . There is just so much meaning , and charm , in even the most minor of expressions . " The reviewers of THEM Anime and Anime News Network felt that fans who had already graduated high school would feel nostalgic at times while watching Azumanga Daioh . The licensed manga had sales that reached top 100 lists on occasions and was included in the top 25 manga recommended by International Correspondence in Retailers Guide to Anime / Manga . The English dub for the show was well received , earning six ADR Awards from fans voting on AnimeonDVD.com and Dubreview.com. Four of the girls were included in Newtype 's top 100 anime heroines of 2002 : Osaka was awarded 7th , Chiyo 11th , Sakaki 21st , and Yomi 78th . Together they made Azumanga Daioh the second most popular series of 2002 for female characters . = M @-@ 144 ( 1937 – 1939 Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 144 was the designation assigned to two former state trunkline highways in the US state of Michigan . The original version of M @-@ 144 existed as a 0 @.@ 388 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 624 km ) spur connecting the Michigan State Police headquarters in East Lansing to Michigan Avenue , which was signed M @-@ 39 at the time . It was designated by 1937 and decommissioned in 1939 , after which time the designation was shifted to the second version of M @-@ 144 further north in Roscommon and Oscoda counties . = = Route description = = As it existed at the time , M @-@ 144 started at the headquarters for the Michigan State Police next to the campus of Michigan State College , now Michigan State University . The highway ran north along Harrison Road next to campus and across the Red Cedar River . North of the river , the trunkline terminated at the junction with Michigan Avenue ( then M @-@ 39 , now the unsigned M @-@ 143 ) . = = History = = The first incarnation of M @-@ 144 was designated by 193	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
spruce ( Picea spp . ) , hemlock ( Tsuga spp . ) and fir ( Abies spp . ) trees , although other hosts include chestnut , chinquapin , beech , Keteleeria spp . , Lithocarpus spp . , and oak . In California , porcini have been collected in a variety of forests , such as coastal forests , dry interior oak forests and savannas and interior high @-@ elevation montane mixed forests , to an altitude of 3 @,@ 500 m ( 11 @,@ 500 ft ) . In northwestern Spain , they are common in scrublands dominated by the rock rose species Cistus ladanifer and Halimium lasianthum . Boletus edulis has a cosmopolitan distribution , concentrated in cool @-@ temperate to subtropical regions . It is common in Europe — from northern Scandinavia , south to the extremities of Greece and Italy — and North America , where its southern range extends as far south as Mexico . It is well known from the Borgotaro area of Parma , Italy , and has PGI status there . The European distribution extends north to Scandinavia and south to southern Italy and Morocco . In China , the mushroom can be found from the northeastern Heilongjiang Province to the Yunnan @-@ Guizhou Plateau and Tibet . It has been recorded growing under Pinus and Tsuga in Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal , as well as in the Indian forests of Arunachal Pradesh . In West Asia , the species has been reported from the northwest forests of Iran . = = = Non @-@ native introductions = = = Boletus edulis grows in some areas where it is not believed to be indigenous . It is often found underneath oak and silver birch in Hagley Park in central Christchurch , New Zealand , where it is likely to have been introduced , probably on the roots of container @-@ grown beech , birch , and oak in the mid @-@ 19th century — around the time exotic trees began to be planted in the Christchurch area . Similarly , it has been collected in Adelaide Hills region of Australia in association with three species of introduced trees . It has been growing plentifully in association with pine forests in the southern KwaZulu @-@ Natal Midlands in South Africa for more than 50 years and is believed to have been introduced with the import of pine trees . It also grows in pine plantations in neighboring Zimbabwe . = = Ecology = = = = = Fruit body production = = = Italian folklore holds that porcini sprout up at the time of the new moon ; research studies have tried to investigate more scientifically the factors that influence the production of fruit bodies . Although fruit bodies may appear any time from summer to autumn ( June to November in the UK ) , their growth is known to be triggered by rainfall during warm periods of weather followed by frequent autumn rain with a drop in soil temperature . Above average rainfall may result in the rapid appearance of large numbers of boletes , in what is known in some circles as a " bolete year " . A 2004 field study indicated that fruit body production is enhanced by an open and sunny wood habitat , corroborating an earlier observation made in a Zimbabwean study ; removal of the litter layer on the forest floor appeared to have a negative effect on fruit body production , but previous studies reported contradictory results . A Lithuanian study conducted in 2001 concluded that the maximal daily growth rate of the cap ( about 21 mm or 0 @.@ 8 in ) occurred when the relative air humidity was the greatest , and the fruit bodies ceased growing when the air humidity dropped below 40 % . Factors most likely to inhibit the appearance of fruit bodies included prolonged drought , inadequate air and soil humidity , sudden decreases of night air temperatures , and the appearance of the first frost . Plots facing north tend to produce more mushrooms compared to equivalent plots facing south . = = = Mycorrhizal associations = = = Boletus edulis is mycorrhizal — it is in a mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants ( hosts ) , in which the fungus exchanges nitrogen and other nutrients extracted from the environment for fixed carbon from the host . Other benefits for the plant are evident : in the case of the Chinese chestnut , the formation of mycorrhizae with B. edulis increases the ability of plant seedlings to resist water stress , and increases leaf succulence , leaf area , and water @-@ holding ability . The fungus forms a sheath of tissue around terminal , nutrient @-@ absorbing root tips , often inducing a high degree of branching in the tips of the host , and penetrating into the root tissue , forming , to some mycologists , the defining feature of ectomycorrhizal relationships , a hartig net . The ectomycorrhizal fungi are then able to exchange nutrients with the plant , effectively expanding the root system of the host plant to the furthest reaches of the symbiont fungi . Compatible hosts may belong to multiple families of vascular plants that are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere ; according to one 1995 estimate , there are at least 30 host plant species distributed over more than 15 genera . Examples of mycorrhizal associates include Chinese red pine , Mexican weeping pine , Scots pine , Norway spruce , Coast Douglas @-@ fir , mountain pine , and Virginia pine . The fungus has also been shown to associate with Gum rockrose , a pioneer early stage shrub that is adapted for growth in degraded areas , such as burned forests . These and other Rockrose species are ecologically important as fungal reservoirs , maintaining an inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi for trees that appear later in the forest regrowth cycle . The mushroom has been noted to commonly co @-@ occur with Amanita muscaria or A. rubescens , although it is unclear whether this is due to a biological association between the species , or because of similarities in growing season , habitat , and ecological requirements . An association has also been reported between B. edulis and Amanita excelsa on Pinus radiata ectomycorrhizae in New Zealand , suggesting that other fungi may influence the life cycle of porcini . A 2007 field study revealed little correlation between the abundance of fruit bodies and presence of its mycelia below ground , even when soil samples were taken from directly beneath the mushroom ; the study concluded that the triggers leading to formation of mycorrhizae and production of the fruit bodies were more complex . = = = Heavy metal contamination = = = Boletus edulis is known to be able to tolerate and even thrive on soil that is contaminated with toxic heavy metals , such as soil that might be found near metal smelters . The mushroom 's resistance to heavy metal toxicity is conferred by a biochemical called a phytochelatin — an oligopeptide whose production is induced after exposure to metal . Phytochelatins are chelating agents , capable of forming multiple bonds with the metal ; in this state , the metal cannot normally react with other elements or ions and is stored in a detoxified form in the mushroom tissue . = = = Pests and predators = = = The fruit bodies of B. edulis can be infected by the parasitic mould @-@ like fungus Hypomyces chrysospermus , known as the bolete eater , which manifests itself as a white , yellow , or reddish @-@ brown cottony layer over the surface of the mushroom . Some reported cases of stomach ache following consumption of dried porcini have been attributed to the presence of this mould on the fruit bodies . The mushroom is also used as a food source by several species of mushroom flies , as well as other insects and their larvae . An unidentified species of virus was reported to have infected specimens found in the Netherlands and in Italy ; fruit bodies affected by the virus had relatively thick stems and small or no caps , leading to the name " little @-@ cap disease " . Boletus edulis is a food source for animals such as the banana slug ( Ariolimax columbianus ) , the long @-@ haired grass mouse , the red squirrel , and , as noted in one isolated report , the fox sparrow . = = Culinary uses = = Boletus edulis , as its name implies , is an edible mushroom . Italian chef and restaurateur Antonio Carluccio has described it as representing " the wild mushroom par excellence " , and hails it as the most rewarding of all fungi in the kitchen for its taste and versatility . Considered a choice edible , particularly in France , Germany and Italy , it was widely written about by the Roman writers Pliny the Elder and Martial , although ranked below the esteemed Amanita caesarea . sunt tibi boleti ; fungos ego sumo suillos ( Ep. iii . 60 ) ( " You eat the choice boletus , I have mushrooms that swine grub up . " ) wrote the disgruntled Martial when served suilli instead of boleti . The term suilli was also thought to encompass the related Leccinum scabrum . The flavour has been described as nutty and slightly meaty , with a smooth , creamy texture , and a distinctive aroma reminiscent of sourdough . Young , small porcini are most appreciated by gourmets , as the large ones often harbour maggots ( insect larvae ) , and become slimy , soft and less tasty with age . Fruit bodies are collected by holding the stipe near the base and twisting gently . Cutting the stipe with a knife may risk the part left behind rotting and the mycelium being destroyed . Peeling and washing are not recommended . The fruit bodies are highly perishable , due largely to the high water content ( around 90 % ) , the high level of enzyme activity , and the presence of a flora of microorganisms . Caution should be exercised when collecting specimens from potentially polluted or contaminated sites , as several studies have shown that the fruit bodies can bioaccumulate toxic heavy metals like mercury , cadmium , caesium and polonium . Bioaccumulated metals or radioactive fission decay products are like chemical signatures : chemical and radiochemical analysis can be used to identify the origin of imported specimens , and for long @-@ term radioecological monitoring of polluted areas . Porcini are sold fresh in markets in summer and autumn in Central and Southern Europe , and dried or canned at other times of the year , and distributed worldwide to countries where they are not otherwise found . They are eaten and enjoyed raw , sautéed with butter , ground into pasta , in soups , and in many other dishes . In France , they are used in recipes such as cèpes à la Bordelaise , cèpe frits and cèpe aux tomates . Porcini risotto is a traditional Italian autumn dish . Porcini are a feature of many cuisines , including Provençal , and Viennese . They are used in soups and consumed blanched in salads in Thailand . Porcini can also be frozen — either raw or first cooked in butter . The colour , aroma , and taste of frozen porcini deteriorate noticeably if frozen longer than four months . Blanching or soaking and blanching as a processing step before freezing can extend the freezer life up to 12 months . They are also one of the few mushroom species pickled and sold commercially . = = = Dried = = = Boletus edulis is well suited to drying — its flavour intensifies , it is easily reconstituted , and its resulting texture is pleasant . Reconstitution is done by soaking in hot , but not boiling , water for about twenty minutes ; the water used is infused with the mushroom aroma and it too can be used in subsequent cooking . Dried porcini have more protein than most other commonly consumed vegetables apart from soybeans . Some of this content is indigestible , though digestibility is improved with cooking . Like other boletes , porcini can be dried by being strung separately on twine and hung close to the ceiling of a kitchen . Alternatively , the mushrooms can be dried by cleaning with a brush ( washing is not recommended ) , and then placing them in a wicker basket or bamboo steamer on top of a boiler or hot water tank . Another method is drying in an oven at 25 to 30 ° C ( 77 to 86 ° F ) for two to three hours , then increasing the temperature to 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) until crisp or brittle . Once dry , they are kept in an airtight jar . Importantly for commercial production , porcini retain their flavour after industrial preparation in a pressure cooker or after canning or bottling , and are thus useful for manufacturers of soups or stews . The addition of a few pieces of dried porcino can significantly add to flavour , and they are a major ingredient of the pasta sauce known as carrettiere ( carter 's sauce ) . The drying process is known to induce the formation of various volatile substances that contribute to the mushroom 's aroma . Chemical analysis has shown that the odour of the dried mushroom is a complex mixture of 53 volatile compounds . = = = Commercial harvest = = = A 1998 estimate suggests the total annual worldwide consumption of Boletus edulis and closely related species ( B. aereus , B. pinophilus , and B. reticulatus ) to be between 20 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 tons . Approximately 2 @,@ 700 tonnes ( 3 @,@ 000 tons ) were sold in France , Italy and Germany in 1988 , according to official figures . The true amount consumed far exceeds this , as it does not account for informal sales or consumption by collectors . They are widely exported and sold in dried form , reaching countries where they do not occur naturally , such as Australia and New Zealand . The autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain produces 7 @,@ 700 tonnes ( 8 @,@ 500 tons ) annually . In autumn , the price of porcini in the Northern Hemisphere typically ranges between $ 20 and $ 80 dollars per kilogram , although in New York in 1997 , the scarcity of fruit bodies elevated the wholesale price to over $ 200 per kilogram . In the vicinity of Borgotaro in the Province of Parma of northern Italy , the four species Boletus edulis , B. aereus , B. aestivalis and B. pinophilus have been recognised for their superior taste and officially termed Fungo di Borgotaro . Here , these mushrooms have been collected for centuries , and exported commercially . Due to the globalization of the mushroom trade , most of the porcini commercially available in Italy or exported by Italy no longer originate there . Porcini and other mushrooms are imported into Italy from various locations , especially China and eastern European countries ; these are then often re @-@ exported under the " Italian porcini " label . In Italy , the disconnect with local production has had an adverse effect on quality ; for example , in the 1990s , some of the dried porcino mushrooms exported to Italy from China contained species of genus Tylopilus , which are rather similar in appearance , and when dried , are difficult for both mushroom labourers and mycologists alike to distinguish from Boletus . Tylopilus species typically have a very bitter taste , a bitterness that is imparted to the flavour of the porcini with which they are mixed . After the fall of the Iron Curtain and the economic and political barriers that followed , central and eastern European countries with local mushroom harvesting traditions , such as Albania , Bulgaria , Macedonia , Romania , Serbia and Slovenia , developed into exporters of porcini , concentrating primarily on the Italian market . Exported porcini and other wild fungi are also destined for France , Germany and other western European markets , where demand for them exists , but collection on a commercial scale does not . Picking B. edulis has become an annual seasonal income earner and pastime in countries like Bulgaria , especially for many Roma communities and the unemployed . A lack of control has led to heavy exploitation of the mushroom resource . Like many other strictly mycorrhizal fungi , B. edulis has to date eluded cultivation attempts . The results of some studies suggest that unknown components of the soil microflora might be required for B. edulis to successfully establish a mycorrhizal relationship with the host plant . = = = Nutritional composition = = = Boletus edulis constitutes a food source which , although not rich in easily absorbed carbohydrates or fat , contains vitamins , minerals and dietary fibre . Fresh mushrooms consist of over 80 % moisture , although reported values tend to differ somewhat as moisture content can be affected by environmental temperature and relative humidity during growth and storage , as well as the relative amount of water that may be produced as a result of normal metabolic processes during storage . Carbohydrates make up the bulk of the fruit bodies , comprising 9 @.@ 23 % of the fresh weight ( see table ) , and 65 @.@ 4 % of the dry weight . The carbohydrate component contains the monosaccharides glucose , mannitol and α , α @-@ trehalose , the polysaccharide glycogen , and the water @-@ insoluble structural polysaccharide chitin , which accounts for up to 80 – 90 % of dry matter in mushroom cell walls . Chitin , hemicellulose , and pectin @-@ like carbohydrates — all indigestible by humans — contribute to the nutritionally desirable high proportion of insoluble fibre in B. edulis . The total lipid , or crude fat , content makes up 2 @.@ 6 % of the dry matter of the mushroom . The proportion of fatty acids ( expressed as a % of total fatty acids ) are : palmitic acid , 9 @.@ 8 % ; stearic acid , 2 @.@ 7 % ; oleic acid , 36 @.@ 1 % ; linoleic acid , 42 @.@ 2 % , and linolenic acid , 0 @.@ 2 % . A comparative study of the amino acid composition of eleven Portuguese wild edible mushroom species showed Boletus edulis to have the highest total amino acid content , about 2 @.@ 3 g per 100 g of dried mushroom . This total includes a full complement of 20 essential and nonessential amino acids . Analysis of the free amino acids ( that is , those not bound up in protein ) revealed glutamine and alanine to be the principal amino acids ( each about 25 % of total compounds ) ; a separate analysis concluded that lysine is another predominant compound . Reported values of the composition and concentrations of trace metals and minerals in Boletus edulis tend to differ considerably , as the mushroom bioaccumulates different elements to varying degrees , and the element concentration in the fruit bodies is often a reflection of the element concentration of the soils from which they were picked . In general , B. edulis contains appreciable amounts of selenium ( 13 – 17 ppm ) , a trace mineral essential for good health , though the bioavailability of mushroom @-@ derived selenium is low . Whole fruit bodies also contain 4 @.@ 7 μg of vitamin D2 per 100 g dry weight . The relatively high ergosterol content ( see next section ) of the fruit bodies can make the mushroom nutritionally pragmatic for vegetarians and vegans , who would otherwise have a limited intake of vitamin D. = = Bioactive compounds = = Boletus edulis fruit bodies contain about 500 mg of ergosterol per 100 g of dried mushroom . Ergosterol is a sterol compound common in fungi . Additionally , the fruit bodies have about 30 mg of ergosterol peroxide per 100 g of dried mushroom . Ergosterol peroxide is a steroid derivative with a wide spectrum of biological activity , including antimicrobial and anti @-@ inflammatory activity , and cytotoxicity to various tumor cell lines grown in laboratory culture . The mushroom also contains a sugar @-@ binding protein , or lectin , that has affinity for the sugars xylose and melibiose . The lectin is mitogenic — that is , it can stimulate cells to begin the process of cell division , resulting in mitosis . Further , the lectin has antiviral properties : it inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus enzyme reverse transcriptase . Other studies suggest that B. edulis also has antiviral activity against Vaccinia virus and tobacco mosaic virus grown in culture . Antiviral compounds from mushrooms are a subject of interest in biomedical research for their potential to advance the knowledge of viral replication , and as new drugs in the treatment of viral disease . The fruit bodies have a high antioxidative capacity , due probably to a combination of various organic acids ( such as oxalic , citric , malic , succinic and fumaric acids ) , tocopherols , phenolic compounds and alkaloids ; the highest antioxidant activity is in the mushroom caps . Furthermore , fruit bodies were determined to have 528 mg of the antioxidant compound ergothioneine per kilogram of fresh mushroom ; this value was the highest among many food items tested in one study . Porcini were thought to have anti @-@ cancer properties according to Hungarian research conducted in the 1950s , but later investigations in the United States did not support this . = Chris Field ( composer ) = Chris Field is a Los Angeles @-@ based singer / songwriter , composer , and musician . He was raised in the San Fernando Valley , and played guitar in Los Angeles for groups among multiple genres including electric guitar , jazz , and rock music . He learned how to compose music by inputting compositions from Ludwig van Beethoven and Sergei Prokofiev into his computer . Through his music associates , he became acquainted with two friends who started X @-@ Ray Dog , and he began to contribute musical compositions to this company . Field also works with Extreme Music , and through them , Field 's music has been placed in numerous television shows . In December 2014 , a part of Field 's catalogue was acquired by BMG Chrysalis . Chris Field is the writer of the composition , " Gothic Power " , which developed an international cult following . Field 's work as a musical composer for movie theatrical trailers has included Alice In Wonderland , X @-@ Men , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , XXX , Austin Powers in Goldmember , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , Hotel Rwanda , Kinsey , Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , and The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . His first contribution to a film trailer was for the The Full Monty . " Gothic Power " was the main theme for the trailer for The Lord of the Rings film series ; this was later used as a trailer for a film within a film in a sequence for Ben Stiller 's movie Tropic Thunder . In 2014 , Field 's piece " Acts of Courage " was released on the album , This Is Epic Music , Volume I , through Imperativa Records , on iTunes and physical cd . The album notes state that the piece " Gothic Power " , written by Field in 1999 , started a new direction in cinematic music that came to be identified as epic music . Field released his second album " Personal Elegy " , a rock album , in 2015 . The title track is a elegy for the passing of actor Heath Ledger . Field released his debut album , Sub @-@ Conscious , in 2006 ; it was made available on iTunes , CD Baby , Amazon.com , and for retail sale . It received a positive reception , and his song " Floating " from the album reached spot number eight in the New Age genre for iTunes in Luxembourg on July 7 , 2011 . = = Early life and family = = Field was raised in the San Fernando Valley . He played guitar in Los Angeles for a period of time as a young man . He contributed to productions including electric guitar , jazz , and rock music . He acquired his first computer about 1998 , wherein he began to learn musical composition and production . He experimented by taking compositions from Ludwig van Beethoven and Sergei Prokofiev , and inputting them electronically into his computer . He noted in a 2006 interview that his wife Katie O 'Brien Field helped with promotion of his music . = = Career = = = = = Film trailers = = = He met associate Mitch Lijewski through his guitar playing , and was introduced to Tim Stithem . Lijewski and Stithem started X @-@ Ray Dog and he started contributing musical composition through work with this firm . Field has worked as a composer for theatrical trailers for films . His trailer musical composition work has included films such as X @-@ Men , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , XXX , Austin Powers in Goldmember , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , Hotel Rwanda , Kinsey , Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , and The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . His first musical composition for a movie trailer was for the film The Full Monty ; he worked on this piece with friend Mark Griskey who was a fellow composer at X @-@ Ray Dog . Field explained his thought process on the film trailer : " A trailer , is like a one @-@ minute or whatever , mini movie that 's got to have its own feeling and form to it — trailer music is very intense and gets right to the point . It sounds simple , but it 's taken me some years to really figure out . I call it ' rock and roll orchestra ' because it 's got orchestral elements and , sometimes , a choir , but it also has a lot of rock elements like the drive , the drums and the way it just builds and builds . " His musical composition piece " Gothic Power " was used in trailers for The Lord of the Rings film series . The debut of the first trailer in theaters was quite popular with fans . Subsequently the piece was utilized by Ben Stiller in a fictional movie trailer for a film within a film in Tropic Thunder . He composed a piece called " The Vision " which incorporated string music ; it was utilized for the end of the trailer for the 2007 film Atonement . = = = Solo artist = = = Field released his second album , Personal Elegy , in 2015 . Field released his debut album , Sub @-@ Conscious , in 2006 . It featured orchestral music from the Northwest Sinfonia . He created the album as a way to branch out from theatrical trailer composition into work as a solo artist . Field utilizes Logic Pro and MIDI for his musical composition ; after this process he delivers these files along with an MP3 to the individual in charge of orchestration , who uses Finale software to convert this to musical notation . The album was made available on iTunes , CD Baby , Amazon.com , and for retail sale ] . The album received a positive review from Jamie Bonk of ZoneMusicReporter.com , who commented : " As far as debut albums are concerned , composer / producer / multi- instrumentalist Chris Field 's Sub @-@ Conscious is an outstanding record : great compositions and arrangements , first @-@ rate performances and most importantly a defined point of view . " = = Discography = = Track listing All music composed by Chris Field . = = Filmography = = The following is a complete list of music Field has composed . = = = Film = = = = = = Video games = = = = Savior ( Rise Against song ) = " Savior " is a song by American rock band Rise Against , featured on their fifth studio album Appeal to Reason ( 2008 ) . Written and performed by the band , the song deviates from the social and political topics normally discussed in Rise Against songs , and is instead about forgiveness and broken relationships . It is a punk rock song , with a " frenetic pace " that John Hanson of Sputnikmusic described as reminiscent of tracks from the band 's 2003 album Revolutions per Minute . It was released as Appeal to Reason 's third single on June 3 , 2009 . " Savior " was well received by critics , with praise directed towards its lyrics , and remains one of the band 's most commercially successful singles to date . It peaked at number three on both the Hot Rock Songs and Alternative Songs music charts , and holds the record for the most consecutive weeks spent on either chart , with sixty @-@ three and sixty @-@ five weeks respectively . The accompanying music video depicts actors in animal costumes engaging in a mosh pit . = = Background = = " Savior " was written by American rock band Rise Against , with lyrics by lead vocalist Tim McIlrath , and produced by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore . Stevenson and Livermore engineered the song with Andrew Berlin , while Chris Lord @-@ Alge assisted as the mixer . It was recorded at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins , Colorado and was mastered by Ted Jensen . Rise Against released the song as the Appeal to Reason 's third and final single on June 3 , 2009 . It impacted radio stations on June 16 . When writing the lyrics for Rise Against songs , McIlrath will often sing nonsensical words over completed melodies , in order to identify the lyrical tone that each song will eventually convey . For " Savior " , McIlrath remarked that while he mostly sang gibberish , he always found himself singing the line " I don 't hate you " . McIlrath used this line as a base to construct the lyrics and themes present within " Savior " . In a 2014 interview , McIlrath commented on how he had originally voted to cut the song from Appeal to Reason , but was eventually overruled . = = Composition = = " Savior " is a punk rock song , and has been described by Aaron Burgess of The A.V. Club as an " uptempo anthem " . The song 's composition is written in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute . It follows verse @-@ chorus form , and is composed in the key F ♯ minor , with a melody that spans a tonal range of E4 to C ♯ 6 . John Hanson of Sputnikmusic noted that the song had a " frenetic pace " , which was reminiscent of many of the tracks from the band 's 2003 album Revolutions per Minute . Lyrically , " Savior " deviates from the social and political topics normally discussed in Rise Against songs , and is instead about forgiveness and broken relationships . It tells the story of a couple who have recently split up . The two attempt to reconcile their differences , with lines such as " I don 't hate you , boy / I just want to save you while there 's still something left to save . " Hanson and Liz Ramanand of Loudwire have characterized the lyrics as " poignant " , and " poetic " . = = Reception and chart performance = = " Savior " was well received by critics . Hanson and Davey Boy of Sputnikmusic both praised the song ; Hanson described it as " one of the most inspired songs [ Rise Against ] have written to date " , while Boy wrote that " ' Savior ' sees absolutely everything come together perfectly to make for one hell of a song " . Burgess opined that " Savior " was one of three Appeal to Reason tracks that would " satisfy anyone still uneasy about Rise Against 's radio aspirations " . Bob Hoose of Plugged In complimented the positive and hopeful lyrics . Commercially , " Savior " remains one of Rise Against 's most successful singles to date , and spent a considerable amount of time on multiple Billboard music charts . Reaching as high as number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , it spent thirty @-@ six weeks on the chart , the fourth most amount of time for any song on the chart . " Savior " peaked at number three on both the Hot Rock Songs and Alternative Songs charts , and holds the record for the most amount of time spent for both charts , with sixty @-@ three and sixty @-@ five weeks respectfully . It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting shipments of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the song reached number sixty @-@ eight on the Canadian Hot 100 . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video was directed by Kevin Kerslake , who had previously directed the band 's music videos for " Ready to Fall " , and " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " . The video centers around actors wearing animal costumes , who in the beginning , engage in a mosh pit . One of the animals , a polar bear , is constantly being punched and kicked by an elephant , and decides to leave . While traveling on a bus , it sees the same elephant limping . The polar bear reluctantly asks the driver to stop and let the elephant on , who sits next to the polar bear , and the two hold hands . Scenes of Rise Against performing and destroying their instruments are shown throughout . McIlrath had originally envisioned a simple performance video , with the band " going nuts in a parking lot , trashing equipment , having fun and showing the physical nature of Rise Against " . However , Kerslake came up with the idea for the animals , as he felt it would be a bizarre element that would keep people watching . Despite its humorous nature , Kerslake stated that there were some political undertones in the video , with the polar bear representing endangered species , while the elephant represents the Republican Party of the United States . = = Personnel and credits = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Appeal to Reason . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Reformed baptismal theology = In Reformed theology , baptism is a sacrament signifying the baptized person 's union with Christ , or becoming part of Christ and being treated as if they had done everything Christ had . Sacraments , along with preaching of God 's word , are means of grace through which God offers Christ to people . Sacraments are believed to have their effect through the Holy Spirit , but these effects are only believed to be beneficial to those who have faith in Christ . In Reformed theology , baptism is the sacrament of initiation into the visible church , or body of people who publicly claim faith in Christ . Baptism also signifies regeneration and remission of sin . Reformed Christians believe that the children of those who express faith in Christ should be baptized . Because baptism is believed to be beneficial only to those who have faith in Christ , infants are baptized on the basis of the promise of faith which will come to fruition later in life . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Christian baptismal theology prior to the Reformation taught that sacraments , including baptism , are means or instruments through which God communicates grace to people . The sacrament was considered valid regardless of who administered it . Not everyone who received a sacrament , however , received the grace signified by the sacrament . Some medieval theologians spoke of an obstacle of mortal sin which blocks the grace of the sacrament , while others insisted that the recipient be positively open and responding in faith to the sacrament in order to receive any benefit . Baptism was believed to be used by the Holy Spirit to transform the believer , and offered the benefits of remission of sins , regeneration , and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit . The sacrament of penance was believed to be necessary for forgiveness for sins committed after baptism . During the Reformation , Martin Luther rejected many of the Catholic Church 's seven sacraments , but retained baptism and the Lord 's Supper . He saw many practices of the medieval church as abuses of power intended to require work in order to merit forgiveness for sin after baptism rather than faith alone . Luther attached the promise of salvation to baptism , and taught that life after baptism should be spent in recollection of it and the dying to sin it signified . = = = Reformation and Reformed orthodoxy = = = Huldrych Zwingli , the earliest theologian considered part of the Reformed tradition , was vigorously opposed to worship practices he believed to be based on tradition rather than the Bible . Nevertheless , he disagreed with Anabaptists , who refused to baptize their children on scriptural grounds . Through his arguments with Anabaptists , Zwingli arrived at the position that baptism was a sign of the covenant between God and his people , but that it did not convey grace to the baptized . He saw baptism as essentially identical to the circumcision of Israelites in the Old Testament in this respect , and used this idea in polemics against Anabaptists . Zwingli 's emphasis on baptism as a pledge or oath was to prove unique in the Reformed tradition . Heinrich Bullinger , Zwingli 's successor , continued the teaching of the continuity of God 's covenants and circumcision with baptism . Bullinger also emphasized that baptism indicates duties to the baptized in response to God 's grace . John Calvin was influenced by Martin Luther 's idea of baptism as God 's promises to the baptized person attached to the outward sign of washing with water . Calvin maintained Zwingli 's idea of baptism as a public pledge , but insisted that it was secondary to baptism 's meaning as a sign of God 's promise to forgive sin . He maintained that sacraments were effective instruments in bringing about the promises they represent , however he also maintained that the promises could be refused by the baptized , and would have no effect in that case . Calvin carefully distinguished between the outward sign of the washing of water with the promises that baptism signifies while maintaining that they were inseparable . Calvin 's baptismal theology is very similar to that of Luther . It differs in the way Calvin subordinated sacraments to the preaching of the word of God . While Luther placed preaching and sacraments on the same level , Calvin saw sacraments as confirmation which is added to the preaching of the word of God . From the end of the sixteenth century through the eighteenth century , a period known as Reformed orthodoxy , Reformed baptismal theology further developed the covenantal meaning of baptism . Theologians more carefully defined the sacramental union of baptism , or the relationship between the outward washing with that which it signifies . In the high orthodox period ( middle to late seventeenth century ) , theologians such as Hermann Witsius expanded the covenantal meaning of baptism using analogies such as Noah 's Ark and the crossing of the Red Sea , which carried the theological themes of the resurrection and eternal life . This period also saw the emergence of Reformed Baptists . Reformed Baptist theologians had much in common with the Reformed , but saw baptism as a sign of the baptized 's fellowship with Christ rather than a sign and seal of the covenant of grace , and as a result did not baptize their children . = = = Modern = = = Friedrich Schleiermacher , an influential nineteenth @-@ century Reformed theologian , saw baptism as the way the church receives new members and taught that faith is a precondition for baptism . He was ambivalent about the practice of infant baptism , teaching that it was not an essential institution , but could be continued as long as the church was faithful in bringing children to confirmation . Schleiermacher also saw baptism as primarily individual rather than initiating one into a covenant community , and rejected the idea that baptism should be connected with Old Testament circumcision . Scottish nineteenth @-@ century Reformed theologian William Cunningham also sought to articulate a distinctively Reformed theology of baptism in the modern world . Cunningham preferred the writings of Zwingli on the sacraments , writing that Calvin and later Reformed orthodox theologians overly elevated the value of the sacraments . He argued that the efficacy of baptism only applies to adults expressing faith in the act of baptism . In the twentieth century , Karl Barth , an influential Swiss Reformed theologian , argued that baptism should not be administered to infants because it represented a completed association with Christ which could only be accepted or rejected by adults . Further , Barth in his later years rejected the idea that baptism was actually used by God to accomplish anything , or could even properly be called a sacrament . Instead , he taught that water baptism is a human act of obedience . His views have been called " neo @-@ Zwinglian " for this reason , and he himself identified Zwingli 's views on sacraments as the believer 's oath as his own . He continued to accept the validity of infant baptisms , and did not believe those baptized as infants should be rebaptized . Later Reformed theologians reacted against Barth 's views on baptism by appealing to Calvin , the idea that baptism is a promise rather than an accomplished reality , and the idea of baptism as a replacement of circumcision . Scottish Reformed theologian T.F. Torrance emphasized the idea that baptism is God 's word establishing the church , and that the individual 's response comes after rather than before God 's act in baptism . German Reformed liberation theologian Jürgen Moltmann , on the other hand , saw infant baptism as inappropriately associated with the national church . He saw baptism as properly a free response God 's call to discipleship . Reformed churches have generally maintained the practice of infant baptism despite these critiques . = = Sacramental theology = = In Reformed theology , sacraments are held to be , along with the word of God preached , the means of grace . In the sacraments , God graciously condescends to use common material objects to communicate divine promises to people . The grace promised consists not only in benefits which God bestows on people , but Christ 's person himself , to whom God unites the believer . Sacraments confirm or ratify the promises communicated in preaching . Both preaching and the sacraments are not merely symbolic and representative of the reality to which they refer , but actually create the reality of saving grace . The sacraments are made efficacious by the Holy Spirit in actually bringing into effect the promises signified in the sacraments . This efficacy is only beneficial , however , for those who have faith . The sacrament remains efficacious regardless of the recipient 's response . Its effect is negative , resulting in judgement , for the faithless ; while it confers Christ and his benefits for the faithful . Reformed theologians believe sacraments to be instituted in the context of covenants between God and people . They believe that when God makes covenants , he provides physical signs associated with the covenant . Old Testament covenant signs include the rainbow which appeared following a covenant made with Noah . Circumcision is believed to be a sign of God 's covenant with Abraham and his descendants . Such signs entail blessings and sanctions on those with whom God covenants . In the New Testament period there are two such signs or sacraments : baptism and the Lord 's Supper . In Reformed sacramental theology , the sign ( in the case of baptism the external washing with water ) may be described in terms of the thing signified ( regeneration , remission of sin , etc . ) , because of the close connection between them . For example , baptism may be said to save , and baptism is often called the " laver of regeneration " . However , there is also a distinction between the sign and thing signified . The sign is seen as a pledge and seal of the inward washing of regeneration and purification . The sacramental union between the sign and thing signified means that the use or purpose of the visible action of the sacrament is changed even as its substance remains the same . = = Meaning = = The Reformed tradition holds that baptism is primarily God 's promise or offer of grace to the baptized . Baptism is said to signify union with Christ in his death , burial , and resurrection . The baptized is made one with Christ 's person , meaning God the Father treats them the same as he treats Christ . Baptism also unites the baptized with Christ 's history , meaning that the person can be said to have died , been buried , and raised again just as Christ was . The baptized person 's identity in Christ is based on Christ 's action in baptism rather than the person 's action . This union also unites Christians to one another . Through the words of institution used in baptism , Christians are also united to each of the members of the trinity . In the Reformed tradition , baptism 's function as a rite of initiation into the church is secondary to its function as a sign of God 's promise of grace . Reformed theologians distinguish between the visible church , which consists of those who publicly claim to have faith in Christ as well as their children ; and the invisible church , which consists of those who actually have faith and have been regenerated . Baptism is believed to make one a member of the visible , rather than the invisible church . It is believed to be impossible to know who is a member of the invisible church . As members of the visible church , baptized Christians are believed to have obligations to live in love and service to Christ and his people . The fulfillment of these obligations is referred to as the " improvement " of one 's baptism . Reformed Christians see baptism as a replacement of circumcision in the Old Testament . Baptism does everything for New Testament Christians that circumcision did for Jews in the Old Testament . Circumcision is seen as a ritual where God 's judgement passes over the person circumcised , only to cut off a part of the flesh , sparing the rest of the person . The " cutting off " of Christ in death is seen as a perfection of circumcision , and in baptism similarly the entire body is subjected to judgement and death in order to be raised again in new life . Reformed Christians believe baptism to be a sign of regeneration , or the making of one into a new creature , based on the connection found in the New Testament between regeneration and washing with water . Baptism also represents forgiveness or remission of sin by the sprinkling of the blood of Christ , similarly to the sprinkling of blood of sacrificial animals . Baptism is held by almost the entire Reformed tradition to effect regeneration , even in infants who are incapable of faith , by effecting faith which would come to fruition later . However , Reformed theologians do not teach that baptism is necessarily bound to the forgiveness of sins . Not everyone who participates in the outward rite of baptism can be said to has had their sins forgiven . Rather , it is necessary that the baptized person participate spiritually by faith in order to receive this benefit . = = Infant baptism = = With some notable exceptions , Reformed Christians baptize infants who are born to believing parents . Reformed Christians do so on the basis of the continuity from the old covenant between God and Israel and the new covenant with the church , since infants were circumcised under the old covenant . They also see God 's saving purpose in the new covenant as having to do with families as well as individuals . Because Reformed Christians believe baptism must be embraced by faith to have any benefit , they recognize that faith may come later in life rather than preceding baptism . Infants may also be said to possess a seed of faith which will come to fruition later , or baptism may be administered based on a promise of faith offered by their sponsors ( usually their parents ) which will be kept at a later age . = = Mode and administration = = Reformed Christians believe that immersion is not necessary for baptism to be properly performed , but that pouring or sprinkling are acceptable . Sprinkling is said to symbolize the sprinkling of the blood of Christ for the removal of the guilt of sin . Only ordained ministers are permitted to administer baptism in Reformed churches , contrary to the allowance for emergency baptism by midwives in Roman Catholic churches , though baptisms performed by non @-@ ministers are generally considered valid . Reformed churches , while rejecting the baptismal ceremonies of the Roman Catholic church ( such as the use of chrism , salt , and insufflation ) , accept the validity of baptisms performed with them on the basis that the substance of baptism remains . They do not rebaptize someone who has been baptized using these ceremonies because baptism is never to be repeated . = Webley Revolver = The Webley Revolver ( also known as the Webley Top @-@ Break Revolver or Webley Self @-@ Extracting Revolver ) was , in various marks , the standard issue service pistol for the armed forces of the United Kingdom , the British Empire , and the Commonwealth from 1887 until 1963 . The Webley is a top @-@ break revolver with automatic extraction . That is , breaking the revolver open for reloading also operates the extractor . This removes the spent cartridges from the cylinder . The Webley Mk I service revolver was adopted in 1887 . A later version , the Mk IV , rose to prominence during the Boer War of 1899 – 1902 . However , the Mk VI , introduced in 1915 during the First World War , is perhaps the best @-@ known model . Firing the large .455 Webley cartridge , Webley service revolvers are among the most powerful top @-@ break revolvers ever produced . Although the .455 calibre Webley is no longer in military service , the .38 / 200 Webley Mk IV variant is still in use as a police sidearm in a number of countries . With a modified , " shaved " cylinder and the use of a half moon clip , the Webley Mk VI can fire the 45 ACP cartridge , although overpressure or + P .45 ACP cartridges exceed Webley proof loads and should not be used . Many of the Webley Mk VIs were converted to fire 45 ACP ammunition after .455 Webley ammunition became increasingly difficult to find . = = History = = The British company Webley & Scott ( P. Webley & Son before merger with W & C Scott in 1897 ) produced a range of revolvers from the mid 19th to late 20th centuries . As early as 1853 P. Webley and J. Webley began production of their first patented single action cap and ball revolvers . Later under the trade name of P. Webley and Son , manufacturing included their own .44 @-@ caliber rim @-@ fire solid frame revolver as well as licensed copies of Smith & Wesson 's Tip up break action revolvers . The quintessential hinged frame , centre @-@ fire revolvers for which the Webley name is best known first began production / development in the early 1870s most notably with the Webley @-@ Pryse ( 1877 ) and Webley @-@ Kaufman ( 1881 ) models . The W.G. or Webley @-@ Government models produced from 1885 through to the early 1900s , ( often incorrectly referred to as the Webley @-@ Green ) are the most popular of the commercial top break revolvers and many were the private purchase choice of English military officers and target shooters in the period , coming in a .476 / .455 calibre . However other short @-@ barrel solid @-@ frame revolvers , including the Webley RIC ( Royal Irish Constabulary ) model and the British Bulldog revolver , designed to be carried in a coat pocket for self @-@ defence were far more commonplace during the period . Today , undoubtedly best @-@ known are the range of military revolvers , which were in service use across two World Wars and numerous colonial conflicts . In 1887 , the British Army was searching for a revolver to replace the largely unsatisfactory .476 Enfield Mk I & Mk II Revolvers , the Enfield having only replaced the solid frame Adams .450 revolver which was a late 1860s conversion of the cap and ball Beaumont – Adams revolver in 1880 . Webley & Scott , who were already very well known makers of quality guns and had sold many pistols on a commercial basis to military officers and civilians alike , tendered the .455 calibre Webley Self @-@ Extracting Revolver for trials . The military was suitably impressed with the revolver ( it was seen as a vast improvement over the Enfield revolvers then in service , which American designed Owen extraction system did not prove particularly satisfactory in service ) , and it was adopted on 8 November 1887 as the " Pistol , Webley , Mk I " . The initial contract called for 10 @,@ 000 Webley revolvers , at a price of £ 3 / 1 / 1 each , with at least 2 @,@ 000 revolvers to be supplied within eight months . The Webley revolver went through a number of changes , culminating in the Mk VI , which was in production between 1915 and 1923 . The large .455 Webley revolvers were retired in 1947 , although the Webley Mk IV .38 / 200 remained in service until 1963 alongside the Enfield No. 2 Mk I revolver . Commercial versions of all Webley service revolvers were also sold on the civilian market , along with a number of similar designs ( such as the Webley @-@ Government and Webley @-@ Wilkinson ) that were not officially adopted for service , but were nonetheless purchased privately by military officers . = = Webley revolvers in military service = = = = = Boer War = = = The Webley Mk IV , chambered in .455 Webley , was introduced in 1899 and soon became known as the " Boer War Model " , on account of the large numbers of officers and non @-@ commissioned officers who purchased it on their way to take part in the conflict . The Webley Mk IV served alongside a large number of other handguns , including the Mauser C96 " Broomhandle " ( as used by Winston Churchill during the War ) , earlier Beaumont – Adams cartridge revolvers , and other top @-@ break revolvers manufactured by gunmakers such as William Tranter , and Kynoch . = = = First World War = = = The standard @-@ issue Webley revolver at the outbreak of the First World War was the Webley Mk V ( adopted 9 December 1913 ) , but there were considerably more Mk IV revolvers in service in 1914 , as the initial order for 20 @,@ 000 Mk V revolvers had not been completed when hostilities began . On 24 May 1915 , the Webley Mk VI was adopted as the standard sidearm for British and Commonwealth troops and remained so for the duration of the First World War , being issued to officers , airmen , naval crews , boarding parties , trench raiders , machine @-@ gun teams , and tank crews . The Mk VI proved to be a very reliable and hardy weapon , well suited to the mud and adverse conditions of trench warfare , and several accessories were developed for the Mk VI , including a bayonet ( made from a converted French Gras bayonet ) , speedloader devices ( the " Prideaux Device " and the Watson design ) , and a stock allowing for the revolver to be converted into a carbine . Demand exceeded production , which was already behind as the war began . This forced the British government to buy substitute weapons chambered in .455 Webley from neutral countries . America provided the Smith & Wesson 2nd Model " Hand Ejector " and Colt New Service Revolvers . Spanish gunsmiths in Eibar made decent @-@ quality copies of popular guns and were tapped to cheaply close the gap by making a .455 variant of their 11mm M1884 or " S & W Model 7 ONÁ " revolver , a copy of the Smith & Wesson .44 Double Action First Model . The Pistol , Revolver , Old Pattern , No. 1 Mk . 1 was by Garate , Anitua y Cia. and the Pistol , Revolver , Old Pattern , No.2 Mk.1 was by Trocaola , Aranzabal y Cia .. Orbea Hermanos y Cia. made 10 @,@ 000 pistols . Rexach & Urgoite was tapped for an initial order of 500 revolvers , but they were rejected due to defects . = = = Second World War = = = The official service pistol for the British military during the Second World War was the Enfield No. 2 Mk I .38 / 200 calibre revolver , . Owing to a critical shortage of handguns , a number of other weapons were also adopted ( first practically , then officially ) to alleviate the shortage . As a result , both the Webley Mk IV in .38 / 200 and Webley Mk VI in .455 calibre were issued to personnel during the war . = = = Post @-@ war = = = The Webley Mk VI ( .455 ) and Mk IV ( .38 / 200 ) revolvers were still issued to British and Commonwealth Forces after the Second World War ; there were now extensive stockpiles of the revolvers in military stores . An armourer stationed in West Germany recalled ( admittedly tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek ) that by the time they were officially retired in 1963 , the ammunition allowance was " two cartridges per man , per year . " This lack of ammunition was instrumental in keeping the Enfield and Webley revolvers in use so long : they were not wearing out because they were not being used . The Webley Mk IV .38 revolver was not completely replaced by the Browning Hi @-@ Power until 1963 , and saw use in the Korean War , the Suez Crisis , Malayan Emergency , and the Rhodesian Bush War . Many Enfield No. 2 Mk I revolvers were still circulating in British Military service as late as 1970 . = = = Police use = = = The Hong Kong Police and Royal Singaporean Police were issued Webley Mk III & Mk IV ( 38S & W then.38 / 200 - Never use 38 / 200 in a Webley Mark III proofed for black powder 38S & W only ) revolvers from the 1930s . Singaporean police ( and some other " officials " ) Webleys were equipped with safety catches , a rather unusual feature in a revolver . These were gradually retired in the 1970s as they came in for repair , and were replaced with Smith & Wesson Model 10 .38 revolvers . The London Metropolitan Police were also known to use Webley revolvers , as were most colonial police units until just after the Second World War . There may still be some police units with Webley Mk IV revolvers that , whilst not issued , are still present in the armoury . The Ordnance Factory Board of India still manufactures .380 Revolver Mk IIz cartridges , as well as a .32 calibre revolver ( the IOF .32 Revolver ) with 2 @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) barrel which is clearly based on the Webley Mk IV .38 service pistol . = = = Military service .455 Webley revolver marks and models = = = There were six different marks of .455 calibre Webley British Government Model revolvers approved for British military service at various times between 1887 and the end of the First World War : Mk I : The first Webley self @-@ extracting revolver adopted for service , officially adopted 8 November 1887 , with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) barrel and " bird 's beak " style grips . Mk I * was a factory upgrade of Mk I revolvers to match the Mk II . Mk II : Similar to the Mk I , with modifications to the hammer and grip shape , as well as a hardened steel shield for the blast @-@ shield . Officially adopted 21 May 1895 , with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) barrel . Mk III : Identical to Mk II , but with modifications to the cylinder cam and related parts . Officially adopted 5 October 1897 , most not issued , with exception of a number that were marked with the " broad arrow " acceptance stamp on the top strap . These few went to Royal Navy Service . Mk IV : The " Boer War " Model . Manufactured using much higher quality steel and case hardened parts , with the cylinder axis being a fixed part of the barrel and modifications to various other parts , including a re @-@ designed blast @-@ shield . Officially adopted 21 July 1899 , with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) barrel . Mk V : Similar to the Mk IV , but with cylinders 0 @.@ 12 @-@ inch ( 3 @.@ 0 mm ) wider to allow for the use of nitrocellulose propellant @-@ based cartridges . Officially adopted 9 December 1913 , with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) barrel , although some models produced in 1915 had 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) and 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) barrels . Mk VI : Similar to the Mk V , but with a squared @-@ off " target " style grip ( as opposed to the " bird 's @-@ beak " style found on earlier marks and models ) and a 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) barrel . Officially adopted 24 May 1915 , and also manufactured by RSAF Enfield under the designation Pistol , Revolver , Webley , No. 1 Mk VI 1921 – 1926 . = = The Webley Mk IV .38 / 200 Service Revolver = = At the end of the First World War , the British military decided that the .455 calibre gun and cartridge was too large for modern military use and — after numerous tests and extensive trials — that a pistol in .38 calibre firing a 200 @-@ grain ( 13 g ) bullet would be just as effective as the .455 for stopping an enemy . Webley & Scott immediately tendered the .38 / 200 calibre Webley Mk IV revolver , which as well as being nearly identical in appearance to the .455 calibre Mk VI revolver ( albeit scaled down for the smaller cartridge ) , was based on their .38 calibre Webley Mk III pistol , designed for the police and civilian markets . Much to their surprise , the British Government took the design to the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield Lock , which came up with a revolver that was externally very similar looking to the .38 / 200 calibre Webley Mk IV , but was internally different enough that no parts from the Webley could be used in the Enfield and vice versa . The Enfield @-@ designed pistol was quickly accepted under the designation Pistol , Revolver , No. 2 Mk I , and was adopted in 1932 , followed in 1938 by the Mk I * ( spurless hammer , double action only ) , and finally the Mk I * * ( simplified for wartime production ) in 1942 . Webley & Scott sued the British Government over the incident , claiming £ 2250 as " costs involved in the research and design " of the revolver . This was contested by RSAF Enfield , which quite firmly stated that the Enfield No. 2 Mk I was designed by Captain Boys ( the Assistant Superintendent of Design , later of Boys Anti @-@ Tank Rifle fame ) with assistance from Webley & Scott , and not the other way around . Accordingly , their claim was denied . By way of compensation , the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors eventually awarded Webley & Scott £ 1250 for their work . RSAF Enfield proved unable to manufacture enough No. 2 revolvers to meet the military 's wartime demands , and as a result Webley 's Mk IV was also widely used within the British Army in World War Two . = = Other well @-@ known Webley Revolvers = = Whilst the top @-@ break , self @-@ extracting revolvers used by the British and Commonwealth militaries are the best @-@ known examples of Webley Revolvers , the company produced a number of other highly popular revolvers largely intended for the police and civilian markets . = = = Webley RIC = = = The Webley RIC ( Royal Irish Constabulary ) model was Webley 's first double @-@ action revolver , and adopted by the RIC in 1868 , hence the name . It was a solid frame , gate @-@ loaded revolver , chambered in .442 Webley . General George Armstrong Custer was known to have owned a pair , which he is believed to have used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 . A small number of early examples were produced in the huge .500 Tranter calibre , and later models were available chambered for the .450 Adams and other cartridges . They were also widely copied in Belgium . = = = British Bull Dog = = = The British Bull Dog model was an enormously successful solid @-@ frame design introduced by Webley in 1872 . It featured a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 64 mm ) barrel and was chambered for five .44 Short Rimfire , .442 Webley , or .450 Adams cartridges . A .44 calibre Belgian @-@ made British Bulldog revolver was used to assassinate US President James Garfield on July 2 , 1881 by Charles Guiteau . ( Webley later added smaller scaled five chambered versions in .320 and .380 calibres , but did not mark them British Bull Dog . ) It was designed to be carried in a coat pocket or kept on a night @-@ stand , and many have survived to the present day in good condition , having seen little actual use . Numerous copies of this design were made during the late 19th century in Belgium , with smaller numbers also produced in Spain , France and the USA . They remained reasonably popular until the Second World War , but are now generally sought after only as collectors ' pieces , since ammunition for them is for the most part no longer commercially manufactured . = = = Webley @-@ Fosbery Automatic Revolver = = = A highly unusual example of an " automatic revolver " , the Webley @-@ Fosbery Automatic Revolver was produced between 1900 and 1915 , and available in both a six @-@ shot .455 Webley version , and an eight @-@ shot .38 ACP ( not to be confused with .380 ACP ) version . Unusually for a revolver , the Webley @-@ Fosbery had a safety catch , and the light trigger pull , solid design , and reputation for accuracy ensured that the Webley @-@ Fosbery remained popular with target shooters long after production had finished . = = Users = = British Empire Hong Kong ： Retired India Ireland Israel Luxembourg Philippines Singapore ： Retired = Popotan = Popotan ( ぽぽたん ) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Petit Ferret with character designs by Akio Watanabe under the alias Poyoyon Rock . It was originally released as a PC game for CD @-@ ROM on December 13 , 2002 and subsequently re @-@ released on DVD @-@ ROM and for the PlayStation 2 with certain scenes removed . The title Popotan is nonsensical word meant to reflect the prominence of dandelions , spelled tanpopo ( たんぽぽ ) in Japanese ; Petite Ferret also produced a fan disc shortly before the DVD @-@ ROM re @-@ release . Popotan has been adapted to other media , including a novel series ( Popotan ～ Himitsu no Jumon ～ Kōhen ) by Sassami Yachiruda ; manga series by Yūjiro Izumi ; twelve episode anime directed by Shinichiro Kimura and licensed in North America by Geneon USA and later , Sentai Filmworks ; radio drama ( Poporaji ) ; and several art and reference books . Gameplay in Popotan follows a semi @-@ predetermined plot ; major events remain the same , but personal storylines can diverge from the player 's choices . The game focuses on protagonist Chris , a drifter who meets three girls and their maid in a mansion near the ruins of Tokyo in the distant future . The player 's goal is to make available sexual scenes and images that the player can view or replay at any time depicting the protagonist having sexual intercourse with one of the girls . The player can pursue other girls once they have finished one of the sisters ' storylines . Sales of the visual novel and its fan disc made the top 50 list of bestselling bishōjo games in Japan multiple times and it spawned an internet meme when the opening was put to sped @-@ up music by the Swedish band Caramell . Reception of the anime has been mixed with those who reviewed the first volume critical of the anime 's sexual themes , especially with regard to Mii , while those who reviewed the series as a whole have tended to give overall more positive reviews , praising the story 's unexpected depth . = = Gameplay = = Popotan is a visual novel in which players spend most of their time in reading dynamic text , representing either dialogue between the various characters or the inner thoughts of the protagonist . After progressing through text , players either come to a " decision point " where they must choose from multiple options , or the text will end and the player must move to a new location , or , in the DVD @-@ ROM and PS2 versions , use a shortcut option to continue to the next event . Time elapsed between decision points varies . The game pauses at these points and , depending on which choice the player makes , the plot will progress and may branch off in a specific direction . The player must romantically pursue the three sisters , and can seek other characters if one of the sisters ' scenarios has been completed . A special music mini @-@ game commences at certain points in Mii 's scenario . The goal of the mini @-@ game is to max out " Magical Girl Mii " ' s magical power meter by hitting balls at the right moment . The outcome of the mini @-@ game affects the storyline . Successfully completing her scenarios unlock an omake option on the main menu , allowing the player to play the mini @-@ game with different music tracks . Finishing Ai 's scenario unlocks a new story featuring Unagi . The player can save the game only while text is on the screen in the PC versions ; this limitation was removed in the PS2 port . The PS2 port also altered the events and scenes based on the DVD version . = = Plot = = = = = Characters = = = The player assumes the role of Chris , the protagonist of Popotan . Chris is a high school dropout who dislikes the direction of society and refuses to get a job . He wanders the streets making a living as a guitar @-@ playing busker . He feels he cannot play well without an audience , which is hard to find as a drifter . The other main characters include three sisters and their maid who live in a western @-@ style mansion . Ai is the eldest of the three and communicates with plants . Mai is the middle sister ; she is a tomboy and disapproves of Chris 's behavior . Mii is the youngest and the most energetic ; she often cosplays as " Magical Girl Mii " and helps people . Their maid Mea appears emotionless at first , but reveals hidden depth later in the story . = = = Story = = = Popotan takes place in the distant future within the remnants of Tokyo , destroyed by a cataclysm and since altered by geological transformations . The disaster was caused by a giant dandelion structure resembling a spire that arose in the city atop a hill . The main location of the game is a European @-@ style mansion , seen as completely out @-@ of @-@ place in the city . Much of the daytime is spent outside the mansion wandering around town meeting characters and triggering event sequences . Popotan follows Chris 's lifestyle changes , as well as the mysteries surrounding the spire @-@ like object that caused the destruction of Tokyo in the past . The story opens as Chris desperately considers stealing food from a stand near a shrine entrance . His theft is unsuccessful , and he wanders around town looking for work . He finds a convenience store , where he gets directions leading him to the mansion . He enters without asking permission and runs into the three sisters and their lifelike android maid . Chris asks permission to stay because the rent is cheap and the girls are pretty ; they consent , but force him to take a part @-@ time job . The convenience store owner hires him , and as the story progresses , Chris opens up socially and begins caring about others as he interacts with the girls . He also meets new friends , including a classmate Konami , a local shrine maiden named Nono and a mysterious girl named Shizuku . = = Development = = Petit Ferret developed Popotan in 2002 . Seki Hayabusa and Iwashinichi Shimizu handled scenario development , and Akio Watanabe designed its characters while working under the alias Poyoyon ♥ Rock . Higuchi Hideki and Kajihara Masahiro composed music for the series ; Under17 contributed theme music with vocals . Petite Ferret created over 1 @,@ 000 two @-@ dimensional computer graphics for backgrounds , events , and character poses . Though only characters ' mouths and eyes are animated , numerous poses exist for both major and minor characters ; Petit Ferret created slightly fewer graphics for the latter to reduce production costs . The game uses a character placement system to display the characters relative to the protagonist ; distant characters appear small , and grow larger as the player approaches them . Petit Ferret requested applications for Japanese voice actresses from May to June 2002 , seeking to fill the roles of the three sisters first . Satisfied with the applicants , Petit Ferret held open auditions for other roles starting June 30 , 2002 . WellMADE produced and distributed the PS2 port , Oshiete ! Popotan ( おしえて ! ぽぽたん ) , based on the DVD @-@ ROM version of the original game . Petit Ferret made Akio Watanabe project supervisor for the PS2 port . = = = Release information = = = Petit Ferret released a trial version of Popotan for download on November 25 , 2002 and released the full PC version on one CD @-@ ROM the following December 13 . To increase pre @-@ order sales , Ferret packaged the initial CD @-@ ROM release of Popotan with a special maxi single CD of Under17 's theme songs . The firm then released a fan disc on July 11 , 2003 titled Popotan Fan Disc : Issho ni A @-@ SO @-@ BO ( ぽぽたんファンディスクいっしょにA ・ SO ・ BO ? , Popotan Fan Disc : Let 's P @-@ L @-@ A @-@ Y Together ) . The disc includes several character @-@ based mini @-@ games ( including the original 's " Magical Girl Mii " mini @-@ game ) , new storyline content and routes based around Mii and Nono , a separate music CD containing background music from the original game , themed computer wallpaper , and desktop accessories . Some of the items must be unlocked . The fan disc preceded a re @-@ release of the main game as Popotan Po ! on August 1 , 2003 as a DVD @-@ ROM with game enhancements ; it would be Petit Ferret 's last official release . WellMADE produced a PS2 port named Oshiete ! Popotan , released March 11 , 2004 . Scenes in the port were changed or removed to comply with Sony 's ban on sexual content , but the release still warranted CERO 18 rating . Later , after the CERO revised its rating system , it was given a CERO D rating . WellMADE tried to compensate for their absence with graphics and gameplay improvements . WellMADE enticed buyers of the port with a bonus themed	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
proposal to build the highway , requiring Caltrans to find another parcel to use for constructing habitat . The CTC did approve the proposal a month later , provided that this land was found before construction began . In October , the City Council decided to use the Lawrence Canyon land for mitigation after all . Nevertheless , a city councilman raised concerns that the expressway would not be adequate to handle 2010 traffic levels . The four lane expressway bypass of Oceanside was constructed beginning in 1994 . The first four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from I @-@ 5 to Foussat Road opened to traffic in late 1995 . The cost of this portion was $ 10 million ( about $ 19 @.@ 4 million in 2015 dollars ) ; at that time , completion of the rest of the route was expected for 2008 . The rerouting of SR 76 away from Mission Avenue resulted in a decrease in business for establishments located along the old routing . On June 12 , 1996 , the groundbreaking ceremony for the second phase of the project took place , by which time the completion date for the entire roadway had slipped to 2010 . This phase between Foussat Road and Jefferies Ranch Road was finished in late 1999 . Because the expressway was constructed on top of Mission Avenue east of Old Grove Road , the former was rerouted onto a new alignment that connected to Frazee Road . However , Mission Avenue was thus fragmented , and does not exist between Frazee Road and Jefferies Ranch Road , where the designation resumes . = = = East of Oceanside = = = By 2002 , Caltrans had two proposals for the part of the widening project between East Vista Way and Mission Road : building the new highway on top of the old one , or constructing a new roadway to the south of the San Luis Rey River . Concerns arose , however , that the TransNet local sales tax would not be extended by voters , leading to the cancellation of that project . The San Diego Association of Governments included the widening east to Bonsall in the regional plan in 2003 , but indicated that the portion from Bonsall to I @-@ 15 would be dependent on the availability of funding . Residents of Fallbrook and Bonsall criticized the fact that SR 76 was one of the few TransNet projects that was not to be completed by the expiration of the tax in 2008 . The city of Oceanside proposed plans for grade @-@ separated interchanges with College Boulevard and Melrose Drive in 2004 , in the event that the expressway through Oceanside would have had to be converted to a freeway . However , after complaints from residents , these proposals were tabled . After TransNet was renewed in November 2004 , planning continued for widening the remaining portion of SR 76 west of I @-@ 15 , due to the frequent accidents that occurred on the eastern portion ; however , some claimed that the habits of drivers were at fault . The 2007 environmental impact report recommended constructing the new roadway along the route of the old one , rather than moving the entire highway south . Meanwhile , congestion east of I @-@ 15 increased with the opening of four new casinos near Pala . The Pala Indian band was required to pay for the costs to improve the road in order to mitigate the increased traffic levels from their proposed expansion . Construction began on widening the highway in April 2008 , and in March 2009 , two lanes of a realigned 1 @.@ 3 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) segment of SR 76 opened east of I @-@ 15 . Initially , only two lanes were open , with the other two lanes of this new four lane divided highway planned to open in September 2009 . The purpose of this improvement was to reduce accidents on a stretch of road that carried over 12 @,@ 000 motorists per day , many headed for either the Pala Indian casino or a new gravel quarry that had recently opened . The casino and quarry owners each paid for half of the $ 26 million ( about $ 30 @.@ 9 million in 2015 dollars ) cost of the new road . Even after this , in 2009 , the corner of SR 76 and Palomar Mountain Road was determined to be the place in the county with the most motorcycle accidents . Construction started on widening SR 76 between Melrose Drive and South Mission Road in January 2010 to four lanes , and was funded by the federal government , state government , and by TransNet revenue . The project included building a second bridge over the San Luis Rey River . Discussion on whether the route of the highway should go south or north of the river east of Mission Road began later that year , with residents expressing concerns about being able to make left turns . In June 2011 , Caltrans decided to use the existing roadway as the path , but agreed to build traffic signals at Via Monserate , South Mission Road , Gird Road , and Old Highway 395 . For environmental mitigation , Caltrans purchased the parcel known as Rancho Lilac , which was 902 acres ( 365 ha ) . The additional Bonsall bridge was finished by April 2012 . The westbound lanes between Melrose Drive and Mission Road opened to traffic in October , with the entire roadway projected to be complete by the end of the year . The total cost of the entire widening project east of Melrose Drive is projected to be $ 371 million . A request by the city of Oceanside to restore access to Jefferies Ranch Road from SR 76 was declined by Caltrans in late 2012 , due to concerns about future expressway expansion to six lanes . In May 2013 , construction at the I @-@ 15 and SR 76 interchange uncovered a Bison latifrons fossil ; revisions to the interchange were finished in August 2013 . The final portion east to I @-@ 15 was contracted out in August , and construction was to begin soon afterward and extend until 2017 , at a cost of $ 200 million . = = Major intersections = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in San Diego County . = Star Wars : Jedi Knight ( series ) = Star Wars : Jedi Knight is a first @-@ person shooter and third @-@ person shooter video game series set in the fictional Star Wars expanded universe . The series focuses primarily on Kyle Katarn , a former Imperial officer who ultimately becomes a member of the New Republic and an instructor at the Jedi Academy . The Jedi Knight series began in 1995 with the release of Star Wars : Dark Forces for DOS , Macintosh , and PlayStation . This was followed in 1997 by Star Wars Jedi Knight : Dark Forces II for Microsoft Windows , in which Katarn learns the ways of a Jedi . In 1998 , Star Wars Jedi Knight : Mysteries of the Sith was released as an expansion pack for Dark Forces II , this time giving the player control of Mara Jade as well as Katarn . In 2002 , Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast was added to the series . Jedi Outcast was developed by Raven Software and powered by the id Tech 3 game engine . It was released for Windows , Mac , Xbox and GameCube . Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy followed in 2003 on Windows , Mac and Xbox . It was powered by the same game engine as its predecessor . Jedi Academy was the first game in the series where the player does not control Katarn at any point , although he is featured prominently in the storyline . The games in the Jedi Knight series have received generally favorable reviews . Multiple publications have commented on the quality of the series as a whole , with GameNOW describing it as " consistently great . " The use of the lightsaber in the series , a prominent gameplay element in all but the first game , has received specific praise for its implementation . = = Games = = Star Wars : Dark Forces was developed and published by LucasArts , and released in North America on February 28 , 1995 for MS @-@ DOS and Macintosh , and on November 30 , 1996 for PlayStation . It was the first officially produced first @-@ person shooter set in the Star Wars universe . Star Wars Jedi Knight : Dark Forces II was again developed and published by LucasArts , and released in North America on September 30 , 1997 for Microsoft Windows . Star Wars Jedi Knight : Mysteries of the Sith is an expansion pack for Dark Forces II . Developed and published by LucasArts , it was released on February 24 , 1998 for Microsoft Windows . The expansion includes a single @-@ player mode and fifteen multiplayer maps . Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast was developed by Raven Software for the PC and Mac , and Vicarious Visions for the Xbox and GameCube . LucasArts published the PC version worldwide and the Xbox and GameCube versions in North America , Activision published the Xbox and GameCube versions in Europe , and Aspyr published the Mac version worldwide . The PC version was released in North America on March 26 , 2002 , the Mac version on November 5 , and the Xbox and GameCube versions on November 19 . Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy was developed by Raven Software for the PC and Mac , and Vicarious Visions for the Xbox . LucasArts published the PC and Xbox versions in North America , Activision published them in Europe , and Aspyr published the Mac version worldwide . Jedi Academy was released on September 16 , 2003 for Mac , on September 17 for Windows , and on November 18 for Xbox . = = Overview = = = = = Gameplay = = = The Jedi Knight series is composed primarily of first / third @-@ person shooter gameplay elements , with a number of variation on the norms of the genre within each game . All of the games use a level based system which contains a series of objectives that must be completed before the player can continue . From Dark Forces II onwards , the games have included lightsaber combat and the use of Force powers , which have been tweaked and modified as the series has progressed . In the first game , Dark Forces , the focus is on combat against various creatures and characters from the Star Wars universe , and includes environmental puzzles and hazards , whilst following a central storyline outlined in mission briefings and cutscenes . For combat , the player may use fists , explosive land mines and thermal detonators , as well as blasters and other ranged weapons , with the gameplay leaning more towards ranged combat . In Dark Forces II , the player has the option of a third @-@ person view , plus an option to switch automatically to third @-@ person when the lightsaber is the selected weapon . Three types of Force powers are introduced in this game : Light powers provide non violent advantages , Dark powers provide violent ones , while Neutral powers enhance athletic abilities . The game has two endings , depending on whether the player chooses to focus on the Light Side or the Dark Side . Unlike its predecessor , Mysteries of the Sith has a single , morally positive course , as the player progresses through the game in a linear fashion . The game includes most of the enemies featured in Dark Forces II , plus some new monsters . The player has access to Force powers and projectile weapons such as a blaster or railgun , as well as a lightsaber . Jedi Outcast 's gameplay is similar to that of its predecessors , with some small additions , such as access to gun turrets , or the use of combos unique to each of the three lightsaber styles in the game ; fast , medium and strong . As with Dark Forces II and Mysteries of the Sith , the use of Force powers is restricted by a " Force Meter " , which depletes when the powers are used . Jedi Academy features very similar gameplay to Jedi Outcast , although one new feature is that the player may customize their lightsaber at the outset of the game . Later , the player has the option of choosing dual sabers , or a " saber staff " , similar to Darth Maul 's double ended lightsaber in The Phantom Menace . Instead of moving linearly from one level to the next , the player chooses from a selection of different missions which can be played in any order . The game also introduces player @-@ controllable vehicles and vehicle @-@ based levels . Starting with Jedi Knight , a multiplayer mode has been included in every game , in which up to eight people can compete with one another via a LAN or up to four people online . In Jedi Knight , the player creates an avatar , and then selects a ranking , with higher rankings having access to more Force powers . There are two types of multiplayer game available ; " Capture the flag " and " Jedi Training " . Mysteries of the Sith includes fifteen multiplayer maps , four of which only allow players to battle with lightsabers , and a ranking system that tracks the player 's experience . The multiplayer mode allows the use of pre @-@ set characters featured in both Jedi Knight and Mysteries of the Sith , as well as characters from the Star Wars films , such as Luke Skywalker , Darth Vader and Boba Fett . In Mysteries , the " Capture the flag " mode is altered , with the gradual reduction of the Force powers of the player who is carrying the flag . Jedi Outcast features several multiplayer modes , which , in the PC and Mac versions , can be played over a LAN or the internet . Multiplayer mode is limited to two players on the Xbox and GameCube versions of the game . Game modes include " Free @-@ For @-@ All " , " Team Deathmatch " , " Capture the Flag " , " Power Duel " and " Siege " , all of which can be played with other players , bots , or both . Jedi Academy introduces several multiplayer modifications , such as Movie Battles II which allows players to take part in lightsaber duels that featured in the Star Wars films . Movie Battles also lets players choose different classes of character , ranging from Jedi Knight to Wookiee . Another popular modification , Evolution of Combat , allows players to use more movie @-@ realistic saber combat along with other additions such as a movie accurate class system featuring tens of new characters . = = = Story = = = The Jedi Knight video games are set in the Star Wars universe . For the majority of the series , the player controls Kyle Katarn , who begins as a mercenary , eventually learning the ways of The Force , becoming a Jedi Master and teaching at the Jedi Academy . Prior to the events of Dark Forces , Katarn was a student studying to follow in his father 's career of agricultural mechanics . However , while at an academy , he was told by officials that the Rebel Alliance had killed his parents . His anger led him to enlist in the Imperial army , where he soon met Jan Ors , an undercover double agent working for the Alliance . Ors uncovered the real information about Katarn 's parents ; they had actually been killed by the Empire . Shortly thereafter , Ors ' cover was blown , and she was taken prisoner . Katarn helped her escape , thus ending his career with the Empire . He then became a mercenary , and due to his hatred for the Empire , regularly took on jobs for the Alliance . In the first level of Dark Forces , which is set prior to A New Hope , Katarn recovers the plans to the Death Star , a heavily armed space station capable of destroying entire planets . The Rebel Alliance uses the plans to find a weakness in and then destroy the Death Star . Katarn then aids the Rebels in stopping the threat of the Imperial " Dark Trooper " project . Despite the successful missions on behalf of the Alliance , however , Katarn does not join their cause . Dark Forces II begins several years after the destruction of the second Death Star in Return of the Jedi , when Katarn is informed of the exact details of his father 's death . His father , Morgan Katarn , had discovered the location of " The Valley of the Jedi " , a source of great Force power , but a Dark Jedi named Jerec murdered Morgan in an attempt to find the location . Katarn travels to the Valley of the Jedi while learning the ways of the Jedi himself . Eventually , he confronts and defeats Jerec , avenging his father 's death . However , Katarn still does not join the Jedi Order , instead using his powers for the New Republic , and taking on an apprentice with a similar history to himself ; Mara Jade . During this time , Katarn learns of a Sith temple on the planet Dromund Kaas . There , Katarn is corrupted by the Dark Side of the Force . However , Jade is able to convince him to return to the Light and they leave together . This incident causes Katarn to distance himself from the Force and return to mercenary missions with Jan Ors . In Jedi Outcast , Ors is captured by Desann , a former pupil of Luke Skywalker who has turned to the Dark Side . Katarn believes Desann to have killed Ors , and so he returns to the Valley of the Jedi in an attempt to reconnect to the Force so as to stop Desann . Eventually , it is revealed that Ors ' death is a ruse by Desann for the express purpose of having Katarn return to the Valley , so Desann may learn of its location . Desann , in league with the Imperial Remnant , uses the power of the Valley to endow his troops with Force power , before using them to launch an attack on the Jedi Academy . However , Katarn defeats Desann and discovers his true path , becoming a tutor at the Academy . In Jedi Academy , Katarn takes on two students : Jaden Korr and Rosh Penin . The protagonist of the game is Jaden , who is dispatched on various peace @-@ keeping missions across the galaxy , sometimes with Katarn , sometimes alone . Jaden eventually encounters a Sith cult led by Tavion ( Desann 's former apprentice ) who plans to restore the Sith to power by using stolen Force energy to resurrect an ancient Sith Lord , Marka Ragnos . After learning that Rosh has betrayed the Jedi and joined Tavion , Jaden may either kill him and turn to the Dark Side or let him live and remain on the Light Side . If Jaden chooses to free Rosh , he ultimately faces and defeats both Tavion and the spirit of Ragnos . If he chooses the Dark Side , he kills Tavion , fights and defeats ( but does not kill ) Katarn , and then flees with Tavion 's staff , which is capable of absorbing the Force . The game ends with Katarn setting out in pursuit of Jaden . = = Development = = Production of Star Wars : Dark Forces began in September 1993 , with Daron Stinnett as project leader and Justin Chin as lead writer . The developers wanted to adapt the first @-@ person shooter format to include strategy and puzzles , which at the time , had never been done . Dark Forces thus features numerous logic puzzles and parts of the game requires a strategic method to progress , often involving manipulation of the environment . This style of gameplay has remained constant in all Jedi Knight games . Another aspect that has remained the same since Dark Forces is the use of John Williams ' soundtrack from the Star Wars films . In Dark Forces the music was implemented using iMuse , software that alters the music depending on what is happening at any given moment in the game . Lucasarts developed the Jedi game engine to power Dark Forces , adding features to the first @-@ person shooter genre that were uncommon at the time , such as multi @-@ level floors and free look , as well as athletic abilities such as running , jumping , ducking and swimming . Original plans for the game had Luke Skywalker as the main character , but due to the limitations this would impose on the story , the developers designed a new character , Kyle Katarn . Even before the release of Dark Forces , Justin Chin had planned out Katarn 's role in Dark Forces II , indicating that Katarn would face a " big trial " in a game that would be a " rite of passage . " Chin became project leader for Dark Forces II . In the game , the digital audio from Dark Forces was replaced with CD audio . Dark Forces II adds two " Jedi " aspects to the series ; the use of The Force and the lightsaber . The Force plays an integral role in how the player plays the game . The method of allocating credits to Force powers was designed with an RPG style in mind , allowing the player the choice of which powers to improve . Chin said in an early interview that progress through the game is based upon the abilities the player develops . A new game engine , the Sith engine , was developed for Dark Forces II , which uses both 3D graphics and sound . It was one of the first games to adopt the use of 3D graphics hardware acceleration using Microsoft Direct3D . Another development was that Dark Forces II moved on from the static images between levels used in Dark Forces to full motion video cutscenes . The characters are represented by live actors while the backgrounds are pre @-@ rendered . The cutscenes included the first lightsaber footage filmed since Return of the Jedi in 1983 . Dark Forces II also introduced multiplayer gaming to the series , allowing players to play online or via a LAN . Nearly four years after the release of Dark Forces II , LucasArts announced at E3 2001 that Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast would be released in 2002 . Unlike previous games in the series , Jedi Outcast was not developed in @-@ house by LucasArts , but by Raven Software . The subsequent success of Outcast led LucasArts to continue the partnership with Raven , leading to the development of Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy a year later ; " With the overwhelming success and critical acclaim of Star Wars : Jedi Outcast , continuing an alliance with Activision and Raven Software was a clear and very easy decision , " said then @-@ president of LucasArts , Simon Jeffery . Jedi Outcast and Jedi Academy are both powered by the Quake III : Team Arena game engine , with modifications for the use of a lightsaber and The Force . Jedi Academy is the only game in the Jedi Knight series that does not give the player control of Katarn at any point . Instead the focus is on Jaden Korr , a student of the Force under Katarn . The decision to change protagonist was made by the developers for gameplay reasons . = = Reception = = The Jedi Knight series as a whole has been well received . The series itself has been described as " highly acclaimed , " and has been noted by IGN as one of few Star Wars themed video game franchises that is of consistently high quality on the PC . GamersMark.com called the series " rather entertaining , " whilst GameNOW rated it as " consistently great . " Individually , each game in the series has been generally well received . In 1995 , Dark Forces became LucasArts ' highest sell @-@ in with more than 300 @,@ 000 copies accounted for at launch . Games in the series have achieved consistently favorable review scores from most publications , and hold high aggregate scores on both Metacritic and GameRankings . The only exceptions are the PlayStation version of Dark Forces , which was perceived to have graphical problems and the GameCube version of Jedi Outcast , which was seen as considerably inferior to the PC and Xbox versions . Games in the Jedi Knight series have also received specific commendation and awards . Dark Forces II was judged the best game of the year for 1997 by five publications , and was number one in PC Gamer 's " 50 best games ever " list in 1998 . Jedi Outcast was a finalist in the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences " Interactive Achievement Awards " in the 2002 Game of the Year category . The game also received commendations from PC Gamer and Computer Gaming World . Gameplay aspects of the series have also been well received . The lightsaber charted at number 7 in UGO Networks 's countdown of the 50 best weapons in video games . The publication commented that using such a weapon in a game was " extremely satisfying , " and stated that lightsaber usage had been refined as the series continued . Kyle Katarn has also received a positive reception . IGN placed him as their 22nd top Star Wars character , praising him as " a gamer 's reliable blank state , " a feature which they felt made him one of the most " human " Star Wars characters . They also stated that Katarn 's endearence with fans was because of his " mishmash of quirks and dispositions . " In GameSpot 's vote for the all @-@ time greatest videogame hero , Katarn was eliminated in round two when faced against Lara Croft , garnering 27 @.@ 5 % of the votes . In round one he defeated Dig Dug , with 67 @.@ 6 % of the votes . = History of Norwich City F.C. = The history of Norwich City F.C. stretches back to 1902 . After a brief period in amateur football , the club spent 15 years as a semi @-@ professional team in the Southern League before admission to The Football League in 1920 . For most of the next 50 years , Norwich City F.C. sat in Division Three ( South ) , then the joint lowest tier of the football league , a period that was distinguished by " a thrilling giant @-@ killing sequence which took them to the FA Cup semi @-@ finals " in 1959 . Shortly afterwards , the club won its first major trophy , the 1962 League Cup . Norwich finally reached the pinnacle of the league structure in 1972 , with their first promotion to the top tier . Since then , Norwich City has acquired a reputation as a " yo @-@ yo club " , with 22 seasons in the top league and 15 in the second tier . It is during this period that the club has achieved most of its greatest distinctions , claiming its second major trophy , the League Cup in 1985 , reaching two more FA Cup semi finals , finishing fifth , fourth and third in the top division and beating Bayern Munich in the UEFA Cup . In the course of its history , Norwich City has survived a number of incidents that threatened its survival , including ousting from amateur football , the need to be re @-@ elected to The Football League and financial crises . Geoffrey Watling , who was to become club Chairman and after whom a stand at the club 's stadium , Carrow Road is named , was instrumental in saving the club from bankruptcy , both in the 1950s and 1990s ; his father had played a similar role in 1919 . = = Early years : 1902 – 1930 = = Norwich City F.C. was formed following a meeting at the Criterion Cafe in Norwich on 17 June 1902 by a group of friends led by two former Norwich CEYMS players , and played their first competitive match against Harwich & Parkeston , at Newmarket Road on 6 September 1902 . Originally , the club was nicknamed the Citizens , and played in light blue and white halved shirts . The popular pastime of canary rearing had given rise to the team 's nickname of " The Canaries " by April 1905 , and by February 1907 this moniker had been adopted by the national press . The following season , inspired by the nickname , City played for the first time in Canary livery ; yellow shirts with green collars and cuffs . A local paper reported that " The Cits are dead but the Canaries are very much alive " . Norwich played for just over two seasons as an amateur club under The Football Association ( FA ) . However , following an FA Commission of inquiry , the club was informed on the last day of 1904 that they had been deemed a professional organisation and hence ineligible to compete in amateur football . The main allegations were : fees ... paid for the use of a gymnasium and also for the training and massage of players . The sum of £ 8 was also paid to a player when he left the club . Payments were made to players without a receipt being taken . The club advertised for players ... [ the ] secretary ... spent considerable sums of money in travelling to other towns in East Anglia ... complete outfits ... were bought for players out of club funds ... there was no adequate system for checking gate money ... travelling expenses were ... excessive . The club officials , including founding chairman Robert Webster , had to be removed from office and Norwich were to be ousted from the amateur game at the end of the season . The response was swift : at a meeting , just two days later , Wilfrid Lawson Burgess became the first chairman of the professional club and it was resolved to find a place in the professional game . The decision was endorsed at a public meeting in March 1905 , a meeting that , significantly , was attended by Nat Whitaker , secretary of the Southern League . He seconded a motion proposed by a local businessman that endorsed the club 's " ... determination to run a first class professional team " . Whitaker actively supported Norwich , as he wanted the League 's influence to spread eastwards . On 30 May 1905 , they were elected to play in the Southern League , in place of Wellingborough . With increasing attendances at matches and strict new clauses included in a proposed lease extension , Norwich were forced to leave Newmarket Road and move to a converted disused chalk pit in Rosary Road which became known as " The Nest " . Works at The Nest , which included dismantling and moving the stands from Newmarket Road , were complete in time for the start of the 1908 – 09 season . On 10 December 1917 , with football suspended during the First World War and the club facing spiralling debts , City went into voluntary liquidation . The club was officially reformed on 15 February 1919 ; a key figure in the events was a Mr C Watling , father of future club Chairman , Geoffrey Watling . In May 1920 , The Football League formed a Third Division , to which Norwich was admitted for the following season . Their first league fixture , against Plymouth , on 28 August 1920 , ended in a 1 – 1 draw . The club endured a mediocre first decade in the League , finishing no higher than eighth but no lower than 18th . It was during this period that the players began to wear a canary emblem on their shirts . A simple canary badge was first adopted in 1922 ; a variation is used to this day . = = Striving to reach the top level : 1930 – 1972 = = The 1930s began with a brush with disaster – the side finished bottom of the League in 1931 , but were successful in their bid for re @-@ election . The rest of the decade proved more successful for Norwich , with a club @-@ record victory , 10 – 2 , over Coventry City and promotion to the Second Division as champions in the 1933 – 34 season under the management of Tom Parker . With rising crowds and the Football Association raising concerns over the suitability of The Nest , the club considered renovation , but ultimately decided on a move to Carrow Road . The original stadium was terraced on three sides , with only one stand ( along Carrow Road ) having wooden bench seating and a roof . The inaugural match at the new ground , held on 31 August 1935 , against West Ham United , ended in a 4 – 3 victory for the home team and set a new record attendance of 29 @,@ 779 . A highlight of the fourth season at Carrow Road was the visit of King George VI on 29 October 1938 ; this was the first occasion a reigning monarch attended a second tier football match . The club was relegated back to the Third Division at the end of the season . Norwich 's anguish was exacerbated by the closeness of the relegation fight ; having finished second from bottom of Division Two , they were demoted on a goal average difference of just 0 @.@ 05 . The league was suspended the following season as a result of the outbreak of the Second World War , and professional play did not resume until the 1946 – 47 season . City finished this and the following season in 21st place , the poor results forcing the club to apply for re @-@ election to the league . The lacklustre performances did not deter the crowds , and , in 1948 , Carrow Road attracted its record attendance ; 37 @,@ 863 spectators watched City play Notts County . The club narrowly missed out on promotion under the guidance of manager Norman Low in the early 1950s , but following the return of Tom Parker as manager , Norwich finished bottom of the football league in the 1956 – 57 season . Events off the field were to overshadow the team 's performances as the club faced financial difficulties severe enough to render them non @-@ viable . With debts amounting to more than £ 20 @,@ 000 , the club was rescued by the formation of a new Board , chaired by Geoffrey Watling and the creation of an appeal fund chaired by the Lord Mayor of Norwich , Arthur South , which raised more than £ 20 @,@ 000 . For these and other services to the club , both men ( now deceased ) were later honoured by having stands named after them at Carrow Road . Archie Macaulay became manager when the club was reformed and he oversaw one of the club 's greatest achievements , its run to the semi @-@ final of the 1958 – 59 FA Cup . Competing as a Third Division side , Norwich defeated two First Division opponents along the way , notably a 3 – 0 win against the Manchester United " Busby Babes " . City lost the semi @-@ final only after a replay against another First Division side , Luton Town . The team of 1958 – 59 — including Terry Bly who scored seven goals in the run , and Ken Nethercott who played most of the second half of one match in goal despite a dislocated shoulder — is today well represented in the club Hall of Fame . The " 59 Cup Run " as it is now known locally , " remains as one of the truly great periods in Norwich City 's history " . Norwich were the third @-@ ever Third Division team to reach the FA Cup semi @-@ final . In the 1959 – 60 season , Norwich were promoted to the Second Division after finishing second to Southampton , and achieved a fourth @-@ place finish in the 1960 – 61 season . From 1960 , Norwich spent the next 12 seasons in the second tier , with finishes of fourth in 1961 and sixth in 1965 being among the most notable . In 1962 , Ron Ashman guided Norwich to their first trophy , defeating Rochdale 4 – 0 on aggregate in a two @-@ legged final to win the League Cup . Norwich finally achieved promotion from Division Two when they finished as champions in the 1971 – 72 season under manager Ron Saunders ; Norwich City had reached the highest level of English football for the first time . = = First division yo @-@ yo : 1972 – 1992 = = Norwich made their first appearance at Wembley Stadium in 1973 , losing the League Cup final 1 – 0 to Tottenham Hotspur . Relegation to the Second Division in 1974 resulted in the resignation of Saunders and the appointment of John Bond . A highly successful first season saw promotion back to the First Division and another visit to Wembley , again in the League Cup final , this time losing 1 – 0 to Aston Villa . They remained in the top @-@ tier of English football for another six seasons . The club finished tenth in the 1975 – 76 season ; at the time their highest ever finish . Under Bond though , the club never managed to qualify for European competitions . Off the field , during Bond 's tenure , a new River End Stand was constructed at Carrow Road . Bond resigned during the 1980 – 81 season and the club were relegated , but bounced back the following season after finishing third . The 1984 – 85 season was one of mixed fortunes for the club ; a fire gutted the old Main Stand on 25 October 1984 but on the pitch , under Ken Brown 's management , they reached the final of the Milk Cup at Wembley Stadium . They defeated local rivals Ipswich Town in the semi @-@ final . In the final , they beat Sunderland 1 – 0 , but in the league both Norwich and Sunderland were relegated to the second tier of English football . Norwich had qualified for a place in the UEFA Cup , but were denied their first foray into European competition when English club sides were banned , following the Heysel Stadium disaster . City made an immediate return to the top flight by winning the Second Division championship in the 1985 – 86 season . High league placings in the First Division in 1986 – 87 and 1988 – 89 would have been enough for UEFA Cup qualification , but the ban on English clubs was still in place . They also had good cup runs during his period , reaching the FA Cup semi @-@ finals in 1989 and again in 1992 . = = Europe , rise and fall : 1992 – 1999 = = In 1992 – 93 , the inaugural season of the English Premier League , Norwich City led the league for much of the season , having been among the pre @-@ season favourites for relegation , and were eight points clear of the field shortly before Christmas , before faltering in the final weeks to finish third behind the champions , Manchester United , and Aston Villa . They had shown that they were a force to be reckoned with from the very first day of the Premier League season , achieving an impressive 4 – 2 away win over an Arsenal side who were among the pre @-@ season title favourites in a race finally won by Manchester United . This was a big surprise not least to the media and pundits who had tipped Norwich for a season of struggle . The following season Norwich played in the UEFA Cup for the first time , defeating Vitesse Arnhem of the Netherlands 3 – 0 in the first round . In the second round , they faced Bayern Munich of Germany . Norwich won the tie 3 – 2 on aggregate ; their 2 – 1 victory in Munich earning them a place in history , as the only English team to beat Bayern Munich in the Olympic Stadium . The Independent described the win in Munich as " the pinnacle of Norwich City 's history " . Reflecting on the shock result , Four Four Two wrote " The news that Norwich had gone 2 – 0 up in the Olympic Stadium seemed frankly surreal . " Norwich 's cup run was ended by Italy 's Internazionale , who defeated them 2 – 0 over two legs . Mike Walker 's success at Norwich attracted attention and , in January 1994 , he left the club to take charge of Everton . Walker 's replacement was first team coach John Deehan , who was assisted by Gary Megson , then still a player . Deehan led the club to 12th place in the 1993 – 94 season in the Premier League . During the 1994 close season , the club sold 21 @-@ year @-@ old striker Chris Sutton to Blackburn Rovers for a then British record fee of £ 5 million . By Christmas 1994 , Norwich City were seventh in the Premiership and were therefore challenging for a return to the UEFA Cup . But , following a serious injury to goalkeeper Bryan Gunn , the club 's performance nosedived ; with just one win in their final 20 Premiership fixtures , Norwich plummeted to 20th place and relegation to the second tier of English football . Deehan resigned just before relegation was confirmed and his deputy , Megson , took over as temporary manager until the end of the season . Martin O 'Neill , who had taken Wycombe Wanderers from the Conference to the Second Division with successive promotions , was appointed as Norwich City manager in the summer of 1995 . He lasted just six months in the job before resigning after a dispute with chairman Robert Chase over Chase 's refusal to permit O 'Neill to spend significant sums on strengthening the squad . Soon after O 'Neill 's resignation , Chase stepped down after protests from supporters , who complained that he kept selling the club 's best players and was to blame for the relegation . Indeed , between 1992 and January 1995 , Norwich had disposed of a number of key attacking players : Robert Fleck ( for £ 2.1M ) , Ruel Fox ( for £ 2.25M ) , Chris Sutton ( for £ 5M ) , Efan Ekoku ( £ 0.9M ) and Mark Robins ( £ 1M ) . Nearly 40 years after being instrumental in saving the club from bankruptcy , Geoffrey Watling bought Chase 's majority shareholding . Gary Megson was appointed Norwich manager on a temporary basis for the second time in eight months . Megson remained in charge until the end of the season before leaving the club . Just four seasons after finishing third in the Premiership and beating Bayern Munich in the UEFA Cup , Norwich had finished 16th in Division One . English television cook Delia Smith and her husband Michael Wynn @-@ Jones took over the majority of Norwich City 's shares from Watling in 1996 , and Mike Walker was re @-@ appointed as the club 's manager . He was unable to repeat the success achieved during his first spell and was sacked two seasons later with Norwich mid @-@ table in the First Division . His successor Bruce Rioch lasted two seasons and departed in the summer of 2000 , with promotion yet to be achieved . = = New millennium and centenary : 2000 – 2010 = = Rioch 's successor , Bryan Hamilton , lasted in the job for six months before he resigned with the club 20th in the First Division , and in real danger of relegation to the third tier of English football for the first time since the 1960s . The new appointee was Nigel Worthington , who had been Hamilton 's assistant manager . Worthington 's time as Norwich manager was one of peaks and troughs , with mid @-@ table comfort a rarity . In his first part @-@ season , he successfully steered the team away from the threat of relegation . The following season , Norwich exceeded expectations and reached the play @-@ off final , losing to Birmingham City on penalties . Norwich City celebrated its centenary in 2002 . Among the celebrations and events , was an initiative to create a Hall of Fame , to honour players , coaches , managers , directors and executives who have " made the greatest contribution to the club in its long history both on and off the pitch " . Initially , 100 significant figures from the club 's history were honoured ; 25 were nominated by the club and a further 75 were subsequently chosen by a fan vote . A further 10 members were inducted in 2006 , elected by the club 's supporters . After a season of consolidation , in 2003 – 04 Worthington led the club to the First Division title , a success achieved by a margin of eight points and Norwich returned to the top flight for the first time in nine years . For much of the 2004 – 05 season , the club struggled in the Premiership , with Daily Star journalist Brian Woolnough commenting after a 4 – 0 defeat at Chelsea that the Canaries were " gutless , " that they would " stink the place out " with Premiership performances of a similar ilk , and that he " Hopes they go down , and good riddance . " But the team staged a remarkable comeback in the final weeks of the season , the catalyst being victory against Manchester United 2 – 0 . Norwich , who had not won in months , suddenly went on a run , securing 13 points out of 18 . With the bottom three sides to be automatically relegated , on the last day of the season , the club were fourth from bottom and a win would therefore have kept them in top flight football , but a 6 – 0 away defeat to Fulham condemned them to relegation . The club was expected to make a quick return to the Premiership in the 2005 – 06 season , but a terrible first four months to the campaign saw City fall as low as 18th in The Championship . Worthington had won promotion just two seasons earlier , but " by October , following some inept performances and bad results , the fans started to turn on Nigel Worthington " . Dean Ashton was sold for a club @-@ record £ 7M , approximately a 100 % profit on the fee they had paid just one year earlier . Half of Ashton 's fee ( £ 3.5M ) was immediately reinvested in the purchase of Welsh striker Robert Earnshaw , who helped the Canaries ' revival to a ninth @-@ place finish . Worthington made just one permanent signing in the close season , and when a poor run of form ensued , leaving the club in 17th place in the Championship , Worthington was dismissed . First team coach Martin Hunter acted as caretaker manager for a fortnight before former City player Peter Grant left West Ham United to become the new manager . Grant brought in his fellow Scot , Jim Duffy , as his assistant , and managed to lift the side to finish 16th in the league . During the 2007 close season , Grant brought in nine players , however ten players , including Earnshaw , departed and Darren Huckerby caused controversy by criticising the club for selling their best players . When the 2007 – 08 season opened with only two Norwich wins by 9 October 2007 , Peter Grant left the club by " mutual consent " . Jim Duffy took over as caretaker manager for three games , losing them all . On 30 October , former Newcastle United boss Glenn Roeder was confirmed as the new manager . Roeder released a number of players , largely replacing them with inexperienced loan signings . Results improved enormously , lifting the club from five points adrift at the foot of the table to a comfortable mid @-@ table position . Following a poor first half of the 2008 – 09 campaign it was announced on 14 January 2009 , that Roeder had been relieved of his first team duties after 60 games in charge of the club , and just 20 victories . The appointment of Bryan Gunn as temporary manager did not prevent relegation to the third tier of English league football ( League One ) , a level the club had not played at since 1960 , at the end of the 2008 – 09 Championship season . Norwich started their League One campaign on 8 August 2009 at home to fellow East Anglians Colchester United . They were widely expected to return swiftly to the Championship , however they suffered a shock 1 – 7 defeat . This was their worst home defeat in their 107 @-@ year history , beating the previous record , a 1 – 6 loss to Bournemouth and Boscombe Athletic in 1946 . The fans ' displeasure was obvious . Gunn was sacked six days later and his assistant Ian Butterworth was placed in temporary charge . The club moved swiftly to appoint the man who had masterminded the downfall of Gunn , Colchester manager Paul Lambert . He oversaw a turnaround in fortunes to lead them to promotion back to The Championship as League One champions , during a season that included a 16 @-@ game unbeaten run that included just two draws . = = A new era : 2010 – = = Norwich 's return to the second tier saw two victories in the Old Farm derby over Ipswich Town . A Grant Holt hat @-@ trick set City on their way to a 4 – 1 home win in November , which preceded a 5 – 1 victory in the return fixture at Portman Road in April . Promotion from the Championship marked a return to the Premier League following a six @-@ year absence . Having been in the top six for the majority of the season , they were the Championship 's highest scorers , ending the season as runners @-@ up on 84 points – 4 points behind title @-@ winners QPR . When Norwich 's new management was appointed at the start of the 2009 – 10 season , it inherited a team twice relegated in the previous five seasons and a business saddled with debt . At that stage a turnaround team was put together from Lloyds Banking Group and Deloitte . The turnaround has resulted in operational profitability , consistent performance and successive promotions back to the Premier League . Activities include the disposal of non @-@ core property assets , a new equity investment and a financial restructuring agreement with lenders for all debt to be repaid within five years . Norwich finished 2nd in the championship , 12th and 11th in the 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12 and 2012 – 13 premier league seasons but were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2013 – 14 season . The club was forced to make a late change to their opponents during a pre @-@ season tour of Italy , and despite advertising that they had played the Italian Serie D club Vallée d 'Aoste , and defeating them 13 – 0 , it was subsequently discovered that the opponents were a selection of amateurs from the region . After finishing third in the 2014 @-@ 15 Championship season , Norwich won the Championship promotion playoffs convincingly to gain promotion to the English Premier League at the first time of asking . Norwich will play in the English Premier League again in the 2015 @-@ 16 season . = Eurasian eagle @-@ owl = The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl ( Bubo bubo ) is a species of eagle @-@ owl that resides in much of Eurasia . It is sometimes called the European eagle @-@ owl and is , in Europe , where it is the only member of its genus besides the snowy owl ( B. scandiacus ) , occasionally abbreviated to just eagle @-@ owl . It is one of the largest species of owl , and females can grow to a total length of 75 cm ( 30 in ) , with a wingspan of 188 cm ( 6 ft 2 in ) , males being slightly smaller . This bird has distinctive ear tufts , with upper parts that are mottled with darker blackish colouring and tawny and the wings and tail are barred . The underparts are a variably hued buff , streaked with darker colour . The facial disc is poorly developed and the orange eyes are distinctive . Besides being one of the largest living species of owl , it is also one of the most widely distributed . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is found in a number of habitats but is mostly a bird of mountain regions , coniferous forests , steppes and other relatively remote places . It is a mostly nocturnal predator , hunting for a range of different prey species , predominately small mammals but also birds of varying sizes , reptiles , amphibians , fish , large insects and other assorted invertebrates . It typically breeds on cliff ledges , in gullies , among rocks or in some other concealed locations . The nest is a scrape in which averages of two eggs are laid at intervals and which hatch at different times . The female incubates the eggs and broods the young , and the male provides food for her and when they hatch , for the nestlings as well . Continuing parental care for the young is provided by both adults for about five months . There are at least a dozen subspecies of Eurasian eagle @-@ owl . With a total range in Europe and Asia of about 32 million square kilometres ( 12 million square miles ) and a total population estimated to be between 250 thousand and 2 @.@ 5 million individuals , the IUCN lists the bird 's conservation status as being of " least concern " . Tame eagle @-@ owls have occasionally been used in pest control because of their size to deter large birds such as gulls from nesting . = = Description = = The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is a very large bird , smaller than the golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) but larger than the snowy owl , despite some overlap in size with both other species . It is sometimes referred to as the world 's largest owl , although Blakiston 's fish owl ( B. blakistoni ) is slightly heavier on average and the much lighter weight great grey owl ( Strix nebulosa ) is slightly longer on average . It should be noted , however , that Heimo Mikkola reported the largest specimens of eagle @-@ owl as having the same upper body mass , 4 @.@ 6 kg ( 10 lb ) , as the largest Blakiston ’ s fish owl and attained a length of around 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) longer . In terms of average weight and wing size , the Blakiston ’ s is the slightly larger species seemingly , even averaging a bit larger in these aspects than the biggest eagle @-@ owl races from Russia . Also , although 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) shorter than the largest of the latter species , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl can weigh well more than twice as much as the largest great grey owl . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl typically has a wingspan of 131 – 188 cm ( 4 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in ) , with the largest specimens possibly attaining 200 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) . The total length of the species can vary from 56 to 75 cm ( 22 to 30 in ) . Females can weigh from 1 @.@ 75 to 4 @.@ 6 kg ( 3 @.@ 9 to 10 @.@ 1 lb ) and males can weigh from 1 @.@ 22 to 3 @.@ 2 kg ( 2 @.@ 7 to 7 @.@ 1 lb ) . In comparison , the barn owl ( Tyto alba ) , the world 's most widely distributed owl species , weighs about 500 g ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) and the great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ) , which fills the eagle @-@ owl 's ecological niche in North America , weighs around 1 @.@ 4 kg ( 3 @.@ 1 lb ) . Besides the female being larger , there is little external sexual dimorphism in the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl although the ear tufts of males reportedly tend to be more upright than those of females . When an eagle @-@ owl is seen on its own in the field , it is generally not possible to distinguish the individual ’ s sex . However , gender determination by size is possible via in hand measurements . Reportedly , in some populations the female may be slightly darker on average than the male . The plumage coloration across at least 13 accepted subspecies can be highly variable . The upper parts may be brown @-@ black to tawny @-@ buff to pale creamy gray , typically showing dense freckling on the forehead and crown , stripes on the nape , sides and back of the neck , and dark splotches on the pale ground colour of the back , mantle and scapulars . A narrow buff band , freckled with brown or buff , often runs up from the base of the bill , above the inner part of the eye and along the inner edge of the black @-@ brown ear tufts . The rump and upper tail @-@ coverts are delicately patterned with dark vermiculations and fine wavy barring , the extent of which varies with subspecies . The underwing coverts and undertail coverts are similar but tend to be more strongly barred in brownish @-@ black . The primaries and secondaries are brown with broad dark brown bars and dark brown tips , and grey or buff irregular lines . A complete moult takes place each year between July and December . The facial disc is tawny @-@ buff , speckled with black @-@ brown , so densely on the outer edge of the disc as to form a " frame " around the face . The chin and throat are white with a brownish central streak . The feathers of the upper breast generally have brownish @-@ black centres and reddish @-@ brown edges except for the central ones which have white edges . The chin and throat may appear white continuing down the center of the upper breast . The lower breast and belly feathers are creamy @-@ brown to tawny buff to off @-@ white with a variable amount of fine dark wavy barring , on a tawny @-@ buff ground colour . The legs and feet ( which are feathered almost to the talons ) are likewise marked on a buff ground colour but more faintly . The tail is tawny @-@ buff , mottled dark grey @-@ brown with about six black @-@ brown bars . The bill and feet are black . The iris is most often orange but is fairly variable . In some European birds , the iris is a bright reddish , blood @-@ orange colour but then in subspecies found in arid , desert @-@ like habitats , the iris can range into an orangish @-@ yellow colour ( most closely related species generally have yellowish @-@ coloured irises , excluding their Indian cousins ) . = = = Standard measurements and physiology = = = Among standard measurements for the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , the wing chord measures 378 to 518 mm ( 14 @.@ 9 to 20 @.@ 4 in ) , the tail measures 229 – 310 mm ( 9 @.@ 0 – 12 @.@ 2 in ) long , the tarsus measures 64 @.@ 5 – 112 mm ( 2 @.@ 54 – 4 @.@ 41 in ) and the total length of the bill is 38 @.@ 9 – 59 mm ( 1 @.@ 53 – 2 @.@ 32 in ) . The wings are reportedly the smallest in proportion to the body weight of any European owl , when measured by the grams per square cm of wing size , was found to be 0 @.@ 72 . Thus they have quite high wing loading . However , the great horned owl has even smaller wings ( 0 @.@ 8 grams per square cm ) relative to its body size . The golden eagle has just slightly lower wing loading proportionately ( 0 @.@ 65 grams per square cm ) , so the aerial abilities of the two species ( beyond the eagle ’ s spectacular ability to stoop ) may not be as disparate as expected . However , some other owls , such as barn owls , short @-@ eared owls ( Asio flammeus ) and even the related snowy owls have lower wing loading relative to their size and so are presumably able to fly faster , with more agility and for more extended periods than the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl . In the relatively small race B. b. hispanus , the middle claw , the largest talon , ( as opposed to rear hallux @-@ claw which is the largest in accipitrids ) was found to measure from 21 @.@ 6 to 40 @.@ 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 85 to 1 @.@ 58 in ) in length . A 3 @.@ 82 kg ( 8 @.@ 4 lb ) female examined in Britain ( origins unspecified ) had a middle claw measuring 57 @.@ 9 mm ( 2 @.@ 28 in ) , on par in length with a large female golden eagle hallux @-@ claw . Generally , owls do not have talons as proportionately large as those of accipitrids but have stronger , more robust feet relative to their size . This is related to the killing methods used , in accipitrids , they use their talons to inflict organ damage and blood loss , whereas typical owls use their feet to constrict their prey to death , the talons serving only to hold the prey in place or provide incidental damage . However , the talons of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl are very large and not often exceeded in size by diurnal raptors . Unlike the great horned owls , the overall foot size and strength of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is not known to have been tested but it must enormous considering that the considerably smaller horned owl has one of the strongest grips ever measured in a bird . The feathers of the ear tufts in Spanish birds ( when not damaged ) were found to measure from 63 @.@ 3 to 86 @.@ 6 mm ( 2 @.@ 49 to 3 @.@ 41 in ) . The ear openings ( covered in feathers as in all birds ) are relatively uncomplicated but are also large , being larger on the right than on the left as in most owls , and proportionately larger than those of the great horned owl . In the female , the ear opening averages 31 @.@ 7 mm ( 1 @.@ 25 in ) on the right and 27 @.@ 4 mm ( 1 @.@ 08 in ) on the left and , in males , averages 26 @.@ 8 mm ( 1 @.@ 06 in ) on the right and 24 @.@ 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 96 in ) on the left . The depth of the facial disc and the size and complexity of the ear opening are directly correlated to the importance of sound in an owl ’ s hunting behaviour . Examples of owls with more complicated ear structures and deeper facial disc are barn owls , long @-@ eared owls ( Asio otus ) and boreal owls ( Aegolius funereus ) . Given the uncomplicated structure of their ear openings and relatively shallow , undefined facial disc , hunting by ear is secondary to hunting by sight in the eagle @-@ owl , this seems to be true for Bubo in general . It is likely that more sound @-@ based hunters such as the aforementioned species focus their hunting activity in more complete darkness . Also owls with white throat patches such as the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl are more likely to be active in low light conditions in the hours before and after sunrise and sunset rather than the darkest times in the middle of the night . The boreal and barn owls , to extend these examples , lack obvious visual cues such as white throat patches ( puffed up in displaying eagle @-@ owls ) , again indicative of primary activity being in darker periods . = = = Distinguishing from other species = = = Great horned owls . Whether these are examples of mimicry either way is unclear but it is known that both Bubo owls are serious predators of long @-@ eared owls . The same discrepancy in underside streaking has also been noted in the Eurasian and American representations of the grey grey owl . A few other related species overlap minimally in range in Asia , mainly in east Asia and the southern reaches of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl ’ s range . Three fish owls appear to overlap in range , the brown ( B. zeylonensis ) in at least northern Pakistan , probably Kashmir and discontinuously in southern Turkey , the tawny ( B. flavipes ) through much of eastern China and the Blakiston 's fish owl in the Russian Far East , northeastern China and Hokkaido . Fish owls are distinctively different looking , possessing more scraggy ear tufts that hang to the side rather than sit erect on top of the head , generally have more uniform , brownish plumages without the contrasting darker streaking of an eagle @-@ owl . The brown fish owl has no feathering on the tarsus or feet and the tawny has feathering only on the upper portion of the tarsi but the Blakiston ’ s is nearly as extensively feathered on the tarsi and feet as the eagle @-@ owl . Tawny and brown fish owls are both slightly smaller than co @-@ occurring Eurasian eagle @-@ owls and Blakiston ’ s fish owls are similar or slightly larger than co @-@ occurring large northern eagle @-@ owls . Fish owls , being tied to the edges of freshwater where they hunt mainly fish and crabs , also have slightly differing , and more narrow , habitat preferences . In the lower Himalayas of northern Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir , along with the brown fish owl , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl at the limit of its distribution may co @-@ exist with at least two to three other eagle @-@ owls . One of these , the dusky eagle @-@ owl ( B. coromandus ) is smaller , with more uniform tan @-@ brownish plumage , untidy uniform light streaking rather than the Eurasian ’ s dark streaking below and an even less well @-@ defined facial disc . The dusky is usually found in slightly more enclosed woodland areas than Eurasian eagle @-@ owls . Another is possibly the spot @-@ bellied eagle @-@ owl ( Bubo nipalensis ) , which is strikingly differ looking , with stark brown plumage , rather than the warm hues typical of the Eurasian , bold spotting on a whitish background on the belly , and somewhat askew ear tufts that are bold white with light brown crossbars on the front . It is possible that both species occur in some parts of the Himalayan foothills but they are not currently verified to occur in the same area , in part this is because of the spot @-@ bellied ’ s preference for dense , primary forest . Most similar , with basically the same habitat preferences and the only one verified to co @-@ occur with the Eurasian eagle owls of the race B. b. turcomanus in Kashmir is the Indian eagle @-@ owl ( B. bengalensis ) . The Indian species is smaller with a bolder blackish facial disc border , more rounded and relatively smaller wings and partially unfeathered toes . Far to the west , the pharaoh eagle @-@ owl ( B. ascalaphus ) also seemingly overlaps in range with the Eurasian , in at least the country of Jordan . Although also relatively similar to the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , the pharaoh is distinguished by its smaller size , paler , more washed @-@ out plumage and the notably diminished size of its ear @-@ tufts . = = = Moulting = = = The Eurasian eagle @-@ owls ’ feathers are lightweight and robust but nevertheless need to be replaced periodically as they become worn . In the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , this happens in stages and the first moult starts the year after hatching with some body feathers and wing coverts being replaced . The next year the three central secondaries on each wing and three middle tail feathers are shed and regrow , and the following year two or three primaries and their coverts are lost . In the final year of this post @-@ juvenile moult , the remaining primaries are moulted and all the juvenile feathers will have been replaced . Another moult takes place during years six to twelve of the bird 's life . This happens between June and October after the conclusion of the breeding season and again it is a staged process with six to nine main flight feathers being replaced each year . Such a moulting pattern lasting several years is repeated throughout the bird 's life . = = Taxonomy = = The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is a member of the genus Bubo , which may include either 22 or 25 extant species . Almost all the larger owl species in the world today are included in Bubo . Based on an extensive fossil record and a central distribution of extant species on that continent , the Bubo appears to have evolved into existence in Africa , although early radiations seem to branch from southern Asia as well . Two genera belonging to the scops owls complex , the giant scops owls ( Otus gurneyi ) found in Asia and the Ptilopsis or the white @-@ faced scops owl found in Africa , although firmly ensconced in the scops owl group , appear to share some characteristics with the eagle @-@ owls . The Strix is also related to the Bubo and is considered a " sister complex " , with the Pulsatrix possibly being intermediate between the two . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl appears to represent an expansion of the Bubo genus into the Eurasian continent . A few of the other species of Bubo seem to have been derived from the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , making it a " paraspecies " , or they at least share a relatively recent common ancestor . The pharaoh eagle @-@ owl , distributed in the Arabian Peninsula and sections of the Sahara Desert through North Africa where rocky outcrops are found , was until recently considered a subspecies of Eurasian eagle @-@ owl . It appears that the pharaoh eagle @-@ owl differs about 3 @.@ 8 % in mitochondrial DNA from the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , well past the minimum genetic difference to differentiate species of 1 @.@ 5 % . Smaller and paler than Eurasian eagle @-@ owls , the pharaoh can also be considered a distinct species largely due to its higher pitched and more descending call and the observation that Eurasian eagle @-@ owls formerly found in Morocco ( B. b. hispanus ) apparently did not breed with the co @-@ existing pharaoh eagle @-@ owls . On the contrary , the race still found together with the pharaoh in the wild ( B. b. interpositus ) in the central Middle East has been found to interbreed in the wild with the pharaoh eagle @-@ owls , although genetical materials have indicated interpositus may itself be a distinct species from the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl as it differs from nominate subspecies eagle @-@ owls by 2 @.@ 8 % in mitochondrial DNA . The Indian eagle owl was also considered a subspecies of Eurasian eagle @-@ owl until recently , however its smaller size , distinct voice ( more clipped and high @-@ pitched than Eurasians ) and the fact that it is largely allopatric in distribution ( filing out the Indian subcontinent ) with Eurasian eagle @-@ owl races has led to it being considered a distinct species . The mitochondrial DNA of the Indian species also appears considerably distinct from the Eurasian species . The cape eagle @-@ owl ( B. capensis ) appears to represent a return of this genetic line back into the African continent , where it leads a lifestyle similar to northern eagle @-@ owls albeit far to the south . Another offshoot of the northern Bubo group is the snowy owl . It appears to have separated from other Bubo at least 4 million years ago . The fourth and most famous derivation of the evolutionary line that includes the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is the great horned owl , which appears to have been the result of primitive eagle @-@ owls spreading into North America . It has been stated that the great horned owls and Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are barely distinct as species , with a similar level of divergence in their plumages as the Eurasian and North American representations of the great grey owl or the long @-@ eared owl . However , there are more outward physical differences between the great horned owl and the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl than in those two examples , including a great size difference favoring the Eurasian species , the horned owl ’ s horizontal rather than vertical underside barring , yellow rather than orange eyes and a much strong black bracket to the facial disc , not to mention a number of differences in their reproductive behaviour and distinctive voices . Furthermore , genetic research has revealed that snowy owls are more closely related to the great horned owl than are Eurasian eagle @-@ owls . The most closely related species beyond the pharaoh , Indian and cape eagle @-@ owls to the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is the smaller , less powerful and African spotted eagle @-@ owl ( B. africanus ) , which was likely to have divided from the line before they radiated away from Africa . Somehow , genetic materials indicate the spotted eagle @-@ owl appears to share a more recent ancestor with the Indian eagle @-@ owl than with the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl or even the sympatric cape eagle @-@ owl . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls in captivity have produced apparently healthy hybrids with both the Indian eagle @-@ owl and the great horned owl . The pharaoh , Indian and cape eagle @-@ owls and great horned owl are all broadly similar in size to each other but all are considerably smaller than the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , which averages at least 15 – 30 % larger in linear dimensions and 30 – 50 % larger in body mass than these other related species , possibly as the eagle @-@ owls adapted to warmer climates and smaller prey . However , fossils from south France have indicated that during the Middle Pleistocene , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls ( this paleo @-@ subspecies given the name B. b. davidi ) were larger than they are today . Even larger than those found in Azerbaijan and in Caucasus ( either B. b. bignadensis or B. bignadensis ) , which were deemed to date to the Late Pleistocene . About a dozen subspecies are recognized today . = = = Subspecies = = = B. b. bubo ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) - Also known as the European eagle @-@ owl , the nominate subspecies inhabits continental Europe from near the Arctic Circle in Norway , Sweden , Finland , the southern Kola Peninsula , and Arkhangelsk where it ranges north to about latitude 640 30 ' N. , southward to the Baltic Sea , central Germany , to southeastern Belgium , eastern , central , and southern France to Italy and Sicily , and through Central and Southeastern Europe to Greece . It intergrades with B. b. ruthenus in northern Russia around the basin of the upper Mezen River and in the eastern vicinity of Gorki Leninskiye , Tambov and Voronezh , and intergrades with B. b. interpositus in northern Ukraine . This is a medium @-@ sized race , measuring in wing chord length 435 – 480 mm ( 17 @.@ 1 – 18 @.@ 9 in ) in males and 455 – 500 mm ( 17 @.@ 9 – 19 @.@ 7 in ) . In captive owls of this subspecies , the mean wingspan were 157 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) for males and 167 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) for females . The total bill length is 45 to 56 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 2 in ) . Adult male European Eagle @-@ Owls from Norway weigh 1 @.@ 63 to 2 @.@ 81 kg ( 3 @.@ 6 to 6 @.@ 2 lb ) , averaging 2 @.@ 38 kg ( 5 @.@ 2 lb ) , while females there weigh from 2 @.@ 28 to 4 @.@ 2 kg ( 5 @.@ 0 to 9 @.@ 3 lb ) , averaging 2 @.@ 95 kg ( 6 @.@ 5 lb ) . Unsurprisingly , adult owls from western Finland were about the same size , averaging 2 @.@ 65 kg ( 5 @.@ 8 lb ) . The race seems to follow Bergmann ’ s rule in regards to body size decreasing closer to the Equator , as specimens from central Europe average 2 @.@ 14 or 2 @.@ 3 kg ( 4 @.@ 7 or 5 @.@ 1 lb ) in body mass and those from Italy average about 2 @.@ 01 kg ( 4 @.@ 4 lb ) . The weight range for eagle @-@ owls in Italy is 1 @.@ 5 to 3 kg ( 3 @.@ 3 to 6 @.@ 6 lb ) . The nominate subspecies is perhaps the darkest and most richly coloured of eagle @-@ owl races . Many nominate birds are heavily overlaid with broad black streaking over the upper @-@ parts , head and chest . While generally a brownish base @-@ colour , many nominate owls can appear rich rufous , especially about the head , upper @-@ back and wing primaries . The lower belly is usually a buffy brown color , as opposed to whitish or yellowish in several other races . Birds seen from southern Italy and Sicily may show a tendency to be smaller than more northern birds and reportedly are duller , possessing paler ground coloration , and more narrow streaks , but museum specimens are often not hugely distinct from north Italian eagle @-@ owls . To the contrary , in Scandinavia , some birds are so are darkly plumages as to give a blackish @-@ brown impression with almost no paler colour showing . B. b. hispanus ( Rothschild and Hartert , 1910 ) – Also known as the Spanish eagle @-@ owl or Iberian eagle @-@ owl . This race mainly occurs on the Iberian Peninsula , where it occupies a majority of Spain and scattered spots in Portugal . B. b. hispanus at least historically occurred in wooded areas of the Atlas Mountains in Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia , making it the only subspecies of Eurasian eagle @-@ owl known to breed in Africa , but this population is thought to be extinct . This is a fairly small @-@ bodied subspecies . In males , wing chord length can range from 400 to 450 mm ( 16 to 18 in ) and in females from 445 to 485 mm ( 17 @.@ 5 to 19 @.@ 1 in ) . Wingspans in this race can vary from 131 to 168 cm ( 4 ft 4 in to 5 ft 6 in ) , averaging about 154 @.@ 1 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) . Among standard measurements of B. b. hispanus , the tail is 229 to 310 mm ( 9 @.@ 0 to 12 @.@ 2 in ) , the total bill length is 38 @.@ 9 to 54 @.@ 3 mm ( 1 @.@ 53 to 2 @.@ 14 in ) and the tarsus is 64 @.@ 5 to 81 mm ( 2 @.@ 54 to 3 @.@ 19 in ) . Adult male B. b. hispanus from Spain weigh 1 @.@ 22 to 1 @.@ 9 kg ( 2 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 2 lb ) , averaging 1 @.@ 63 kg ( 3 @.@ 6 lb ) , while females weigh from 1 @.@ 75 to 2 @.@ 49 kg ( 3 @.@ 9 to 5 @.@ 5 lb ) , averaging 2 @.@ 11 kg ( 4 @.@ 7 lb ) . In terms its life history , this may be the most extensively studied race of eagle @-@ owl . The Spanish eagle @-@ owl is the most similar in plumage to the nominate subspecies amongst other races , but tends to be a somewhat lighter , more greyish color , with generally lighter streaking and a paler belly . B. b. ruthenus ( Buturlin and Zhitkov , 1906 ) - May be known as the eastern eagle @-@ owl . This race replaces the nominate in eastern Russia from about latitude 660 N. in the Timan @-@ Pechora Basin south to the western Ural Mountains and the upper Don and lower Volga Rivers . This is a fairly large subspecies going on wing chord length , which is 430 – 468 mm ( 16 @.@ 9 – 18 @.@ 4 in ) in males and 470 – 515 mm ( 18 @.@ 5 – 20 @.@ 3 in ) in females . The race is intermediate in coloration between the nominate race and B. b. sibiricus . B. b. ruthenus may be confused with B. b. interpositus , even by authoritative ornithologists . B. b. interpositus is darker than B. b. ruthenus , distinctly more yellowish , less gray , and its brown pattern is darker , heavier , and more regular . The entire color pattern of B. b. interpositus is brighter , richer , and more contrasting than that of B. b. ruthenus , but B. b. interpositus , though very well characterized , is an intermediate subspecies . B. b. interpositus ( Rothschild and Hartert , 1910 ) - May be known as Aharoni ’ s eagle @-@ owl or the Byzantine eagle @-@ owl . B. b. interpositus ranges from southern Russia , south of the nominate , with which it intergrades in northern Ukraine , from Bessarabia and the steppes of the Ukraine north to Kiev and Kharkov then eastward to the Crimea , the Caucasus and Transcaucasia to northwestern and northern Iran ( Elburz , region of Tehran , and probably the southern Caspian districts ) , and through Asia Minor south to Syria and Iraq but not to the Syrian desert where it is replaced by the pharaoh eagle @-@ owl . The latter and B. b. interpositus reportedly hybridize from western Syria south to southern Palestine . B. b. interpositus may be a distinct species from the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl based on genetic studies . This medium @-@ sized race is about the same size as the nominate subspecies B. b. bubo , with male wing chord lengths 425 to 475 mm ( 16 @.@ 7 to 18 @.@ 7 in ) and female lengths of 440 to 503 mm ( 17 @.@ 3 to 19 @.@ 8 in ) . It differs from the nominate race by being paler and more yellow , less ferruginous , and by having a sharper brown pattern ; from B. b. turcomanus by being very much darker and less yellow , and also by being much more sharply and heavily patterned with brown . Aharoni ’ s eagle @-@ owl is darker and more rusty than B. b. ruthenus . B. b. sibiricus ( Gloger , 1833 ) - The western Siberian eagle @-@ owl . This race is distributed from the Ural Mountains of western Siberia and Bashkiria to the mid Ob River and the western Altai Mountains , north to limits of the taiga , the most northerly distribution known in the species overall . B. b. sibiricus is a large race , wherein the males measure 435 – 480 mm ( 17 @.@ 1 – 18 @.@ 9 in ) in wing chord length , while the females are 472 – 515 mm ( 18 @.@ 6 – 20 @.@ 3 in ) . Captive males were found to measure 155 to 170 cm ( 5 ft 1 in to 5 ft 7 in ) in wingspan and weigh 1 @.@ 62 to 3 @.@ 2 kg ( 3 @.@ 6 to 7 @.@ 1 lb ) ; whereas the females measure 165 to 190 cm ( 5 ft 5 in to 6 ft 3 in ) in wingspan and weigh 2 @.@ 28 to 4 @.@ 5 kg ( 5 @.@ 0 to 9 @.@ 9 lb ) . Males were cited with a mean body mass of approximately 2 @.@ 5 kg ( 5 @.@ 5 lb ) . This race is physically the most distinctive of all the Eurasian eagle @-@ owls , and is sometimes considered the most " beautiful and striking " . It is the most pale of the eagle @-@ owl races ; the general coloration is a buffy off @-@ white overlaid with dark markings . The crown , hindneck and underparts are streaked blackish but somewhat sparingly , with the lower breast and belly indistinctly barred , the primary coverts dark , contrasting with rest of the wing . The head , back and shoulders are only somewhat dark unlike in most other races . In the eastern limits of its range , B. b. sibiricus may intergrade with B. b. yenisseensis . B. b. yenisseensis ( Buturlin , 1911 ) - Known as the eastern Siberian eagle @-@ owl . This race is found in central Siberia from about the Ob eastward to Lake Baikal , north to about latitudes 580 to 590 N on the Yenisei River , south to the Altai , Tarbagatai and the Saur Mountain ranges and in Tannu Tuva and Khangai Mountains in northwestern Mongolia , grading into B. b. sibiricus near Tomsk in the west and into B. b. ussuriensis in the east of northern Mongolia . The zone of intergradations with the latter in Mongolia seems to be quite extensive , however , with intermediate eagle @-@ owls being especially prevalent around the Tuul River Valley , resulting in owls intermediate in coloration between B. b. yenisseensis and B. b. ussuriensis . B. b. yenisseensis is a large race , with wing chord lengths of 435 – 470 mm ( 17 @.@ 1 – 18 @.@ 5 in ) in males and 473 – 518 mm ( 18 @.@ 6 – 20 @.@ 4 in ) in females . B. b. yenisseensis is typically much darker with more yellowish ground color than B. b. sibiricus . However , it does have a similar amount of dazzling white on its underwing as does sibiricus . It is buffy @-@ greyish overall with well @-@ expressed dark patterning on the upper @-@ parts and around the head . The underside is overall pale greyish with black streaking . B. b. jakutensis ( Buturlin , 1908 ) - May be called the Yakutian eagle @-@ owl . This subspecies inhabits northeastern Siberia , from southern Yakutia north to about latitude 640 N. , west in the basin of the Vilyuy River to the upper Nizhnyaya Tunguska River , and east to the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Magadan south to the Khabarovsk Krai . It has been reported farther north , from the regions of the upper Kolyma River and the upper Anadyr . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are absent in Kamchatka and north of the Verkhoyansk Range . This is a large race , rivaling the proceeding two subspecies as the largest of all eagle @-@ owls , going on wing chord length , which race is largest is unclear considering the extensive size overlap in wing size . The wing chord is 455 to 490 cm ( 179 to 193 in ) in males and 480 to 503 mm ( 18 @.@ 9 to 19 @.@ 8 in ) in females . B. b. jakutensis is much darker and browner above than both B. b. sibiricus and B. b. yenisseensis , though its coloration is more diffused , less sharp than the latter . It is more distinctly streaked and barred below than B. b. sibiricus while being whiter and more heavily vermiculated below than B. b. yenisseensis . B. b. ussuriensis ( Poljakov , 1915 ) - Would presumably be referred to as the Ussuri eagle @-@ owl . This subspecies ranges from southeastern Siberia , to the south of the range of B. b. jakutensis , southward through eastern Transbaikal , Amurland , Sakhalin , Ussuriland and the Manchurian portion of the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi , Shanxi and Hebei . This subspecies is also reportedly found in the southern Kuril Islands ranging down to as far as northern Hokkaido , the only Japanese representation in the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl species , although this is apparently not a stable , viable population . Going on wing chord length , B. b. ussuriensis is slightly smaller than the various races from further north in Siberia . Males have a wing chord length of 430 – 475 mm ( 16 @.@ 9 – 18 @.@ 7 in ) and females are 460 – 502 mm ( 18 @.@ 1 – 19 @.@ 8 in ) . This race differs from B. b. jakutensis by being much darker throughout . It is also darker than B. b. yenisseensis . The brown markings on the upper parts of B. b. ussuriensis are much more extensive and diffused than in B. b. jakutensis or B. b. yenisseensis , with the result that the white markings are much less conspicuous in B. b. ussuriensis than in the other two races . The under parts are also more buffy , much less white , and more heavily streaked and vermiculated in B. b. ussuriensis than in the two more northerly , larger races . It overlaps considerably with jakutensis and some birds are of an intermediate appearance . B. b. turcomanus ( Eversmann , 1835 ) - This subspecies is known as the steppe eagle @-@ owl . It is distributed from Kazakhstan between the Volga and upper Ural Rivers , the Caspian Sea coast and the former Aral Sea , but replaced in that country by B. b. omissus in the mountainous south and in the coastal region of the Mangyshlak Peninsula by B. b. gladkovi . Out of Kazakhstan , the range of B. b. turcomanus continues through the Transbaikal and the Tarim Basin to western Mongolia . This subspecies appears to be variable in size , but is generally medium @-@ sized . Males can range in wing chord length from 418 – 468 mm ( 16 @.@ 5 – 18 @.@ 4 in ) and females from 440 to 512 mm ( 17 @.@ 3 to 20 @.@ 2 in ) . In standard measurements , the tail is 260 – 310 mm ( 10 – 12 in ) , the tarsus is 77 – 81 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 2 in ) and the bill is 45 – 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 9 in ) . This race can reportedly weigh from 1 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 8 kg ( 3 @.@ 3 to 8 @.@ 4 lb ) . The plumage background colour is pale , yellowish @-@ buff . The dark patterns on the upper- and underparts is paler , less well @-@ defined and more shattered than in B. b. interpositus . Dark longitudinal patterning on the under @-@ parts discontinue above the belly . B. b. turcomanus is greyer than B. b. hemalachanus but is otherwise somewhat similar @-@ looking . This race is unique in that it seems to shun mountainous and obvious rocky habitats in favor of inhabits low hills , plateaus , lowlands , steppes , and semideserts at or near sea @-@ level . B. b. omissus ( Dementiev , 1932 ) - May be called the Turkoman eagle @-@ owl or the Turkmenian eagle @-@ owl . B. b. omissus is native to Turkmenistan and adjacent regions of northeastern Iran and western Xinjiang . This is small subspecies ( only nikolskii averages smaller among currently accepted races ) , with males possessing a wing chord length of 404 – 450 mm ( 15 @.@ 9 – 17 @.@ 7 in ) and females of 425 to 460 mm ( 16 @.@ 7 to 18 @.@ 1 in ) . B. b. omissus may be considered a typical sub @-@ desert form . The general coloration is an ochre to buffy off @-@ yellow ; with the dark pattern on the upper- and under @-@ parts being relatively undefined . The dark shaft @-@ streaks on nape are very narrow , while the dark longitudinal patterning on the underparts does not cover the belly . A dark cross @-@ pattern on the belly and flanks is thinner and paler than in B. b. turcomanus . Compared to B. b. nikolskii , which may occupy the more southern reaches of the same upland ranges , it is somewhat larger as well as darker , less distinctly yellowish and more heavily streaked . B. b. nikolskii ( Zarudny , 1905 ) - May be referred to in English either the Afghan eagle @-@ owl or the Iranian eagle @-@ owl . The range of B. b. nikolskii appears to extend from the Balkan Mountains and Kopet Dagh in southern Transcaspia eastward to southeastern Uzbekistan or to perhaps southwestern Tadzhikistan , then southward 290 N. It may range north to Iran , Afghanistan and Baluchistan south to the region of Kalat , or at about latitude of Hindu Kush . In Iran , B. b. nikolskii is replaced by B. b. interpositus in the north , and probably also in the northwest , and probably by B. b. hemalachana in Badakhshan , part of northeastern Afghanistan . The birds of southern Tadzhikistan found west of the Pamirs are more or less intermediate between B. b. omissus and B. b. hemachalana . This is the smallest known race of eagle @-@ owl , though the only known measurements have been of wing chord length . Males can measure 378 to 430 mm ( 14 @.@ 9 to 16 @.@ 9 in ) and females can measure 410 to 465 mm ( 16 @.@ 1 to 18 @.@ 3 in ) in wing chord . Other than its smaller size , B. b. nikolskii is distinguished from the somewhat similar B. b. omissus by its rusty wash and being less dark above . B. b. hemachalana ( Hume , 1873 ) – The Himalayan eagle @-@ owl . The range of B. b. hemachalana extends from the Himalayas and Tibet , westward to the Tian Shan system in Russian Turkestan , west to the Kara Tau , north to the Dzungarian Alatau , east to at least the Tekkes Valley in Xinjiang , and south to the regions of Kashgar , Yarkant and probably the western Kunlun Mountains . This bird is partly migratory , descending to the plains of Turkmenistan with colder winter weather , and apparently reaches northern Balochistan . This is a medium @-@ sized subspecies , though is larger than other potentially abutting arid Asian eagle @-@ owl races which share a somewhat similar yellowish ground colour . The male attains a wing chord length of 420 – 485 mm ( 16 @.@ 5 – 19 @.@ 1 in ) , while the female ’ s wing chord is 450 – 505 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 – 19 @.@ 9 in ) . The bill measures 42 – 45 mm ( 1 @.@ 7 – 1 @.@ 8 in ) in length . 11 adult eagle @-@ owls of this race from the Tibetan Plateau averaged 301 mm ( 11 @.@ 9 in ) in tail length , 78 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) in tarsus length and scaled an average of 2 @.@ 16 kg ( 4 @.@ 8 lb ) in mass . This race is physically similar to B. b. turcomanus but the background colour is more light yellowish @-@ brown and less buff . The dark patterns on upper- and under @-@ parts are some more expressed and less regular than in B. b. turcomanus and B. b. omissus and the general color from the mantle to the ear tufts is a more consistent brownish colour than most other abutting races . B. b. hemachalana differs from B. b. yenisseensis by being much more yellow on the rump , under tail coverts , and outer tail feathers , rather than grayish or whitish , and the ground coloration of its body is more yellowish above , and is less whitish below . Dark longitudinal pattern on the under @-@ parts cover the fore @-@ belly . B. b. kiautschensis ( Reichenow , 1903 ) – This could be called the north Chinese eagle @-@ owl . This race ranges from South Korea and China , south of the range of B. b. ussuriensis , southward to Kwangtung and Yunnan , and inland to Szechwan and southern Kansu . This is a smallish subspecies , with the male ’ s wing chord measuring 410 – 448 mm ( 16 @.@ 1 – 17 @.@ 6 in ) and the female ’ s being 440 – 485 mm ( 17 @.@ 3 – 19 @.@ 1 in ) . In Korea , this race was found to average 2 @.@ 26 kg ( 5 @.@ 0 lb ) in mass , with a range of 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 9 kg ( 4 @.@ 0 to 6 @.@ 4 lb ) . B. b. kiautschensis is much darker , more tawny and rufous , and slightly smaller than B. b. ussuriensis . It resembles the nominate race from Europe ( though obviously considerably disparate in distribution ) rather closely in coloration but differs from it by being paler , more mottled , and less heavily marked with brown on the upper parts , by having narrower dark shaft streaks on the under parts , which average also duller and more ocher , and by averaging smaller . B. b. swinhoei ( Hartert , 1913 ) – This could be called the south Chinese eagle @-@ owl . This race is endemic to southeastern China . A quite rufescent form , it is somewhat similar to B. b. kiautschensis . In this small race , the wing chord measures 410 – 465 mm ( 16 @.@ 1 – 18 @.@ 3 in ) in both sexes . This is a rather poorly known and described subspecies and , although still generally recognized , is considered invalid by some authorities . = = Habitat = = Eagle @-@ owls are distributed somewhat sparsely but can potentially inhabit a wide range of habitats , with a partiality for irregular topography . They have been found in habitats as diverse as northern coniferous forests to the edge of vast deserts . Essentially , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls have been found living in almost every climatic and environmental condition on the Eurasian continent , excluding the greatest extremities , i.e. they are absent from humid rainforest in Southeast Asia as well as the high Arctic tundra , both of which they are more or less replaced by other variety of Bubo owls . They are often found in the largest numbers in areas where cliffs and ravines are surrounded by a scattering of trees and bushes . However , grassland areas such as alpine meadows or desert @-@ like steppe can also host them so long as they have the cover and protection of rocky areas . The preference of eagle @-@ owls for places with irregular topography has been reported in most known studies . The obvious benefit of such nesting locations is that both nests and daytime roosts located in rocky areas and / or steep slopes would be less accessible to predators , including man . Also , they may be attracted to the vicinity of riparian or wetlands areas , due to the fact that the soft soil of wet areas is conducive to burrowing by the small , terrestrial mammals normally preferred in the diet , such as voles and rabbits . Due to their preference for rocky areas , the species is often found in mountainous areas and can be found up to elevations of 2 @,@ 100 m ( 6 @,@ 900 ft ) in the Alps and 4 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 ft ) in the Himalayas and 4 @,@ 700 m ( 15 @,@ 400 ft ) in the adjacent Tibetan Plateau . However , they can also be found living at sea @-@ level and may nest amongst rocky sea cliffs . Despite their success in areas such as sub @-@ arctic zones and mountainous that are frigid for much of the year , warmer conditions seem to result in more successful breeding attempts per studies in the Eifel region of Germany . In a study from Spain , areas primarily consisting of woodlands ( 52 % of study area being forested ) were preferred with pine trees predominating the oaks in habitats used , as opposed to truly mixed pine @-@ oak woodland . Pine and other coniferous stands are often preferred in great horned owls as well due to the constant density , which make it more likely to overlook the large birds . However , in mountainous forest , they are not generally found in enclosed wooded areas , as is the tawny owl ( Strix alucco ) . Only 2 @.@ 7 % of the habitat included in the territorial ranges for eagle @-@ owls per the habitat study in Spain consisted of cultivated or agricultural land . On the other hand , compared to golden eagles , they can visit cultivated land more regularly in hunting forays due to their nocturnal habits , which allows them to largely evade human activity . In the Italian Alps , it was found that almost no pristine habitat remained and locally eagle @-@ owls nested in the vicinity of towns , villages and ski resorts . Although found in the largest numbers in areas sparsely populated by humans , farmland is sometimes inhabited and they even have been observed living in park @-@ like settings within European cities . Since 2005 , at least five pairs have nested in Helsinki . This is due in part to feral European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) having recently populated the Helsinki area , originally from pet rabbits released to the wild . The number is expected to increase due to the growth of the European rabbit population in Helsinki . European hares ( Lepus europaeus ) , the often preferred prey species by biomass of the eagle @-@ owls in their natural habitat , live only in rural areas of Finland , not in the city centre . In June 2007 , an eagle @-@ owl nicknamed ' Bubi ' landed in the crowded Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the European Football Championship qualification match between Finland and Belgium . The match was interrupted for six minutes . After tiring of the match , following Jonathan Johansson 's opening goal for Finland , the bird left the scene . Finland 's national football team have had the nickname Huuhkajat ( Finnish for " Eurasian eagle @-@ owls " ) ever since . The owl was named " Helsinki Citizen of the Year " in December 2007 . = = Behaviour = = The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is largely nocturnal in activity , as are most owl species , with its activity focused in the first few hours after sunset and the last few hours before sunrise . However , in the northern stretches of its range , partial diurnal behavior has been recorded , including active hunting in broad daylight during the late afternoon . In such areas , full nightfall is essentially non @-@ existent at the peak of summer , so eagle @-@ owls must presumably hunt and actively brood at the nest during daylight . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl has a number of vocalizations that are used at different times . It will usually select obvious topographic features such as rocky pinnacles , stark ridges and mountain peaks to use as regular song posts . These are doted along the other edges of the eagle @-@ owl ’ s territory and they are visited often but only for a few minutes at a time . Vocal activity is almost entirely confined to the colder months from late fall through winter , with vocal activity in October through December mainly having territorial purposes and from January to February being primarily oriented towards courtship and mating purposes . The territorial song , which can be heard at great distance , is a deep resonant ooh @-@ hu with emphasis on the first syllable for the male , and a more high @-@ pitched and slightly more drawn @-@ out uh @-@ hu for the female . It is not uncommon for a pair to perform an antiphonal duet . The widely used name in Germany as well as some other sections of Europe for this species is uhu due to its song . At 250 – 350 Hz , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owls territorial song or call is deeper , farther @-@ carrying and is often considering " more impressive " than the territorial songs of the great horned owl or even that of the slightly larger Blakiston ’ s fish owl , although the horned owl ’ s call averages slightly longer in duration . Other calls include a rather faint , laughter @-@ like OO @-@ OO @-@ oo and a harsh kveck @-@ kveck . Intruding eagle @-@ owls and other potential dangers may be met with a " terrifying " , extremely loud hooo . Raucous barks not unlike those of ural owls or long @-@ eared owls have been recorded but are deeper and more powerful than those species ’ barks . Annoyance at close quarters is expressed by bill @-@ clicking and cat @-@ like spitting , and a defensive posture involves lowering the head , ruffling the back feathers , fanning the tail and spreading the wings . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl rarely assumes the so @-@ called " tall @-@ thin position " , which is when an owl adopts an upright stance with plumage closely compressed and may stand tightly beside a tree trunk . Among others , the long @-@ eared owl is among the most often reported to sit with this pose . The great horned owl has been more regularly recorded using the tall @-@ thin , if not a consistently as some Strix and Asio owls , and it is commonly thought to aid camouflage if encountering a threatening or novel animal or sound . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is a broad @-@ winged species and engages in a strong , direct flight , usually consisting of shallow wing beats and long , surprisingly fast glides . It has , unusually for an owl , also been known to soar on updrafts on rare occasions . The latter method of flight has led them to be mistaken for Buteos , which are smaller and quite differently proportioned . Usually when seen flying during the day , it is due to being disturbed by humans or mobbing crows . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are highly sedentary , normally maintaining a single territory throughout their adult lives . Even those near the northern limits of their range , where winters are harsh and likely to bare little in food , the eagle @-@ owl does not leave its native range . However , there are cases from Russia of Eurasian eagle @-@ owls moving south for the winter , as the icebound , infamously harsh climate there is too severe even for these hardy birds and their prey . Similarly , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls living in the Tibetan highlands and Himalayas may also in some cases vacate their normal territories when winter hits and move south . Even in those two examples , there is no evidence of consistent , annual migration by Eurasian eagle @-@ owls and the birds may eke out a living on their normal territories even in the sparsest times . = = Dietary biology = = = = Breeding = = Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are strictly territorial and will defend their territories from interloping eagle @-@ owls year around , but territorial calling appears to peak around October to early January . Territory size is similar or occasionally slightly greater than great horned owl : averaging 15 to 80 km2 ( 5 @.@ 8 to 30 @.@ 9 sq mi ) . Territories are established by the male eagle @-@ owl , who selected the highest points in the territory from which to sing . The high prominence of singing perches allows their song to be heard at greater distances and lessens the need for potentially dangerous physical confrontations in the areas where territories may meet . Nearly as important in territorial behaviour as vocalization is the white throat patch . When taxidermed specimens with flared white throats were placed around the perimeter of eagle @-@ owl territories , male eagle @-@ owls reacted quite strongly and often attacked the stuffed owl , reacting more mildly to a stuffed eagle @-@ owl with a non @-@ flared white throat . Females were less likely to be aggressive to mounted specimens and did not seem to vary in their response whether exposed to the specimens with or without the puffed up white patch . In January and February , the primary function for vocalization becomes for the purpose of courtship . More often than not , eagle @-@ owls will pair for life but usually engage in courtship rituals annually , most likely to re @-@ affirm pair bonds . When calling for the purposes of courtship , males tend to bow and hoot loudly but do so in a less contorted manner than the male great horned owl . Courtship in the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl may involve bouts of " duetting " , with the male sitting upright and the female bowing as she calls . There may be mutual bowing , billing and fondling before the female flies to a perch where coitus occurs , usually taking place several times over the course of a few minutes . The male selects breeding sites and advertises their potential to the female by flying to them and kneading out a small depression ( if soil is present ) and making staccato notes and clucking noises . Several potential sites may be presented , with the female selecting one . Like all owls , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls do not build nests or add material but nest on the surface or material already present . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls normally nest on rocks or boulders , most often utilizing cliff ledges and steep slopes , as well as crevices , gullies , holes or caves . Rocky areas that also prove concealing woodlots as well as , for hunting purposes , that border river valleys and grassy scrubland may be especially attractive . If only low rubble is present , they will nest on the ground between rocks . Often , in more densely forested areas , they ’ ve been recorded nesting on the ground , often among roots of trees , under large bushes and under fallen tree trunks . Steep slopes with dense vegetation are preferred if nesting on the ground , although some ground nests are surprisingly exposed or in flat spots such as in open spots of the taiga , steppe , ledges of river banks and between wide tree trunks . All Eurasian eagle @-@ owl nests in the largely forested Altai Krai region of Russia were found to be on the ground , usually at the base of pines . This species does not often use other bird ’ s nests as does the great horned owl , which often prefers nests built by other animals over any other nesting site . However , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl has been recorded in singular cases using nests built by common buzzards ( Buteo buteo ) , golden , greater spotted ( Clanga clanga ) and white @-@ tailed eagles ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) , common ravens ( Corvus corax ) and black storks ( Ciconia nigra ) . Among the eagle @-@ owls of the fairly heavily wooded wildlands of Belarus , they more commonly utilize nests built by other birds than most eagle @-@ owls , i.e. stork or accipitrid nests , but a majority of nests are still located on the ground . This is contrary to the indication that ground nests are selected only if rocky areas or other bird nests are unavailable , as many will utilize ground nests even where large bird nests seem to be accessible . Tree holes being used for nesting sites are even more rarely recorded than nests constructed by other birds . While it may be assumed that the eagle @-@ owl is too large to utilize tree hollows , when other large species like the great grey owl have never been recorded nesting in one , the even more robust Blakiston 's fish owl nests exclusively in cavernous hollows . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl often uses the same nest site year after year . In Engadin , Switzerland , the male eagle @-@ owl hunts until the young are 4 to 5 weeks old and the female spends all her time brooding at the nest . After this point , the female gradually resumes hunting from both herself and the young and thus provides a greater range of food for the young . While it may seem contrary to the species ’ highly territorial nature , there is one verified cases of polygamy in Germany , with a male apparently mating with two females , and cooperative brooding in Spain , with a third adult of undetermined sex helping a breeding pair care for the chicks . The response of Eurasian eagle @-@ owls to humans approaching at the nest is quite variable . The species is often rather less aggressive than some other owls , including related species like the spot @-@ bellied eagle- , great horned and snowy owls , many of the northern Strix species and even some rather smaller owl species , which often fearlessly attack any person found to be nearing their nests . Occasionally , if a person climbs to an active nest , the adult female eagle @-@ owl will do a distraction display , in which they feign an injury . This is an uncommon behaviour in most owls and most often associated with small birds trying to falsely drawl the attention of potential predators away from their offspring . More commonly , the female flies off and abandons her nest temporarily , leaving the eggs or small nestlings exposed , when a human approaches it . Occasionally , if cornered both adults and nestlings will do an elaborate threat display , also rare in owls in general , in which the eagle @-@ owls raise their wings into a semi @-@ circle and puff up their feathers , followed by a snapping of their bills . Apparently eagle @-@ owls of uncertain and probably exotic origin in Britain are likely to react aggressively to humans approaching the nest . Also , aggressive encounters involving eagle @-@ owls around their nest , despite being historically rare , apparently have increased in recent decades in Scandinavia . The discrepancy of aggressiveness at the nest between the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl and its Nearctic counterpart may be correlated to variation in the extent of nest predation that the species endured during the evolutionary process . = = = Eggs and offspring development = = = The eggs are normally laid at intervals of three days and are incubated only by the female . Laying generally begins in late winter but may be later in the year in colder habitats . During the incubation period , the female is brought food at the nest by her mate . A single clutch of white eggs is laid , each egg can measure anything from 56 to 73 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 9 in ) long by 44 @.@ 2 to 53 mm ( 1 @.@ 74 to 2 @.@ 09 in ) in width and will usually weigh about 75 to 80 g ( 2 @.@	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
6 to 2 @.@ 8 oz ) . In Central Europe , eggs average 59 @.@ 8 mm × 49 @.@ 5 mm ( 2 @.@ 35 in × 1 @.@ 95 in ) , while in Siberia , eggs average 59 @.@ 4 mm × 50 @.@ 1 mm ( 2 @.@ 34 in × 1 @.@ 97 in ) . Their eggs are only slightly larger than those of snowy owls and the nominate subspecies of great horned owl , while similar in size to those of spot @-@ bellied eagle @-@ owls and Blakiston 's fish owls . However , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl ’ s eggs are noticeably larger than those of Indian and pharaoh eagle @-@ owls . Usually clutch size is 1 to 2 , rarely 3 to 4 and exceptionally to 6 . The average number of eggs laid varies with latitude in Europe . Mean clutch size averages from 2 @.@ 02 @-@ 2 @.@ 14 in Spain and the massifs of France , 1 @.@ 82 to 1 @.@ 89 in central Europe and the eastern Alps , while in Sweden and Finland the clutch size averages 1 @.@ 56 and 1 @.@ 87 , respectively . While variation based on climate is not unusual for different wide ranging palearctic species , the higher clutch size of western Mediterranean eagle @-@ owls is also probably driven by the presence of lagomorphs in the diet , which provide high nutritional value than most other regular prey . The average clutch size , attributed as 2 @.@ 7 , was the lowest of any European owl per one study . One species was attributed with an even lower clutch size in North America , the great grey owl with a mean of 2 @.@ 6 , but the mean clutch size was much higher for the same species in Europe , at 4 @.@ 05 . In Spain , incubation is from mid- January to mid @-@ March , hatching and early nestling period is from late March to early April , fledging and post @-@ fledging dependence can be anywhere from mid @-@ April to August and territorial / courtship is anytime hereafter ; i.e. the period between the beginning of juvenile dispersal to egg laying ; from September to early January . The same general date parmeters were followed in southern France . In the Italian Alps , the mean egg @-@ laying date was similarly February 27 but the young were more likely to be dependent later , as all fledglings were still being cared for by the end of August and some even lingered under parental care until October . The first egg hatches after 31 to 36 days of incubation . Although the eggs do hatch successively , considering that the average intervals between egg @-@ laying is three day , surprisingly the young tend to hatch no more than a day or two apart . Like all owls that nest in the open , the downy young are not white often a mottled grey with some white and buff , which provides camouflage . They open their eyes at 4 days of age . The chicks grow rapidly , being able to consume small prey whole after roughly three weeks . In Andalusia , it was found that the most noticeably development of the young before they leave the nest was the increase of body size , which was the highest growth rate of any studied owl as the eagle @-@ owls grew from a small size more quickly than either snowy or great horned owls . Body mass increased fourteen times over from 5 days old to 60 days old in this study . The male continues to bring prey , leaving in on or around the nest , and the female feeds the nestlings , tearing up the food into suitably @-@ sized pieces . The female resumes hunting after about three weeks which increases the food supply to the chicks . Siblicide has been recorded widely in Eurasian eagle @-@ owls and , according to some authorities , is almost a rule in the species . However , many nesting attempts produce 2 fledglings indicating that siblicide is not as common as in other birds of prey , especially some eagles . It has been theorized in Spain that males are likely to be the first egg laid to reduce the likelihood of sibling aggression due to the size difference , thus the younger female hatchling is less likely to be killed since it is similar in size to its older sibling . Apparently , the point at which the chicks venture out of the nest is driven by the location of the nest . In elevated nest sites , chicks usually wander out of the nest at 5 to as late as 7 weeks of age , but have been recorded leaving the nest if the nest is on the ground as early as 22 to 25 days old . The chicks can walk well at five weeks of age and by seven weeks are taking short flights . Hunting and flying skills are not tested prior to the young eagle @-@ owls leaving the nest . Young Eurasian eagle @-@ owls leave the nest by 5 – 6 weeks of ago and typically can flying weakly ( a few metres ) by about 7 – 8 weeks of age . Normally , they are cared for at least another month . By the end of the month , the young eagle @-@ owls are quite assured fliers . There are a few confirmed cases of adult eagle @-@ owls in Spain feeding and caring for post @-@ fledgling juvenile eagle @-@ owls that were not their own . A study from southern France found the mean fledgling number of fledgling per nest was 1 @.@ 67 . In central Europe , the mean number of fledglings per nest averages between 1 @.@ 8 and 1 @.@ 9 . The mean fledgling rate in the Italian Alps was 1 @.@ 89 , thus being similar . In the Italian Alps it was found that heavier rainfall during breeding decreased fledgling success because it inhibited the ability of the parents to hunt and potentially exposed nestlings to hypothermia . In the reintroduced population of eagle @-@ owls in Eifel Germany , occupied territories produced an average of 1 @.@ 17 fledglings but not all occupying pair attempted to breed , with about 23 % of those attempting to breed being unsuccessful . In slightly earlier studies , possibly due to higher persecution rates , the mean number of young leaving the nest was often lower , such as 1 @.@ 77 in Bavaria , Germany , 1 @.@ 1 in lower Austria and 0 @.@ 6 in southern Sweden . While sibling owls are close in the stage between leaving the nest and fully fledge , about 20 days after leaving the nest , the family unit seems to dissolve and the young disperse quickly and directly . All told , the dependence of young eagle @-@ owls on their parents last for 20 to 24 weeks . Independence in central Europe is from September to November . The young leave their parents care normally on their own but are also sometimes chased away by their parents . The young Eurasian eagle @-@ owls reach sexual maturity by the following year , but do not normally breed until they can establish a territory at around two or three years old . Until they are able to establish their own territories , young eagle @-@ owls spend their life as nomadic " floaters " and , while they also call , select inconspicuous perch sites unlike breeding birds . Male floaters are especially wary about intrusion into an established territory to avoid potential conspecific aggression . = = Status = = The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl has a very wide range across much of Europe and Asia , estimated to be about 32 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 12 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . In Europe there are estimated to be between 19 @,@ 000 and 38 @,@ 000 breeding pairs and in the whole world around 250 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 individual birds . The population trend is thought to be decreasing because of human activities , but with such a large range and large total population , the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird as being of " least concern " . Although roughly equal in adaptability and wideness of distribution , the great horned owl , with a total estimated population of up to 5 @.@ 3 million individuals , apparently has a total population that is roughly twice that of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl . Numerous factors , including a shorter history of systematic persecution , lesser sensitivity to human disturbance while nesting , somewhat greater ability to adapt to marginal habitats and widespread urbanization and slightly smaller territories , may play into the horned owls greater numbers in modern times . = = = Longevity = = = The eagle owl can live for up to 20 years in the wild . At one time the oldest ringed eagle @-@ owl was considered a 19 @-@ year @-@ old specimen . However , another banded specimen was subsequently found to be 27 years and 9 months old . Like many other bird species in captivity they can live much longer without having to endure difficult natural conditions , and have possibly survived up to 68 years in zoo collections . Healthy adults normally have no natural predators and are thus considered apex predators . The leading causes of death for this species are man @-@ made : electrocution , traffic accidents and shooting frequently claim the life of eagle @-@ owls . = = = Anthropogenic mortality = = = Electrocution was the greatest cause of mortality in 68 % of 25 published studies and accounted , on average , for 38 @.@ 2 % of the reported eagle @-@ owl deaths . This was particularly true in the Italian Alps , where the number of dangerous , non @-@ insulated pylons near nests was extremely high , but is highly problematic almost throughout the species ’ European distribution . In one telemetry study , 55 % of 27 dispersing young were electrocuted within 1 year of their release from captivity , while electrocution rates of wild @-@ born young are even higher . Mortality in the Swiss Rhine Valley was variable , in radio @-@ tagged , released individuals , most died as a result of starvation ( 48 % ) rather than human @-@ based causes but 93 % of the wild , un @-@ tagged individuals found dead were due to human activities , 46 % due to electrocution and 43 % due to collision with vehicles or trains . It was concluded there that insulation of pylons would result in a stabilization of the local population due to floaters taking up residence in non @-@ occupied territories that formerly held deceased eagle @-@ owls . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls from Finland also were found to primary die due to electrocution ( 39 % ) and collisions with vehicles ( 22 % ) . Wind turbine collisions can also be a serious cause of mortality locally . Eagle @-@ owl has been singled out historically as a threat to game species and thus to the economic well @-@ being of landowners , game @-@ keepers and even governmental agencies and as such has been singled out for widespread persecution . Local extinctions of Eurasian eagle @-@ owls have been primarily due to persecution . Examples of this including northern Germany in 1830 , the Netherlands sometimes in the late nineteenth century , Luxembourg in 1903 , Belgium in 1943 and central and western Germany in the 1960s . In trying to determine causes of death for 1476 eagle @-@ owls from Spain , most were unknown and undetermined types of trauma . The largest group that could be determined , 411 birds , was due to collisions , more than half of which were from electrocution , while 313 were due to persecution and merely 85 were directly attributable to natural causes . Clearly , while pylon safety is perhaps the most serious factor to be addressed in Spain , persecution continues to be a massive problem for Spanish eagle @-@ owls . Of seven European nations where modern Eurasian eagle @-@ owl mortality is well @-@ studied , continual persecution is by far the largest problem in Spain , although also continues to be serious ( often comprising at least half of studied mortality ) in France . From France and Spain , nearly equal numbers of eagle @-@ owls are poisoned ( for which raptors might not be the main target ) and are shot ( which is obvious very intentional persecution ) . = = = Conservation and re @-@ introductions = = = While the eagle @-@ owl remains reasonably numerous in some parts of its habitat where nature is still relatively little disturbed by human activity , such as the sparsely populated regions of Russia and Scandinavia , concern has been expressed about the future of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl in western and central Europe . There , very few areas are not heavily modified by human civilization , thus exposing the birds to the risk of collisions with deadly man @-@ made objects ( e.g. pylons ) and a depletion of native prey numbers due to ongoing habitat degradation and urbanization . In Spain , long @-@ term governmental protection of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl seems to have no positive effect on reducing the persecution of eagle @-@ owls . Therefore , Spanish conservationists have recommended to boost education and stewardship programs in order to protect eagle @-@ owls from direct killing by local residents . Unanimously , biologists studying eagle @-@ owl mortality and conservation factors have recommended to proceed with the proper insulation of electric wires and pylons in areas where the species is present . As this measure is labour @-@ intensive and therefore rather expensive , few efforts have actually been made to insulate pylons in areas with few fiscal resources devoted to conservation such as rural Spain . In Sweden , a mitigation project was launched in order to insulate transformers that are frequently damaged by eagle owl electrocution . Large reintroduction programs were instituted in Germany after the eagle @-@ owl was deemed extinct in the country as a breeding species by the 1960s , as a result of a long period of heavy persecution . The largest reintroduction there occurred from the 1970s to the 1990s in the Eifel region , near the border to neighbouring Belgium and Luxembourg . However , the success of this measure , consisting in more than a thousand eagle @-@ owls being reintroduced at an average cost of $ 1 @,@ 500 US dollars per bird , is a subject of controversy . It appears that those eagle @-@ owls reintroduced in the Eifel region which are able to breed successfully , enjoy a nesting success comparable with wild eagle @-@ owls from elsewhere in Europe . On the other hand , mortality levels in the Eifel region appear to remain quite high due to anthropogenic factors . There are also concerns about a lack of genetic diversity of the species in this part of Germany . Apparently , the German reintroductions have allowed eagle @-@ owls to repopulate neighbouring parts of Europe , as the breeding populations now occurring in the Low Countries ( Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg ) are believed to be the result of influx from regions further to the east . Smaller reintroductions have been done elsewhere and the current breeding population in Sweden is believed to be primarily the result of a series of reintroductions . Conversely to numerous threats and declines incurred by Eurasian eagle @-@ owls , areas where human @-@ dependent non @-@ native prey species such as brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) and rock pigeons ( Columba livia ) have flourished , have given the eagle @-@ owls a primary food source and allowed them occupy regions where they were once marginalized or absent . = = = Occurrence in Great Britain = = = The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl at one time did occur in Great Britain as a naturally occurring species . Some , including the RSPB have claimed that this was probably by about 10 @,@ 000 @-@ 9 @,@ 000 years ago after the last ice age but fossil remains found in Meare Lake Village have indicated the eagle @-@ owl occurring as recently as roughly 2 @,@ 000 years ago in the fossil record . The lack of presence of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl in British folklore or writings in recent millennium may indicate the lack of occurrence by this species there . The flooding of the land bridge between Britain and continental Europe may have been responsible for their extirpation as they only disperse over limited distances , although early human persecution presumably played a role as well . Some reportages of eagle @-@ owls in Britain have been revealed to actually be great horned owls or Indian eagle @-@ owls , the latter a particularly popular owl in falconry circuits . However , some breeding pairs do still occur in Britain , the exact number of pairs and individuals is not definitely known . The World Owl Trust stated that they believe some eagle @-@ owls occurring in North England and Scotland are naturally occurring , making the flight of roughly 350 to 400 km ( 220 to 250 mi ) from the west coast of Norway to Shetland and the east coast of Scotland , as well as possibly from the coasts of the Netherlands and Belgium to the south . Although not migratory , eagle @-@ owls can disperse some notable distances in young birds seeking a territory . However , prior studies of eagle @-@ owl distribution have indicated a strong reluctance to cross large bodies of water in the species . Many authorities state that the Eurasian eagle @-@ owls occurring in Britain are individuals that have escaped from captivity . While , until 19th century , wealthy collectors may have released unwanted eagle @-@ owls , despite press to the contrary , there is no evidence of any organization or individual intentionally releasing eagle @-@ owls recently with the intent to establish a breeding population . Many feel that the eagle @-@ owl would be classified as an " alien " species . Due to its predatory abilities , many , especially those in the press , have expressed alarm of their effect on " native " species . From 1994 to 2007 , 73 escaped eagle @-@ owls were not registered as returned , while 50 escapees were re @-@ captured . Several recorded breeding attempts have been studied and most were unsuccessful , due in large part to incidental disturbance by humans and some due to direct persecution , with eggs having been smashed . = = = Effect on conservation @-@ dependent species = = = As a highly opportunistic predator , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl will hunt almost any appropriately sized prey they encounter . Most often they take what ever prey is locally common and can take a large number of species considered harmful to human financial interests such as rats and mice . However , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls do take rare or endangered species as well . Even small numbers of losses can be heavily damaging . Among the species considered at least vulnerable ( up to critically endangered as in the mink and eel , both heavily overexploited by humans ) to extinction known to be hunted by Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are Russian desman ( Desmana moschata ) Pyrenean desman ( Galemys pyrenaicus ) , barbastelle ( Barbastella barbastellus ) , European ground squirrel ( Spermophilus citellus ) , southwestern water vole ( Arvicola sapidus ) , European mink ( Mustela lutreola ) , marbled polecat ( Vormela peregusna ) , lesser white @-@ fronted goose ( Anser erythrops ) , Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ) , greater spotted eagle ( Clanga clanga ) , eastern imperial eagle ( Aquila heliaca ) , saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ) , houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis undulata ) , great bustard ( Otis tarda ) , spur @-@ thighed tortoise ( Testudo graeca ) , Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) , European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) and lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus ) . = American Airlines Flight 191 = American Airlines Flight 191 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight operated by American Airlines from O 'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport . A McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 @-@ 10 used for this flight on May 25 , 1979 , crashed moments after takeoff from Chicago . All 258 passengers and 13 crew on board were killed , along with 2 people on the ground . It is the deadliest aviation accident to have occurred in the United States . Investigators found that as the jet was beginning its takeoff rotation , engine number one , on the left wing , separated and flipped over the top of the wing . As the engine separated from the aircraft , it severed hydraulic fluid lines that locked the wing leading edge slats in place , and it damaged a three @-@ foot section of the left wing 's leading edge . Air loads on the wing resulted in an uncommanded retraction of the outboard slats . As the jet began to climb , the damaged left wing , with no engine , produced far less lift stalled than the right wing , with its slats still deployed and its engine running at full takeoff speed . The extremely disrupted and unbalanced aerodynamics of the aircraft caused it to roll to the left until it was partially inverted , reaching a bank angle of 112 degrees , before crashing in an open field by a trailer park near the end of the runway . The engine separation was attributed to damage to the pylon rigging structure holding the engine to the wing , caused by faulty maintenance procedures at American Airlines . While maintenance issues and not the actual design of the aircraft were ultimately found responsible for the crash , the accident and subsequent grounding of all DC @-@ 10s by the Federal Aviation Administration added to an already unfavorable reputation of the DC @-@ 10 aircraft in the eyes of the public , caused by several other incidents and accidents involving the type . The investigation also revealed other DC @-@ 10s with damage caused by the same faulty maintenance procedure . The faulty procedure was banned , and the aircraft type went on to have a long passenger career . It has since found a second career as a cargo airplane . = = Background = = = = = Aircraft = = = The aircraft involved was a McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 @-@ 10 registered N110AA . It had been delivered on February 25 , 1972 , and at the time of the crash had logged just under 20 @,@ 000 hours of flight over seven years . The jet was powered by three General Electric CF6 @-@ 6D engines . A review of the aircraft 's flight logs and maintenance records showed that no mechanical discrepancies were noted for May 11 , 1979 . On the day of the accident , in violation of standard procedure , the records were not removed from the aircraft , and were destroyed in the accident . = = = Flight crew = = = Captain Walter Lux , 53 , had been flying the DC @-@ 10 since its introduction eight years earlier . He had logged around 22 @,@ 000 flying hours , of which about 3 @,@ 000 were in a DC @-@ 10 . He was also qualified to pilot 17 other aircraft , including the DC @-@ 6 , DC @-@ 7 , and Boeing 727 . First Officer James Dillard , 49 , and Flight Engineer Alfred Udovich , 56 , were also highly experienced : 9 @,@ 275 hours and 15 @,@ 000 hours respectively , and between them they had 1 @,@ 830 hours flying experience in the DC @-@ 10 . = = Accident = = The weather was clear , with a northeast wind at 22 knots ( 25 mph ; 41 km / h ) . At 2 : 50 CDT , Flight 191 pushed back from gate K5 and was cleared to taxi to runway 32R . Maintenance crews present at the gate did not notice anything unusual during pushback , engine start , or taxi . Everything looked normal as the flight began its takeoff roll at 3 : 02 . Just as the aircraft hit takeoff speed , the number one engine and its pylon assembly separated from the left wing , ripping away a 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) section of the leading edge with it . The combined unit flipped over the top of the wing and landed on the runway . Robert Graham , supervisor of maintenance for American Airlines , stated : " As the aircraft got closer , I noticed what appeared to be vapor or smoke of some type coming from the leading edge of the wing and the No. 1 engine pylon . I noticed that the No. 1 engine was bouncing up and down quite a bit and just about the time the aircraft got opposite my position and started rotation , the engine came off , went up over the top of the wing , and rolled back down onto the runway ... Before going over the wing , the engine went forward and up just as if it had lift and was actually climbing . It didn 't strike the top of the wing on its way , rather it followed the clear path of the airflow of the wing , up and over the top of it , then down below the tail . The aircraft continued a fairly normal climb until it started a turn to the left . And at that point , I thought he was going to come back to the airport . " It is not known what was said in the cockpit in the 50 seconds leading up to final impact , as the cockpit voice recorder lost power when the engine detached . The only crash @-@ related audio collected by the recorder is a thumping noise ( likely the sound of the engine separating ) , followed by First Officer Dillard exclaiming " Damn ! " , at which point the recording ends . This may also explain why Air Traffic Control was unsuccessful in their attempts to radio the crew and inform them that they had lost an engine . This loss of power did , however , prove useful in the subsequent investigation , serving as a marker of exactly what circuit in the DC @-@ 10 's labyrinthine electrical system had failed . In addition to the engine 's failure , several related systems failed . The number one hydraulic system , powered by the number one engine , failed but continued to operate via motor pumps that mechanically connected it to hydraulic system three . Hydraulic system three was also damaged and began leaking fluid but maintained pressure and operation up until impact . Hydraulic system two was undamaged . The number one electrical bus , whose generator was attached to the number one engine , failed , causing several electrical systems to go offline , most notably the captain 's instruments , his stick shaker , and the slat disagreement sensors . While a switch in the overhead panel would have allowed the captain to restore power to his instruments , it was not used . It might have been possible for the flight engineer to reach the backup power switch ( as part of an abnormal situation checklist – not as part of their take @-@ off emergency procedure ) in an effort to restore electrical power to the number one electrical bus . That would have worked only if electrical faults were no longer present in the number one electrical system . Furthermore , to reach the switch the flight engineer would have needed to rotate his seat , release his safety belt , and stand up . Since the aircraft never got higher than 350 feet ( 110 m ) above ground and was in the air for only 50 seconds between when the engine separated and when it crashed , there was not sufficient time to take such an action . In any event , the first officer was flying the airplane and his instruments continued to function normally . As the wings and engines were not visible from the cockpit , the crew likely had no idea that an engine had fallen off , only that one had failed . Since it was no longer possible to abort the takeoff at this point , the crew followed the standard operating procedure for an " engine out " climb . This procedure is to climb at the takeoff safety airspeed ( V2 ) and attitude ( angle ) , as directed by the flight director . The partial electrical power failure ( produced by the separation of the left No. 1 engine ) meant that neither the stall warning or slat retraction indicator were operative . The crew was therefore unaware that the slats on the left wing were retracting . This retraction significantly raised the stall speed of the left wing . By following the takeoff safety airspeed , the left wing stalled while the right wing was still producing lift , so the aircraft banked sharply and uncontrollably to the left . Later , in simulator recreations of the accident , it was determined that by climbing at a higher airspeed the crash could have been averted . The aircraft climbed to about 325 feet ( 99 m ) above ground level while spewing a white mist trail of fuel and hydraulic fluid from the left wing . The first officer had followed the flight director and raised the nose to 14 degrees , which reduced the airspeed from 165 knots ( 190 mph ; 306 km / h ) to the takeoff safety airspeed ( V2 ) of 153 knots ( 176 mph ; 283 km / h ) , the speed at which the aircraft could safely climb after sustaining an engine failure . However , the engine separation had severed the hydraulic fluid lines that controlled the leading edge slats on the left wing and locked them in place , causing the outboard slats ( immediately left of the No. 1 engine ) to retract under air load . The retraction of the slats raised the stall speed of the left wing to approximately 159 knots ( 183 mph ; 294 km / h ) , 6 knots ( 6 @.@ 9 mph ; 11 km / h ) higher than the prescribed takeoff safety airspeed ( V2 ) of 153 knots ( 176 mph ; 283 km / h ) . As a result , the left wing entered a full aerodynamic stall . At 325 feet ( 99 m ) above ground level , the resulting asymmetric lift caused the aircraft to commence rolling rapidly to the left and to enter a steep dive from which it could not recover , despite maximum opposite control inputs by the first officer . The aircraft continued rolling until it was partially inverted at a 112 @-@ degree bank angle , right wing over left wing . It then slammed into a field approximately 4 @,@ 600 ft ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) from the end of the runway . Large sections of aircraft debris were hurled by the force of the impact into an adjacent trailer park , destroying five trailers and several cars . The DC @-@ 10 had also crashed into an old aircraft hangar located at the edge of the airport at the former site of Ravenswood Airport , which was used for storage . The nearly full fuel load ignited in a huge fireball almost immediately . The aircraft was almost completely destroyed , with no significant pieces of the fuselage remaining . The only sizable components left were the landing gear , the two engines that were still attached to the aircraft at impact , the engine that separated from the aircraft , and the tail section . A fireman assisting at the scene of the crash later stated , " We didn 't see one body intact , just trunks , hands , arms , heads , and parts of legs . And we can 't tell whether they were male or female , or whether they were adult or child , because they were all charred . " Another first responder on the scene stated , " It was too hot to touch anybody and I really couldn 't tell if they were men or women . Bodies were scattered all over the field . " In addition to the 271 people on board the aircraft , two employees at a nearby repair garage were killed and two more severely burned . At 273 victims , this was the deadliest accident in US aviation history . Of the victims , only about a dozen bodies were found intact . Three additional residents were injured from falling aircraft debris . The crash scene was in a field northwest of the intersection of Touhy Avenue ( Illinois Route 72 ) and Mount Prospect Road on the border of the suburbs of Des Plaines and Mount Prospect , Illinois . = = Investigation = = The National Transportation Safety Board was responsible for investigating the crash and determining what caused the engine to separate from the aircraft and the reason why the aircraft was unable to remain airborne on its two remaining engines . The loss of the engine by itself should not have been enough to cause the crash ; the aircraft should have been capable of returning to the airport using its remaining two engines . Unlike other aircraft designs , however , the DC @-@ 10 did not include a separate mechanism to lock the extended leading edge slats in place , relying instead solely on the hydraulic pressure within the system . In response to the accident , slat relief valves were mandated to prevent slat retraction in case of hydraulic line damage . The wreckage was too severely fragmented to determine the exact position of the rudders , elevators , flaps , and slats prior to impact and examination of eyewitness photographs showed only that the right wing flaps were fully extended as the crew tried unsuccessfully to correct the steep roll they were in . The left wing flaps could not be determined from the blurry color photographs , so they were sent to a laboratory in Palo Alto , California for digital analysis , a process that was pushing the limits of 1970s technology and necessitated large , complicated , and expensive equipment . The photographs were reduced to black @-@ and @-@ white , which made it possible to distinguish the flaps from the wing itself and thus proved that they were retracted . In addition , it was also verified that the tail section of the aircraft was undamaged and the landing gear was down . Wind tunnel and flight simulator tests were conducted to help to understand the trajectory of the aircraft after the engine detached and the left wing slats retracted . Those tests established that the damage to the wing 's leading edge and retraction of the slats increased the stall speed of the left wing from 124 knots ( 143 mph ) to 159 knots ( 183 mph ) . The DC @-@ 10 incorporates two warning devices that might have alerted the pilots to the impending stall : the slat disagreement warning light , which should have illuminated after the uncommanded retraction of the slats , and the stick shaker on the captain 's control column , which activates close to the stall speed . Both of these warning devices were powered by an electric generator driven by the number one engine . Both systems became inoperative after the loss of that engine . The first officer 's control column was not equipped with a stick shaker ; the device was offered by McDonnell Douglas as an option for the first officer , but American Airlines chose not to have it installed on its DC @-@ 10 fleet . Stick shakers for both pilots became mandatory in response to this accident . = = = Engine separation = = = Witnesses were in universal agreement that the aircraft had not struck any foreign objects on the runway and no pieces of the wing or other aircraft components were found with the engine , proving that nothing had broken off and hit it . The engine separation thus could only have come from an internal failure . From an examination of the detached engine the NTSB concluded that the pylon attachment had separated as the result of damage incurred before the crash . Investigators looked at the aircraft 's maintenance history and found that its most recent service was eight weeks before the crash , during which this particular engine had been removed from the aircraft for repairs . The pylon , the rigging holding the engine onto the wing , had been damaged during the procedure . The procedure recommended by McDonnell @-@ Douglas called for the engine to be removed from the pylon before detaching the pylon itself , but American Airlines , along with Continental Airlines and United Airlines , had begun to use a procedure that saved approximately 200 man @-@ hours per aircraft and " more importantly from a safety standpoint , it would reduce the number of disconnects ( of systems such as hydraulic and fuel lines , electrical cables , and wiring ) from 72 to 27 . " The new procedure involved mechanics removing the engine and pylon as a single unit . A large forklift was used to support the engine while it was being detached from the wing – a procedure that was found to be extremely difficult to execute successfully , due to difficulties with holding the engine assembly straight while it was being removed . The field service representative from McDonnell @-@ Douglas said the company would " not encourage this procedure due to the element of risk " and had so advised American Airlines . McDonnell @-@ Douglas , however , " does not have the authority to either approve or disapprove the maintenance procedures of its customers . " The accident investigation also concluded that the design of the pylon and adjacent surfaces made the parts difficult to service and prone to damage by maintenance crews . There were two different approaches to the one @-@ step procedure : using an overhead hoist or using a forklift . United Airlines used the hoist ; American and Continental Airlines used the forklift . Inspection of the DC @-@ 10 fleets of the three airlines showed that while United Airlines ' hoist approach seemed to work , there were several DC @-@ 10s at both Continental and American with severe and potentially fatal damage to their pylon mounts . The forklift method had some setbacks : If the forklift was incorrectly positioned , as with the procedure used by American , the engine would rock like a see @-@ saw and jam against the pylon attachment points . The forklift operator was guided only by hand and voice signals ; the positioning had to be perfect or damage could result . The maintenance work on N110AA did not go smoothly . Aircraft mechanics started to disconnect the engine and pylon , but there was a shift change halfway through . When work was resumed , the pylon was jammed on the wing and the forklift had to be repositioned . After the crash , an examination of the pylon attachment points on the engine revealed damage to the wing 's pylon mounting bracket that matched the shape of the pylon 's rear attachment fitting . This meant that the pylon attachment fitting had struck the mounting bracket . This was important evidence because the only way the pylon fitting could strike the wing 's mounting bracket in the observed manner was if the bolts that held the pylon to the wing were removed and if the engine was being supported by something other than the aircraft . Hence investigators were able to determine that the observed damage to the rear pylon mount existed before the crash , rather than being caused by it . The damage was not enough to cause an immediate failure . However , a fatigue crack developed and expanded slightly with each takeoff and landing over eight weeks until Flight 191 , when the damaged rear pylon mount reached the breaking point and failed . Without this fitting in place , the engine , at full takeoff thrust , rotated upward on its still @-@ attached forward pylon mount . The structure surrounding the forward pylon mount then overloaded and failed , and the engine broke off . = = Media reaction = = The disaster and investigations received widespread coverage in the media , assisted by new news gathering technologies . The impact on the public was increased by the dramatic effect of an amateur photo taken of the aircraft rolling that was published on the front page of the Chicago Tribune on the Sunday two days after the crash . There were some early reports that a collision with a small aircraft had been the cause of the crash . This apparently was the result of the discovery of small @-@ aircraft parts among the wreckage at the crash site . National Transportation Safety Board vice @-@ chairman Elwood T. Driver , in a press briefing , was photographed holding a broken bolt and nut , implying these parts were a cause of the accident . The small @-@ plane parts were subsequently determined to have been on the ground at the time of the crash , at the former general aviation Ravenswood Airport , a facility that had been out of service for a few years . An owner there had been selling used aircraft parts from a remaining hangar building . The crash of Flight 191 brought strong criticism from the media regarding the DC @-@ 10 's safety and design . The DC @-@ 10 had been involved in two accidents related to the design of its cargo doors , American Airlines Flight 96 ( 1972 ) and Turkish Airlines Flight 981 ( 1974 ) . The separation of engine one from its mount , the widespread publication of the dramatic images of the airplane missing its engine seconds before the crash , and a second photo of the fireball resulting from the impact , raised widespread concerns about the safety of the DC @-@ 10 . The final blow to the airplane 's reputation was dealt two weeks after the crash , when the aircraft was grounded by the FAA . Although the aircraft itself was later exonerated , the damage in the public 's eye was already done . = = Cause = = The findings of the investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board were released on December 21 , 1979 : The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the asymmetrical stall and the ensuing roll of the aircraft because of the uncommanded retraction of the left wing outboard leading edge slats and the loss of stall warning and slat disagreement indication systems resulting from maintenance @-@ induced damage leading to the separation of the No. 1 engine and pylon assembly at a critical point during takeoff . The separation resulted from damage by improper maintenance procedures which led to failure of the pylon structure . Contributing to the cause of the accident were the vulnerability of the design of the pylon attach points to maintenance damage ; the vulnerability of the design of the leading edge slat system to the damage which produced asymmetry ; deficiencies in Federal Aviation Administration surveillance and reporting systems which failed to detect and prevent the use of improper maintenance procedures ; deficiencies in the practices and communications among the operators , the manufacturer , and the FAA which failed to determine and disseminate the particulars regarding previous maintenance damage incidents ; and the intolerance of prescribed operational procedures to this unique emergency . The NTSB determined that the damage to the left wing engine pylon had occurred during an earlier engine change at the American Airlines aircraft maintenance facility in Tulsa , Oklahoma , on March 29 and 30 , 1979 . = = DC @-@ 10s afterward = = In response to this accident , American Airlines was fined $ 500 @,@ 000 by the U.S. government for improper maintenance procedures . On June 6 , 1979 , two weeks after the crash , the Federal Aviation Administration suspended the type certificate for the DC @-@ 10 , thereby grounding all DC @-@ 10s under its jurisdiction . It also enacted a special air regulation banning the DC @-@ 10 from U.S. airspace , which prevented foreign DC @-@ 10s not under the jurisdiction of the FAA from flying within the country . This was done while the FAA investigated whether or not the airplane 's engine mounting and pylon design met relevant requirements . Once the FAA was satisfied that maintenance issues were primarily at fault and not the actual design of the aircraft , the type certificate was restored on July 13 and the special air regulation repealed . However , the type certificate was amended , stating that " ... removal of the engine and pylon as a unit will immediately render the aircraft unairworthy . " The crash of another DC @-@ 10 at the end of November , Air New Zealand Flight 901 , exactly six months after Flight 191 , added to the DC @-@ 10 's negative reputation . The crash of Flight 901 , an Antarctic sightseeing flight which hit a mountain , was caused by several human and environmental factors not related to the airworthiness of the DC @-@ 10 , and the aircraft was later completely exonerated in that accident . Yet another DC @-@ 10 , performing Western Airlines Flight 2605 , crashed in Mexico City after a red @-@ eye flight from Los Angeles barely 5 months after the crash of American Airlines flight 191 . The Western Airlines DC @-@ 10 's crash , however , was due to low visibility and an attempt to land on a closed runway . Ironically , the crash of yet another DC @-@ 10 , United Airlines Flight 232 , ten years later restored some of the aircraft 's reputation . Despite losing an engine and all flight controls and crash @-@ landing in a huge fireball ( which was caught on video by a local news crew ) , 185 people survived the accident . Experts praised the DC @-@ 10 's sturdy construction as partly responsible for the high number of survivors , though the efforts of the crew were primarily responsible . Despite initial safety concerns , the DC @-@ 10 continued to serve with passenger airlines for over 30 years after the crash of Flight 191 . In the end , it was newer , more fuel @-@ efficient twin @-@ engined airplanes from Boeing and Airbus and not safety concerns that ultimately ended the passenger career of the DC @-@ 10 . Many retired passenger DC @-@ 10s have since been converted to all @-@ cargo use . DC @-@ 10 freighters , along with its derivative , the MD @-@ 11 , form the backbone of the FedEx Express fleet . The DC @-@ 10s have been upgraded with the glass cockpit from the MD @-@ 11 , thereby turning them into MD @-@ 10s . American Airlines retired its last DC @-@ 10s in 2000 after 29 years of service . In February 2014 , Biman Bangladesh Airlines operated the final DC @-@ 10 passenger flights . = = Notable victims = = Some notable victims in the crash of Flight 191 were : Itzhak Bentov , Israeli biomedical inventor ( the cardiac catheter ) and New Age author ( Stalking the Wild Pendulum and A Cosmic Book ) . Sheila Charisse , the daughter @-@ in @-@ law of movie actress Cyd Charisse . Leonard Stogel , music business manager / promoter / producer / executive for California Jam and California Jam II , Sweathog , The Cowsills , Sam the Sham , Tommy James & The Shondells , Redbone , Gentle Giant , and other musical groups . Coincidentally , Stogel 's parents had earlier perished on American Airlines Flight 1 . Several people connected to Playboy magazine : Several members of the American Booksellers Association who were on their way to their annual convention at the Los Angeles Convention Center , where they were to have a joint party organized by Playboy founder Hugh Hefner . This included Judith Bennett , author of the book Sex Signs : Every Woman 's Astrological and Psychological Guide to Love , Health , Men and More . Victoria Haider , magazine editor for Playboy magazine ( and sometimes editor of Harlan Ellison ) . Judith Wax and her husband , Sheldon Wax . Judith Wax frequently contributed to Playboy ( Sheldon was its managing editor ) , notably the annual " Christmas cards " piece that " presented " short satirical poems to various public figures . In her 1979 book , Starting in the Middle , she had written about her fear of flying on page 191 . Robert Walton Vaughan , Professor of Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , leading researcher in nuclear magnetic resonance and catalysis . John B. Wear , Jr . , M.D. , Professor & Chairman of Urology , University of Wisconsin Medical School . = = Memorial = = For 32 years there was no permanent memorial to the victims . Funding was obtained for a memorial in 2009 , through a two @-@ year effort by the 6th grade class of Decatur Classical School in Chicago . The memorial , a 2 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) concave wall with interlocking bricks displaying the names of the crash victims , was formally dedicated in a ceremony on October 15 , 2011 . The memorial is located in a park two miles east of the crash site . A now @-@ faded banner reading " In Remembrance of American Airlines Flight 191 May 25 , 1979 " is situated on a fence at the corner of West Touhy Avenue and South Mt . Prospect Road , near the site of the crash . = = In other media = = The cable / satellite TV channel The National Geographic Channel produced a documentary on the crash , and an episode from Seconds from Disaster titled " Chicago Plane Crash " detailed the crash and included film of the investigation press conferences . The Smithsonian Channel 's television series Air Disasters profiled the crash in the episode " Catastrophe at O 'Hare . " The television series Mayday profiled the crash in the episode " Catastrophe at O 'Hare " . After the crash and the media attention that was focused on the DC @-@ 10 , American Airlines replaced all " DC @-@ 10 LuxuryLiner " logos on the fuselage with a more generic " American Airlines LuxuryLiner " . In the days following the crash , a man named Clarence Bean , Jr . , claimed that his pregnant girlfriend , Diane Chorba , was on the flight , but Cook County medical examiners assigned the task of identifying the crash victims later disproved this . Bean was found guilty of her murder in 2001 . Chicago folk singer Steve Goodman wrote the song " Ballad of Flight 191 ( They Know Everything About It ) " in response to the crash and the subsequent investigation as the inaugural song for a series of topical songs which aired on National Public Radio in 1979 . Chicago post @-@ hardcore punk band The Effigies wrote the song " Body Bag " about the crash . The lyrics included " Plane just left O 'Hare / On time flight one @-@ nine @-@ one / Disaster in the air / Starboard engine 's gone " ( although it was the port engine that was actually lost ) . The Michael Crichton novel Airframe described the incident in detail as an example to the reader how a " good airplane ( DC @-@ 10 ) " could be " destroyed by bad press " . = St Pabo 's Church , Llanbabo = St Pabo 's Church , Llanbabo is a medieval church in Llanbabo , in Anglesey , North Wales . Much of the church dates to the 12th century , and it is regarded as a good example of a church of its period that has retained many aspects of its original fabric . The church houses a tombstone slab from the 14th century , depicting a king with crown and sceptre , bearing the name of Pabo Post Prydain , the reputed founder of the church . However , there is no evidence that Pabo , a 5th @-@ century prince , lived in the area and the tradition that he founded the church has little supporting basis . The church is still in use , as part of the Church in Wales , although services are only held here occasionally . It is a Grade II * listed building , a designation given to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " , because it is a medieval church that has been little altered . = = History and location = = The date of foundation of the church in Llanbabo , Anglesey , is unknown , but it is known that there was a church here before 1254 as it is recorded in the Norwich Valuation of that year . According to tradition , it was founded by Pabo Post Prydain ( Pabo the " Pillar of Britain " ) , a 5th @-@ century prince from North Britain who was driven out in 460 and settled thereafter in Anglesey . He is also said to have been buried in the area . A stone slab gravestone dating from the late 14th century , made from Flintshire sandstone , was found in about 1680 : according to the 17th @-@ century Welsh historian Lewis Morris , it was unearthed by a sexton digging a grave in the churchyard . The rectangular slab ( from the same workshop as one at Bangor Cathedral and one of St Iestyn at St Iestyn 's Church , Llaniestyn , given the similarities between them ) has a shallowly engraved full @-@ length image of a bearded man wearing a crown and a loose , pleated tunic over a garment reaching to his wrists . He holds a sceptre in his right hand ; his head is on a cushion underneath an arch , and the background is decorated with flowers . The effect is somewhat like a monumental brass in stone ; the slab is now displayed vertically inside the church . The inscription , which is incomplete , reads " Hic iacet Pa [ bo ] Post Priid " ( or " Prud " ) – " Here lies Pabo the Pillar of Britain " . Additional letters have been interpreted as denoting the name of the donor of the monument . Apart from this , the tradition linking Pabo to the church is not recorded in writing until the Welsh antiquarian Henry Rowlands in the 18th century , nor is there evidence that Pabo devoted himself to religion or died in Anglesey ; accordingly , modern writers suggest that there is no link between him and the church . The church stands alongside a minor road between Llanddeusant and Rhosgoch , near the Llyn Alaw reservoir . It is part of the Church in Wales , although it is only used for services occasionally . It is one of nine churches in the combined parish of Bodedern with Llanfaethlu , and forms part of the deanery of Llifon and Talybolion , within the archdeaconry of Bangor in the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , there has been no incumbent priest since September 2009 . The village of Llanbabo takes its name from the church : the prefix llan originally meant " enclosure " and then came to mean " church " , and " ‑ babo " is a modified form of the saint 's name . = = Architecture and fittings = = The church is built from rubble masonry , dressed with freestone . It measures 45 feet by 14 feet 6 inches ( 14 by 4 @.@ 4 metres ) . The building is largely 12th @-@ century in construction , with the walls and a narrow lancet window in the south wall dating from that time ; another window at the east end of the south wall is rectangular and dates from the late 14th or early 15th centuries , with a more modern window in between . The east wall and window , with stone tracery and an ogee @-@ topped light in a pointed arch , are from the 14th century . Some of the windows use atypical green glass , and some have frames made out of wood . Chevron @-@ carved voussoirs ( wedges ) and three stone human heads , weathered by time and also probably from the 12th century , have been repositioned over the doorway , which is at the west end of the south side of the church . The wedges probably come from a former chancel arch and apse , removed ( as in other churches in Anglesey ) to make the chancel larger . The doorway has been enlarged at some point , most likely during the early part of the 19th century . On the north side , a doorway was added in the 18th century , but it was subsequently blocked and a window inserted instead . One writer has speculated that this might have been a leper niche and window . There are two other modern windows in the north wall , and all three are at different heights . There is a bellcote at the west end , housing a bell ( probably from the 18th century ) . The roof has been described as being " clearly one of the earliest on the island " . Inside , as well as the Pabo monument on the north wall , there are medieval arched trusses and two 18th @-@ century marble memorials . The font , which is probably 12th @-@ century in date , is a circular bowl about 1 foot ( 30 cm ) in height . There is no division between the nave and chancel , and there is one step from the chancel into the sanctuary , which is marked with a simple rail . The altar is made of wood . The fittings , including plain pews , were added in 1911 . There is a carved head above the doorway inside the church , in similar style to those on the outside . " The Llanbabo Devil " ( Diafol Llanbabo ) , a stone previously set in the wall of the churchyard and thought to represent a Celtic deity , is now kept inside the church . = = Assessment = = The church is a Grade II * listed building – the second @-@ highest ( of three ) grade of listing , designating " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . It was given this status on 12 May 1970 , and has been listed because it is " a good , scarcely altered simple Medieval church which retains a great deal of the Medieval fabric , including decorate fragments of probable 12th century date , and a fine later Medieval roof . " According to Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales ) , St Pabo 's Church " can be considered an important survivor " , as many other old churches on Anglesey were either rebuilt or restored during the 19th century . Some restoration work , including replacement of some of the timbers in the roof , was carried out in 1909 under the architect Harold Hughes , but overall " the church has not suffered from excessive restoration . " = Bay Area Rapid Transit = Bay Area Rapid Transit ( BART ) is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area . The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in the East Bay and suburbs in northern San Mateo County . BART 's rapid transit system operates five routes on 104 miles ( 167 km ) of line , with 44 stations in four counties ; additionally , BART operates a 3 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 1 km ) AGT line to Oakland Airport which adds a forty @-@ fifth station to the system . Further spur lines under BART jurisdiction within individual counties utilize other rail technologies . With an average of 423 @,@ 120 weekday passengers and 126 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2015 , BART is the fifth @-@ busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States . The name is spoken as an acronym instead of an initialism ; it is referred to as " Bart " , not " B @-@ A @-@ R @-@ T " . BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District , a special @-@ purpose transit district that was formed in 1957 to cover San Francisco , Alameda County , and Contra Costa County . BART combines the aesthetics and carrying capacity of a metro system with the logistics and pricing model of commuter rail . It is an alternative to highway transportation , especially to avoid congestion on the San Francisco Bay Bridge , which connects San Francisco to the East Bay suburbs and the city of Oakland . As of 2016 , the BART system is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs and Silicon Valley BART extensions . = = History = = = = = Development and origins = = = Some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System 's current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System . This early 20th @-@ century system once had regular trans @-@ bay traffic across the lower deck of the Bay Bridge . By the mid @-@ 1950s , that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel . A new rapid @-@ transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s , and formal planning for it began in the 1950s . Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959 , and construction began a few years later . Passenger service began on September 11 , 1972 , initially just between MacArthur and Fremont . The new BART system was hailed as a major step forward in subway technology , although questions were asked concerning the safety of the system and the huge expenditures necessary for the construction of the network . All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART . In addition to San Francisco , Alameda , and Contra Costa Counties , Santa Clara County , San Mateo County , and Marin County were initially intended to be part of the system . Santa Clara County Supervisors opted out in 1957 , preferring instead to build expressways . In 1961 , San Mateo County supervisors voted to leave BART , saying their voters would be paying taxes to carry mainly Santa Clara County residents . Although Marin County originally voted in favor of BART participation at the 88 % level , the district @-@ wide tax base was weakened by the withdrawal of San Mateo County . Marin County withdrew in early 1962 because its marginal tax base could not adequately absorb its share of BART 's projected cost . Another important factor in Marin 's withdrawal was an engineering controversy over the feasibility of running trains across the Golden Gate Bridge . The extension of BART into Marin was forecast as late as three decades after the 1972 start . Initially , a lower level under the Golden Gate Bridge was preferred . In 1970 , the Golden Gate Transportation Facilities Plan considered a tunnel under the Golden Gate or a new bridge parallel to the Richmond @-@ San Rafael Bridge but neither of these plans was pursued . Extensions were completed to Colma and Pittsburg / Bay Point in 1996 , Dublin / Pleasanton in 1997 , SFO / Milbrae in 2003 , and the automated guideway transit spur line that connects BART to Oakland International Airport in 2014 . = = = Modernization = = = Since the mid @-@ 1990s , BART has been trying to modernize its system . The fleet rehabilitation is part of this modernization ; in 2009 , fire alarms , fire sprinklers , yellow tactile platform edge domes , and cemented @-@ mat rubber tiles were installed . The rough black tiles on the platform edge mark the location of the doorway of approaching trains , allowing passengers to wait at the right place to board . All faregates and ticket vending machines were replaced . In 2007 , BART stated its intention to improve non @-@ peak ( night and weekend ) headways for each line to 15 minutes . The current 20 @-@ minute headways at these times is viewed as a psychological barrier to ridership . In mid @-@ 2007 , BART temporarily reversed its position stating that the shortened wait times would likely not happen due to a $ 900 @,@ 000 state revenue budget shortfall . Nevertheless , BART eventually confirmed the implementation of the plan by January 2008 . Continued budgetary problems halted the expanded non @-@ peak service and returned off @-@ peak headways to 20 minutes in 2009 . In 2008 BART announced that it would install solar power systems on the roofs of two yards and maintenance facilities in addition to car ports with rooftop solar panels at the Orinda station . The board lamented not being able to install them at all stations but it stated that Orinda was the only station with enough sun for them to make money from the project . In 2012 The California Transportation Commission announced they would provide funding for expanding BART facilities , through the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority , in anticipation of the opening of the Silicon Valley Berryessa Extension . $ 50 million would go in part to improvements to the Hayward Maintenance Complex . = = = Earthquake safety = = = A 2010 study shows that along with some Bay Area freeways , some of BART 's overhead structures could collapse in a major earthquake , which has a significant probability of occurring within three decades . Seismic retrofiting has been carried out in recent years to address these deficiencies , especially in the Transbay Tube . = = = Extensions underway = = = Construction of eBART in Pittsburg and Antioch is underway as of 2016 . The extension to Silicon Valley is under construction in Warm Springs , Milpitas and Berryessa . = = = = Expansion strategy and proposals = = = = BART 's current focus is on improving service and reliability in its core system ( where density and ridership is highest ) , rather than extensions into far @-@ flung suburbia . In 2007 , these plans included : a line that would continue from the Transbay Terminal through the South @-@ of @-@ Market , northwards on Van Ness and terminating in western San Francisco along the Geary corridor , the Presidio , or North Beach ; a line along the Interstate Highway 680 corridor ; and a fourth set of rail tracks through Oakland . However , BART maps still show a planned extension to Livermore , in the fringe of Alameda County , and the Antioch eBART extension is under construction . Further expansion has been proposed , contingent upon the allocation of funding . This includes the second phase of the Silicon Valley extension to downtown San Jose and Santa Clara , the Livermore extension , and ' wBART ' : I @-@ 80 / West Contra Costa Corridor ( extension to Hercules ) ; in addition , at least four infill stations such as Irvington and Calaveras have been proposed . As of 2013 , long @-@ range plans included a new four @-@ bore Transbay Tube beneath San Francisco Bay that would run parallel and south of the existing tunnel and emerge at the Transbay Transit Terminal to connect to Caltrain and the future California High Speed Rail system . The four @-@ bore tunnel would provide two tunnels for BART and two tunnels for conventional / high @-@ speed rail . The BART system and conventional U.S. rail use different and incompatible rail gauges and different loading gauges . = = Infrastructure = = The entirety of the system runs in exclusive right @-@ of @-@ way . BART 's rapid transit revenue routes cover 104 miles ( 167 km ) with 44 stations . On the main lines , approximately 37 miles of lines run through underground sections with 23 miles on elevated tracks . The main system uses a 5 ft 6 in ( 1 @,@ 676 mm ) Indian gauge and mostly ballastless track . It also uses flat @-@ edge rail , rather than typical rail that angles slightly inward . ( A new spur line will utilize conventional 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge rail in the future . ) This has complicated maintenance of the system , as it requires custom wheelsets , brake systems , and track maintenance vehicles . DC electric current at 1 @,@ 000 volts is delivered to the trains over a third rail . In stations the third rail is on the side away from the passenger platform , except the middle platform at the San Francisco International Airport station . This reduces the danger of a passenger falling on the third rail or stepping on it to climb back to the platform after falling off . On ground @-@ level tracks , the third rail alternates from one side of the track to the other , providing breaks in the third rail to allow for emergency evacuations . Underground tunnels , aerial structures and the Transbay Tube have evacuation walkways and passageways to allow for train evacuation without exposing passengers to contact with the third rail , which is located as far away from these walkways as possible . The maximum speed trains can travel is 80 miles per hour ( 130 km / h ) , but BART does not typically operate trains at that speed except to help a train make up time . The maximum speed BART uses during normal operations is 70 mph . Trains length ranges from four cars to a maximum of ten cars , which fills the 700 @-@ foot ( 213 m ) length of a platform . At its maximum length of 710 feet ( 216 m ) , BART has the longest trains of any metro system in the United States . The system also features car widths of 10 @.@ 5 feet ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) ( the same width as a Budd Metroliner ) , a maximum gradient of four percent , and a minimum curve radius of 394 feet ( 120 m ) on the main lines . Systemwide headways are limited due to the merging of four lines through the Transbay Tube and San Francisco , as well as the lack of sidings necessary for overtaking trains . Many of the original system 1970s @-@ era BART stations , especially the aerial stations , feature simple , Brutalist architecture , while the newer stations are a mix of Neomodern and Postmodern architecture . The additional double tracked four mile long upper deck of the Market Street Subway and its four underground stations were built by BART for the S.F. Municipal Railway as specified by the system 's original plan . An automated guideway transit line and a 45th station were opened in 2014 and utilize off @-@ the @-@ shelf cable car technology developed by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car : the Cable Liner . = = = Routes = = = All routes pass through Oakland , and all but the Richmond – Fremont route pass through the Transbay Tube into San Francisco and beyond to Daly City . Most segments of the BART system carry trains of more than one route . Trains regularly operate on five routes . Unlike most other rapid transit and rail systems around the world , BART lines are generally not referred to by shorthand designations – they are only occasionally referred to officially by color names . However , future train cars will display line colors more prominently . The five BART lines are generally identified on maps , schedules , and signage by the names of their termini : Richmond – Fremont : Follows a former Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway right @-@ of @-@ way from Richmond to Berkeley , and a former Western Pacific Railroad right @-@ of @-@ way from Oakland to Fremont . Operates daily . Pittsburg / Bay Point – SFO / Millbrae : Follows SR 4 , a former Sacramento Northern Railway right @-@ of way , and SR 24 from Pittsburg to Oakland , and extends beyond Daly City to San Francisco International Airport . This is the longest point @-@ to @-@ point line in the BART system . Operates daily , with the line extending from the airport to Millbrae on weeknights and weekends . Fremont – Daly City : Coincides with the Richmond @-@ Fremont line from Fremont to Oakland . Operates until early evening Mondays through Saturdays . Richmond – Daly City / Millbrae : Coincides with the Richmond @-@ Fremont line from Richmond to Oakland , and extends beyond Daly City to Millbrae following a former Southern Pacific Railroad right @-@ of @-@ way , which is also served by Caltrain beyond San Bruno . Operates until early evening Mondays through Saturdays , with the line terminating at Daly City on Saturdays . Dublin / Pleasanton – Daly City : Follows Interstate 580 via Castro Valley to San Leandro , where it coincides with the Fremont @-@ Daly City line . Operates daily . In addition BART also operates a separate automated guideway transit line : Coliseum – Oakland Int 'l Airport : Travels along Hegenberger Road from the Oakland International Airport to the BART system at Coliseum station . Operates daily . = = = = Discontinued = = = = San Francisco : Between the openings of the Market Street Subway on November 5 , 1973 and the Transbay Tube on September 16 , 1974 , a dedicated line was run from Montgomery Street to Daly City . This was discontinued with commencement of through service to Oakland after the opening of the Transbay Tube . Millbrae – SFO Shuttle : When service to the SFO station began on June 22 , 2003 , there was originally a shuttle service connecting the Millbrae and SFO stations . This service facilitated a direct rail link between Caltrain and the airport . The shuttle trains usually had 5 cars and ran every 20 minutes . The shuttle line was discontinued in 2004 due to poor ridership . BART changed its routing so that existing lines ran to the airport and to Millbrae . Direct service between these two stations is not always available , but they can be reached via transfer . = = = Automation = = = BART was one of the first U.S. systems of any size to have substantial automated operations . The trains are computer @-@ controlled via BART 's Operations Control Center ( OCC ) and headquarters at the Kaiser Center in Downtown Oakland and generally arrive with regular punctuality . Train operators duties may include , but are not limited to , the following : Monitors console and radio communications to ensure that vehicles are operating within established guidelines ; Observes and detects problems with passengers entering and exiting train doors and takes corrective action ; observes and detects hazards on the track , in the station or platforms , or the train itself , reports them to Operations Control Center personnel via radio , and take necessary corrective action ; Make announcements to passengers regarding station arrivals , transfer points , delays , and emergencies and answers passenger questions ; In yards , on test tracks , turntables and wash facilities , follows directions from Tower personnel and operates console to move trains as directed ; Takes prescribed action such as evacuating passengers , administer first aid , and using a fire extinguisher during emergencies ; Reports basic equipment malfunctions of mechanical or electrical nature to Operations Control Center ; works with foreworkers and technicians to isolate reported problems ; Maintains logs of work activities ; completes forms to report unusual circumstances and action taken ; Uses a variety of communication equipment , including a public address system , two ‑ way radios and emergency telephones ; Monitors and learns to apply changes in operating and emergency procedures ; Maintains and upgrades knowledge of policies and procedures as required . = = Rolling stock = = = = = Car types = = = BART operates four types of cars , built from three separate orders , totaling 662 cars . To run a typical peak morning commute , BART requires 579 cars . Of those , 535 are scheduled to be in active service ; the others are used to build up four spare trains ( essential for maintaining on @-@ time service ) . At any one time , the remaining 90 cars are in for repair , maintenance , or some type of planned modification work . The A and B cars were built from 1968 to 1971 by Rohr Industries , an aerospace manufacturing company that had recently started mass @-@ transit equipment manufacturing . The A cars were designed as leading or trailing cars only , with an aerodynamic fiberglass operator 's cab housing train control equipment and BART 's two @-@ way communication system , and extending 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) longer than the B- and C @-@ cars . A and B cars can seat 60 passengers comfortably , and under crush load , carry over 200 passengers . B cars have no operator 's cab and are used in the middle of trains to carry passengers only . Currently , BART operates 59 A cars and 389 B cars . The BART A cars have a larger cab window than the C cars , allowing riders to look out of the front or the back of the train . The C cars feature a fiberglass operator 's cab and control and communications equipment like the A cars , but do not have the aerodynamic nose , allowing them to be used as middle cars as well . This allows faster train @-@ size changes without having to move the train to a switching yard . C cars can seat 56 passengers and under crush load accommodate over 200 passengers . The first C cars , referred to as C1 cars , were built by Alstom between 1987 and 1989 . The second order of C cars , built by Morrison @-@ Knudsen ( now Washington Group International ) , are known as C2 cars . The C2 cars were identical to the C1 cars but featured an interior with a blue / gray motif . At the time of their construction , the C2 cars also featured flip @-@ up seats which could be folded to accommodate wheelchair users ; these seats were later removed during refurbishment . Currently , BART operates 150 C1 cars and 80 C2 cars . The " C " cars have a bright white segment as the final approximately two feet ( 61 cm ) of the car at their cab end . = = = Refurbishments = = = Prior to the introduction of the C2 cars , the seats and carpeted flooring in all the cars were brown . In 1995 , BART contracted with ADtranz ( acquired by Bombardier Transportation in 2001 ) to refurbish and overhaul the 439 original Rohr A- and B @-@ cars , updating the old brown fabric seats to less @-@ toxic and easier @-@ to @-@ clean , light @-@ blue polyurethane seats and bringing the older cars to the same level of interior amenities as the C2 fleet . The project was completed in 2002 . The A , B , and C cars were all given 3 @-@ digit numbers originally , but when refurbished 1000 was added to the number of each individual A / B car ( e.g. car 633 would become 1633 ) . The C2 cars are numbered in the 2500 series ; the C / C1 cars still have 3 @-@ digit numbers . Because one of the original design goals was for all BART riders to be seated , the older cars had fewer provisions such as grab bars for standing passengers . In the late 2000s BART began modifying some of the C2 cars to test features such as hand @-@ straps and additional areas for luggage , wheelchairs and bicycles . These new features were later added to the A , B , and C1 cars . Prior to 2012 , all BART cars featured upholstered seats . It was reported in 2011 that several strains of molds and bacteria were found on fabric seats on BART trains , even after wiping with antiseptic . These included bacteria from fecal contamination . In April , BART announced it would spend $ 2 million in the next year to replace the dirty seats . The new seats would feature vinyl @-@ covered upholstery which would be easier to clean . The transition to the new seats was completed in December 2014 . Originally all the cars had carpeted flooring . Due to similar concerns regarding cleanliness , the carpeting in all of the cars has been removed . The A and B , and C2 cars now feature vinyl flooring in either grey or blue coloring , while the C1 cars feature a spray @-@ on composite flooring . = = = Traction motors = = = Prior to rebuilding , the Direct Current ( DC ) traction motors used on the 439 Rohr BART cars were model 1463 with chopper controls from Westinghouse , who also built the automatic train control system for BART . The Rohr cars were rebuilt with ADtranz model 1507C 3 @-@ phase alternating current ( AC ) traction motors with insulated @-@ gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) inverters . The Westinghouse motors are still in use on the Alstom C ( C1 ) and Morrison @-@ Knudsen C2 cars and the motors that were removed from the Rohr cars were retained as spare motors for use on them . Cars have a starting accelerating of 3 @.@ 0 mph / s or 4 @.@ 8 km / ( h · s ) and are capable of holding that acceleration up to 31 mph ( 50 km / h ) . Residual acceleration at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) is 0 @.@ 78 mph / s or 1 @.@ 26 km / ( h · s ) . Braking rates range from 0 @.@ 45 mph / s or 0 @.@ 72 km / ( h · s ) up to 3 @.@ 0 mph / s or 4 @.@ 8 km / ( h · s ) ( full service rate ) . The HVAC system on the Rohr BART cars before rehabilitation were built by Thermo King , when it was a subsidiary of Westinghouse ; it is now a subsidiary of Ingersoll Rand . The current HVAC systems on the rebuilt Rohr @-@ built Gen 1 cars were built by Westcode and possibly also ADtranz who had subcontracted the HVAC system to Westcode . = = = Noise = = = Many BART passengers have noted that the system is noisy , with a 2010 survey by the San Francisco Chronicle measuring up to 100 decibels ( comparable to the noise level of a jackhammer ) in the Transbay Tube between San Francisco and Oakland , and still more than 90 decibels in 23 other locations . According to BART , the noise in the tunnel used to be " compared to banshees , screech owls , or Doctor Who 's TARDIS run amok " . However , then @-@ chief BART spokesperson Linton Johnson stated that BART averages 70 – 80 dB , below the danger zone , and according to a 1997 study by the National Academy of Sciences , BART ranks as among the quietest transit systems in the nation . Critics have countered that this study analyzed straight , above @-@ ground portions of different systems throughout the country at 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) , which is not representative of actual operating conditions . Much of BART is under ground and curvy , even in the Transbay Tube , and has much higher peak operating speeds than many other systems in the country . Train noise on curves is caused by the wheels slipping along the rails . This slippage also causes noise and surface damage called corrugation . The process by which the noise and corrugation occur is : Pairs of wheels are attached to one another with an axle such that they must have the same rotational speed , but on a curve the distances the outer and inner wheels travel are different . As a result , the wheels must slip along the rails . This slippage causes the wheel and track to wear and become uneven ( corrugated ) . This corrugation causes more noise and corrugation , not only in the original location but elsewhere in the system . In 2015 , after replacing 6 @,@ 500 feet ( 1 @,@ 981 m ) and grinding down ( smoothing ) 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of rail in the tube , BART reported a reduction of noise there and positive feedback from riders . BART also announced that the new train cars expected to enter service in December 2016 ( see below ) will be quieter , thanks to " ' micro @-@ plug ' doors [ that ] help seal out noise " . = = = AGT fleet = = = The Coliseum – Oakland International Airport line uses a completely separate and independently operated fleet as it uses cable car @-@ based automated guideway transit technology . It uses four Cable Liner trains built by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car , arranged as three @-@ car sets , but the system can accommodate four @-@ car trains in the future . = = = Future railcars = = = To speed up rider entry and exit at stations , BART is preparing to introduce new 6 @-@ door cars . BART received proposals from five suppliers , and on May 10 , 2012 awarded a $ 896 @.@ 3 million contract to Canadian railcar manufacturer Bombardier Transportation with an order for 410 new cars , split into a base order of 260 cars and a first option order of 150 additional cars . The car was designed by Morelli Designers , an industrial design firm based in Montréal , Canada . On November 21 , 2013 , BART purchased 365 more cars , for a total fleet size of 775 new railcars , while also accelerating the delivery schedule by 21 months ( from 10 cars per month up to 16 cars per month ) and lowering procurement costs by approximately $ 135 million . According to the contract , at least ⅔ of the contract ’ s amount must be spent on U.S.-built parts . There will be two different types of car configurations for the new fleet ; a cab car ( D @-@ cars ) , which will make up 40 % of the fleet , or , 310 cars , and a non @-@ cab car ( E @-@ cars ) , which will make up the remainder of the fleet , or , 465 cars . All cars are to be equipped with bike racks , new vinyl seats ( 54 per	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
car ) , and a brand new passenger information system which will display next stop information . Due to potential access issues for people with disabilities , the pilot car layout was modified by the BART board in February 2015 to include two wheelchair spaces in the center of the car , as well as alternative layouts for bike and flexible open spaces . The first test car was unveiled in April 2016 . Upon approval , the first 10 cars were expected to be in service in December 2016 , and at least 60 by December 2017 . Delivery of all 775 cars is expected to be completed by September 2021 . The vehicle procurement for eBART includes eight Stadler GTW trains , with two options to procure six more . The first will be delivered in June 2016 . The Stadler GTW trains are diesel multiple units with 2 / 6 articulated power units , and are based on models previously used in Austin , Dallas and New Jersey . = = Travelling = = = = = Hours of operation = = = BART has five rapid transit lines ; most of each line 's length is on track shared with other lines . Trains on each line run every 15 minutes on weekdays and 20 minutes during evenings , weekends and holidays ; stations on the section of track between Daly City and West Oakland are serviced by four lines and therefore see 16 trains an hour on each track . BART service begins around 4 : 00 am on weekdays , 6 : 00 am on Saturdays , and 8 : 00 am on Sundays . Service ends every day near midnight with station closings timed to the last train at station . Two of the five lines , the Fremont – Daly City and Richmond – Daly City / Millbrae lines , do not have night ( after 7 : 00 pm & 9 : 00 pm , respectively ) or Sunday service , but all stations remain accessible by transfer from the other lines . The separate Coliseum – Oakland International Airport AGT line runs every 6 minutes , with approximately the same operating hours as the five rapid transit lines . All Nighter bus service runs when BART is closed . 30 out of 44 BART stations are served either directly or within a few blocks . BART tickets are not accepted on these buses , with the exception of BART Plus tickets ( which are no longer accepted on AC Transit , Muni , SamTrans , or VTA beginning in 2013 ) , and each of the four bus systems that provide All @-@ Nighter service charges its own fare , which can be up to $ 3 @.@ 50 ; a four @-@ system ride could cost as much as $ 9 @.@ 50 as of 2007 . = = = Fares = = = Fares on BART are comparable to those of commuter rail systems and are higher than those of most subways , especially for long trips . The fare is based on a formula that takes into account both the length and speed of the trip . A surcharge is added for trips traveling through the Transbay Tube , to Oakland International Airport , and / or through San Mateo County ( which access to includes San Francisco International Airport ) , which is not a BART member . Passengers can use refillable paper @-@ plastic @-@ composite tickets , on which fares are stored via a magnetic strip , to enter and exit the system . The exit faregate prints the remaining balance on the ticket each time the passenger exits the station . A paper ticket can be refilled at a ticket machine , the remaining balance on any ticket can be applied towards the purchase of a new one , or a card is captured by the exit gate when the balance reaches zero ; multiple low value cards can be combined to create a larger value card but only at specific ticket exchange locations , located at some BART stations . BART relies on unused ticket values on discarded low @-@ value cards for additional revenue , as much as $ 9 @.@ 9 million . The paper ticket technology is identical to the Washington Metro 's paper fare card , though the BART system does not charge higher fares during rush hour . Both systems were supplied by Cubic Transportation Systems , with contract for BART being awarded in 1974 . Clipper , a contactless smart card accepted on all major Bay Area public transit agencies , may be used in lieu of a paper ticket . The minimum fare is $ 1 @.@ 95 ( except San Mateo County trips ) under 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) . The maximum one @-@ way fare including all possible surcharges is $ 15 @.@ 70 , the journey between San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport . The farthest possible trip , from Pittsburg / Bay Point to Millbrae , costs less because of the $ 4 additional charge added to SFO trips and $ 6 additional charge added to OAK trips . Entering and exiting the same station within three hours accrues an excursion fare of $ 5 @.@ 75 . Passengers without sufficient fare to complete their journey must use a cash @-@ only AddFare machine to pay the remaining balance in order to exit the station . BART uses a system of five different color @-@ coded tickets for regular fare , special fare , and discount fare to select groups as follows : Blue tickets – General : the most common type Red tickets – Disabled Persons and children aged 4 to 12 : 62 @.@ 5 % discount , special ID required ( children under the age of 4 ride free ) Green tickets – Seniors age 65 or over : 62 @.@ 5 % discount , proof of age required for purchase Orange tickets – Student : special , restricted @-@ use 50 % discount ticket for students age 13 – 18 currently enrolled in high or middle school BART Plus – special high @-@ value ticket with ' flash @-@ pass ' privileges with regional transit agencies . Effective January 1 , 2013 , the SFMTA ( Muni ) , as well as SamTrans and VTA , no longer participate in the BART Plus Program . AC Transit stopped participating in the BART Plus program in 2003 . The BART Plus ticket is being phased out in favor of the Clipper system , as the only Bay Area transit agencies that still participate in the BART Plus program do not yet accept Clipper cards . Unlike many other rapid transit systems , BART does not have an unlimited ride pass , and the only discount provided to the public is a 6 @.@ 25 % discount when " high value tickets " are purchased with fare values of $ 48 and $ 64 , for prices of $ 45 and $ 60 respectively . Amtrak 's Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins trains sell $ 10 BART tickets on board in the café cars for only $ 8 , resulting in a 20 % discount . A 62 @.@ 5 % discount is provided to seniors , the disabled , and children age 5 to 12 . Middle and high school students 13 to 18 may obtain a 50 % discount if their school participates in the BART program ; these tickets are intended to be used only between the students ' home station and the school 's station and for transportation to and from school events . The tickets can be used only on weekdays . These School Tickets and BART Plus tickets have a last @-@ ride bonus where if the remaining value is greater than $ 0 @.@ 05 , the ticket can be used one last time for a trip of any distance . Most special discounted tickets must be purchased at selected vendors and not at ticket machines . The Bart Plus tickets can be purchased at the ticket machines . The San Francisco Muni " A " monthly pass provides unlimited rides within San Francisco , with no fare credit applied for trips outside of the City . San Francisco pays $ 1 @.@ 02 for each trip taken under this arrangement . Fares are enforced by the station agent , who monitors activity at the fare gates adjacent to the window and at other fare gates through closed circuit television and faregate status screens located in the agent 's booth . All stations are staffed with at least one agent at all times . Proposals to simplify the fare structure abound . A flat fare that disregards distance has been proposed , or simpler fare bands or zones . Either scheme would shift the fare @-@ box recovery burden to the urban riders in San Francisco , Oakland and Berkeley and away from suburban riders in East Contra Costa , Southern Alameda , and San Mateo Counties , where density is lowest , and consequently , operational cost is highest . = = = Ridership levels = = = During the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 , BART recorded an average weekday ridership of 423 @,@ 120 , the highest in its history , making BART the fifth @-@ busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States . During fiscal year 2015 , the busiest station was Embarcadero with 45 @,@ 460 average weekday exits , followed by Montgomery Street with 44 @,@ 333 . The busiest station outside of San Francisco was 12th Street Oakland City Center with 13 @,@ 921 riders , followed by Downtown Berkeley with 13 @,@ 744 . The least busy station was North Concord / Martinez with 2 @,@ 766 weekday exits . BART 's one @-@ day ridership record was set on Halloween of 2012 with 568 @,@ 061 passengers attending the San Francisco Giants ' victory parade for their World Series championship . This surpassed the record set two years earlier of 522 @,@ 198 riders in 2010 for the Giants ' 2010 World Series victory parade . Before that , the record was 442 @,@ 100 riders in October 2009 , following an emergency closure of the Bay Bridge . During a planned closure of the Bay Bridge , there were 475 @,@ 015 daily riders on August 30 , 2013 , making that the third highest ridership . On June 19 , 2015 , BART recorded 548 @,@ 078 riders for the Golden State Warriors championship parade , placing second on the all @-@ time ridership list . BART set a Saturday record of 419 @,@ 162 riders on February 6 , 2016 , coinciding with Super Bowl 50 events and a Golden State Warriors game . That easily surpassed the previous Saturday record of 319 @,@ 484 riders , which occurred in October 2012 , coinciding with several sporting events and Fleet Week . BART set a Sunday ridership record of 292 @,@ 957 riders in June 2013 , in connection with the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade , surpassing Sunday records set the previous two years when the Pride Parade was held . High gasoline prices pushed ridership to record levels during 2012 . Prior to 2013 , five of BART 's top ten ridership days of all time occurred in September and October 2012 . = = = Connecting services = = = Two BART stations have connections to Amtrak regional rail services : Coliseum / Oakland Airport and Richmond . Capitol Corridor trains run from Sacramento to San Jose from both stations . Additionally , Richmond has connections to the San Joaquin and nationally @-@ serviced California Zephyr . Caltrain , which provides service between San Francisco , San Jose and Gilroy , has a cross @-@ platform interchange at at the Millbrae Station . Connections to San Francisco 's local light rail system , the Muni Metro , are facilitated primarily through the twin @-@ level Market Street subway . Plans from 1960 called for BART trains to traverse the Twin Peaks Tunnel , but the upper level of the subway was turned over to Muni and both agencies share the Embarcadero , Montgomery Street , Powell and Civic Center stations . Some Muni Metro lines connect with ( or pass nearby ) the BART system at the Balboa Park and Glen Park stations . Complimentary shuttle bus service connects BART to the Altamont Commuter Express commuter rail at the Fremont , Dublin / Pleasanton and West Dublin / Pleasanton stations . Under @-@ construction extensions will allow for a connection to Santa Clara County 's VTA light rail in 2017 . Future , unfinalized plans call for further rail connections in San Jose and Santa Clara . = = = Connecting services via bus = = = Bus transit services connect to BART , which , while managed by separate agencies , are integral to the successful functioning of the system , including the San Francisco Municipal Railway ( Muni ) , AC Transit , SamTrans , County Connection , and the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District ( Golden Gate Transit ) . Until 1997 , BART ran its own " BART Express " connector buses , which ran to eastern Alameda County and far eastern and western areas of Contra Costa County ; these routes were later devolved to sub @-@ regional transit agencies such as Tri Delta Transit and the Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority ( WHEELS ) or , in the case of Dublin / Pleasanton service , replaced by a full BART extension . Other services connect to BART including the Emery Go Round ( Emeryville ) , WestCAT ( north @-@ western Contra Costa County ) , San Leandro LINKS , Napa VINE , Rio Vista Delta Breeze , Dumbarton Express , SolTrans , Union City Transit , and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in Silicon Valley . Several commuter and interregional bus services connect to BART , including the San Joaquin RTD Commuter ( Stockton ) , Tri Delta Transit ( Contra Costa County ) , Greyhound , California Shuttle Bus , Valley of the Moon Commute Club , Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach , and Modesto Area Express BART Express . = = = Cars = = = Many BART stations offer parking , however , under @-@ pricing causes station parking lots to overflow in the morning . Pervasive congestion and under @-@ pricing forces some to drive to distant stations in search of parking . BART hosts car sharing locations at many stations , a program pioneered by City CarShare . Riders can transfer from BART and complete their journeys by car . BART offers long @-@ term airport parking through a third @-@ party vendor at most East Bay stations . Travelers must make an on @-@ line reservation in advance and pay the daily fee of $ 5 before they can leave their cars at the BART parking lot . = = = Airports = = = BART connects directly to the San Francisco International Airport ; connections are available to AirTrain for those not departing or arriving from the international terminal . The Coliseum – Oakland International Airport line , or BART to OAK Airport , is an automated guideway transit line that directly connects BART and Amtrak at the Coliseum station to the terminal buildings at Oakland International Airport . Unlike similar services at other airports , it is integrated into the BART fare system but with BART ticket gates located at the Coliseum end of the people mover . The connector 's automated guideway transit ( AGTs ) vehicles are cable @-@ propelled and operate on a fixed , elevated guideway 3 @.@ 2 miles ( 5 @.@ 1 km ) long . The people movers arrive at the Coliseum BART station every 6 to 20 minutes , and are designed to transport travelers to the airport in about eight minutes . = = = Facilities = = = = = = = Cell phone and Wi @-@ Fi = = = = In 2004 , BART became the first transit system in the United States to offer cellular telephone communication to passengers of all major wireless carriers on its trains underground . Service was made available for customers of Verizon Wireless , Sprint / Nextel , AT & T Mobility , and T @-@ Mobile in and between the four San Francisco Market Street stations from Civic Center to Embarcadero . In 2009 , service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube , thus providing continuous cellular coverage between West Oakland and Balboa Park . In 2010 , service was expanded to all underground stations in Oakland ( 19th Street , 12th Street / Oakland City Center , and Lake Merritt ) . Uninterrupted cellular coverage of the entire BART system is a goal . As of 2012 passengers in both the Berkeley Hills tunnel and the Berkeley subway ( Ashby , Downtown and North Berkeley ) received cell service . The only section still not covered by cell service is a short tunnel that leads to Walnut Creek BART , and San Mateo County subway stations ( including service to SFO and Millbrae ) . In 2007 , BART ran a beta test of Wi @-@ Fi Internet access for travelers . It initially included the four San Francisco downtown stations : Embarcadero , Montgomery , Powell , and Civic Center . It included above ground testing to trains at BART 's Hayward Test Track . The testing and deployment was extended into the underground interconnecting tubes between the four downtown stations and further . The successful demonstration provided for a ten @-@ year contract with WiFi Rail , Inc. for the services throughout the BART right of way . In 2008 the Wi @-@ Fi service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube . BART terminated the relationship with Wi @-@ Fi Rail in December 2014 , citing that WiFi Rail had not submitted an adequate financial or technical plan for completing the network throughout the BART system . In 2011 during the Charles Hill killing and aftermath BART disabled cell phone service to hamper demonstrators . The ensuing controversy drew widespread coverage , that raised legal questions about free speech rights of protesters and the federal telecommunications laws that relate to passengers . In response , BART released an official policy on cutting off cell phone service . = = = = Library @-@ a @-@ Go @-@ Go = = = = Since 2008 the district has been adding Library @-@ a @-@ Go @-@ Go book vending machines . The Contra Costa County Library machine was added to the Pittsburg / Bay Point station in 2008 . The $ 100 @,@ 000 machine , imported from Sweden , was the first in the nation and was followed by one at the El Cerrito del Norte station in 2009 . Later in 2011 a Peninsula Library System machine was added at the Millbrae Station . = = Organization and management = = = = = Governance = = = The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District is a special district consisting of Alameda County , Contra Costa County , and the City and County of San Francisco . San Mateo County , which hosts six BART stations , is not part of the BART District . A nine @-@ member elected Board of Directors represents nine districts . BART has its own police force . While the district includes all of the cities and communities in its jurisdiction , some of these cities do not have stations on the BART system . This has caused tensions among property owners in cities like Livermore who pay BART taxes but must travel outside the city to receive BART service . In areas like Fremont , the majority of commuters do not commute in the direction that BART would take them ( many Fremonters commute to San Jose , where there is currently no BART service ) . This would be alleviated with the completion of a BART @-@ to @-@ San Jose extension project and the opening of the Berryessa Station in San Jose . = = = Budget = = = In 2005 , BART required nearly $ 300 million in funds after fares . About 37 % of the costs went to maintenance , 29 % to actual transportation operations , 24 % to general administration , 8 % to police services , and 4 % to construction and engineering . In 2005 , 53 % of the budget was derived from fares , 32 % from taxes , and 15 % from other sources , including advertising , station retail space leasing , and parking fees . BART reported a farebox recovery ratio of 75 @.@ 67 % in February 2016 , up from 2012 's 68 @.@ 2 % . BART " train operators and station agents have a maximum annual salary of $ 62 @,@ 000 with an average of $ 17 @,@ 000 a year in overtime pay " . ( For its part , BART management claims that in as of 2013 , union train operators and station agents average about $ 71 @,@ 000 in base salary and $ 11 @,@ 000 in overtime annually , and also pay a $ 92 monthly fee for health insurance . ) = = Comparison with other rail transit systems = = BART , like other transit systems of the same era , endeavored to connect outlying suburbs with job centers in Oakland and San Francisco by building lines that paralleled established commuting routes of the region 's freeway system . The majority of BART 's service area , as measured by percentage of system length , consists of low @-@ density suburbs . Unlike the Chicago " L " or the London Underground , individual BART lines were not designed to provide frequent local service , as evidenced by the system 's current maximum achievable headway of 13 @.@ 33 minutes per line through the quadruple interlined section in San Francisco . Within San Francisco city limits , Muni provides local light rail surface and subway service , and runs with smaller headways ( and therefore provides more frequent service ) than BART . BART could be characterized as a " commuter subway , " since it has many characteristics of a regional commuter rail service , somewhat similar to S @-@ Bahn services in Germany , Denmark , Austria and Switzerland , such as lengthy lines that extend to the far reaches of suburbia , with significant distances between stations . BART also possesses some of the qualities of a metro system in the urban areas of San Francisco and downtown Oakland ; where multiple lines converge , it takes on the characteristics of an urban metro , including short headways and transfer opportunities to other lines . Urban stations are as close as one @-@ half mile ( 800 m ) apart , and have combined 2 ½ - to 5 @-@ minute service intervals at peak times . = = Incidents = = = = = Automatic Train Control failure = = = In the 1970s , three BART engineers developed concerns about the safety of the Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) system , but were unable to get their supervisors to consider them . Together , they went to the BART Board of Directors . An investigation started , and the BART management retaliated by firing the engineers . Investigation into the ATC and related design and management issues was still underway when , on October 2 , 1972 , a BART train overran a station due to ATC failure and injured several passengers . During the litigation process , the IEEE filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the engineers , and in 1978 the IEEE recognized the engineers with an ethics award . The " BART case " is now widely used in courses on engineering ethics . = = = Fatal electrical fire = = = In January 1979 , an electrical fire occurred on a train as it was passing through the Transbay Tube . One firefighter ( Lt. William Elliott , 50 , of the Oakland Fire Department ) was killed in the effort to extinguish the blaze . Since then , safety regulations have been updated . = = = Death of worker James Strickland = = = On October 14 , 2008 , track inspector James Strickland was struck and killed by a train as he was walking along a section of track between the Concord and Pleasant Hill stations . Strickland 's death started an investigation into BART 's safety alert procedures . At the time of the accident , BART had assigned trains headed in opposite directions to a shared track for routine maintenance . BART came under further fire in February 2009 for allegedly delaying payment of death benefits to Strickland 's family . = = = Shooting of Oscar Grant III = = = On January 1 , 2009 , a BART Police officer , Johannes Mehserle , fatally shot Oscar Grant III . Eyewitnesses gathered direct evidence of the shooting with video cameras , which were later submitted to and disseminated by media outlets and watched hundreds of thousands of times in the days following the shooting . Violent demonstrations occurred protesting the shooting . Mehserle was arrested and charged with murder , to which he pleaded not guilty . Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a US $ 25 million wrongful death claim against the district on behalf of Grant 's daughter and girlfriend . Oscar Grant III 's father also filed a lawsuit claiming that the death of his son deprived him of his son 's companionship . Mehserle 's trial was subsequently moved to Los Angeles following concerns that he would be unable to get a fair trial in Alameda County . On July 8 , 2010 , Mehserle was found guilty on a lesser charge of involuntary manslaughter . He was released on June 13 , 2011 and is now on parole . = = = Shooting of Charles Hill = = = On July 3 , 2011 , two officers of the BART Police shot and killed Charles Hill at Civic Center Station in San Francisco . Hill was allegedly carrying a knife . On August 12 , 2011 , BART shut down cellphone services on the network for three hours in an effort to hamper possible protests against the shooting and to keep communications away from protesters at the Civic Center station in San Francisco . The shutdown caught the attention of Leland Yee and international media , as well as drawing comparisons to the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in several articles and comments . Antonette Bryant , the union president for BART , added that , " BART have lost our confidence and are putting rider and employee safety at risk . " Members of Anonymous broke into BART 's website and posted names , phone numbers , addresses , and e @-@ mail information on the Anonymous website . On August 15 , 2011 , there was more disruption in service at BART stations in downtown San Francisco . The San Francisco Examiner reported that the protests were a result of the shootings , including that of Oscar Grant . Demonstrations were announced by several activists , which eventually resulted in disruptions to service . The protesters have stated that they did not want their protests to results in closures , and accused the BART police of using the protests as an excuse for disruption . Protesters vowed to continue their protests every Monday until their demands were met . On August 29 , 2011 , a coalition of nine public interest groups led by Public Knowledge filed an Emergency Petition asking the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to declare " that the actions taken by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District ( “ BART ” ) on August 11 , 2011 violated the Communications Act of 1934 , as amended , when it deliberately interfered with access to Commercial Mobile Radio Service ( “ CMRS ” ) by the public " and " that local law enforcement has no authority to suspend or deny CMRS , or to order CMRS providers to suspend or deny service , absent a properly obtained order from the Commission , a state commission of appropriate jurisdiction , or a court of law with appropriate jurisdiction " . In December 2011 BART adopted a new " Cell Service Interruption Policy " that only allows shutdowns of cell phone services within BART facilities " in the most extraordinary circumstances that threaten the safety of District passengers , employees and other members of public , the destruction of District property , or the substantial disruption of public transit service " . According to a spokesperson for BART , under the new policy the wireless phone system would not be turned off under circumstances similar to those in August 2011 . Instead police officers would arrest individuals who break the law . In February 2012 , the San Francisco District Attorney concluded that the BART Police Officer that shot and killed Charles Hill at the Civic Center BART station the previous July " acted lawfully in self defense " and will not face charges for the incident . A federal lawsuit filed against BART in January by Charles Hill 's brother was proceeding . In March 2012 , the FCC requested public comment on the question of whether or when the police and other government officials can intentionally interrupt cellphone and Internet service to protect public safety . = = = Employee fatalities = = = On the afternoon of October 19 , 2013 , a BART employee and a contractor , who were inspecting tracks , were struck and killed near Walnut Creek by a train being moved for routine maintenance . A labor strike by BART 's two major unions was underway at the time , which caused a significant disruption to Bay Area commuters ' daily lives and cost millions of dollars in lost productivity . The operator of the train was a BART manager and had been a train operator two decades prior . = = = Berkeley Hills Tunnel breakdown = = = On December 4 , 2013 , a BART train suffered mechanical braking problems and made an emergency stop in the Berkeley Hills Tunnel near Rockridge station . Eleven people were treated for smoke inhalation . = Palisades Interstate Parkway = The Palisades Interstate Parkway ( PIP ) is a 38 @.@ 25 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 61 @.@ 56 km ) limited @-@ access highway in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York . The parkway is a major commuter route into New York City from Rockland and Orange counties in New York and Bergen County in New Jersey . The southern terminus of the route is at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee , New Jersey , where it connects to Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) , U.S. Route 1 – 9 ( US 1 – 9 ) , US 46 and Route 4 . Its northern terminus is at a traffic circle in Fort Montgomery , New York , where the PIP meets US 9W and US 202 at the Bear Mountain Bridge . At exit 18 , the PIP forms a concurrency with US 6 for the remaining duration of its run . The route is named for the New Jersey Palisades , a line of cliffs rising along the western side of the Hudson River . The PIP is designated , but not signed as Route 445 in New Jersey and New York State Route 987C ( NY 987C ) , an unsigned reference route , in New York . As with most parkways in the New York metropolitan area , commercial traffic is prohibited from using the PIP . The Palisades Interstate Parkway was built from 1947 – 1958 , and fully opened to traffic on August 28 , 1958 . = = Route description = = The main line of the parkway is designated as Route 445 in New Jersey and NY 987C in New York . The latter is one of New York 's reference routes . A 0 @.@ 42 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 68 km ) spur connecting the parkway to US 9W in Fort Lee , New Jersey , is designated Route 445S . All three designations are unsigned and used only for inventory purposes . The parkway is owned and maintained by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission but occasional maintenance is performed by the New Jersey and New York state departments of transportation . Commercial vehicles are prohibited on the entire length of the Palisades Interstate Parkway . = = = New Jersey = = = The Palisades Interstate Parkway begins at the George Washington Bridge ( GWB ) in Fort Lee , New Jersey . Passengers from the upper level of the GWB can directly get on the PIP northbound , while passengers from the lower level of the bridge must travel through GWB Plaza on US 9W before getting on the parkway . Passengers riding northbound on the New Jersey Turnpike ( I @-@ 95 ) must be in local lanes to directly get on the PIP . Once the PIP leaves the GWB , it proceeds north along the New Jersey Palisades , past the Englewood Cliffs Service Area . Unlike service areas further north along the parkway , there are two in Englewood , one for northbound drivers and one for southbound drivers . The others are in the center median shared by drivers going in both directions . There are also three different scenic lookout points over the Palisades near the northern tip of the island of Manhattan at the Harlem River . After this , the PIP parallels US 9W and the Hudson River for its entire run in New Jersey . All four exits in New Jersey are either with US 9W , or within mere feet of the route . The PIP leaves New Jersey into New York in the borough of Rockleigh . The entire New Jersey portion of the Palisades Interstate Parkway is within Bergen County . It is designated as a state scenic byway known as the Palisades Scenic Byway . The PIP and the New Jersey Turnpike are the only highways that use sequential exit numbering in New Jersey ; all others in the state are based on mileage , except for the Atlantic City – Brigantine Connector in Atlantic City , which uses lettered exits ( no numerals ) . = = = New York = = = = = = = Rockland County = = = = The Palisades enters Rockland County in the hamlet of Palisades . At about the border the PIP changes direction from due north along the Hudson River to a north @-@ west direction . Shortly after the Kings Ferry Service Area in the center median , the first two exits in New York are key exits for two colleges in Rockland County . Exit 5 provides a link to St. Thomas Aquinas College , and exit 6 provides a link to Dominican College . In West Nyack , the PIP has a key interchange with the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 87 and I @-@ 287 ) . This intersection is about seven miles ( 11 km ) west of the Tappan Zee Bridge . After the PIP 's interchange with the NY Thruway , the PIP turns slightly north @-@ east and its speed limit increases to 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) . From the GWB to the NY Thruway it is exclusively 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) . At exit 13 , the PIP intersects US 202 as the route crosses south of Harriman State Park in Mount Ivy . This is the first of two meetings between the PIP and US 202 . At exit 15 , the PIP has its last busy intersection in Rockland County with County Route 106 ( CR 106 , formerly part of NY 210 ) in Stony Point . From here , the PIP enters Harriman State Park , and at exit 16 , the PIP intersects Lake Welch Parkway , which is one of several parkways commissioned within the park . = = = = Orange County = = = = The Palisades enters Orange County north of Lake Welch Parkway at exit 16 and south of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission Visitor Center , located in the center median in what was originally a parkway service area . The first interchange in Orange County is exit 17 at Anthony Wayne Recreation Area . At exit 18 , the PIP intersects US 6 and Seven Lakes Drive . US 6 west heads toward the Thruway and NY 17 five miles ( 8 km ) west in Harriman . US 6 east forms the PIP 's only concurrency for the last two miles ( 3 km ) of the PIP 's run . Seven Lakes Drive joins the two routes for one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before departing at exit 19 . The two routes then enter Bear Mountain State Park in an eastern direction . Finally , the Palisades Interstate Parkway meets its end at US 9W and US 202 at a traffic circle inches from the Hudson River and the Bear Mountain Bridge . US 6 and US 202 head east over the bridge , while US 9W heads north toward the United States Military Academy in West Point . ( Southbound US 9W , breaking off to the right , is the same road as westbound US 202 . ) = = History = = In 1933 – 34 , the first thoughts of a Palisades Interstate Parkway were developed by engineer and environmentalist William A. Welch , who was general manager and chief engineer of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission . The plan was to build a parkway to connect the New Jersey Palisades with the state parks along the Hudson River in Rockland and Orange counties . Welch would soon garner the support of John D. Rockefeller , who donated 700 acres ( 2 @.@ 8 km2 ) of land along the New Jersey Palisades overlooking the Hudson River in 1933 . With this favorable momentum for the new route , the proposed route was accepted as a Civil Works Administration project under Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal coalition . However , the New Jersey Highway Commission did not support construction , so the idea of a parkway was put on hold . During the 1940s , Rockefeller renewed the push for a parkway along the New Jersey Palisades , and teamed with ultimate PIP planner , Robert Moses , to establish and design the parkway . The plan originally was to have the PIP stretch from the Garden State Parkway , along the Hudson River , to the George Washington Bridge , and then north along its present @-@ day route ending at the Bear Mountain Bridge . This southern extension was never built , but construction began on the current PIP in New York on April 1 , 1947 . Construction on the New Jersey portion began about one year later . Construction was delayed twice due to material shortages , but that did not stop the PIP from being opened in stages during the 1940s and 1950s . The route was completed in New Jersey in 1957 , and on August 28 , 1958 , the final piece of the PIP was completed between exits 5 and 9 in southern Rockland County . The PIP is known for its stone arch overpasses throughout its route and its several scenic overlooks in New Jersey . All sorts of unique trees and flowers can be seen along the route as well . In 1998 , because of all the natural and constructed beauty , the PIP was designated as a national landmark by the National Park Service . = = Exit list = = = The War of the Simpsons = " The War of the Simpsons " is the twentieth episode of The Simpsons ' second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 2 , 1991 . In the episode , Homer gets drunk at a party and embarrasses his wife Marge , so she decides to sign them up for a marriage counseling retreat . Homer finds out that the retreat will be held near a lake and packs his fishing equipment , despite Marge telling him that all they will be doing is resolving their differences . At the lake the next morning , Homer tries to sneak away to go fishing , but Marge catches him and he takes a walk instead . On the dock , Homer grabs hold of a fishing pole only to be yanked onto a small rowboat by the fish . When he notices an upset Marge is looking at him , he immediately lets the fish go to prove his love for her . The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Mark Kirkland . It was the last episode Kirkland directed during his first year on the show . Although not named until season three 's " Black Widower " , the character Snake Jailbird appeared for the first time in this episode . " The War of the Simpsons " features cultural references to songs such as Tom Jones 's " It 's Not Unusual " , Dusty Springfield 's " The Look of Love " , KC and the Sunshine Band 's " That 's the Way ( I Like It ) " , and Glen Campbell 's " Wichita Lineman " . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 6 , and was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . = = Plot = = At a party thrown by himself and his wife Marge , Homer humiliates himself by getting drunk , telling off strangers , and leering at Maude Flanders ' cleavage . The following day at church , Marge signs up for a weekend retreat of marriage counseling hosted by Reverend Lovejoy and his wife Helen . Homer finds out that the retreat will be held at Catfish Lake and packs his fishing equipment , despite Marge telling him that all they will be doing is resolving their differences . On the way to the retreat , Homer stops at a bait shop and learns of the legendary catfish General Sherman . Back at home , Grampa babysits Bart and Lisa , who trick their grandfather into letting them throw their own party . At the lake the next morning , Homer tries to sneak away to go fishing , but Marge wakes up first . Marge is upset that Homer would choose fishing over their marriage , which Homer fails to understand as he visualizes Marge turning into a catfish . Homer takes a walk instead of returning to bed . On the dock , he finds an abandoned fishing pole . The pole , with General Sherman on the line , yanks him off the pier into a small rowboat , and onto the lake . From their cabin window , Marge watches Homer battle General Sherman and gets frustrated . At home , Bart and Lisa 's party has ended and the house is a total mess . Watching Grampa cry and fearing that he will get in trouble , they frantically clean up the house for him . Marge attends the workshops alone while Homer triumphantly rows in with General Sherman . When he returns , Marge tells him their marriage is in serious trouble if he values fishing more than her . To prove his love for her , he lets the fish ( still alive ) go and they return home . Once home , Marge congratulates Grampa on how clean the house is , to which he reveals his secret is " pretending to cry " . Grampa laughs as he reveals to a shocked Bart and Lisa that he tricked them as he leaves , and Bart swears he will never trust an old person again . At the bait shop , General Sherman is still uncaught , but tales are told of a near @-@ mythical figure who almost succeeded : " Went by the name of Homer . Seven feet tall he was , with arms like tree trunks . His eyes were like steel : cold , hard . Had a shock of hair , red , like the fires of Hell . " = = Production = = The episode was written by John Swartzwelder , and it was the last episode Mark Kirkland directed during his first year on the show . Kirkland and his animation team were relatively new to animation when they began working on the show , and to make the animation in this episode the best they had ever done , they incorporated all the techniques they had learned during their first year into it . Kirkland said animating Homer drunk was a challenge for him as he had to analyze how people behave when they are intoxicated by alcohol . He said of the animation : " I shifted [ Homer 's ] eyes open and close , they 're not working in sync . And of course Homer can 't keep his balance so that 's why he 's shifting back and forth . " Kirkland was raised in New York in an environment similar to the one where the marriage retreat was held . He therefore enjoyed drawing and overseeing the scenery for the episode , and the bait shop was based on the bait shops he visited when he grew up . Snake Jailbird , Springfield 's resident recidivist felon , appeared for the first time on the show in this episode , though he was not named until season three 's " Black Widower " . He appears at Bart and Lisa 's wild house party . A woman named Gloria who seeks marriage counseling at the retreat was voiced by Julie Kavner . It is one of the few times in the history of the show that Kavner has voiced a character other than Marge and her relatives . Gloria 's hair was based on Kirkland 's assistant director Susie Dietter 's hair . The Simpsons writer Mike Reiss said on the episode 's DVD audio commentary that while the episode was " full of funny moments " , it caused " nothing but trouble " to the staff of the show . One of the troubles was that after the episode had been written by Swartzwelder , an unsolicited writer sent the staff a script which contained a virtually identical story . To avoid a lawsuit , the staff paid him US $ 3000 and went forward with the episode . Material cut from the episode 's script included many couples who were supposed to be at the retreat instead of the Flanders family , such as Mr. Burns and his mail @-@ order bride , and Mrs. Krabappel trying to reunite with her estranged husband Ken Krabappel . Reiss said the scene played out " horribly badly " , and it appeared as if Mr. Burns 's mail @-@ order bride was a prostitute . The Ken Krabappel character was supposed to be based on singer Dean Martin , but somehow he ended up with a southern accent that made him sound like a hick . The whole scene was rewritten with help from producer James L. Brooks and it was completed after several hours . A scene in which Moe asked Dr. Hibbert to cure his discolored feces was also removed during the first reading of the script after a complaint by Brooks . Series creator Matt Groening later expressed an objection to the ending , which sees General Sherman jumping out of the water and winking at the camera , believing it to be overly cartoony . = = Cultural references = = The way Ned Flanders prepares the cocktails at the party is similar to actor Tom Cruise 's bartending stunts in the 1988 film Cocktail . Songs heard at the party include Tom Jones 's " It 's Not Unusual " ( 1965 ) , Dusty Springfield 's " The Look of Love " ( 1967 ) , KC and the Sunshine Band 's " That 's the Way ( I Like It ) " ( 1975 ) , and Glen Campbell 's " Wichita Lineman " ( 1968 ) . Homer 's false memory of the party the following day ( in which he imagines himself as being erudite and witty instead of drunk ) is a reference to the Algonquin Round Table , a group of New York City writers , critics , actors , and wits . The " Mexican Hat Dance " song is heard when Marge turns on the radio in the car to mute the conversation between her and Homer so that the children cannot hear them fight . When Homer comes into the church late , while looking for his chair , a character who strikes a resemblance to Adolf Hitler is seen . In a flashback sequence , Bart remembers chasing away a screaming babysitter with the car as a toddler . This sequence and the music in it are references to a scene in the 1976 film The Omen , in which the Devil 's child Damien makes animals shriek in terror as Damien approaches . The picture of General Sherman at the bait shop is a reference to the famous hoax picture of the Loch Ness Monster . John and Gloria are a reference to George and Martha from Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Homer 's attempt at catching General Sherman , his bludgeoning of the fish and the line " I love you but I have to kill you " are all based on Santiago 's fight with the marlin in Ernest Hemingway 's novel The Old Man and the Sea . The battle between Homer and General Sherman is also reminiscent of Captain Ahab 's battle with the white whale Moby @-@ Dick in the novel Moby @-@ Dick . As Homer triumphantly returns with the captured General Sherman , he sings Queen 's " We Are The Champions " ( 1977 ) , altering the lyrics to " I am the champion . " The title of the episode is a reference to the 1989 film The War of the Roses , which tells the story of a divorce battle between a married couple . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " The War of the Simpsons " finished fortieth in the ratings for the week of April 29 to May 5 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 6 , equivalent to approximately 10 @.@ 8 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Married ... with Children . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The Orlando Sentinel 's Gregory Hardy named it the twelfth best episode of the show with a sports theme ( sport fishing ) . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , thought the Homer vs. Marge plot was " good on its own " , but it was also " Grampa 's big moment . His final revelation to Bart and Lisa is inspired . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson said the main concern with the episode " stemmed from its start . The scenes at the party were so terrific that the episode could have tanked after that . Happily , it didn ’ t , as the show provided a consistently high level of entertainment . Between Homer ’ s excesses at marriage camp and the kids ’ antics while Grampa watches them , the program packed in a ton of great gags . " In a review of the second season , Bryce Wilson of Cinema Blend said " The War of the Simpsons " felt " a bit flat " , but " even in [ its ] lowest points , humor is easy to find . " Jeremy Kleinman of DVD Talk said it was " another great episode , featuring first , a new level of Homer 's debauchery after drinking way too much at a party the Simpsons host , Reverend Lovejoy 's marital retreat , and an epic battle with a legendary fish named General Sherman . Each of these portions of the episode are filled with laughs , perhaps the funniest being Homer 's distorted high @-@ society recollection of the previous night 's events in which he is hailed as charming and a jolly good fellow . " = Washington State Route 529 = State Route 529 ( SR 529 , officially the Yellow Ribbon Highway ) is a Washington state highway that connects the cities of Everett and Marysville . The 7 @.@ 88 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 12 @.@ 68 km ) roadway extends north from an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) , numbered exit 193 , past the western terminus of U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) , its spur route , Downtown Everett and Naval Station Everett to cross the Snohomish River onto Smith Island . After crossing the Steamboat Slough , the road encounters an interchange with I @-@ 5 , numbered exit 198 , before crossing the Ebey Slough and entering Marysville . In Marysville , SR 529 ends at SR 528 . Before being realigned in 1991 , SR 529 started at exit 192 of I @-@ 5 and traveled north as Broadway through Downtown Everett to Marysville . A map published in 1895 of the Snohomish area showed the current and former routes in Everett already complete . By 1898 , citizens of both Everett and Marysville were interested in a road that would traverse the Snohomish River delta . A 1911 map of the Mount Vernon area showed the route in Marysville , but the bridges between Everett and Marysville were railroad bridges . The roads were combined with other highways to form the Pacific Highway in 1913 , which became State Road 1 in 1923 and US 99 in 1926 , but the cutoff actually opened in 1927 . State Road 1 became Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) in 1937 and PSH 1 became US 99 in 1964 . After US 99 was decommissioned , SR 529 was established in 1971 . Naval Station Everett was opened in 1991 and SR 529 was realigned on Everett Avenue and Marine View Drive to serve the new naval base . The former route of the highway , now named Broadway , had an interchange with I @-@ 5 that was reconstructed between 2005 and 2008 to include high @-@ occupancy vehicle ( HOV ) lanes and now includes a single @-@ point urban interchange with 41st Street . = = Route description = = State Route 529 ( SR 529 ) begins at an interchange , numbered exit 193 , with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) and Pacific Avenue in Everett . The interchange only has two ramps , an offramp from I @-@ 5 northbound to SR 529 and a metered on @-@ ramp from SR 529 to I @-@ 5 southbound . From the interchange , the highway travels west as Pacific Avenue and north as Maple Street to intersect two streets that are the westernmost segments of U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) , Hewitt Avenue and California Street . The roadway serves as the western terminus of US 2 and turns west to become Everett Avenue , which continues east to I @-@ 5 as SR 529 Spur . Everett Avenue then travels west through Downtown Everett and intersects various streets including Broadway , which was once SR 529 and US 99 , Hoyt Avenue , which is the location of the Everett Public Library , listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and Marine View Drive , where the road turns north to parallel a BNSF Railway route and serve the Everett waterfront , which includes Naval Station Everett and Jetty Island , accessed via a ferry near 10th Street . Leaving the waterfront , SR 529 parallels the Snohomish River southeast to a partial cloverleaf interchange with Broadway , which was SR 529 before 1991 and US 99 , and Marine View Drive , which continues southeast to I @-@ 5 at exit 195 . The highway travels over the Snohomish River onto Smith Island , part of the Delta neighborhood of Everett that is named after the delta of the Snohomish River located to the southwest . The Snohomish River crossing was the busiest segment of SR 529 in 2007 , with an estimated daily average of 33 @,@ 000 motorists . Crossing the Steamboat Slough as a freeway , SR 529 interchanges with I @-@ 5 northbound as exit 198 and enters Marysville after crossing the Ebey Slough . Now named State Avenue , the street passes through the waterfront area of Downtown Marysville and the Marysville Mall before ending at the intersection with Fourth Street , signed as SR 528 while State Avenue continues north to Smokey Point . = = = Former route ( 1971 – 1991 ) = = = Prior to 1991 , SR 529 was 1 @.@ 19 miles ( 1 @.@ 92 km ) shorter and extended from I @-@ 5 and 41st Street ( exit 192 ) to Marysville via Broadway . The former and current routes both used the same route from the Marine View Drive intersection to Marysville . The former southern terminus was a large interchange with I @-@ 5 and 41st Street , which was SR 526 until 1969 , that had an underpass under I @-@ 5 southbound for a northbound I @-@ 5 offramp to Broadway and connections to I @-@ 5 northbound were accessed via 41st Street prior to 2005 . Broadway continued north past the Everett Memorial Stadium , home of the Everett AquaSox , Everett Avenue ( current SR 529 ) and the Everett Community College to join current SR 529 at the Marine View Drive interchange . Between 2005 and 2008 , exit 192 on I @-@ 5 was reconstructed . A new flyover ramp from I @-@ 5 northbound to Broadway northbound was added and the 41st Street interchange was transformed into a single @-@ point urban interchange . = = History = = SR 529 was established in 1971 , but the road 's history predates that . Citizens of both Everett and Marysville proposed that a road between the two cities via the Snohomish River delta was needed , but the proposed roadway was rejected . A subsequent map published in 1911 showed the Everett and Marysville segments complete , but the bridges over the Snohomish River delta were railroad bridges . In 1913 , the Pacific Highway was added to the state highway system and used Broadway ( former SR 529 ) in Everett and State Avenue in Marysville to travel between Seattle and the Canada – US border . The Pacific Highway between Everett and Marysville , named the Vernon Road , was paved in 1916 and paid by a county road bond issue . The highway was later signed as State Road 1 in 1923 , which became the Washington segment of U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) during the creation of the United States Numbered Highways in 1926 . Since the bridges over the Snohomish River delta weren 't complete at the time of planning , US 99 used present @-@ day US 2 , SR 204 and Sunnyside Boulevard to connect Everett and Marysville . The bridges were completed in 1926 and opened on August 23 , 1927 , after the creation of US 99 . State Road 1 was replaced by Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) in the Primary state highways , which was created in 1937 . US 99 fully replaced PSH 1 during the 1964 highway renumbering . Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) later replaced US 99 between 1966 and 1970 . SR 529 was created in 1971 and ran from what was SR 526 until 1969 , now 41st Street , north on old US 99 ( Broadway ) to SR 528 in Marysville . In May 1983 , the location of a new home port for the United States Navy was narrowed down to Everett and Seattle , as proposed by Senator Henry M. Jackson ( D ) , who died later that September . Everett was selected in April 1984 and the groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 9 , 1987 . On September 5 , 1991 , the new navy base was opened and SR 529 was shortened and rerouted to serve the new base , later named Naval Station Everett . A new spur route to serve as a connector between SR 529 and I @-@ 5 northbound in 1991 . The highway was declared the Yellow Ribbon Highway in November 2009 by the Legislature after a successful campaign led by Everett resident Nathan Olson . The sign unveiling ceremony was attended by WSDOT , elected officials , Naval Station Everett and community members on November 5 , 2009 . The 4 @-@ lane fixed bridge over Ebey Slough that connects SR 529 from Everett to Marysville was fully completed in 2013 , replacing a two @-@ lane swing bridge that was 87 years old . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway is in Snohomish County . = = Spur route = = SR 529 also has a 0 @.@ 20 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 32 km ) long spur route in Everett that extends from SR 529 to Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) northbound , numbered exit 194 . Since exit 193 , the southern terminus of SR 529 , only serves I @-@ 5 southbound , the spur route was established in 1991 to complete the interchange . Exit 194 also serves U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) , which terminates at SR 529 . In 2007 , the highway had a daily average of 17 @,@ 000 motorists . Major intersections The entire highway is in Everett , Snohomish County . = Poppy Meadow = Poppy Meadow is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Rachel Bright . She was introduced by executive producer Bryan Kirkwood on 11 January 2011 as the best friend of established character Jodie Gold ( Kylie Babbington ) in scenes filling in for those cut from a controversial baby @-@ swap storyline . Poppy returned to the series in June 2011 as a supporting character and comedy element , in a move that was generally welcomed by the tabloid press ; her storylines focused on her friendship with Jodie and their intertwined love lives . Both Jodie and Poppy left the series on 14 November 2011 , but the possibility was left open for Poppy to return in the future . In June 2012 Bright reprised her role as Poppy , moving into Walford and resuming her employment at the local beauty salon , this time as a regular character . Poppy 's storylines became more prominent , her sister Tansy ( Daisy Wood @-@ Davis ) was introduced , along with the development of a romantic relationship with Fatboy ( Ricky Norwood ) . The character was axed in September 2013 by new executive producer Dominic Treadwell @-@ Collins , and Poppy departed on 30 January 2014 . Poppy was introduced into the series in what critics described as " bizarre and utterly irrelevant " and " pointless " scenes , which substituted for cut scenes of the dead baby 's parents at the graveside . The Guardian critic Stuart Heritage considered Poppy to be " perhaps the greatest television bit @-@ part character of the modern age " and several Daily Mirror writers gave Poppy positive reviews upon both of her returns . = = Storylines = = Poppy arrives in Walford as the best friend of Jodie Gold ( Kylie Babbington ) , chatting in The Queen Victoria about their daily lives and current affairs . Jodie tries to arrange a date for Poppy with Tamwar Masood ( Himesh Patel ) , until Tamwar 's mother , Zainab ( Nina Wadia ) , interferes with her plans . Poppy returns to Walford some months later , now dating Jodie 's ex @-@ boyfriend Julian . When Poppy loses her job , Jodie suggests she work at the Walford beauty salon as a receptionist . Tyler Moon ( Tony Discipline ) flirts with Poppy , who initially rejects his advances , but after she reveals that her relationship with Julian is problematic she decides to date Tyler , to make Julian jealous . Off @-@ screen she ends her relationship with Julian . Jodie and her boyfriend Darren ( Charlie G. Hawkins ) become engaged ; she asks Poppy , Lauren Branning ( Jacqueline Jossa ) and Lauren 's sister Abi ( Lorna Fitzgerald ) to be her bridesmaids . Darren is anxious that if Jodie finds out he had a " drunken encounter " with Lauren at his stag party she may cancel the wedding , but Poppy discovers his secret and threatens to tell Jodie if they do not . Jodie subsequently admits that she already knows and still wants to get married , but Darren calls off the wedding and leaves Walford . Poppy moves out of her mother 's home and into a flat with Jodie , which they rent from Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) . After he increases their rent they refuse to pay , which leads to their eviction , and the girls move in with Tyler and his brother , Anthony ( Matt Lapinskas ) ; it soon becomes clear that Poppy is attracted to Anthony . He asks her out on a date , despite admitting to his brother that he has stronger feelings for Jodie , whom he later kisses . Remorseful , Jodie decides to leave London . She admits the kiss to Poppy , who is furious and refuses to speak to her . Tyler tricks the two girls into meeting up , and they are able to repair their friendship . Poppy also decides to leave London and goes to live with her mother in Essex , while Jodie goes to find Darren . Poppy returns months later to help Tanya Branning ( Jo Joyner ) , who is hired by Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) to do her hair and make up for her wedding . Poppy tells Janine and Tanya about her " plush " new lifestyle , but when she arrives home her living arrangements are far from glamorous , and there is an eviction notice on her front door . Poppy is subsequently evicted from her bedsit , but Fatboy ( Ricky Norwood ) offers her a place to stay , and Tanya offers Poppy a permanent job at the salon . Poppy then moves into Dot Cotton 's ( June Brown ) house after being offered a room by Cora Cross ( Ann Mitchell ) . Poppy forgives Anthony , and begins a new friendship with Alice Branning ( Jasmyn Banks ) . She starts a relationship with Fatboy , after her sister Tansy Meadow 's ( Daisy Wood @-@ Davis ) visit , where Fatboy acts as Poppy 's " high @-@ flying " businessman boyfriend in front of Tansy , in an effort to make herself look good in front of her younger " successful " sister . Although it is revealed that Tansy is not that successful , she tells Poppy that Fatboy loves her . The two start a relationship and later declare their love for each other . After a few months , Poppy sees text messages on Fatboy 's phone from a girl called Chloe ( Siobhan Athwal ) , and suspects he is cheating on her , and is further upset when she sees them together . However , Fatboy reveals that Chloe is his colleague and he has started working at McKlunkies again . Poppy is then made redundant when owner Sadie Young ( Kate Magowan ) decides to leave Walford after discovering that her husband Jake Stone ( Jamie Lomas ) has been having an affair with Lauren Branning ( Jacqueline Jossa ) , which causes Poppy to act cold towards Lauren . Poppy interferes in Dot 's relationship with her son , Nick ( John Altman ) , telling him that his mother does not want to speak to him . She then allows Fatboy to stay with her after Tamwar throws him out . Poppy is then devastated to learn that Fatboy shared a passionate kiss with Denise Fox ( Diane Parish ) , after hearing the pair whispering about it . She then learns that Fatboy and Denise had slept together before he was even in a relationship with Poppy . This infuriates Poppy , who storms over to the Minute Mart and confronts Denise , leading to the two women clashing in the shop . Poppy then returns home and tells Fatboy that she has forgiven him , but she needs to move away from Walford so that they can have a fresh start . Fatboy refuses to move and says he wants to end their relationship . She packs her bags and leaves Walford for Hemel Hempstead , but not before posting a letter through Ian 's letterbox , detailing about his wife 's infidelity . = = Development = = = = = 2011 introduction , return and departure = = = Poppy initially appeared as a guest character in two episodes , broadcast on 11 and 13 January 2011 , in " filler " scenes that were substituted for those cut from a controversial baby @-@ swap storyline in which Ronnie Branning ( Samantha Womack ) ' s son James dies of sudden infant death syndrome , and she secretly swaps him with Kat Moon ( Jessie Wallace ) ' s son , Tommy . A spokeswoman for EastEnders claimed that although some of the baby @-@ swap scenes had been edited in response to reaction from viewers , none had been removed : " Given the audience response to this storyline , we felt on this occasion that it was appropriate to respond and make some changes . The vast majority of material remains intact and we don 't believe that those trims we have made will weaken or detract from the overall storyline for viewers " . In an interview with the Daily Mirror , Bright stated that her first scene was her favourite throughout her tenure , as " all [ she ] could think was , ' I 'm sitting on a bench in the Square ! ' " Babbington , who played Jodie , revealed in May 2011 that Bright was to reprise her role . Bright made her return on 30 June 2011 . In 19 September 2011 episode , Poppy discovers that Jodie 's fiance Darren ( Hawkins ) has cheated on her . Hawkins assessed the situation Poppy was in : " as everyone knows , Poppy 's loyalties lie with Jodie – they 're super best friends ! Poppy wants Darren to own up straight away , because she feels that if he doesn 't , she 'll be lying to Jodie as well " . He explained , " Poppy doesn 't want to see Jodie in pain , but she can 't keep the secret " . Poppy and Jodie were reportedly used to add humour to the soap , in the style of reality @-@ drama series The Only Way Is Essex , but The Sun assessed that the attempt had " flopped " . On 24 October 2011 it was announced that the pair were to leave the show . Her departure storyline saw her to start to date Anthony ( Lapinskas ) , who considered his character to be " pleased that somebody likes him " . He added that while his character was also interested in Jodie , he did what he thought was expected of him in asking Poppy out . After he and Jodie kissed , Lapinskas revealed that Jodie would be angry with herself for betraying Poppy . An Inside Soap writer predicted that Anthony was heading for trouble , and that he was " playing with fire " by kissing both Poppy and Jodie . A source told RTÉ , " [ Jodie ] and Poppy have never let a man come between them . Poppy may have something to say to Jodie when she finds out they have kissed " . The Digital Spy 's Daniel Kilkelly and the Daily Star 's Susan Hill confirmed that Poppy would forgive Jodie , and they made their final appearance on 14 November 2011 . According to an EastEnders spokesperson , there was potential for Poppy to return in the future ; in an interview with Inside Soap , EastEnders executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said : " We may see Poppy pop up as I 'm a big fan of Rachel Bright and the character , but Kylie is keen to pursue other roles " . = = = 2012 return and 2014 departure = = = On 18 May 2012 Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy confirmed that Bright would be reprising her role and returning to EastEnders . On her return , Bright said that it was " really exciting to be asked back " , saying that it was " nice to just slot back in " , adding , " I feel really lucky " . Talking to Inside Soap 's Allison Jones and Laura @-@ Jayne Tyler , Bright said of her return , " The door was always left open for Poppy , but it was a big surprise to be asked back so quickly . I thought it might be further down the track , so when my agent rang , I was like , ' Yes — no problem ! ' " . Bright stated that " fear crept over " when she was filming her first scene since her departure , as it was without Babbington . She added that she felt " safe working with Kylie " , but felt that without her the audience might get to know Poppy better . In Poppy 's return storyline on 12 June , she arrived back in Walford to help Tanya ( Joyner ) with Janine 's ( Brooks ) wedding preparations . A spokesperson for the show claimed that Poppy had become " a successful nail artist " since her departure , but as Poppy 's storylines progress that is revealed to be untrue ; Poppy was trying to impress Tanya . Bright said in an Inside Soap interview of Poppy 's storylines , " I think her job in Walford is to keep things light , and right now Poppy 's in a happy place . She 'll carry on dipping in and out of storylines , but viewers can expect to see more of her soon . I 'm excited about that ! " . The magazine added that Poppy had made a " welcome return " . Poppy begins a new friendship with Alice ( Banks ) , who was stated to be a replacement for Jodie . Bright said of this new friendship , " They are polar opposites , but that works . I think Poppy almost mothers Alice by looking after her and giving her good advice . Or at least it 's what Poppy thinks is good advice ! " . Many viewers and fans of EastEnders expected Poppy 's return to be only temporary , and thought that she would depart soon after her return . However , it was announced on 24 October that Kirkwood 's successor Lorraine Newman decided that Bright will remain with EastEnders for the foreseeable future as a regular character . Upon this news , Digital Spy announced that Wood @-@ Davis had been cast as Tansy Meadow , Poppy 's younger sister , who appeared for one episode . Poppy is " less than enthusiastic " to hear about her sister 's visit . In 30 October 2012 episode , Poppy , along with Fatboy ( Norwood ) host a Halloween ghost tour of the Square organised showing people where former residents have died . A BBC representative said , " The backroom staff had a lot of fun planning this one " . Newman stated in an interview in November 2012 that there is " plenty more on the table " for Poppy adding , " We 'll see Poppy become involved in a relationship very soon , which is progressing very well in the material we 're working on at the moment . She 'll become far more involved in the Square and the friendships within those groups " . Digital Spy also revealed Poppy 's new relationship , adding that " viewers will have to wait and see who she falls for and how things pan out as the new plot develops " . This was confirmed as Fatboy , and the two kiss in 22 November 's episode . The pair " grow close " after Tansy 's visit , where Fatboy acts as Poppy 's " high @-@ flying " businessman boyfriend in front of Tansy , trying to make herself look good in front of her " successful sibling " . Bright said of their relationship , " It 's really sweet . I don 't think Poppy or Fatboy realised they liked each other as they 've been friends for a while . She 's unsure at first because she doesn 't want to ruin a friendship . She 's also been unlucky in love , so she 's a little bit wary . But I think she can trust Fatboy " . Bright expressed her delight at working with Norwood upon her return , after being disappointed she did not work with him during her first stint . In an interview with Metro she said , " Before I started the show Fatboy was one of my favourite characters . I was gutted I didn ’ t work with him the first time round so when I came back and they told me about Poppy and Fatboy ’ s relationship , I was just so excited . Their characters are perfect for each other . Poppy and Fatboy are a little bit of light in a lot of gloom around the Square . It ’ s important to have a bit of comedy between everything else . I ’ m very lucky " . She also expressed her wish for the two to get married , adding that their relationship " looks long term " . The couple were at the center of a Red Button spin @-@ off episode , featuring how Poppy and Fatboy spent their Christmas together . The spinoff , entitled " All I Want for Christmas " , featured the characters of Alice , Tyler ( Discipline ) and Tamwar ( Patel ) , with Wood @-@ Davis reprising her role as Tansy , whilst Keith Parry guest starred as " Santa Tramp " . Bright said of the spinoff , " Poppy spends the day with Fatboy . She is under pressure to go back to her family , but realises she doesn 't want that . Her and Fatboy have a romantic day , but you don 't see anything on screen [ in the Christmas episode ] because it is dominated by the Brannings . There will be an interactive section where viewers can press the red button and see a ten @-@ minute film of how Poppy and Fatboy spent their day " . Bright discussed their relationship in an interview with TV Guide , calling them the " jolliest couple in Walford " . She said , " It 's all very sweet for them both at the moment . I reckon they 're going to be one of those couples who you want to shout ' Get a room ! ' at . They 're characters who need to be loved . Poppy certainly hopes she 's found her Prince Charming " . On 24 September 2013 , it was announced that Poppy , along with three other characters — Kirsty Branning ( Kierston Wareing ) , AJ Ahmed ( Phaldut Sharma ) and Carl White ( Daniel Coonan ) — had been axed from the series by the new executive producer Dominic Treadwell @-@ Collins . It was reported that Treadwell @-@ Collins was " determined to get EastEnders back to its best " and subsequently increase ratings . A EastEnders source added that Treadwell @-@ Collins " didn 't feel the characters who are leaving fit with the direction he is taking the show " , leading to these characters being written out . The source continued ; " He has only been in a month but he is already making big changes . He knows what he wants for EastEnders and is putting plans in place quickly " . An EastEnders spokesperson confirmed this saying , " We can confirm these actors will be leaving EastEnders . We wish them all the best " . Bright filmed her final scenes before Christmas 2013 and Poppy departed in the last week of January 2014 , after her relationship with Fatboy ended . = = = Characterisation = = = Poppy , Jodie 's best friend , is a beautician . The EastEnders website describes Poppy as " a little bit ' uncomplicated ' " , but " no push over " and that she " brings out the best in everyone " . Several critics have described Poppy as " ditzy " . Sarah Dempster of The Guardian deemed her " dumb " , and RTÉ 's Sarah Hardy called her " insanely grating " . In a press release announcing Poppy and Jodie 's departure , they were described as " giggly girls " ; Digital Spy 's Daniel Kilkelly , the Daily Star and The List have similarly referred to them as a " ditzy duo " . Bright stated in an interview that in real life she is " nothing like Poppy " but did later add , when asked if she would be a good beautician in real life , " I 'm quite a perfectionist and I think Poppy is too " . Commenting on Poppy 's 2012 return the BBC added , " The lure of Walford was too great and she 's back to spread sunshine in Albert Square again " . Bright called her " fabulous " , " cool " and " dappy " compared to her in real life . Writers of Inside Soap called her " bubbly " and " perky " , calling her an " aspiring beautician " . The Sun 's Anne Richardson called Poppy a " soap siren " adding that Poppy has " flower power " . In 2012 , Bright said that the public ask her why she is talking differently from Poppy , adding that she is " definitely one of a kind , so fans tend to be quite shocked when they realise I 'm completely different from her " . Bright said she both loves and hates Poppy 's dress sense , as she has some items of clothing that are " really cute " but " the way she puts things together is slightly crazy ! It 's eccentric , but that suits Poppy " . = = Reception = = Poppy 's introduction to EastEnders in what Jody Thompson of the Daily Mail described as " a bizarre and utterly irrelevant chat " was criticised by Daniella Graham of the Metro , who said that " viewers were left questioning why on earth anyone thought this pointless sub @-@ plot was necessary " . In contrast , The Press and Journal 's Derek Lord deemed Poppy to have been " a welcome addition to the show " ; he wrote that , " as a double act , [ Jodie and Poppy are ] no Morecambe and Wise , but at least they bring an element of something approaching humour to the otherwise soul @-@ destroying drabness of the London soap " . Jim Shelley of the Daily Mirror labelled Poppy the " Optimist of the week " for her line " I bet it 's really nice here when they ain 't having a funeral " , and " Delicate flower of the week " for her " That is so well tragic innit ? " when commenting on Tommy Moon 's death . Stuart Heritage from guardian.co.uk said that Poppy made an impact in her two episodes , branding her as " perhaps the greatest television bit @-@ part character of the modern age " . Heritage added that she had " the name of a Bond girl , the hair of a Winkleman and the voice of a Katie Price robot running low on batteries " ; describing her as " electrifying " , he hoped that she would return . Katy Moon from Inside Soap discussed Poppy 's original two episode stint : What I 've always loved about soaps is that element of surprise ... and last week I was genuinely taken aback by Jodie and her best mate Poppy in EastEnders ... There 's been so much darkness in the show what it really needed was some light relief . The dialogue was excellently written – very The Only Way Is Essex – and made me laugh out loud . Before last week , I could take or leave Jodie Gold . But Poppy changed all that . Having watched the girls bounce off each other I have a much better idea of what Jodie is about . Now , I 'm hoping that we get to find out more about Poppy . Perhaps she 's got an interesting family who could relocate from Shepherd 's Bush and brighten up the Square ? Upon Poppy 's return in 2011 , she and Jodie were widely known as a " double act " . Roz Laws of the Sunday Mercury welcomed Poppy 's return , observing that " Walford needs all the humour it can get these days " . The Daily Mail 's Jaci Stephen loved Poppy and Jodie 's scenes : " Great girls , excellent pairing and very funny . More , please ! " In the Daily Mirror , Jennifer Rodger	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
called them a " refreshing change " , and Tony Stewart deemed them " The daftest girls in Soapland and probably the funniest " . Stewart was one of several critics to express displeasure over their axing , describing it as " a shame " . Jane Simon and Brian McIver of the Daily Record described them as " an adorable female double act [ and ] E20 's answer to 2 Shoes " , and wrote of their departure , " apparently there just isn 't enough room for sunny , funny , glass @-@ half @-@ full types in Walford " . The Sun 's Colin Robertson noted that Jodie , Poppy and Norman Simmonds ( George Layton ) , who was axed at the same time as the duo , were EastEnders ' " three funniest characters " ; a critic writing for The Huffington Post suggested that they had " injected some humour into the famously gloomy soap " . The Daily Mirror 's Rodger said that she was " sad " that the duo had left , saying that she " found their scenes together hilarious " , hoping that she would see both Bright and Babbington in a new show together . Bright stated that during her main stint in 2011 , she received mail telling her saying how much fans liked the double act between Poppy and Jodie , and that they were a " breath of fresh air " . Upon Bright 's return in 2012 , she was still named " one half of Poppy and Jodie double @-@ act " , with the Daily Mirror 's Simon adding that Poppy was returning " just in time because some people in Walford are in dire need of a make @-@ under " . Inside Soap predicted that Albert Square would be a " cheerier place for the foreseeable future as bubbly Poppy Meadow makes a welcome return " . Radio Times made a similar comment about Poppy 's return saying that , " In happier news , the glorious Poppy Meadow is back . That is sooo lovely ! " . Although Stewart did not particularly aim this at Poppy , Stewart did complain about the younger characters in the cast , using Poppy as one of the examples . He said , " While there are some talented and award @-@ winning young actors in the cast , you can 't help but suspect that colouring books and crayons are handed out with the scripts at times " . A Daily Mirror writer said that Poppy , played by the " excellent Rachel Bright " , is " one of the comedy delights in this soap " . The writer stated that she was " even more Essex than former Towie star Amy Childs " . = HD 40307 b = HD 40307 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307 , located 42 light @-@ years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor . The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method , using the European Southern Obervatory 's HARPS apparatus , in June 2008 . It is the second smallest of the planets orbiting the star , after HD 40307 e . The planet is of interest as this star has relatively low metallicity , supporting a hypothesis that different metallicities in protostars determine what kind of planets they will form . = = Discovery = = As with many other extrasolar planets , HD 40307 b was discovered by measuring variations in the radial velocity of the star it orbits . These measurements were made by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher ( HARPS ) spectrograph at the Chile @-@ based La Silla Observatory . The discovery was announced at the astrophysics conference that took place in Nantes , France between 16 and 18 June 2008 . HD 40307 b was one of three found here at the time . = = Orbit and mass = = HD 40307 b is the second lightest planet discovered in the system , with at least 4 @.@ 2 times the mass of the Earth . The planet orbits the star HD 40307 every 4 @.@ 3 Earth days , corresponding of its location at approximately 0 @.@ 047 astronomical units from the star . The eccentricity of the planet 's orbit was found to not differ significantly from zero , meaning that there is insufficient data to distinguish the orbit from an entirely circular one . The star around which HD 40307 b orbits has a low metallicity , compared to other planet @-@ bearing stars . This supports a hypothesis concerning the possibility that the metallicity of stars during their births may determine whether a protostar 's accretion disk forms gas giants or terrestrial planets . The Arizonan astronomer Rory Barnes 's mathematical model , in 2009 , found that " Planet b ’ s orbit must be more than 15 ◦ from face @-@ on " ; however it cannot be much more . = = Characteristics = = HD 40307 b does not transit and has not been imaged . More specific characteristics , such as its radius , composition , and possible surface temperature cannot be determined . With a lower mass bound of 4 @.@ 2 times the mass of the Earth , HD 40307 b is presumably too small to be a jovian planet . This concept was challenged in a 2009 study , which stated that if HD 40307 b is terrestrial , the planet would be highly unstable and would be affected by tidal heating in a manner greater than Io , a volcanic satellite of planet Jupiter ; restrictions that seem to bind terrestrial planets , however , do not restrict ice giant planets like Neptune or Uranus . As strong tidal forces often result in the destruction of larger natural satellites in planets orbiting close to a star , it is unlikely that HD 40307 b hosts any satellites . HD 40307 b , c , and d are presumed to have migrated into their present orbits . = Caspian expeditions of the Rus ' = The Caspian expeditions of the Rus ' were military raids undertaken by the Rus ' between 864 and 1041 on the Caspian Sea shores , of what are nowadays Iran , Dagestan , and Azerbaijan . Initially , the Rus ' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route , selling furs , honey , and slaves . The first small @-@ scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century . The Rus ' undertook the first large @-@ scale expedition in 913 ; having arrived on 500 ships , they pillaged in the Gorgan region , in the territory of present @-@ day Iran , and more to the west , in Gilan and Mazandaran , taking slaves and goods . On their return , the northern raiders were attacked and defeated by the Khazar in the Volga Delta , and those who escaped were killed by the local tribes on the middle Volga . During their next expedition in 943 , the Rus ' captured Bardha 'a , the capital of Arran , in the modern @-@ day Republic of Azerbaijan . The Rus ' stayed there for several months , killing many inhabitants of the city and amassing substantial plunder . It was only an outbreak of dysentery among the Rus ' that forced them to depart with their spoils . Sviatoslav , prince of Kiev , commanded the next attack , which destroyed the Khazar state in 965 . Sviatoslav 's campaign established the Rus 's hold on the north @-@ south trade routes , helping to alter the demographics of the region . Raids continued through the time period with the last Scandinavian attempt to reestablish the route to the Caspian Sea taking place in 1041 by Ingvar the Far @-@ Travelled . = = Background and early raids = = The Rus ' first penetrated to the Muslim areas adjacent to the Caspian Sea as traders rather than warriors . By the early 9th century , the Norsemen settled in northwestern Russia , where they established a settlement called Aldeigja ( Slavic : Ladoga ) about 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) south of the Volkhov River entry into Lake Ladoga . From there , they began trading with the Byzantine Empire along the Dnieper trade route and with the Muslim lands around the Caspian Sea along the Volga trade route . In the late 9th century , ibn Khordadbeh described the Rus ' buying goods from the Khazars in the market areas on the lower Volga and selling them on the markets of Caspian towns ; these merchants brought furs , honey , and slaves . Small groups of the Rus ' even went on camels as far as Baghdad to sell their goods ; their European slaves interpreted for them . Thomas Schaub Noonan suggested that the Rus ' reached Baghdad as early as 800 ; this argument is supported by the finding of Sassanid , Arab , and Arabo @-@ Sassanid dirham coins dated no later than 804 – 805 at Peterhof , near Saint @-@ Petersburg . In ibn Khordadbeh 's account , the Rus ' are described as " a kind of the Saqaliba " , a term usually used to refer to Slavs , and anti @-@ Normanist scholars have interpreted this passage as indicative of the Rus ' being Slavs rather than Scandinavians . In the interpretation of the Normanist scholars , the word Saqaliba was also frequently applied to all fair @-@ haired , ruddy @-@ complexioned populations of Central , Eastern , and Northeastern Europe , so ibn Khordadbeh 's language is ambiguous here . The first Caspian raid of the Rus ' occurred sometime in the reign of Hasan ibn Zaid , ruler of Tabaristan between 864 and 884 . The Rus ' sailed into the Caspian Sea and unsuccessfully attacked its eastern shore at Abaskun . This raid was probably on a very small scale . The second raid took place in 909 or 910 and was likewise aimed at Abaskun ; just like the previous attack , this expedition was a minor one with only sixteen ships participating in it . The third minor raid took place in 911 or 912 . = = Raid of 913 = = The Rus ' launched the first large @-@ scale raid in 913 . A fleet of 500 ships reached the southern shores of the Caspian Sea through the country of the Khazars . In order to secure a peaceful passage through the land of the Khazars , the Rus ' promised the Khazars half of their spoils . They sailed down the Dnieper River into the Black Sea , then into the Sea of Azov , then up the Don River past the Khazar city of Sarkel , and then by a portage reached the Volga , which led them into the Caspian Sea . The Rus ' attacked in the Gorgan region around Abaskun , as well as Tabaristan , pillaging the countrysides as they went . An attempt to repel them as they lay in anchor near islands in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea proved unsuccessful ; and they were then able to roam and raid at will . Across the sea they raided at Baku , penetrating inland a distance of three days ' journey , and plundering the regions of Arran , Tabaristan , Beylagan , and Shirvan . Everywhere they looted as much as they could , taking women and children as slaves . The news of their outrages preceded them as they headed homeward and , in the Volga Delta , the Rus ' were attacked by Khazars , as well as by some Christians , apparently with the acquiescence of the Khazar ruler . According to al @-@ Masudi , those who escaped were finished off by the Burtas and Volga Bulgars . = = Raid of 943 = = The second large @-@ scale campaign is dated to 943 , when Igor was the supreme leader of the Rus ' , according to the Primary Chronicle . During the 943 expedition , the Rus ' rowed up the Kura River , deep into the Caucasus , defeated the forces of Marzuban bin Muhammad , and captured Bardha 'a , the capital of Arran . The Rus ' allowed the local people to retain their religion in exchange for recognition of their overlordship ; it is possible that the Rus ' intended to settle permanently there . According to ibn Miskawaih , the local people broke the peace by stone @-@ throwing and other abuse directed against the Rus ' , who then demanded that the inhabitants evacuate the city . This ultimatum was rejected , and the Rus ' began killing people and holding many for ransom . The slaughter was briefly interrupted for negotiations , which soon broke down . The Rus ' stayed in Bardha 'a for several months , using it as a base for plundering the adjacent areas , and amassed substantial spoils . The city was saved only by an outbreak of dysentery among the Rus ' . Ibn Miskawaih writes that the Rus ' " indulged excessively in the fruit of which there are numerous sorts there . This produced an epidemic among them . . . and their numbers began thereby to be reduced . " Encouraged by the epidemic among the Rus ' , the Muslims approached the city . The Rus ' , their chief riding on a donkey , made an unsuccessful sally after which they lost 700 warriors , but evaded encirclement and retreated to the Bardha 'a fortress , where they were besieged by the Muslims . Exhausted by the disease and the siege , the Rus ' " left by night the fortress in which they had established their quarters , carrying on their backs all they could of their treasure , gems , and fine raiment , boys and girls as they wanted , and made for the Kura River , where the ships in which they had issued from their home were in readiness with their crews , and 300 Russes whom they had been supporting with portions of their booty . " The Muslims then exhumed from the Rus ' graves the weapons that had been buried beside the warriors . George Vernadsky proposed that Oleg of Novgorod was the donkey @-@ riding chief of the Rus ' who attacked Bardha 'a . Vernadsky identified Oleg with Helgu , a figure mentioned in the Schechter Letter . According to that document , Helgu went to Persia by boat and died there after a failed attack on Constantinople in 941 . On the other hand , Lev Gumilev , drawing on the name of the Rus ' leader ( as recorded in Arabian sources ) , hypothesizes that this leader was Sveneld , a Varangian chieftain whose wealth was noted in the Primary Chronicle under 945 . = = Destruction of Khazaria = = The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus ' , so several possibilities have been suggested . The Rus ' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga . Byzantine incitement also apparently played a role . Khazars were the allies of the Byzantines until the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus , who persecuted the Jews of his empire . According to the Schechter Letter , the Khazar ruler Joseph responded to the persecution of Jews by " doing away with many Christians " and Romanus retaliated by inciting Oleg of Novgorod ( called Helgu in the letter ) against Khazaria . The conflict may also have been spurred by the Khazars ' decision to close passage down the Volga in response to the raid of 943 . In the Khazar Correspondence , written around 950 – 960 , the Khazar ruler Joseph reported his role as defender of the Muslim polities of the Caspian region against Rus ' incursions : " I have to wage war with them [ Rus ] , for if I would give them any chance at all they would lay waste the whole land of the Muslims as far as Baghdad . " Earlier conflict between Muslim elements of the Khazar army and Rus ' marauders in c . 912 may have contributed to this arrangement and the hostility of the Rus ' against Khazaria . In 965 , Sviatoslav I of Kiev finally went to war against Khazaria . He employed Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries in this campaign , perhaps to counter the Khazars ' superior cavalry . Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965 , and possibly sacked ( but did not occupy ) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea . He subsequently ( probably in 968 or 969 ) destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil . A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav 's campaign : " The Rus ' attacked , and no grape or raisin remained , not a leaf on a branch . " Ibn Hawqal is the only author who reports the sack of Semender , after which the Rus ' departed for " Rûm and al @-@ Andaluz " . Sviatoslav 's campaign brought the prosperity and independence of Khazaria to an abrupt end . The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus ' to dominate north @-@ south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea , routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars . Moreover , Sviatoslav 's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo @-@ Mayaki culture , greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe . = = Later expeditions = = In 987 , Maymun , emir of Derbent , asked the Rus ' to help him against local chiefs . The Rus ' , many of whom appear to have been professional soldiers , arrived on 18 ships . Uncertain of their reception , they sent only one ship to reconnoitre the situation . When its crew were massacred by the local population , the Rus ' went on to loot the city of Maskat . In 989 , this same Maymun is reported to have refused the demand of a local preacher to turn over his Rus ' mercenaries to him for either conversion to Islam or death . In the ensuing struggle , Maymun was driven from the city and forced to surrender the Rus ' soldiers , but he returned in 992 . In 1030 , the Rus ' raided the region of Shirvan ; the ruler of Ganja then paid them much money to help suppress a revolt in Beylagan . Afterwards , the Rus ' returned home . According to one source , in November 1031 the Rus ' returned , but were defeated near Baku and expelled . The year of 1032 saw another Rus ' raid into Shirvan ; they were joined by the Alans and Sarir . Local Muslims defeated the Rus ' in 1033 . It is unclear to which Rus ' grouping these raiders belonged . Omeljan Pritsak suggests that they operated out of a base near the Terek estuary and had their principal home in Tmutarakan . Pritsak also speculated that the Rus ' , operating from the Caspian basin , shortly thereafter lent support to the Oghuz in a power struggle in Khwarezm . The legendary saga Yngvars saga víðförla describes the last expedition of the Vikings into the Caspian , dated to 1041 and possibly connected with the Georgian @-@ Byzantine Battle of Sasireti in which a Varangian force participated around the same time ; in the saga much legend is conflated with the historical facts . This expedition was launched from Sweden by Ingvar the Far @-@ Travelled , who went down the Volga into the land of the Saracens ( Serkland in Norse ) . There are no less than twenty @-@ six Ingvar Runestones , twenty @-@ three of them being in the Lake Mälaren region of Uppland in Sweden , referring to Swedish warriors who went out with Ingvar on his expedition to the Saracen lands , an expedition whose purpose was probably to reopen old trade routes , now that the Bulgars and the Khazars no longer proved obstacles . A stone to Ingvar 's brother indicates that he went east for gold but that he died in the Saracen land . Afterwards , no attempts were made by the Norsemen to reopen the route between the Baltic and Caspian seas . Khaqani tells about the invasion of Shirvan in 1173 or 1174 . In his odes , Khaqani names the Rus ' and Khazars , Rus ' and Alans , Rus ' and Sarir as the invaders . Peter Golden argued that the Rus ' mentioned by Khaqani were Volga pirates who came in 73 ships . Yevgeni Pakhomov and Vladimir Minorsky thought the invasion was initiated by the ruler of Darbent , Bek @-@ Bars b . Muzaffar . According to Minorsky , " the initiative of Bek @-@ Bars was independent of Kiev , and he must have used bands of free @-@ lances ( бродники ) who were roaming in the south , as a prototype of the future Cossacks " . The shirvanshah Ahsitan I turned to the Georgian king , George III for aid and a combined army , which also included the future Byzantine emperor Andronikos Komnenos , defeated the invaders and recaptured the fortress of Shabaran . Georgian sources speak of the Khazars , but do not mention Rus ' in connection with this event . = R. Madhavan = Ranganathan Madhavan ( born 1 June 1970 ) is an Indian actor , writer and film producer . Madhavan has received two Filmfare Awards , an award from the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards alongside recognition and nominations from other organisations . He has been described as one of the few actors in India who is able to achieve pan @-@ Indian appeal , appearing in films from seven different languages . Madhavan began his acting career with television guest appearances , including a role on the Zee TV prime @-@ time soap opera Banegi Apni Baat in 1996 . After appearing in commercials and in small roles , he later gained recognition in the Tamil film industry through Mani Ratnam 's successful romance film Alaipayuthey ( 2000 ) . Madhavan soon developed an image as a romantic hero with notable roles in two of 2001 's highest grossing Tamil films , Gautham Menon 's directorial debut Minnale and Madras Talkies ' Dumm Dumm Dumm . He worked with Mani Ratnam again in the critically acclaimed 2002 film Kannathil Muthamittal playing the father of an adopted girl , whilst he achieved commercial success with his role in N. Linguswamy 's action film , Run ( 2002 ) . Madhavan was cast alongside Kamal Haasan in the 2003 drama Anbe Sivam , which earned him two notable awards for Best Supporting Actor . In 2004 , he gave a critically acclaimed performance as the antagonist in the multi @-@ starrer Aayutha Ezhuthu and the film secured him his first Filmfare Award for the intense portrayal of a rogue . In the mid @-@ 2000s , Madhavan also actively pursued a career in Hindi films , by appearing in supporting roles in three highly successful productions , Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra 's Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) , Mani Ratnam 's biopic Guru ( 2007 ) and Rajkumar Hirani 's 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) , which went on to become the highest grossing Indian film of all time upon release . He simultaneously worked on Tamil films , gaining critical acclaim for his portrayal of a vigilante in his home production Evano Oruvan ( 2007 ) and for the successful bilingual horror film , Yavarum Nalam ( 2009 ) . After appearing in further box office hits , Tanu Weds Manu ( 2011 ) and Vettai ( 2012 ) , Madhavan took a break from acting . Returning after a three @-@ year sabbatical in 2015 , his comeback films , the romantic @-@ comedy Tanu Weds Manu Returns ( 2015 ) and the sports drama Irudhi Suttru ( 2016 ) , both won critical and commercial acclaim . In addition to his acting career , Madhavan has worked as a writer on his films , hosted television programmes and has been a prominent celebrity endorser for brands and products . He has also worked as a film producer , first making Evano Oruvan with Leukos Films , before setting up Tricolour Films to produce Saala Khadoos ( 2016 ) . Madhavan is noted for his philanthropic activities and promotes various causes such as environment , health and education . He is particularly vocal about the protection of animals and was awarded PETA 's Person of the Year recognition in 2012 . = = Early life = = Madhavan was born on 1 June 1970 in Jamshedpur , Bihar ( now in Jharkhand ) , India , to a Tamil family . His father Ranganathan was a management executive in Tata Steel and his mother , Saroja was a manager in the Bank of India . His younger sister , Devika , is a software engineer settled in the United Kingdom . He had a Tamil @-@ speaking upbringing in Bihar . In 1988 , Madhavan gained a scholarship to represent India as a cultural ambassador from Rajaram College , Kolhapur and spent a year in Stettler , Alberta , Canada as part of an exchange programme . He returned to Kolhapur and completed his education , graduating with a degree in electronics . During his college years , Madhavan became actively involved in extra @-@ curricular military training and at 22 , he was recognised as amongst the leading NCC cadets in Maharashtra , which allowed him to make a trip with seven others as NCC cadets to England . As a result of this opportunity , he received training with the British Army , the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force , which he had , at a point , considered joining . However he missed the age cut @-@ off by six months and was subsequently unable to join the programme . After he lost out on the place , he began teaching courses on public speaking and personality development skills in Kolhapur and the satisfaction he gained through teaching , prompted him to pursue a post @-@ graduation in public speaking at Kishinchand Chellaram College in Mumbai . During the period , he also won the Indian Championship for Public Speaking and subsequently represented India at the Young Businessmen Conference in Tokyo , Japan in 1992 . During his stint in Mumbai , he opted to create a portfolio and submit it to a modelling agency . = = Acting career = = = = = Early work = = = In early 1996 , Madhavan worked on a sandalwood talc advertisement directed by Santosh Sivan , who later recommended him to Mani Ratnam to take part in a screen test for a role in Iruvar ( 1997 ) . Madhavan was auditioned for the leading role of Tamizhselvan amongst several other more established actors , but Mani Ratnam eventually left him out of the project citing that he thought his " eyes looked too young " for a senior role . As his film career failed to take off , Madhavan went on to feature in Hindi television serials , appearing as a crook in his first venture Yule Love Stories . He appeared in leading roles in Zee TV 's Banegi Apni Baat and Ghar Jamai , while he gained further popularity portraying the character of Shekhar in Saaya . He also went on to act as a ship 's captain in Sea Hawks , as a convict in Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum and as worked as a television anchor in Tol Mol Ke Bol amongst other television appearances . His first appearance in a feature film role came through a small role in Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin ( 1996 ) , where he portrayed a singer in a bar . In 1997 , Madhavan appeared in a supporting role as an Indian police officer in Fred Olen Ray 's English film , Inferno , which was shot in India . His first chance in Indian cinema came in the form of Shanti Shanti Shanti ( 1998 ) , a Kannada film , in which he appeared as a carefree youngster alongside actor Abbas . However , the film failed to make an impact and went unnoticed at the box office . During the period , Hindi film director Vinod Pandey launched Madhavan as a Bollywood hero , with a project titled Akeli , however the film was shelved before the production process had been completed . = = = 1999 – 2003 = = = In 1999 , leading Indian director Mani Ratnam selected Madhavan to feature in the leading role of his Tamil romantic film , Alaipayuthey ( 2000 ) and the film 's subsequent critical and commercial success gave Madhavan his breakthrough as an actor . Portraying the character of Karthik Varadharajan , a young husband experiencing difficulties with his marriage , Madhavan revealed that he studied the technical aspects of film @-@ making from the director and learned the entire script of the film , irrespective of whether he was in the scene or not . He became the first débutante actor to be cast by Mani Ratnam in the lead role of a film , and revealed that when he found out that he was set to work with the director he was overcome with a " mixture of excitement , awe , fear and expectations " . Featuring alongside actress Shalini , Madhavan 's performance was well received by critics and the film 's success led to it developing " classic " status . A critic from The Hindu , described that Madhavan " sails through the litmus test with ease " , whilst another review cited that Madhavan was a " promising debutant " into the film industry . After the success of his first Tamil film , the producers of his previous Kannada film , Shanti Shanti Shanti , dubbed the film into Tamil and released it as Relax , to capitalise on Madhavan 's new @-@ found success . Madhavan 's next film , Ennavale ( 2000 ) , garnered mixed reviews although Madhavan 's portrayal was praised as the " mainstay " of the film , with claims that the film for him was a " merely a prosaic exercise " . Madhavan 's first release of 2001 , Gautham Menon 's directorial debut Minnale , opened to critical and commercial acclaim . Featuring a popular soundtrack by Harris Jayaraj and marketed as a Valentine 's Day release , Minnale further built on the actor 's image as a romantic hero and was later listed as a " classic romantic film " from the Tamil film industry . He then collaborated with Mani Ratnam for the second time by appearing in the director 's production venture , the romantic comedy Dumm Dumm Dumm ( 2001 ) , alongside Jyothika . Appearing as an unhappy groom trying to halt his wedding , the film won positive acclaim and became a commercial success , with Madhavan establishing himself as a bankable actor in South India . Madhavan then again appeared as a husband in a tumultuous marriage in Parthale Paravasam ( 2001 ) , the hundredth venture of veteran director K. Balachander . Despite featuring amongst an ensemble cast and being highly anticipated prior to release , the film failed at the box @-@ office , with critics citing that Madhavan looked " rather bored " with the proceedings . Similarly his first lead role in a Hindi film , Rehna Hai Tere Dil Mein ( 2001 ) , a remake of his Minnale , was also unsuccessful at the box office , with the film and Madhavan 's performance receiving mixed reviews . However , the film belatedly gained popularity through screenings on television and subsequently developed a cult following amongst young audiences . In 2002 , Madhavan played the role of a novelist in Mani Ratnam 's Kannathil Muthamittal alongside actresses Keerthana , Simran and Nandita Das . In the film , he was shown as the role of the father of an adopted child , who wishes to return to her native homeland amidst the Sri Lankan civil war . The film received widespread critical acclaim and went on to win six National Awards as well as over ten awards at various International Film Festivals . Madhavan gained acclaim for his portrayal with a critic citing " he lived the role of the character he portrays " , with the film seeing him move away from the romantic hero image for the first time into a more serious , performance @-@ orientated role . The good performance of the film internationally also helped him develop an overseas market for his films . Madhavan 's next large success came with Run , a film recognised for its screenplay , with Madhavan appearing in an action film for the first time in his career . In regard to his performance , The Hindu 's critic noted " he manages to portray action with élan in Run and actually looks fit and comfortable in the role " , with the film helping him make a breakthrough as an action hero . Despite another unsuccessful Hindi venture with the musical , Dil Vil Pyar Vyar ( 2002 ) , the success of his previous films helped him secure the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor for 2002 , being jointly recognised for both films . Madhavan was cast alongside Kamal Haasan in Anbe Sivam ( 2003 ) , which told the story of an unexpected journey from Bhubaneswar to Chennai of two men who are polar opposites . Madhavan revealed his elation at working with an experienced actor like Kamal Haasan , while noting that a human drama film like Anbe Sivam was important for his career as an actor as it came after a successful masala film in Run . Portraying a young frustrated filmmaker with capitalist beliefs who travels with a handicapped communist played by Kamal Haasan , Madhavan 's performance was described as a " milestone in his career " and that " his portrayal will remain with the viewer for long " by a critic from The Hindu . The film opened in January 2003 to positive reviews , but became a surprise box @-@ office failure . Post @-@ release , the film has garnered belated critical acclaim from critics and television audiences and is considered as one of the " cult classics " of Tamil cinema . Film critic Baradwaj Rangan wrote that the film " was leagues ahead of the average Tamil and Indian film " , though felt that " the masses were unwilling to accept the experimental nature of the film " , while talking about the film 's box office failure . Post @-@ filming , Kamal Haasan revealed that he was impressed with Madhavan 's enthusiasm and concentration during the making of the film and thus subsequently signed him on to appear in his production venture , Nala Damayanthi ( 2003 ) , where he played a Brahmin cook lost in Australia . In 2003 , the actor also appeared in Vikraman 's family drama Priyamana Thozhi as a budding cricketer , Saran 's romantic comedy Jay Jay and made a guest appearance in Priyadarshan 's Lesa Lesa as a jailed teacher . The three films made average returns at the box office , though Madhavan 's performances were appreciated by critics . = = = 2004 – 2008 = = = Madhavan played an imposter gangster in K. S. Ravikumar 's comedy Aethiree ( 2004 ) before being selected to feature in his fourth Mani Ratnam production , Aaytha Ezhuthu ( 2004 ) , which featured him in an ensemble cast including Suriya , Siddharth , Meera Jasmine , Esha Deol and Trisha . Madhavan portrayed the character of Inba Sekhar , a hitman living in the slums of Chennai , whose path crosses with the characters portrayed by Suriya and Siddharth . His role also featured him in a struggling marriage , where his wife desperately tries to claw him away from his profession . Madhavan bulked up and sported a shaven look for the first time in his career to resemble the character of a ruffian and shot for the film through the sync sound technique . He received widespread praise for his depiction , with Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu claiming that Madhavan outplayed Abhishek Bachchan 's interpretation of the character in the Hindi version of the bilingual , Yuva . Madhavan went on to win the Filmfare Award for the Best Tamil Supporting Actor , whilst another critic from The Hindu cited that he " sparkles as an anti @-@ hero " and that the " character ought to find a very special place in his repertoire " . Similarly , a critic from Indiaglitz.com stated " Madhavan 's daring decision to play a negative character , who gets beaten up black and blue at the end , putting his ' hero ' image in peril , has paid off , as he walks away with top honours " , while a reviewer from Sify.com labelled him as " terrific " . In late 2004 , Madhavan worked on Rajiv Anchal 's English @-@ Malayalam crossover film Nothing But Life ( 2005 ) and completed his work in a single schedule across Las Vegas and Albuquerque . Portraying an orphaned youth with suicidal tendencies being treated by a Malayali psychiatrist in the USA , the film and his portrayal opened to mixed reviews . He then appeared in another marriage drama film , Priyasakhi ( 2005 ) co @-@ starring Sadha – with the pair playing an estranged husband and wife . The film received praise for the lead pair 's performances with Madhavan being praised as " top class " , while it also became the first Tamil film to be dubbed into Zulu . From 2005 onwards , Madhavan increased his work in Hindi films and starred and wrote the Hindi dialogues for the comedy Ramji Londonwaley ( 2005 ) , a remake of his earlier film Nala Damayanthi . Critics described his performance as " a master stroke " , though the film fared averagely at the box office due to the release of other big budget films during the period . He experienced box office success in Hindi films for the first time through his role in Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra 's Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) . Featuring in an ensemble cast led by Aamir Khan , Madhavan essayed the guest role of flight lieutenant , whose death triggers a revolutionary movement against corruption . The film was subsequently nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 2006 BAFTA Awards , while it was also chosen as India 's official entry for the Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Awards for the Best Foreign Language Film category . Madhavan then collaborated with Mani Ratnam for the fifth time with in the biopic Guru ( 2007 ) , co @-@ starring Abhishek Bachchan , Aishwarya Rai and Vidya Balan . His role of Shyam Saxena was inspired from the life of real @-@ life journalist S. Gurumurthy , who was a challenger to the business tycoon , Dhirubhai Ambani , whose life drew allusions with Bachchan 's role . The film became a blockbuster and also received critical acclaim , with a reviewer citing that Madhavan acts with " extreme , believable sincerity " dubbing him as " truly a poster boy for India " , whilst another claimed he performed " a weak role with élan " . His Tamil film , Thambi ( 2006 ) directed by Seeman , had a delayed release but became a profitable venture in town and village centres . Madhavan 's portrayal of a rustic do @-@ gooder , received positive reviews from critics though a reviewer from The Hindu claimed the actor was " unable to shed off his classy looks " . He then appeared in Sundar C 's comedy film Rendu ( 2006 ) , where he played dual roles for the first time and in the long @-@ delayed romantic comedy Aarya ( 2007 ) , appearing as a medical student . Madhavan wrote the dialogues , produced and featured in the lead role in Nishikanth Kamat 's Evano Oruvan ( 2007 ) , playing a middle class bank employee who becomes so disgusted with the corruption he faces in his day @-@ to @-@ day life that he becomes a vigilante . After setting up a production studio , Leukos Films , he helped promote the film in international film festivals before the theatrical release in December 2007 . Critics called the film a " must watch " and a reviewer from The Hindu stated that the film was " Madhavan 's best performance to date " , while he also went on to win the ITFA Best Actor Award for his depiction . However Evano Oruvan and his subsequent release , Seeman 's Vaazhthukal ( 2008 ) did not perform well at the box office , while another completed film titled Naan Aval Adhu failed to have a theatrical release . Madhavan 's final release of the year was the docudrama Mumbai Meri Jaan , based upon the 2006 Mumbai Bombings . The film , which featured him alongside Soha Ali Khan , Irrfan Khan and Kay Kay Menon became critically acclaimed with Madhavan 's portrayal of a man with a post @-@ traumatic stress disorder being appreciated by reviewers . = = = 2009 – 2014 = = = Madhavan won positive acclaim for playing the lead role of an engineer experiencing eerie events in Vikram Kumar 's bilingual horror film , Yavarum Nalam ( 2009 ) . The film , which became a commercial and critical success , prompted a reviewer from the Times of India to suggest " he carried the film on his shoulders " while he was also nominated in the Best Actor category at the Vijay Awards . His following two films , the romantic comedy Guru En Aalu ( 2009 ) and the action film Sikandar ( 2009 ) in which he played a supporting role of an army officer , both fetched mixed reviews . Madhavan then portrayed one of three leading roles in Rajkumar Hirani 's coming of age comedy @-@ drama film , 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) , alongside Aamir Khan and Sharman Joshi . Upon release , the film received positive reviews and went on to become the highest @-@ grossing Indian film of all time , before being overtaken in 2013 . Madhavan 's portrayal as a young engineer with a passion for photography earned him nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor and for the IIFA Best Supporting Actor Award during 2010 . Film critic Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama described the actor 's performance as " incredible " , while Madhavan claimed that the film changed how he was viewed as an actor in Hindi films for the better . He later turned down an offer of reprising the same role in the Tamil remake of the film helmed by Shankar . In 2010 , Madhavan appeared alongside actors Amitabh Bachchan and Ben Kingsley in Teen Patti ( 2010 ) as a young professor , with Adarsh again rating his performance as " excellent " , but the film failed at the box office . His two guest appearances in the year also received mixed feedback with his performance in the Telugu anthology film Om Shanti ( 2010 ) being praised , whilst a role in the John Abraham @-@ starrer Jhootha Hi Sahi ( 2010 ) drew him criticism . Madhavan then collaborated again with Kamal Haasan and K. S. Ravikumar in the romantic comedy , Manmadan Ambu ( 2010 ) , playing a wealthy businessman who hires a spy to follow his actress girlfriend on a European cruise tour . The film opened to positive reviews with Madhavan 's performance being described by Rediff.com as " excellent " , while Sify.com labelled him the " scene stealer " . His only release in 2011 was the romantic drama film , Tanu Weds Manu alongside Kangana Ranaut , which saw him play the role of a sensible doctor hoping to get an arranged marriage with a girl , who has a dramatically diverse personality to him . Prior to release , the film 's promotional campaign created anticipation and upon release , the film became a large success at the box office . Madhavan 's portrayal of Manoj " Manu " Sharma won positive acclaim , with a reviewer citing that his performance was " real , restrained , yet forceful " and another claiming he was " perfectly cast " . Madhavan next appeared as a police officer in Linguswamy 's Tamil film Vettai ( 2012 ) , an action entertainer featuring an ensemble cast of Arya , Amala Paul and Sameera Reddy . The film opened to positive reviews in January 2012 and went on to become a commercial success , with critics praising Madhavan 's decision to accept the role of a timid cop , while a critic noted that he had " an uncanny talent for comedy " . He then featured in Jodi Breakers ( 2012 ) , a Hindi romantic comedy film shot in Greece alongside Bipasha Basu , though the film did not perform well commercially . In 2012 , Madhavan took a sabbatical and was based in Chicago resting his knee , which he injured during the making of Vettai , causing him to suffer from chondromalacia patellae . During the period , he felt he had to " reinvent himself " and had to work on films which would appeal to the " new generation of audiences " , so took a decision to work on a single film at a time . During a period of three years without any theatrical releases , his long @-@ delayed Hindi film Taak Jhaank directed by Rituparno Ghosh in 2006 , premièred at the 19th Kolkata International Film Festival in 2013 , while his first Hindi film Akeli , shot in 1997 , was released online during the following year . During his recovery period and sabbatical in 2013 , Madhavan signed on to appear in Simon West 's Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn , in which he appeared as a former marine personnel and shot for the project in California . The computer animated film , where Madhavan provided voice work , premièred in San Diego during July 2015 . = = = 2015 – present = = = Madhavan 's first theatrical release after his sabbatical was Anand L. Rai 's Tanu Weds Manu Returns , a sequel to the 2011 film , which released in May 2015 . Prior to the film 's release , Madhavan stated that the " content of the film was more important than the stars " and acknowledged that the popularity of Kangana Ranaut would help the film gain a good opening at the box office . Reprising his role as Manu , Madhavan won acclaim for his restrained performance and the film went on to become a critical and commercial success . The critic from Bollywood Hungama wrote " Madhavan excels in his role despite it being a restrained one , which was anyways the call of his character " and added " he is very endearing who never tries to overshadow anyone and emerges a winner " , while Sify.com stated he gives a " subtle and restrained performance " . Tanu Weds Manu Returns earned ₹ 243 crore ( US $ 36 million ) worldwide at the end of its theatrical run , to become one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films in 2015 . During his sabbatical , Madhavan also worked extensively on the pre @-@ production of the bilingual sports film , Irudhi Suttru ( 2016 ) directed by Sudha Kongara . After being impressed with Sudha 's script , he helped find the project producers in Tamil and chose to produce the film in Hindi alongside Sashikanth and Rajkumar Hirani . Madhavan also met and convinced mixed martial artist Ritika Singh to act in the film after contacting her through Raj Kundra , while he was also credited for contributing as an additional screenplay writer . He also went through a body conditioning regime in Los Angeles prior to joining the film 's set and learnt boxing to essay the role of a former boxer . For dubbing purposes , Madhavan wore metal braces inside his teeth , in order to create the effect of having a lisp that most boxers have from sporting injuries . Madhavan won praise for his work during the marketing campaign , having travelled throughout Tamil Nadu to promote the film , with The Hindu stating it was " unlike other film promotions in the South " . For Irudhi Suttru , Madhavan received widespread critical acclaim for his portrayal with Sify.com stating " he is outstanding and carries the proverbial burden of the project on his shoulder " . A critic from The Hindu stated that he was " quietly effective " , while a reviewer from Behindwoods.com wrote that Madhavan gives his " best performance " and is " excellent " at depicting his " characterization from being subtle to being outright effervescent " . His portrayal in the Hindi version , Saala Khadoos , received similar praise with critic Subhash K. Jha stating " this is Madhavan ’ s career @-@ defining performance , he sinks so deep into his role both physically and emotionally , that the actor becomes one with the act " . In June 2016 , Madhavan signed on to appear in the Tamil remake of the successful Malayalam film , Charlie ( 2015 ) , after being impressed by the original . Directed by Vijay and produced by Shruti Nallappa , the film will commence production in November 2016 . = = Other projects = = = = = Film and television work = = = Madhavan was first credited as a part of the technical crew for his work in Ramji Londonwaley , an adaptation of his Tamil film Nala Damayanthi . Apart from portraying the lead role , Madhavan worked on the film as a dialogue writer and played an active role in determining the crew of the movie . In October 2007 , Madhavan founded the production company , Leukos Films , and consequently bought the rights of his film , Evano Oruvan , from producers Abbas @-@ Mustan and K. Sera Sera . Securing sponsorship deals with HSBC and Santoor , Madhavan premièred the film across North America and the Middle East before its Indian theatrical release , with the promotion method being used for the first time in Tamil cinema . However , since the relative box office failure of the project , Madhavan downplayed future involvement in production ventures . The film , which Madhavan referred to as a " part of his life " during 2007 , also saw him write the dialogues for the film along with Seeman by translating lines from the project 's original version in the Marathi language . Madhavan then chose to become actively involved in the production of his 2016 bilingual films , Irudhi Suttru in Tamil and Saala Khadoos in Hindi , in order to ensure the film completed filming and had a theatrical release . Impressed by the strength of Sudha Kongara 's script for the Tamil film , Madhavan felt that the story had pan @-@ Indian appeal and took the film 's script to Rajkumar Hirani , who agreed to produce and supervise work on the film 's Hindi version . Madhavan co @-@ produced the Hindi version of the film through his new production house , Tricolor Films , while leading the film 's pan @-@ Indian marketing campaign . The actor also helped finalise the film 's lead actress , Ritika Singh , and was also credited as an additional screenplay writer in the films . Madhavan has appeared as host for television programmes on Hindi channels , while he has also been a host at film award functions . During his television career in the 1990s , Madhavan first worked as a host on Tol Mol Ke Bol . He was announced as the host of Sony Entertainment Television 's Deal Ya No Deal , the Indian version of the American game show Deal Or No Deal , in October 2005 . However , Madhavan quit as the lead anchor of the show in January 2006 claiming he was unhappy with the way the shoot schedules were handled by the production house . According to the actor , when he took on the show , he had made it clear that he would continue with his South Indian film assignments , and as the show was being filmed in Mumbai , he had found it hard to keep travelling throughout India from Chennai to film the ten days a month he had signed up for . Madhavan added that he was restricted by the producers to spend one day rehearsing technically , which left him with fatigue . Mandira Bedi subsequently replaced Madhavan as the anchor in February for Series 2 of the game show . In June 2010 , Madhavan made a comeback to the game show format by accepting a contract with Imagine TV 's Big Money show , signing on to host a single season , and then hosted an episode of the crime show Savdhaan India in January 2016 . Furthermore , he has been a guest judge in the Indian television show , Fame Gurukul . In 2016 , Madhavan stated that he would only take part in television commitments for money , while he does not consider his payment when signing on to appear in films . Madhavan has also hosted live events , notably the National Film Awards in 2013 with Huma Qureshi . He was also the host of the 55th Filmfare Awards South in Chennai in 2008 and then also the Vijay Awards in 2013 . = = = Brand ambassador = = = Madhavan is amongst the leading brand ambassadors for products in India . His early work involved advertisements for brands including Bajaj , Ponds , Fair and Lovely and TVS , before signing a major endorsing deal with Pepsi and marketing company , IMG . In 2007 , Madhavan endorsed UniverCell , a multi @-@ brand mobile phone retail chain owned by UniverCell Telecommunications India Pvt Ltd . Madhavan signed a contract with the mobile phone network , Airtel for promotions in South India before being promoted as the pan @-@ Indian ambassador for the brand a year later . His advertisements with Vidya Balan for Airtel won critical acclaim , and brought in film offers for the pair to feature together . In June 2010 , marketers from Arun Excello promoted a housing project in Oragadam , Chennai in a similar fashion to the release of a new film featuring Madhavan . With film @-@ inspired posters and billboards put up around Chennai , the advertisement campaign attracted huge curiosity and the project became a success . His long @-@ term work with jewellery brand , Joy Alukkas , led to the company creating life size wax models of him to place in their showrooms from January 2011 . Maruti Suzuki , for whom Madhavan is the brand ambassador , launched a special edition of the Suzuki Wagon R car calling it the Madhavan Signature Edition in September 2013 . In 2015 , online market place Snapdeal signed on Aamir Khan and Madhavan to be the company 's ambassadors , with Snapdeal attempting to use Madhavan 's popularity in South India to marker their services . = = = Humanitarian causes = = = Madhavan , who is a vegetarian , endorses the brand , PETA . Since joining them after starring in his first film , he has appeared voluntarily in several advertisements and released an E @-@ Card for the brand . In July 2006 , Madhavan was voted the " cutest male vegetarian " by an online poll conducted by the NGO , People for Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , while Kareena Kapoor won the female award respectively . In turn he cited that his success in the competition was due to his " healthy vegetarian diet " . In October 2010 , he wrote a letter to the CEO of Kentucky Fried Chicken , on behalf of PETA , urging them to stop mistreatment of birds by the fast @-@ food industry outlets and the killing of animals . He requested the boycott of KFC in India over animal welfare and conditions and was joined by Raveena Tandon and Rakhi Sawant in supporting the work of PETA in India . In addition , Madhavan was named PETA India ’ s 2012 " Person Of The Year " , while his son won PETA India 's " Compassionate Kid award " in December 2014 . Madhavan has lent his support for the Chennai @-@ based charity , The Banyan , and appeared in the charity musical Netru , Indru , Naalai directed by Mani Ratnam for the cause . He appeared as a guest cook and newly launched restaurant in Chennai and cooked dosas for auction for the charity , helping raise forty five thousand rupees . He has been a part of an AIDS awareness programme initiated by Richard Gere in India and helped advertise the A Time for Heroes campaign appearing in a short film . Similarly Madhavan featured in a four @-@ minute film produced by Agaram Foundation , Herova ? Zerova ? , campaigning for educational awareness alongside Suriya , Vijay and Jyothika . In 2010 , along with his cast and crew from 3 Idiots , he helped raise Rs . 2 @.@ 5 million for the renovation of the school in Leh , which was damaged by flash floods . Madhavan laid bricks and tiles at the London Business School in July 2011 , building a symbolic house to represent the 100 @,@ 000 houses that will be built in India by 2015 as a part of Habitat for Humanity 's campaign to improve substandard houses in India . During the 2015 South Indian floods , Madhavan worked alongside other Indian actors in coordinating the relief efforts . In 2016 , Lepra India signed him to work as a goodwill ambassador in helping promote action against leprosy . = = In the media = = Madhavan is one of the few actors in India who garners pan @-@ Indian appeal , with his success in establishing himself in the North and the South Indian film industries , seeing him receive multiple offers as a brand ambassador . Furthermore , it has led to producers offering him lead roles in bilingual films such as the English @-@ Malayalam crossover film Nothing But Life and the Hindi @-@ Tamil projects , Yavarum Nalam and Irudhi Suttru . Moreover , most of his Tamil films are dubbed into Telugu , where he has created a box office market without appearing in a single straight Telugu film as a lead actor . Madhavan holds a significant female fan following , which developed after his romantic roles in Alaipayuthey and Minnale . Madhavan has also been active in keeping in contact with fans , maintaining a fan email account , a Facebook fan page and a Twitter account as well as being one of the first actors of Tamil films to turn blogger with entries in the year 2000 . He has appeared at functions as a special guest , and has enjoyed particularly close links with technology company , Sify , whom he signed on as his media partner for all his future releases after expressing satisfaction at the website they created for Rendu . Madhavan sat amongst a six @-@ man jury for the selection of CNN @-@ IBN Indian of the Year 2006 . He inaugurated the Chennai International Film Festival in 2007 , taking the opportunity to deliver a message on preserving the environment . A gaming company , Paradox Studios Limited , launched a new game compatible with mobile phones in July 2006 , with Madhavan as the lead character . The company released two mobile game titles featuring Madhavan as their lead character . The first of the two games , Madhavan 's MIG , featured the actor making a reprise of his Rang De Basanti pilot 's role . In the other game titled Madhavan , the player had to help the actor get to the première of his latest movie evading the paparazzi . In 2007 , prominent entrepreneur N. R. Narayana Murthy requested Madhavan to be his interviewer at the India @-@ Singapore Exposition and Madhavan went on to claim that the experience was " unforgettable " as Murthy was an idol to him . Madhavan has also attended conferences as a motivational speaker , talking about issues including situational awareness and confidence , with a speech delivered at Damodaran Academy of Management , Coimbatore going viral online . = = Personal life = = Madhavan 's parents are Ranganathan Seshadri and Saroja . Despite Madhavan 's ambition of wanting to join the army , his parents insisted he go to management school and pursue a degree in electronics . After completing the degree , he went on to teach communication and public speaking at workshops around India . At the Maharashtra workshop , he encountered his wife Sarita Birje for the first time during 1991 , when she attended his class on the recommendation of her cousins . Sarita was able to use the skills she had learned from Madhavan 's classes to pass an interview to become an air hostess and after completing the course , the pair began dating . They later married in 1999 , before Madhavan entered mainstream films . The pair 's successful marriage has been covered by the media , with Madhavan citing that advise from his mentor Mani Ratnam was useful . Sarita has worked as a costume designer in a few of Madhavan 's films , most notably for Guru En Aalu ( 2009 ) when she worked along with Erum Ali , the wife of Madhavan 's co @-@ star , Abbas , for their respective husbands . Their son , Vedant was born in August 2005 , which eventually led to relocating to the boat @-@ club area in Chennai from Kilpauk , where Madhavan 's parents lived with him as well as his parents @-@ in @-@ law . In 2009 , he relocated to Kandivali , Mumbai with his wife and son , as he pursued a career in Hindi films ahead of films in the South Indian industries . Madhavan has maintained close links with fellow actors and has described actor Suriya as his best friend in the film industry . The actor also is close friends with actresses Shilpa Shetty and Bipasha Basu , as well as actors Aamir Khan and Abhishek Bachchan . He is closely associated with actor Kamal Haasan , after their appearance together in Anbe Sivam , and has revealed that he considers the actor as his inspiration . He has also collaborated multiple times with directors Mani Ratnam , Rajkumar Hirani and Aanand Rai , citing that the film makers " understand him well " and share a good " comfort level " . He has also helped out actresses Reemma Sen , Sadha and Nisha Kothari by signing them on for roles in his films , when they were going through a barren spell . Madhavan announced a sabbatical from films in late 2010 citing he would take the time off to visit London , lose weight , play golf , take treatment for his knee injury and spend time with family . Though he kept away from starting new projects , during the period he was involved in the promotional activity of two of his releases , Manmadan Ambu and Tanu Weds Manu . He later made a comeback , earlier than anticipated , after director Linguswamy convinced him to work on Vettai . The actor later took an extended sabbatical from 2012 onwards to work on his fitness and get into shape for his role as a retired boxer in Irudhi Suttru . Madhavan is a keen golf player , having played for pleasure alongside actor Amitabh Bachchan and director Mani Ratnam , while also appearing in a celebrity charity event in 2007 . He also made an appearance for Chennai Rhinos in the 2011 Celebrity Cricket League , playing against Karnataka Bulldozers . His experiences flying Cessna planes when he was with National Cadet Corps , also led to a passion for aero @-@ modelling , with the actor stating it " justified his decision " to pursue a degree in electronics . = = Filmography = = = Alkaline diet = Alkaline diet ( also known as the alkaline ash diet , alkaline acid diet , acid ash diet , and the acid alkaline diet ) describes a group of loosely related diets based on the belief that certain foods can affect the acidity and pH of bodily fluids , including the urine or blood , and can therefore be used to treat or prevent diseases . Due to the lack of credible evidence supporting any benefits of this diet , it is generally not recommended by dietitians and other health professionals . The relationship between diet and acid @-@ base homeostasis , or the regulation of the acid @-@ base status of the body , has been studied for decades , though the medical applications of this hypothesis have largely focused on changing the acidity of urine . Traditionally , this diet has advocated for avoiding meat , poultry , cheese , and grains in order to make the urine more alkaline ( higher pH ) , changing the environment of the urine to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) and kidney stones ( nephrolithiasis ) . However , difficulties in effectively predicting the effects of this diet have led to medications , rather than diet modification , as the preferred method of changing urine pH . The " acid @-@ ash " hypothesis has been considered a risk factor for osteoporosis by various scientific publications , though more recently , the available weight of scientific evidence does not support this hypothesis . The term " alkaline diet " has also been used by alternative medicine practitioners , with the proposal that such diets treat or prevent cancer , heart disease , low energy levels as well as other illnesses . These claims are not supported by medical evidence and make incorrect assumptions about how alkaline diets function that are contrary to modern understanding of human physiology . = = Medical aspects = = = = = Diet composition = = = According to the traditional hypothesis underlying this diet , acid ash is produced by meat , poultry , cheese , fish , eggs , and grains . Alkaline ash is produced by fruits and vegetables , except cranberries , prunes and plums . Since the acid or alkaline ash designation is based on the residue left on combustion rather than the acidity of the food , foods such as citrus fruits that are generally considered acidic are actually considered alkaline producing in this diet . = = = Current hypotheses = = = It has been suggested that diets high in " acid ash " ( acid producing ) elements will cause the body to try to buffer ( or counteract ) any additional acid load in the body by breaking down bone , leading to weaker bones and increased risk for osteoporosis . Conversely , " alkaline ash " ( alkaline producing ) elements will hypothetically decrease the risk of osteoporosis . This hypothesis has been advanced in a position statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics , in a publication of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , as well as other scientific publications , which have stated foods high in potassium and magnesium such as fruits and vegetables may decrease the risk of osteoporosis through increased alkaline ash production . This acceptance of the acid @-@ ash hypothesis as a major modifiable risk factor of osteoporosis by these publications , however , was largely made without significant critical review by high quality systematic analysis . Recent systematic reviews have been published which have methodically analyzed the weight of available scientific evidence , and have found no significant evidence to support the acid @-@ ash hypothesis in regard to prevention of osteoporosis . A meta @-@ analysis of studies on the effect of dietary phosphate intake contradicted the expected results under the acid @-@ ash hypothesis with respect to calcium in the urine and bone metabolism . This result suggests use of this diet to prevent calcium loss from bone is not justified . Other meta @-@ analyses which have investigated the effect of total dietary acid intake have also found no evidence that acid intake increases the risk for osteoporosis as would be expected under the acid @-@ ash hypothesis . A review looked at the effects of dairy product intake , which have been hypothesized to increase the acid load of the body through phosphate and protein components . This review found no significant evidence suggesting dairy product intake causes acidosis or increases risk for osteoporosis . A meta @-@ analysis on the effects of alkaline potassium salts on calcium metabolism and bone health found that supplementation with alkaline potassium salts reduces loss of calcium in urine and reduces acid secretion . It has also been speculated that this diet may have an effect on muscle wasting , growth hormone metabolism or back pain , though there is no conclusive evidence to confirm these hypotheses . Given an aging population , the effects of an alkaline diet on public health may be worth considering , though there is little scientific evidence in this area . = = Alternative medicine = = Alternative medicine practitioners who have promoted the alkaline diet have advocated its use in the treatment of various medical conditions including cancer . These claims have been mainly promoted on websites , magazines , direct mail , and books , and have been mainly directed at a lay audience . While it has been proposed that this diet can help increase energy , lose weight , and treat cancer and heart disease , there is no evidence to support any of these claims . This version of the diet , in addition to avoiding meats and other proteins , also advocates avoiding processed foods , white sugar , white flour , and caffeine , and can involve specific exercise and nutritional supplement regimens as well . = = = Evidence base = = = Advocates for alternative uses of an alkaline diet propose that since the normal pH of the blood is slightly alkaline , the goal of diet should be to mirror this by eating a diet that is alkaline producing as well . These advocates propose that diets high in acid @-@ producing elements will generally lead the body to become acidic , which can foster disease . This proposed mechanism , in which the diet can significantly change the acidity of the blood , goes against " everything we know about the chemistry of the human body " and has been called a " myth " in a statement by the American Institute for Cancer Research . Unlike the pH level in the urine , a selectively alkaline diet has not been shown to elicit a sustained change in blood pH levels , nor to provide the clinical benefits claimed by its proponents . Because of the body 's natural regulatory mechanisms , which do not require a special diet to work , eating an alkaline diet just can , at most , change the blood pH minimally and transiently . A similar proposal by those advocating this diet suggests that cancer grows in an acidic environment , and that a proper alkaline diet can change the environment of the body to treat cancer . This proposal ignores the fact that while cancer tissue does grow in acidic environment , it is the cancer that creates the acidity . The rapid growth of cancer cells creates the acidic environment ; the acidic environment does not create cancer . The proposal also neglects to recognize that it is " virtually impossible " to create a less acidic environment in the body . " Extreme " dietary plans such as this diet have more risks than benefits for patients with cancer . Other proposed benefits from eating an alkaline diet are likewise not supported by scientific evidence . Although it has been proposed that this diet will increase " energy " or treat cardiovascular disease , there is no evidence to support these assertions . A version of this diet has also been promoted by Robert O. Young as a method of weight loss in his book The pH Miracle . According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics , portions of his diet such as the emphasis on eating green leafy vegetables and exercise would likely be healthy . However , the " obscure theory " on which his diet is based and the reliance on complicated fasting regimens and nutritional supplements means that this diet " is not a healthy way to lose weight . " It has also been proposed that acid causes rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis , and that an alkaline diet can be used to treat these conditions . There is no evidence to support this proposal . Urinary and / or saliva testing for acidity has been proposed as a way to measure the body 's acidity level and therefore the level of risk for diseases . However , there is no correlation between the urinary pH measured in home " test kits " and the acidity of the body . = = Adverse effects = = Because the alkaline diet promotes excluding certain families of foods , it could result in a less @-@ balanced diet with resulting nutrient deficiencies such as essential fatty acids and phytonutrients . Many websites and books promoting this diet sell courses of supplements and foods ; it should not be necessary to purchase any of these products . The level of effort needed to use this diet is considered " High " as there are many foods that need to be excluded in this diet . = = History = = The role of the diet and its influence on the acidity of urine has been studied for decades , as physiologists have studied the kidney 's role in the body 's regulatory mechanisms for controlling the acidity of body fluids . The French biologist Claude Bernard provided the classical observation of this effect when he found that changing the diet of rabbits from an herbivore ( mainly plant ) diet to a carnivore ( mainly meat ) diet changed the urine from more alkaline to more acid . Spurred by these observations , subsequent investigations focused on the chemical properties and acidity of constituents of the remains of foods combusted in a bomb calorimeter , described as ash . The " dietary ash hypothesis " proposed that these foods , when metabolized , would leave a similar " acid ash " or " alkaline ash " in the body as those oxidized in combustion . Nutrition scientists began to refine this hypothesis in the early 20th century , emphasizing the role of negatively charged particles ( anions ) and positively charged particles ( cations ) in food . Diets high in chloride , phosphate and sulfate ( all of which are anions ) were presumed to be acid forming , while diets high in potassium , calcium and magnesium ( all of which are cations ) were presumed to be alkaline forming . Other investigations showed specific foods , such as cranberries , prunes and plums had unusual effects on urine pH . While these foods provided an alkaline ash in the laboratory , they contain a weak organic acid , hippuric acid , which caused the urine to become more acidic instead . = = = Historical uses = = = Historically , the medical application of this diet has largely focused on preventing recurrence of kidney stones as well as the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections , by relying on the recognized ability of this diet to affect urinary pH . Years ago , this diet was used to adjust the acidity of the urinary environment that the stones formed in , and could hypothetically help prevent stones from forming or the development of UTIs . However , the analytical methods that attempted to precisely calculate the effects of food on urinary pH were not precise except in very general terms , making effective use of this diet difficult . Therefore , medications , which can more reliably alter the urine pH , rather than diet modification , have been the treatment of choice when trying to alter the pH of the urine . While there have been recent improvements in recognizing different variables that can affect acid excretion in the urine , the level of detail needed to predict the urinary pH based on diet is still daunting . Precise calculations require very detailed knowledge of the nutritional components of every meal as well as the rate of absorption of nutrients , which can vary substantially from individual to individual , making effective estimation of urine pH still not currently feasible . = Operation Windsor = Operation Windsor ( 4 – 5 July 1944 ) , was a Canadian attack , which was part of the Battle of Normandy during the Second World War . The attack was undertaken by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division to take Carpiquet and the adjacent airfield , from troops of the 12th SS @-@ Panzer Division Hitler Jugend of Panzergruppe West . The attack was originally intended to take place during the later stages of Operation Epsom , to protect the eastern flank of the main assault but was postponed for a week . On 4 July , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade and an attached battalion of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division attacked Carpiquet , supported on the flanks by the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade . The village was captured by mid @-@ afternoon but German resistance in the south defeated two attacks on the airfield , despite significant Allied tank and air support . Next day the Canadians repulsed German counter @-@ attacks and held the village , which served as a base for Operation Charnwood , a Second Army attack on Caen , involving the rest of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on 8 July and the airfield was captured by the Canadians on 9 July . = = Background = = Caen was an Operation Overlord goal for I Corps of the Anglo @-@ Canadian Second Army , which landed forces on two Norman beaches on 6 June 1944 , to capture the city and the Carpiquet area . German resistance prevented the town from being captured on D @-@ Day , a result considered possible by Lieutenant @-@ General Miles Dempsey the Second Army commander . For the next three weeks , positional warfare took place around Caen as both sides attacked and counter @-@ attacked for minor tactical advantage on the Anglo @-@ Canadian front and as part of a strategic intent to force the Germans to keep their most powerful armoured units away from the US First Army , as it captured Cherbourg and then pushed southwards through the bocage towards St. Lô . From 26 – 30 June , the Second Army conducted Operation Epsom , with the VIII Corps which had recently arrived from Britain , to outflank Caen from the west and seize the high ground across the Orne near Bretteville @-@ sur @-@ Laize to the south . VIII Corps advanced 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) through extensive field fortifications but the Germans were able to contain the offensive , after committing their last reserves . Depending on the success of VIII Corps , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade were to capture the village and airfield of Carpiquet in Operation Ottawa , which was postponed . After the Allied advance to the west of Caen , the I SS Panzer Corps held positions to the north and west of the city . Field defences on the River Orne and the vicinity of Carpiquet , 3 @.@ 5 mi ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) north @-@ west of the Caen town centre , obstructed an advance toward Caen from the north . The village was made an objective of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division , under the command of Major @-@ General R. F. L. Keller . The Allied need for additional airfields on the Norman mainland , ensured that the capture of the Carpiquet area was a priority for the Allies and an equally important defensive position for the Germans . = = Prelude = = = = = German defences = = = Carpiquet airfield was on a 1 @.@ 2 mi ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) expanse of level ground , which offered a " killing ground " for the defenders . The airfield had been fortified with minefields , field gun and machine gun emplacements , manned by I Battalion , SS @-@ Panzergrenadier Regiment 26 , an anti @-@ aircraft battery and fifteen tanks . = = = Allied forces = = = Keller selected the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade , comprising the The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada ( QRC ) , Le Régiment de la Chaudière and The North Shore ( New Brunswick ) Regiment ; The Royal Winnipeg Rifles ( RWR ) were attached from the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade to lead the assault . Tank and machine @-@ gun support was to be provided by Canadian 10th Armoured Regiment ( The Fort Garry Horse ) , The Sherbrooke Fusiliers and the Cameron Highlanders Support Battalion . Two squadrons of Hawker Typhoon fighter @-@ bombers and three squadrons of specialized tanks from the British 79th Armoured Division were added later . On the evening of 3 July , the battleship HMS Rodney bombarded the buildings around Carpiquet from the Bay of the Seine at 26 @,@ 200 yards ( 24 @,@ 000 m ) range , with fifteen shells from its 16 @-@ inch ( 410 mm ) guns . Operation Windsor was planned to commence at 05 : 00 on 4 July , following a bombardment by 21 artillery regiments , with Le Régiment de la Chaudière and The North Shore Regiment attacking Carpiquet , as a squadron of the Sherbrooke Fusiliers protected the northern flank with a diversionary attack on Franqueville . To the south , the RWR was to advance and seize the hangars of Carpiquet airfield . At the same time as the Canadian attack , the 43rd Division was to attack further south down the north side of the Odon to capture Verson . Once the regiments had captured Carpiquet , the QWR would push through and take control of the airfield control buildings . The capture of the airfield would enable further Anglo @-@ Canadian attacks against Caen . = = Battle = = = = = 4 July = = = As dawn broke on 4 July the artillery regiments opened fire on German positions in and around Carpiquet , firing a creeping barrage 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) wide and 400 yd ( 370 m ) deep . At 05 : 00 two Canadian infantry battalions advanced on Carpiquet , while the Sherbrooke Fusilier squadron staged the diversion to the north . The Sherbooke Fusiliers broke through the German minefields and attacked Chateau @-@ St @-@ Louet and Gruchy before withdrawing but the defensive positions of SS Panzergrenadier Regiment 26 remained intact and continued to fire on the North Shores . In the centre , the Chaudières avoided much of the fire directed at the North Shores as they advanced on Carpiquet . By 06 : 32 , both battalions had reached the outskirts of the village and met tanks of the 12th SS Panzer Division . In the village , a house @-@ to @-@ house fight began and tanks of the 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment assisted the infantry in overrunning German positions . To the south , the RWR advanced slowly towards the airfield , with German mortar fire inflicting many casualties on the infantry and tanks . With a squadron of the Fort Garry Horse only available for indirect fire , it took the RWR ninety minutes to advance the 1 @.@ 5 mi ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from Marcelet to the airfield hangars , under fire from the south bank of the Odon . Several Sherman tanks were knocked out and by mid @-@ day the RWR were forced to withdraw halfway to their original positions . Unaware that the RWR had failed to gain control of the airfield , Keller sent the QRC to begin the second phase of the assault . The battalion moved forward into Carpiquet village , which was occupied by the Chaudières and The North Shore , who attacked German strong points bypassed in the initial assault . Infantry attacks , flame @-@ throwers , petard @-@ tanks ( Churchill tanks mounted with a 290 mm ( 11 in ) spigot mortar ) and the immolation of one strong point forced twelve surviving defenders to surrender ; the remaining garrison surrendered after determined resistance . The QRC reached the edge of Carpiquet as the RWR withdrew and was ordered to hold their positions until the RWR reorganized for a second attack . For the second attack on the airfield , Keller obtained the support of two squadrons of Typhoon fighter @-@ bombers . The survivors of the RWR were ordered to " execute a sweeping attack by the lower ground around the enemy 's left flank " , with tank and artillery support , under the impression that the 43rd Division had reached Verson , although this position could not prevent a counter @-@ attack from the south @-@ east . In the late afternoon , the RWR resumed the attack on the airfield and reached the hangars but were unable to dislodge the German defenders . The Fort Garry tanks encountered a battlegroup of Panther tanks and was overwhelmed , the RWR was ordered to withdraw to their start @-@ line under the cover of darkness . In Carpiquet , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade rapidly consolidated its positions , which were the closest to Caen of any Allied unit . Although the Canadians had control of Carpiquet and the northern hangars , the southern hangars and control buildings remained in German hands . = = = 5 July = = = Less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the outskirts of Caen , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade posed a threat to German positions in the town . With most of the defence concentrated north of Caen and by the River Odon , it was feared that Anglo @-@ Canadian forces could attack from Carpiquet and bypass the majority of the defences . Despite growing misgivings about the effectiveness of immediate counter @-@ attacks , Kurt Meyer ordered the SS to retake Carpiquet . Units from the 1st SS @-@ Panzer Division prepared to counter @-@ attack Carpiquet from Francqueville with tanks , artillery , mortars and infantry . Shortly after midnight , the first of the SS counter @-@ attacks began and although thirteen tanks had been lost the previous day , the 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment and the mortars of the Cameron Highlanders , defeated the attack and inflicted many casualties . By dawn , almost no ground had been gained by the attackers and by noon , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade and 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment had defeated three counter @-@ attacks , with the assistance of artillery and Typhoon fighter @-@ bombers . The village remained firmly in Canadian occupation , although subject to frequent Nebelwerfer and mortar bombardment . = = Aftermath = = = = = Analysis = = = Windsor was the first set @-@ piece attack by the 3rd Canadian Division and left the Germans in control of Carpiquet airport , which obliged the 43rd Division to retire from Verson and Fontaine @-@ Etoupefour . In 2005 , Reid wrote that the attack should have been made by two brigades rather than one and an extra battalion . The attached battalion managed to reach the hangars and fight their way through them but were ordered to withdraw twice . The success of the Germans defenders in maintaining their hold on the airfield , except for the north end and Carpiquet village , left the Canadians in a salient which was counter @-@ attacked several times . The failure of the brigade to reach all its objectives , led to doubts about the fitness of Keller for his command , although the preparations for Operation Charnwood might have been the reason for Keller delegating planning for Operation Windsor to the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade commander , Brigadier K. G. Blackader . Three days after Operation Windsor , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division took part in Operation Charnwood . On 9 July , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade captured Carpiquet airfield and by nightfall , the northern half of Caen had been captured . On 18 July British and Canadian forces launched Operation Atlantic and Operation Goodwood in which the Canadians captured the Caen districts on the south bank and the British captured ground to the east and south of the city . Canadian forces then attacked German positions on Verrières Ridge in Operation Spring . = = = Casualties = = = Canadian casualties for the operation totalled 377 , of which 127 men were killed , most on 4 July . The RWR and The North Shores each lost 132 casualties . The 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment lost 17 tanks and an unknown number of tanks were lost by the Sherbrooke Fusiliers . The I Battalion , Panzer @-@ grenadier Regiment 26 had 155 infantry casualties and the 1st SS @-@ Panzer Division ( Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler ) , which counter @-@ attacked on 5 July , lost c . 20 tanks . II Battalion , Panzer @-@ grenadier Regiment 1 had 115 casualties . = Limbo ( video game ) = Limbo is a puzzle @-@ platform video game developed by independent studio Playdead . The game was released in July 2010 as a platform exclusive title on Xbox Live Arcade , and was later re @-@ released as part of a retail game pack along with Trials HD and ' Splosion Man in April 2011 . Ports of the game to the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows were created by Playdead , released after the year @-@ long Xbox 360 exclusivity period was completed . An OS X version was released in December 2011 , followed by Linux port in June 2014 . Ports for PlayStation Vita and iOS were also released in June and July 2013 , respectively . An Xbox One port was given away for free on 23 November 2014 to the majority of customers who purchased an Xbox One on its original launch day , and a PlayStation 4 version was released on 24 February 2015 . Limbo is a 2D sidescroller , incorporating the physics system Box2D to govern environmental objects and the player character . The player guides an unnamed boy through dangerous environments and traps as he searches for his sister . The developer built the game 's puzzles expecting the player to fail before finding the correct solution . Playdead called the style of play " trial and death " , and used gruesome imagery for the boy 's deaths to steer the player from unworkable solutions . The game is presented in black @-@ and @-@ white tones , using lighting , film grain effects and minimal ambient sounds to create an eerie atmosphere often associated with the horror genre . Journalists praised the dark presentation , describing the work as comparable to film noir and German Expressionism . Based on its aesthetics , reviewers classified Limbo as an example of video games as an art form . Limbo received positive reviews , but its minimal story polarised critics ; some critics found the open @-@ ended work to have deeper meaning that tied well with the game 's mechanics , while others believed the lack of significant plot and abrupt ending detracted from the game . A common point of criticism from reviewers was that the high cost of the game relative to its short length might deter players from purchasing the title , but some reviews proposed that Limbo had an ideal length . The title was the third @-@ highest selling game on the Xbox Live Arcade service in 2010 , generating around $ 7 @.@ 5 million in revenue . The title won several awards from industry groups after its release , and was named as one of the top games for 2010 by several publications . Playdead released Inside in 2016 , supported financially by the success of Limbo and revisiting many of the same themes from it . = = Plot = = The primary character in Limbo is a nameless boy , who awakens in the middle of a forest on the " edge of hell " ( the game 's title is taken from the Latin limbus , meaning " edge " ) . While seeking his missing younger sister , he encounters only a few human characters who either attack him , run away , or are dead . At one point during his journey , he encounters a female character , who abruptly vanishes before he can reach her . The forest eventually gives way to a crumbling city environment . On completion of the final puzzle , the boy is thrown through a pane of glass and back into the forest . He walks a short distance until he again encounters a girl , who , upon his approach , stands up , startled . At this point , the game abruptly ends . = = Gameplay = = The player controls the boy throughout the game . As is typical of most two @-@ dimensional platform games , the boy can run left or right , jump , climb onto short ledges or up and down ladders and ropes , and push or pull objects . Limbo is presented through dark , greyscale graphics and with minimalist ambient sounds , creating an eerie , haunting environment . The dark visuals also hide numerous environmental and physical hazards , such as deadly bear traps on the forest floor , or lethal monsters hiding in the shadows , such as a giant spider . Among the hazards are glowing worms , which attach themselves to the boy 's head and force him to travel in only one direction unless bright light comes in contact with it , which changes the direction of the player until it is removed by static NPCs . The game 's second half features mechanical puzzles and traps using machinery , electromagnets , and gravity . Many of these traps are not apparent until triggered , often with deadly consequences . The player is able to restart at the last encountered checkpoint , with no limits placed on how many times this can occur . Some traps can be avoided and used later in the game ; one bear trap is used to clamp onto an animal 's carcass , hung from the end of a rope , tearing the carcass off the rope and allowing the branch and rope to retract upwards and allow the boy to climb onto a ledge otherwise out of reach . As the player will likely encounter numerous deaths before they solve each puzzle and complete the game , the developers call Limbo a " trial and death " game . Some deaths are animated with images of the boy 's dismemberment or beheading , although an optional gore filter blacks out the screen instead of showing these deaths . Game achievements ( optional in @-@ game goals ) include finding hidden insect eggs and completing the game with five or fewer deaths . = = Development = = According to Playdead Co @-@ founder and CEO , Dino Patti and lead designer Jeppe Carlsen , Playdead 's game director , Arnt Jensen , conceived Limbo around 2004 . At that time , as a concept artist at IO Interactive , Jensen became dissatisfied with the increasingly corporate nature of the company . He had sketched a " mood image " of a " secret place " to get ideas , and the result , similar to the backgrounds of the final game , inspired Jensen to expand on it . Jensen initially tried on his own to program the game in Visual Basic around 2004 , but found he needed more help and proceeded to create an art style trailer by 2006 . He had only intended to use the trailer as a means to recruit a programmer to help him , but the video attracted substantial interest in the project from across the Internet , eventually leading him to meet with Patti , who was also dissatisfied with his job . Their collaboration led to the founding of Playdead . Although Patti helped in the first few months with programming , he realised that the project was much larger than the two of them could handle , and Patti developed the business around the game 's expanded development . Initial development was funded personally by Jensen and Patti along with Danish government grants , including funding from the Nordic Game Program , while large investors were sought later in the development cycle . Jensen and Patti did not want to commit to major publishers , preferring to retain full creative control in developing the title . Jensen originally planned to release Limbo as a free Microsoft Windows title , but by this point , Jensen and Patti decided to make the game a retail title . Playdead chose to ignore outside advice from investors and critics during development , such as to add multiplayer play and adjustable difficulty levels , and to extend the game 's length . According to Patti , Playdead felt these changes would break the integrity of Jensen 's original vision . Patti also felt that the investors " tried to control the company with no usable knowledge or respect " , citing that after Microsoft raised concerns about the death of the boy , " one of the investors suggested we make him appear older by giving him a moustache . " Numerous iterations of the game took place during a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half year development cycle , including changes Jensen had demanded to polish the title , some elements being added two months prior to the game 's release . Patti stated that they " trashed 70 % " of the content they had developed , due to it not fitting in well with the context of the game . The core development team size was about 8 developers , expanding to 16 at various stages with freelancers . Playdead developed the design tools for Limbo in Visual Studio ; Patti commented they would likely seek third @-@ party applications for their next project given the challenges in creating their own technology . Patti later revealed they had opted to use the Unity engine for their next project , citing the development of their custom engine for Limbo as a " double product , doing both engine and game " , and that their Limbo engine is limited to monochromatic visuals . Limbo was released on 21 July 2010 on the Xbox Live Arcade service , as the first title in the yearly " Summer of Arcade " promotion . Although the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) had listed entries for Limbo for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows platforms , Playdead confirmed that this was a mistake on ESRB 's part , and that they had no plans for the game on these systems . Patti later clarified that they had planned on Windows and PlayStation 3 versions alongside the Xbox 360 version initially , but after reviewing their options , decided to go with Xbox 360 exclusivity , in part that " Microsoft provided us with an excellent opportunity , which included a lot of support for the title which in the end would mean a better visibility for Limbo " . According to producer Mads Wibroe , part of their decision not to release for the Windows platform was to avoid issues with software piracy , something they could control on the Xbox 360 . Patti stated that staying exclusive with the Xbox platform was an assurance that they would be able to recoup their investment in the game 's development . Sony Computer Entertainment executive Pete Smith stated later that while they had tried to vie with Microsoft for exclusivity for Limbo , Playdead refused to relinquish its intellectual property to Sony as part of the deal . Patti affirmed that Limbo would not be released for another console , but that their next game , already in development as of October 2010 , may see wider release . However , in June 2011 , users found that a trailer for Limbo appeared on the Steam software service , which video game publications such as PC Gamer took as a preliminary sign that a Microsoft Windows version would be released . Similarly , a possible PlayStation 3 version was projected based on the title appearing on the Korea Media Rating Board in June 2011 . On 30 June 2011 , Playdead announced their ports of the game to the PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network , and to Microsoft Windows via Steam , later set for 19 July and 2 August 2011 , respectively . Patti clarified that their change of mind from their earlier Xbox 360 @-@ exclusive approach was because " we want as many people to play our games as possible " . The release was set for nearly a year after the original availability of the Xbox 360 version , after the expiration of the Xbox 360 exclusivity rights for the game . Both the PlayStation 3 and Windows versions of the game have additional secret content , according to Patti ; it is unknown if this content will be added in a patch to the Xbox 360 version . Playdead has since published a Mac OS X version of the game through the Mac App Store in December 2011 , fulfilling their promise to release the title before the end of 2011 ; though they had wanted to also release the Mac Steam version by then , this version was ultimately delayed to mid January 2012 . A Linux version of the game , based on a Wine @-@ encapsulated package prepared by CodeWeavers , premiered in the Humble Indie Bundle V charitable sales event in May 2012 . A native port for Linux was later released on 19 June 2014 , with porter Ryan C. Gordon bringing over the Wwise audio middleware that previously prevented a native port from being possible . The PlayStation Vita version of the game was developed by Playdead with assistance from the UK studio Double Eleven , and was released in June 2013 . The Vita version does not use the handheld 's touchpad features ; Patti stated that they " didn 't feel it would suit Limbo at all " and wanted to provide the " original experience " of the game to Vita players . The Vita version has Cross @-@ play support with the PlayStation 3 version , allowing the user to buy the game once to play on either platform . The iOS version of the game was announced shortly before its release in July 2013 , and was designed to optimize the game for use on the touchscreen devices . In April 2011 , an Xbox 360 retail distribution of Limbo alongside other indie games Trials HD and ' Splosion Man was released . Playdead began selling a " Special Edition " physical copy of Limbo for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X , which included art cards , the game 's soundtrack , and anaglyph stereoscopic glasses that work with a special version of the game to simulate three dimensions . The title was later ported to the Xbox One console and released in December 2014 , with early adopters of the console getting the title for free ; Microsoft 's Phil Spencer called the title a " must have played " game that affected their decision to give the game to the majority of early adopters . There is some confusion as not all early adopters received the game . A PlayStation 4 version of the game was released in February 2015 . = = = Story , art and music direction = = = From the game 's inception , Jensen set out three goals for the final Limbo product . The first goal was to create a specific mood and art style . Jensen wanted to create an aesthetic for the game without resorting to highly detailed three @-@ dimensional models , and instead directed the art towards a minimalistic style to allow the development to focus its attention on the gameplay . Jensen 's second goal was to only require two additional controls — jumping and grabbing — outside of the normal left @-@ and @-@ right movement controls , to keep the game easy to play . Finally , the finished game was to present no tutorial text to the player , requiring players to learn the game 's mechanics on their own . The game was purposely developed to avoid revealing details of its content ; the only tagline the company provided was , " Uncertain of his sister 's fate , a boy enters Limbo . " This was chosen so that players could interpret the game 's meaning for themselves . Some aspects of Limbo bore out from Jensen 's own past , such as the forest areas that were similar to forests around the farm where he grew up , and the spider coming from Jensen 's arachnophobia . Jensen drew inspiration from film genres , including works of film noir , to set the art style of the game ; the team 's graphic artist , Morten Bramsen , is credited with recreating that art style . Much of the game 's flow was storyboarded very early in development , such as the boy 's encounters with spiders and mind @-@ controlling worms , as well as the overall transition from a forest to a city , then to an abstract environment . As development progressed , some of the original ideas became too difficult for the small team to complete . The storyline also changed ; originally , the spider sequences were to be present near the end of the game , but were later moved to the first part . In retrospect , Jensen was aware that the first half of the game contained more scripted events and encounters , while the second half of the game was lonelier and puzzle @-@ heavy ; Jensen attributed this to his lack of oversight during the latter stages of development . Jensen purposely left the game with an open ending though with a specific interpretation only he knew , though noted after the game 's release that some players , posting in forum boards , had suggested resolutions that were " scary close " to his ideas . The game 's audio was created by Martin Stig Andersen , a graduate from the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus . Andersen 's specialisation was in acousmatic music , non @-@ traditional music created from generated sounds that have no apparent visual source . He was drawn to work with Jensen on the game after seeing the initial trailer , having been drawn in by the expressions of the boy character ; Andersen compared the early visuals to his acousmatic music : " you have something recognizable and realistic , but at the same time it 's abstract " . Andersen sought to create acousmatic music exclusively incorporating the sound effects of the game 's environments . Two examples he pointed to was the use of electricity noises while in the presence of a ruined neon " HOTEL " sign , and silencing the wind sound as the spider approached the boy in the forest . Andersen avoided the use of easily recognizable sounds , distorting them when needed as to allow players to interpret the sounds ' meanings for themselves . Andersen constructed most of the game 's sounds through a number of " grains " instead of longer sound loops , allowing him to adjust the playback to give better feedback to the player without sounding repetitious ; one example he cites was the use of separate sounds for the boy 's toe and heel when they make contact with the ground , giving a more realistic sound for movement . Many reviews for the game stated that there was no music in Limbo , but Andersen countered that his sound arrangements helped to evoke emotions ; the acousmatic music was intended to leave room for interpretation by the player in the same manner as the game 's art and story . Andersen noted that this helps with immersion within the game by making no attempt to control the emotional tone ; " if [ the players are ] scared it will probably make them more scared when there 's no music to take them by the hand and tell them how to feel " . Due to fans ' requests , Playdead released the game 's soundtrack on iTunes Store on 11 July 2011 . = = = Gameplay direction = = = The gameplay was the second element created for the game , following the graphics created by Jensen . The gameplay was created and refined using rudimentary graphic elements to establish the types of puzzles they wanted to have , but aware of how these elements would be presented to the player in the released version . Limbo was designed to avoid the pitfalls of major titles , where the same gameplay mechanic is used repeatedly . Carlsen , initially brought aboard as a programmer for the custom game engine , became the lead designer after Playdead found him to be capable at creating puzzles . Carlsen stated that the puzzles within Limbo were designed to " [ keep ] you guessing all the way through " . Jensen also wanted to make the puzzles feel like a natural part of the environment , and to avoid the feeling that the player was simply moving from puzzle to puzzle through the course of the game . Carlsen identified examples of puzzles from other games that he wanted to avoid . He wanted to avoid simple puzzles that gave the player little satisfaction in its solution , such as a puzzle in Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves that involved simply moving a sun @-@ lit mirror to specific points in a room . In contrast , Carlsen wanted to avoid making the puzzle so complex with many separate parts that the player would resort to trial @-@ and @-@ error and eventually come out with the solution without thinking about why the solution worked ; Carlsen used an example of a puzzle from the 2008 Prince of Persia game that had seven different mechanics that he never bothered to figure out himself . Carlsen designed Limbo 's puzzles to fall between these limits , demonstrating one puzzle that only has three elements : a switch panel , an electrified floor , and a chain ; the goal — to use the chain to cross the electrified floor — is immediately obvious to the player , and then tasks the player to determine the right combination of moves and timing to complete it safely . They often had to strip away elements to make the puzzles more enjoyable and easier to figure out . The decision to provide little information to the player was an initial challenge in creating the game . From their initial pool of about 150 playtesters , several would have no idea of how to solve certain puzzles . To improve this , they created scenarios before troublesome spots that highlighted the appropriate actions ; for example , when they found players did not think about pulling a boat onto shore to use as a platform to reach a higher ledge , they presented the player with a box @-@ pulling puzzle earlier to demonstrate the pulling mechanics . The team developed the game 's puzzles by first assuming the player was their " worst enemy " , and made puzzles as devious as possible , but then scaled back their difficulty or added visual and audible aids as if the player was a friend . One example given by Carlsen is a puzzle involving a spider early in the game ; the solution requires pushing a bear trap to snare the spider 's legs in it . Early designs of this puzzle had the bear trap on the same screen as the spider , and Playdead found playtesters focused too much on the trap . The developers altered the puzzle to put the trap in a tree in an earlier off @-@ screen section when facing the spider ; the spider 's actions would eventually cause this trap to drop to the ground and become a weapon against the spider . Carlsen stated that this arrangement created a situation where the player felt helpless when initially presented with the deadly spider , but then assisted the player through an audible cue when the trap had dropped , enabling the player to discover the solution . One animator was dedicated full @-@ time during three years of the game 's development to work out the boy 's animations , including animations that showed anticipation on the player 's actions or events in the game , such as reaching out for a cart handle as the player moved the boy near it . Jensen felt this was important as the character was always at the center of the player 's screen , and the most important element to watch . Playdead included gruesome death sequences to highlight incorrect solutions and discourage players from repeating their mistakes . While they expected players to run the boy into numerous deaths while trying solutions , Carlsen stated that their goal was to ensure death wasn 't a penalty in the game , and made the death animations entertaining to keep the player interested . Carlsen noted several early puzzles were too complex for the game , but they would end up using a portion of these larger puzzles in the final release . = = Reception = = Limbo 's initial release on the Xbox 360 has received acclaim from video game critics and journalists ; the subsequent release of the game for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows platforms received similar praise , holding Metacritic aggregate scores of 90 / 100 and 88 / 100 , respectively , compared to the 90 / 100 earned by the Xbox 360 version . Some journalists compared Limbo to previous minimalist platform games such as Another World , Flashback , Heart of Darkness , Oddworld : Abe 's Oddysee , Ico , Portal and Braid . Reviews consistently noted Limbo 's short length for its higher selling price : two to five hours of gameplay for 15 euros or 15 U.S. dollars . Reviewers asserted this length @-@ to @-@ price ratio was the largest drawback for the game , and would be a deterrent for potential buyers . Some journalists contended that the length of the game was ideal ; The Daily Telegraph 's Tom Hoggins considered the short game to have a " perfectly formed running time " , while Daemon Hatfield of IGN commented that " it 's better for a game to leave us wanting more than to overstay its welcome " . Numerous independent game developers , in an organised " Size Doesn 't Matter " effort , commented on the critical response to Limbo 's length @-@ to @-@ price ratio . The independent developers questioned the need to quantify that ratio , and noted that it only seems to be used as a factor in judging video games and not other forms of entertainment such as films . Limbo was generally praised for its puzzle design and the simplicity of its controls . Jake Gaskill of G4 TV was impressed by the complexity of the puzzles based on the two simple actions of jumping and grabbing onto objects , similar to LittleBigPlanet , with a variety of elements to assure " you 're always facing something new and challenging " during the game . Game Informer 's Matt Miller commented that part of the success of Limbo is that " every one of these [ puzzles ] stands alone " ; the game accomplishes this in Miller 's opinion by varying the elements throughout the game , and preventing the player from getting too accustomed to similar solutions since " everything changes " . GameSpy 's Ryan Scott believed that the game empowered the player to work through solutions themselves , and its puzzle design , " with its elegant simplicity , offers up what feels like a world of meaningful possibilities " . The frequency of death was not considered a distraction from the game ; not only were the deaths seen as necessary as part of learning and overcoming each obstacle , but reviewers found the checkpoints where the player would restart to be plentiful throughout the game . Will Freeman of The Guardian praised the game but noted that beyond the " smoke and mirrors " of Limbo 's artwork , the game is " undermined by the title 's lack of innovative gameplay " , which he says has been seen in earlier platform games . = = = Presentation = = = Limbo 's graphical and audio presentation were considered by reviewers as exceptional and powerful elements of the game . The monochrome approach , coupled with film grain filter , focusing techniques and lighting , were compared to both film noir and dreamlike tableaus of silent films , allowing the visual elements of the game to carry much of the story 's weight . Cian Hassett of PALGN likened the effect to watching the game through an old @-@ fashioned film projector that creates " one of the most unsettling and eerily beautiful environments " in video gaming . Garrett Martin of the Boston Herald compared the art style and game design decisions to German Expressionism with " dreamlike levels that twist and spin in unexpected angles " . The art style itself was praised as minimalistic , and considered reminiscent of the art of Lotte Reiniger , Edward Gorey , Fritz Lang , and Tim Burton . The use of misdirection in the visuals were also praised , such as by using silhouettes to avoid revealing the true nature of the characters or shadows , or by showing human figures across a chasm who disappear once the player crossed the chasm . Reviewers found the sound effects within the game critical to the game 's impact . Sam Machkovech , writing for The Atlantic , called the sound direction , " far more colorful and organic than the fuzzed @-@ out looks would lead you to believe " . Edge magazine 's review noted that the few background noises " [ do ] little else than contribute towards Limbo ’ s tone " , while the sound effects generated by moving the boy character " are given an eerie clarity without the presence of a conventional soundtrack to cover them " . IGN 's Hatfield concluded his review by stating , " Very few games are as original , atmospheric , and consistently brilliant as Limbo " . Chad Sapeiha of The Globe and Mail summarised his opinion of the game 's atmosphere as an " intensely scary , oddly beautiful , and immediately arresting aesthetic . " Limbo is said to be the first game to attempt a mix of the horror fiction genre with platform games . The game has been considered an art game through its visual and audio elements . = = = Plot = = = The game 's story and its ending have been open to much interpretation ; the ending was purposely left vague and unanswered by Playdead . It was compared to other open @-@ ended books , films and video games , where the viewer is left to interpret what they have read or seen . Some reviews suggested that the game is a representation of the religious nature of Limbo or purgatory , as the boy character completes the journey only to end at the same place he started , repeating the same journey when the player starts a new game . Another interpretation suggested the game is the boy 's journey through Hell to reach Heaven , or to find closure for his sister 's death . Another theory considers that either the boy or his sister or both are dead . Some theories attempted to incorporate details from the game , such as the change in setting as the boy travels through the game suggesting the progression of man from child to adult to elder , or the similarities and differences between the final screen of the game where the boy meets a girl and the main menu where what could be human remains stand in their places . The absence of direct narrative , such as through cutscenes or in @-@ game text , was a mixed point for reviewers . John Teti of Eurogamer considered the game 's base story to be metaphorical for a " story of a search for companionship " , and that the few encounters with human characters served as " emotional touchstones " that drove the story forward ; ultimately , Teti stated that these elements make Limbo " a game that has very few humans , but a surplus of humanity " . Hatfield praised the simplicity of the game 's story , commenting that , " with no text , no dialogue , and no explanation , it manages to communicate circumstance and causality to the player more simply than most games " . Both Teti and Hatfield noted that some of the story elements were weaker in the second half of the game , when there are almost no human characters with whom the player comes into contact , but that the game ends with an unexpected revelation . GameSpot 's Tom McShae found no issues with the game posing questions on " death versus life and reality versus dream " , but purposely providing no answers for them , allowing the player to contemplate these on their own . McShae also considered that the brief but gruesome death scenes for the boy helped to create an " emotional immediacy that is difficult to forget " . The New York Daily News ' Stu Horvath noted that Limbo " turns its lack of obvious narrative into one of the most compelling riddles in videogames " . Other reviews disliked the lack of story or its presentation within Limbo . Justin Haywald of 1UP.com was critical of the lacking narrative , feeling that the game failed to explain the purpose of the constructed traps or rationale for how the game 's world worked , and that the final act left him " more confused than when [ he ] began " . Haywald had contrasted Limbo to Braid , a similar platform game with minimalistic elements which communicates its metaphorical story to the player through in @-@ game text . Roger Hargreaves of Metro stated that the game has " very little evidence that [ Playdead ] really knew where they were going with the game " , citing the second half , when the player is traveling through a factory @-@ type setting and where he felt the game became more like a typical two @-@ dimensional platform game , and led to an anticlimactic ending ; Hargreaves contrasted this to more gruesome elements of the first half , such as encountering corpses of children and having to use those as part of the puzzle @-@ solving aspects . = = = Sales and accolades = = = Before its release , Limbo was awarded both the " Technical Excellence " and " Excellence in Visual Art " titles at the Independent Games Festival during the 2010 Game Developers Conference . At E3 2010 — about a month before its release — Limbo won GameSpot 's " Best Downloadable Game " , and was nominated for several other " Best of Show " awards , including " Best Platformer " by IGN , " Most Original Game " by G4 TV , and " Best Puzzle Game " by GameSpot . The game was nominated as one of 32 finalists at the 2010 IndieCade festival for independent developers , ultimately winning the " Sound " award . Following its release , Limbo was named " Game of the Year " , " Best Indie Game " , and " Best Visual Art " at the 2010 European Milthon Awards during the Paris Game Show in September 2010 . Game Informer named Limbo their Game of the Month for August 2010 . Limbo was awarded the " Best Indie Game " at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards . The game received the most nominations for the 11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards , earning seven nominations including for the " Best Debut Game " , " Innovation " , and " Game of the Year " awards , and ultimately won for " Best Visual Art " . The title won the " Adventure Game of the Year " and " Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design " Interactive Achievement Awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences and was nominated for " Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction " and " Outstanding Innovation in Gaming " . The Academy also named Limbo as the winner of the 2010 Indie Game Challenge award in the " Professional " category , along with a $ 100 @,@ 000 prize . The game was selected as the 2010 Annie Award for Best Animated Video Game . Limbo was named as one of ten games for the publicly voted 2011 " Game of the Year " BAFTA Video Game Awards . In addition , the game was nominated for the committee @-@ determined BAFTA awards for " Artistic Achievement " , " Use of Audio " , " Gameplay " and " Best Game " . The inclusion of the independently developed Limbo among other larger commercially backed games such as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Call of Duty : Black Ops for such " Best Game " awards is considered an indication that the video game industry has started to give more recognition to these smaller titles . Several publications , including Time , Wired and the Toronto Sun placed Limbo as one of the top ten video games of 2010 . IGN named it the third best Xbox Live Arcade title of all time in two lists , published in 2010 and 2011 , in both cases following Shadow Complex and Pac Man Championship Edition . Limbo was spoofed by the comedy troope Mega64 during the 2011 Game Developers Conference , and later by the CollegeHumor sister website , Dorkly . Within two weeks of its release on Xbox Live Arcade , Limbo gained more than 244 @,@ 000 players to the global leaderboards — a rough measure of full sales of the game — which was considered an " incredibly impressive feat " compared to previous Xbox Live Arcade titles , according to GamerBytes ' Ryan Langley . Within a month of its release , more than 300 @,@ 000 copies of the game were sold . By the end of August 2010 , the number of players on the global leaderboard grew to 371 @,@ 000 , exceeding the number of players of other Summer of Arcade games released in 2009 , and approaching the number of lifetime players of Braid , released two years earlier . Langley , who had expected Limbo 's sales to fall " due to the lack of repeatable content and being a strictly single player experience " , considered that these figures had " beaten everyone ’ s expectations " . Phil Spencer , the Vice @-@ President of Microsoft Game Studios , stated in September 2010 that Limbo was " our number one Summer of Arcade game by a long stretch " , and further posed that Limbo represents a shift in the type of game that gamers want out of online on @-@ demand game services ; " it 's becoming less about iconic [ intellectual property ] that people know and it 's becoming more diverse " . Limbo was the third @-@ highest selling Xbox Live Arcade title in 2010 , selling 527 @,@ 000 and generating about $ 7 @.@ 5 million in revenue . In March 2011 , Microsoft listed Limbo as the 11th @-@ highest selling game to date on Xbox Live . Playdead stated that more than two million users on the Xbox 360 service played through the demo within the year of the game 's release . The developers announced that as of November 2011 , they had sold over 1 million copies of the game across the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Microsoft Windows platforms . By June 2013 , just prior to the iOS release , Playdead announced that total sales of Limbo across all platforms exceeded 3 million . The PlayStation 3 version was the top selling third @-@ party downloadable game on the PlayStation Network service in 2011 . The PlayStation 3 version was also voted " Best Indie Game " in the 2012 PSN Gamers ' Choice Awards . The Mac OS X version of Limbo was awarded with Apple 's Design Award in 2012 . Applications for grants from the Nordic Game Program , which had funded Limbo 's initial development , increased 50 % in the second half of 2010 , believed to be tied to the game 's success . Playdead was able to	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ys , with two species : Agathaeromys donovani ( type species ) for the material previously identified as Thomasomys ; and Agathaeromys praeuniversitatis for the material from Seroe Grandi . The name Agathaeromys combines the Greek words ἀγαθός agathos " good " , ἀήρ aêr " air " , and μυς mys " mouse " , referring to the name of the island of Bonaire and to the " fresh air " that contributions by Marcelo Weksler and colleagues brought to the classification of Oryzomyini . The name donovani honors Stephen Donovan for his contributions to the scientific knowledge of the Caribbean and praeuniversitatis refers to Leiden University 's Pre @-@ University College , which provided an opportunity for Zijlstra to participate in the project that led to the identification of Agathaeromys . Although Zijlstra and colleagues could not precisely determine the position of Agathaeromys within Oryzomyini , their results suggest that it occupies a position near the base of " clade D " , one of the major subgroups of Oryzomyini . This clade contains a number of species only occurring on islands — including members of Aegialomys , Agathaeromys , Megalomys , Nesoryzomys , Noronhomys , Oryzomys , and Pennatomys . Zijlstra and colleagues suggested that this is related to the high proportion of semiaquatic and non @-@ forest species in clade D — most other oryzomyines are forest dwellers . However , subsequent phylogenetic studies based on variations of the same data set used by Zijlstra and colleagues did not corroborate this placement . In their 2012 description of Megalomys georginae , Turvey and colleagues recovered Agathaeromys outside each of the major groups of Oryzomyini . Zijlstra placed Agathaeromys within " clade C " in a clade with Oligoryzomys victus and an undescribed fossil species of Oligoryzomys from Aruba in his 2012 paper naming Dushimys . As a whole , Oryzomyini includes over a hundred species in about thirty genera . Oryzomyini is one of several tribes within the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the family Cricetidae , which encompasses hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents , distributed chiefly in Eurasia and the Americas . = = Description = = Agathaeromys is characterized mainly on the basis of features of the molar teeth . As usual in muroid rodents , there are three molars on both sides of the upper jaw ( referred to as M1 , M2 , and M3 from front to back ) and lower jaw ( referred to as m1 , m2 , and m3 ) . Agathaeromys is generally similar to other oryzomyines , but differs from other genera in a variety of details of the molar crowns . Agathaeromys donovani ( M1 length 2 @.@ 03 – 2 @.@ 84 mm ) is substantially larger than A. praeuniversitatis ( M1 length 1 @.@ 77 – 1 @.@ 94 mm ) . = = = Upper dentition = = = The cusp at the front of M1 , the anterocone , is separated into two smaller cusps by an indentation . In A. donovani , a ridge generally connects the two cusps at the front margin of the tooth , so that the indentation separating them is closed at the front ( an anteromedian fossette ) , but in A. praeuniversitatis , it is open toward the front ( an anteromedian flexus ) . An additional crest , the anteroloph , is present behind the anterocone . Further to the back , there is a pair of cusps — the protocone at the lingual , or inner , side and the paracone at the labial , or outer , side . A crest issues from the paracone and is attached to the front or middle part of the protocone . Behind the paracone , the mesoloph crest is present ; an additional crest usually connects the two . At the back of the tooth , there are two additional large cusps — the hypocone ( lingual ) and metacone ( labial ) — and a prominent crest , the posteroloph , issues from the hypocone and is located behind the metacone . In A. donovani , the metacone is generally connected to the posteroloph , but in A. praeuniversitatis , it is directly connected to the hypocone . The valleys that separate the cusps extend from the lingual and labial margins to about the midline of the molar . In addition to a large root at the front and two large roots at the back ( one labial , one lingual ) there is a small additional labial root . There is no anterocone on M2 , but a large anteroloph is present in front of the paracone . There is a protoflexus — an indentation in the crown in front of the protocone . As in M1 , the paracone is connected to the front or middle of the protocone , the mesoloph is well @-@ developed , and the valleys meet at the midline of the tooth . There are three roots : two at the labial and one at the lingual side . M3 is a small , triangular tooth . There is large basin in the middle , and a mesoloph is present . At the back of the tooth , there is a distinct posteroloph . In A. donovani , there are two roots at the front ( labial and lingual ) and one at the back . There are no M3 of A. praeuniversitatis with preserved roots . = = = Lower dentition = = = The anteroconid — the cusp at the front of m1 — is usually divided in two by a central indentation ( the anteromedian fossettid ) in A. donovani , but this fossettid is absent in A. praeuniversitatis . Behind the anteroconid is the protoconid — metaconid pair of cusps . There is an anterolabial cingulum — a crest at the front labial margin , in front of the protoconid . There is a long crest behind the metaconid , a mesolophid . There is usually no corresponding crest ( an ectolophid ) behind the protoconid . Another pair of cusps — the hypoconid and the entoconid — is located at the back of the tooth . The entoconid , the lingual cusp of the two , is oriented forwards . There is always a large root at the front of the tooth and another at the back . A. donovani usually has a small labial root between the two large roots and often also another small root at the lingual side , but only one of four A. praeuniversitatis m1s even has the labial rootlet . There is no anteroconid in m2 and the tooth lacks an additional crest ( the anterolophid ) in front of the metaconid , but there is an anterolabial cingulum in front of the protoconid . There is a mesolophid . In addition to a large root at the back , there are two roots at the front in A. donovani , which are sometimes partially fused , but only one in A. praeuniversitatis . The anterolabial cingulum and anteroconid are both absent on m3 . The mesolophid is usually absent . As in m2 , there are two roots at the front in A. donovani and only one in A. praeuniversitatis , but the front roots are usually fused in A. donovani . = = = Jaws = = = The maxilla ( upper jaw ) is known only for A. donovani . In these fossils , the back margin of the incisive foramen ( an opening in the palate ) is about at the same level as the front of M1 , and the back margin of the zygomatic plate ( a bony plate at the side of the skull , connected to the zygomatic arch ) is also close to the front of M1 . Mandibles ( lower jaws ) of both species are known . The mental foramen ( an opening in the front of the jaw bone ) opens towards the labial side of the bone , except in one mandible of A. praeuniversitatis , in which its opening is located higher . There is a well @-@ developed capsular process — a raising in the bone that houses the root of the lower incisor . The masseteric ridges ( two ridges on the labial side of the bone that anchor some of the chewing muscles ) are joined into a single crest towards the front and reach to a point below the front of m1 . A single mandible from Porto Spanjo ( one of the sites where fossils of A. donovani have been found ) , without preserved molars , differs from all Agathaeromys dentaries and is thought to represent an unknown different sigmodontine rodent . This jaw is more slender than A. donovani dentaries , has a shorter diastema ( gap ) between the incisors and molars , has the incisor less shifted lingually relative to the molars , and has more roots under the molars , as shown by the preserved alveoli . = = Age and range = = Agathaeromys donovani is known from four fossil sites — Fontein , Porto Spanjo , Barcadera @-@ Karpata , and " 80 m above sea level " — that have yielded 259 , 148 , 54 , and 5 molars , respectively . Agathaeromys praeuniversitatis is known from 35 molars from a single site ( Seroe Grandi ) . Although the deposits have not been precisely dated , Zijlstra and colleagues suggested on the basis of correlations with similar deposits on nearby Curaçao and sea level fluctuations that the material of A. praeuniversitatis is likely 540 @,@ 000 to 230 @,@ 000 years old and that of A. donovani is likely 900 @,@ 000 to 540 @,@ 000 years old . Similarly aged fossil sites are also known from the nearby islands of Curaçao and Aruba , but these contain various other rodents , including Megalomys curazensis and Dushimys larsi on Curaçao and species of Oligoryzomys , Sigmodon , and Zygodontomys on Aruba . Agathaeromys probably descends from an unknown oryzomyine that migrated to the island from mainland Venezuela sometime during the Pleistocene . = 2009 NBA All @-@ Star Game = The 2009 NBA All @-@ Star Game was an exhibition basketball game played on February 15 , 2009 at US Airways Center in Phoenix , Arizona , home of the Phoenix Suns . The game was the 58th edition of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) All @-@ Star Game and was played during the 2008 – 09 NBA season . This was the third time that Phoenix had hosted the All @-@ Star Game ; the city had previously hosted the event in 1975 and 1995 . Phoenix was awarded the All @-@ Star Game in an announcement by commissioner David Stern on November 8 , 2007 . The other reported contenders for the 2009 contest were Air Canada Centre at Toronto , Madison Square Garden at New York City , Oracle Arena at Oakland and Bradley Center at Milwaukee . The All @-@ Star Weekend began on Friday , February 13 , 2009 with the Celebrity Game and the Rookie Challenge , a game between the league 's best rookies and second @-@ year players . On Saturday , the event continued with the All @-@ Star Saturday Night , which featured the Shooting Stars Competition , Skills Challenge , Three @-@ Point Shootout and Slam Dunk Contest . The H – O – R – S – E Competition was first introduced and was played before the All @-@ Star Saturday Night . The third D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game and the second D @-@ League Dream Factory Friday Night , the latter of which was modeled after the NBA All @-@ Star Saturday Night , also took place during the All @-@ Star Weekend . The D @-@ League Dream Factory Friday Night was held on Friday and the D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game was held on Saturday . The Western Conference All @-@ Star team defeated the Eastern Conference All @-@ Star team 146 – 119 . West 's Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O 'Neal were named joint @-@ winners of the game 's MVP . In the Rookie Challenge , the Sophomores defeated the Rookies , with Sophomores ' Kevin Durant named as the game MVP . In the All @-@ Star Saturday Night events , Nate Robinson won his second Slam Dunk Contest while Daequan Cook and Derrick Rose won the Three @-@ Point Shootout and Skills Challenge respectively . Team Detroit won their second Shootings Stars Competition , beating the home team , Team Phoenix in the final round . Kevin Durant also took home another trophy by winning the inaugural H – O – R – S – E Competition . = = All @-@ Star Game = = = = = Coaches = = = The coaches for the All @-@ Star game are the head coaches who currently lead the teams with the best winning percentage in their conference through the Sunday two weeks before the All @-@ Star game . The head coaches from the previous year , Doc Rivers and Byron Scott were not eligible for selection . The coach for the Western Conference team was Los Angeles Lakers head coach Phil Jackson . This was the fourth time Jackson was selected to be an All @-@ Star coach , after previously selected in 1992 , 1996 and 2000 . The Lakers entered the All @-@ Star break with 42 – 10 record , the best winning percentage in the Western Conference and in the league . The coach for the Eastern Conference team was Cleveland Cavaliers head coach Mike Brown . This was the first time Brown was selected to be an All @-@ Star coach . He became only the second Cavaliers coach to lead an All @-@ Star team , after Lenny Wilkens in 1989 . The Cavaliers entered the All @-@ Star break with 40 – 11 record , the second best winning percentage in the Eastern Conference , behind Doc Rivers ' Boston Celtics . = = = Players = = = The rosters for the All @-@ Star Game is chosen in two ways . The starters were chosen via a fan ballot . Two guards , two forwards and one center who receive the highest vote were named the All @-@ Star starters . The reserves were chosen by votes among the NBA head coaches in their respective conferences . The coaches were not permitted to vote for their own players . The reserves consists of two guards , two forwards , one center and two players regardless of position . If a player is unable to participate due to injury , the commissioner will select a replacement . Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic topped the All @-@ Star Ballots with 3 @,@ 150 @,@ 181 votes , which earned him a starting position in the Eastern Conference team . He became the first player to get more than 3 million votes from the fans . LeBron James , Dwyane Wade , Kevin Garnett and Allen Iverson completed the Eastern Conference starting position . The Eastern Conference reserves includes 4 first @-@ time selections , Danny Granger , Devin Harris , Jameer Nelson and Mo Williams , who was named as a replacement for the injured Chris Bosh . Jameer Nelson was unable to participate due to injury and Ray Allen was named to replace him . Both Boston Celtics and Orlando Magic were represented by three players on the roster . The Western Conference leading vote @-@ getter was Kobe Bryant with 2 @,@ 805 @,@ 397 votes . Yao Ming , Tim Duncan , Amar 'e Stoudemire and Chris Paul completed the Western Conference starting position . The Western Conference roster includes five international players in Yao Ming ( China ) , Tim Duncan ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) , Pau Gasol ( Spain ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( Germany ) and Tony Parker ( France ) . Shaquille O 'Neal returned to the All @-@ Star game after one @-@ year absence with his 15th selection , the second most selection in NBA history , behind Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar with 19 All @-@ Star selections . This also marked the first time O 'Neal and Bryant were in the same team since their much publicized feud . Bryant and O 'Neal also reunited with coach Phil Jackson . The three of them won three successive NBA championship together with the Los Angeles Lakers in early 2000s . = = = Roster = = = = = = Game = = = Phoenix Suns ' Shaquille O 'Neal marked his return to the NBA All @-@ Star Game after one @-@ year absence with an unusual entry to the game . O 'Neal , the last reserve called during the player introduction , came out with a white mask and began dancing with the dance group JabbaWockeeZ before finally opening his mask and joining the rest of the players on the court . O 'Neal and previous year 's regular season MVP Kobe Bryant led the West to a 146 – 119 victory and were named co @-@ MVPs . This was the third All @-@ Star Game MVP award for both players . The East led 20 – 10 early in the game before West coach , Phil Jackson decided to send O 'Neal to the court . With O 'Neal and Bryant on the court for the first time since 2004 NBA Finals , the West embarked on a 19 – 0 run to take the lead . The West continued to extend the lead in the second half and finally won the game by 27 points . Bryant finished with 27 points while Chris Paul added a game high 14 assists . Previous year 's All @-@ Star Game MVP LeBron James led the East with 20 points , but was unable to prevent the loss . = = = Guest performances = = = Five @-@ time Grammy Award @-@ winning singer and songwriter John Legend and 17 @-@ time Latin Grammy winner Juanes performed during the halftime . Both singers collaborated in the extended version of Legend 's song " If You 're Out There " , a song about hope and inspiration . The extended version includes Spanish lyrics which was sung by Juanes . A special taped message from the United States President , Barack Obama , also aired during the halftime . In the message , President Obama encouraged people to do more public service for the community . A ring ceremony to honor the gold medalists at the 2008 Olympics was also held during the halftime . Six members of USA men 's national basketball team , Chris Bosh , Kobe Bryant , Dwight Howard , LeBron James , Chris Paul and Dwyane Wade , and two members of USA women 's national basketball team , Lisa Leslie and Tina Thompson were awarded with their ring at the ceremony . The national anthem of both the United States and Canada were sung before the game . Arizona native and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks sang U.S. national anthem , " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " . The Canadian national anthem , " O Canada " were sung by Tamia , Canadian singer who is also the wife of Phoenix Suns player Grant Hill . The pre @-@ game introduction included a dance performance by the America 's Best Dance Crew winner , the Jabbawockeez . Grammy @-@ nominated singer Chris Brown was originally scheduled to appear during the pre @-@ game introductions . He , however , withdrew from the performance due to an ongoing domestic violence case against him . Other musical guests during the All @-@ Star Weekend were singers Corbin Bleu and Kevin Rudolf . Bleu performed " Moments That Matter " at the halftime of the Rookie Challenge on Friday while Rudolf performed " Let It Rock " during the NBA All @-@ Star Saturday Night . = = All @-@ Star Weekend = = = = = Rookie Challenge = = = The T @-@ Mobile Rookie Challenge featured a team of standout first @-@ year players ( ' Rookies ' ) against a team of standout second @-@ year players ( ' Sophomores ' ) . The game was divided into two twenty @-@ minute halves , similar to college basketball . The participating players were chosen by voting among the league 's assistant coaches . The Rookies team includes the first overall draft pick in 2008 NBA Draft , Derrick Rose . The rest of the Rookies team consists of five of the top ten pick in the 2008 Draft and three players from the 2007 NBA Draft who were in their first NBA season . The three players are the first overall draft pick Greg Oden and two Spanish players Rudy Fernández and Marc Gasol . The Sophomores team features four players from the previous Rookie Challenge game which are Kevin Durant , Jeff Green , Al Horford and Luis Scola . The head coaches for the Rookies and Sophomores teams were the lead assistants from the 2009 NBA All @-@ Star Game coaching staffs , Kurt Rambis from the Los Angeles Lakers and John Kuester from the Cleveland Cavaliers . For the first time in the game 's history , two active NBA players were selected as leading assistant coach . Two All @-@ Star starters Dwyane Wade and Dwight Howard were selected as the assistant coaches for the Rookies and Sophomores team respectively . This year , the first ever EA Sports Jersey Creator Contest was held to design the jerseys for both the rookie and the sophomore team . The contest called for the participants to come up with a computer @-@ generated jersey design that would replace the individual team jerseys worn by the players during the Rookie Challenge . Of 12 @,@ 000 participants , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Tim Ahmed , a freshman at Baruch College , won the contest . Ahmed won a free trip to Phoenix and a chance to meet players . This marks the first time that a fan @-@ designed uniform has ever been worn during an NBA game or NBA event . The Sophomores wore fan @-@ designed white jerseys and the Rookies wore fan @-@ designed purple jerseys in the game . The Sophomores won the game 122 – 116 with Sophomore 's Kevin Durant named as the Rookie Challenge MVP . Durant scored a record 46 points in the game , breaking Amar 'e Stoudemire 's 36 points in 2004 . The Rookies led by 3 at halftime , but Durant took over in the second half , scoring 30 of his 46 points in the second half as the Sophomores outscored the Rookies by 6 points to win the game . The game marked the seventh consecutive loss for the Rookies team . = = = Slam Dunk Contest = = = The Sprite Slam Dunk Contest was contested by defending champion Dwight Howard , 2006 champion Nate Robinson , 2005 contestant J. R. Smith and rookie Rudy Fernández . Fernández won the online voting on NBA.com to determine the fourth contestants , beating fellow rookies Joe Alexander and Russell Westbrook . This was the first time a dunk contestant was chosen by the fans . Fernández also became the first ever international player to participate in the contest . Smith was named as a late replacement for Rudy Gay , who was forced to withdraw from the contest due to injury . Each contestant performed two slam dunks in each round . The two best contestants in the first round , as rated by the panel of judges , advanced to the final round , where the winner was determined by fan voting . The panel of judges for this year contest consists of five former Phoenix Suns players , the inaugural Slam Dunk champion Larry Nance , 1992 champion Cedric Ceballos , 1987 All @-@ Star Game MVP Tom Chambers and three @-@ time All @-@ Stars , Kevin Johnson and Dan Majerle . Dwight Howard began his title defence with two 50 @-@ point dunks to advance to the final round with a perfect score . One of his dunks employed a 12 @-@ foot high hoop . Howard also used a prop phone booth to change into his Superman cape before completing the dunk on the 12 @-@ foot hoop . Nate Robinson also advanced to the final round with 87 points , beating Smith and Fernández who had 85 and 84 points respectively . In the final round , Robinson changed his uniform into the New York Knicks ' green uniform originally designed for Saint Patrick 's Day . The green uniform symbolized Kryptonite , a fictional substance known to have detrimental effect on Superman . The Krypto @-@ Nate vs. Superman theme continued when Robinson , in his final dunk , used a green basketball and leaped over the 6 ' 11 " Howard who wore his Superman cape . Robinson ended up with 52 % of fan vote to win his second dunk title . He joined Michael Jordan , Dominique Wilkins , Harold Miner and Jason Richardson as the only two @-@ time winners of the contest . = = = Three @-@ Point Shootout = = = The Foot Locker Three @-@ Point Shootout was contested by six players . Two @-@ time winner Jason Kapono returned to defend his title along with two former contestants , Rashard Lewis and Mike Bibby . They were joined by three first @-@ time contestants , Daequan Cook , Danny Granger and Roger Mason . In this contest , contestants attempt to make as many three @-@ point field goals as possible from five shooting stations behind the three @-@ point arc in one minute . Players begin shooting from one corner of the court , and move from station to station along the three @-@ point arc until they reach the other corner . Each station has four standard balls , worth one point each , and one specially colored " money ball " , worth two points . Cook won the first round with 18 points as he advanced to the final round along with Lewis and Kapono . The second round was a tight contest between Cook and Lewis , both tied at 15 points , and Kapono , with 14 . Because of the tied score , Cook and Lewis played an extra tiebreaker round . Cook went on to beat his first round score with 19 points , while Lewis finished with 7 points . = = = Skills Challenge = = = The PlayStation Skills Challenge was contested by four players . Derrick Rose , the first overall draft pick in 2008 NBA Draft , was joined by three All @-@ Star guards , Devin Harris , Jameer Nelson and Tony Parker . However , Nelson was injured and was subsequently replaced by All @-@ Star Mo Williams . In this contest , the contestants have to complete an " obstacle course " consisting of dribbling , passing and shooting stations . A contestant who finish the course with the fastest time wins the contest . All contestants must comply with basic NBA ball @-@ handling rules while completing the course . Rose led all the contestants with 33 @.@ 3 seconds in the first round , 3 @.@ 3 seconds ahead of Harris . Williams was eliminated after recording 37 @.@ 5 seconds , 4 @.@ 2 seconds behind the lead . Parker was eliminated with the slowest time in the Skills Challenge history with 50 @.@ 8 seconds . He previously held the slowest time of 45 @.@ 5 points during the 2003 competition . In the second round , Harris went first and finished the course with 39 @.@ 6 seconds , 3 @.@ 1 seconds worse than his previous attempt . Rose went on to win the contest by recording a 35 @.@ 3 seconds time while finishing the course with a dunk . Rose also became the first rookie winner of the Skills Challenge competition . = = = Shooting Stars Competition = = = The Haier Shooting Stars Competition was competed between four teams of three players , with each team representing a city which has both NBA and WNBA teams . Each team consisted of one current NBA player , one current WNBA player , and one NBA legend . Team San Antonio , the defending champion , was joined by the inaugural champion , Team Los Angeles , 2005 champion , Team Phoenix and 2007 champion , Team Detroit . In this competition , each team must make six shots from six shooting locations of increasing difficulties . The team who makes all six shots with the fastest time wins the competition . In the first round , the defending champion , Team San Antonio was eliminated along with Team Los Angeles . Both teams took over 15 shots from the half court location to score . Team Detroit and Team Phoenix both advanced to the final round . Team Phoenix recorded the fastest completion time in the first round with 53 @.@ 3 seconds , six seconds faster than Team Detroit . In the final round , Team Detroit made the first five shots in 13 attempts and used only 7 attempts to make the half court shot with a time of 58 @.@ 4 seconds . Team Phoenix responded by making their first five shots in a single attempt each . However , they needed 22 attempts to make the half @-@ court shot , finishing with a time of 1 minute and 19 seconds . Team Detroit won their second Shooting Stars title , joining Team San Antonio as the only two @-@ time winners of the competition . Detroit Pistons legend and Detroit Shock head coach , Bill Laimbeer also became the first person to win the Shooting Stars Competition twice ; he won his first title with Team Detroit in 2007 . = = = H – O – R – S – E Competition = = = On February 5 , 2009 , TNT announced the addition of H – O – R – S – E to its All @-@ Star Weekend coverage . The competition was held outdoors on a half @-@ sized court during the special Inside the NBA show prior to the All @-@ Star Saturday Night events . The objective of this competition is to accrue as few of the five letters as possible . A player is given a letter every time they fail to duplicate the shot of another player . Each player was given 24 seconds to make or duplicate the shot ( dunking was prohibited ) . Each player who fails to duplicate five shots was eliminated from the competition . An NBA referee was assigned to rule whether the shot was done properly . The inaugural H – O – R – S – E Competition was sponsored by American auto insurance company GEICO and hence the word G – E – I – C – O was used in replacement of H – O – R – S – E. Three NBA players , Kevin Durant , Joe Johnson and O. J. Mayo were selected to compete in the H – O – R – S – E competition . Johnson was the first to be eliminated , having failed to duplicate Mayo 's shot from the free @-@ throw line . Durant then made a series of three @-@ point shots to eliminate Mayo to win the inaugural H – O – R – S – E Competition . = = = Celebrity Game = = = The 2009 McDonald 's NBA All @-@ Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 13 at the Phoenix Convention Center . A total of 16 celebrities took part in the game , including several former NBA players . Basketball Hall of Famers Magic Johnson and Julius Erving , who combined for 23 NBA All @-@ Star appearances , served as coaches for the celebrity teams . NBA legends , Dominique Wilkins and Clyde Drexler , were joined by former players , Dan Majerle and Rick Fox , in the celebrity team roster . WNBA stars Lisa Leslie and Kara Lawson also participated in the game along with four Harlem Globetrotters players . Previous year 's MVP , Terrell Owens scored a game @-@ high 17 points and led the East Sunrisers to a 60 – 57 victory over the West Sunsetters . Owens , an American football star for Dallas Cowboys , was also named as the Celebrity Game MVP for the second successive year . The game was marked by a surprise appearance by another Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman in the middle of the game , where she joined and played with the East Sunrisers . ESPN play @-@ by @-@ play commentator Mike Breen also made a surprise appearance as the referee for the game . = = D @-@ League All @-@ Star = = = = = D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game = = = Twenty of the NBA Development League 's top players were selected to the D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game rosters by a combination of fan balloting on the official D @-@ League website and voting by the 16 head coaches of D @-@ League teams . The selections were divided up into two teams , the Red Team and the Blue Team , by members of the NBA and NBA D @-@ League 's Basketball Operations staff . Players who have been selected by coaches and fans must be on an active roster of a D @-@ League team . Iowa Energy head coach Nick Nurse and Austin Toros head coach Quin Snyder were selected as the coach for the Red Team and the Blue Team respectively . Both coaches earned the honor by securing the best records in the D @-@ League through January 27 . In the third annual D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game , the Red Team defeated the Blue team 113 – 103 . The Red Team trailed by 8 points at the half , but managed to outscore the Blue Team 70 – 52 in the second half to secure the win . Dakota 's guard Blake Ahearn scored 13 points and dished 13 assists while Iowa 's center Courtney Sims scored 15 points and grabbed 8 rebounds . Both players were named Co @-@ MVPs of the D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game . = = = D @-@ League Dream Factory Friday Night = = = = = = = Slam Dunk Contest = = = = James White won the second annual D @-@ League Slam Dunk Contest , beating Keith Clark in the final round with a perfect score of 100 . Defending champion Brent Petway was unable to repeat his last year 's performance and was eliminated in the first round along with Othyus Jeffers . = = = = Three @-@ Point Shootout = = = = Blake Ahearn won the second annual D @-@ League Three @-@ Point Shootout , beating Ernest Scott in the final round by a score of 22 – 19 . Ahearn scored four of the five money balls in the last stations . For the first time , the last station consists of five " money balls " , instead of four standard balls and one " money ball " . Gary Forbes and Trey Johnson were eliminated in the first round . = = = = H – O – R – S – E Competition = = = = Will Conroy won the second annual D @-@ League H – O – R – S – E Competition , beating the defending champion Lance Allred with a through @-@ the @-@ legs @-@ off @-@ the @-@ backboard lay @-@ up . = = Broadcast = = Turner Broadcasting Network ( TNT ) broadcast the All @-@ Star Game for the sixth straight year in the United States while The Sports Network ( TSN ) broadcast the All @-@ Star Game in Canada . TNT also broadcast the Rookie Challenge and the All @-@ Star Saturday Night events . The Celebrity Game was broadcast by ESPN and the D @-@ League All @-@ Star events were broadcast by NBA TV . = = = International = = = Aside from TNT and TSN in United States and Canada , the following television channels also broadcast the All @-@ Star game all around the world . = A Room with No View = " ' A Room With No View " is the twentieth episode of the second season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on April 24 , 1998 . The episode was written by Ken Horton , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . " A Room With No View " featured an appearance by recurring guest star Sarah @-@ Jane Redmond . Millennium Group member Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) learns that a figure from his past has been abducting students , seemingly in an attempt to quash their hopes and aspirations . The episode was Horton 's first script for the series , and saw the return of villain Lucy Butler ( Redmond ) , who appeared sporadically throughout the series . " A Room With No View " received positive feedback from television critics , and was viewed by approximately 4 @.@ 7 million households in its initial broadcast . = = Plot = = A young man tunnels out of a farmhouse in Oregon City , Oregon , escaping into the night . He finds an abandoned car and attempts to hot @-@ wire it ; someone inside starts the engine and run him off the road , injuring his ankle . A woman , face obscured , and her male accomplice exit the car and throw the man into its trunk . In Seattle , two friends argue about applying for college . Landon Bryce ( Christopher Kennedy Masterson ) tells his friend Howard Gordon ( Michael R. Coleman ) to apply , but Gordon has been convinced by school counselor Teresa Roe ( Mariangela Pino ) that his progress is too mediocre to make it worthwhile . Bryce accosts Roe , calling her a failure . That night , Gordon is killed , and Bryce is kidnapped . Millennium Group criminal profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) learns that Gordon died of a heart attack , which the coroner believes was caused by fear . Black visits the crime scene , and sees visions of Lucy Butler ( Sarah @-@ Jane Redmond ) , a woman who killed his friend and colleague Bob Bletcher ( in season one 's Lamentation ) . Meanwhile , Bryce is bound and gagged in a remote farmhouse , then left in a room with the would @-@ be escapee . The woman from earlier tells Bryce she loves him . Black speaks to fellow Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) about his Butler vision . Watts informs Black that a Group member , Olson , has been tasked with monitoring Butler since her release . Watts and Black travel to Butler 's last known address and find Olson 's long @-@ dead body . They realize Butler had been filing her own surveillance reports in Olson 's name . Meanwhile , Bryce attempts to escape , but is subdued and later comforted by Lucy Butler . Black interviews Roe , suspecting her involvement when she continually refers to Bryce in the past tense . He later discovers that in every school she has worked for , students have been kidnapped ; all the victims resembled Bryce in being average students who showed signs of promise . Bryce learns about the tunnel from his cellmate , and the two escape again . Emerging from the tunnel , they are met by Butler and a dog that attacks Bryce . After being brought back to the farmhouse , Bryce is told to accept that he is mediocre and ordinary . Elsewhere , Black and Watts interview Roe again , who seems to espouse the same mindset . Black reveals that he knows Roe was once a promising student , and accuses her of being cowed by a fear of failure . Frightened , she reveals the location of Butler 's farm . Police raid the farm , freeing several captive youths , including Bryce , but Butler is nowhere to be found . = = Production = = " A Room With No View " was directed by Thomas J. Wright , who helmed a total of twenty @-@ six episodes across all three seasons . Wright would also go on to direct " Millennium " , the series ' crossover episode with its sister show The X @-@ Files . " A Room With No View " was the first to have been written by producer Ken Horton , and his only solo writing credit . Horton would pen a further two episodes in the third season , both with Chip Johannessen . " A Room With No View " saw the third appearance of recurring villain Lucy Butler , who had previously appeared in " Lamentation " and " Powers , Principalities , Thrones and Dominions " , and would return for the third season episodes " Antipas " and " Saturn Dreaming of Mercury " . Redmond , a fan of series creator Chris Carter and recurring series director David Nutter , had initially auditioned for another episode of the first season which would have been directed by Nutter . Redmond did not get the part she auditioned for but was instead contacted about portraying a minor recurring role instead , which led to her casting as Butler . The episode features the repeated use of the song " Love Is Blue " , performed by Paul Mauriat . = = Broadcast and reception = = " A Room With No View " was first broadcast on the Fox network on April 24 , 1998 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 8 during its original broadcast , meaning that 4 @.@ 8 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 4 @.@ 7 million households , and left the episode the eighty @-@ second most @-@ viewed broadcast that week . The episode has received positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode an " A " , finding it to be a particularly well @-@ executed version of kidnapping trope in crime thrillers . Handlen also praised the development of the Lucy Butler character , feeling positively that her scenes did not seem like " rote horror " but made use of clear motives and characterization . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 , praising the dialogue and the use of " Love Is Blue " . However , Gibron felt that the episode did little to move the series along , not exploring any of the season 's themes or mythology . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " A Room With No View " five stars out of five . Shearman felt the episode was the season 's most frightening installment , as it dispensed with the wider theological trappings that he felt lessened the impact of other episodes . He also praised the decision to bring back Redmond as Lucy Butler , finding the character to be a good balance between the different depictions of evil depicted throughout the series . = Little Miss Obsessive = " Little Miss Obsessive " is a song recorded by American singer Ashlee Simpson for her third studio album , Bittersweet World ( 2008 ) . It features uncredited guest vocals from Tom Higginson , the lead singer of the Plain White T 's . The song was written by Simpson , Jim Beanz , Victor Valentine and Karl Berringer . " Little Miss Obsessive " was produced by Jack Joseph Puig and Berringer , with vocal production by Beanz . The song was released as the " first official single " from Bittersweet World on March 11 , 2008 , following the commercial disappointment of its predecessor , " Outta My Head ( Ay Ya Ya ) " . " Little Miss Obsessive " is a pop rock power ballad that chronicles the " ostensibly aural dance " of a couple " who break up to make up – and like it " . Simpson looked to herself for inspiration when writing the song . Music critics were divided on " Little Miss Obsessive " ; some critics felt the song was impressive , while others were critical of Simpson 's vocals and the song 's lyrics . The song only managed to chart on the national charts of Canada and the United States , where it peaked at 72 and 96 , respectively . = = Writing and production = = " Little Miss Obsessive " was written by Ashlee Simpson , Jim Beanz , Victor Valentine and Karl Berringer . The song was produced by Jack Joseph Puig and Berringer . Simpson 's vocals , which were produced by Beanz , were recorded at Archon Studios in Los Angeles and at Chalice Studios in Hollywood by Aris Achontis and Tal Herzberg , respectively . Tom Higginson , the lead singer of the Plain White T 's , performed guest vocals in the song , as well as background vocals alongside Simpson and Mateo Laboriel , who also provided programming for the song . The guitar was played by Ray Brady , while Joey Kamani played the bass guitar and Abe Laboriel , Jr played the drums in the song . Dean Nelson engineered the song , while Puig mixed the song at Ocean Way Recording in Hollywood . Simpson looked to herself for inspiration when writing " Little Miss Obsessive " , which chronicles the " ostensibly aural dance " of a couple " who break up to make up – and like it " . Of the song 's concept , Simpson commented : " It 's what we can all become in a relationship sometimes . We put our foot in our mouths and we wish we didn 't — ' No , I didn 't mean to say it . I take it back . I take it back . ' " According to Simpson , the song " kind of relates to the last album [ I Am Me ] , but it grew with the new record . And every girl has gone through that situation . You put your foot in your mouth and you go , ' Wait , why did I do that ? ' We 're on our phones writing and texting too much ! " = = Composition and critical response = = " Little Miss Obsessive " is a pop rock power ballad , with a duration of three minutes and forty @-@ two seconds ( 3 : 42 ) . The song features " crashing " guitars , " drum thuds " , " confused Avril @-@ style rants " and a " swelling chorus " . " Little Miss Obsessive " begins with a mid @-@ tempo piano line , before transcending into a " more rollicking " chorus , which sees Simpson sing : " Little miss obsessive , can 't get over it " . Lyrically , Simpson laments about a breakup with the " youthful fervor of a late @-@ night text message " . Sophie Bruce of BBC Music wrote that the song is the " standout success " of Bittersweet World and that is " deserves to take Ashlee to the forefront of female pop " . Entertainment Weekly 's Leah Greenblatt called " Little Miss Obsessive " a " well @-@ wrought breakup anthem " . Jennifer Cady of E ! Online cited the song as sounding " more like her older stuff " and wrote that it will probably be " more attractive to radio stations " , than " Outta My Head ( Ay Ya Ya ) " , the first single from Bittersweet World . Nick Levine of Digital Spy called " Little Miss Obsessive " a " decent enough tune , not a million miles away from ' Pieces of Me ' , but we can 't see it reviving the album 's fortunes " . Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy wrote that despite a " surging power @-@ pop chorus " , " Little Miss Obsessive " lacks " the wow factor " required to " get people talking about Simpson 's music again " . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday called " Little Miss Obsessive " a " passable Pinkish pop " song , but stated that it isn 't enough to keep Bittersweet World from " going sour " . Nick Levine of Digital Spy wrote that Simpson 's voice is " insufficiently meaty " to be able to sing the song . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called the song " quite awful " , writing that exploring " the endless possibilities of the word ' over ' in the chorus " is " a bit of a slog " . = = Release and promotion = = Simpson premiered " Little Miss Obsessive " on the KISS FM DreX Morning Show in Chicago on February 21 . The song was later announced to be the " first official single " from Simpson 's third studio album Bittersweet World . It was speculated that the song was labelled as the album 's " first official single " because " Outta My Head ( Ay Ya Ya ) " , had performed below expectations . The song was released for digital download in the United States on March 11 , 2008 . It was sent to mainstream radio in the United States on March 18 , 2008 . Simpson performed " Little Miss Obsessive " for the first time on MTV 's Total Request Live on April 15 , for the episode that aired on April 17 . She also performed it on The Today Show on April 18 . " Little Miss Obsessive " was released in the United Kingdom on August 4 , 2008 . = = Charts = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Bittersweet World . Locations Vocals recorded at Archon Studios , Los Angeles , California and Chalice Studios , Hollywood , California Mixed at Ocean Way Recording , Hollywood , California Personnel = Burn ( Usher song ) = " Burn " is a song by American R & B singer Usher , which he wrote with American songwriters Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox . The song was produced by Dupri and Cox for Usher 's fourth studio album , Confessions ( 2004 ) . " Burn " is about breakup in a relationship , and the public referred to it as an allusion to Usher 's personal struggles . Originally planned as the album 's lead single , " Burn " was pushed back after favorable responses for the song " Yeah ! " . " Burn " was released as the second single from the album on March 21 , 2004 . " Burn " topped various charts around the world , including the Billboard Hot 100 for eight non @-@ consecutive weeks ; it succeeded " Yeah ! " at number one . Both singles gave Usher nineteen consecutive weeks at the top spot , longer than any solo artist of the Hot 100 era . " Burn " was certified platinum in Australia and United States , and gold in New Zealand . The song was well received by critics and garnered award nominations . In 2009 it was named the 21st most successful song of the 2000s , on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade . This song won the 2005 Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Song . = = Background = = When Usher planned to make a new record after his third album , 8701 ( 2001 ) , he decided to not branch out that much with musical collaborators and continue building music with his previous producers . Usher again enlisted record @-@ producer Jermaine Dupri , who had collaborated on his two previous albums , along with The Neptunes , R. Kelly , among others to work on his fourth studio album Confessions ( 2004 ) . Dupri contacted his frequent collaborator Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , who had also made hits like the 2001 single " U Got It Bad " for Usher . During the early session for the album , Dupri and Cox talked about a situation which later became " Burn " . At that time , Usher 's two @-@ year relationship with TLC 's Chilli was flaming out . They said , " Yo , you gotta let that burn ... That 's a song right there " , and started writing . = = Release = = Usher submitted the album to his label Arista Records after he felt it was already completed . After he and the company 's then @-@ president Antonio " LA " Reid listened to the songs , they felt the album needed a first single and that they needed one or two more songs to create , which caused the postponement of the album 's release . Usher went back to the studio and collaborated with Lil Jon who said , " He needed a single . They had ' Burn , ' ' Burn ' was hot , but they needed that first powerful monster . That 's when I came in . " They worked for few more tracks , including " Red Light " , which was not included in the first release of the album , and " Yeah ! " , which features Ludacris and Lil Jon . However , everybody in the label was scared to decide what to consider as the lead single . Reid was choosing whether " Yeah ! " would be released then , considering that they had " Burn " . Usher was also doubtful if the former was the right choice , after he wanted an R & B record . Until " Yeah ! " was leaked , " Burn " was chosen as the official first single from Confessions . " Yeah ! " , which was intended as a promotional song and a teaser for Usher 's fans , was released to street DJs and mixtapes . However , the song 's favorable responses led to another direction ; " Yeah ! " was pursued to be the lead single and " Burn " was set as its follow @-@ up . " Burn " was released in the United States on July 6 , 2004 as a CD single and 7 " single . = = Lyrical interpretation = = Usher decided about the new material " to let it all hang out by singing about some of his own little secrets , as well as a few bones from his homies ' skeleton @-@ filled closets . " The public speculated that the material in the new album he was referring to was his recent personal struggles in which he promised a " real talk " on it . In early 2004 , Usher broke up with Chilli due to " irreconcilable differences and because they found it almost impossible to make compromises . " Usher said in an interview : " It 's unfortunate when you have to let a situation go because it 's not working " , which added reference to the breakup . It was later revealed that chilli , in fact broke up with usher because of cheating and the media said otherwise because of the lyrics in the song , which was not based on their relationship . Dupri , however , confessed that his personal life is the real story of the album . Usher said he took inspirations collectively by looking at his friends ' personal situations that they gone through . = = Composition = = " Burn " is a slow jam , combining R & B and ballad genres . The song is performed with a moderate groove . It is composed in the key of C @-@ sharp major . The melody line of the song has influences from " Ignition ( Remix ) " by R. Kelly and " How to Deal " by Frankie J. " Burn " crb has a combination of robotic noises , synthesized strings and guitar lines . The lyrics are constructed in the traditional verse @-@ chorus form . The song starts a spoken intro , giving way to the first verse . It continues to the chorus , following the second verse and chorus . The bridge follows , leading to a break and finalizing in the chorus . " Burn " was considered a " window to Usher 's inner thoughts " , along with the controversial track " Confessions " and " Confessions Part II " . The song is about breakups and ending relationships . According to Matt Cibula of Popmatters , " Burn " is constructed from " two @-@ step concept " . In the lyrics " You know that it 's over / You know that it was through / Let it burn / Got to let it burn " , Usher breaks up with his woman but found her sad about feeling bad about what happened to their relationship . However , Usher says that she must deal with it before she can accept the truth . For the lines " It 's been fifty @-@ eleven days / Umpteen hours / I 'm gonna be burnin ' / Till you return " , the direction changes after Usher realized that breaking up with her was a huge mistake and that he wanted her back to him . = = Critical reception = = " Burn " was lauded by contemporary music critics . Jem Aswad of Entertainment Weekly complimented Dupri and Cox for producing what he called the " best song " from the album , along with " Confessions Part II " which they also produced . Aswad found the songs feature " mellifluous melodies " . Laura Sinagra of Rolling Stone found Usher 's singing a " sweet falsetto on the weepy breakup song " , adding , it " convincingly marries resolve and regret , but when it comes to rough stuff , there 's still no ' u ' in p @-@ i @-@ m @-@ p . " Cibula called the song brilliant and considers its step one and step two technique a hit . Jon Caramanica of Blender complimented the song for living up as the only " serviceable " among all ballad @-@ influenced songs in the album which " often drown in their own inanity . " Ande Kellman of Allmusic considered " Burn " as one of the Usher 's best moments in the album , together with " Caught Up " , the final single from Confessions . Steve Jones of USA Today stated that Usher is singing about a relationship that cannot be saved because of the " flame has simply died " . " Burn " was nominated at the 47th Grammy Awards for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance and Best R & B Song . The song earned British record company EMI the " Publisher of the Year " at the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers 2005 Pop Music Awards . = = Chart performance = = " Burn " was another commercial success for Usher . In the United States , the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number sixty @-@ five , months prior to its physical release . It reached the top spot on May 29 , 2004 , replacing " Yeah ! " ' s twelve @-@ week run at number one . The single was beaten by Fantasia 's 2004 single " I Believe " , which propelled on the chart on its debut . It returned to number one for one last week , before it was finally knocked off by the album 's third single " Confessions Part II " . The single failed to remain on the top spot as long as " Yeah ! " did , staying only for eight non @-@ consecutive weeks . " Burn " was the fifth most @-@ played song in 2004 for earning 355 @,@ 228 total plays , alongside " Yeah ! " which topped the tally for 496 @,@ 805 spins . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 units . It became the second best @-@ selling single in the United States , behind Usher 's single " Yeah ! " . This gives him the distinction , alongside The Beatles in 1964 , to have 2 of his singles occupying the top 2 spots on the Billboard Year @-@ End Chart . Like " Yeah ! " , " Burn " helped Confessions remain on the top spot . Internationally , several music markets responded equally well . In the United Kingdom , the single debuted at number one and stayed for two weeks . Across European countries , the single performed well , reaching the top ten in Denmark , Ireland , Norway , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . It entered the top twenty in Austria , Belgium , Germany and Sweden . In Australia , the single debuted at number three and peaked at number two . The single was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling 70 @,@ 000 units . At the 2004 year ender charts , " Burn " became the thirty @-@ first best @-@ selling single in Australia . In the New Zealand , it peaked at number one for three weeks , and remained on the chart for twenty @-@ three weeks . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . = = Music video = = = = = Background = = = The music video for " Burn " was directed by Jake Nava , who had produced a wide array of videos for Atomic Kitten , Beyoncé Knowles , among others . It was shot at the former Hollywood house of American popular singer Frank Sinatra . The video features model Jessica Clark . In the July 2008 issue of Vibe magazine , Usher told writer Mitzi Miller , " Women have started to become lovers of each other as a result of not having enough men . " On June 26 , 2008 , AfterEllen.com writer Sarah Warn revealed that Jessica Clark , the lead in Usher 's " Burn " music video , was in fact an openly gay model . In the article , Warn writes , " Maybe it 's not a lack of men that 's turning women gay , Usher--maybe it 's you ! " = = = Synopsis and reception = = = The video starts with Usher sitting on a sofa with a backdrop of his girlfriend . When the verse starts , Usher went to a wide glass window pane , looking at his girlfriend swimming in the pool . The surface aflame after she immersed in the water . The next scene continues to Usher with his mistress having sex . While sitting on the edge of the bed , Usher reminisces the moments he and his girlfriend were having an intimate moment in the same bed . The bedsheets burns , following to Usher riding a silver right @-@ hand drive Aston Martin DB5 with a British registration - EGF 158B ( the car was featured in the TV series Fastlane ) . The video cuts with the backdrop also burning . Continuing to the car scene , Usher stops as he sees his imaginary girl again . He went out and dances , executing various hand routines . Video intercuts follow and the video ends with Usher standing with his back . Also , right before the last chorus , the screen changes from a small screen , to a full one with no framework . The music video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live at number six on May 4 , 2004 , the same debut with " Confessions Part II " . The video reached the top spot and remained on the countdown for thirty @-@ three days . " Burn " topped MuchMusic 's Countdown on July 24 , 2004 , and remained on the chart for fifteen weeks . = = Impact = = Besides from Usher , Cox has benefited for co @-@ creating Confessions , as well as from the success of " Burn " . He has been doing records for Alicia Keys , B2K , Mariah Carey and Destiny 's Child , but he felt 2004 introduced him to another landscape in the music industry . His contribution to the song has elevated him to fame , as well as people looking back to his past records . " Burn " earned him two Grammy nominations . Cox stated , " Everybody who does this for a living , dreams about being nominated . It 's the ultimate accomplishment . I 've always been the silent guy — I come in , do my job and head out . I like to leave all the glory and shine to others , but this is the validation that means the most to me . It also makes me want to work harder to get that same recognition again . " = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Other versions = = An a cappella version was created by South Asian fusion a cappella group Stanford Raagapella . = Cri @-@ Zelda Brits = Cri @-@ Zelda Brits , also written Crizelda Brits and Cri @-@ zelda Brits ( born 20 November 1983 ) is an international cricketer . A right @-@ handed batsman and right @-@ arm medium @-@ fast bowler , Brits was originally called up to the South Africa national women 's cricket team as an opening bowler in 2002 . She developed into an all @-@ rounder , and since 2005 has established herself as a specialist batsman . She captained South Africa in 23 matches in 2007 and 2008 , but was replaced as captain in 2009 in order to " concentrate entirely on her own performance . " She was reappointed as captain for the 2010 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 . Between 2007 and 2011 she captain South Africa a total of 36 times ( 1 Test , 23 One Day Internationals and 12 Twenty20 Internationals ) . She is one of South Africa women 's most prolific batsmen ; being the first South African woman to have scored a half @-@ century in a Twenty20 International , and one of only six women to have scored a century for South Africa in a One Day International ( ODI ) . She is the leading South African run @-@ scorer in ODI with 1622 runs . = = Career = = = = = Early career = = = Born in Rustenburg , Transvaal , Brits began her cricket career aged 11 when she entered the sport playing in boys ' teams . At the age of 14 , Brits made two appearances for South Africa Under @-@ 21s women against the touring England side in 1998 , playing as wicket @-@ keeper during two 50 @-@ over contests . In the first , an eight run victory for South Africa , she claimed a stumping and a catch but was not required to bat . For the second match , she was promoted up the order from number eight to number five and made 14 runs off 13 balls as South Africa lost by 42 runs . Four years later , Brits made her full international debut in a One Day International against India women . Brits was selected as a bowler , placed at number nine in the batting order , and opening the bowling for South Africa . The match was first shortened and then abandoned , and Brits only bowled two overs , conceding two runs , before the conclusion . Brits retained this role in the second ODI , claiming two wickets as South Africa won by 29 runs using the Duckworth – Lewis method . She claimed three further wickets in the final two ODIs of the series . In the fourth ODI , she was promoted up the batting order to number five , though she only managed to score ten runs as South Africa failed to chase down an Indian total of 160 . At the conclusion of the ODI series , the two sides played a Test match , with Brits reprising her role as opening bowler . She took two wickets and conceded 91 runs ( 2 / 91 ) as India amassed 404 / 9 declared in their first @-@ innings . Despite her move up the batting order in the shorter format of the game , Brits batted as part of the tail during the Test match , scoring nine runs at number eleven in the first @-@ innings and then as South Africa were forced to follow @-@ on , she made eleven runs from number ten in the second @-@ innings . = = = England series : 2003 , 2003 – 04 = = = She reprised this role for South Africa during their 2003 tour of England . During three 50 @-@ over warm @-@ up matches , Brits claimed four wickets and scored 33 runs while opening the bowling and batting as part of the tail . During the first Test , Brits showed her ability with the bat , scoring 32 runs as part of a 59 @-@ run partnership with fellow tail @-@ ender Sune van Zyl . She claimed two wickets in England 's response , claiming the wickets of opener Charlotte Edwards and captain Clare Connor . In the following ODIs , she claimed three wickets , all in the second match , as England claimed the series 2 – 1 . Unrequired to bat during South Africa 's solitary victory , she made ducks in both the other matches . She continued her string of ducks in the first @-@ innings of the second Test , falling leg before wicket ( lbw ) facing her eighth delivery . However , after claiming two English wickets , Brits top @-@ scored for South Africa in the second @-@ innings , making 61 off 67 balls , including 13 fours . Despite this innings , South Africa lost the match by an innings and 96 runs . In the South African summer of 2003 – 04 , England women toured South Africa , playing five ODIs . In the first match , Brits claimed three wickets as England were restricted to 151 , a total South Africa passed with the last ball of the allocated 50 overs . Brits went wicket @-@ less in the next two matches , both England victories , but claimed another three wickets in the fourth match of the series . Despite her wickets , England set South Africa a total of 242 to chase , and Brits was moved up the batting order to open the innings alongside Terblanche . The tactic failed : South Africa needed to score almost five runs an over to win the match , and when Brits was dismissed in the fourteenth over for 20 , the pair had only scored 38 runs , roughly two and a half runs an over . South Africa finished on 142 / 9 , over a hundred runs short of their target . For the 2004 season , Brits joined Kent women , playing in all five of their Women 's County Championship matches . She finished the competition with eight wickets , including a four @-@ wicket haul against Yorkshire in her final match . = = = Women 's Cricket World Cup in South Africa : 2005 = = = Brits was named as part of the South African squad to compete in the 2005 Women 's Cricket World Cup . Prior to the tournament , South Africa played two ODIs against England . Brits opened the innings alongside Terblanche in both matches , as she would continue to do throughout the World Cup , and made scores of 23 and 11 . She enjoyed more success during the tournament itself , finishing as South Africa 's leading run @-@ scorer with 206 runs , 92 more than her closest compatriot , Shandre Fritz . Her five wickets ranked her second among South African women behind Alicia Smith . During South Africa 's second round @-@ robin match , against the West Indies women , Brits made both her highest score of the tournament , making 72 , and her best bowling analysis , taking four wickets . She received the man of the match award for her achievement , as South Africa won the match by one run . Though she did not make any further half @-@ centuries during the tournament , she was twice dismissed in the forties , scoring 49 against Australia women and 46 against England women . Despite Brits ' relative success in the tournament , the win against the West Indies women was South Africa 's only victory , and they finished the group stage in seventh place , meaning that they failed to qualify for the knockout phase . A three match ODI series was hastily arranged against the West Indies women , who had also been eliminated . By this stage , Brits was starting to bowl less frequently . She had opened the bowling in three of South Africa 's World Cup fixtures , but did not bowl at all against England women , and was used as the fourth @-@ change bowler against Sri Lanka women , bowling only four overs . Against the West Indies women , Brits bowled two overs in the first match , being used as the first @-@ change bowler , and has only bowled once in ODI cricket since . Her good form with the bat continued against the West Indies women as she passed 50 in two of the three matches , 2004 / 05 though the West Indies won the series 2 – 1 . = = = Pakistan series , Afro @-@ Asia Cup : 2006 – 07 , 2007 = = = An injury to Fritz , who had been selected as South African captain for the home series against Pakistan in 2006 – 07 , saw Brits named as her replacement eight days before the first ODI . South Africa women won the first match of the series by 98 runs , with Brits scoring 39 runs from 42 balls , including 6 fours , in " an attractive cameo " . She top @-@ scored for South Africa in the second and third matches with half @-@ centuries , helping to secure the series victory . South Africa eventually won the series 4 – 0 , and Brits was named as player of the series , having scored 183 runs and captained South Africa to their first series win since beating India women in 2002 . Brits was subsequently named as captain of the African women side to compete in a Twenty20 match against an Asian women XI during the 2007 Afro @-@ Asia Cup . The side , which contained four South Africans , lost by 60 runs . Brits was one of ten African players to be dismissed with a single @-@ figure score , and five members of the team were dismissed for ducks . = = = European tour : 2007 = = = South Africa began their preparation for the 2008 Women 's World Cup Qualifying series with a tour of Europe , beginning with a Test match and an ODI series against Netherlands women , and then moving into England for more ODIs . Brits remained as South African captain for the tour , and became the only South African to captain her side to a woman 's Test victory , as they beat Netherlands by 159 runs . Although Brits had only managed a score of 21 in the first @-@ innings of the Test match , and had declared with herself unbeaten on 5 in the second , she showed her continued form with the bat by scoring 46 in the first ODI and 59 in the second , partnering Daleen Terblanche in a 131 @-@ run third wicket stand , a South African record for that wicket . A century from Johmari Logtenberg in the final ODI helped South Africa secure a 3 – 0 series whitewash . Once in England , South Africa played two 50 @-@ over contests against an England Development Squad , each side taking one win apiece , Brits top @-@ scoring in South Africa 's victory with 78 runs . This was followed by South Africa 's first two Twenty20 Internationals , against New Zealand women and England women at the County Ground , Taunton . The first match , against New Zealand , was marked by a spate of run outs , each team having four players dismissed in this fashion . South Africa lost by 97 runs , with Brits one of only three players to make it into double @-@ figures , scoring 23 at just under a @-@ run @-@ a @-@ ball . In the second match , held on the same day , South Africa again struggled for runs , with Brits this time being one of four players to make it out of single figures as South Africa lost by 86 runs . = = = World Cup Qualifying Series : 2007 / 08 = = = In order to qualify for the 2009 Women 's Cricket World Cup in Australia , South Africa had to compete in the qualifying series , which they hosted in Stellenbosch , the event having been postponed and then cancelled in Pakistan due to security concerns . Brits was not required to bat in the first match , a ten @-@ wicket victory over Bermuda in which eight of the Bermudans failed to score a run , and the remaining three were all dismissed for just one apiece . After scoring 17 in the second match , against Papua New Guinea , Brits made her highest score in One Day International cricket in the next match , against Netherlands . Coming in at number three after opener Daleen Terblanche had been dismissed for a duck after five balls of the match , Brits batted through the remainder of the innings and finished on 107 not out . Brits only managed 3 in the victory against Ireland in the semi @-@ finals which guaranteed South Africa a place in the 2009 World Cup , and was dismissed for a duck in the final as South Africa easily overcame Pakistan to win the competition . Brits was named as the 2008 CSA Women 's Cricketer of the Year . = = = United Kingdom tour : 2008 = = = Brits represented Central women during the Pro20 Women 's Super4 's in 2008 , and finished the tournament with 103 runs , trailing only Highveld 's Mignon du Preez , who scored the competition 's only half @-@ century . Upon the completion of the competition , the national team flew over to Ireland to begin their tour of the United Kingdom which started with an ODI just four days later . South Africa enjoyed a comfortable ten @-@ wicket victory in the tour opener , with Brits bowling an expensive two overs , conceding 17 runs including eight wides . She had not bowled in international cricket since 2005 , and has not again since . After making 13 in the Twenty20 match against the Irish , Brits fell for successive ducks in a 20 @-@ over match against England Academy and the first ODI against England . She continued to struggle with the bat in the remaining three ODIs , failing to pass 20 as England eased to a 4 – 0 series win . She dropped down the order for the Twenty20 matches , batting at five and six , but after remaining 20 not out at the close of play in the first match , she was dismissed for 2 in both the following games . = = = Cricket World Cup , World Twenty20 : 2009 = = = Following their successful qualifying campaign , South Africa were one of eight women 's teams represented in the 2009 Women 's Cricket World Cup . Prior to the tournament , it had been announced that Sunette Loubser would replace Brits as captain of the national team . Denise Reid , the convenor of selectors , stated that the change had been made in order for Brits to " concentrate entirely on her own performance " as " [ South Africa ] require her undivided attention at the role assigned to her " . During her time as captain , Brits had averaged 32 @.@ 07 with the bat , however twelve of her sixteen matches were against Ireland , Pakistan and Netherlands women , both teams that South Africa had beaten easily in the World Cup Qualifying Series ; against the more competitive England side , she had averaged a much lower 8 @.@ 75 with the bat . Brits made modest totals in the two warm @-@ up matches against India and Pakistan , but averaged 33 @.@ 00 in the World Cup matches , second among the South African team behind Trisha Chetty . After scoring 7 against the West Indies in their first match , she made 36 against reigning World Champions Australia . South Africa finished the group @-@ stage winless when they suffered a 199 run defeat to New Zealand in the final group match ; chasing 250 , South Africa only managed to make 51 , with Brits ' score of 25 making her the only South African to make it into double figures . Brits remained 31 not out in the seventh place play @-@ off as South Africa successfully chased down the Sri Lankan score of 75 with over 20 overs to spare . Brits finished the 2009 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 as South Africa 's top @-@ scorer with 71 runs . Her half @-@ century against New Zealand in the second match is the highest score by a South African woman in a Twenty20 International , surpassing the record of 38 set only four days earlier by du Preez . Despite her record , South Africa lost to the New Zealanders by 6 wickets , though Brits had the small consolation of being named man of the match . Brits scored seven runs in each of the other matches for South Africa , both defeats , against West Indies and Australia respectively . = = = West Indies series : 2009 – 10 = = = South Africa and Brits had a point to prove during their 2009 – 10 series against the West Indies , and were keen to improve on their recent performances . Brits top @-@ scored for the South Africans in the first of four ODIs with 48 , but an unbeaten century from West Indies opener Stafanie Taylor helped the tourists to chase down the total and win with 51 balls remaining . Brits made 31 in the second match as South Africa levelled the series , and then scored a match @-@ winning 60 not out in the third match to give South Africa the lead in the series . During this innings , she became only the second South African woman to pass 1 @,@ 000 career ODI runs . Brits missed the following Twenty20 series with bronchitis . = Quinceañera ( film ) = Quinceañera ( English : " Fifteen @-@ year @-@ old " , referring to a coming @-@ of @-@ age ceremony in Latin American communities ) is a 2006 American independent drama film written and directed by Richard Glatzer and Wash Westmoreland . Set in Echo Park , Los Angeles , the film follows the lives of two young Mexican American cousins who become estranged from their families — Magdalena ( played by Emily Rios ) because of her unwed teenage pregnancy and Carlos ( Jesse Garcia ) because of his homosexuality — and are taken in by their elderly great @-@ uncle Tomas ( Chalo González ) . The film was inspired by Glatzer and Westmoreland 's experience as a white gay couple moving into the gentrifying neighborhood of Echo Park , a predominantly Latino working @-@ class community . They wrote , cast and filmed Quinceañera over four months in 2005 after securing a US $ 400 @,@ 000 budget from investors . It was filmed in Echo Park with the assistance of Glatzer and Westmoreland 's neighbors and a cast of largely nonprofessional actors . It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2006 , where it won the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award . It was released in the United States on August 2 , 2006 , to mostly positive reviews and earned $ 2 @.@ 5 million at the box office . = = Plot = = Magdalena , a fourteen @-@ year @-@ old girl from a working @-@ class Mexican American family in Echo Park , Los Angeles , attends her cousin Eileen 's quinceañera , an extravagant coming @-@ of @-@ age ceremony to celebrate her fifteenth birthday . Eileen 's older brother Carlos — who has been disowned by his family due to his homosexuality and now lives with his great @-@ uncle Tomas — arrives at the celebrations but is forced to leave by his father . Magdalena herself is about to turn fifteen but her parents cannot afford to host a quinceañera as lavish as Eileen 's , and they deny her repeated requests to hire a Hummer limousine for the occasion . While preparing for her quinceañera , Magdalena learns that she is pregnant by her friend Herman although they had only once engaged in non @-@ penetrative intercourse . Her Christian father is furious , believing that Magdalena has had premarital sex despite her protestations that she is still a virgin . She leaves her family to move in with Tomas and Carlos and continues to see Herman until she discovers that his mother has sent him away to live with relatives to prevent him from seeing Magdalena . Carlos becomes sexually involved with the Caucasian gay couple , James and Gary , who recently bought Tomas 's property and are now his landlords and neighbors , but he eventually begins a secret affair with Gary without James 's knowledge . With Magdalena 's pregnancy progressing , Carlos offers to financially support her and to act as a surrogate father for the child once it is born . When James discovers his partner 's affair with Carlos he feels betrayed and Tomas soon receives a letter notifying him that his landlords are evicting him . Tomas , Magdalena and Carlos struggle to find an affordable place to live due to the gentrification of the area and the rising real estate prices , but Tomas dies in his sleep shortly before they are due to be evicted . In the aftermath , Magdalena is reunited with her mother and together they visit a gynecologist , who confirms that Magdalena conceived without having penetrative sex . Magdalena 's father apologizes to her at Tomas 's funeral , believing her conception to be a miracle , and she forgives him . Magdalena eventually receives the quinceañera she had wished for , complete with a Hummer limousine , with her parents in attendance and Carlos as her escort . = = Cast = = Emily Rios as Magdalena Jesse Garcia as Carlos Chalo González as Tio Tomas J.R. Cruz as Herman David W. Ross as Gary Alicia Sixtos as Eileen Jesus Castaños @-@ Chima as Ernesto Jason L. Wood as James Araceli Guzman @-@ Rico as Maria = = Production = = Quinceañera was written and directed by Richard Glatzer and Wash Westmoreland , filmmaking partners and a romantic couple . They conceived the idea for the film in January 2005 , based on their own experiences as a white gay couple moving into the predominantly Latino working @-@ class neighborhood of Echo Park , Los Angeles , as the area underwent gentrification . They were inspired to make a film about the traditional quinceañera celebration after being invited to their fifteen @-@ year @-@ old neighbor 's ceremony . With producer Anne Clements , they pitched the idea to three investors — immigrants to the United States from Greece and Israel — who agreed to provide $ 300 @,@ 000 to finance the project . ( The budget was later raised to $ 400 @,@ 000 . ) Glatzer and Westmoreland then wrote the screenplay over three weeks in February . Casting for the film took place over March 2005 through the internet , a Los Angeles @-@ based organization for Latino actors , and word of mouth . Glatzer and Westmoreland chose to cast non @-@ union actors ; none of the cast except Chalo González belonged to the Screen Actors Guild . Most of the actors were nonprofessional and had never acted in a film before . Emily Rios 's only experience before playing the lead role of Magdalena was in a school play , while Jesse Garcia had only acted in commercials . The film 's own casting director , Jason L. Wood , ended up playing the character of James , and Glatzer and Westmoreland cast their cleaning lady in a small role . They borrowed props from their cleaner 's niece , who had recently had a quinceañera , and mimicked her video of the ceremony to create part of the film . Although the script called for the actors to speak " Spanglish " — a mixture of English and Spanish — neither Glatzer nor Westmoreland were fluent in Spanish , so many of the actors translated their own lines from English . The teenage cast members also improvised dialogue for some scenes and provided their own clothes to wear in character . The film was shot over eighteen days in April 2005 . It was filmed on location in Echo Park inside Glatzer and Westmoreland 's house and in three houses on their block that their neighbors allowed them to use for little or no money . Many of Glatzer and Westmoreland 's Echo Park neighbors also stood in as extras . Due to California 's child labor laws , they could only film with the underage cast members for six hours a day , so cinematographer Eric Steelberg used a hand @-@ held camera with few accessories to maximize the time they could spend filming . Steelberg filmed the project in high @-@ definition video format , which was converted to film during post @-@ production . The film 's soundtrack included reggaeton songs as well as music composed by Westmoreland 's brother as a favor since the filmmakers could afford little else . Robin Katz finished editing the film in August 2005 . = = Release = = Quinceañera premiered on January 23 , 2006 , at the Sundance Film Festival , where it won both the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award in the dramatic feature category . Its U.S. distribution rights were bought by Sony Pictures Classics while its international rights were purchased by Celluloid Dreams . The film was later screened at the Berlin International Film Festival before its theatrical release . The film opened in limited release in the United States on August 4 , 2006 , earning $ 95 @,@ 400 on its opening weekend from eight theatres . It gradually expanded over the next three weeks , achieving a widest release of 96 theatres by its fourth weekend . Its theatrical run lasted for 14 weeks , concluding with a total gross of $ 1 @,@ 692 @,@ 693 . It grossed $ 830 @,@ 094 internationally , making a total box office gross of $ 2 @,@ 522 @,@ 787 . It was released in DVD format on January 9 , 2007 . Extra features on the DVD included an audio commentary with Glatzer , Westmoreland and the film 's actors , a " making @-@ of " featurette , and a mock quinceañera home video made by Glatzer and Westmoreland . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Quinceañera received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 86 % , based on 95 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 1 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , " This slice @-@ of @-@ life story of a teenage girl in Echo Park is both a sweet crowd @-@ pleaser and a perceptive look at socioeconomic community issues . " On Metacritic , the film has a score of 72 out of 100 , based on reviews from 31 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Variety critic David Rooney summarized Quinceañera as " a fresh , spirited drama , charming and unpretentious " as well as a " small gem of a movie with a stirring soul " . He praised the " subdued , natural performances " of the inexperienced teenaged actors as well as Chalo González 's portrayal of Tomas . Stephen Holden of The New York Times described the film as " smart and warmhearted " with " a wonderfully organic feel for the fluid interaction of cultures and generations " in Los Angeles . Slate 's Dana Stevens commended the film for avoiding clichés and for its " sharp @-@ eyed analysis of class conflict " . She singled out the performance of Emily Rios , whom she said " carries the movie on her square broad shoulders " . Claudia Puig of USA Today awarded the film three out of four stars and described it as " spirited and poignant " , with Rios ' performance providing " the heart of the film " . Wesley Morris , writing for The Boston Globe , found the film to be " a modest but remarkably poignant comedy " and believed that , despite the predictability of the broader story , " somehow it feels authentic in all its small details " . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Ruthe Stein commented that the film was " directed with obvious love " by Glatzer and Westmoreland and commended González for his " hypnotic performance " as Tomas . Gianni Truzzi , who reviewed the film for the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer , wrote of its " charm , sensitivity and intelligence " as well as the " great authenticity " of Rios 's portrayal of Magdalena . Conversely , Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly , who gave the film a C grade , found the plot " contrived " and melodramatic , and summarized it as " suds being sold as ethno @-@ sensitive reality " . The Christian Science Monitor 's Peter Rainer felt that the Quinceañera " is best approached with lowered expectations " , and that despite being " heartfelt and well @-@ observed " it failed to adequately explore its contrasting themes of race , sexuality and religion . = = = Awards and nominations = = = = Royal baccarat scandal = The royal baccarat scandal , also known as the Tranby Croft affair , was a British gambling scandal of the late 19th century involving the Prince of Wales — the future King Edward VII . The scandal started during a house party in September 1890 , when Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming , a decorated lieutenant colonel in the Scots Guards , was accused of cheating at baccarat . Edward had been invited to stay at Tranby Croft , Yorkshire , the home of Arthur Wilson and his family . Among Edward 's party were his advisers , Lord Coventry and Lieutenant @-@ General Owen Williams ; Gordon @-@ Cumming , a friend of the prince , was also invited . On the first night the guests played baccarat , and Stanley Wilson thought he saw Gordon @-@ Cumming illegally adding to his stake . Stanley informed other members of the Wilson family , and they agreed to watch him on the following evening . Gordon @-@ Cumming was again seen to be acting in a suspicious manner . The family members asked the advice of the royal courtiers who , with the agreement of the prince , confronted Gordon @-@ Cumming and pressured him into signing a document that declared he would never play cards again , in exchange for the silence of the guests . The secret was not kept for long , and Gordon @-@ Cumming demanded a retraction from the Wilson family , whom he considered to blame for divulging the news . They refused , and he filed a writ for slander in February 1891 . Despite the efforts of the prince 's courtiers to have the matter dealt with by a military court , the case was heard in June 1891 . The atmosphere at trial was described as being like a theatre , and Edward was called as a witness , the first time the heir to the throne had been compelled to appear in court since 1411 . Gordon @-@ Cumming 's senior counsel , the Solicitor General Sir Edward Clarke , did not persuade any of the defendants to change their stories , but he highlighted several inaccuracies and serious discrepancies in their evidence . Despite a strong and well @-@ regarded closing speech by Clarke on Gordon @-@ Cumming 's behalf , the judge 's summing up was described as biased by some , and the jury found against the lieutenant colonel . Gordon @-@ Cumming was dismissed from the army the following day , and was ostracised from society for the rest of his life . A leader in The Times stated that " He has committed a mortal offence . Society can know him no more . " Public opinion was on his side , and the prince was at his most unpopular for several years afterwards . The affair has been of subsequent interest to writers ; two books have examined the matter , and there have been two fictionalised accounts of the events . = = Background = = = = = Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming = = = At the time of the events at the country home Tranby Croft , Yorkshire , Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming was a 42 @-@ year @-@ old decorated lieutenant colonel in the Scots Guards , having seen service in South Africa ( 1879 ) , Egypt ( 1882 ) and Sudan ( 1884 – 85 ) . Gordon @-@ Cumming 's biographer , Jason Tomes , thought that his subject possessed " audacity and wit [ and ] gloried in the sobriquet of the most arrogant man in London " , while Sporting Life described him as " possibly the most handsome man in London , and certainly the rudest " . In addition to considerable land holdings in Scotland , Gordon @-@ Cumming owned a house in Belgravia , London ; he was a friend of the Prince of Wales , and would lend it to the prince for assignations with royal mistresses . Gordon @-@ Cumming was a womaniser , and stated that his aim was to " perforate " members of " the sex " ; his liaisons included Lillie Langtry , Sarah Bernhardt and Lady Randolph Churchill . He was unmarried at the time of the events and subsequent court case . = = = Edward , Prince of Wales ; the Marlborough House set = = = Edward , Prince of Wales was a 49 @-@ year @-@ old married father of five at the time he visited Tranby Croft , and had a history of association with scandals . In 1866 he had incurred the censure of his mother , Queen Victoria , when he became involved with " the fast racing set " , and his betting had " harm [ ed ] his reputation and contribute [ d ] to the widespread unpopularity of the monarchy in this period " , according to his biographer , Sidney Lee . In April 1869 Sir Charles Mordaunt ( 1836 – 1897 ) learnt that his wife had had three separate affairs , and that her lovers included the heir to the throne . Although Mordaunt did not carry out his threat of citing the prince as co @-@ respondent in the subsequent divorce case , Edward was subpoenaed to appear in court as a witness . Although Edward did not want to appear — and the queen wrote to the Lord Chancellor to see if this could be avoided — the law was such that the heir to the throne could be forced to appear if necessary . The prince appeared voluntarily and was in the witness box for seven minutes , during which time he denied having had a sexual relationship with Mordaunt 's wife ; he was not cross @-@ examined . Edward 's biographer , Colin Matthew , wrote that " the hearing coincided with general criticism of the very different deportments of both the queen and the prince . The latter was several times booed in public " . Despite the " taboo on open criticism on [ the prince 's ] actions , an undercurrent of dissatisfaction existed " with him and his actions . For Edward , although such affairs could be discussed between friends , scandal was to be avoided wherever possible . In 1890 the prince gave up dancing , telling his son George that " I am getting too old and fat for these amusements " ; he replaced dancing with other pursuits , like attending the opera and playing baccarat . He enjoyed baccarat so much that when he travelled he brought a set of leather counters , valued on one side from five shillings to £ 10 and engraved with his feathers on the other ; the counters had been a present from his friend Reuben Sassoon , a member of the well @-@ known banking family . Surrounding the prince was a fashionable clique known as the Marlborough House set , named after the prince 's home overlooking The Mall , London . The set was a mixture of old titled families and " plutocratic and parvenu " families with fortunes from new industry , and Edward carried out an active policy to spread the social circle of the royal family to include new industrialists such as the shipping magnate Arthur Wilson . = = = Arthur Wilson and family = = = Arthur Wilson was the 52 @-@ year @-@ old Hull @-@ based owner of a shipping business . He built his home at Tranby Croft , in the East Riding of Yorkshire , as a Victorian country house , and he and his family moved in during the summer of 1876 . As well as a wife , Mary , he also had a son , ( Arthur ) Stanley Wilson , and a daughter , Ethel ; her husband , Edward Lycett Green was the son of the local manufacturer and MP , Sir Edward Green . Tomes reports that Gordon @-@ Cumming may have previously propositioned Ethel Lycett Green . = = = Gambling and baccarat in 1890 = = = Baccarat is a game for up to 20 players , together with a banker and croupier ; several packs of cards are used , depending on the number of players . The value of the ace to nine cards are as their pip value , while tens and court cards count as zero . A player is dealt two cards and adds up the combined pips , discounting 10 's and court cards , and only using the single digit value as a score - a King and a 6 will equal 16 , but their value will be 6 ; two 8s will equal 16 , and their value will also be 6 . Two court cards will count as zero , or baccarat ) . The idea of the game is to get 9 points . A player may ask for one extra card to be added to their hand . Betting is between the player and the bank , with the closest to reach 9 on a hand receiving the stake . In 1886 the High Court of Justice in London ruled in the Parks case — Jenks v. Turpin — that baccarat was a game of chance rather than skill , and was therefore illegal when gambling was involved . In reporting the case , The Times described baccarat as " a new game , partly of chance , at which £ 1 @,@ 000 may be lost in 20 minutes " . After a solicitor asked the Home Secretary , Henry Matthews , to clarify the position regarding baccarat in social clubs and private houses , the Home Office civil servant Godfrey Lushington stated that there was nothing in the court 's judgment that made baccarat illegal if not played for money . The former Shadow Home Secretary and historian Roy Hattersley comments that although baccarat was illegal , " worse still in the eyes of many Englishmen , [ it was ] thought to be popular in France " . = = Visit to Tranby Croft = = = = = Preliminary events = = = In the years running up to 1890 the Prince of Wales had taken to visiting Doncaster Racecourse for the Doncaster Cup . In previous years he had stayed at Brantingham Thorpe with his friend Sir Christopher Sykes , the Conservative Member of Parliament for Beverley . Sykes had run into financial difficulties and could not afford to host Edward , and Tranby Croft , home to Arthur Wilson and family , became the venue . After consulting with the prince , the Wilsons also invited some of Edward 's inner circle , including Sykes , Gordon @-@ Cumming and the prince 's courtiers : the equerry Tyrwhitt Wilson , Lord Coventry , Lord Edward Somerset , Captain Arthur Somerset — his cousin — and Lieutenant @-@ General Owen Williams , along with their wives . Also accompanying the party was Lieutenant Berkeley Levett , a brother officer to Gordon @-@ Cumming in the Scots Guards and a friend of the Wilson family . Among those originally invited were Lord Brooke and his wife Daisy ; her step @-@ father died two days before the party was due to leave London , and she and her husband withdrew from the trip . Daisy , the prince 's mistress at the time , was known to some journalists as " babbling " Brooke because of her propensity to gossip . On 6 September Edward returned early from travelling in Europe ; he visited Harriet Street where he found Daisy Brooke " in Gordon @-@ Cumming 's arms " , which soured the relationship between the two men . = = = Events of 8 – 11 September = = = After dinner on 8 September , the guests at Tranby Croft listened to music from Ethel Lycett Green until about 11 pm , when the prince suggested a game of baccarat . Although the Wilsons did not have a suitably @-@ sized table , Stanley Wilson improvised , putting two card tables alongside the smoking room table — all of which were of differing sizes — and covered them with a tapestry cloth . Among the evening 's players were the prince , who acted as dealer ; Sassoon , who took the part of banker ; and Gordon @-@ Cumming . Sitting next to the last @-@ named was Stanley Wilson , who was on Levett 's left . As the game began Gordon @-@ Cumming discussed the tapestry with Wilson , commenting that the different colours of the cloth made it difficult to see the counters ; Gordon @-@ Cumming put a piece of white paper in front of him on which to place his now highly @-@ visible stake . Although many of the inexperienced party were playing for small stakes , Gordon @-@ Cumming was betting between £ 5 and £ 25 for a coup ; he played the coup de trois system of betting , in which if he won a hand with a £ 5 stake , he would add his winnings to the stake , together with another £ 5 , as the stake for the next hand . Soon after play began Stanley Wilson thought he saw Gordon @-@ Cumming add two red £ 5 counters onto his stake after the hand had finished , but before the stake had been paid — a method of cheating known in casinos as la poussette ; after he thought that this had happened a second time , Wilson turned to Levett and , according to the later court transcripts , whispered " My God , Berkeley , this is too hot ! " further explaining that " the man next to me is cheating ! " After Levett also watched for a few minutes , he agreed , saying to Wilson " this is too hot " . After half an hour the game was completed and the prince congratulated Gordon @-@ Cumming on his play ; the future king also asked Mrs Wilson for a more suitable table for the following day . Stanley Wilson instructed the butler to move a longer , three @-@ foot wide table in and cover it with green baize . Wilson then discussed the cheating with Levett . The two men were uncertain what steps to take , and agreed that Stanley would ask his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Lycett Green , for his advice . Although Lycett Green thought it impossible that Gordon @-@ Cumming would have cheated , Stanley told him that he was certain , as was Levett . The following day , 9 September , the party visited the races , where the prince 's horse won the Clumber Stakes . After dinner the prince once again wanted to play baccarat and asked for a chalk line to be drawn on the baize , six inches from the edge , behind which players were to keep their counters when not placing their stake . Edward was banker and Williams acted as the croupier . When Gordon @-@ Cumming arrived at the table , there were only two vacant seats . At either of them , Gordon @-@ Cumming would be surrounded by members of the Wilson family , all of whom had been informed of Stanley and Levett 's suspicions . After half an hour 's play Lycett Green once again became convinced that Gordon @-@ Cumming was cheating . He left the table and sent a note to his mother @-@ in @-@ law — still at the table — recounting his suspicions : she took no action . By the time the game was finished Mary Wilson , the two Lycett Greens and Stanley Wilson — all of whom had been watching Gordon @-@ Cumming closely — were convinced that he had been cheating , although they differed in their versions of what they saw . Others saw nothing , including people sitting closer to him , such as the prince , Lady Coventry ( sitting next to Gordon @-@ Cumming ) and Levett ( sitting opposite him ) . Over the two nights ' play Gordon @-@ Cumming won a total of £ 225 . Mary Wilson 's brother died unexpectedly that night in Hull ; although she and her husband did not attend for a second day 's racing , they asked all the other guests not to interrupt the plans , and the remainder of the party attended , watching the St. Leger Stakes . During the journey to the racecourse , Lycett Green asked Edward Somerset his advice , telling the peer that several members of the party were convinced of Gordon @-@ Cumming 's guilt . Edward Somerset decided to consult his cousin , Arthur Somerset , and the two men suggested that Lycett Green inform the prince 's senior courtier , Lord Coventry . When the party returned to Tranby Croft that evening Lycett Green , Stanley Wilson and both Somersets met Coventry ; Levett refused to attend . After Lycett Green had told Coventry what he had seen , the latter summoned Williams , who was a mutual friend of both the prince and Gordon @-@ Cumming . Lycett Green repeated the allegation once again . Williams later recounted that he was " shocked and overwhelmed with a sense of calamity " , and said that Edward must be informed immediately . There was some disagreement between the courtiers on whether to tell the prince ; Coventry and Wilson both thought it the right move , but Arthur Somerset felt that the matter could and should be dealt with by those present . Later he was persuaded that informing the prince was the right course of action . Lycett Green grew more pugnacious throughout the discussions , and threatened to accuse Gordon @-@ Cumming in public at the races the following day ; he also stated that " I will not be a party to letting Gordon @-@ Cumming prey on society in future " . The men decided that Gordon @-@ Cumming should sign a document admitting his guilt in exchange for their silence , and Williams and Coventry went to Edward to inform him of what had been happening . The two men told the prince that " the evidence they had heard was absolutely conclusive and they did not believe Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming had a leg to stand on " . The prince believed what he had been told by his courtiers , and also assumed that cheating had taken place ; he later said that with accusations from five witnesses he believed the worst of his friend straight away . At no point had any of those concerned investigated the situation more closely , by asking others present or seeking out Gordon @-@ Cumming 's side of events , but they had believed the events as told to them by Lycett Green and Stanley Wilson . After informing the prince , the two courtiers sought out the accused man and informed him of what had been said . Coventry broke the news to him , saying that " There is a very disagreeable thing that has occurred in this house . Some of the people staying here object ... to the way you play baccarat " , and that the accusation was that he had " resorted to foul play " at the game . Gordon @-@ Cumming denied the accusation , asking " Do you believe the statements of a parcel of inexperienced boys ? " , and demanded to see the prince . After dinner the guests signed the visitors book , after which the prince — accompanied by Coventry , Williams	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
38 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) splinter deck beneath the main deck . = = Construction = = Two ships were ordered on 12 October 1921 , and two more were ordered later that year . Kii was allocated to Kure Naval Arsenal , Kure , with a projected completion date of November 1923 , and Owari was allocated to the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal , Yokosuka , with completion in September . Two more unnamed ships , Numbers 11 and 12 , were assigned to Kawasaki in Kobe and Mitsubishi in Nagasaki , respectively . The ships ' keel laying was stopped on 5 February because the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty that forbade the construction of all battleships over 35 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 000 t ) . Numbers 11 and 12 were formally canceled on 19 November 1923 ; Kii and Owari followed on 14 April 1924 . = Alzheimer 's disease = Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) , also known as just Alzheimer 's , is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time . It is the cause of 60 % to 70 % of cases of dementia . The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events ( short @-@ term memory loss ) . As the disease advances , symptoms can include problems with language , disorientation ( including easily getting lost ) , mood swings , loss of motivation , not managing self care , and behavioural issues . As a person 's condition declines , they often withdraw from family and society . Gradually , bodily functions are lost , ultimately leading to death . Although the speed of progression can vary , the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years . The cause of Alzheimer 's disease is poorly understood . About 70 % of the risk is believed to be genetic with many genes usually involved . Other risk factors include a history of head injuries , depression , or hypertension . The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain . A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes . Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal aging . Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis . Mental and physical exercise , and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD . There are no medications or supplements that decrease risk . No treatments stop or reverse its progression , though some may temporarily improve symptoms . Affected people increasingly rely on others for assistance , often placing a burden on the caregiver ; the pressures can include social , psychological , physical , and economic elements . Exercise programmes are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and can potentially improve outcomes . Treatment of behavioural problems or psychosis due to dementia with antipsychotics is common but not usually recommended due to there often being little benefit and an increased risk of early death . In 2015 , there were approximately 48 million people worldwide with AD . It most often begins in people over 65 years of age , although 4 % to 5 % of cases are early @-@ onset Alzheimer 's which begin before this . It affects about 6 % of people 65 years and older . In 2010 , dementia resulted in about 486 @,@ 000 deaths . It was first described by , and later named after , German psychiatrist and pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 . In developed countries , AD is one of the most financially costly diseases . = = Signs and symptoms = = The disease course is divided into four stages , with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functional impairment . = = = Pre @-@ dementia = = = The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress . Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfills the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD . These early symptoms can affect the most complex activities of daily living . The most noticeable deficit is short term memory loss , which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information . Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness , planning , flexibility , and abstract thinking , or impairments in semantic memory ( memory of meanings , and concept relationships ) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD . Apathy can be observed at this stage , and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease . Depressive symptoms , irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties are also common . The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . This is often found to be a transitional stage between normal ageing and dementia . MCI can present with a variety of symptoms , and when memory loss is the predominant symptom , it is termed " amnestic MCI " and is frequently seen as a prodromal stage of Alzheimer 's disease . = = = Early = = = In people with AD , the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to a definitive diagnosis . In a small percentage , difficulties with language , executive functions , perception ( agnosia ) , or execution of movements ( apraxia ) are more prominent than memory problems . AD does not affect all memory capacities equally . Older memories of the person 's life ( episodic memory ) , facts learned ( semantic memory ) , and implicit memory ( the memory of the body on how to do things , such as using a fork to eat ) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories . Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency , leading to a general impoverishment of oral and written language . In this stage , the person with Alzheimer 's is usually capable of communicating basic ideas adequately . While performing fine motor tasks such as writing , drawing or dressing , certain movement coordination and planning difficulties ( apraxia ) may be present , but they are commonly unnoticed . As the disease progresses , people with AD can often continue to perform many tasks independently , but may need assistance or supervision with the most cognitively demanding activities . = = = Moderate = = = Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence , with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily living . Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary , which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions ( paraphasias ) . Reading and writing skills are also progressively lost . Complex motor sequences become less coordinated as time passes and AD progresses , so the risk of falling increases . During this phase , memory problems worsen , and the person may fail to recognise close relatives . Long @-@ term memory , which was previously intact , becomes impaired . Behavioural and neuropsychiatric changes become more prevalent . Common manifestations are wandering , irritability and labile affect , leading to crying , outbursts of unpremeditated aggression , or resistance to caregiving . Sundowning can also appear . Approximately 30 % of people with AD develop illusionary misidentifications and other delusional symptoms . Subjects also lose insight of their disease process and limitations ( anosognosia ) . Urinary incontinence can develop . These symptoms create stress for relatives and carers , which can be reduced by moving the person from home care to other long @-@ term care facilities . = = = Advanced = = = During the final stages , the patient is completely dependent upon caregivers . Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words , eventually leading to complete loss of speech . Despite the loss of verbal language abilities , people can often understand and return emotional signals . Although aggressiveness can still be present , extreme apathy and exhaustion are much more common symptoms . People with Alzheimer 's disease will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks independently ; muscle mass and mobility deteriorate to the point where they are bedridden and unable to feed themselves . The cause of death is usually an external factor , such as infection of pressure ulcers or pneumonia , not the disease itself . = = Cause = = The cause for most Alzheimer 's cases is still mostly unknown except for 1 % to 5 % of cases where genetic differences have been identified . Several competing hypotheses exist trying to explain the cause of the disease : = = = Genetics = = = The genetic heritability of Alzheimer 's disease ( and memory components thereof ) , based on reviews of twin and family studies , range from 49 % to 79 % . Around 0 @.@ 1 % of the cases are familial forms of autosomal ( not sex @-@ linked ) dominant inheritance , which have an onset before age 65 . This form of the disease is known as early onset familial Alzheimer 's disease . Most of autosomal dominant familial AD can be attributed to mutations in one of three genes : those encoding amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) and presenilins 1 and 2 . Most mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the production of a small protein called Aβ42 , which is the main component of senile plaques . Some of the mutations merely alter the ratio between Aβ42 and the other major forms — particularly Aβ40 — without increasing Aβ42 levels . This suggests that presenilin mutations can cause disease even if they lower the total amount of Aβ produced and may point to other roles of presenilin or a role for alterations in the function of APP and / or its fragments other than Aβ . There exist variants of the APP gene which are protective . Most cases of Alzheimer 's disease do not exhibit autosomal @-@ dominant inheritance and are termed sporadic AD , in which environmental and genetic differences may act as risk factors . The best known genetic risk factor is the inheritance of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) . Between 40 and 80 % of people with AD possess at least one APOEε4 allele . The APOEε4 allele increases the risk of the disease by three times in heterozygotes and by 15 times in homozygotes . Like many human diseases , environmental effects and genetic modifiers result in incomplete penetrance . For example , certain Nigerian populations do not show the relationship between dose of APOEε4 and incidence or age @-@ of @-@ onset for Alzheimer 's disease seen in other human populations . Early attempts to screen up to 400 candidate genes for association with late @-@ onset sporadic AD ( LOAD ) resulted in a low yield . More recent genome @-@ wide association studies ( GWAS ) have found 19 areas in genes that appear to affect the risk . These genes include : CASS4 , CELF1 , FERMT2 , HLA @-@ DRB5 , INPP5D , MEF2C , NME8 , PTK2B , SORL1 , ZCWPW1 , SlC24A4 , CLU , PICALM , CR1 , BIN1 , MS4A , ABCA7 , EPHA1 , and CD2AP . Mutations in the TREM2 gene have been associated with a 3 to 5 times higher risk of developing Alzheimer 's disease . A suggested mechanism of action is that when TREM2 is mutated , white blood cells in the brain are no longer able to control the amount of beta amyloid present . = = = Cholinergic hypothesis = = = The oldest , on which most currently available drug therapies are based , is the cholinergic hypothesis , which proposes that AD is caused by reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . The cholinergic hypothesis has not maintained widespread support , largely because medications intended to treat acetylcholine deficiency have not been very effective . Other cholinergic effects have also been proposed , for example , initiation of large @-@ scale aggregation of amyloid , leading to generalised neuroinflammation . = = = Amyloid hypothesis = = = In 1991 , the amyloid hypothesis postulated that extracellular amyloid beta ( Aβ ) deposits are the fundamental cause of the disease . Support for this postulate comes from the location of the gene for the amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) on chromosome 21 , together with the fact that people with trisomy 21 ( Down Syndrome ) who have an extra gene copy almost universally exhibit at least the earliest symptoms of AD by 40 years of age . Also , a specific isoform of apolipoprotein , APOE4 , is a major genetic risk factor for AD . Whilst apolipoproteins enhance the breakdown of beta amyloid , some isoforms are not very effective at this task ( such as APOE4 ) , leading to excess amyloid buildup in the brain . Further evidence comes from the finding that transgenic mice that express a mutant form of the human APP gene develop fibrillar amyloid plaques and Alzheimer 's @-@ like brain pathology with spatial learning deficits . An experimental vaccine was found to clear the amyloid plaques in early human trials , but it did not have any significant effect on dementia . Researchers have been led to suspect non @-@ plaque Aβ oligomers ( aggregates of many monomers ) as the primary pathogenic form of Aβ . These toxic oligomers , also referred to as amyloid @-@ derived diffusible ligands ( ADDLs ) , bind to a surface receptor on neurons and change the structure of the synapse , thereby disrupting neuronal communication . One receptor for Aβ oligomers may be the prion protein , the same protein that has been linked to mad cow disease and the related human condition , Creutzfeldt – Jakob disease , thus potentially linking the underlying mechanism of these neurodegenerative disorders with that of Alzheimer 's disease . One study found possible evidence of human to human transmission . In 2009 , this theory was updated , suggesting that a close relative of the beta @-@ amyloid protein , and not necessarily the beta @-@ amyloid itself , may be a major culprit in the disease . The theory holds that an amyloid @-@ related mechanism that prunes neuronal connections in the brain in the fast @-@ growth phase of early life may be triggered by ageing @-@ related processes in later life to cause the neuronal withering of Alzheimer 's disease . N @-@ APP , a fragment of APP from the peptide 's N @-@ terminus , is adjacent to beta @-@ amyloid and is cleaved from APP by one of the same enzymes . N @-@ APP triggers the self @-@ destruct pathway by binding to a neuronal receptor called death receptor 6 ( DR6 , also known as TNFRSF21 ) . DR6 is highly expressed in the human brain regions most affected by Alzheimer 's , so it is possible that the N @-@ APP / DR6 pathway might be hijacked in the ageing brain to cause damage . In this model , beta @-@ amyloid plays a complementary role , by depressing synaptic function . = = = Tau hypothesis = = = The tau hypothesis proposes that tau protein abnormalities initiate the disease cascade . In this model , hyperphosphorylated tau begins to pair with other threads of tau . Eventually , they form neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cell bodies . When this occurs , the microtubules disintegrate , destroying the structure of the cell 's cytoskeleton which collapses the neuron 's transport system . This may result first in malfunctions in biochemical communication between neurons and later in the death of the cells . = = = Other hypotheses = = = A neurovascular hypothesis has been proposed which state that poor functioning of the blood brain barrier may be involved . The cellular homeostasis of biometals such as ionic copper , iron , and zinc is disrupted in AD , though it remains unclear whether this is produced by or causes the changes in proteins . These ions affect and are affected by tau , APP , and APOE , and their dysregulation may cause oxidative stress that may contribute to the pathology . Some studies have shown an increased risk of developing AD with environmental factors such as the intake of metals , particularly aluminium . The quality of some of these studies has been criticised , and the link remains controversial . The majority of researchers do not support a causal connection with aluminium . Smoking is a significant AD risk factor . Systemic markers of the innate immune system are risk factors for late @-@ onset AD . There is tentative evidence that exposure to air pollution may be a contributing factor to the development of Alzheimer 's disease . An infection with Spirochetes ( a bacterium ) in gum disease may cause dementia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer 's disease . Retrogenesis is a medical hypothesis about the development and progress of Alzheimer 's disease proposed by Barry Reisberg in the 1980s . The hypothesis is that just as the fetus goes through a process of neurodevelopment beginning with neurulation and ending with myelination , the brains of people with AD go through a reverse neurodegeneration process starting with demyelination and death of axons ( white matter ) and ending with the death of gray matter . Likewise the hypothesis is , that as infants go through states of cognitive development , people with AD go through the reverse process of progressive cognitive impairment . Reisberg developed the caregiving assessment tool known as " FAST " ( Functional Assessment Staging Tool ) which he says allows those caring for AD patients to identify the stages of disease progression and that provides advice about the kind of care needed at each stage . = = Pathophysiology = = = = = Neuropathology = = = Alzheimer 's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions . This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions , including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe , and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus . Degeneration is also present in brainstem nuclei like the locus coeruleus . Studies using MRI and PET have documented reductions in the size of specific brain regions in people with AD as they progressed from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer 's disease , and in comparison with similar images from healthy older adults . Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly visible by microscopy in brains of those afflicted by AD . Plaques are dense , mostly insoluble deposits of beta @-@ amyloid peptide and cellular material outside and around neurons . Tangles ( neurofibrillary tangles ) are aggregates of the microtubule @-@ associated protein tau which has become hyperphosphorylated and accumulate inside the cells themselves . Although many older individuals develop some plaques and tangles as a consequence of ageing , the brains of people with AD have a greater number of them in specific brain regions such as the temporal lobe . Lewy bodies are not rare in the brains of people with AD . = = = Biochemistry = = = Alzheimer 's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease ( proteopathy ) , caused by plaque accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein , and tau protein in the brain . Plaques are made up of small peptides , 39 – 43 amino acids in length , called amyloid beta ( Aβ ) . Aβ is a fragment from the larger amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) . APP is a transmembrane protein that penetrates through the neuron 's membrane . APP is critical to neuron growth , survival , and post @-@ injury repair . In Alzheimer 's disease , gamma secretase and beta secretase act together in a proteolytic process which causes APP to be divided into smaller fragments . One of these fragments gives rise to fibrils of amyloid beta , which then form clumps that deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques . AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein . Every neuron has a cytoskeleton , an internal support structure partly made up of structures called microtubules . These microtubules act like tracks , guiding nutrients and molecules from the body of the cell to the ends of the axon and back . A protein called tau stabilises the microtubules when phosphorylated , and is therefore called a microtubule @-@ associated protein . In AD , tau undergoes chemical changes , becoming hyperphosphorylated ; it then begins to pair with other threads , creating neurofibrillary tangles and disintegrating the neuron 's transport system . = = = Disease mechanism = = = Exactly how disturbances of production and aggregation of the beta @-@ amyloid peptide give rise to the pathology of AD is not known . The amyloid hypothesis traditionally points to the accumulation of beta @-@ amyloid peptides as the central event triggering neuron degeneration . Accumulation of aggregated amyloid fibrils , which are believed to be the toxic form of the protein responsible for disrupting the cell 's calcium ion homeostasis , induces programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) . It is also known that Aβ selectively builds up in the mitochondria in the cells of Alzheimer 's @-@ affected brains , and it also inhibits certain enzyme functions and the utilisation of glucose by neurons . Various inflammatory processes and cytokines may also have a role in the pathology of Alzheimer 's disease . Inflammation is a general marker of tissue damage in any disease , and may be either secondary to tissue damage in AD or a marker of an immunological response . There is increasing evidence of a strong interaction between the neurons and the immunological mechanisms in the brain . Obesity and systemic inflammation may interfere with immunological processes which promote disease progression . Alterations in the distribution of different neurotrophic factors and in the expression of their receptors such as the brain @-@ derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) have been described in AD . = = Diagnosis = = Alzheimer 's disease is usually diagnosed based on the person 's medical history , history from relatives , and behavioural observations . The presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features and the absence of alternative conditions is supportive . Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography ( CT ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , and with single @-@ photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) or positron emission tomography ( PET ) can be used to help exclude other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia . Moreover , it may predict conversion from prodromal stages ( mild cognitive impairment ) to Alzheimer 's disease . Assessment of intellectual functioning including memory testing can further characterise the state of the disease . Medical organisations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardise the diagnostic process for practising physicians . The diagnosis can be confirmed with very high accuracy post @-@ mortem when brain material is available and can be examined histologically . = = = Criteria = = = The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke ( NINCDS ) and the Alzheimer 's Disease and Related Disorders Association ( ADRDA , now known as the Alzheimer 's Association ) established the most commonly used NINCDS @-@ ADRDA Alzheimer 's Criteria for diagnosis in 1984 , extensively updated in 2007 . These criteria require that the presence of cognitive impairment , and a suspected dementia syndrome , be confirmed by neuropsychological testing for a clinical diagnosis of possible or probable AD . A histopathologic confirmation including a microscopic examination of brain tissue is required for a definitive diagnosis . Good statistical reliability and validity have been shown between the diagnostic criteria and definitive histopathological confirmation . Eight cognitive domains are most commonly impaired in AD — memory , language , perceptual skills , attention , constructive abilities , orientation , problem solving and functional abilities . These domains are equivalent to the NINCDS @-@ ADRDA Alzheimer 's Criteria as listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR ) published by the American Psychiatric Association . = = = Techniques = = = Neuropsychological tests such as the mini – mental state examination ( MMSE ) are widely used to evaluate the cognitive impairments needed for diagnosis . More comprehensive test arrays are necessary for high reliability of results , particularly in the earliest stages of the disease . Neurological examination in early AD will usually provide normal results , except for obvious cognitive impairment , which may not differ from that resulting from other diseases processes , including other causes of dementia . Further neurological examinations are crucial in the differential diagnosis of AD and other diseases . Interviews with family members are also utilised in the assessment of the disease . Caregivers can supply important information on the daily living abilities , as well as on the decrease , over time , of the person 's mental function . A caregiver 's viewpoint is particularly important , since a person with AD is commonly unaware of his own deficits . Many times , families also have difficulties in the detection of initial dementia symptoms and may not communicate accurate information to a physician . Supplemental testing provides extra information on some features of the disease or is used to rule out other diagnoses . Blood tests can identify other causes for dementia than AD — causes which may , in rare cases , be reversible . It is common to perform thyroid function tests , assess B12 , rule out syphilis , rule out metabolic problems ( including tests for kidney function , electrolyte levels and for diabetes ) , assess levels of heavy metals ( e.g. lead , mercury ) and anaemia . ( It is also necessary to rule out delirium ) . Psychological tests for depression are employed , since depression can either be concurrent with AD ( see Depression of Alzheimer disease ) , an early sign of cognitive impairment , or even the cause . = = Prevention = = At present , there is no definitive evidence to support that any particular measure is effective in preventing AD . Global studies of measures to prevent or delay the onset of AD have often produced inconsistent results . Epidemiological studies have proposed relationships between certain modifiable factors , such as diet , cardiovascular risk , pharmaceutical products , or intellectual activities among others , and a population 's likelihood of developing AD . Only further research , including clinical trials , will reveal whether these factors can help to prevent AD . = = = Medication = = = Although cardiovascular risk factors , such as hypercholesterolaemia , hypertension , diabetes , and smoking , are associated with a higher risk of onset and course of AD , statins , which are cholesterol lowering drugs , have not been effective in preventing or improving the course of the disease . Long @-@ term usage of non @-@ steroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) is associated with a reduced likelihood of developing AD . Evidence also support the notion that NSAIDs can reduce inflammation related to amyloid plaques . No prevention trial has been completed . They do not appear to be useful as a treatment . Hormone replacement therapy , although previously used , may increase the risk of dementia . = = = Lifestyle = = = People who engage in intellectual activities such as reading , playing board games , completing crossword puzzles , playing musical instruments , or regular social interaction show a reduced risk for Alzheimer 's disease . This is compatible with the cognitive reserve theory , which states that some life experiences result in more efficient neural functioning providing the individual a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of dementia manifestations . Education delays the onset of AD syndrome , but is not related to earlier death after diagnosis . Learning a second language even later in life seems to delay getting Alzheimer disease . Physical activity is also associated with a reduced risk of AD . = = = Diet = = = People who eat a healthy , Japanese , or Mediterranean diet have a lower risk of AD . A Mediterranean diet may improve outcomes in those with the disease . Those who eat a diet high in saturated fats and simple carbohydrates ( mono- and disaccharide ) have a higher risk . The Mediterranean diet 's beneficial cardiovascular effect has been proposed as the mechanism of action . Conclusions on dietary components have at times been difficult to ascertain as results have differed between population @-@ based studies and randomised controlled trials . There is limited evidence that light to moderate use of alcohol , particularly red wine , is associated with lower risk of AD . There is tentative evidence that caffeine may be protective . A number of foods high in flavonoids such as cocoa , red wine , and tea may decrease the risk of AD . Reviews on the use of vitamins and minerals have not found enough consistent evidence to recommend them . This includes vitamin A , C , E , selenium , zinc , and folic acid with or without vitamin B12 . Additionally vitamin E is associated with health risks . Trials examining folic acid ( B9 ) and other B vitamins failed to show any significant association with cognitive decline . In those already affected with AD adding docosahexaenoic acid , an omega @-@ 3 fatty acid , to the diet has not been found to slow decline . Curcumin as of 2010 has not shown benefit in people even though there is tentative evidence in animals . There is inconsistent and unconvincing evidence that ginkgo has any positive effect on cognitive impairment and dementia . As of 2008 there is no concrete evidence that cannabinoids are effective in improving the symptoms of AD or dementia ; however , some research looks promising . = = Management = = There is no cure for Alzheimer 's disease ; available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefit but remain palliative in nature . Current treatments can be divided into pharmaceutical , psychosocial and caregiving . = = = Medications = = = Five medications are currently used to treat the cognitive problems of AD : four are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( tacrine , rivastigmine , galantamine and donepezil ) and the other ( memantine ) is an NMDA receptor antagonist . The benefit from their use is small . No medication has been clearly shown to delay or halt the progression of the disease . Reduction in the activity of the cholinergic neurons is a well @-@ known feature of Alzheimer 's disease . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are employed to reduce the rate at which acetylcholine ( ACh ) is broken down , thereby increasing the concentration of ACh in the brain and combating the loss of ACh caused by the death of cholinergic neurons . There is evidence for the efficacy of these medications in mild to moderate Alzheimer 's disease , and some evidence for their use in the advanced stage . Only donepezil is approved for treatment of advanced AD dementia . The use of these drugs in mild cognitive impairment has not shown any effect in a delay of the onset of AD . The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting , both of which are linked to cholinergic excess . These side effects arise in approximately 10 – 20 % of users , are mild to moderate in severity , and can be managed by slowly adjusting medication doses . Less common secondary effects include muscle cramps , decreased heart rate ( bradycardia ) , decreased appetite and weight , and increased gastric acid production . Glutamate is a useful excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system , although excessive amounts in the brain can lead to cell death through a process called excitotoxicity which consists of the overstimulation of glutamate receptors . Excitotoxicity occurs not only in Alzheimer 's disease , but also in other neurological diseases such as Parkinson 's disease and multiple sclerosis . Memantine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist first used as an anti @-@ influenza agent . It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors and inhibiting their overstimulation by glutamate . Memantine has been shown to have a small benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease . Reported adverse events with memantine are infrequent and mild , including hallucinations , confusion , dizziness , headache and fatigue . The combination of memantine and donepezil has been shown to be " of statistically significant but clinically marginal effectiveness " . Atypical antipsychotics are modestly useful in reducing aggression and psychosis in people with Alzheimer 's disease , but their advantages are offset by serious adverse effects , such as stroke , movement difficulties or cognitive decline . When used in the long @-@ term , they have been shown to associate with increased mortality . Stopping antipsychotic use in this group of people appears to be safe . Huperzine A while promising , requires further evidence before it use can be recommended . = = = Psychosocial intervention = = = Psychosocial interventions are used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behaviour- , emotion- , cognition- or stimulation @-@ oriented approaches . Research on efficacy is unavailable and rarely specific to AD , focusing instead on dementia in general . Behavioural interventions attempt to identify and reduce the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviours . This approach has not shown success in improving overall functioning , but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviours , such as incontinence . There is a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of these techniques in other behaviour problems such as wandering . Emotion @-@ oriented interventions include reminiscence therapy , validation therapy , supportive psychotherapy , sensory integration , also called snoezelen , and simulated presence therapy . Supportive psychotherapy has received little or no formal scientific study , but some clinicians find it useful in helping mildly impaired people adjust to their illness . Reminiscence therapy ( RT ) involves the discussion of past experiences individually or in group , many times with the aid of photographs , household items , music and sound recordings , or other familiar items from the past . Although there are few quality studies on the effectiveness of RT , it may be beneficial for cognition and mood . Simulated presence therapy ( SPT ) is based on attachment theories and involves playing a recording with voices of the closest relatives of the person with Alzheimer 's disease . There is partial evidence indicating that SPT may reduce challenging behaviours . Finally , validation therapy is based on acceptance of the reality and personal truth of another 's experience , while sensory integration is based on exercises aimed to stimulate senses . There is no evidence to support the usefulness of these therapies . The aim of cognition @-@ oriented treatments , which include reality orientation and cognitive retraining , is the reduction of cognitive deficits . Reality orientation consists in the presentation of information about time , place or person to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his or her place in them . On the other hand , cognitive retraining tries to improve impaired capacities by exercitation of mental abilities . Both have shown some efficacy improving cognitive capacities , although in some studies these effects were transient and negative effects , such as frustration , have also been reported . Stimulation @-@ oriented treatments include art , music and pet therapies , exercise , and any other kind of recreational activities . Stimulation has modest support for improving behaviour , mood , and , to a lesser extent , function . Nevertheless , as important as these effects are , the main support for the use of stimulation therapies is the change in the person 's routine . = = = Caregiving = = = Since Alzheimer 's has no cure and it gradually renders people incapable of tending for their own needs , caregiving essentially is the treatment and must be carefully managed over the course of the disease . During the early and moderate stages , modifications to the living environment and lifestyle can increase patient safety and reduce caretaker burden . Examples of such modifications are the adherence to simplified routines , the placing of safety locks , the labelling of household items to cue the person with the disease or the use of modified daily life objects . If eating becomes problematic , food will need to be prepared in smaller pieces or even pureed . When swallowing difficulties arise , the use of feeding tubes may be required . In such cases , the medical efficacy and ethics of continuing feeding is an important consideration of the caregivers and family members . The use of physical restraints is rarely indicated in any stage of the disease , although there are situations when they are necessary to prevent harm to the person with AD or their caregivers . As the disease progresses , different medical issues can appear , such as oral and dental disease , pressure ulcers , malnutrition , hygiene problems , or respiratory , skin , or eye infections . Careful management can prevent them , while professional treatment is needed when they do arise . During the final stages of the disease , treatment is centred on relieving discomfort until death , often with the help of hospice . = = = Feeding tubes = = = People with Alzheimer 's disease ( and other forms of dementia ) often develop problems with eating , due to difficulties in swallowing , reduced appetite or the inability to recognise food . Their carers and families often request they have some form of feeding tube . However , there is no evidence that this helps people with advanced Alzheimer 's to gain weight , regain strength or improve their quality of life . In fact , their use might carry an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia , use of physical restraints , and increased risk of pressure ulcers . = = Prognosis = = The early stages of Alzheimer 's disease are difficult to diagnose . A definitive diagnosis is usually made once cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities , although the person may still be living independently . The symptoms will progress from mild cognitive problems , such as memory loss through increasing stages of cognitive and non @-@ cognitive disturbances , eliminating any possibility of independent living , especially in the late stages of the disease . Life expectancy of the population with the disease is reduced . The mean life expectancy following diagnosis is approximately six years . Fewer than 3 % of people live more than fourteen years . Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment , decreased functional level , history of falls , and disturbances in the neurological examination . Other coincident diseases such as heart problems , diabetes or history of alcohol abuse are also related with shortened survival . While the earlier the age at onset the higher the total survival years , life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger . Men have a less favourable survival prognosis than women . The disease is the underlying cause of death in 68 % of all cases . Pneumonia and dehydration are the most frequent immediate causes of death brought by AD , while cancer is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population . = = Epidemiology = = Two main measures are used in epidemiological studies : incidence and prevalence . Incidence is the number of new cases per unit of person – time at risk ( usually number of new cases per thousand person – years ) ; while prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease in the population at any given time . Regarding incidence , cohort longitudinal studies ( studies where a disease @-@ free population is followed over the years ) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person – years for all dementias and 5 – 8 for AD , which means that half of new dementia cases each year are AD . Advancing age is a primary risk factor for the disease and incidence rates are not equal for all ages : every five years after the age of 65 , the risk of acquiring the disease approximately doubles , increasing from 3 to as much as 69 per thousand person years . There are also sex differences in the incidence rates , women having a higher risk of developing AD particularly in the population older than 85 . The risk of dying from Alzheimer 's disease is twenty @-@ six percent higher among the non @-@ Hispanic white population than among the non @-@ Hispanic black population , whereas the Hispanic population has a thirty percent lower risk than the non @-@ Hispanic white population . Prevalence of AD in populations is dependent upon different factors including incidence and survival . Since the incidence of AD increases with age , it is particularly important to include the mean age of the population of interest . In the United States , Alzheimer prevalence was estimated to be 1 @.@ 6 % in 2000 both overall and in the 65 – 74 age group , with the rate increasing to 19 % in the 75 – 84 group and to 42 % in the greater than 84 group . Prevalence rates in less developed regions are lower . The World Health Organization estimated that in 2005 , 0 @.@ 379 % of people worldwide had dementia , and that the prevalence would increase to 0 @.@ 441 % in 2015 and to 0 @.@ 556 % in 2030 . Other studies have reached similar conclusions . Another study estimated that in 2006 , 0 @.@ 40 % of the world population ( range 0 @.@ 17 – 0 @.@ 89 % ; absolute number 26 @.@ 6 million , range 11 @.@ 4 – 59 @.@ 4 million ) were afflicted by AD , and that the prevalence rate would triple and the absolute number would quadruple by 2050 . It may contribute to 60 % to 70 % of cases of dementia . = = History = = The ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and physicians associated old age with increasing dementia . It was not until 1901 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what became known as Alzheimer 's disease in a fifty @-@ year @-@ old woman he called Auguste D. He followed her case until she died in 1906 , when he first reported publicly on it . During the next five years , eleven similar cases were reported in the medical literature , some of them already using the term Alzheimer 's disease . The disease was first described as a distinctive disease by Emil Kraepelin after suppressing some of the clinical ( delusions and hallucinations ) and pathological features ( arteriosclerotic changes ) contained in the original report of Auguste D. He included Alzheimer 's disease , also named presenile dementia by Kraepelin , as a subtype of senile dementia in the eighth edition of his Textbook of Psychiatry , published on 15 July , 1910 . For most of the 20th century , the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease was reserved for individuals between the ages of 45 and 65 who developed symptoms of dementia . The terminology changed after 1977 when a conference on AD concluded that the clinical and pathological manifestations of presenile and senile dementia were almost identical , although the authors also added that this did not rule out the possibility that they had different causes . This eventually led to the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease independent of age . The term senile dementia of the Alzheimer type ( SDAT ) was used for a time to describe the condition in those over 65 , with classical Alzheimer 's disease being used to describe those who were younger . Eventually , the term Alzheimer 's disease was formally adopted in medical nomenclature to describe individuals of all ages with a characteristic common symptom pattern , disease course , and neuropathology . = = Society and culture = = = = = Social costs = = = Dementia , and specifically Alzheimer 's disease , may be among the most costly diseases for society in Europe and the United States , while their costs in other countries such as Argentina , and South Korea , are also high and rising . These costs will probably increase with the ageing of society , becoming an important social problem . AD @-@ associated costs include direct medical costs such as nursing home care , direct nonmedical costs such as in @-@ home day care , and indirect costs such as lost productivity of both patient and caregiver . Numbers vary between studies but dementia costs worldwide have been calculated around $ 160 billion , while costs of Alzheimer 's disease in the United States may be $ 100 billion each year . The greatest origin of costs for society is the long @-@ term care by health care professionals and particularly institutionalisation , which corresponds to 2 / 3 of the total costs for society . The cost of living at home is also very high , especially when informal costs for the family , such as caregiving time and caregiver 's lost earnings , are taken into account . Costs increase with dementia severity and the presence of behavioural disturbances , and are related to the increased caregiving time required for the provision of physical care . Therefore , any treatment that slows cognitive decline , delays institutionalisation or reduces caregivers ' hours will have economic benefits . Economic evaluations of current treatments have shown positive results . = = = Caregiving burden = = = The role of the main caregiver is often taken by the spouse or a close relative . Alzheimer 's disease is known for placing a great burden on caregivers which includes social , psychological , physical or economic aspects . Home care is usually preferred by people with AD and their families . This option also delays or eliminates the need for more professional and costly levels of care . Nevertheless , two @-@ thirds of nursing home residents have dementias . Dementia caregivers are subject to high rates of physical and mental disorders . Factors associated with greater psychosocial problems of the primary caregivers include having an affected person at home , the carer being a spouse , demanding behaviours of the cared person such as depression , behavioural disturbances , hallucinations , sleep problems or walking disruptions and social isolation . Regarding economic problems , family caregivers often give up time from work to spend 47 hours per week on average with the person with AD , while the costs of caring for them are high . Direct and indirect costs of caring for an Alzheimer 's patient average between $ 18 @,@ 000 and $ 77 @,@ 500 per year in the United States , depending on the study . Cognitive behavioural therapy and the teaching of coping strategies either individually or in group have demonstrated their efficacy in improving caregivers ' psychological health . = = = Notable cases = = = Because Alzheimer 's disease is common , many notable people have developed it . Well @-@ known examples are former United States President Ronald Reagan and Irish writer Iris Murdoch , both of whom were the subjects of scientific articles examining how their cognitive capacities deteriorated with the disease . Other cases include the retired footballer Ferenc Puskás , former Prime Ministers Harold Wilson ( United Kingdom ) and Adolfo Suárez ( Spain ) , Indian politician George Fernandes , actress Rita Hayworth , actor Charlton Heston , actor @-@ director Robert Loggia , author Harnett Kane , Nobel laureate Charles K. Kao , novelist Terry Pratchett , director Jacques Rivette , and politician and activist Sargent Shriver . = = = Entertainment = = = AD has been portrayed in films such as : Iris ( 2001 ) , based on John Bayley 's memoir of his wife Iris Murdoch ; The Notebook ( 2004 ) , based on Nicholas Sparks ' 1996 novel of the same name ; A Moment to Remember ( 2004 ) ; Thanmathra ( 2005 ) ; Memories of Tomorrow ( Ashita no Kioku ) ( 2006 ) , based on Hiroshi Ogiwara 's novel of the same name ; Away from Her ( 2006 ) , based on Alice Munro 's short story " The Bear Came over the Mountain " ; Still Alice ( 2014 ) , about a Harvard professor who has early onset Alzheimer 's disease , based on Lisa Genova 's 2007 novel of the same name and featuring Julianne Moore in the title role . Documentaries on Alzheimer 's disease include Malcolm and Barbara : A Love Story ( 1999 ) and Malcolm and Barbara : Love 's Farewell ( 2007 ) , both featuring Malcolm Pointon . = = Research directions = = As of 2014 , the safety and efficacy of more than 400 pharmaceutical treatments had been or were being investigated in over 1 @,@ 500 clinical trials worldwide , and approximately a quarter of these compounds are in Phase III trials , the last step prior to review by regulatory agencies . One area of clinical research is focused on treating the underlying disease pathology . Reduction of beta @-@ amyloid levels is a common target of compounds ( such as apomorphine ) under investigation . Immunotherapy or vaccination for the amyloid protein is one treatment modality under study . Unlike preventative vaccination , the putative therapy would be used to treat people already diagnosed . It is based upon the concept of training the immune system to recognise , attack , and reverse deposition of amyloid , thereby altering the course of the disease . An example of such a vaccine under investigation was ACC @-@ 001 , although the trials were suspended in 2008 . Another similar agent is bapineuzumab , an antibody designed as identical to the naturally induced anti @-@ amyloid antibody . Other approaches are neuroprotective agents , such as AL @-@ 108 , and metal @-@ protein interaction attenuation agents , such as PBT2 . A TNFα receptor @-@ blocking fusion protein , etanercept has showed encouraging results . In 2008 , two separate clinical trials showed positive results in modifying the course of disease in mild to moderate AD with methylthioninium chloride , a drug that inhibits tau aggregation , and dimebon , an antihistamine . The consecutive phase @-@ III trial of dimebon failed to show positive effects in the primary and secondary endpoints . Work with methylthioninium chloride showed that bioavailability of methylthioninium from the gut was affected by feeding and by stomach acidity , leading to unexpectedly variable dosing . A new stabilized formulation , as the prodrug LMTX , is in phase @-@ III trials ( in 2014 ) . The common herpes simplex virus HSV @-@ 1 has been found to colocate with amyloid plaques . This suggested the possibility that AD could be treated or prevented with antiviral medication . Preliminary research on the effects of meditation on retrieving memory and cognitive functions have been encouraging . A 2015 review suggests that mindfulness @-@ based interventions may prevent or delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer 's disease . Rare cases of possible transmission between people are being studied , e.g. to growth hormone patients . = = = Imaging = = = Of the many medical imaging techniques available , single photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) appears to be superior in differentiating Alzheimer 's disease from other types of dementia , and this has been shown to give a greater level of accuracy compared with mental testing and medical history analysis . Advances have led to the proposal of new diagnostic criteria . PiB PET remains investigational , but a similar PET scanning radiopharmaceutical called florbetapir , containing the longer @-@ lasting radionuclide fluorine @-@ 18 , has recently been tested as a diagnostic tool in Alzheimer 's disease , and given FDA approval for this use . Amyloid imaging is likely to be used in conjunction with other markers rather than as an alternative . Volumetric MRI can detect changes in the size of brain regions . Measuring those regions that atrophy during the progress of Alzheimer 's disease is showing promise as a diagnostic indicator . It may prove less expensive than other imaging methods currently under study . In 2011 An FDA panel voted unanimously to recommend approval of florbetapir , which is currently used in an investigational study . The imaging agent can help to detect Alzheimer 's brain plaques , but will require additional clinical research before it can be made available commercially . = = = Early diagnosis = = = Emphasis in Alzheimer 's research has been placed on diagnosing the condition before symptoms begin . A number of biochemical tests have been developed to attempt earlier detection . One such test involves the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for beta @-@ amyloid or tau proteins , both total tau protein and phosphorylated tau181P protein concentrations . = Lauren Jackson = Lauren Elizabeth Jackson AO ( born 11 May 1981 ) is an Australian former professional basketball player . The daughter of two national basketball team players , Jackson was awarded a scholarship to the Australian Institute of Sport ( AIS ) in 1997 , when she was 16 . In 1998 , she led the AIS side that won the Women 's National Basketball League ( WNBL ) championship . Jackson joined the Canberra Capitals for the 1999 season when she turned 18 , and played with the team off and on until 2006 , winning four more WNBL championships . From 2010 to 2016 , Jackson played with the Canberra Capitals , which she did during the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) offseason during the time she continued WNBA play . Jackson made the Australian under @-@ 20 team when she was only 14 years old , and was first called up to the Australian Women 's National Basketball Team ( nicknamed The Opals ) when she was 16 years old . She was a member the 2000 Summer Olympics , and 2004 Summer Olympics teams , captain of the 2008 Summer Olympics team , winning three silver medals . She was also part of the Australian team that won the bronze at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Jackson was a member of the Australian Senior Women 's Team that won a silver medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship for Women in China , co @-@ captain of the team that won a gold medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne , and captain of the team that won a gold medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship for Women in Brazil . In 2001 , Jackson entered the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) draft and was selected by the Seattle Storm , which viewed Jackson as a franchise player . She has won two WNBA titles with the Storm , in 2004 and 2011 , the latter also earning Jackson the WNBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award . Jackson ranks among the top WNBA players in played games and minutes , field goals and three point shoots , and turnover percentage . Jackson has played club basketball in Europe with WBC Spartak Moscow in Russia and Ros Casares Valencia in Spain . She has also played with the Women 's Korean Basketball League , where she was named the league 's Most Valuable Player and set a league record scoring 56 points , and the Women 's Chinese Basketball Association . Jackson announced her retirement from basketball on 31 March 2016 , citing a persistent knee injury as the reason for her decision . Besides her basketball career Jackson is in the process of attaining her university degree at the Macquarie University , majoring in gender studies . = = Personal = = Lauren Elizabeth Jackson , whose nicknames include " Loz " , " Jacko " and " LJ " , was born in Albury , New South Wales , on 11 May 1981 , the oldest of two children of Gary Jackson and his wife Maree Bennie . Both her parents played for Australia 's national basketball teams . Jackson inherited her height from her father , Gary , who played for the Boomers in 1975 , while her mother , Maree , played for the Opals from 1974 to 1982 . She played in two World Championships , and for the women 's basketball team at Louisiana State in the late 1980s , wearing the number 15 , the number Jackson wears in her mother 's honour . She was one of the first Australians to play in the American collegiate system , where she was known for her aggressive style of play and was nicknamed " the assassin " . Her parents continued to play basketball locally on the social level when Lauren and her brother were young , and her family had a basketball court in their backyard when Jackson was growing up . Her grandfather played for the Western Suburbs Magpies . Jackson grew up in Albury , where she attended Murray High School . She earned her Higher School Certificate in Canberra while she was training with the Australian Institute of Sport . Jackson studied for a psychology degree at Lomonosov Moscow State University and continued via correspondence from America . In 2007 she was working on a university course in business management . When she finishes her playing career , Jackson wants to become a basketball administrator . She said " Where I put my time and energy is now crucial . I want to get involved in the political side of sport rather than the media and I need to learn from the people who have been there before . " In 2010 , she was taking classes at Macquarie University in Sydney . Her course work was centred in cultural studies and included topics like women 's rights and racism . Injuries have prevented her from studying around 2010 , but in 2012 , she was back working on her degree , and her aspirations have included becoming a United Nations diplomat . She has also considered becoming an advocate for women . Her interests regarding gender studies were inspired by a book regarding the rape during the Rwandan Genocide , and Jackson is even an embassador of a foundation that seeks to empower the abused women of that war . As a youngster , Jackson was active in other sports . She was involved in athletics at school and played tennis , which she gave up because competitions conflicted with her ability to play basketball . Similarly , she played on her school netball team , until the age of 14 , giving it up because of basketball commitments . In the off season , Jackson trains by pumping weights . Jackson is 195 centimetres ( 77 in ) tall . She was this tall by the time she turned 16 , after she gained 15 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) in height when she was 15 years old . = = Celebrity = = By 2003 , she was being recognised around the world from countries like Portugal and Japan . She said of her private life : " I don 't really have a private life . I 've found it difficult as an athlete , to maintain a relationship . It 's not one of my best points but I 've got family and friends who compensate for that . When I was younger I went out and had a lot of fun , and there were moments when people criticised me for that , and you know what , I 'm young , I 'm going to do that , and anyone who is going to get on me for that ... I really didn 't care . " She does not like to go clubbing for two reasons : First , she gets recognised by too many people . Second , everyone wants to comment on her height . In response to getting a hug from Yao Ming at the 2008 Summer Olympics during the closing ceremonies , internet rumours started that Jackson and the married Ming were romantically involved . These rumours were incorrect . Jackson said of them : " When we came across this Yao Ming thing it was like , ' Oh ... My ... God ! When I tell you we were in hysterics ... because anybody who knows me knows that would be the last thing on my mind . A 7 foot 8 Chinese man ? That 's just not my thing . I really respect him as a player . And people who know me know I can be wild and over @-@ the @-@ top . I 'm affectionate and that night I guess I was affectionate with the wrong person . I guess the Chinese people don 't do that stuff very often , so the cultural [ differences ] was a big thing . But I don 't care . You have to laugh about things or you 'll be crying , which I would probably have been doing anyway [ because of the loss and surgery ] . I made the most of my last night at the Olympics and had a great time . " She partied a fair amount in her early 20s . By 2010 , she was not able to stay out at night clubs until 5 : 30 am any more because she lacked the stamina . When people google Jackson , some of the first search results feature her in the nude . Jackson said of this : " Instead of being known for my basketball skills , all of these nudie shots are always the first thing you see . " She posed nude in an Australian magazine , Black + White , that featured Olympic athletes who were set to compete in Athens in the 2004 Summer Olympics . The expensively printed magazine / book has been produced for the last three Olympic Games and , by the 2004 edition , was considered uncontroversial in Australia with its " artistic " approach to nude photography , and its equal coverage of male and female athletes , although it did create a stir in the United States . She also posed for the 2005 edition of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . Of posing nude , she said , " if offered the opportunity , I think that it 's a personal decision . Whether you do it for the money or whatever , again , I think it 's a personal decision . I don 't know whether I would say yes or no . I guess you cross that bridge when you come to it . I don 't think it 's a bad thing , I 'm not against it . " Jackson has had multiple injuries . In 2008 , after the Olympics , she had surgery to fix her ankle . In 2009 , she had two stress fractures in her back . In December 2010 , she had an Achilles injury . She sustained the injury playing in Australia . Between January 2011 and February 2012 , she had surgeries to assist with Achilles and hip injuries . She had surgery on her left hip acetabular labrum in June 2011 in Vail , Colorado at the Richard Steadman Clinic . She said of the surgery : " This is a really , really tough decision , but after talking with my doctors and my family , we felt that immediate surgery is the best course of action . With something painful like this hip injury , I want to be especially proactive . I plan to stay in Seattle to be here with my team and try my best to be back on the court as soon as possible . My goal is to be at full strength by the end of the season . " She did rehab twice a day in an attempt to speed recovery . Afterwards , Jackson injured her right knee , requiring surgery in 2012 . Another knee injury while playing in China in 2014 degraded into arthritis and required many surgical intervention in the following years , including a hospitalization in January 2016 once the operated knee joint got infected . All the consequences of this knee problem lead to Jackson 's retirement in March . Jackson has expressed interest in undergoing a knee reconstruction , as " I don 't want to walk with a limp for the rest of my life . " As Jackson got older , she took on a more activist role , working for domestic violence charities and helping children from Australia 's outback get involved in sport . In December 2002 , she helped launch the Smith Family Toy Drive at the Canberra Centre with the help of Ainslie school children . She is the patron for the NSW Rape Crisis Centre . She is passionate about preventing domestic abuse . In 2010 , she visited young basketball players at Batemans Bay 's Moruya Basketball . = = Basketball = = Lauren is the most famous basketball player in Australia , a position she reached by 2003 . Prior to this , Australia 's most famous player was Michelle Timms , Australia 's first player of either gender to play internationally . She was recognised as one of the world 's best basketball players by the time she was 21 . She has been described as Australia 's answer to Michael Jordan or Shaquille O 'Neal , and the best female basketball player in the world . She has said regarding being the best female basketball player in the world : " I don 't really think about it . Nobody really talks to me like that . It 's not something I 'm conscious of . My family and people who have known me all my life , they see me for who I am , and crack open a beer or a bottle of wine with me . They know I have to train , but the rest of it is really laid @-@ back . " Jackson plays two positions , forward and centre , and has the ability to make jump shots and spinning bank shots . = = = Early career = = = Jackson started playing basketball at the Albury Sports Centre when she was four years old . As a six @-@ year @-@ old , she told others that she would one day play for the Australian national team in Basketball . Her mother taught her how to play . She first played competitive basketball as a six @-@ year @-@ old she played on a local under @-@ 10 side . Her mother was her coach for two years . This was difficult for both mother and daughter in order to change their personal dynamics . As an 11 @-@ year @-@ old , Jackson was not the best player in Albury , but she played in the under @-@ 14 Australian Country Championships . Her team made it to the Grand Final one year , and she played in the match despite having hurt her knee . She was upset after the event . In response to this , her parents sat down with her and explained she did not need to continue to play if she did not want to . Following this conversation , she went to her room and typed a message on her computer that said " from this day on , nothing will stand in my way ... " When she was 14 years old , she led her New South Wales side to a national championship gold . Her performance in the tournament attracted the attention of the national team selectors . Tom Maher said of the game : " Right then and there , I said , ' Is this the best thing I 've ever seen ? ' It was just unbelievable . Those old guys had seen a lot of basketball , and they were drooling . " As a competitor at the 1999 Australian Under @-@ 20 national championships , she won the Bob Staunton Award for the tournament MVP . She was described as a basketball prodigy by the time she was seventeen years old . She has played with Robyn Maher , Michelle Timms and Shelley Gorman . Jackson admires them . They all won bronze medals at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Jackson had a rivalry with American basketball player Lisa Leslie . Both women dislike each other , a dislike that goes back to when Jackson was on tour in the United States with the Opals as a 16 @-@ year @-@ old . The rivalry intensified in 2000 at the Olympics in the gold medal match when Jackson accidentally pulled off Leslie 's hair extension when Jackson was trying to grab a rebound . Jackson treated the incident as a joke , saying " It was something to joke about even though we lost the gold medal . " Leslie did not feel the same way about the extension pulling incident . The rivalry continued when Jackson transitioned to the WNBA and her Seattle Storm team played Leslie 's Los Angeles Sparks , who at the time were the best team in the league . The rivalry was so intense that their coaches had to coach around it , sometimes choosing to keep one off the floor when the other was on . The coaches feared if they left the players on the floor together , their own player would foul out in an attempt to get the best of the other player . Leslie and Jackson have played together as team members in the WNBA 's All @-@ Star game . Their relationship thawed some by 2007 but they did not become friends . = = = Women 's Korean Basketball League = = = In 2007 , Jackson played in the Women 's Korean Basketball League and was named the league 's Most Valuable Player . She played for Samsung Bichumi ( Samsung Insurance ) in Seoul , South Korea . Her stint with the team was only four months , and she was the only international player on the team . She averaged 30 @.@ 2 points per game . No one else on the team spoke English . Jackson claimed this allowed her to play drama free basketball . In a game with Samsung Bichumi against the Kumho Redwings , she scored 56 to set a league record in her team 's 96 – 76 victory . This was a personal best for her in her career . Two weeks prior to the 56 @-@ point record , she scored 47 points in a single game . She competed in the league 's all star game and was declared the Most Valuable Player of the match . She played two games a week with the league . = = = European basketball = = = Jackson has played club basketball in Europe . She first signed with a European side at the end of the 2005 WNBA season , and went to Russia on a lucrative contract . In 2007 , she was paid six figures American , four times her WNBA base salary , to play with WBC Spartak Moscow Region for one month . Her team mates included other international basketball Olympians : Sue Bird , Diana Taurasi and Tina Thompson . While playing for the team , she lived in a mansion owned by the team 's owner with a view of a nuclear power plant . As a member of the team , she helped Spartak win the 2007 Russian Superleague title . Subsequently , she continued playing for Spartak and won two more Russian Superleague titles with the team , in 2008 and 2009 . She scored 35 points in a EuroLeague Women 2008 in an 11 April 2008 game against UMMC Ekaterinburg while playing for Spartak . This was the most number of points she scored in a single game in a Euroleague game . Subsequently , Jackson played for Spartak in the EuroLeague Women finals in Brno , which her team won . She finished the 2008 season with an average of 23 @.@ 6 points per game and 7 @.@ 1 rebounds per game . In 2009 , Jackson had an option of extending her contract with Spartak for two more years . First , it looked likely that Jackson would stay with Spartak . However , following the assassination of Shabtai Kalmanovich , the owner of the team , she announced in November 2009 that she would stop playing for the team and not extend her contract She subsequently changed her mind and returned to play with the Spartak in 2010 . In the 2009 / 2010 season games she averaged 15 @.@ 2 points per game and 5 @.@ 7 rebounds per game . On 3 December 2010 while playing with Spartak , she was named the EuroLeague Women Player of the Week . Playing in the team 's second match against a Kaunas Lithuanian side , she scored 28 points , had 2 blocks and had 5 rebounds while playing 31 minutes to lead her team to victory after having missed the first game where her team lost . In the 2010 / 2011 season , Jackson played for Spartak where she averaged 17 @.@ 3 points per game and 8 @.@ 4 rebounds per game . She left the team in early January 2011 because of an injury , returning to Australia in order to recover . Part of her treatment involved getting an MRI . According to Jackson , she left Russia for Australia because " I couldn 't move , the swelling was very obvious and the pain was just a little bit too painful . That 's when I got home to all these messages and emails from people back in Australia who had seen the scans and said ' you need to come back ( to Australia ) and start your rehab right away ' . " She played for the Ros Casares Valencia , Spain in 2011 and 2012 . She joined the team in 2011 . It was her first year with a Spanish team . She played in the power forward position with the team . She ranked 16th in the league for 3 @-@ point field goal shooting percentage at 41 @.@ 5 % . She ranked 17th in the league for 3 @-@ point field foals made per game at 1 @.@ 4 . In the game against Spartak , she played in a season high 31 minutes . She missed the game against Galatasaray MP , playing zero minutes . She scored 16 points in a 29 March 2012 game against Sparta & K M.R. Vidnoje , her highest total number of points in a single game in the 2011 / 2012 season . Casares plays in the Spanish Liga Femenina and the EuroLeague Women . After a February 2012 game , her Spanish team 's general manager Carme Lluveras described her performance as perfect . She has not started all games in the 2011 / 2012 season , coming off the bench on a few occasions because her team is stacked with talent . She was averaging 20 minutes , 8 @.@ 0 points and 2 @.@ 9 rebounds a game as of 10 February 2012 . In the 2011 / 2012 season , she scored 14 points against Bourges , 15 points in an away game against UMMC Ekaterinburg and six against Galatasaray at a home game . In the game against the Turkish Galatasary , she scored an important three pointer near the end of the game that helped stop a come from behind attempt by the opposition . = = = WNBA = = = Seattle viewed Jackson as a franchise player . On the court in the WNBA , she was known for her sharp and stinging comments directed at other players . Opposition players knew they could get at Jackson by giving her sneaky fouls and nettling her back with some trash talk . While playing in the WNBA , she has dyed her hair different colours several times . She ranks 35th in the league for total played games with 308 . She has played 9 @,@ 958 minutes in the league and ranks 16th all time in this category . In her career , she has made 2056 field goals , ranking third all time in this category . She ranked fifth all time in the league with 4 @,@ 456 field goal attempts . She ranked 34th overall career wise in the league with a field goal percentage of 46 @.@ 1 % . Career wise , she ranks 10th overall for three point field goals with 430 . She attempted 1219 three point field goals in her career , ranking 10th on the league 's all time leaderboard . She was ranked second all time in the league for turnover percentage with 9 @.@ 4 . = = = = 2001 = = = = In 2001 , she was drafted first when she entered the WNBA draft in the fifth year of the league having a draft and was selected by the Seattle Storm . Her parents stayed with her in Seattle for the first month she played in the WNBA in 2001 . Jackson 's first season included 32 games played over the course of 11 weeks , a much more difficult competition in terms of total games compared to Australia 's domestic league . She played in 21 games . She ranked eighth in the league with 406 field goal attempts . In her debut game with the team , she scored 21 points . On 3 July 2001 , she set a WNBA record for most minutes played in a single game with 55 in a game against Washington that had four overtime periods . That season , she averaged 15 @.@ 2 points per game , came in second for the WNBA 's Rookie of the Year award . At the end of the first season with the Storm , Jackson required surgery on her right shoulder . She attempted 129 three point field goals this season , ranking 8th in the league . She had a player efficiency rating of 22 @.@ 5 . She ranked seventh in the league in this category for the season , and was a WNBA All Star . = = = = 2002 = = = = Jackson was a WNBA All Star again in 2002 , and played in the All Star Game . She averaged 17 @.@ 2 points per game . She was the team 's captain , the youngest in the WNBA at the time . During one game which was attended by 11 @,@ 000 fans , the fans loudly chanted her name . In 2002 , Carrie Graf , who had been an assistant coach on the Australian national team from when Jackson for played for it , changed coaching positions in the WNBA from Phoenix to Seattle specifically to make Jackson feel more comfortable playing for the team . She was estimated to have earned $ 200 @,@ 000 to play for the Storm in 2002 . In the second game of the 2002 final series against the Los Angeles Sparks , Jackson 's scored only four points in a loss by her team , after being kneed in the groin by Lisa Leslie . In 2002 , she only earned one technical foul the whole season . Her mother spent two weeks in Seattle with Jackson during this season . At the end of the second season with the Storm , she had severe pain as a result of shin splints . Jackson and Sue Bird first played together this season and would continue to play together for the Storm into the 2010 season . During the 2002 season , Jackson 's team got into a fight when they played the Los Angeles Sparks . In the 2002 season , Jackson played in 28 games , averaging 31 @.@ 5 minutes per game . She averaged 2 @.@ 9 blocks per game , . and attempted 120 three point field goals this season , ranking 10th in the league . She ranked second in the league with 462 field goal attempts , and made 186 field goals , ranking 6th in the league in this category . She had a player efficiency of 24 @.@ 5 . She ranked fourth in the league in this category this season . She was ranked first in the league for turnover percentage with 8 @.@ 6 . = = = = 2003 = = = = Jackson was a WNBA All Star again in 2003 , and was named to the 2003 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she averaged 21 @.@ 2 points per game . By the end of the season , she had scored 1 @,@ 000 points in the league , the youngest player to date to score that many points in the league . She was named the league 's MVP , and was one of the top five women in the league for average number of rebounds per games and blocks per game . She called Tom Maher and her Seattle Storm coach Anne Donovan after winning the award , and cried for an hour after learning she won . She was the first non @-@ American to be named the league 's MVP and the youngest player to earn this honour . In the 2003 season , Jackson played in 33 games , averaging 33 @.@ 6 minutes per game . She averaged 1 @.@ 9 blocks per game . She ranked first in the league for field goals , with 254 , for total points with 698 , for field goal attempts with 526 , and for win shares with 9 @.@ 2 , and offensive win shares with 6 @.@ 7 . She also ranked first in the league with 21 @.@ 2 points per game average , and had a player efficiency of 32 @.@ 1 , likewise ranking first in the league , and led the league with win share per 48 minutes with 40 @.@ 0 % . She ranked third in the league with a field goal percentage of 48 @.@ 3 % , and for total minutes played with 1 @,@ 109 . = = = = 2004 = = = = In 2004 , her Seattle Storm team won the WNBA Championship . She was again named to the 2004 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she averaged 20 @.@ 5 points per game . She played in 31 games , averaging 34 @.@ 5 minutes per game . She averaged 2 @.@ 0 blocks per game . She made 220 field goals and ranked second in the league in this category . She ranked fourth in the league with 460 field goal attempts . She ranked seventh in the league with a field goal percentage of 47 @.@ 8 % , and her three @-@ point field goal shooting percentage was 45 @.@ 2 % , ranking third in the league . She ranked first in the league for total points with 634 , and for points per game with 20 @.@ 52 points on average , and had a player efficiency of 28 @.@ 0 , second in the league in this category . She ranked third in the league with a true shooting percentage of 59 @.@ 0 % , and ranked first in the league for offensive win shares with 6 @.@ 1 . = = = = 2005 = = = = Jackson was a WNBA All Star again in 2005 , and was named to the 2005 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she played in 34 games , averaging 34 @.@ 6 minutes per game . She averaged 17 @.@ 6 points per game , and 2 @.@ 0 blocks per game . She ranked third in the league for her 34 total games , and for her 206 field goals . She ranked fifth in the league for total minutes played with 1 @,@ 176 , and for field goal attempts , with 450 . She attempted 118 three point field goals this season , ranking eighth in the league , and was ranked first for total defensive rebounds with 217 . She had a player efficiency of 26 @.@ 7 . She ranked first in the league in this category this season . She was also ranked first in the league for turnover percentage with 10 @.@ 0 , in the offensive rating category with 117 @.@ 6 , for offensive win shares with 6 @.@ 0 , for win shares with 8 @.@ 2 , and with win share per 48 minutes with 33 @.@ 3 % . = = = = 2006 = = = = Jackson was still with the Seattle Storm in 2006 , coached by Anne Donovan . She was a WNBA All Star again in 2006 , and was named to the 2006 All @-@ WNBA First Team . In 2006 , she was named to the WNBA All @-@ Decade Team . Jackson of this said " That was cool . It was brilliant to be recognised like that in America . It 's a tough , emotionally draining lifestyle there but it 's fun . " She ranked first in the league with the number of free throws with 170 . This season , she averaged 19 @.@ 5 points per game , she played in 30 games , averaging 28 @.@ 4 minutes per game . She averaged 1 @.@ 7 blocks per game . She made 193 field goals and ranked seventh in the league . She ranked second in the league with a field goal percentage of 53 @.@ 5 % She had a player efficiency of 34 @.@ 9 She ranked first in the league in this category this season . She ranked first in the league with a true shooting percentage of 65 @.@ 8 % . In effective field goal percentage , she finished first in the league with 57 @.@ 5 % . She ranked first in the league in the offensive rating category with 135 @.@ 3 . She ranked first in the league for offensive win shares with 7 @.@ 4 . She ranked first in the league for win shares with 8 @.@ 8 . She ranked first in the league with win share per 48 minutes with 50 @.@ 0 % . At the end of the season , she had stress fractures in both of her shins , and her team exited the post season before making it to the league championship series . = = = = 2007 = = = = Jackson was a WNBA All Star for the sixth time in 2007 . On 24 July 2007 , she scored 47 points in a game against Washington and set a league high single game scoring total that she currently shares . In 2007 , she was named the WNBA Defensive Player of the Year . She was also named to the 2007 All @-@ WNBA First Team . She averaged 23 @.@ 8 points per game , the most points she had averaged per game for a season in the WNBA . She was also named the league 's Most Valuable Player . In voting , she received 473 points , with her nearest vote @-@ getting competitor , Becky Hammon , getting only 254 . In 2007 she became the first WNBA player to score 4 @,@ 000 total points the youngest player , as well as the fastest woman to reach the milestone ; being named the league MVP gave her a $ 18 @,@ 238 bonus and a Tiffany & Co. designed trophy . Jackson played in 31 games in 2007 . She averaged 32 @.@ 9 minutes per game . Her field goal percentage was 51 @.@ 9 % . She averaged 22 @.@ 4 points , 2 @.@ 16 blocks , and 9 @.@ 3 rebounds per game at the time of the All @-@ Star Break , leading the league in points and blocks , and was second for rebounds . At the All @-@ Star break , she had a three @-@ point shooting percentage of 40 @.@ 5 % . At the end of the season , she expressed an interest in ending her WNBA career with the Storm as she could not see herself playing elsewhere . Her three @-@ point field goal percentage was 40 @.@ 2 % . She had a free throw shooting percentage of 88 @.@ 3 % . She averaged 2 @.@ 0 blocks per game . She made 258 field goals , ranking second in the league in this category . She ranked third in the league with 497 field goal attempts.She ranked third in the league with a field goal percentage of 51 @.@ 9 % . She ranked first in the league in defensive rebounds with 220 , for total rebounds with 300 , and for total average number of rebounds per game with 9 @.@ 7 . Jackson had a player efficiency rating of 35 @.@ 0 , ranking ranked first in the league in this category this season . She ranked first in the league with a true shooting percentage of 63 @.@ 3 % . In effective field goal percentage , she finished first in the league with 56 @.@ 8 % . She was also ranked first in the league for turnover percentage with 8 @.@ 8 , for her offensive rating category of 127 @.@ 7 , for offensive win shares with 7 @.@ 9 , win shares with 9 @.@ 5 , and win share per 48 minutes with 44 @.@ 6 % . In all , she finished the season ranked in the top ten players in no less than twenty @-@ eight different statistical categories . = = = = 2008 = = = = In 2008 , Jackson averaged 20 @.@ 2 points per game . In July 2008 , she scored 33 points for the Seattle Storm in an 84 – 71 win against Washington . This was her season high scoring high . On the same day she was officially named to the 2008 Australian Olympic squad , and the Seattle Storm went out of the post season in the first round . In 2008 , she played in 21 games . She averaged 33 @.@ 1 minutes per game . Her field goal percentage was 45 @.@ 2 % , and her three @-@ point field goal percentage was 29 @.@ 5 % . She had a free throw shooting percentage of 93 @.@ 4 % , averaged 1 @.@ 6 blocks per game , and had a player efficiency of 26 @.@ 7 , ranking third in the league in this category this season . = = = = 2009 = = = = In 2009 , Jackson became a WNBA All Star for the seventh time and was named to the 2009 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she averaged 19 @.@ 4 points per game . She played in 26 games , in which she averaged 32 @.@ 3 minutes per game . Her field goal percentage was 46 @.@ 3 % . Her three @-@ point field goal percentage was 43 @.@ 0 % , she had a free throw shooting percentage of 79 @.@ 7 % , and her three @-@ point field goal shooting percentage was 43 @.@ 0 % , ranking fifth in the league . Her player efficiency was 26 @.@ 1 , the highest efficiency of any player that season , and her win share of 33 @.@ 3 % per 48 minutes was the highest also . = = = = 2010 = = = = Jackson played for the WNBA All @-@ Stars at the Stars at the Sun game in 2010 , and her Seattle Storm team won the WNBA Championship . She was named to the 2010 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she averaged 20 @.@ 5 points per game . On 2 September 2010 , Jackson was presented her third MVP Award at the Seattle Storm 's Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Phoenix Mercury . On 17 September 2010 , the Storm beat the Atlanta Dream to win the WNBA championship for the second time . Jackson was named the finals MVP . In 2011 , she was voted in by fans as one of the Top 15 players in the fifteen @-@ year history of the WNBA . Jackson played in 32 games . She averaged 31 @.@ 0 minutes per game , with a field goal percentage of 46 @.@ 2 % , and a three @-@ point field goal percentage of 34 @.@ 6 % . She had a free throw shooting percentage of 91 @.@ 0 % , She made 220 field goals , ranking sixth in the league , and ranked fifth in the league with 476 field goal attempts . She attempted 156 three point field goals this season , ranking eighth in the league . She had a player efficiency of 27 @.@ 9 , ranking first in the league in this category this season . She also ranked first in the league in the offensive rating category with 126 @.@ 3 , for offensive win shares with 6 @.@ 1 , for win shares with 8 @.@ 3 , and for win share per 48 minutes with 40 @.@ 0 % . In the locker room , Jackson would talk to her team mates about topics like women 's rights and Lady Gaga . = = = = 2011 = = = = In 2011 , Jackson had to deal with a number of injuries that kept her out for most of the season . She injured her hip in a game against the Tulsa Shock , and had surgery for it on 30 June . That season , she played in only 13 games . She missed 20 games in a season that is 34 games long . After she came back from her surgery , her team won 8 out of her first 9 games . She averaged 24 @.@ 9 minutes per game . Her field goal percentage was 39 @.@ 6 % , her three @-@ point field goal percentage was 31 @.@ 1 % , and had a free throw shooting percentage of 88 @.@ 4 % . In June 2011 , she signed a three @-@ year contract with the team . = = = = 2012 = = = = Lauren Jackson opted to sit out the early part of the 2012 season as she wanted to concentrate on making the national team and competing in the Olympics . She returned in September and helped the Storm in two blowout wins against the Tulsa Shock , but then an injury sustained during the Olympic preparations sidelined Jackson for three games . Upon her return on 21 September , Jackson became the fourth WNBA player to reach 6 @,@ 000 points . Jackson wound up playing just 167 minutes on the regular season . The Storm saw an early playoff exit in their series against the Minnesota Lynx , with Jackson attempting a buzzer beater in the third game but falling short . This turned out to be Jackson 's final game in the WNBA . = = = = 2013 @-@ Retirement = = = = A hamstring surgery forced Jackson out of the 2013 season , and she also missed the 2014 season after operating both her right knee and left Achilles in February . The final year of her Storm contract was suspended in 2013 and dissolved under the new collective @-@ bargaining agreement signed in 2014 , but Seattle still retained Jackson 's rights . During her 2014 recovery , Jackson expressed interest in returning to Seattle in 2015 , saying that despite so much time sidelined by injury , " I ’ ve just had too good of a career there to let that fall by the wayside . " However , these hopes of returning to the WNBA and the Storm for the 2015 season were sidelined when Jackson had further surgery on her right knee in the spring of 2015 . Her attentions turned to the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . However , in November 2015 , Jackson announced that her rehabilitation had suffered a setback that would keep her from practicing until January 2016 . Upon taking the court again , she stated she would decide in February 2016 if she would participate in what would be her fifth Olympic games or retire from the sport . Her retirement was announced one month later . = = = = WNBA career statistics = = = = = = = = = Regular season = = = = = = = = = = Postseason = = = = = = = = WNBL = = = The Women 's National Basketball League ( WNBL ) was founded the year Jackson was born . Between 1998 and 2008 , she played a total of 154 WNBL games , winning one championship with the Australian Institute of Sport ( AIS ) and four more with the Canberra Capitals . Jackson was offered a scholarship with the AIS in 1996 , when she was just 15 , but her parents said no to this , as it required her to move from Albury to Canberra . The next year , she accepted a scholarship . The programme considers her one of its success stories . With Jackson leading a side composed of the best 16- to 17 @-@ year @-@ old development players in the country , the Australian Institute of Sport WNBL team won the WNBL Championship . Jackson joined the Canberra Capitals for the 1999 season when she turned 18 , and played with the team off and on until 2006 . While with the team , she won four WNBL championships . In 1999 / 2000 , the Canberra Capitals who won the league championship in a finals match against Adelaide where they had a final score of 67 – 50 . She played for the Canberra Capitals for the 2002 / 2003 season . In a November game in Penrith with a temperature of 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) against the Sydney Flames , 500 people largely showed up to watch her play . This season , she was coached by Carrie Graf . In the Penrith game , she scored 9 of the Capital 's first 13 points . She finished the game with 29 points , 16 rebounds and 5 blocks , with her team winning 79 – 67 . In a December 2002 against the Australian Institute of Sport , she scored 33 points . After home games in Canberra , Jackson would hang out with her teammates at Tilley 's Devine Cafe . In a December 2002 game against the Townsville Fire in Townsville was moved to the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , which seated 5 @,@ 000 people instead of at the Fire 's normal 800 seat stadium , because it was felt Jackson would draw that large a crowd . She did , with 4 @,@ 110 people showing up to the game and setting a regular season attendance record for the Fire . Canberra lost the match , with Townsville figuring a way to contain Jackson , limiting her to 23 points , which was six below her average of 29 points per game so far in that the season . At the time , the attendance was the best ever for a regular season WNBL game , with only two Grand Finals games in the post season having more people in attendance . In the 2002 / 2003 season , she was one of only three players who were taller than 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) . She played with the Capitals in the Women 's World Cup 2003 where she averaged 30 @.@ 6 points per game and 11 @.@ 4 rebounds . She also won the WNBL Grand Final as a member of the Capitals , and was named the Most Valuable Player in the Grand Finals match . During the 2003 / 2004 season , she scored 48 points in a single October 2003 game . This was her highest individual game point total at the time and is her single highest WNBL point scoring game . Jackson returned to the Capitals for the last half of the 2009 / 2010 season . The Capitals started an effort to re @-@ sign Jackson , and in March 2011 , she signed a contract for a million dollars to play in the WNBL . This was the most an Australian woman had ever been offered to play for a domestic side in the country , with most of the top women earning only $ 50 @,@ 000 a year . Despite returning to Australia and being present at every Capitals game , injuries prevented Jackson from playing in the 2012 – 13 NBDL season . For the 2013 – 14 season , the Capitals missed the deadline date to sign Jackson and led her to play in China instead . Jackson was signed for the Capitals ' next two seasons , and expected to join the team in November 2014 , after recovering from a hip surgery she went through in September . Jackson 's return happened in December 19 against the Adelaide Lightning . Jackson managed to play five more games in the 2014 – 15 WNBL season , losing only one as she averaged 13 points and seven rebounds . Still her physical ailments prevented Jackson from training with her teammates , and requiring weekly drainings of synovial fluid out of her knee . During a double @-@ header road trip in Victoria , Jackson 's knee gave in . A subsequent MRI scan showed further damage to her knee that required new surgeries , forcing Jackson to sit out the rest of the season . The Capitals released Jackson from her contract in January 2016 . = = = China 2013 = = = After missing the 2013 WNBA season and with a deal with Canberra Capitals falling through , in September 2013 Jackson signed with the Heilongjiang Shenda of the Women 's Chinese Basketball Association . She helped Heilongjiang qualify to the playoffs with an average of 22 points , 9 @.@ 5 rebounds and 1 @.@ 8 steals per game , but a heel injury made Jackson lose the post @-@ season . Another injury during the season , where Jackson " pulled my meniscus out of the root of my bone " was not deemed too grave at the time , but the knee problems would escalate during the following years . = = = National team = = = Jackson made the Australian under @-@ 20 team when she was only 14 years old . She was first called up to the senior national team when she was 16 years old . Her national team coaches Tom Maher and Carrie Graf say positive things about Jackson to the press and others but they rarely have said those things to Jackson . This is a strategy designed to help motivate Jackson to play better . Tom Maher who was the coach her called her up said " She 's so good she could be the greatest sportswoman in the world . She 's that extraordinary . " Graf has described Jackson as one of the superstars of the game . Jackson was a member of the 1997 Australian Junior Women 's Team that won a silver medal at the World Championships in Brazil . At the time , she was 16 years old . She averaged 14 @.@ 3 points per game and 9 @.@ 9 rebounds per game . She was also a member of the 1998 Australian Senior Women 's Team that won a bronze medal at the World Championships in Germany . At the time , she was 16 years old and the youngest Australian woman ever to be named to the team . In the tournament , she averaged 10 @.@ 9 points per game and 3 @.@ 9 rebounds per game . She was a key part of the team 's success . She was coached in the tournament by Tom Maher . She came off the bench to play . In the Olympic test tournament in the lead up to the 2000 Summer Olympics , Jackson scored 18 points and 10 @.@ 7 rebounds per game . She was a member of the 2000 Summer Olympics team that won a silver medal . At the 2000 Games , she scored 127 total points , had 23 total blocked shots , 12 steals and 67 rebounds . She averaged 15 @.@ 9 points and 8 @.@ 4 rebounds per game . In the 76 – 54 loss in the gold medal game , she scored 24 points and had 13 rebounds . She led the team in points scored and total rebounds . Going into the Olympics , her team was ranked third in the world . At the Sydney Games , she was coached by Tom Maher . The gold medal final was against the United States . Jackson was a member of the Australian Senior Women 's Team that won a silver medal in the World Championships in China in 2002 . She averaged 23 @.@ 1 points a game in the competition and was named to the All @-@ Star team for the tournament . She averaged 5 @.@ 4 rebounds per game . In a semi @-@ final match against the United States , Jackson fouled Lisa Leslie three times in the first six minutes of the game . The team lost while Jackson spent most of the time on the bench . By January 2003 , Jackson had played over 100 games with Australia 's senior side . She competed in the 2003 World Championships and was named the International Basketball Federation 's Most Valuable Player . At the FIBA Diamond Ball Tournament for Women 2004 , she averaged 22 @.@ 7 points and 14 @.@ 0 rebounds per game . Jackson was a member of the Australian senior team that won a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics , where she averaged 22 @.@ 9 points and 10 @.@ 0 rebounds per game . The gold medal final was against the United States . In 2006 , she was a co @-@ captain with Jenny Whittle of the Australian women 's senior team that won a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games . She played in the preliminary final against the Mozambique women 's national basketball team , and the gold deal match against New Zealand . Jackson was the captain of the Australian women 's senior team that won a gold medal at the World Championships in Brazil in 2006 that beat Russia in the Gold Medal match . This was the first time Australia had ever earned gold in the event . Jackson averaged 21 @.@ 3 points and 8 @.@ 9 rebounds per game . While the national team is called The Opals , Jackson asked Basketball Australia if they were to make rings for team members in honour of their win , if they would use diamonds instead of opals . As captain of the 2008 Summer Olympics Australian women 's team that won a silver medal at the Olympics , Jackson averaged 17 @.@ 3 points and 8 @.@ 6 rebounds per game . In the FIBA Diamond Ball Tournament for Women 2008 , Jackson averaged 20 @.@ 3 points per game and 5 @.@ 0 rebounds per game . In 2010 , she was a member of the senior women 's national team that competed at the World Championships in the Czech Republic . She averaged 13 @.@ 4 points per game and 7 @.@ 9 rebounds per game . Jackson missed the first training camp for the 2012 Summer Olympics squad in March , but was back by April to train with the team . In June , Jackson tore her adductor magnus muscle during the Australian training camp in the Czech Republic . She was one of the models for the 2012 Australian Olympic team uniforms , and chosen to carry the Australian Flag during the Opening Ceremony for the 2012 Olympic Games . The hamstring injury prevented Jackson from getting much play during the Olympic tournament , having only had significant court time in the matches against USA and the bronze medal play @-@ off with Russia . After flying to Australia in February 2014 to operate on her heel and knee , Jackson committed to return to the Opals in time for the 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women . However , the delayed recovery of Jackson 's knee led her to give up on the tournament to have her right hip operated on to fix a torn labrum in September 2014 . She had gotten the tear while playing for Ros Casares Valencia in 2012 but went without surgery to not miss the then @-@ upcoming Olympics . Jackson would later express interest in attending her fifth Olympic tournament during the 2016 Summer Olympics as a way to close her career , while also pursuing her long	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt

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